Poly(hexamethylenebiguanide) is a polymer used as a disinfectant and antiseptic.
In dermatological use, Poly(hexamethylenebiguanide) is spelled polihexanide (INN) and sold under the names Lavasept, Serasept, Prontosan, and Omnicide.
Poly(hexamethylenebiguanide) has been shown to be effective against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Candida albicans, Aspergillus brasiliensis, enterococci, and Klebsiella pneumoniae.

CAS: 32289-58-0
MF: C10H23N5
MW: 213.32312
EINECS: 1308068-626-2

Synonyms
PHMB(20%);Polyhexamethyl;PHMB;Biguanide PHMB;Polyhexamethylene biguanidine hydrochloride,~20% in water;PHMB 98%, 20% solution (Polyhexamethylene biguanide hydrochloride);20% solution;98% powder;32289-58-0;N'-[6-[(N'-methylcarbamimidoyl)amino]hexyl]ethanimidamide;SCHEMBL24018755;Polyhexamethylene Biguanidine HCl;SAGIGHPRUJPLKX-UHFFFAOYSA-N;BCP13780;AKOS015919499;N-(6-(3-Methylguanidino)hexyl)acetimidamide;N-[6-(N'-METHYLCARBAMIMIDAMIDO)HEXYL]ETHANIMIDAMIDE;1824322-57-7

Products containing Poly(hexamethylenebiguanide) are used for inter-operative irrigation, pre- and post-surgery skin and mucous membrane disinfection, post-operative dressings, surgical and non-surgical wound dressings, surgical bath/hydrotherapy, chronic wounds like diabetic foot ulcer and burn wound management, routine antisepsis during minor incisions, catheterization, first aid, surface disinfection, and linen disinfection.
Poly(hexamethylenebiguanide) eye drops have been used as a treatment for eyes affected by Acanthamoeba keratitis.
Poly(hexamethylenebiguanide) is sold as a swimming pool and spa disinfectant in place of chlorine or bromine based products under the name Baquacil.
Poly(hexamethylenebiguanide) is also used as an ingredient in some contact lens cleaning products, cosmetics, personal deodorants and some veterinary products.
Poly(hexamethylenebiguanide) is also used to treat clothing (Purista), purportedly to prevent the development of unpleasant odors.

The Poly(hexamethylenebiguanide) hydrochloride salt (solution) is used in the majority of formulations.
Poly(hexamethylenebiguanide) is best known for its broad-spectrum antimicrobial and antifungal activity.
Poly(hexamethylenebiguanide) is the standard of care for treatment of Acanthamoeba keratitis and an ingredient in multipurpose contact lens solutions, such as Renu (Bauch & Lomb, Rochester, NY).
Poly(hexamethylenebiguanide) is a cationic disinfectant that is effective against Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria through its electrostatic interaction with negative sites on the lipopolysaccharide component of bacterial cell membranes.

Poly(hexamethylenebiguanide), also known as PHMB, polyhexanide or polihexanide, is a highly water soluble and hydrolytically stable polymeric material.
The presence of multiple hydrogen bond and chelation sites within PHMB renders it of potential interest in the field of supramolecular chemistry.
Poly(hexamethylenebiguanide) shows activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and is widely used across several sectors, typically as the hydrochloride salt, in a variety of disinfectant solutions and antiseptics.
Poly(hexamethylenebiguanide) is available also as a solid.
The bactericidal ability of Poly(hexamethylenebiguanide) 20% solution is better than other bactericides.
In particular, Poly(hexamethylenebiguanide)'s unique long-term antibacterial effect and the ability to prevent secondary infection are not achieved by other fungicides.

Poly(hexamethylenebiguanide) Chemical Properties
Storage temp.: Inert atmosphere,Room Temperature
Solubility: Water
InChI: InChI=1S/C10H23N5/c1-9(11)14-7-5-3-4-6-8-15-10(12)13-2/h3-8H2,1-2H3,(H2,11,14)(H3,12,13,15)
InChIKey: SAGIGHPRUJPLKX-UHFFFAOYSA-N
CAS DataBase Reference: 32289-58-0(CAS DataBase Reference)
EPA Substance Registry System: Poly(hexamethylenebiguanide)(32289-58-0)

Poly(hexamethylenebiguanide) is also used as a surface disinfectant and is alleged to be suitable for skin disinfection.
Poly(hexamethylenebiguanide) has a slow effectand does not meet the practical requirementsfor prophylactic antiseptics in this respect.
Although Poly(hexamethylenebiguanide) is somewhat less effective than benzalkonium chloride, it is sometimes used instead of benzalkonium because it is less foamproducing under use conditions.
Poly(hexamethylenebiguanide) is a new environment-friendly cationic water-soluble polymer.
Poly(hexamethylenebiguanide) is a water solution that can be used as a broad spectrum and high efficient disinfectant.
Poly(hexamethylenebiguanide) is low toxic, steady, non-flammable, non-explosive, and basically non-corrosive to stainless steel, copper, carbon steel, wood, and plastic.
Because of its special bactericidal mechanisms, almost all kinds of bacteria shall be killed efficiently and will not develop resistance action.

Application
Poly(hexamethylenebiguanide) is a polymer used as a disinfectant and antiseptic.

Special Applications of Poly(hexamethylenebiguanide):

1. Paper making industry
In the process of papermaking and cardboard production, because Poly(hexamethylenebiguanide) 20% is cationic polymer electrolyte, it can be used as an auxiliary agent to accelerate pulp dehydration and mineral filler precipitation, so as to strengthen and improve papermaking process.
In addition, Poly(hexamethylenebiguanide) can also stabilize the dispersion of paraffin and increase the size stability of paper.
The hydrophobicity of paper and hardboard paper increases by 40-50%.

The activity also reduces some problems related to the accumulation of pulp in papermaking machinery, and can produce antibacterial paper for manufacturing health products (to replace the silver containing kursin paper).
At the same time, Poly(hexamethylenebiguanide) 20% also improves the physical properties of the paper: water absorption, strength after water, air permeability.

2. Agricultural application
As Poly(hexamethylenebiguanide) 20% has the function of disease resistance and protection to plants, can effectively kill harmful bacteria, and is harmless to ecology, Poly(hexamethylenebiguanide) is an environmental protection product, which makes the product completely applicable to all growth stages of various agricultural products: Treat seeds, bulbs or tubular seeds with 0.1-1% aqueous solution of PHMB.
When the symptoms of vegetable diseases appear, spray with 0.01-0.1% Poly(hexamethylenebiguanide) aqueous solution of the product (if necessary, add appropriate polyelectrolyte, such as polyacrylic acid).

If the source of infection is in the soil, Poly(hexamethylenebiguanide) can be irrigated with 0.01% water solution in the amount of 50-100g per hectare (0.01g per square meter), or sealed with the product water solution (1-10kg per hectare).

In order to reduce the loss of storage in winter, 0.2% Poly Hexamethylenebiguanide Hcl (PHMB) aqueous solution of Poly(hexamethylenebiguanide) can be used to wash or spray vegetables and fruits.
In addition, the product can overcome the damage of excessive herbicides to plants and prevent infection in the soil.

As a pesticide, the efficacy of this product is ten times higher than that of Benazolin, chlorothalonil and sodium disulfonate.
Therefore, to achieve the same effect, the use amount of Poly(hexamethylenebiguanide) 20% liquid is 10-30 times less.
Moreover, Poly(hexamethylenebiguanide) is safe, non-toxic and non irritating, especially harmless to people and animals.

3. Oil exploitation

In oil exploitation, a large number of bacteria, such as sulfate reducing bacteria, not only engulf the oil, but also degrade the polymer used (ordinary polymer with low molecular weight), reducing the efficiency of polymer flooding and increasing the cost.

Preparation
The preparation method of Poly(hexamethylenebiguanide):By a certain proportion of 1; the own bisguanides of 6-and catalyst join in reaction vessel; under nitrogen protection, said mixture is heated to 80-200 DEGC and reacts, react 2-24 hour; reaction terminates; cooling blowing, obtains poly hexamethylene biguanide, poly hexamethylene biguanide aqueous acid is neutralized to pH value 5-9; and performing filtering so as to obtain a polyhexamethylene biguanidine salt.

Biological Activity
Poly(hexamethylenebiguanide) is a cationic polymer with antimicrobial and antiviral properties.
Poly(hexamethylenebiguanide) has been commonly accepted that the antimicrobial activity is due to the ability of PHMB to perforate the bacterial phospholipid membrane leading ultimately to its death.

SynonymsCopolymer of Maleic and Acylic Acid;ACRYLICACID,POLYMERWITHMALEICANHYDRIDE;Maleic Anhydride/Acrylic Acid CopolyMer;ACRYLIC ACID MALEIC ANHYDRIDE COPOLYMER;Poly(maleicanhydride-acrylicacidcopolymer);Poly (Acrylic Acid-co-Maleic Acid),P(AA-MA);CopolyMer of Maleic and Acrylic Acid (MA/AA);Maleic Acid and Acrylic Acid Copolymer MA/AA;Poly(Maleicanhydride-Acrylicacidcopolymer)(Ma/Aa) Cas no: 26677-99-6

POLYACRYLAMIDE, N° CAS : 9003-05-8, Nom INCI : POLYACRYLAMIDE. Nom chimique : 2-Propenamide, homopolymer. Antistatique : Réduit l'électricité statique en neutralisant la charge électrique sur une surface. Agent fixant : Permet la cohésion de différents ingrédients cosmétiques. Agent filmogène : Produit un film continu sur la peau, les cheveux ou les ongles

Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) is a transparent thermoplastic polymer derived from the monomer methyl methacrylate (MMA).
Poly(methyl methacrylate) is commonly known by trade names such as Plexiglas, Acrylite, and Lucite.
Poly(methyl methacrylate) is a lightweight, rigid, and highly transparent material that exhibits excellent optical clarity, UV resistance, and weatherability.

CAS Number: 9011-14-7
EC Number: 618-466-4

Synonyms: Acrylic glass, Lucite, Perspex, Plexiglas, Acrylite, Oroglas, Altuglas, Acrylplast, Methyl methacrylate resin, Polymethyl methacrylate, PMMA resin, Acryl, Acrylate, Plexiglass, Organic glass, Synthetic glass, Acrylic resin, MMA polymer, Methyl ester polymer, Resin PMMA, Methacrylic acid methyl ester polymer, Polymethyl 2-methylpropenoate, Poly(methyl methacrylate), Acrylic acid methyl ester polymer, Methyl 2-methylpropenoate polymer, Acrylic ester polymer, Acrylic ester resin, Acrylic glass resin, PMMA polymer, Methacrylic acid methyl ester homopolymer, Methacrylic resin, PMMA, Acrylic acid methyl ester copolymer, Acrylic acid methyl ester homopolymer, Acrylic acid methyl ester resin, Acrylic acid methyl ester polymer, Methacrylic acid methyl ester copolymer, Methacrylic acid methyl ester polymer, Methyl methacrylate homopolymer, Methyl methacrylate resin, Methyl methacrylate polymer, Methyl methacrylate copolymer, Methyl methacrylate acrylic, Methyl methacrylate polymethyl methacrylate, MMA-PMMA, MMA-PMMA copolymer, MMA-PMMA resin, MMA-PMMA polymer, MMA-PMMA copolymer resin, MMA-PMMA copolymer polymer, MMA-PMMA homopolymer, MMA-PMMA homopolymer resin, MMA-PMMA homopolymer polymer, Methyl 2-methylpropenoate polymethyl 2-methylpropenoate, Methacrylate polymer, Methacrylate resin, Methacrylate copolymer, Methacrylate homopolymer.



APPLICATIONS


Poly(methyl methacrylate) is commonly used in the production of transparent windows and skylights for buildings and vehicles.
Poly(methyl methacrylate) is used in signage and displays due to its optical clarity and ability to be easily shaped and colored.

Poly(methyl methacrylate) is used in lighting fixtures and lenses, including LED light diffusers and fluorescent light covers.
Poly(methyl methacrylate) is employed in the automotive industry for applications such as headlight lenses, taillight covers, and interior trim.
Poly(methyl methacrylate) is used in aquariums and fish tanks due to its transparency and resistance to water.

Poly(methyl methacrylate) is used in the production of medical devices such as prosthetics, orthodontic appliances, and surgical instruments.
Poly(methyl methacrylate) is used in the manufacture of optical lenses for eyeglasses, cameras, and projectors.

Poly(methyl methacrylate) is used in the production of consumer goods such as acrylic nails, jewelry, and household items.
Poly(methyl methacrylate) is used in the aerospace industry for aircraft windows and cockpit canopies.

Poly(methyl methacrylate) is employed in the production of protective barriers and safety shields in industrial settings.
Poly(methyl methacrylate) is used in the construction industry for applications such as noise barriers and soundproofing panels.

Poly(methyl methacrylate) is used in the production of protective coatings and finishes for wood, metal, and other surfaces.
Poly(methyl methacrylate) is used in the fabrication of decorative items such as trophies, awards, and display cases.
Poly(methyl methacrylate) is employed in the production of furniture, including tables, chairs, and display stands.

Poly(methyl methacrylate) is used in the production of electronic enclosures and components due to its electrical insulation properties.
It is used in the production of sports equipment such as hockey visors, diving masks, and ski goggles.

Poly(methyl methacrylate) is employed in the production of decorative films and laminates for interior design applications.
Poly(methyl methacrylate) is used in the production of aircraft canopies, windscreens, and helicopter rotor blades.
Poly(methyl methacrylate) is used in the production of light guide panels for backlighting in LCD displays and signage.

Poly(methyl methacrylate) is employed in the production of cosmetic implants such as breast implants and facial implants.
Poly(methyl methacrylate) is used in the production of laboratory equipment such as cuvettes, beakers, and test tubes.
Poly(methyl methacrylate) is used in the production of solar panels and photovoltaic cells for renewable energy applications.

Poly(methyl methacrylate) is employed in the production of protective coatings for automotive paint protection films.
Poly(methyl methacrylate) is used in the production of acrylic sheets for architectural glazing and roofing applications.
Poly(methyl methacrylate) is a versatile material with a wide range of applications across industries, valued for its transparency, durability, and ease of processing.

Poly(methyl methacrylate) is used in the production of decorative lighting fixtures, including chandeliers and pendant lights.
Poly(methyl methacrylate) is employed in the production of greenhouse panels and garden enclosures due to its durability and light transmission properties.

Poly(methyl methacrylate) is used in the production of protective barriers for sporting events and concerts.
Poly(methyl methacrylate) is employed in the production of riot shields and crowd control barriers for law enforcement applications.

Poly(methyl methacrylate) is used in the production of architectural models and prototypes for design and planning purposes.
Poly(methyl methacrylate) is employed in the production of transparent ducting and piping systems for industrial applications.

Poly(methyl methacrylate) is used in the production of transparent roofing and skylights for agricultural structures.
Poly(methyl methacrylate) is employed in the production of display cases and museum exhibits for showcasing artifacts and artworks.

Poly(methyl methacrylate) is used in the production of airplane canopies and helicopter windshields for aerospace applications.
Poly(methyl methacrylate) is employed in the production of protective face shields and visors for healthcare workers and first responders.

Poly(methyl methacrylate) is used in the production of noise barriers and soundproofing panels for highways and railways.
Poly(methyl methacrylate) is employed in the production of protective screens and partitions for public transportation vehicles.
Poly(methyl methacrylate) is used in the production of transparent barriers for ATM machines and bank teller windows.

Poly(methyl methacrylate) is employed in the production of transparent barriers for ticket booths and security checkpoints.
Poly(methyl methacrylate) is used in the production of protective covers for outdoor electronic displays and kiosks.
It is employed in the production of transparent barriers for food service counters and buffets.

Poly(methyl methacrylate) is used in the production of transparent barriers for customer service desks and reception areas.
Poly(methyl methacrylate) is employed in the production of transparent barriers for retail checkout counters and cash registers.
Poly(methyl methacrylate) is used in the production of transparent barriers for airport security checkpoints and baggage screening areas.

Poly(methyl methacrylate) is employed in the production of transparent barriers for hotel check-in desks and concierge stations.
Poly(methyl methacrylate) is used in the production of transparent barriers for school reception desks and administrative offices.
Poly(methyl methacrylate) is employed in the production of transparent barriers for medical reception areas and hospital triage stations.

Poly(methyl methacrylate) is used in the production of transparent barriers for library circulation desks and study areas.
Poly(methyl methacrylate) is employed in the production of transparent barriers for museum ticket counters and gift shops.
Poly(methyl methacrylate) is a versatile material with a wide range of applications in various industries, contributing to safety, aesthetics, and functionality in numerous settings.

Poly(methyl methacrylate) can be easily bonded using adhesives or solvent welding techniques.
Poly(methyl methacrylate) has excellent dimensional stability over a wide temperature range.

Poly(methyl methacrylate) is highly transparent to visible light and has a refractive index close to that of glass.
Poly(methyl methacrylate) is commonly used as a substitute for glass in applications where weight and safety are concerns.

Poly(methyl methacrylate) is commonly used in signage, displays, and architectural glazing.
Poly(methyl methacrylate) is used in automotive applications such as headlight lenses and interior trim.
Poly(methyl methacrylate) is widely used in the medical industry for applications such as prosthetics and medical devices.

Poly(methyl methacrylate) is used in the production of optical lenses, including eyeglasses and camera lenses.
Poly(methyl methacrylate) can be easily thermoformed into complex shapes using heat and pressure.
Poly(methyl methacrylate) has good impact resistance, although it can be prone to scratching.

Poly(methyl methacrylate) is recyclable and can be processed into new products or used as a raw material for other plastics.
Poly(methyl methacrylate) has a wide range of operating temperatures, from sub-zero temperatures to over 100°C.
Poly(methyl methacrylate) is a versatile material with numerous applications across industries, valued for its optical clarity, durability, and ease of processing.



DESCRIPTION


Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) is a transparent thermoplastic polymer derived from the monomer methyl methacrylate (MMA).
Poly(methyl methacrylate) is commonly known by trade names such as Plexiglas, Acrylite, and Lucite.
Poly(methyl methacrylate) is a lightweight, rigid, and highly transparent material that exhibits excellent optical clarity, UV resistance, and weatherability.

Poly(methyl methacrylate) is widely used in various applications across different industries due to its desirable properties.
Poly(methyl methacrylate) is commonly used as a substitute for glass in applications where transparency and impact resistance are required, such as in windows, skylights, aquariums, and optical lenses.
Poly(methyl methacrylate) is also used in the production of automotive components, signage, lighting fixtures, and consumer electronics.

In the medical field, Poly(methyl methacrylate) is used in dentistry for the fabrication of dental prostheses, crowns, and orthodontic appliances.
Poly(methyl methacrylate) is also used in ophthalmology for intraocular lenses and contact lenses due to its biocompatibility and optical properties.

Poly(methyl methacrylate) can be processed using various techniques such as injection molding, extrusion, and machining, making it suitable for a wide range of manufacturing processes.
Poly(methyl methacrylate) can be easily colored, machined, and bonded using adhesives or solvent welding.

Poly(methyl methacrylate) is a versatile material with a wide range of applications, from everyday consumer products to specialized industrial and medical devices.
Its combination of optical clarity, impact resistance, and ease of processing makes it a popular choice in many industries.

Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) is a transparent thermoplastic polymer.
Poly(methyl methacrylate) is commonly known for its glass-like appearance and clarity.

Poly(methyl methacrylate) is lightweight yet durable, making it suitable for various applications.
Poly(methyl methacrylate) has a high tensile strength, allowing it to withstand mechanical stress.

Poly(methyl methacrylate) exhibits excellent optical properties, including high light transmission and low distortion.
It is resistant to UV radiation and weathering, making it suitable for outdoor use.

Poly(methyl methacrylate) can be easily machined, drilled, and polished to achieve desired shapes and finishes.
The material is available in a wide range of colors and thicknesses.
Poly(methyl methacrylate) is non-toxic and food-safe, making it suitable for use in food packaging and kitchenware.

Poly(methyl methacrylate) has good electrical insulation properties, making it suitable for electrical enclosures and components.
Poly(methyl methacrylate) is resistant to many chemicals, including acids, alkalis, and organic solvents.
Poly(methyl methacrylate) has low moisture absorption, which helps maintain its dimensional stability.



PROPERTIES


Physical Properties:

Appearance: Transparent or translucent solid, often with a glass-like appearance.
Color: Colorless or slightly tinted, but can be produced in various colors.
Density: Typically ranges from 1.15 to 1.20 g/cm³.
Melting Point: Approximately 160-165°C (320-329°F).
Boiling Point: Decomposes before boiling.
Glass Transition Temperature (Tg): Approximately 105-120°C (221-248°F).
Solubility: Insoluble in water, soluble in many organic solvents such as acetone, ethyl acetate, and toluene.
Flexural Strength: Typically ranges from 70 to 120 MPa.
Tensile Strength: Typically ranges from 40 to 80 MPa.
Elongation at Break: Generally ranges from 1% to 5%.
Hardness: Typically measured on the Rockwell or Shore scales, depending on the formulation and processing conditions.
Transparency: High light transmission, similar to glass, with a refractive index of approximately 1.49.
Electrical Insulation: Exhibits good electrical insulation properties.
Thermal Conductivity: Relatively low thermal conductivity.
Flammability: PMMA is flammable and can burn when exposed to a flame, but it is self-extinguishing.


Chemical Properties:

Chemical Formula: (C5O2H8)n, where n is the number of repeating units in the polymer chain.
Monomer: Derived from methyl methacrylate (MMA), which polymerizes to form PMMA.
Polymerization: PMMA is typically produced via free radical polymerization of MMA monomer.
Structure: PMMA has a linear, amorphous structure, with pendant methyl groups (-CH3) along the polymer chain.
Hydrophobicity: PMMA is hydrophobic, meaning it repels water and other polar solvents.
Chemical Stability: Generally chemically stable, but can degrade upon exposure to UV radiation, high temperatures, or certain chemicals.
Resistance to Acids and Bases: PMMA is generally resistant to weak acids and bases, but can be attacked by strong acids and bases.
Reactivity: PMMA can undergo chemical reactions such as esterification, hydrolysis, and transesterification under appropriate conditions.
Crosslinking: PMMA can be crosslinked via various methods to improve its mechanical properties and chemical resistance.
Compatibility: PMMA is compatible with many other polymers, allowing it to be blended or coextruded with other materials to achieve specific properties.
Biocompatibility: PMMA is biocompatible and has been used in various medical applications, including orthopedic implants and intraocular lenses.



FIRST AID


Inhalation:

If PMMA dust or vapors are inhaled, immediately remove the affected person to fresh air.
Assist the individual in finding a comfortable position and encourage deep breathing.
If breathing difficulties persist or if the person is unconscious, seek medical attention immediately.
Provide oxygen support if available and trained to do so.
Keep the affected person warm and comfortable.


Skin Contact:

If PMMA comes into contact with the skin, immediately remove contaminated clothing and rinse the affected area with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes.
Use mild soap and lukewarm water to wash the skin thoroughly and remove any remaining residue.
Seek medical attention if irritation, redness, or chemical burns develop.
Avoid using creams, ointments, or lotions unless advised by medical personnel.


Eye Contact:

In case of contact with PMMA, immediately flush the eyes with gently flowing water for at least 15 minutes, holding the eyelids open to ensure thorough rinsing.
Remove contact lenses if present and continue rinsing.
Seek immediate medical attention, even if symptoms seem minor.
Provide relevant information about the exposure to medical personnel.


Ingestion:

If PMMA is ingested accidentally and the person is conscious, do not induce vomiting unless directed by medical personnel.
Rinse the mouth thoroughly with water to remove any remaining substance.
Do not give anything to drink if the person is unconscious or experiencing convulsions.
Seek medical attention immediately and provide information about the quantity ingested and the time of exposure.


General First Aid:

Provide reassurance and keep the affected person calm.
Monitor vital signs such as pulse, breathing, and consciousness level.
Keep the affected person warm and comfortable while waiting for medical assistance.
If medical attention is required, provide relevant safety data sheets (SDS) or product information to healthcare professionals.
Do not administer any medication unless instructed by medical personnel.



HANDLING AND STORAGE


Handling:

Personal Protective Equipment (PPE):
Wear appropriate PPE, including safety glasses, chemical-resistant gloves, and protective clothing, when handling PMMA to prevent skin and eye contact.
Use respiratory protection, such as a NIOSH-approved respirator, if handling PMMA in areas with poor ventilation or during activities that may generate dust or vapors.

Ventilation:
Handle PMMA in well-ventilated areas or under local exhaust ventilation to minimize inhalation exposure.
Use dust extraction equipment or local exhaust systems to capture airborne dust particles generated during processing.

Handling Precautions:
Avoid direct skin contact with PMMA by wearing appropriate PPE and practicing good chemical hygiene.
Minimize the generation of dust or aerosols by using wet methods or dust suppression techniques during cutting, drilling, or machining of PMMA.
Prevent spills and leaks by handling PMMA with care and using suitable containment measures, such as spill trays or barriers.

Tool Selection:
Use sharp cutting tools and appropriate machining techniques to minimize heat generation and prevent surface melting or chipping of PMMA.
Avoid using tools or equipment that may generate sparks or excessive heat, as PMMA is flammable and can ignite under certain conditions.

Storage Compatibility:
Store PMMA in a cool, dry, well-ventilated area away from direct sunlight, heat sources, and incompatible chemicals.
Store PMMA sheets or components horizontally on flat surfaces to prevent warping or distortion.
Keep PMMA away from sources of ignition, such as open flames, hot surfaces, and electrical equipment.


Storage:

Storage Conditions:
Store PMMA in tightly sealed containers or packaging to prevent moisture absorption and contamination.
Maintain storage temperatures between 10°C and 30°C (50°F and 86°F) to prevent thermal degradation or softening of PMMA.
Store PMMA away from strong oxidizing agents, acids, bases, and other reactive chemicals to prevent chemical reactions or degradation.

Inventory Management:
Keep accurate records of PMMA inventory, including quantities, grades, and expiration dates, to facilitate proper storage and handling.
Rotate stock as needed to ensure that older batches are used before newer ones to minimize the risk of expiration or degradation.

Security Measures:
Limit access to PMMA storage areas to authorized personnel trained in proper handling procedures.
Implement security measures, such as locks or access controls, to prevent unauthorized access or tampering with PMMA containers or inventory.

Emergency Preparedness:
Keep spill containment materials, absorbents, and personal protective equipment readily available near PMMA storage areas.
Develop and regularly review emergency response procedures for spills, leaks, or other incidents involving PMMA.

Regulatory Compliance:
Comply with all applicable regulations and guidelines governing the storage and handling of PMMA, including OSHA regulations, local fire codes, and environmental regulations.
Maintain appropriate documentation, including safety data sheets (SDS) and chemical inventories, to demonstrate compliance with regulatory requirements.

Polyacrylamide (abbreviated as PAM or pAAM) is a polymer with the formula (-CH2CHCONH2-).
Polyacrylamide has a linear-chain structure.
Polyacrylamide is a hard, brittle material.


CAS Number: 9003-05-8
EC Number: 201-173-7
MDL Number:MFCD00084392
Molecular Formula: CONH2[CH2-CH]n
Chemical formula: (C3H5NO)n



SYNONYMS:
poly(2-propenamide), poly(2-propenamide), poly(1-carbamoylethylene), PAM, PAAm, OF, CPAM, APAM, p250, PNIPAM-COOH, POLYACRYLAMIDE RESIN, LINEAR POLYACRYLAMIDE, PHⅢ



Polyacrylamide is a synthetic water-soluble polymer made from monomers of acrylamide.
Polyacrylamide binds soil particles together.
Once soil particles suspended in water are bound together by Polyacrylamide, they settle out, so water has a harder time washing them out of the field.


Water-soluble polymers like Polyacrylamide have been known to benefit soil properties for a long time.
Recently these polymers have gained renewed attention for their use in reducing irrigation-induced erosion, now that the cost of applying Polyacrylamide has become economically feasible.


Polyacrylamide (abbreviated as PAM or pAAM) is a polymer with the formula (-CH2CHCONH2-).
Polyacrylamide has a linear-chain structure.
Polyacrylamide is highly water-absorbent, forming a soft gel when hydrated.
In 2008, an estimated 750,000,000 kg were produced, Polyacrylamide is mainly for water treatment and the paper and mineral industries.


Even though these products are often called 'Polyacrylamide', many are actually copolymers of acrylamide and one or more other species, such as an acrylic acid or a salt thereof.
These copolymers have modified wetting and swellability.


The ionic forms of Polyacrylamide have found an important role in the potable water treatment industry.
Trivalent metal salts, like ferric chloride and aluminum chloride, are bridged by the long polymer chains of Polyacrylamide.
This results in a significant enhancement of the flocculation rate.


This allows water treatment plants to greatly improve the removal of total organic content (TOC) from raw water.
Polyacrylamide is a polymer formed from 2-propenamide(CH2:CHCONH2).
Polyacrylamide gels are made using a cross-linking agent to form three-dimensional matrices.


They are used in gel electrophoresis.
Polyacrylamide is a macromolecule composed of repeating 1-carbamoylethylene units.
Intelligent Swelling/Collapsing copolymer that Polyacrylamide can be used as a temperature- and pH-sensitive material.


Polyacrylamide is a synthetic water-soluble polymer made from monomers of acrylamide.
Polyacrylamide binds soil particles together.
Once soil particles suspended in water are bound together by Polyacrylamide, they settle out, so water has a harder time washing them out of the field.


Water-soluble polymers like Polyacrylamide have been known to benefit soil properties for a long time.
Recently these polymers have gained renewed attention for their use in reducing irrigation-induced erosion, now that the cost of applying Polyacrylamide has become economically feasible.


Other uses of polymers like Polyacrylamide include treatment of municipal water supplies, food packaging, adhesives, a boiler water additive, film former in the imprinting of soft-shell gelatin capsules, adjuvants in the manufacturing of paper and paperboard, and the list goes on and on.
Polyacrylamide (IUPAC poly(2-propenamide) or poly(1-carbamoylethylene), abbreviated as PAM) is a polymer (-CH2CHCONH2-) formed from acrylamide subunits.


Polyacrylamide can be synthesized as a simple linear-chain structure or cross-linked, typically using N,N'-methylenebisacrylamide.
In the cross-linked form, the possibility of Polyacrylamide being present is reduced even further.
Polyacrylamide is highly water-absorbent, forming a soft gel when hydrated.


Polyacrylamide is a water-soluble polymer made up of acrylamide subunits.
Polyacrylamide increases the viscosity of water and facilitates the flocculation of particles present in water.
Polyacrylamide is a white to faintly yellow granules


Polyacrylamide is a hard, brittle material.
Polyacrylamide is readily soluble in cold water but solubility in organic compounds is generally very limited.
Polyacrylamide undergoes reactions characteristic of the amide group; for example, alkaline hydrolysis introduces carboxylic groups and reaction with formaldehyde gives methylol groups.


Polyacrylamide has found use as a ftocculant in the processing of minerals and in water treatment.
Polyacrylamide is produced by the polymerization of acrylamide (C3H5NO), a compound obtained by the hydration of acrylonitrile.
Polyacrylamide does not have the toxic effects of acrylamide monomer.


Polyacrylamide is hydrophilic (displays an affinity for water) and can form aqueous solutions of very high concentration.
Polyacrylamide is the collective name of acrylamide homopolymer or polymer copolymerized with other monomers .
Polyacrylamide is one of the most widely used varieties of water-soluble polymers .


Polyacrylamide is a synthetic polymer of acrylamide.
Polyacrylamide also has foaming, anti-static and lubricating properties.
Polyacrylamide contains small amounts of unreacted acrylamide.


In water-based solutions, some of the remaining acrylamide can be stripped out but removing acrylamide from solid forms is more difficult.
In both cases, some acrylamide is likely to remain.
Because Polyacrylamide’s properties as a thickener and lubricant are desirable for cosmetics, use doubled between 1989 and 2002, and appears to have increased dramatically since.


Polyacrylamide is a water-soluble polymer, insoluble in most organic solvents, and has great flocculation result.
Polyacrylamide can reduce the frictional resistance between liquids.
According to the ionic character, Polyacrylamide can be divided into three types: anion, cation and non-ion.



USES and APPLICATIONS of POLYACRYLAMIDE:
Polyacrylamideis used as a flocculant in water treatment industry.
Polyacrylamide is also used in petroleum geology drilling configuration for removing non-dispersing low solid phase mud.
Polyacrylamide can be used as setting agent in sugar industry settling agent (sugar co-agent); film formers.


Polyacrylamide can be used as a soil conditioner, flocculants, and can be used in textile and paper sizing reinforcement.
Polyacrylamide can be used at coal field, oil field and flocculant agents.
Polyacrylamide can be used as efficient flocculants for neutral and alkaline medium, and can be used as drilling mud additives.


Polyacrylamide can also be used as oilfield mud additives, sewage treatment agent, and for textile sizing, paper reinforcement.
Polyacrylamide can be used as the flocculant for water-based drilling fluid which can improve the rheological properties of the drilling fluid, reducing friction.


Polyacrylamide is widely used in petrochemical, metallurgy, coal, mineral processing and textile and other industrial sectors, and is also used as precipitation flocculant, oil field water thickeners, drilling mud treatment agent, textile pulp, paper reinforcing agent, fiber modifier, soil conditioners soil stabilizing agent, fiber paste, resin finishing agents, synthetic resin coatings, adhesives, and dispersing agents.


Polyacrylamide is used binding agent, dispersing aid, lubricant, drag reduction and crystal formation control.
Polyacrylamide is a binder, film former, and fixative with greater use in hair and nail than in skin care preparations.
Polyacrylamide is used in some hand and body lotions and cleansing creams.


Polyacrylamide is a polymer formed from acrylamide subunits.
Polyacrylamide has been extensively used in applications such as polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.
Copolymers of acrylamide and acrylic acid are used to increase the dry strength of paper.


Other uses of polymers like Polyacrylamide include treatment of municipal water supplies, food packaging, adhesives, a boiler water additive, film former in the imprinting of soft-shell gelatin capsules, adjuvants in the manufacturing of paper and paperboard, and the list goes on and on.


Polyacrylamide is used river and marine raw water, industrial effluent, domestic sewage treatment, Textile coatings, printing and dyeing, tanning wastewater, acid wastewater, Paper mill, electroplating factory, ceramic factory, Sand washing plant, coal washing plant, mining industry, oil extraction, oil refining, steel industry, windbreak and sand fixation, Adhesives, food industry, sugar & salt making, pharmaceutical, brewing wastewater.


Polyacrylamide is employed in the treatment of industrial and municipal wastewater.
Because of their gel-like properties, these solutions are employed as flocculants in the removal of suspended particles from sewage and industrial effluents (e.g., wastewater from paper mills).


Through the highly reactive amide (NH2) group, Polyacrylamide can be chemically modified to produce positively charged cationic polymer or negatively charged anionic polymer.
Polyacrylamide is an acrylic resin that has the unique property of being soluble in water.


Ionic polymers are especially useful in separating metals from residues in various mineral-processing and metallurgical operations.
Polyacrylamide is ideal for protein separations because it is chemically inert, electrically neutral, hydrophilic, and transparent for optical detection at wavelengths greater than 250 nm.


Additionally, the matrix does not interact with the solutes and has a low affinity for common protein stains.
This section provides an overview of the properties and characterization of Polyacrylamide gels, the advantages and disadvantages of precast vs. hand-cast gels, and examples of migration charts.


Polyacrylamide is used in drinking water treatment.
Polyacrylamide is used in industrial wastewater treatment.
Polyacrylamide is used in petroleum production, Mining, and coal washing fields, Papermaking fields, Textile printing, and dyeing industries.


Polyacrylamide is widely used in petroleum exploration, papermaking, water treatment, textile, medicine, agriculture and other industries.
According to statistics, 37% of the global Polyacrylamide production is used in wastewater treatment , 27% in the petroleum industry, and 18% in the paper industry.


Polyacrylamide is also used in water, sewage and waste treatment, oil recovery, ore processing paper making, and to make permanent-press fabrics, to synthesize dyes, contact lenses, and in the construction of dams, tunnels and sewers.
Other field: Polyacrylamide is used Sugar Industry, Breeding industry etc.


Polyacrylamide is also present in cigarette smoke.
Polyacrylamide is used as a stabilizer and binder in lotions and other products.
Polyacrylamide is used in cosmetics to stabilize products and bind ingredients.


-Fossil fuel industry uses of Polyacrylamide:
In oil and gas industry Polyacrylamide derivatives especially co-polymers have a substantial effect on production by enhanced oil recovery by viscosity enhancement.

High viscosity aqueous solutions can be generated with low concentrations of Polyacrylamide polymers, which are injected to improve the economics of conventional water-flooding.

In a separate application, hydraulic fracturing benefits from drag reduction resulting from injection of these solutions.
These applications use large volumes of polymer solutions at concentration of 30–3000 mg/L.


-Soil conditioning uses of Polyacrylamide:
The primary functions of Polyacrylamide soil conditioners are to increase soil tilth, aeration, and porosity and reduce compaction, dustiness and water run-off.
Typical applications of Polyacrylamide are 10 mg/L, which is still expensive for many applications.

Secondary functions are to increase plant vigor, color, appearance, rooting depth, and emergence of seeds while decreasing water requirements, diseases, erosion and maintenance expenses.
FC 2712 is used for this purpose.


-In the 1970s and 1980s, the proportionately largest use of these polymers was in water treatment.
The next major application by weight is additives for pulp processing and papermaking.
About 30% of Polyacrylamide is used in the oil and mineral industries.


-Flocculation uses of Polyacrylamide:
One of the largest uses for Polyacrylamide is to flocculate solids in a liquid.
This process applies to water treatment, and processes like paper making and screen printing.
Polyacrylamide can be supplied in a powder or liquid form, with the liquid form being subcategorized as solution and emulsion polymer.


-Molecular biology laboratories uses of Polyacrylamide:
Polyacrylamide is also often used in molecular biology applications as a medium for electrophoresis of proteins and nucleic acids in a technique known as PAGE.

PAGE was first used in a laboratory setting in the early 1950s.
In 1959, the groups of Davis and Ornstein and of Raymond and Weintraub independently published on the use of Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis to separate charged molecules.

The technique is widely accepted today, and remains a common protocol in molecular biology labs.
Acrylamide has other uses in molecular biology laboratories, including the use of Polyacrylamide as a carrier, which aids in the precipitation of small amounts of nucleic acids (DNA and RNA).

Many laboratory supply companies sell Polyacrylamide for this use.
In addition, under certain conditions, Polyacrylamide can be used to selectively precipitate only RNA species from a mixture of nucleic acids.


-Mechanobiology uses of Polyacrylamide:
The elastic modulus of Polyacrylamide can be changed by varying the ratio of monomer to cross-linker during the fabrication of Polyacrylamide gel.
This property makes Polyacrylamide useful in the field of mechanobiology, as a number of cells respond to mechanical stimuli.


-Niche uses of Polyacrylamide:
Polyacrylamide is also used to make Gro-Beast toys, which expand when placed in water, such as the Test Tube Aliens.
Similarly, the absorbent properties of one of its copolymers can be utilized as an additive in body-powder.

Polyacrylamide has been used in Botox as a subdermal filler for aesthetic facial surgery.
Polyacrylamide was also used in the synthesis of the first Boger fluid.


-Polyacrylamide is an important water-soluble polymer, and also has various values effects such as flocculation, thickening, cleavage resistant, reducing resistance, and dispersing properties.
These properties are biased according to the difference of the derivative ions.

Therefore, Polyacrylamide has wide application in various fields such as oil exploration, mineral processing, coal washing, metallurgy, chemicals, paper, textile, sugar, medicine, environmental protection, building materials, and agricultural production.



FEATURES OF POLYACRYLAMIDE
1. Flocculation
By charge neutrality, Polyacrylamide can make suspended particles flocculate and settle
2. Adhesive
Polyacrylamide can play an adhesive role through physical reaction
3. Thickening
Polyacrylamide has thickening property under neutral and acidic conditions.
If the PH value exceeds 10, Polyacrylamide is easy to hydrolyze



CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF POLYACRYLAMIDE
Polyacrylamide is relatively stable to heat with its solid only being softened at 220~230 °C and its solution subjecting to significant degradation only at above 110 °C.
Polyacrylamide is insoluble in benzene, toluene, xylene, gasoline, kerosene, diesel fuel, but soluble in water.

Polyacrylamide can react with alkaline with partial hydrolysis of polyacrylamide.
Polyacrylamide will have imidization reaction in strongly acidic (pH≤2.5) which will reduce its solubility in water.

Polyacrylamide can be cross-linked by the poly-nuclear olation complex ion formed between aldehyde (such as formaldehyde) and high metal (such as aluminum, chromium, zirconium, etc.) and is easy to be degraded by the action of the mechanical and (or) oxygen.

In oil exploitation, Polyacrylamide is mainly used as oil displacement agent, water blocking agent, profile control agent, thickener, drag-reducing agent, water treatment agent.



PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF POLYACRYLAMIDE
*Solubility in water:
Upon rapid mechanical stirring, Polyacrylamide is easily soluble in cold water form a transparent adhesive solution.
Increasing the temperature does not affect Polyacrylamide's solubility and only affects its dissolution when the concentration is increased to a high viscosity.


*Solubility in Other Solvents:
Polyacrylamide has over 1% solubility in solvents such as glycerol, ethylene glycol, formaldehyde, acetic acid and lactic acid (these materials may be used as the plasticizer for laminating Polyacrylamide).
However, Polyacrylamide can only be swelled without being dissolved in solvents such as propionic acid, propylene glycol.
Polyacrylamide is also not soluble in solvents such as acetone and hexane.


*Stability:
Polyacrylamide has a moderate hygroscopic property, if not exposed to position of high temperatures, the powdered Polyacrylamide can subject to long-term storage.

For liquid Polyacrylamide, when its concentration is greater than 17%, it can be stored for more than one year with no significant change in the solution viscosity.
In the pH range of 3 to 9, Polyacrylamide can maintain a good degree of stability; at high pH, ​​the viscosity will be increased gradually.


*Miscibility:
In generally used concentration, polyacrylamide has miscibility with most water-soluble natural or synthetic resins, latex systems, and most of the salts.
Polyacrylamide can also quickly miscible with non-ionic, cationic and anionic surfactants, though with certain surfactants affecting the viscosity.


*Viscosity:
The viscosity of polyacrylamide solution has a linear correlation with its molecular weight; in addition, the higher the temperature, the lower the viscosity.


*Intrinsic viscosity:
The increase of the molecular weight of Polyacrylamide will cause increased intrinsic viscosity.


*Ion property:
The carboxyl group in long-chain yields anionic Polyacrylamide; the amino group yields cationic version.
Because of the existence of amino group or carboxyl group in the long-chain of Polyacrylamide, it is easy for flocculation when encountering aluminum ions.


*Retention property:
The retention trend of Polyacrylamide is similar with that of rosin soap with the former one having a high retention rate.


*Toxicity:
Polyacrylamide itself is non-toxic, but if it contains polymerized monomers (a double bond), it would be toxic to humans.
For this reason, upon the completion of Polyacrylamide's preparation, a certain amount of sodium bicarbonate should be added to remove residual monomers.



PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF POLYACRYLAMIDE
Polyacrylamide is a polyolefin.
Polyacrylamide can be viewed as polyethylene with amide substituents on alternating carbons.

Unlike various nylons, Polyacrylamide is not a polyamide because the amide groups are not in the polymer backbone.
Owing to the presence of the amide (CONH2) groups, alternating carbon atoms in the backbone are stereogenic (colloquially: chiral).

For this reason, Polyacrylamide exists in atactic, syndiotactic, and isotactic forms, although this aspect is rarely discussed.
The polymerization is initiated with radicals and is assumed to be stereorandom.



COPOLYMERS AND MODIFIED POLYMERS OF POLYACRYLAMIDE
Linear Polyacrylamide is a water-soluble polymer.
Other polar solvents include DMSO and various alcohols.

Cross-linking can be introduced using N,N-methylenebisacrylamide.
Some crosslinked materials are swellable but not soluble, i.e., they are hydrogels.
Partial hydrolysis occurs at elevated temperatures in aqueous media, converting some amide substituents to carboxylates.

This hydrolysis thus makes the polymer particularly hydrophilic.
The polymer produced from N,N-dimethylacrylamide resists hydrolysis.
Copolymers of acrylamide include those derived from acrylic acid.



HIGH POLYMER OF POLYACRYLAMIDE
Polyacrylamide, also briefly referred as PAM, is commonly a polymer with acrylamide monomers bonded connected by end to end configuration; it is a hard glassy solid at room temperature.
Because of the difference in production methods, the products can be white powder, translucent beads and flaky like.

Polyacrylamide'density is 1.302 g/cm3 (23 °C) with glass transition temperature being 153 °C and softening temperature being 210 °C.
Polyacrylamide has good thermal stability and is soluble in water; its aqueous solution is clear and transparent with its viscosity increasing with increased molecular weight of the polymer, and also having a logarithmic relationship with the change in concentration of the polymer.

Except for a few solvent such as acetic acid, acrylic acid, ethylene glycol, glycerol and formamide, Polyacrylamide is generally insoluble in organic solvents.
Polyacrylamide is formed by the polymerization of free acrylamide monomer radical.

Polyacrylamide can be produced by several methods such as solution polymerization, inverse emulsion polymerization, suspension polymerization and solid state polymerization. Demanded product should have controllable molecular weight, good water solubility and with little residual monomers.

Polyacrylamide is one of the most widely used water-soluble polymer species with a large number of pendant amide groups presenting on its molecular backbone.

Amide group has a high chemical activity which can forms a series of derivatives with many kinds of compounds.
Polyacrylamide has effects of flocculation, thickening, drag reduction, adhesive, colloidal stabilizing, filming and preventing scale.

Polyacrylamide is widely used in papermaking, mining, coal washing, metallurgy, oil exploitation and other industrial sectors and is also a important chemical for water treatment.



ANIONIC AND CATIONIC POLYACRYLAMIDE:
Polyacrylamide is non-toxic and with a high molecular weight and is highly water soluble, and can introduce a variety of ionic groups for adjusting the molecular weight to obtain specific performance.

Polyacrylamide has good adhesion to many solid surface and dissolved substances, and can adhere or bridge the suspended particles dispersed in the solution for flocculation of them which is easy for filtration and separation.
Anionic polyacrylamide can be used as a cytoplasm additive in the paper industry with better retention and drainage effect.

It has a particularly dispersing effect for long-fiber pulp when its molecular weight is greater than 3.5 million.
In addition, it can also be used as a water treatment agent.

In petroleum industry, it can be used as oilfield mud additives, thickeners, and settling agents.
In coal industry, it is used as coal-washing additive.

Anionic polyacrylamide has generally two ways of preparation, one is copolymerization, which was prepared by the copolymerization of acrylamide and acrylic acid or sodium acrylate aqueous solution; the other is the chemical conversion method, that is, from partial alkaline hydrolysis of polypropylene amide, or prepared by alkaline hydrolysis of poly-acrylonitrile.

Here is copolymerization method whose procedure is simple and easy to control.
The specific method is by mixing the 20% acrylamide and sodium acrylate aqueous solution in certain ratio.

200 parts of this mixed monomer were added about 1 part of 1% EDTA solution, and then add it into 460 parts of deionized water; then add 2-3 parts of both 5% ammonium persulfate and sodium hydrogen sulfite solution under continuous flow of nitrogen, stir for 3-4 hours at 40~50 °C.
Cationic polyacrylamide is cationic, and thus having strong flocculation and absorption ability on the anionic material such as cellulose.

As retention aids in the paper industry, it can increase filler and fines retention; as a filter aid, it has a strong flocculation effects on slurry and can accelerate the filtration accelerated of the wet in the wire section layer of paper machine; as a neutral sizing precipitating agent, it can partly substitute alum, and making rosin gum be precipitated and adhered between the fibers at higher pH.

It can also accelerate the settlement of fibers in the white water and the flocculation of the suspended solids in pulp waste water, and thus can be used for waste water processing.



PREPARATION OF POLYACRYLAMIDE:
The polymerization of acrylamide aqueous solution is a common method for preparing polyacrylamide.
According to the trigger mode, there are different methods such as thermal initiator and oxidation-reduction induction.
Polyacrylamide prepared by persulfate thermal initiating has relative small molecular weight at about 20 to about 1,000,000.

On the other hand, Polyacrylamide produced with oxidation-reduction method usually have relative high molecular weight polymer, up to about 300 to 400 million.
For the application of retention and drainage aid in paper industry, it is better to apply Polyacrylamide with higher molecular weight.

The following are oxidation-reduction triggering polymerization.
The resulting polymer, under alkaline conditions, is subject to Hofmann degradation reaction of amide in the sodium hypochlorite solution to obtain the acrylamide-amino-ethylene copolymer containing about 1% of free amino group.

Finally, neutralize with hydrochloric acid and further adjust to pH 5.5 to 6.
The resulting product has a cationic property, and is a kind of cationic polyacrylamide with good application performance and low cost.



HOW IS POLYACRYLAMIDE APPLIED AND WHAT FORMS DOES POLYACRYLAMIDE COME IN FOR APPLICATION?
How is Polyacrylamide applied and what forms does it come in for application?
Polyacrylamide's three most common forms are dry granules, solid blocks (cubes), and emulsified liquids.

The application method of Polyacrylamide chosen depends on the form of PAM selected.
The use of dry granular Polyacrylamide into irrigation water is facilitated by the use of an augured metering system and excellent mixing and thorough dissolving before the PAM reaches the irrigated furrows.

Polyacrylamide blocks (or cubes) are usually placed in wire baskets that need to be secured to the edge of the ditch to avoid washing of the blocks down the ditch.
Liquid Polyacrylamide can be metered directly from the container into the irrigation ditch, directly into the furrow, or through a pipe line or injector pump.

Dry granules of Polyacrylamide can be applied either by dissolving directly in the irrigation ditch before it hits the furrow, or applied directly in the furrow using what is known as the "patch method".
In order for the Polyacrylamide to dissolve properly in the irrigation ditch it must have proper agitation.

Unlike sugar or salt which dissolve fairly quickly in water, granular Polyacrylamide needs to be agitated thoroughly in order for it to dissolve.
If not agitated, Polyacrylamide globules form, and in time the globules can float down the furrow with little effect on the furrow erosion.

A way to make sure the applied Polyacrylamide is dissolved is to have a drop structure in the irrigation ditch to add turbulence to the water before it hits the furrow.

Another tip to achieve desired dissolving is to place the applicator close to the point where the irrigation water first hits the ditch.
In a concrete ditch, tins or boards will provide sufficient turbulence.
In a earthen ditch a drop dam works nicely.



BIOCHEM/PHYSIOL ACTIONS OF POLYACRYLAMIDE:
Polyacrylamide is a water-soluble polymer made up of acrylamide subunits.
Polyacrylamide increases the viscosity of water and facilitates the flocculation of particles present in water.



PRODUCTION METHODS OF POLYACRYLAMIDE:
1. Acrylonitrile is hydrated to obtain acrylamide with copper as the catalyst, and further polymerized into polyacrylamide in the action of K2S2O8.
Copper-aluminum alloy is converted into catalyst by alkali washing and pour into the hydration reactor.

The raw material of acrylonitrile is pumped to storage tanks and then into the measuring tank, pour the water subjecting to post-ion exchange process into the measuring tank and then pump raw materials through the pre-heater continuously into the hydration reactor in proportion; control at 85-125 °C for hydration reaction to obtain aqueous solution of acrylamide with the remaining acrylonitrile recovered through flash column and condenser and further flowed back into the water metering tank for recycling usage and the acrylamide solution flowing from flash tank into the tank; Pump it into high slot to the resin exchange column to become 7-8% monomer after entering into tank, send it to the polymerization reactor to produce gel-like polyacrylamide gel package which is the final product.


2. Colloidal polyacrylamide: add 1 200 kg of deionized water into the hydrolysis reactor, add under stirring of acrylonitrile, 0.3 kg of aluminum hydroxide, cupric hydroxide for complex catalysis, and have hydrolysis reaction at 85~125 °C.

After completion of the reaction, distill off the unreacted monomer acrylonitrile.
Prepare a 7% to 8% acryloyl aqueous solution, add polymerization vessel and have polymerization reaction upon the triggering of ammonium persulfate.

High molecular weight-polyacrylamide; hydrolyze acrylonitrile at 110~140 °C, 0.3 MPa into acrylamide.
Add PAGE into the polymerization vessel containing deionized water, and have reaction for 8 to 24 h in the triggering of 50 mg/kg of ammonium persulfate.
Then, Polyacrylamide is hydrolyzed into the final product under alkaline conditions and at 70~80 °C.


3. Acrylonitrile is first catalyzed into acrylamide, and then further polymerized into polyacrylamide in the presence of K2S2O8.


4. Add measured acrylonitrile into the reaction vessel; further add a catalytic amount of copper-based catalyst.
Stir and warm up to 85~120 °C.
The reaction pressure was controlled at 0.29~0.39 MPa.

In continuous operation, the feed content was controlled at 6.5% with empty velocity of about 5h-1.
The obtained acrylamide was then transferred polymerization vessel; add a certain amount of deionized water.

Have the polymerization reaction in the triggering of potassium persulfate; add an appropriate amount of sodium bisulfite at 10 mins after the start of the reaction.

Gradually heat to 64 °C, cool the reaction mixture, and have reaction at about 55 °C for 6h.
Remove the unreacted monomer at vacuum (80 °C) under reduced pressure to obtain the finished product.



PREPARATION OF POLYACRYLAMIDE:
Polyacrylamide resembles poly(acrylic acid) and poly(methacrylic acid) in being water-soluble and, as with those polymers, it is mainly this property which results in some limited commercial utilization. Polyacrylamide is prepared by free radical polymerization, using techniques essentially similar to those described for poly(acrylic acid) and poly(methacrylic acid):

It may be noted that whereas this reaction gives a vinyl polymer, a different type of polymer is obtained when polymerization is initiated by a strong base.
In this case, a polyamide (nylon 3) is formed.
Active initiators for this type of polymerization include alkoxides (RO-) and reaction, which involves the rearrangement of a carbanion to a more stable amide anion.



POLYACRYLAMIDE GEL ELECTROPHORESIS:
Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis is an important means of DNA, RNA and protein analysis and separation.
Ions and charged molecules mobilize in electric field with the mobility rate being related to their molecular size and shape, the strength of the molecular charge, the current strength and the resistance of the media to the current and therefore forming separate bands.


1. DNA polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis:
PAGE can separated the substances according to their differences on charge, molecular size and the shape, thus having a molecular sieve effect as well as an electrostatic effect; it has a higher resolution than agarose gel electrophoresis and is suitable for the isolation of DNA oligonucleotides and its sequence analysis.

Compared with agarose gel electrophoresis, it has the following advantages:
(1)A stronger distinguishing ability, though the maximum fragment is 500 times as long as the smallest fragment length, they can still be well separated;
(2) Capable of loading a higher amount of DNA than agarose gel;
(3)The purity recovered from PAGE recovered is high which is suitable for demanding experiments.


2. RNA polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (gel electrophoresis with vertical plate): it can isolate and analyze several different RNA samples or large doses of RNA samples simultaneously.


3. Protein polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis:

(1)The basic principle of SDS denaturing in-continuous polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis is based on differences in the molecular weight of the protein, SDS is an anionic surfactant, capable of binding with the hydrophobic portion of the protein thus making the protein bring a large number of anions SDS.

Protein molecules thus bring a lot of negative charge which is far beyond its original charge.
Thus the difference between the charges on different proteins has no significant effect.

SDS can also make protein structure become loose with converged shape; the mobility rate of SDS-protein complex is only related to molecular weight.
PAGE not only has molecular sieve effect but also has concentrated effect.
Owing to the effect of the discontinuous pH gradient, the sample is compressed into a narrow band, thereby improving the separation efficiency.

(2)Discontinuous non-denaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis: the operation process such as materials, glue and electrophoresis and exactly the same as SDS-PAGE.
The only difference is that all reagents are free of SDS.

(3)Continuous non-denaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis: electrophoresis system is to use a continuous pH value, and one layer of gel, and one kind of buffer system.
The operation is the same as SDS-PAGE.



PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of POLYACRYLAMIDE:
Molecular Formula: CONH2[CH2-CH]n
CAS NO.: 9003-05-8
Appearance: Granule
Colour: White or off-white
Solid Content: ≥90%
Molecular Weight(Million): Low/Medium/Medium High/High/Ultra High
Degree Of Hydrolysis(%): Very Low/Low/Medium/Medium High/High/Ultra High
PH(1% water solution): 7.0-10.0
Dissolved Time(Hour): ≤1.5
Ionic Charge: Anionic
Molecular Weight: 15-17million
Hydrolysis Degree: 20-30%

Solid Content: >89%
Bulk Density: About 0.6-0.8
Recommended Working Concentration: 0.1%
Shelf Life: 2 years
CBNumber: CB7390058
Molecular Formula: (C3H5NO)x
Molecular Weight: 71.08
MDL Number: MFCD00084392
MOL File: 9003-05-8.mol
Melting point: >300 °C
Density: 1.189 g/mL at 25 °C
Refractive index: n20/D 1.452
Flash point: >230 °F

Storage temp.: 2-8°C
Solubility: Water
Form: Granules
Color: White to faintly yellow
Odor: Odorless
Water Solubility: SOLUBLE
Stability: Stable. Incompatible with strong oxidizing agents,
aluminium, copper, iron, iron salts
FDA 21 CFR: 172.255; 173.315
Substances Added to Food (formerly EAFUS): POLYACRYLAMIDE
EWG's Food Scores: 2-4
FDA UNII: 9FPL31B58Q
EPA Substance Registry System: Polyacrylamide (9003-05-8)



FIRST AID MEASURES of POLYACRYLAMIDE:
-Description of first-aid measures:
*If inhaled:
If breathed in, move person into fresh air.
*In case of skin contact:
Wash off with soap and plenty of water.
*In case of eye contact:
Flush eyes with water as a precaution.
*If swallowed:
Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person. Rinse mouth with water.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed:
No data available



ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of POLYACRYLAMIDE:
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.



FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of POLYACRYLAMIDE:
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.
-Further information:
No data available



EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of POLYACRYLAMIDE:
-Control parameters:
--Ingredients with workplace control parameters:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use equipment for eye protection.
*Skin protection:
Handle with gloves.
Wash and dry hands.
*Body Protection:
Impervious clothing
*Respiratory protection:
Respiratory protection not required.
-Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.



HANDLING and STORAGE of POLYACRYLAMIDE:
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
*Storage conditions:
Store in cool place.
Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place.
Containers which are opened must be carefully resealed and kept upright to prevent leakage.



STABILITY and REACTIVITY of POLYACRYLAMIDE:
-Reactivity:
No data available
-Chemical stability:
Stable under recommended storage conditions.
-Possibility of hazardous reactions:
No data available
-Conditions to avoid:
No data available

DESCRIPTION:

Polyacrylamide is used as a stabilizer and binder in lotions and other products.
Though it is not a concern in itself, Polyacrylamide is made up of repeating molecules of acrylamide, which is a strongly suspected carcinogen and has been linked to mammary tumors.

CAS No.: 9003-05-8
Linear Formula: (C3H5NO)n
Molecular Weight: 71.08

Polyacrylamide is used in cosmetics to stabilize products and bind ingredients.
Polyacrylamide also has foaming, anti-static and lubricating properties.

Polyacrylamide contains small amounts of unreacted acrylamide.
In water-based solutions, some of the remaining acrylamide can be stripped out but removing acrylamide from solid forms is more difficult.
In both cases, some acrylamide is likely to remain.

Because it’s properties as a thickener and lubricant are desirable for cosmetics, use doubled between 1989 and 2002, and appears to have increased dramatically since.
Polyacrylamide is also used in water, sewage and waste treatment, oil recovery, ore processing paper making, and to make permanent-press fabrics, to synthesize dyes, contact lenses, and in the construction of dams, tunnels and sewers.
Polyacrylamide is also present in cigarette smoke.


Polyacrylamide, also briefly referred as PAM, is commonly a polymer with acrylamide monomers bonded connected by end to end configuration; Polyacrylamide is a hard glassy solid at room temperature.
Because of the difference in production methods, the products can be white powder, translucent beads and flaky like.
Its density is 1.302 g/cm3 (23 °C) with glass transition temperature being 153 °C and softening temperature being 210 °C.

Polyacrylamide has good thermal stability and is soluble in water; its aqueous solution is clear and transparent with its viscosity increasing with increased molecular weight of the polymer, and also having a logarithmic relationship with the change in concentration of the polymer.
Except for a few solvent such as acetic acid, acrylic acid, ethylene glycol, glycerol and formamide, Polyacrylamide is generally insoluble in organic solvents.

Polyacrylamide is formed by the polymerization of free acrylamide monomer radical.
Polyacrylamide can be produced by several methods such as solution polymerization, inverse emulsion polymerization, suspension polymerization and solid state polymerization.
Demanded product should have controllable molecular weight, good water solubility and with little residual monomers.

Polyacrylamide is one of the most widely used water-soluble polymer species with a large number of pendant amide groups presenting on its molecular backbone.
Amide group has a high chemical activity which can forms a series of derivatives with many kinds of compounds.

Polyacrylamide has effects of flocculation, thickening, drag reduction, adhesive, colloidal stabilizing, filming and preventing scale.
Polyacrylamide is widely used in papermaking, mining, coal washing, metallurgy, oil exploitation and other industrial sectors and is also a important chemical for water treatment.

Polyacrylamides (PAMs), are polymer-based materials used to facilitate erosion control and decrease soil sealing by binding soil particles, especially clays, to hold them on site.
In addition, these types of materials may also be used as a water treatment additive to remove suspended particles from runoff.


Polyacrylamide increases the soil’s available pore volume, thus increasing infiltration and reducing the quantity of stormwater runoff that can cause erosion.
Suspended sediments from PAM treated soils exhibit increased flocculation over untreated soils.
The increased flocculation aids in their deposition, thus reducing stormwater runoff turbidity and improving water quality.

Polyacrylamide may be used as a water treatment additive to remove suspended particles from runoff.
Polyacrylamide may also be used to provide an appropriate medium for the growth of vegetation for further stabilization.

Polyacrylamide (PAM) is a type of hydrogel consisting of a loosely cross-linked acrylamide structure that can hold large amount of water.
Due to their high water content, polyacrylamide is also highly amenable for use as biomaterial that can be in contact with tissue or biological fluids as implants, soft contact lenses, and drug delivery particle systems.

Polyacrylamide beads can be readily surface functionalized and have been recently used in a wide range of microencapsulation applications including RNA capture, drug encapsulation, controlled release, and enzyme immobilization.
Microfluidic technology for polyacrylamide synthesis has seen a significant growth in various fields.
High reproducibility, real-time control and reduction of waste are the main factors that push users to switch from conventional batch methods to microfluidics.

Polyacrylamide (abbreviated as PAM or pAAM) is a polymer with the formula (-CH2CHCONH2-).
Polyacrylamide has a linear-chain structure. PAM is highly water-absorbent, forming a soft gel when hydrated.
In 2008, an estimated 750,000,000 kg were produced, mainly for water treatment and the paper and mineral industries.


ADVANTAGES OF POLYACRYLAMIDE:
Polyacrylamide Improves stability of problem soils to prevent soil detachment (i.e. prevents erosion) in the first place
Polyacrylamide Provides quick stabilization where vegetation has yet to be established
Polyacrylamide Promotes flocculation (reduces settling time) of smallest particles

Polyacrylamide Increases soil pore volume and permeability, thus decreasing imperious cover
Polyacrylamide is Less obtrusive than some conventional measures - doesn’t interfere with construction machinery/activity

Polyacrylamide is Convenient and easy to apply and store along with other soil amendments (fertilizer, mulch, etc.) with conventional seeding, mulching, or irrigation equipment
Material is specifically designed for the soil, waters, and other on site characteristics
Polyacrylamide May prevent costly repair and reshaping of rilling or failing slopes

Re-application may not be necessary for several months if treated areas are mulched
Polyacrylamide Reduces seed, pesticide, and fertilizer (phosphorus and nitrogen) losses that hinder vegetation establishment on site, increase costs, and promote nutrient and chemical loading offsite
Polyacrylamide Reduces windborne dust conditions




Polyacrylamide is a polymer (-CH2CHCONH2-) formed from acrylamide subunits that can also be readily cross-linked.
Acrylamide needs to be handled using good laboratory practices (GLP) to avoid poisonous exposure since it is a neurotoxin.
Polyacrylamide is not toxic, but unpolymerized acrylamide can be present in the polymerized acrylamide.

Therefore it is recommended to handle it with caution.
In the cross-linked form, it is highly water-absorbent, forming a soft gel used in such applications as polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and in manufacturing soft contact lenses.
In the straight-chain form, it is also used as a thickener and suspending agent.

More recently, it has been used as a subdermal filler for aesthetic facial surgery (see Aquamid).
It has also been advertised as a soil conditioner called Krilium by Monsanto in the 1950s and today "MP", which is stated to be a "unique formulation of PAM (water-soluble polyacrylamide)".
The anionic form of polyacrylamide is frequently used as a soil conditioner on farmland and construction sites for erosion control.

The polymer is also used to make Gro-Beast toys, which expand when placed in water, as the Test Tube Aliens.
The non-ionic form of Polyacrylamide has found an important role in the potable water treatment industry.
Trivalent metal salts like ferric chloride and aluminum chloride are bridged by the long polymer chains of polyacrylamide.

This results in significant enhancement of the flocculation rate.
This allows water treatment plants to greately improve the removal of total organic content (TOC) from raw water.



CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF POLYACRYLAMIDE:

Polyacrylamide is relatively stable to heat with its solid only being softened at 220~230 °C and its solution subjecting to significant degradation only at above 110 °C.
Polyacrylamide is insoluble in benzene, toluene, xylene, gasoline, kerosene, diesel fuel, but soluble in water.
Polyacrylamide can react with alkaline with partial hydrolysis of polyacrylamide.

Polyacrylamide will have imidization reaction in strongly acidic (pH≤2.5) which will reduce its solubility in water.
Polyacrylamide can be cross-linked by the poly-nuclear olation complex ion formed between aldehyde (such as formaldehyde) and high metal (such as aluminum, chromium, zirconium, etc.) and is easy to be degraded by the action of the mechanical and (or) oxygen.
In oil exploitation, Polyacrylamide is mainly used as oil displacement agent, water blocking agent, profile control agent, thickener, drag-reducing agent, water treatment agent.

Melting point >300 °C
Density 1.189 g/mL at 25 °C
refractive index n20/D 1.452
Flash point >230 °F
storage temp. 2-8°C
solubility Water
form Granules
color White to faintly yellow
Odor odorless
Water Solubility SOLUBLE
Stability Stable. Incompatible with strong oxidizing agents, aluminium, copper, iron, iron salts
Appearance:
powder
Density:
1.302 for AQ solution
Molecular Weight:
Mv 4,500,000 - 7,500,000 (MHS a = 0.755, k = 1 x 10-4 dL/g [1])
Solubility:
water, morpholine
Viscosity:
2.2 – 3.0 cP, 25°C, 0.1%



Solubility in water:
Upon rapid mechanical stirring, polyacrylamide is easily soluble in cold water form a transparent adhesive solution.
Increasing the temperature does not affect its solubility and only affects its dissolution when the concentration is increased to a high viscosity.

Solubility in Other Solvents:
Polyacrylamide has a over 1% solubility in solvents such as glycerol, ethylene glycol, formaldehyde, acetic acid and lactic acid (these materials may be used as the plasticizer for laminating polyacrylamide).
However, Polyacrylamide can only be swelled without being dissolved in solvents such as propionic acid, propylene glycol; it is also not soluble in solvent such as acetone and hexane.

Stability:
Polyacrylamide has a moderate hygroscopic property, if not exposed to position of high temperatures, the powdered polyacrylamide can subject to long-term storage.
For liquid polyacrylamide, when its concentration is greater than 17%, it can be stored for more than one year with no significant change in the solution viscosity.
In the pH range of 3 to 9, it can maintain a good degree of stability; at high pH, the viscosity will be increased gradually.

Miscibility:
In generally used concentration, polyacrylamide has miscibility with most water-soluble natural or synthetic resins, latex systems, and most of the salts.
Polyacrylamide can also quickly miscible with non-ionic, cationic and anionic surfactants, though with certain surfactants affecting the viscosity.

Viscosity:
The viscosity of polyacrylamide solution has a linear correlation with its molecular weight; in addition, the higher the temperature, the lower the viscosity.

Intrinsic viscosity:
The increase of the molecular weight of polyacrylamide will cause increased intrinsic viscosity.

Ion property:
The carboxyl group in long-chain yields anionic polyacrylamide; the amino group yields cationic version.
Because of the existence of amino group or carboxyl group in the long-chain of polyacrylamide, it is easy for flocculation when encountering aluminum ions.

Retention property:
The retention trend of polyacrylamide is similar with that of rosin soap with the former one having a high retention rate.


Polyacrylamide is a polyolefin.
Polyacrylamide can be viewed as polyethylene with amide substituents on alternating carbons.
Unlike various nylons, polyacrylamide is not a polyamide because the amide groups are not in the polymer backbone.

Owing to the presence of the amide (CONH2) groups, alternating carbon atoms in the backbone are stereogenic (colloquially: chiral).
For this reason, polyacrylamide exists in atactic, syndiotactic, and isotactic forms, although this aspect is rarely discussed.
The polymerization is initiated with radicals and is assumed to be stereorandom.

Copolymers and modified polymers:
Linear polyacrylamide is a water-soluble polymer.
Other polar solvents include DMSO and various alcohols.
Cross-linking can be introduced using N,N-methylenebisacrylamide.
Some crosslinked materials are swellable but not soluble, i.e., they are hydrogels.

Partial hydrolysis occurs at elevated temperatures in aqueous media, converting some amide substituents to carboxylates.
This hydrolysis thus makes the polymer particularly hydrophilic.
The polymer produced from N,N-dimethylacrylamide resists hydrolysis.
Copolymers of acrylamide include those derived from acrylic acid.


USES OF POLYACRYLAMIDE:
1. Polyacrylamide is used as a flocculant in water treatment industry.
Polyacrylamide is Also used in petroleum geology drilling configuration for removing non-dispersing low solid phase mud.
2. Polyacrylamide can be used as setting agent in sugar industry settling agent (sugar co-agent); film formers.
3. Polyacrylamide can be used as a soil conditioner, flocculants, and can be used in textile and paper sizing reinforcement.


4. Polyacrylamide can be used at coal field, oil field and flocculant agents.
5. Polyacrylamide can be used as efficient flocculants for neutral and alkaline medium, and can be used as drilling mud additives.
6. Polyacrylamide can also be used as oilfield mud additives, sewage treatment agent, and for textile sizing, paper reinforcement.


7. Polyacrylamide is an important water-soluble polymer, and also has various values effects such as flocculation, thickening, cleavage resistant, reducing resistance, and dispersing properties.
These properties are biased according to the difference of the derivative ions.
Therefore, it has wide application in various fields such as oil exploration, mineral processing, coal washing, metallurgy, chemicals, paper, textile, sugar, medicine, environmental protection, building materials, and agricultural production.

8. Polyacrylamide can be used as the flocculant for water-based drilling fluid which can improve the rheological properties of the drilling fluid, reducing friction.
9. Polyacrylamide is widely used in petrochemical, metallurgy, coal, mineral processing and textile and other industrial sectors, and is also used as precipitation flocculant, oil field water thickeners, drilling mud treatment agent, textile pulp, paper reinforcing agent, fiber modifier, soil conditioners soil stabilizing agent, fiber paste, resin finishing agents, synthetic resin coatings, adhesives, and dispersing agents.


In the 1970s and 1980s, the proportionately largest use of these polymers was in water treatment.
The next major application by weight is additives for pulp processing and papermaking.
About 30% of polyacrylamide is used in the oil and mineral industries.

Flocculation:
One of the largest uses for polyacrylamide is to flocculate solids in a liquid.
This process applies to water treatment, and processes like paper making and screen printing.
Polyacrylamide can be supplied in a powder or liquid form, with the liquid form being subcategorized as solution and emulsion polymer.


Even though these products are often called 'polyacrylamide', many are actually copolymers of acrylamide and one or more other species, such as an acrylic acid or a salt thereof.
These copolymers have modified wetting and swellability.

The ionic forms of polyacrylamide has found an important role in the potable water treatment industry.
Trivalent metal salts, like ferric chloride and aluminum chloride, are bridged by the long polymer chains of polyacrylamide.
This results in significant enhancement of the flocculation rate.
This allows water treatment plants to greatly improve the removal of total organic content (TOC) from raw water.

Fossil fuel industry:
In oil and gas industry polyacrylamide derivatives especially co-polymers have a substantial effect on production by enhanced oil recovery by viscosity enhancement.
High viscosity aqueous solutions can be generated with low concentrations of polyacrylamide polymers, which are injected to improve the economics of conventional water-flooding.
In a separate application, hydraulic fracturing benefits from drag reduction resulting from injection of these solutions.
These applications use large volumes of polymer solutions at concentration of 30–3000 mg/L.

Soil conditioning:
The primary functions of polyacrylamide soil conditioners are to increase soil tilth, aeration, and porosity and reduce compaction, dustiness and water run-off.
Typical applications are 10 mg/L, which is still expensive for many applications.
Secondary functions are to increase plant vigor, color, appearance, rooting depth, and emergence of seeds while decreasing water requirements, diseases, erosion and maintenance expenses.
FC 2712 is used for this purpose.

Molecular biology laboratories:
Polyacrylamide is also often used in molecular biology applications as a medium for electrophoresis of proteins and nucleic acids in a technique known as PAGE.
PAGE was first used in a laboratory setting in the early 1950s.

In 1959, the groups of Davis and Ornstein and of Raymond and Weintraub independently published on the use of polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis to separate charged molecules.
The technique is widely accepted today, and remains a common protocol in molecular biology labs.

Acrylamide has other uses in molecular biology laboratories, including the use of linear polyacrylamide (LPA) as a carrier, which aids in the precipitation of small amounts of nucleic acids (DNA and RNA).
Many laboratory supply companies sell LPA for this use.
In addition, under certain conditions, it can be used to selectively precipitate only RNA species from a mixture of nucleic acids.

Mechanobiology:
The elastic modulus of polyacrylamide can be changed by varying the ratio of monomer to cross-linker during the fabrication of polyacrylamide gel.
This property makes polyacrylamide useful in the field of mechanobiology, as a number of cells respond to mechanical stimuli.

Niche uses:
The polymer is also used to make Gro-Beast toys, which expand when placed in water, such as the Test Tube Aliens.
Similarly, the absorbent properties of one of its copolymers can be utilized as an additive in body-powder.
It has been used in Botox as a subdermal filler for aesthetic facial surgery (see Aquamid).
It was also used in the synthesis of the first Boger fluid.


PRODUCTION METHODS OF POLYACRYLAMIDE:
1. Acrylonitrile is hydrated to obtain acrylamide with copper as the catalyst, and further polymerized into polyacrylamide in the action of K2S2O8.
Copper-aluminum alloy is converted into catalyst by alkali washing and pour into the hydration reactor.

The raw material of acrylonitrile is pumped to storage tanks and then into the measuring tank, pour the water subjecting to post-ion exchange process into the measuring tank and then pump raw materials through the pre-heater continuously into the hydration reactor in proportion; control at 85-125 °C for hydration reaction to obtain aqueous solution of acrylamide with the remaining acrylonitrile recovered through flash column and condenser and further flowed back into the water metering tank for recycling usage and the acrylamide solution flowing from flash tank into the tank; Pump it into high slot to the resin exchange column to become 7-8% monomer after entering into tank, send it to the polymerization reactor to produce gel-like polyacrylamide gel package which is the final product.

2. Colloidal polyacrylamide: add 1 200 kg of deionized water into the hydrolysis reactor, add under stirring of acrylonitrile, 0.3 kg of aluminum hydroxide, cupric hydroxide for complex catalysis, and have hydrolysis reaction at 85~125 °C.
After completion of the reaction, distill off the unreacted monomer acrylonitrile.
Prepare a 7% to 8% acryloyl aqueous solution, add polymerization vessel and have polymerization reaction upon the triggering of ammonium persulfate.

High molecular weight-polyacrylamide; hydrolyze acrylonitrile at 110~140 °C, 0.3 MPa into acrylamide.
Add PAGE into the polymerization vessel containing deionized water, and have reaction for 8 to 24 h in the triggering of 50 mg/kg of ammonium persulfate.
Then, it is hydrolyzed into the final product under alkaline conditions and at 70~80 °C.

3. Acrylonitrile is first catalyzed into acrylamide, and then further polymerized into polyacrylamide in the presence of K2S2O8.

4. Add measured acrylonitrile into the reaction vessel; further add a catalytic amount of copper-based catalyst.
Stir and warm up to 85~120 °C.
The reaction pressure was controlled at 0.29~0.39 MPa.

In continuous operation, the feed content was controlled at 6.5% with empty velocity of about 5h-1.
The obtained acrylamide was then transferred polymerization vessel; add a certain amount of deionized water.
Have the polymerization reaction in the triggering of potassium persulfate; add an appropriate amount of sodium bisulfite at 10 mins after the start of the reaction.

Gradually heat to 64 °C, cool the reaction mixture, and have reaction at about 55 °C for 6h.
Remove the unreacted monomer at vacuum (80 °C) under reduced pressure to obtain the finished product.


SAFETY INFORMATION ABOUT POLYACRYLAMIDE:
First aid measures:
Description of first aid measures:
General advice:
Consult a physician.
Show this safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
Move out of dangerous area:

If inhaled:
If breathed in, move person into fresh air.
If not breathing, give artificial respiration.
Consult a physician.
In case of skin contact:
Take off contaminated clothing and shoes immediately.
Wash off with soap and plenty of water.
Consult a physician.

In case of eye contact:
Rinse thoroughly with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes and consult a physician.
Continue rinsing eyes during transport to hospital.

If swallowed:
Do NOT induce vomiting.
Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person.
Rinse mouth with water.
Consult a physician.

Firefighting measures:
Extinguishing media:
Suitable extinguishing media:
Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.
Special hazards arising from the substance or mixture
Carbon oxides, Nitrogen oxides (NOx), Hydrogen chloride gas

Advice for firefighters:
Wear self-contained breathing apparatus for firefighting if necessary.
Accidental release measures:
Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures
Use personal protective equipment.

Avoid breathing vapours, mist or gas.
Evacuate personnel to safe areas.

Environmental precautions:
Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so.
Do not let product enter drains.
Discharge into the environment must be avoided.

Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Soak up with inert absorbent material and dispose of as hazardous waste.
Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.

Handling and storage:
Precautions for safe handling:
Avoid inhalation of vapour or mist.

Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place.
Containers which are opened must be carefully resealed and kept upright to prevent leakage.
Storage class (TRGS 510): 8A: Combustible, corrosive hazardous materials

Exposure controls/personal protection:
Control parameters:
Components with workplace control parameters
Contains no substances with occupational exposure limit values.
Exposure controls:
Appropriate engineering controls:
Handle in accordance with good industrial hygiene and safety practice.
Wash hands before breaks and at the end of workday.

Personal protective equipment:
Eye/face protection:
Tightly fitting safety goggles.
Faceshield (8-inch minimum).
Use equipment for eye protection tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or EN 166(EU).

Skin protection:
Handle with gloves.
Gloves must be inspected prior to use.
Use proper glove
removal technique (without touching glove's outer surface) to avoid skin contact with this product.
Dispose of contaminated gloves after use in accordance with applicable laws and good laboratory practices.
Wash and dry hands.

Full contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0.11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Material tested:Dermatril (KCL 740 / Aldrich Z677272, Size M)
Splash contact
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0.11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Material tested:Dermatril (KCL 740 / Aldrich Z677272, Size M)
It should not be construed as offering an approval for any specific use scenario.

Body Protection:
Complete suit protecting against chemicals, The type of protective equipment must be selected according to the concentration and amount of the dangerous substance at the specific workplace.
Respiratory protection:
Where risk assessment shows air-purifying respirators are appropriate use a fullface respirator with multi-purpose combination (US) or type ABEK (EN 14387) respirator cartridges as a backup to engineering controls.

If the respirator is the sole means of protection, use a full-face supplied air respirator.
Use respirators and components tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or CEN (EU).
Control of environmental exposure
Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so.
Do not let product enter drains.
Discharge into the environment must be avoided.

Stability and reactivity:
Chemical stability:
Stable under recommended storage conditions.
Incompatible materials:
Strong oxidizing agents:
Hazardous decomposition products:
Hazardous decomposition products formed under fire conditions.
Carbon oxides, Nitrogen oxides (NOx), Hydrogen chloride gas.

Disposal considerations:
Waste treatment methods:
Product:
Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company.
Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material.
Contaminated packaging:
Dispose of as unused product

Polyacrylamide is a synthetic polymer derived from acrylamide monomers.
Polyacrylamide is a water-soluble polymer with a wide range of industrial and commercial applications.
Polyacrylamide can be produced in various forms, including granules, beads, powders, and gels, depending on its intended use.
Polyacrylamide is commonly used as a flocculant, thickener, binder, and rheology modifier in industries such as wastewater treatment, papermaking, oil recovery, agriculture, textiles, and cosmetics.

CAS Number: 9003-05-8
EC Number: 618-350-6

Poly(2-propenamide), Acrylamide polymer, Polyacrylamide resin, Polyacrylamide gel, Acrylic acid amide polymer, Poly(1-carbamoylethylene), PAM, Polyacrylamide copolymer, Polyacrylamide flocculant, Polyacrylamide powder, Polyacrylamide emulsion, Poly(acrylamidic acid), Polyacrylic acid amide, Poly(acrylamide), Poly(2-propenamide)



APPLICATIONS


Polyacrylamide is extensively used in wastewater treatment plants as a flocculant and coagulant.
Polyacrylamide aids in the removal of suspended solids, organic matter, and contaminants from wastewater streams.

In the papermaking industry, polyacrylamide serves as a retention aid and drainage agent to improve paper formation and quality.
Polyacrylamide enhances the retention of fibers and fillers in paper sheets, resulting in stronger and smoother paper products.
Polyacrylamide finds application in agriculture as a soil conditioner and erosion control agent.

Polyacrylamide improves soil structure, water retention, and crop yields, particularly in arid or sandy soils.
Polyacrylamide is used in the textile industry as a sizing agent and binder to enhance fabric properties.
Polyacrylamide improves fabric stiffness, durability, and resistance to wrinkles and creases.

Polyacrylamide is employed in cosmetics and personal care products as a thickening and stabilizing agent.
Polyacrylamide imparts viscosity and texture to lotions, creams, and hair care formulations, enhancing their performance.

In petroleum production, polyacrylamide is utilized in enhanced oil recovery processes to improve fluid flow and displacement efficiency.
Polyacrylamide reduces friction in pipelines and reservoirs, facilitating the extraction of oil and gas reserves.
Polyacrylamide is used in the mining industry for solid-liquid separation and tailings treatment.
Polyacrylamide aids in the dewatering of mineral slurries and the recovery of valuable minerals from ores.

Polyacrylamide is employed in the construction industry as a soil stabilizer and additive in cementitious materials.
Polyacrylamide improves the strength, workability, and durability of concrete and mortar mixes.
Polyacrylamide is utilized in the manufacturing of adhesives, coatings, and sealants as a binder and thickening agent.

Polyacrylamide forms strong, flexible films that enhance adhesion and provide protective coatings.
In the food industry, polyacrylamide is used in food processing and packaging as a clarifying agent and viscosity modifier.

Polyacrylamide aids in the clarification of fruit juices, beer, and wine, and improves the texture of processed foods.
Polyacrylamide is employed in the pharmaceutical industry as a carrier for drug delivery systems and controlled-release formulations.
Polyacrylamide helps improve the solubility, stability, and bioavailability of active pharmaceutical ingredients.
Polyacrylamide is used in the manufacture of gel electrophoresis matrices for molecular biology and biochemistry applications.

Polyacrylamide separates biomolecules, such as DNA and proteins, based on size and charge during electrophoretic analysis.
Overall, polyacrylamide plays a vital role in various industries, contributing to the efficiency, quality, and performance of diverse products and processes.

Polyacrylamide is used in the treatment of drinking water and potable water supplies to remove impurities and improve water quality.
Polyacrylamide aids in the sedimentation and filtration processes, helping to produce clean and safe drinking water.
In the cosmetic industry, polyacrylamide is utilized in skincare products such as facial masks and anti-aging creams.
Polyacrylamide helps to improve skin hydration, firmness, and elasticity, contributing to a youthful appearance.

Polyacrylamide is employed in the manufacture of contact lenses as a hydrogel material for soft and comfortable lens wear.
Polyacrylamide provides excellent water retention properties and biocompatibility, ensuring comfort and safety for the wearer.
Polyacrylamide is used in the production of wastewater sludge dewatering agents to improve the efficiency of sludge treatment processes.

Polyacrylamide aids in the dehydration and solidification of sludge, reducing its volume and facilitating disposal.
Polyacrylamide finds application in the mining industry for the extraction of precious metals such as gold and silver.
Polyacrylamide assists in the separation and recovery of valuable minerals from ore concentrates and mining effluents.

In the petroleum refining industry, polyacrylamide is used as a drag reducing agent (DRA) in pipeline transportation.
Polyacrylamide reduces frictional resistance in pipelines, allowing for the efficient transportation of crude oil and refined products.

Polyacrylamide is employed in the manufacturing of gel-like materials for medical and surgical applications.
Polyacrylamide serves as a scaffold material for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine, promoting cell growth and tissue regeneration.
Polyacrylamide is used in the construction of hydrogels for wound dressings, providing moisture retention and wound healing properties.
In the textile printing industry, polyacrylamide is used as a thickener and binder for textile dyes and pigments.
Polyacrylamide improves color fastness, print sharpness, and wash resistance in textile printing processes.

Polyacrylamide finds application in the treatment of industrial wastewater from various manufacturing processes, including chemical, textile, and metalworking industries.
Polyacrylamide assists in the removal of heavy metals, oils, and organic pollutants from industrial effluents, ensuring compliance with environmental regulations.
Polyacrylamide is employed in the construction of soil erosion control blankets and erosion control mats for slope stabilization and revegetation projects.

Polyacrylamide is used in the manufacturing of hydroponic growing media and soilless potting mixes for agriculture and horticulture applications.
Polyacrylamide provides a lightweight, moisture-retentive substrate for plant growth, reducing water consumption and improving crop yields.
In the paint and coatings industry, polyacrylamide serves as a rheology modifier and thickening agent for water-based paints and emulsions.

Polyacrylamide enhances paint flow properties, brushability, and film formation, resulting in smooth and durable coatings.
Overall, polyacrylamide continues to find new and innovative applications across a wide range of industries, contributing to sustainability, efficiency, and product performance.

Polyacrylamide is used in the treatment of industrial wastewater from pulp and paper mills to remove lignin, cellulose, and other organic contaminants.
Polyacrylamide aids in the clarification and purification of wastewater, improving the quality of effluents discharged into water bodies.

Polyacrylamide is employed in the manufacture of gel electrophoresis matrices for protein and nucleic acid separation and analysis in molecular biology research.
Polyacrylamide facilitates the separation of biomolecules based on size, charge, and conformation, allowing for precise molecular characterization.
Polyacrylamide is used in the production of soil amendments and conditioners for agricultural and landscaping applications.

Polyacrylamide improves soil structure, water retention, and nutrient availability, promoting healthy plant growth and root development.
Polyacrylamide is employed in the construction of artificial snow for winter sports and recreational activities.

Polyacrylamide enhances the texture and consistency of artificial snow, providing a realistic and enjoyable skiing or snowboarding experience.
Polyacrylamide is utilized in the manufacture of gel capsules and controlled-release drug delivery systems for pharmaceutical applications.
Polyacrylamide enables the encapsulation and sustained release of active pharmaceutical ingredients, improving drug efficacy and patient compliance.

Polyacrylamide is used in the production of high-performance drilling fluids for oil and gas exploration and drilling operations.
Polyacrylamide stabilizes boreholes, enhances drilling efficiency, and prevents fluid loss during well construction and completion.

Polyacrylamide is employed in the manufacturing of personal hygiene products such as diapers, sanitary napkins, and adult incontinence pads.
Polyacrylamide provides absorbency and moisture retention properties, keeping the skin dry and comfortable.
Polyacrylamide is used in the formulation of gel air fresheners and odor control products for household and commercial use.

Polyacrylamide absorbs and neutralizes malodorous compounds, freshening indoor air environments.
Polyacrylamide is employed in the production of anti-fog coatings for eyeglasses, goggles, and automotive windshields.
Polyacrylamide prevents condensation and fogging on surfaces, improving visibility and safety.
Polyacrylamide is used in the manufacture of soil erosion control barriers and sedimentation ponds for construction and land development projects.
Polyacrylamide helps prevent soil erosion and sediment runoff, protecting water quality and aquatic habitats.

Polyacrylamide is utilized in the treatment of municipal sewage sludge for dewatering and volume reduction.
Polyacrylamide aids in the formation of dense sludge cakes and the removal of water, facilitating sludge disposal and management.
Polyacrylamide is employed in the manufacturing of gel-based personal lubricants for sexual wellness and intimacy enhancement.
Polyacrylamide provides long-lasting lubrication and moisturization, reducing friction and discomfort.
Overall, polyacrylamide plays a vital role in a diverse range of applications, contributing to efficiency, sustainability, and product performance across various industries.



DESCRIPTION


Polyacrylamide is a synthetic polymer derived from acrylamide monomers.
Polyacrylamide is a water-soluble polymer with a wide range of industrial and commercial applications.
Polyacrylamide can be produced in various forms, including granules, beads, powders, and gels, depending on its intended use.
Polyacrylamide is commonly used as a flocculant, thickener, binder, and rheology modifier in industries such as wastewater treatment, papermaking, oil recovery, agriculture, textiles, and cosmetics.

In wastewater treatment, polyacrylamide is used as a flocculant to remove suspended solids and contaminants from water, aiding in the clarification and separation processes.
Polyacrylamide helps aggregate fine particles into larger flocs, which can be more easily filtered or settled out of the water.

In the papermaking industry, polyacrylamide is employed as a retention aid and drainage agent to improve the formation and strength of paper products. It enhances the retention of fibers and fillers in the paper sheet, resulting in improved paper quality and increased production efficiency.

Polyacrylamide is a synthetic polymer with a linear chain structure.
Polyacrylamide is composed of repeating units of acrylamide monomers linked together.
Polyacrylamide is typically produced as a white, granular or powdered substance.

Polyacrylamide is odorless and non-toxic, making it safe for various industrial applications.
Polyacrylamide is highly water-soluble and can form clear, viscous solutions in aqueous environments.
The polymer chains of polyacrylamide can vary in length and branching, influencing its properties.

Polyacrylamide has a high molecular weight, contributing to its effectiveness as a flocculant and thickening agent.
Polyacrylamide can exhibit both linear and cross-linked structures, depending on the manufacturing process.
Polyacrylamide is stable under a wide range of pH conditions, making it suitable for diverse applications.

Polyacrylamide has excellent flocculation and coagulation properties, enabling efficient removal of suspended solids from water.
Polyacrylamide is commonly used in wastewater treatment plants to clarify and purify water by aggregating particles for easier separation.
Polyacrylamide is also utilized in the papermaking industry as a retention aid and drainage agent to improve paper quality.

Polyacrylamide enhances the retention of fibers and fillers in paper sheets, resulting in stronger and smoother paper products.
In agriculture, polyacrylamide is applied as a soil conditioner and erosion control agent to improve soil structure and water retention.
Polyacrylamide helps reduce soil erosion, increase water infiltration, and enhance crop yields in agricultural fields.

Polyacrylamide is used as a thickening and stabilizing agent in various cosmetic and personal care products.
Polyacrylamide imparts viscosity and texture to lotions, creams, and hair care formulations, improving their consistency and performance.
Polyacrylamide's ability to form strong, flexible films makes it valuable in adhesive and coating applications.

Polyacrylamide is employed in the textile industry as a sizing agent and binder to enhance fabric properties.
Polyacrylamide improves fabric stiffness, durability, and resistance to wrinkles and creases.
In petroleum production, polyacrylamide is used in enhanced oil recovery processes to improve fluid flow and displacement efficiency.
Polyacrylamide reduces friction in pipelines and reservoirs, allowing for better extraction of oil and gas reserves.

Polyacrylamide is also employed in the mining industry for solid-liquid separation and tailings treatment.
Polyacrylamide aids in the dewatering of mineral slurries and the recovery of valuable minerals from ores.
Overall, polyacrylamide is a versatile polymer with a wide range of industrial, environmental, and commercial applications, contributing to various processes and products across different sectors.



PROPERTIES


Chemical Formula: (C3H5NO)n
Molecular Weight: Variable, depending on polymer chain length and structure
Physical State: Typically white, granular, or powdered solid
Odor: Odorless
Solubility: Highly soluble in water
Solubility in Other Solvents: Generally insoluble in organic solvents
Melting Point: Decomposes before melting
Boiling Point: Decomposes before boiling
Density: Variable, depending on molecular weight and degree of cross-linking
pH: Neutral to slightly alkaline in aqueous solutions
Hygroscopicity: Absorbs moisture from the air
Viscosity: Can vary widely depending on concentration and molecular weight
Polymerization: Can undergo free-radical polymerization to form long chains
Cross-Linking: Can be cross-linked to form hydrogels or other network structures



FIRST AID


Inhalation:

If inhaled, remove the affected person to fresh air immediately.
If the person is not breathing, administer artificial respiration.
Seek medical attention promptly, and provide information about the type and duration of exposure.


Skin Contact:

Remove contaminated clothing and shoes immediately.
Wash the affected area thoroughly with soap and water for at least 15 minutes.
If irritation persists or if the skin appears damaged, seek medical attention.
Avoid re-contamination of clean skin or clothing with the contaminated material.


Eye Contact:

Flush the eyes with lukewarm water continuously for at least 15 minutes, holding the eyelids open.
Seek immediate medical attention, and continue flushing the eyes until medical help arrives.
Remove contact lenses if present and easily removable after flushing.


Ingestion:

Rinse the mouth with water and do not induce vomiting unless instructed by medical personnel.
Seek medical attention immediately, and provide information about the quantity ingested and the time of ingestion.
Do not give anything by mouth to an unconscious person.


General First Aid:

Provide rest and reassurance to the affected person.
Keep the individual warm and comfortable while awaiting medical assistance.
Monitor vital signs such as breathing, pulse, and level of consciousness.
Have the Safety Data Sheet (SDS) or product label available for medical personnel.
If medical attention is required, transport the individual to a healthcare facility promptly.


Additional Measures:

For severe exposure or if symptoms worsen, call emergency services immediately.
Do not attempt to treat severe chemical burns or injuries without professional medical assistance.
Follow any specific first aid instructions provided on the product label or Safety Data Sheet.
Provide supportive care as needed, including pain relief and wound management.



HANDLING AND STORAGE


Handling:

Personal Protective Equipment (PPE):
Wear appropriate PPE, including chemical-resistant gloves, safety goggles or face shield, and protective clothing, when handling Polyacrylamide.
Use respiratory protection, such as a dust mask or respirator, if there is a risk of inhalation of airborne particles.

Ventilation:
Work in a well-ventilated area or use local exhaust ventilation to control airborne concentrations of Polyacrylamide dust or vapors.
Avoid generating aerosols or mists of Polyacrylamide by using handling techniques that minimize splashing or agitation.

Avoidance of Contact:
Avoid skin contact and inhalation of Polyacrylamide dust or vapors.
Use appropriate handling procedures, such as pouring or decanting, to minimize spillage and exposure.
Do not eat, drink, or smoke while handling Polyacrylamide, and wash hands thoroughly after handling to prevent accidental ingestion.

Spill and Leak Procedures:
Clean up spills immediately to prevent accidental exposure and environmental contamination.
Use absorbent materials, such as vermiculite or sand, to contain and absorb spilled Polyacrylamide.
Avoid direct contact with spilled material and use appropriate PPE during cleanup.
Dispose of contaminated materials according to local regulations and guidelines.


Storage:

Container Selection:
Store Polyacrylamide in tightly sealed containers made of compatible materials, such as plastic or glass.
Ensure containers are labeled with the appropriate hazard warnings and handling instructions.

Temperature and Humidity:
Store Polyacrylamide in a cool, dry place away from direct sunlight and heat sources.
Avoid exposure to high temperatures or humidity, as it may affect the stability and quality of the product.

Compatibility:
Keep Polyacrylamide away from incompatible materials, including strong acids, bases, oxidizing agents, and reducing agents.
Store away from sources of ignition or heat to prevent the risk of fire or spontaneous combustion.

Segregation:
Segregate Polyacrylamide from food, beverages, and animal feed to prevent contamination.
Store away from sources of contamination, such as pesticides, fertilizers, or other chemicals.

SYNONYMS 2-Propenamide homopolymer;2-Propenamide hydrochloride homopolymer;2-Propenamide, homopolymer;2-Propenamide, polymer with aluminum oxide (Al2O3), graft;2-Propenamide, polymer with silica, graft;2-Propenamide, polymer with titanium oxide (TiO2), graft;2-propenamide,homopolymer CAS NO:9003-05-8

SYNONYMS 2-Propenamide, N-1,1-dimethyl-2-sulfoethyl-, homopolymer;POLYACRYLAMIDOMETHYLPROPANE SULFONIC ACID CAS NO:27119-07-9

Polyacrylamidomethylpropane Sulfonic Acid is protecting homopolymer wraps an elastic film around the hair shaft for a natural effect with ultra-brilliance.
Polyacrylamidomethylpropane Sulfonic Acid is a homopolymer of acrylamidomethylpropanesulfonic acid.


CAS Number: 27119-07-9
EC Number: 925-482-8
Chem/IUPAC Name: 2-Propenamide, N-1,1-dimethyl-2-sulfoethyl-, homopolymer
MDL Number: MFCD00084369
Molecular Formula: (C7 H13 N O4 S)x-


Polyacrylamidomethylpropane Sulfonic Acid is excellent film-forming, dispersing, emulsifying, adsorbing abilities.
Polyacrylamidomethylpropane Sulfonic Acid is solid; or liquid.
Polyacrylamidomethylpropane Sulfonic Acid is soluble in water.


Polyacrylamidomethylpropane Sulfonic Acid is stable.
Polyacrylamidomethylpropane Sulfonic Acid is a substance used in cosmetic formulations.
Polyacrylamidomethylpropane Sulfonic Acid acts as a film former (forms a film on skin, hair or nails when applied).


Polyacrylamidomethylpropane Sulfonic Acid is a homopolymer of acrylamidomethylpropanesulfonic acid.
Polyacrylamidomethylpropane Sulfonic Acid protects homopolymer wraps an elastic film around the hair shaft for a natural effect with ultra-brilliance.
Polyacrylamidomethylpropane Sulfonic Acid is an exceptional anti-frizz action improves conditioning and disciplining effect.


Polyacrylamidomethylpropane Sulfonic Acid is an anionic polymer with high slip/ lubricity for wide range of cosmetic applications, especially hair care.
Polyacrylamidomethylpropane Sulfonic Acid is clear, slightly yellow viscous liquid.
Polyacrylamidomethylpropane Sulfonic Acid is homopolymer of acrylamidomethyl - propane sulfonic acid.


Polyacrylamidomethylpropane Sulfonic Acid has been designed to provide cosmetic formulations with a high degree of lubricity both during and after use even at low concentrations.
In this manner, Polyacrylamidomethylpropane Sulfonic Acid's effect is two-fold.


First, the consumer perceives an elegant, aesthetically pleasing slip during application and second, a talc-like residual feel later on.
Additionally, Polyacrylamidomethylpropane Sulfonic Acid will act as an auxiliary-thickening agent particularly in hydro alcoholic systems which are resistant to viscosity build-up.


Polymer or copolymer based on acrylamide or acrylamide derivatives.
"...Amidomethyl" generally refers to the amidomethyl group of (fatty) acids.
"Propane..." generally refers to a saturated hydrocarbon chain with 3 carbon atoms.


"Sulfonic Acid" refers to sulfonic acid (alkane sulfonic acid / alkyl sulfuric acid or aromatic sulfonic acid).
Polyacrylamidomethylpropane Sulfonic Acid is a Synthetic.
Polyacrylamidomethylpropane Sulfonic Acid is a polyacrylamidomethylpropane sulfonic acid homopolymer of acrylamidomethyl-propane sulfonic acid.


Polyacrylamidomethylpropane Sulfonic Acid has been designed to provide cosmetic formulations with a high degree of lubricity both during and after use even at low concentrations.
In this manner, Polyacrylamidomethylpropane Sulfonic Acid's effect is two-fold.


First, the consumer perceives an elegant, aesthetically pleasing slip during the application and second, a talc-like residual feel later on.
Additionally, Polyacrylamidomethylpropane Sulfonic Acid will act as an auxiliary-thickening agent particularly in hydro alcoholic systems which are resistant to viscosity build-up.


Furthermore, because Polyacrylamidomethylpropane Sulfonic Acid contains, as part of its molecular structure, sulfonic acid groups, it is soluble in strong acids and strong bases (where it can be effectively neutralized by a host of alkaline cations).
Polyacrylamidomethylpropane Sulfonic Acid is soluble in strong acids.



USES and APPLICATIONS of POLYACRYLAMIDOMETHYLPROPANE SULFONIC ACID:
Polyacrylamidomethylpropane Sulfonic Acid is used thickening agent for acidic or basic cleaning agents, friction reducing agent, water-based lubricant, mineral scale remover and suspension aid for pigments and fillers.
Polyacrylamidomethylpropane Sulfonic Acid is used rheology control agent in water and some organic solvents.


Additionally, Polyacrylamidomethylpropane Sulfonic Acid will act as an auxiliary-thickening agent particularly in hydro alcoholic systems which are resistant to viscosity build-up.
Furthermore, because Polyacrylamidomethylpropane Sulfonic Acid contains, as part of its molecular structure, sulfonic acid groups, it is soluble in strong acids and strong bases (where it can be effectively neutralized by a host of alkaline cations).


Polyacrylamidomethylpropane Sulfonic Acid is ideally suited for application in creams and lotions, liquid (i.e. roll-ons) antiperspirants, shaving creams, nail polish removers, liquid and bar soaps, after-bath splashes, and other areas where lubricious effects and/or viscosity effects are desired.
Polyacrylamidomethylpropane Sulfonic Acid is an emulsifier consisting of two fragments, a polar part (circle) and a non-polar, lipophilic part.


The emulsifier molecules tend to occupy a place at the phase boundary, between the water and oil phases, and the resulting tendency to increase the contact surface of the phases.
Polyacrylamidomethylpropane Sulfonic Acid protecting homopolymer wraps an elastic film around the hair shaft for a natural effect with ultra-brilliance.


Polyacrylamidomethylpropane Sulfonic Acid is exceptional anti-frizz action improves conditioning and disciplining effect.
Polyacrylamidomethylpropane Sulfonic Acid is an anionic polymer with high slip/ lubricity for wide range of cosmetic applications, especially hair care.
Polyacrylamidomethylpropane Sulfonic Acid, is a thickener, lubricity additive and moisturizer for personal care and home care applications.


Polyacrylamidomethylpropane Sulfonic Acid is used After Sun, Antiperspirants & Deodorants, Body Care, Color Care, Conditioning, Face Care Face Cleansing, Personal Care Wipes, Self Tanning, and Sun Protection.
Polyacrylamidomethylpropane Sulfonic Acid is suitable for a wide range of pH values, imparts a non-sticky, smooth feeling and moisture to formulas, and can be used as high-end formulas such as ampoules.


Polyacrylamidomethylpropane Sulfonic Acid can soften the mask cloth to make it softer and more comfortable, and form a transparent elastic film to help set makeup.
In hair products, Polyacrylamidomethylpropane Sulfonic Acid has the functions of styling, conditioning, hair brightening, and smoothing.


Polyacrylamidomethylpropane Sulfonic Acid can synergize with film formers and reduce white dandruff.
Polyacrylamidomethylpropane Sulfonic Acid can provide thermal protection and anti-frizz to resist hair damage.
Recommended dosage of Polyacrylamidomethylpropane Sulfonic Acid is 0~15%


pH value of Polyacrylamidomethylpropane Sulfonic Acid is 2-12
Recommended application of Polyacrylamidomethylpropane Sulfonic Acid: face, body care, sunscreen products, make-up and styling products.
Functions in the formulation of Polyacrylamidomethylpropane Sulfonic Acid : thickener, smoother, friction reducer, emollient


Cosmetic Uses of Polyacrylamidomethylpropane Sulfonic Acid: film formers
Polyacrylamidomethylpropane Sulfonic Acid belongs to the following substance groups: filmmaker.
Polyacrylamidomethylpropane Sulfonic Acid is ideally suited for application in creams and lotions, liquid (i.e. roll-ons) antiperspirants, shaving creams, nail polish removers, liquid and bar soaps, after-bath splash, and other areas where lubricious effects and/or viscosity effects are desired.


Applications of Polyacrylamidomethylpropane Sulfonic Acid: AP/DEO, Bath & Shower, Body Care, Eye Care, Face Care, Hand & Nail Care, Hand Cleansing, Liquid Soap, Shaving, Skin Care, Skin Cleansing, Sun Protection.
Polyacrylamidomethylpropane Sulfonic Acid is aesthetically pleasing slip during application and has a talc-like residual feel later on.



FUNCTION OF POLYACRYLAMIDOMETHYLPROPANE SULFONIC ACID:
*Polyacrylamidomethylpropane Sulfonic Acid has been designed to provide cosmetic formulations with a high degree of lubricity both during and after use even at low concentrations.



FEATURES OF POLYACRYLAMIDOMETHYLPROPANE SULFONIC ACID:
*Anionic polymer with high slip/ lubricity for wide range of cosmetic applications, especially hair care
*Cold processable
*Does not contain preservatives
*Suitable for EO-free solutions



FUNCTIONS OF POLYACRYLAMIDOMETHYLPROPANE SULFONIC ACID IN COSMETIC PRODUCTS:
*FILM FORMATION
Polyacrylamidomethylpropane Sulfonic Acid creates a continuous film on the skin, hair and/or nails



WHAT DOES POLYACRYLAMIDOMETHYLPROPANE SULFONIC ACID DO IN A FORMULATION?
*Film forming



ALTERNATIVE PARENTS OF POLYACRYLAMIDOMETHYLPROPANE SULFONIC ACID:
*Sulfonyls
*Alkanesulfonic acids
*Acrylic acids and derivatives
*Secondary carboxylic acid amides
*Organopnictogen compounds
*Organonitrogen compounds
*Organic oxides
*Hydrocarbon derivatives
*Carbonyl compounds



SUBSTITUENTS OF POLYACRYLAMIDOMETHYLPROPANE SULFONIC ACID:
*Acrylic acid or derivatives
*Organosulfonic acid
*Sulfonyl
*Alkanesulfonic acid
*Carboxamide group
*Secondary carboxylic acid amide
*Carboxylic acid derivative
*Carbonyl group
*Hydrocarbon derivative
*Organic oxide
*Organopnictogen compound
*Organosulfur compound
*Organooxygen compound
*Organonitrogen compound
*Organic oxygen compound
*Organic nitrogen compound
*Aliphatic acyclic compound



PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of POLYACRYLAMIDOMETHYLPROPANE SULFONIC ACID:
Origin: Synthetic
Shelf life: 2 years from mfg. date
Freight Classification: NMFC48581 S0 CL55
Kosher Status: Not Kosher
Flash Point: N/A
Melting Point: N/A
API: NO
Allergen: NO
Hazmat: YES
Molecular Weight: N/A
Assay: 95.00 to 100.00
Food Chemicals Codex Listed: No
Density1.266g/cm3
Canonical SMILESCC(C)(CS(O)(=O)=O)NC(=O)C=C
Physical DescriptionPoly(2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propanesulfonic acid), 10 wt% solution in water (100g)
Physical state: liquid
Color: No data available
Odor No data available
Melting point/freezing point: No data available
Initial boiling point and boiling range: No data available
Flammability (solid, gas): No data available
Upper/lower flammability or explosive limits: No data available
Flash point: Not applicable

Autoignition temperature: No data available
Decomposition temperature: No data available
pH: 1 - 3
Viscosity
Viscosity, kinematic: No data available
Viscosity, dynamic: No data available
Water solubility: No data available
Partition coefficient: n-octanol/water: No data available
Vapor pressure: No data available
Density: No data available
Relative density: No data available
Relative vapor density: No data available
Particle characteristics: No data available
Explosive properties: Not classified as explosive.
Oxidizing properties: none
Other safety information: No data available
Molecular Formula: (C7H13NO4S)n
Molecular Weight (g/mol): 207.24
MDL Number: MFCD00084369
InChI Key: XHZPRMZZQOIPDS-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Assay: 95.00 to 100.00
Food Chemicals Codex Listed: No
IUPAC Name: 2-methyl-2-(prop-2-enoylamino)propane-1-sulfonic acid
Molecular Weight: 207.25g/mol
Molecular Formula: C7H13NO4S
Canonical SMILES: CC(C)(CS(=O)(=O)O)NC(=O)C=C
InChIInChI=1S/C7H13NO4S/c1-4-6(9)8-7(2,3)5-13(10,11)12/h4H,1,5H2,2-3H3,(H,8,9)(H,10,11,12)
InChI Key: XHZPRMZZQOIPDS-UHFFFAOYSA-N

Melting Point: 185.5-186°C
Complexity: 299
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 1
EC Number: 239-268-0;608-044-8;925-482-8
Exact Mass: 207.056529g/mol
Formal Charge: 0
H-Bond Acceptor: 4
H-Bond Donor: 2
Heavy Atom Count: 13
Monoisotopic Mass: 207.056529g/mol
Rotatable Bond Count: 4
UNII: 490HQE5KI5
XLogP: 3-0.4
CAS Number: 27119-07-9
Molecular Weight: 207.24700
Density: 1.266g/cm3
Boiling Point: N/A
Molecular Formula: C7H13NO4S
Melting Point: N/A
Density: 1.266g/cm3
Molecular Formula: C7H13NO4S
Molecular Weight: 207.24700
Exact Mass: 207.05700
PSA: 95.34000
LogP: 1.87610



FIRST AID MEASURES of POLYACRYLAMIDOMETHYLPROPANE SULFONIC ACID:
-Description of first-aid measures:
*General advice:
First aiders need to protect themselves.
Show this material safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
*If inhaled:
After inhalation:
Fresh air.
Call in physician.
*In case of skin contact:
Take off immediately all contaminated clothing.
Rinse skin with water/ shower.
Call a physician immediately.
*In case of eye contact:
After eye contact:
Rinse out with plenty of water.
Immediately call in ophthalmologist.
Remove contact lenses.
*If swallowed:
After swallowing:
Make victim drink water (two glasses at most), avoid vomiting (risk of perforation).
Call a physician immediately.
Do not attempt to neutralise.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed:
No data available



ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of POLYACRYLAMIDOMETHYLPROPANE SULFONIC ACID:
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Cover drains.
Collect, bind, and pump off spills.
Observe possible material restrictions.
Take up with liquid-absorbent and neutralising material.
Dispose of properly.
Clean up affected area.



FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of POLYACRYLAMIDOMETHYLPROPANE SULFONIC ACID:
-Extinguishing media:
*Unsuitable extinguishing media:
For this substance/mixture no limitations of extinguishing agents are given.
-Further information:
Suppress (knock down) gases/vapors/mists with a water spray jet.
Prevent fire extinguishing water from contaminating surface water or the ground water system.



EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of POLYACRYLAMIDOMETHYLPROPANE SULFONIC ACID:
-Control parameters:
--Ingredients with workplace control parameters:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use equipment for eye protection.
Tightly fitting safety goggles
*Skin protection:
Handle with gloves.
Wash and dry hands.
Full contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Splash contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
*Body Protection:
Acid-resistant protective clothing
*Respiratory protection:
Recommended Filter type: Filter type ABEK
-Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.



HANDLING and STORAGE of POLYACRYLAMIDOMETHYLPROPANE SULFONIC ACID:
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
*Storage conditions:
Tightly closed.
*Storage class:
Storage class (TRGS 510): 8B: Non-combustible



STABILITY and REACTIVITY of POLYACRYLAMIDOMETHYLPROPANE SULFONIC ACID:
-Reactivity:
No data available
-Chemical stability:
The product is chemically stable under standard ambient conditions (room temperature) .
-Conditions to avoid:
no information available
-Incompatible materials:
No data available



SYNONYMS:
Polyacrylamidomethylpropane sulfonic acid
27119-07-9
1-Propanesulfonic acid, 2-methyl-2-((1-oxo-2-propen-1-yl)amino)-, homopolymer
Poly(2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propanesulfonic acid)
1-Propanesulfonic acid, 2-methyl-2-((1-oxo-2-propenyl)amino)-, homopolymer
PAMPS cpd
Poly(2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid)
Poly(2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonic acid)
2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonic acid
2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propanesulfonic acid
2-acrylamide-2-methylpropanesulfonic acid
1-propanesulfonic acid, 2-methyl-2-1-oxo-2-propenyl amino
polyacrylamidomethylpropane sulfonic acid
unii-490hqe5ki5
2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonate
2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulphonic acid
2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid
2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane-1-sulfonic acid
1-Propanesulfonic acid, 2-methyl-2-((1-oxo-2-propen-1-yl)amino)-, homopolymer
2-Propenamides, N-1,1-dimethyl-2-sulfoethyl homopolymer
CAS number: 27119-07-9
2-Acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propanesulfonic acid polymer
2-Acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonic acid polymer,
PAMPSA
Poly(2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propanesulfonic acid)
poly[2-(acrylamido)-2-methyl-1-propanesulfonic acid]
poly[2-(acrylamido)-2-methyl-1-propanesulfonic acid]
Polyacrylamidomethylpropane sulfonic acid
ca. MW 800,000
ca. MW 800,000 25GR
10wt%solutioninwater
approx. M.W. 800,000
POLYACRYLAMIDOMETHYLPROPANE SULFONIC ACID
POLY(2-ACRYLAMIDO-2-METHYLPROPANE SULFONIC ACID)
POLY(2-ACRYLAMIDO-2-METHYL-1-PROPANESULFONIC ACID)
2-ACRYLAMIDO-2-METHYL-1-PROPANESULFONIC ACID POLYMER
2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propanesulfonic acid homopolymer
POLY(2-ACRYLAMIDO-2-METHYLPROPANESULFONIC ACID): (10% AQ.)
poly(2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propanesulfonic acid) solution
Poly(2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propanesulfonic acid), 10 wt% aq.sol.
poly[2-(acrylamido)-2-methyl-1-propanesulfonic acid] macromolecule
2-methyl-2-[(1-oxo-2-propenyl)amino]-1-propanesulfonicacihomopolymer
1-Propanesulfonicacid,2-methyl-2-[(1-oxo-2-propenyl)amino]-,homopolymer
POLY(2-ACRYLAMIDO-2-METHYL-1-PROPANE-SUL FONIC ACID), 10% SOLUTION IN WAT
Poly(2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propanesulfonic acid), 10 wt% aqueous solution
Poly(2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propanesulfonic acid), 10 wt% solution in water
Poly(2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propanesulfonic acid)10 wt% aq.sol.: ca. MW 800,000
Poly(2-acrylaMido-2-Methyl-1-propanesulfonic acid), average M.W. 800,000,10 wt.% solution in H2O
Poly(2-acrylaMido-2-Methyl-1-propanesulfonic acid) solution average Mw 2,000,000, 15 wt. % in H2O
1-Propanesulfonic acid, 2-methyl-2-[(1-oxo-2-propenyl)amino]-
homopolymer 2-methyl-2-[(1-oxo-2-propenyl)amino]-1-propanesulfonic aci homopolymer poly(2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propanesulfonic acid poly(2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propanesulfonic acid)
2-ACRYLAMIDO-2-METHYL-1-PROPANESULFONIC ACID POLYMER
POLY(2-ACRYLAMIDO-2-METHYL-1-PROPANESULFONIC ACID)
POLY(2-ACRYLAMIDO-2-METHYLPROPANE SULFONIC ACID)
1-Propanesulfonicacid,2-methyl-2-[(1-oxo-2-propenyl)amino]-,homopolymer
2-methyl-2-[(1-oxo-2-propenyl)
1-Propanesulfonic acid, 2-methyl-2-[(1-oxo-2-propen-1-yl)amino]-, homopolymer
1-Propanesulfonic acid, 2-acrylamido-2-methyl-, polymers
1-Propanesulfonic acid, 2-methyl-2-[(1-oxo-2-propenyl)amino]-, homopolymer
2-Acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonic acid polymer
Poly(2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-sulfopropane)
Poly(2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propanesulfonic acid)
2-Acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propanesulfonic acid polymer
Rheothik 80-11
Poly(2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonic acid)
Poly(2-acrylamide-2-methylpropanesulfonic acid)
TBAS-Q homopolymer
AMPS homopolymer
2-Acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonic acid homopolymer
HSP 1180
2-Acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propanesulfonic acid homopolymer
PAM 001
2-Acrylamido-2,2-dimethylethanesulfonic acid polymer
Polymer 2000
Clariant 2000
2-Acryloylamino-2-methylpropanesulfonic acid homopolymer
Aron A 12SL
PolyAMPS
PAMSA
Poly(tert-butylacrylamidosulfonic acid)
Poly(2-acrylamino-2-methylpropanesulfonic acid)
PAMPS
N-Acryloyl-2,2-dimethyltaurine homopolymer
2-Acrylamido-2-methy-1-propanesulfonic acid homopolymer
2-ACRYLAMIDO-2-METHYL-1-PROPANESULFONIC ACID POLYMER
POLY(2-ACRYLAMIDO-2-METHYL-1-PROPANESULFONIC ACID)
POLY(2-ACRYLAMIDO-2-METHYLPROPANE SULFONIC ACID)
1-Propanesulfonicacid,2-methyl-2-[(1-oxo-2-propenyl)amino]-,homopolymer
2-methyl-2-[(1-oxo-2-propenyl
Polyacrylamidomethylpropane Sulfonic Acid
Unimer HSP1180
Cosmedia Polymer HSP-1180
1-Propanesulfonic acid
2-methyl-2-((1-oxo-2-propenyl)amino)-, homopolymer

Synonyms: cyanamerp250;cyanamerp35;cytame5;diaclearma3000h;dow164;dowet597;dowj100;et597 CAS: 9003-05-8

SEPIGEL 305 Cas : 9003-05-8 / 64365-06-6 / 3055-97-8

POLYACRYLATE CROSSPOLYMER-6 Nom INCI : POLYACRYLATE CROSSPOLYMER-6 Classification : Polymère de synthèse Ses fonctions (INCI) Stabilisateur d'émulsion : Favorise le processus d'émulsification et améliore la stabilité et la durée de conservation de l'émulsion Agent de contrôle de la viscosité : Augmente ou diminue la viscosité des cosmétiques

POLYACRYLATE CROSSPOLYMER-7, Nom INCI : POLYACRYLATE CROSSPOLYMER-7 Classification : Polymère de synthèse Ses fonctions (INCI) Emollient : Adoucit et assouplit la peau Sinergiste de mousse : Améliore la qualité de la mousse produite en augmentant une ou plusieurs des propriétés suivantes: volume, texture et / ou stabilité Agent d'entretien de la peau : Maintient la peau en bon état Non classé : Non classé

POLYACRYLATE-13 Nom INCI : POLYACRYLATE-13 Classification : Règlementé, Polymère de synthèse Restriction en Europe : III/66 Ses fonctions (INCI) Agent filmogène : Produit un film continu sur la peau, les cheveux ou les ongles

POLYACRYLATE-17, N° CAS : 67892-79-9, Nom INCI : POLYACRYLATE-17. Classification : Polymère de synthèse. Ses fonctions (INCI): Agent filmogène : Produit un film continu sur la peau, les cheveux ou les ongles

POLYACRYLATE-3, Origine(s) : Synthétique. Nom INCI : POLYACRYLATE-3. Classification : Polymère de synthèse. Ses fonctions (INCI) : Agent de contrôle de la viscosité : Augmente ou diminue la viscosité des cosmétiques

POLYACRYLATE-33; N° CAS : 1204525-16-5;Nom INCI : POLYACRYLATE-33. Nom chimique : -Propenoic acid, 2-methyl-, polymers with Et acrylate, polyethylene glycol methacrylate C16-22-alkyl ethers and polyethylene-polypropylene glycol methacrylate 2-(6,6-dimethylbicyclo[3.1.1]hept-2-en-2-yl)ethyl ether. Classification : Polymère de synthèse. Ses fonctions (INCI) ; Agent de contrôle de la viscosité : Augmente ou diminue la viscosité des cosmétiques

POLYACRYLATE-4, N° CAS : 228863-31-8. Nom INCI : POLYACRYLATE-4. Classification : Polymère de synthèse. Ses fonctions (INCI) : Opacifiant : Réduit la transparence ou la translucidité des cosmétiques

(1)-2-Methylbutyric acid; 2-Methybutyric acid; Acrylic acid polymer; FEMA 2695; Methylbutyric acid; CARBOXYLIC ACID C5;RARECHEM AL BO 0094; 2-METHYLBUTANOIC ACID;DL-2-METHYBUTYRICACID; METHYLETHYL ACETIC ACID; DL-2-Methylbutyric acid; Ethylmethyl-laceticacid; DL-2-Ethylpropionic acid CAS NO:600-07-7

POLYACRYLIC ACID, N° CAS : 9003-01-4, Nom INCI : POLYACRYLIC ACID, Nom chimique : 2-Propenoic acid, homopolymer. Classification : Polymère de synthèse. Ses fonctions (INCI). Agent fixant : Permet la cohésion de différents ingrédients cosmétiques. Stabilisateur d'émulsion : Favorise le processus d'émulsification et améliore la stabilité et la durée de conservation de l'émulsion, Agent filmogène : Produit un film continu sur la peau, les cheveux ou les ongles. Agent de contrôle de la viscosité : Augmente ou diminue la viscosité des cosmétiques

SYNONYMS Hydrophilic Polymers, Materials Science, Poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) and Copolymers, Poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) and Solutions, Poly(acrylic acid), Polymethacrylate and Other Acrylic Polymers;Polymer Science, Polymers CAS NO:9003-01-4

PAA, PAAc, Acrysol, Acumer, Alcosperse, Aquatreat, Carbomer, Sokalan CAS NO:9003-01-4

Product Name: Poly(acrylic acid) Synonyms: acrylicacid,polymers;acrylicacidhomopolymer;acrylicacidresin;Acrylicresin;acrysola1;acrysola3;acrysola5;acrysolac5 CAS: 9003-01-4

Poly(acrylic acid); PAA; PAAc; Acrysol; Acumer; Alcosperse; Aquatreat; Carbomer; Sokalan CAS NO:9003-01-4

Poly(acrylic acid); PAA; PAAc; Acrysol; Acumer; Alcosperse; Aquatreat; Carbomer; Sokalan CAS NO:9003-01-4

Synonyms: ACRYLIC ACID, SODIUM SALT POLYMER;Poly(acrylic acid, sodiuM salt) solution average Mw ~1,200, 45 wt. % in H2O;Poly(acrylic acid, sodiuM salt) solution average Mw ~15,000, 35 wt. % in H2O;Poly(acrylic acid, sodiuM salt) solution average Mw ~8,000, 45 wt. % in H2O;Sodium Polyacrylate cross-linked;Poly(acrylic acid sodium salt), MW ≈ 5,100;Low molecular sodium polyacrylate dispersing agent;PAAS Poly(acrylic acid, sodium salt) 2-Propenoic acid CAS: 9003-04-7

Synonyms: ACRYLIC ACID, SODIUM SALT POLYMER;Poly(acrylic acid, sodiuM salt) solution average Mw ~1,200, 45 wt. % in H2O;Poly(acrylic acid, sodiuM salt) solution average Mw ~15,000, 35 wt. % in H2O;Poly(acrylic acid, sodiuM salt) solution average Mw ~8,000, 45 wt. % in H2O;Sodium Polyacrylate cross-linked;Poly(acrylic acid sodium salt), MW ≈ 5,100;Low molecular sodium polyacrylate dispersing agent;PAAS Poly(acrylic acid, sodium salt) 2-Propenoic acid CAS: 9003-04-7

Poly(sodium acrylate); Sodium polyacrylate; PAAS; POLY(ACRYLATE SODIUM); Polyacrylic Acid Sodium Salt; Poly(acrylic acid sodium salt) CAS NO:9003-04-7

Poly(sodium acrylate); Sodium polyacrylate; PAAS; POLY(ACRYLATE SODIUM); Polyacrylic Acid Sodium Salt; Poly(acrylic acid sodium salt) CAS NO:9003-04-7

cas no 1327-41-9 Polyaluminum chlorohydrate; PAC; Polyaluminum hydroxychloride;

Polyalkylene Glycol (PAG) is a type of polymer, classified as API group five base stocks.
Polyalkylene Glycol (PAG) is the only major class of synthetic lubricants that are water-soluble, which allows for easy cleanup of equipment.


CAS Number: 9038-95-3



SYNONYMS:
Polyalkylene glycol (PAG), Polyalkylene glycol (PAG), Ethoxylated and propoxylated butanol, Polyalkylene glycol (PAG), Butanol, propoxylated ethoxylated,



Polyalkylene Glycol (PAG) is water soluble, has high viscosity index ~220, high flash point >240oC and low melting point <-40oC, which allows good properties over a wide temperature spectrum.
Polyalkylene Glycol (PAG) can be used as a base oil of the PAG type included in group V to manufacture synthetic lubricants, and also as a finished product.


Polyalkylene Glycol (PAG) is the only major class of synthetic lubricants that are water-soluble, which allows for easy cleanup of equipment.
Polyalkylene Glycol (PAG) provides great lubrication for metal-on-metal applications within the -40°C to 200°C operating conditions.
Polyalkylene Glycol (PAG) is the only major class of synthetic lubricants that are water soluble.


Polyalkylene Glycol (PAG) is a versatile polymer widely used across a range of industries.
Polyalkylene Glycol (PAG) has gained a reputation within the lubricants industry as a high-performance lubricant weighed down by the baggage of incompatibility with other hydrocarbon lubricants, paints and seals.


Polyalkylene Glycol (PAG) is a type of polymer, classified as API group five base stocks.
Polyalkylene Glycol (PAG) is synthesized using three key oxides: ethylene oxide, propylene oxide, and butylene oxide.
These oxides are the building blocks for downstream derivatives known as polymers.


In the lubricants industry, these polymers are commonly referred to as Polyalkylene Glycol (PAG).
Water-soluble Polyalkylene Glycol (PAG) is manufactured from ethylene oxide and propylene oxide,
Water-insoluble Polyalkylene Glycol (PAG) is made from propylene oxide alone.


These water-insoluble Polyalkylene glycols (PAG) are neither water-soluble nor oil-soluble.
Oil-soluble Polyalkylene Glycol (PAG) is truly oil-soluble but not water-soluble.
Polyalkylene Glycol (PAG) provides excellent benefits.


Polyalkylene Glycol (PAG) performs well at elevated temperatures and has excellent lubricity.
Polyalkylene Glycol (PAG) lubricants are a category of synthetic lubricants that use polyalkylene glycols as an oil base.
These lubricants are characterized by their excellent thermal stability and compatibility with elastomers.


They are particularly suitable for metal-to-metal applications with operating temperatures between -40°C and 200°C.
These Polyalkylene Glycol (PAG) based chemistries provide exceptional lubrication & heat transfer performance.
Polyalkylene Glycol (PAG) is unique among synthetic lubricants because of their high oxygen content.


As lubricants, Polyalkylene Glycol (PAG) is exceptionally clean, allowing use where petroleum products would build tars and sludges.
By varying their structure, one can vary their solubilities from water soluble to water insoluble.
Polyalkylene Glycol (PAG) is the only lubricants available with water solubility.


A product of World War II, Polyalkylene Glycol (PAG) quickly found uses where petroleum-based lubricants fail.
When Polyalkylene Glycol (PAG) was first developed, the high viscosity indices and low pour points were quickly identified, leading to the use of these compounds in all-weather, heavy-duty brake fluids.


Besides being fluid at temperatures that Polyalkylene Glycol (PAG) would cause petroleum products to freeze, they were also water tolerant.
Small amounts of water contaminants would dissolve, not
significantly changing the physical properties of the fluid nor crystallizing at low temperatures.


This is still a major use of Polyalkylene Glycol (PAG) today.
Polyalkylene Glycol (PAG) was extensively used as aircraft engine lubricants in cold climates.
Over 150,000 flying hours were accumulated, mostly in Alaska, using an inhibited polypropylene
glycol monobutyl ether.


The low pour point allowed aircraft engines to start at temperatures as low as 2308F without diluting the lubricant with fuel, a step that can be used to reduce lubricant viscosity.
It was possible to hydraulically feather the propellers using the Polyalkylene Glycol (PAG) based lubricant down to 2608F.


Clean burn-off, an intrinsic property of Polyalkylene Glycol (PAG), resulted in low levels of carbon deposits and sludge, making engine cleanup easier during maintenance.
Polyalkylene Glycol (PAG) was finally judged unsuitable for aircraft engine oils because of factors: corrosion and deposits.


Corrosion, due to the tendency of Polyalkylene Glycol (PAG) to absorb water, was principally a problem for engine parts exposed to moist air.
Corrosion protection additives were not available at that time for Polyalkylene Glycol (PAG).
The hard deposits consist primarily of lead from the fuel.


The clean burn-off tendency of the fluid apparently was responsible for this.
The lead deposits formed with petroleum as an engine lubricant are soft and have a lower lead content.
It is believed that these unusual lead deposits resulted in valve sticking after about 300–400 hours of operation although no valve sticking was observed if valve clearances were adequate.


Lubrication engineers quickly developed new uses of Polyalkylene Glycol (PAG).
The uses developed were for petroleum oil replacement in operations where petroleum oil was not entirely satisfactory and the higher cost of the Polyalkylene Glycol (PAG) could be justified.


The desirable properties of Polyalkylene Glycol (PAG) include a low tendency to form carbon and sludge, clean burnoff, solvency, high viscosity indices, tolerance for rubber and other elastomers, low pour points, and low flammability.
Polypropylene glycol monobutyl ethers were tested extensively as lubricants for automobile engines.


The fluids showed the expected low carbon and low sludge, as well as a clean engine parts and satisfactory cranking at low temperatures.
Over 2 million miles of operation using these oil was experienced.
This market was never developed.


Because Polyalkylene Glycol (PAG) burns off cleanly, they are desirable to use in high-temperature applications where petroleum lubricants would form sludge.
They have been used in glass factories to lubricate the turrets of hot cut flare machines or to lubricate the bearings of rollers that smooth glass sheets.
When mixed with graphite, Polyalkylene Glycol (PAG) is very effective at lubricating bearings of carts being rolled into kilns.


After the Polyalkylene Glycol (PAG) has burned off, a soft, lubricating layer of graphite is left behind.
Polyalkylene Glycol (PAG) was found to have little or no solvent or swelling effects on most synthetic or natural rubbers.
This gave rise to many uses calling for the lubrication of rubber parts, such as rubber shackles, joints, or O-rings, or in the manufacture of rubber parts, where demolding lubricants were needed.



USES and APPLICATIONS of POLYALKYLENE GLYCOL (PAG):
Polyalkylene Glycol (PAG) is used in many lubricant applications where their high thermal and oxidative stability, excellent lubricity, high film strength / load capacity, anti-wear properties, micropitting resistance and shear stability make them the ideal base stock choice.
The most common industrial applications of Polyalkylene Glycol (PAG): base oil for compressors, base oil for hydraulic fluids, base oil in textile industry, and base oil for working fluids.


Polyalkylene Glycol (PAG) is a product that belongs to a series of synthetic polyethers dedicated as raw material for industrial applications such as silicone-based surfactants, wetting agents, pigment dispersants or coating levelers.
Polyalkylene Glycol (PAG) is also used as a synthetic base oil with kinematic viscosity at 40oC in the range of 92 – 105cSt.


Unique properties are due to the designed chemical structure, so Polyalkylene Glycol (PAG) can also be used as an intermediate for further syntheses.
Polyalkylene Glycol (PAG) provides great lubrication for metal-on-metal applications where operating temperatures range from -40°C to 200°C.
Polyalkylene Glycol (PAG) typically is used where elastomer compatibility and thermal stability are required at elevated temperatures.


Polyalkylene Glycol (PAG) is typically used where elastomer compatibility and thermal stability are required at elevated temperatures.
Polyalkylene Glycol (PAG) has gained a reputation within the lubricants industry as a high-performance lubricant weighed down by the baggage of incompatibility with other hydrocarbon lubricants, paints and seals.


This reputation may be outdated, and a better understanding of the underlying chemistry of Polyalkylene Glycol (PAG) will help operators understand where they can and cannot be used.
Product Applications of Polyalkylene Glycol (PAG): Aluminum processing, Chain lubricants, Compressor oil, Gear Oils, Hydraulic fluids, Metal working fluids, Textile lubricants.
Product Classes: Lubricant Base Stock, Lubricants, Metalworking & Grease, Water Soluble.



HOW IS POLYALKYLENE GLYCOL (PAG) MANUFACTURED?
Polyalkylene Glycol (PAG) is synthesized through a process called polymerization, which involves the reaction of the aforementioned oxides to form long-chain molecules.
The polymerization process can be tailored to produce Polyalkylene Glycol (PAG) with specific properties, such as viscosity and solubility, by controlling the ratio and sequence of the oxides.

For instance, alternating copolymerization of ethylene oxide and propylene oxide produces a random copolymer Polyalkylene Glycol (PAG), while block copolymerization results in a block copolymer PAG.
These two types of Polyalkylene Glycol (PAG) exhibit different properties, such as solubility in water and hydrocarbon fluids, which makes them suitable for various applications.

Once the Polyalkylene Glycol (PAG) is synthesized, they may undergo various post-polymerization treatments to enhance their properties or tailor them for specific applications.
These treatments can include filtration to remove impurities, stabilization to improve oxidation resistance, or the addition of additives such as anti-wear agents, corrosion inhibitors, and viscosity modifiers.



WHAT IS POLYALKYLENE GLYCOL (PAG) MADE FROM?
There is a well-established infrastructure for producing ethylene oxide and propylene oxide, which serve as precursors for Polyalkylene Glycol (PAG).
These oxides are also utilized in other industries, such as fuel additives, personal care products, paints, coatings, and more.
In fact, ethylene oxide and propylene oxide derivatives are found in everyday cleaning products and even in polyurethane foam used for seating.

Butylene oxide is a niche oxide that few chemical companies produce.
When combined with Polyalkylene Glycol (PAG), it results in a new variant called oil-soluble PAGs.
Butylene oxide has a unique chemical structure with four carbons, compared to ethylene oxide (two carbons) and propylene oxide (three carbons).



WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN WATER AND OIL SOLUBLE POLYALKYLENE GLYCOL (PAG)?
Many people in the lubricants industry have heard about oil-soluble PAGs (OSP), a unique type of Polyalkylene Glycol (PAG) lubricant that is soluble in oil.
However, the concept of Polyalkylene Glycol (PAG) not being oil-soluble can be confusing, as PAGs are often thought of as oils themselves.



POLYALKYLENE GLYCOL (PAG) AT A GLANCE:
*Polyalkylene Glycol (PAG) base stocks, also known as polyglycols or PAGs, are formed by reacting an alcohol with one or more alkylene oxides.
Depending on the molecular composition, they are either soluble or insoluble in water.



ADVANTAGES OF POLYALKYLENE GLYCOL (PAG) LUBRICANTS:
*Polyalkylene Glycol (PAG)-based lubricants provide many property and performance advantages over mineral oil-based and other synthetic lubricants.
*The degree of the advantage may depend on the specific Polyalkylene Glycol (PAG) basestock type used (such as water-soluble, oil-soluble, etc.).



DISADVANTAGES OF POLYALKYLENE GLYCOL (PAG) LUBRICANTS:
Lack of mineral oil solubility is a barrier to expanded use of PAG-based lubricants.
Due to this incompatibility with many but not all Polyalkylene Glycol (PAG) lubricants, system change-outs from mineral oil to PAG-based lubricants may be costlier and take additional time.

The degree of the disadvantage for seal and paint compatibility may depend on the specific Polyalkylene Glycol (PAG) basestock type used (such as water-soluble, oil-soluble, etc.).
When possible, testing compatibility between the specific Polyalkylene Glycol (PAG) lubricant to be used and the specific seal types or paints to be used is recommended.



PROPERTIES AND APPLICATIONS OF POLYALKYLENE GLYCOL (PAG):
*ensures cleanliness, better lubrication and operation of machines and equipment,
*can be used as a lubricant in equipment operating in low temperatures,
*compatible with NBR and EPDM elastomers,
*base oil for compressors,
*base oil for hydraulic fluids,
*base oil in textile industry,
*base oil or additive for working fluids.



WHAT OTHER POLYALKYLENE GLYCOL (PAG) VARIANTS CAN BE MANUFACTURED?
When discussing the hundreds of different types of Polyalkylene Glycols (PAG), it is essential to note that these variations are derived from different combinations of ethylene oxide, propylene oxide, and butylene oxide.
In the manufacturing process, an initiator, typically alcohol, is used to graft onto these oxides, creating homo polymers.

However, copolymers can also be produced, such as random copolymers where ethylene oxide and propylene oxide are combined in the mixture.
Not only can random copolymers be created, but block structures can also be formed, with a block of ethylene oxide or propylene oxide followed by a second block of the same or a different oxide.

These random copolymers, block structures, and reverse block structures all exhibit different physical and tribological properties.
Furthermore, the alcohol used in manufacturing can have one, two, or three free hydroxyl groups, leading to even more variations in Polyalkylene Glycol (PAG)’ properties and applications.

As a result, the architecture of the Polyalkylene Glycol (PAG) can be quite diverse, leading to their use in a wide range of applications.
Understanding the various types of Polyalkylene Glycol (PAG) and their unique properties can be quite challenging due to their diversity and the complexity of their chemical structures.



COMPATIBILITY ISSUES WITH POLYALKYLENE GLYCOL (PAG):
The use of Polyalkylene Glycol (PAG) as lubricants in the industry has faced some challenges due to compatibility issues with other components, such as oils, paints, and seal materials.
While Polyalkylene Glycol (PAG) has been utilized for over 75 years, operators still express concerns about the compatibility of these lubricants.

Polyalkylene Glycol (PAG) can be used in various types of equipment, and none of the compatibility issues mentioned are insurmountable.
When transitioning equipment from hydrocarbon oil to Polyalkylene Glycol (PAG), it is crucial to carefully follow flushing procedures due to potential incompatibility.

In terms of paints and coatings, Polyalkylene Glycol (PAG) is compatible with epoxy and phenolic epoxy-type paints, but may pose challenges with alkid and vinyl paints.
Most elastomers are fairly compatible with Polyalkylene Glycol (PAG).
Fluorine-based elastomers, like Viton, are highly compatible, while NBR elastomers, such as Buna-N, are compatible when the nitrile content is high.

However, low nitrile-containing seals may experience compatibility issues.
It is essential to avoid using polyurethane seals, as the chemistry of Polyalkylene Glycol (PAG) is similar to that of polyurethanes.
Despite these challenges, end users who transition to Polyalkylene Glycol (PAG) rarely revert to hydrocarbon oils due to the benefits that PAGs provide.



CHEMISTRY OF POLYALKYLENE GLYCOL (PAG):
NOMENCLATURE OF POLYALKYLENE GLYCOL (PAG):
Polyalkylene Glycol (PAG) is the common name for the homopolymers of ethylene oxide, propylene oxide, or butylene oxide; or the copolymers of ethylene oxide, propylene oxide, and/or butylene oxide.

Although Polyalkylene Glycol (PAG) is the commonly used, Chemical Abstracts refers to these materials as polyoxyalkylene glycols.
The ethylene oxide polymers are generally called poly
(ethylene glycols) or poly (ethylene oxides).

The Chemical Abstracts nomenclature is oxirane polymer.
The propylene oxide polymers are known as poly (propylene glycols) or poly (propylene oxides) with a Chemical Abstracts name of oxirane, methyl polymer.
The butylene oxide polymers are known as poly (butylene oxides) with a Chemical Abstracts name of oxirane, ethyl polymer.

The copolymers are known as “oxirane, polymer with methyloxirane” or “oxirane, methyl polymer with oxirane,” depending on which oxide was used in the greater amount.
Butylene oxide polymers are treated similarly.

The Chemical Abstracts nomenclature does not distinguish between random and blocked copolymers.
The individual polymers and the copolymers all fall into the class of Polyalkylene Glycol (PAG).
This latter name leads to the acronym PAGs.
The acronym PAO has occasionally been used to indicate poly (alkylene oxide), but PAO is commonly used to designate poly (a-olefin).



MAIN ADVANTAGES OF APPLICATION OF POLYALKYLENE GLYCOL (PAG):
*high purity product,
*narrow molecular weight distribution,
*high viscosity index,
*excellent lubricating properties – reduced characteristics of wear and tear of materials and increased resistance to high pressures, allows keeping machines and equipment clean, *does not leave oily deposits,
*high ignition temperature.



EXPLAINING COMPATIBILITY OF POLYALKYLENE GLYCOL (PAG):
One way to explain compatibility issues with Polyalkylene Glycol (PAG) is by examining their molecular structure.
Traditional oils, such as mineral and synthetic PAOs, are non-polar, and systems are designed to be compatible with non-polar fluids.
In contrast, Polyalkylene Glycol (PAG) is more polar, with every third atom along the alkoxide fraction of the polymer being an oxygen atom.

This molecular structure contrasts with what systems are typically designed for, causing compatibility issues with some seal materials and other components.
However, the polarity of Polyalkylene Glycol (PAG) also brings significant benefits in terms of lubricant applications, including friction control, viscosity-temperature behaviour, equipment cleanliness, and more.

To mitigate compatibility issues when transitioning to Polyalkylene Glycol (PAG) lubricants, operators should be diligent in selecting appropriate seal materials, paints, and coatings.
Careful planning and attention to detail can help minimize potential problems while maximizing the benefits of using Polyalkylene Glycol (PAG).

In summary, while Polyalkylene Glycol (PAG) lubricants have faced compatibility challenges with other components, these issues can be managed with proper planning and care.

By understanding the molecular structure of Polyalkylene Glycol (PAG) and selecting compatible materials for seals, paints, and coatings, operators can experience the advantages of Polyalkylene Glycol (PAG) without significant drawbacks.

Despite initial concerns, those who transition to Polyalkylene Glycol (PAG) lubricants often find the benefits outweigh the challenges and rarely return to using hydrocarbon oils.



THE FUTURE OF POLYALKYLENE GLYCOL (PAG):
In recent years, the innovation in Polyalkylene Glycol (PAG) manufacturing seems to have slowed down.
This observation can be supported by the reduced number of intellectual property publications, conference presentations, and research papers in the field.
While larger Polyalkylene Glycol (PAG) manufacturers may have reduced their innovation efforts, smaller, more nimble companies are looking to the future and developing new technologies in the space.



HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF POLYALKYLENE GLYCOL (PAG):
Polyalkylene Glycol (PAG) is one of many important industrial chemicals developed during World War II.
This work was performed by H. R. Fife, and to a lesser extent by R. F. Holden, as a joint development project between Union Carbide Chemicals and Plastics Company Inc. (then known as the Union Carbide and Carbon Corporation) and the Mellon Institute of Industrial Research in Pittsburgh.

Union Carbide Chemicals and Plastics Company Inc. held the original patents for the common lubricants.
The first use of Polyalkylene Glycol (PAG) was in water-based hydraulic fluids.
First developed for the navy for use in military aircraft, these compounds were being investigated as early as 1943.

They were formulated from water, ethylene glycol, a Polyalkylene Glycol (PAG) that acted as a thickener, and an additive package.
In military aircraft, it is important that fires not break out when bullets or shrapnel sever hydraulic lines.

The final test the Navy conducted was to fire a 50-caliber incendiary bullet, shredded by first passing through a steel baffle, through 1-gallon cans of test fluid.
This test was passed by UCON Hydrolube U using a polyalkylene glycol thickener.



HOW POLYALKYLENE GLYCOL (PAG) BASESTOCKS ARE MANUFACTURED:
Polyalkylene Glycol (PAG) basestocks are synthetic polymers manufactured using a polymerization process that combines monomers ethylene oxide (EO), propylene oxide (PO), and butylene oxide (BO) singly as homopolymers or in combinations to form a growing chain from a nucleophilic starter molecule, commonly an alcohol.

Polyalkylene Glycol (PAG) lubricant basestocks can be designed to be water-soluble, water-insoluble (partial mineral oil compatibility), or oil-soluble, depending on the selection of starter molecules and monomers to be used in producing the polymer.
The more EO monomer in the basestock, the more water-soluble; the more PO monomer, the more water-insoluble; and the more BO monomer, the more oil-soluble the basestock is.

This process creates a polymer backbone where oxygen is every third atom, which gives Polyalkylene Glycol (PAG) basestocks their distinctive chemical attributes and allows formulators to synthesize various combinations of starters and monomers (block, random, and homopolymer) to create custom basestock types for specific applications.

Polyalkylene Glycol (PAG) basestocks are classified as a Group V oil, meaning a synthetic basestock that is not defined as a Group I, II, III, or IV base oil.
Group V oils also include esters and naphthenic oils.

Polyalkylene Glycol (PAG)-based lubricants are commonly used in compressors, gearboxes, air conditioning systems, metalworking, quenching, and hydraulic systems where fire-resistance or environmental acceptability are required.
The general properties of Polyalkylene Glycol (PAG) are water-soluble and water-insoluble.



HISTORY OF POLYALKYLENE GLYCOL (PAG):
Polyalkylene Glycol (PAG) polymers, first discovered more than 150 years ago, saw their breakthrough application occur during World War ll.
At that time, both fires on U.S. Navy ships and aircraft were occurring due to the use of mineral oil-based hydraulic fluids.

Research at the U.S. Naval Research Laboratory (USNRL) was begun to develop hydraulic fluids that would be more fire-resistant than the ones used at the time based on mineral oil.

Working in conjunction with the Union Carbide Chemicals, Plastics Company Inc., and the Mellon Institute of Industrial Research, the USNRL developed the first water-glycol, PAG-thickened, fire-resistant hydraulic fluid (WGHF).

Use of WGHFs increased tremendously due to the publication of the “Luxembourg Report” in 1961, outlining minimum standards for hydraulic fluid fire-resistance in European coal mines.

Use of Polyalkylene Glycol (PAG)-based fluids and lubricants began to extend to other applications, first to quenchants and textile lubricants, then to many other lubricant categories, including anhydrous fire-resistant fluids, gear, compressor, and turbine fluids.



POLYALKYLENE GLYCOL (PAG) LUBRICANT ADVANTAGES OVER PAO:
*Unmatched thermal stability:
Polyalkylene Glycol (PAG) lubricants have an impressive resistance to thermal breakdown, making them ideal for high-temperature environments.

*Leading lubricity performance:
Polyalkylene Glycol (PAG) lubricants provide superior lubrication, reducing friction and wear and extending the lifespan of your equipment.

*Outstanding energy efficiency:
Polyalkylene Glycol (PAG) lubricants’ friction-reducing properties lead to optimal gear operation and significant energy savings.

*Extended oil life:
Polyalkylene Glycol (PAG) lubricants have superior oxidation resistance, allowing for longer intervals between maintenance.

*Consistency in all climates:
Polyalkylene Glycol (PAG) lubricants maintain viscosity in all weather conditions, ensuring seamless equipment performance.

*Green and clean:
Polyalkylene Glycol (PAG) lubricants are biodegradable and eco-friendly.

*Superior protection:
Polyalkylene Glycol (PAG) lubricants have superior film strength compared to PAO fluids, protecting gears and bearings from wear and tear.

*Moisture resistance:
Polyalkylene Glycol (PAG) lubricants are stable even in humid or wet environments, minimising the risk of hydrolysis.

*Long-term savings:
The benefits of Polyalkylene Glycol (PAG) lubricants, including reduced maintenance and longer machinery life, result in significant long-term cost savings.



WHAT ARE POLYALKYLENE GLYCOL (PAG) AND POLYALKYLENE GLYCOL (PAG) OIL?
Polyalkylene Glycol (PAG) is a synthetic substance produced by a process called polymerization.
This process combines monomers of ethylene oxide, propylene oxide, and butylene oxide into Polyalkylene Glycol (PAG).

The Polyalkylene Glycol (PAG)-making process was developed 150 years ago with the first Polyalkylene Glycol (PAG) polymers used for applications in World War II.
Since then, Polyalkylene Glycol (PAG) oil has been proven as among the best substitutes for mineral oil as a base for hydraulic fluids, textile lubricants, gear compressors, turbine fluids, etc.



PROPERTIES OF POLYALKYLENE GLYCOL (PAG):
Below are the properties of Polyalkylene Glycol (PAG) that make it an excellent base oil for lubricants:


*High Viscosity Index (VI)
A lubricant’s VI defines its ability to maintain its thickness or viscosity against changes in temperature.
A high VI means that Polyalkylene Glycol (PAG) oil will have stable performance even with drastic temperature changes.


*High Oxidative Stability
High oxidative stability means resistance to oxidation or oil breakdown due to contamination.
Polyalkylene Glycol (PAG) oil can maintain its performance and lifespan even with exposure to contaminants such as water, solid particles, or high heat.


*Low Pour Point
A low pour point means that a lubricant maintains its flow characteristics at very low temperatures.
Polyalkylene Glycol (PAG) oil does not lose its flow characteristics even at low temperatures.


*Solubility in Water
Polyalkylene Glycol (PAG) can come in water-soluble forms, making it food-grade and eco-friendly.
Most Polyalkylene Glycol (PAG) oil products are biodegradable, safe for aquatic life, and do not bioaccumulate in the food chain.


*Low Volatility
An oil that has low volatility means it evaporates less when used.
Polyalkylene Glycol (PAG) oil maintains its low volatility even at high-temperature operations, making it cost-effective to use.


*Low Friction Coefficient
Oils with low friction coefficients make them great anti-wear lubricants.
Polyalkylene Glycol (PAG) oils prevent wear and friction with this natural property.


*Fire-Resistant
Polyalkylene Glycol (PAG) oil was developed to replace mineral oil lubricants and hydraulic fluids which catch fire more quickly.
Polyalkylene Glycol (PAG) molecules have lower carbon content than mineral oils and other base oils like esters and polyalphaolefins.


*Thermal Conductivity
The molecules in Polyalkylene Glycol (PAG) oil conduct heat better than those of mineral oils and other synthetic oils.
Thus, Polyalkylene Glycol (PAG) oil lubricants provide better cooling on lubricated parts, extending equipment and lubricant life.



DISADVANTAGES OF POLYALKYLENE GLYCOL (PAG) OILS:
Because of its properties, Polyalkylene Glycol (PAG) oil has a wide range of applications across different industries.
But, Polyalkylene Glycol (PAG) oil is not without its disadvantages, which include:


*Polyalkylene Glycol (PAG)Oil is Incompatible with Mineral Oil
Polyalkylene Glycol (PAG) oil is not soluble in mineral oil, making it incompatible for use with mineral oil-based lubricants.
Replacing mineral oil lubrication with Polyalkylene Glycol (PAG) oils requires time-consuming and expensive system change-ups.


*Polyalkylene Glycol (PAG) Oil Solubility Varies
Polyalkylene Glycol (PAG) oils can come in water-soluble, oil-soluble, or intermediate solubility forms.
This variation results in variable degrees of lubrication performance, stability, and other properties.
The success of using Polyalkylene Glycol (PAG)-based lubricants ultimately depends on operation conditions and actual use.


*Seal and Paint Incompatibility with Polyalkylene Glycol (PAG) Oil Causes Problems
Some chemicals used in seals and paints in equipment or machines can react with Polyalkylene Glycol (PAG)-based lubricants.
Some Polyalkylene Glycol (PAG) oils are not compatible with polyurethane-based elastomers or alkyd-based paints, for example.



FIRST AID MEASURES of POLYALKYLENE GLYCOL (PAG):
-Description of first-aid measures:
*If inhaled:
If breathed in, move person into fresh air.
*In case of skin contact:
Wash off with soap and plenty of water.
*In case of eye contact:
Flush eyes with water as a precaution.
*If swallowed:
Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person.
Rinse mouth with water.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed:
No data available



ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of POLYALKYLENE GLYCOL (PAG):
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.



FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of POLYALKYLENE GLYCOL (PAG):
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.
-Further information:
No data available



EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of POLYALKYLENE GLYCOL (PAG):
-Control parameters:
--Ingredients with workplace control parameters:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use equipment for eye protection.
*Skin protection:
Handle with gloves.
Wash and dry hands.
*Body Protection:
Impervious clothing
*Respiratory protection:
Respiratory protection not required.
-Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.



HANDLING and STORAGE of POLYALKYLENE GLYCOL (PAG):
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
*Storage conditions:
Store in cool place.
Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place.
Containers which are opened must be carefully resealed and kept upright to prevent leakage.



STABILITY and REACTIVITY of POLYALKYLENE GLYCOL (PAG):
-Reactivity:
No data available
-Chemical stability:
Stable under recommended storage conditions.
-Possibility of hazardous reactions:
No data available
-Conditions to avoid:
No data available

POLYALUMINIUM CHLORIDE WHITE White PowderIron FreeSpray Drying Type: Food Grade/Potable Water Grade MOQ: 1 Ton Certificate: SGS, PONY Categories: Polyaluminium Chloride Powder, Potable Water Treatment Chemicals White Powder(Spray) Polyaluminium Chloride is specialized inorganic aluminum salts chemicals for drinking water treatment. Paper Making Sizing Agent & Sugar Decolorization Chemical River Water Lake Water Reservoir Water Underground Water Fresh Water Tapping Water Running Water Drinking & Potable Water Paper Making Industry Sugar Industry Cosmetics raw material Pharmaceutical industry,etc White Polyaluminium Chloride is also known as high purity without iron white Polyaluminium chloride, Food Grade,Drinking/Potable Water Grade white polyaluminium chloride , compared with other polyaluminium chloride is the highest quality Polyaluminium Chloride. White Poly Aluminium Chloride production process is the most advanced technology of spray drying method. Polyaluminium Chloride is easy to be damp when it is exposed in the air. Strong electric neutralization of colloidal substance in drinking and potable water. The Polyaluminium Chloride solution have the good adsorption bridging function for suspended solids in water. Selective adsorption of soluble substances. Effectively remove the color matter, SS, COD, BOD and arsenic(As), mercury(Hg) and other heavy metal ions of the drinking & potable water. Item Solid Polyaluminium Chloride Index Appearance Powder Colour White Production Process Spray Drying AL2O3,Aluminium Oxide ≥30% Basicity% 40-60 Water insoluble substances ≤0.1% PH value(1% polyaluminium water solution) 3.5-5.0 Iron Content(Fe) ≤0.01% Arsenic content(As) ≤0.0002% Plambum content(Pb) ≤0.001% Cadmium content(Cd) ≤0.0002% Hydragyrum content(Hg) ≤0.00001% Hexavalent chromium(Cr+6) ≤0.0001% Manganese(Mn) ≤0.0005% Nitrogen(NH3-N) ≤0.03% Application Method Polyaluminium chloride should be used after solid Polyaluminium Chloride dissolves in water(Polyaluminium Chloride liquid). Dilution ratio generally is: Polyaluminium Chloride Solid 2%~20% products (in weight percentages) Polyaluminium Chloride dosing generally is: 1~15 kilograms per ton, the specific dosing on the basis of the user’s lab jar test with their field dosing effect. Storage Solid Polyaluminium Chloride shelf time is 2 years; should be stored in airy and dry place. Solid Polyaluminium Chloride still can be used after the poly aluminium chloride is affected by moisture. Polyaluminium Chloride can not be mixed storage with other chemicals. Polyaluminium Chloridekage Be Polyaluminium Chlorideked in polypropylene woven bag with plastic liner, 25kg/bag Solid Polyaluminium Chloride Polyaluminium Chloride kage printing content provided as your requirement. 1. Product Description: Polyaluminium chloride is made of high purity raw materials. And it is high-efficient, cheap and nontoxic inorganic high molecular compound. It is easily soluble in water and has high purity. 2.Product performance and reference pictures of Polyaluminium Chloride 30% Polyaluminium chloride solid type is yellow/deep yellow powder for drinking water/waste water treatment. 3.Product Properties and Advantages: 1. Good effective and lower cost.Its purifying effect on low-temperature, low-turbidity and heavily organic polluted raw water is much better than other organic flocculant, furthermore, the treatment cost is lower. 2. Flocculation ability .It can lead to quick formation of flocculantwith big size and rapid precipitation service life of cellular filter of sedimentation basin. 3. PH broad in scope.It can adapt to a wide range of pH value (5−9), and can reduce the pH value and basicity after processing. 4.Adopting to various source of water. The dosage is smaller than that of other flocculants. It has wide adaptability to the waters at different temperatures and at different regions. 5. Higher basicity, lower corrosive, easy for operation, and long-term use of non-occlusion. 4. Specification: Polyaluminium Chloride 30% Drinking water treatment: Quality Standard:: GB/15892-2009 Al2O3:: 29%~31%MIN Basicity:: 60~90 PH:: 3.5~5.0 Water insoluble matter:: ≤ 0.6 Cadmium(Cd): ≤ 0.0002 Lead(Pb):: ≤ 0.001 Arsenic(As):: ≤ 0.0002 Chromium(Cr):: ≤ 0.0005 Mercury(Hg):: ≤ 0.00001 Industrial wastewater treatment: Quality Standard:: GB/T22627-2008 Al2O3:: 28%~30%MIN Basicity:: 30~95 PH VALUE:: 3.5~5.0 Water insoluble matter:: ≤ 1.5 Iron(Fe):: ≤ 5.0 Lead(Pb):: ≤ 0.006 Arsenic(As):: ≤ 0.0015 5.Application field: 5.Application field: Polyaluminium Chloride is widely applied in drinking water purification, domestic sewage and industrial waste water treatment. 6.Polyaluminium Chloridekaging and storage: Solid :PP woven bag with PE lined bag (25kgs/bag) or PE bag (20 kgs/bag) The product shall be sealed and stored in the dry and ventilated place to prevent from rain, high temperature and strong sunlight. Polyaluminium Chloride, spray drying type, white powder, used for drinking water treatment and paper mills as retention agent, work as coagulant for water treatment. It is made by purity raw materials of Al(OH)3. Food grade. Advantage 1 Polyaluminium Chlorides purifying effect on low-temperature, low-turbidity and heavily organic-polluted raw water is much better than other organic flocculant, furthermore, the treatment cost is lowered by 20%-80%. 2 Polyaluminium Chloride can lead to quick formation of folc (epecially at low temperature) with big size and rapid precipitation service life of cellular filter of sedimentation basin. 3 The dosage is smaller than that of other flocculants, which is better for improving the quality of treated water. 4 Polyaluminium Chloride has widerange adaptability to the waters at different temperatures (in the summer and the winter) and at different regions (in the south and the north of China). 5 Polyaluminium Chloride is suitable for automatic dosing device of alum. 6 Polyaluminium Chloride can adapt to a wide range of pH value (5−9), and can reduce the pH value and basicity after processing.

Polyaluminium Chloride Yellow Polyaluminium chloride yellow (Polialüminyum klorür sarı) is easy to be damp when it is exposed in the air. Strong electric neutralization of colloidal substance in water. The solid pac water solution have the good adsorption bridging function for suspended solids in water. Selective adsorption of soluble substances. Effectively remove the color matter, SS, COD, BOD and arsenic(As), mercury(Hg) and other heavy metal ions of the drinking & potable water. Application Method of Polyaluminium chloride yellow (Polialüminyum klorür sarı) Polyaluminium chloride should be used after solid pac dissolves in water(pac liquid). Dilution ratio generally is: PAC Solid 2%~20% products (in weight percentages) Polyaluminium chloride yellow (Polialüminyum klorür sarı) dosing generally is: 1~15 kilograms per ton, the specific dosing on the basis of the user’s lab jar test with their field dosing effect. Storage of Polyaluminium chloride yellow (Polialüminyum klorür sarı) Solid Polyaluminium chloride yellow (Polialüminyum klorür sarı) shelf time is 2 years; should be stored in airy and dry place. Solid Polyaluminium chloride yellow (Polialüminyum klorür sarı) still can be used after the poly aluminium chloride is affected by moisture. Polyaluminium Chloride can not be mixed storage with other chemicals. Package of Polyaluminium chloride yellow (Polialüminyum klorür sarı) Be packed in polypropylene woven bag with plastic liner, 25kg/bag Solid Polyaluminium chloride yellow (Polialüminyum klorür sarı) package printing content provided as your requirement. Why the color is different between Polyaluminium Chloride, even between the grades of one company’s product? Generally speaking, there are three main colors of Polyaluminium Chloride(PAC): white, yellow and brown. The main reason of presenting different colors is the various raw material and producing method. White polyaluminium Chloride White polyaluminium chloride is also called high purity non-ferric polyaluminium chloride, or food grade polyaluminium chloride. Compared with other grades, white PAC is the top quality grade. The main raw material is aluminium hydrate powder and HCl. The producing method is spray drying method which is the most advance in China. The white polyaluminium chloride is using for papermaking sizing agent, sugar clarifiant, leather tanning, pharmacy, investment castings and water treatment. Related words: milky white polyaluminium chloride Yellow polyaluminium Chloride Polyaluminium chloride yellow (Polialüminyum klorür sarı) is the grade between white polyaluminium chloride and brown polyaluminium chloride. The raw material is calcium aluminate, HCl and bauxite. Plate and frame filter press method, drum drying method and spray drying method is the producing method and main forms are powder and plate-shaped. The main application is sewage treatment and drinking water treatment. Due to the strict restriction on heavy metal in drinking water treatment, from raw material to producing method, yellow polyaluminium chloride is more advanced than brown polyaluminium chloride. Related words: light yellow polyaluminium chloride, golden yellow polyaluminium Brown Polyaluminium Chloride Brown polyaluminium chloride is the primary grade and it is mainly used in sewage treatment. Its producing method is drum drying method. Calcium aluminate, HCl, bauxite and ferrous powder is the raw material. Adding ferrous powder results its presenting brown color. The more ferrous powder adding in, the deeper color it is. The ferrous powder reaches certain percentage, the product can be called polyaluminium ferric chloride(PAFC). Product information of Polyaluminium chloride yellow (Polialüminyum klorür sarı): Polyaluminium chloride yellow (Polialüminyum klorür sarı) is high-efficient ,cheap and nontoxic inorganic high molecular compound. Polyaluminium chloride yellow (Polialüminyum klorür sarı) is easily soluble in water. In the hydrolytic process, Polyaluminium chloride yellow (Polialüminyum klorür sarı) is accompanied with the chemical processes such as electrochemistry, coagulation, absorption and precipitation. Polyaluminium chloride yellow (Polialüminyum klorür sarı) has the features inculding wide applicable range of PH value ,large granule ,and quick speed in sedimentation. Polyaluminium chloride yellow (Polialüminyum klorür sarı) is widely used in treating the domestic drinking water ,domestic sewage and industrial waste water . Polyaluminium chloride yellow (Polialüminyum klorür sarı) (PAC) is a new type high efficiency inorganic polymer coagulant, adopting advanced manufacturing technique and quality raw material, show the features of low impurity, high molecula weight, and superior coagulating effect. Polyaluminium chloride yellow (Polialüminyum klorür sarı) Properties 1. Polyaluminium chloride yellow (Polialüminyum klorür sarı)s dosage lower than aluminum sulfate (based on Al2O3) and water treatment cost is lower than other inorganic flocculants. 2. Polyaluminium chloride yellow (Polialüminyum klorür sarı) can cause quick formation of flocs, big flocs formation and rapid precipitation. Its treatment capacity is 1.3-3.0 times of other inorganic flocculants. 3. Polyaluminium chloride yellow (Polialüminyum klorür sarı) enjoys wide-range adaptability for different-temperature source water and a good solubility. 4. Polyaluminium chloride yellow (Polialüminyum klorür sarı) is slightly corrosive and easy for operation. 5. The liquid Polyaluminium chloride yellow (Polialüminyum klorür sarı) is suitable for automatic dosing. Furthermore, it will not block pipes over long-time usage. Polyaluminium chloride yellow (Polialüminyum klorür sarı) Features: 1) Spray dry type, lower water insolubles 2) Used for drinking water treatment and wastewater treatment 3) Appearance: Light yellow powder 4) Al2O3: 30% (min. ) 5) Basicity: 50.0% ~ 90.0% 6) Insolubles: 1.0% (max. ) 7) pH (1% water solution): 3.5 ~ 5.0 8) SO42-: 3.5% (max. ) Description of Polyaluminium chloride yellow (Polialüminyum klorür sarı): This product is high-effective inorganic polymer coagulant. Description of Polyaluminium chloride yellow (Polialüminyum klorür sarı): Polyaluminium Choride is light yellow color powder coagulant which is mainly used for WTP drinking water treatment. Polyaluminium Choride is spray dryer type, high viscostiy of 70-80%, high coagulation in high turbidity water treatment. Polyaluminium chloride yellow (Polialüminyum klorür sarı) (PAC) is a new type high efficiency inorganic polymer coagulant, adopting advanced manufacturing technique and quality raw material, show the features of low impurity, high molecula weight, and superior coagulating effect. It is also widely applied in water purification, wastewater treatment, precision cast, paper production, pharmaceutical industry and daily chemicals. Advantage of Polyaluminium chloride yellow (Polialüminyum klorür sarı): 1. Polyaluminium chloride yellow (Polialüminyum klorür sarı)s purifying effect on low-temperature, low-turbidity and heavily organic-polluted raw water is much better than other organic flocculant, furthermore, the treatment cost is lowered by 20%-80%. 2. Polyaluminium chloride yellow (Polialüminyum klorür sarı) can lead to quick formation of flocculant (especially at low temperature) with big size and rapid precipitation service life of cellular filter of sedimentation basin. 3. Polyaluminium chloride yellow (Polialüminyum klorür sarı) can adapt to a wide range of pH value (5−9), and can reduce the pH value and basicity after processing. 4. The dosage is smaller than that of other flocculants. It has wide adaptability to the waters at different temperatures and at different regions. 5. Higher basicity, lower corrosive, easy for operation, and long-term use of non-occlusion. Properties of Polyaluminium chloride yellow (Polialüminyum klorür sarı): 1 Polyaluminium chloride yellow (Polialüminyum klorür sarı)s dosage lower than aluminum sulfate (based on Al2O3) and water treatment cost is lower than other inorganic flocculants. 2 Polyaluminium chloride yellow (Polialüminyum klorür sarı) can cause quick formation of flocs, big flocs formation and rapid precipitation. Its treatment capacity is 1.3-3.0 times of other inorganic flocculants. 3 Polyaluminium chloride yellow (Polialüminyum klorür sarı) enjoys wide-range adaptability for different-temperature source water and a good solubility. 4 Polyaluminium chloride yellow (Polialüminyum klorür sarı) is slightly corrosive and easy for operation. 5 The liquid product is suitable for automatic dosing. Furthermore, it will not block pipes over long-time Polyaluminium Chloride 6 Low acidity is lower than other inorganic coagulants. Package and Storage of Polyaluminium chloride yellow (Polialüminyum klorür sarı): 1. Be pakced in polypropylene woven bag with plastic liner, 25kg/bag 2. Useful life is 2 years, should be stored in airy and dry place Polyaluminium chloride yellow (Polialüminyum klorür sarı) is an inorganic high-molecule polymer with some cementitious property. Polyaluminium chloride yellow (Polialüminyum klorür sarı) can be used as the binder of refractory coating, ultra-pure alumina products and refractory concrete material. Polyaluminium chloride yellow (Polialüminyum klorür sarı) is a multivalent, polyhydroxy electrolyte and can be seen as the intermediate product of the hydrolysis of AlCl3 into Al (OH) 3. The colloidal nucleus contains positive charge with the hydrolysis product being acidic. The composition of these products is the mixed system of various kinds of aqueous complexes in certain ratio under certain conditions. Its expression formula is [Al2 (OH) n • Cl6-n] m, wherein n = 1-5, m≤10. Owing to the difference in the preparation and performance, Polyaluminium chloride yellow (Polialüminyum klorür sarı) can also be called as hydroxy aluminum chloride, basic aluminum chloride, and polymeric alumina. The main index of physical and chemical properties includes alkalinity, pH value, Al2O3 content and the relative density. Polyaluminium chloride yellow (Polialüminyum klorür sarı) is rich in raw materials and has low cost without causing decrease of the refractoriness of refractory concrete. Polyaluminium chloride yellow (Polialüminyum klorür sarı) also has strong activity at high temperatures and can be hardened at room temperature when doped with small quantities of accelerators and thus is promising cement material. Coagulant Coagulant is a kind of chemical agent which can promote the coagulation and flocculation effect of the colloidal particles in water and accelerate the formation of coarse particles, thus making it be easier to be subject to fast sedimentation or filtration. Coagulants include coagulant, flocculants, and coagulant aid agent. These nouns currently have no strict uniform definition and boundaries. Coagulants and flocculants, and coagulant aid agent are often mixed for application. Commonly used coagulant includes alum, Polyaluminium chloride yellow (Polialüminyum klorür sarı), activated silicic acid, polyacrylamide, magnesium alumina, ferrous sulfate and ferric chloride, etc. The combination between Polyaluminium chloride yellow (Polialüminyum klorür sarı) and alum can give the best efficacy. Polyaluminium chloride yellow (Polialüminyum klorür sarı) is a new type of inorganic polymer coagulant with its fundamental difference with the traditional inorganic coagulant being that the traditional inorganic coagulant is crystalline salt with low molecular weight while the structure of Polyaluminium chloride yellow (Polialüminyum klorür sarı) consists of multi-shaped multivariate carboxyl complex. Polyaluminium chloride yellow (Polialüminyum klorür sarı) has a rapid flocculation and sedimentation speed, wide applicable range of PH value, and is non-corrosive to plumbing with a very significant water purification effect. Polyaluminium chloride yellow (Polialüminyum klorür sarı) can effectively remove the water color quality SS, COD, BOD, and arsenic, mercury and other heavy metal ions. This product is widely used in drinking water, industrial water and wastewater treatment, it has the following characteristics: 1. The water purified form Polyaluminium chloride yellow (Polialüminyum klorür sarı) has a higher quality than the water purified from inorganic coagulant such as ferric chloride and aluminum sulfate. The cost of Polyaluminium chloride yellow (Polialüminyum klorür sarı) in purifying water is also relatively low. 2. Both the formation rate of floc unit and the settlement rate are high. It also has a greater processing capability than traditional flocculant such as ferric chloride and aluminum sulfate. 3. Polyaluminium chloride yellow (Polialüminyum klorür sarı) has a stronger adaption capability on the temperature, turbidity and the alkalinity of the water source than traditional flocculant such as ferric chloride and aluminum sulfate. 4. Polyaluminium chloride yellow (Polialüminyum klorür sarı) has a wide adaptation pH range for the source of water with being able to exert coagulation effect from the range of PH5.0-9.0 with the best results occurring at PH6.5-7.5. 5. Polyaluminium chloride yellow (Polialüminyum klorür sarı) has a small corrosion effect and a good operating condition. 6. Polyaluminium chloride yellow (Polialüminyum klorür sarı) has a better solubility than ferric chloride and aluminum sulfate. 7. After the treatment, the residue of aluminum and salt in water is small which facilitates the handling and preparation of ion exchange. The above information is edited by the chemicalbook of Dai Xiongfeng. Performance of Polyaluminium chloride yellow (Polialüminyum klorür sarı) The main physical and chemical properties of the Polyaluminium chloride yellow (Polialüminyum klorür sarı) are demonstrated from alkalized degree, pH value, Al2O3 content and density. Alkalized degree (B) and pH: alkalized degree means the degree of Cl-(in Polyaluminium chloride yellow (Polialüminyum klorür sarı)) being substituted by OH-; it is generally represented using the ratio of the hydroxyl group percentage over aluminum, namely, B = [OH]/3 [Al] × 100%. Many features of the Polyaluminium chloride yellow (Polialüminyum klorür sarı) are closely related to its alkalized degree including the degree of polymerization, pH, storage stability and the cementing property of being used as a cementing agent. But we should note that the alkalized degree only represents a statistical average value from the mixture containing various kinds of Polyaluminium chloride yellow (Polialüminyum klorür sarı) with different degrees of polymerization. The pH value of the liquid Poly aluminium was similar with its alkalized degree. However, these two parameters don’t have exactly the same meaning. The alkalized degree indicates the number of hydroxyl groups bound within the poly aluminium structure while the pH value of the solution indicates the number of the free hydroxyl ions OH. But, anyway, the pH value of the poly aluminium solution generally increases with increased alkalized degree. Uses of Polyaluminium chloride yellow (Polialüminyum klorür sarı) Polyaluminium chloride yellow (Polialüminyum klorür sarı) is one kind of refractory binder. It is a kind of aluminum hydroxide sol made from aluminum-containing material or aluminum metal which subject to several chemical/physical treatment steps such as hydrochloric acid dissolution, hydrolysis, and polymerization. Polyaluminium chloride yellow (Polialüminyum klorür sarı) can be taken as the intermediate of the hydrolysis process of AlCl3 into Al(OH)3 and therefore the hydrolysis solution is acidic. Polyaluminium chloride yellow (Polialüminyum klorür sarı) is also known as hydroxy aluminum or basic aluminum chloride with the chemical formula being [Al2 (OH) nCl6-n] m, wherein if the n is close to or equal to 6, it can be called as alumina sol. Applying Polyaluminium chloride yellow (Polialüminyum klorür sarı) as a binding agent of loose refractory will not affect its refractoriness. The Al2O3 generated during the dehydration and decomposition of Polyaluminium chloride yellow (Polialüminyum klorür sarı) during the heating process is a kind of active alumina oxide with high-degree of dispersion which can facilitate the sintering, and thus being suitable for being used as the refractory binder. Polyaluminium chloride yellow (Polialüminyum klorür sarı) can be used for non-firing or fired to generate refractory products, fire-resistant plastic, and the binding agent of ramming and casting. When being used as the binding agent of monolithic refractory, it has certain requirement on both the alkalinity and density with Polyaluminium chloride yellow (Polialüminyum klorür sarı) with either too low or too high bond strength not good. In general, Polyaluminium chloride yellow (Polialüminyum klorür sarı) with alkalized degree being within 46% to 72% and the density being within 1.17~1.23kg/m3 has a good binding strength. When used as the binding agent of refractory casting, it can be used for synthesizing Magnesium aluminium spinel, electronic melting MgO and as the coagulation accelerator of cement. But when applying the Polyaluminium chloride yellow (Polialüminyum klorür sarı) as unshaped refractory binder, because of its acidic solution (pH <5), it will have reaction with iron and iron-containing compounds contained in the refractory to release hydrogen and cause swelling of the material. Therefore, the preparation technology should contain aging step in order to avoid the swelling and further cracking of good molded product or lining. It can be used for the purification process of drinking water as well as various kinds of industrial waste water. As flocculants, it is mainly used for purifying drinking water and the treatment of special water such as removal of iron, fluorine, cadmium, radioactive contamination as well as floating oil. It can also be used for the treatment of industrial wastewater such as dyeing wastewater. Moreover, it can also be used for precision casting, pharmaceutical, paper, and leathering. Chemical Properties of Polyaluminium chloride yellow (Polialüminyum klorür sarı) Polyaluminium chloride yellow (Polialüminyum klorür sarı) is colorless or yellow resinous solid. Polyaluminium chloride yellow (Polialüminyum klorür sarı)s solution is a colorless or yellowish transparent liquid, sometimes exhibits as grayish black mucus due to impurities in it. Polyaluminium chloride yellow (Polialüminyum klorür sarı) is easily soluble in water. Production method of Polyaluminium chloride yellow (Polialüminyum klorür sarı) Boiling pyrolysis method: put the crystalline aluminum chloride for boiling and pyrolysis at 170 °C; the generated hydrogen chloride is absorbed by water to prepare 20% hydrochloric acid for recycling. Further add water to have a then added water for aging and polymerization at 60 ℃; Then further go through solidification, dryness, crush to obtain the solid finished product of Polyaluminium chloride yellow (Polialüminyum klorür sarı). Boiling pyrolysis method: put the aluminum ash (mainly composed of alumina and metal aluminum) into the reactor pre-supplied with washing water at a certain ratio, stir and slowly add hydrochloric acid for condensation reaction with curing and polymerization to a pH of 4.2 to 4.5 and the relative density of the solution being 1.2. Conduct sedimentation to obtain a liquid poly aluminum chloride. The liquid product was subject to dilution and filtering, concentration by evaporation, drying to obtain the solid poly aluminum chloride products. Polyaluminium chloride yellow (Polialüminyum klorür sarı) is an acidic solution. Classified as corrosive at higher concentrations, it is typically yellow in colour. Polyaluminium chloride yellow (Polialüminyum klorür sarı) is miscible with water at all concentrations although dilute solutions hydrolyse to precipitate Aluminium Hydroxide (Al(OH)3). Polyaluminium chloride yellow (Polialüminyum klorür sarı) is not a single product, but a spectrum of polymers which are characterised by their strength (usually in % Al2O3) and basicity – the latter gives an indication of the polymeric composition of PAC. Clay-brine process employing activated clay, NaCl, HCl, and HF as raw materials is the primarily advanced technology to synthesize cryolite in the present industrial grade. However, plenty of byproducts of fluorine-containing waste HCl at the concentration of about 10%~12% could not be utilized comprehensively and are even hazardous to the environment. This work proposed a new two-step technology to prepare inorganic polymer flocculants polyaluminium chloride (Polyaluminium chloride yellow (Polialüminyum klorür sarı)) from synthetic cryolite mother liquor. Many specific factors such as the variety of aluminide source, reaction temperature and time, reagent ratio, and manner of alkaline addition were taken into consideration and their influences on the performances of produced Polyaluminium chloride yellow (Polialüminyum klorür sarı) were discussed. It was found that synthetic cryolite mother liquor could react with bauxite and calcium aluminate directly to prepare cheap Polyaluminium chloride yellow (Polialüminyum klorür sarı), with plenty amount of water insoluble CaF2 and CaSiF6 produced as well. However, once HCl was introduced into synthetic cryolite mother liquor as well as by utilizing bauxite as aluminide source and sodium aluminate as adjusting basicity agent, the resultant Polyaluminium chloride yellow (Polialüminyum klorür sarı) would dissolve out higher amount of aluminum while producing little amount of water insoluble materials. The coagulation behavior of the specially produced Polyaluminium chloride yellow (Polialüminyum klorür sarı) could even match the industrial grade Polyaluminium chloride yellow (Polialüminyum klorür sarı) conforming to national standard. Preparation of Polyaluminium chloride yellow (Polialüminyum klorür sarı) from Synthetic Cryolite Mother Liquor Certain amount of synthetic cryolite mother liquor was added into a three-neck flask with a condenser firstly. After the temperature of the flask was heated to 70°C in oil bath, certain amount of bauxite was added into the system step by step. The reaction should continue for 1 h after the temperature increases to 100°C. Then alkaline polymerization adjusting agent (APA, calcium aluminate powder, or sodium aluminate powder) was added into the above reaction system gradually to adjust pH value. The addition speed of APA depended on pH value of the system: when pH value was lower than 2.7, the speed can be fast, but when it was over 2.7, the speed should be slow until it increased to 3.5~3.8 further. At this point, APA should not be added into the system any more. After all these operations, the reaction is kept for another 1.5 h at 100°C. Then the reaction should be suspended immediately via halting both the vigorous stirring and oil bath heating followed by coagulating the system for 12 h using the residual heat of oil bath. Liquid Polyaluminium chloride yellow (Polialüminyum klorür sarı) was obtained after the filtering of the upper clear liquid of the already stewed reaction suspension. And solid Polyaluminium chloride yellow (Polialüminyum klorür sarı) was finally obtained after the initial liquid Polyaluminium chloride yellow (Polialüminyum klorür sarı) was dried at 105°C. 2.2.2. Basicity of the Produced Polyaluminium chloride yellow (Polialüminyum klorür sarı) OH− is the basic component influencing the morphology of polyaluminium chloride [6–9] whose index in Polyaluminium chloride yellow (Polialüminyum klorür sarı) is measured by basicity (B). According to GB 15892-2003 (water treatment chemical-polyaluminium chloride) [10], basicity can be measured. The mol percentage of OH and Al in Polyaluminium chloride yellow (Polialüminyum klorür sarı) is defined as basicity and this parameter can reflect the degree of polymerization of Polyaluminium chloride yellow (Polialüminyum klorür sarı) to some extent, which affects the coagulation performances of Polyaluminium chloride yellow (Polialüminyum klorür sarı). Basicity can be calculated according to the following during the fabrication process of Polyaluminium chloride yellow (Polialüminyum klorür sarı): Characterization of the Produced Polyaluminium chloride yellow (Polialüminyum klorür sarı) The produced Polyaluminium chloride yellow (Polialüminyum klorür sarı) solution was dehydrated at 105°C and made powder sample for structure analysis. X-ray diffraction (XRD) was measured for the determination of crystalline phases in solid coagulants using D/max-rA X-ray diffractometer with Cu K radiation in the range of 3° to 80° at a scan rate of 8°/min. The solid produced Polyaluminium chloride yellow (Polialüminyum klorür sarı) was analyzed by FT-IR with the Perkin Elmer spectrum 100 FT-IR spectrophotometer and potassium bromide pellet method. The spectra were scanned in the range of 4000 to 500 cm−1. In order to confirm that Fe in bauxite can be abundantly dissolved out in acid leaching process, SCML and HCl mixed acid was proposed to leach bauxite. XRD results of the crystal obtained from the dried leaching solution indicated that the main components of this crystal contained SiF4, AlCl3·6H2O, and Na2Al22O34 (Figure 4). Thus, it was clear that Polyaluminium chloride yellow (Polialüminyum klorür sarı) prepared from SCML was rather different from industrial grade Polyaluminium chloride yellow (Polialüminyum klorür sarı). Instead, it was made up of multiple crystal phases and components and AlCl3, FeCl3, SiF4, and H2SiO3 were especially typical. The plural gel formed by the polymerization of these components might show synergism effect on the coagulation characteristic of Polyaluminium chloride yellow (Polialüminyum klorür sarı) The existence of small amount of silica sol (also ludox) not only could promote the coagulating process of water as well as improving the structure of precipitation particles, but also could increase their weight, accelerating the formation and precipitation of precipitation particles. Therefore, silica sol could also function as coagulant aid. Unlike the large amount of positive charge of Al13 as key component of flocculation agent of Polyaluminium chloride yellow (Polialüminyum klorür sarı), the surface of silica gel particles was filled with negative charge instead. Thus, these two kinds of particles with totally opposite charge would allure each other to get absorbed. Meanwhile, silica gel could also absorb other scattered colloidal particles with positive charge, strengthening the coagulating effect accordingly [15, 17, 21, 22]. From the above discussion, it was found that the produced Polyaluminium chloride yellow (Polialüminyum klorür sarı) by SCML (Polyaluminium chloride yellow (Polialüminyum klorür sarı)-SCML) was rather different from common industrial grade Polyaluminium chloride yellow (Polialüminyum klorür sarı) (Polyaluminium chloride yellow (Polialüminyum klorür sarı)-IG). Except for the relative strong coagulating character, it was a kind of composite flocculant containing certain amount of Fe and Si, which could be treated as the compound of Polyaluminium chloride yellow (Polialüminyum klorür sarı), polyaluminum ferric chloride (PAFC), and polysilicate (PSi) [18–20, 23]. Besides, FT-IR spectra of this special Polyaluminium chloride yellow (Polialüminyum klorür sarı) showed much difference from that of common Polyaluminium chloride yellow (Polialüminyum klorür sarı) as indicated in Figure 5. The possible chemical bonds in Polyaluminium chloride yellow (Polialüminyum klorür sarı)-SCML (Sample C) were investigated by the FT-IR spectra and were compared with Polyaluminium chloride yellow (Polialüminyum klorür sarı)-IG (Figure 5). The two samples showed similar FT-IR spectra. Both spectra exhibited a broad absorption peak in the range of 3200–3650 cm−1 (3390 cm−1 for Polyaluminium chloride yellow (Polialüminyum klorür sarı)-SCML and 3430 cm−1 for Polyaluminium chloride yellow (Polialüminyum klorür sarı)-IG), which could be assigned to the stretching vibrations of –OH groups. The peaks in the range of 1600–1700 cm−1 (1628 cm−1 for Polyaluminium chloride yellow (Polialüminyum klorür sarı)-SCML and 1636 cm−1 Polyaluminium chloride yellow (Polialüminyum klorür sarı)-IG) were attributed to the bending vibrations of water absorbed, polymerized, and crystallized in the coagulant. The Polyaluminium chloride yellow (Polialüminyum klorür sarı)-IG was not a pure substance, which also contains some iron ions. The peak at 1098 cm−1 for Polyaluminium chloride yellow (Polialüminyum klorür sarı)-SCML and the peak at 1090 cm−1 for Polyaluminium chloride yellow (Polialüminyum klorür sarı)-IG were attributed to the asymmetric stretching vibration of Fe–OH–Fe or Al–OH–Al; furthermore, there were two peaks at 778 cm−1 and 640 cm−1 for Polyaluminium chloride yellow (Polialüminyum klorür sarı)-SCML and two peaks at 770 cm−1 and 578 cm−1 for Polyaluminium chloride yellow (Polialüminyum klorür sarı)-IG, which were attributed to bending vibrations of Fe–OH and Al–OH, respectively [24–28]. As indicated in the flocculation results in Table 3, the coagulation effect of Polyaluminium chloride yellow (Polialüminyum klorür sarı)-IG was much better than that of Polyaluminium chloride yellow (Polialüminyum klorür sarı)-SCML for simulated diatomite water with low turbidity. However, the coagulation effect of Polyaluminium chloride yellow (Polialüminyum klorür sarı)-SCML had distinguished advantages over that of Polyaluminium chloride yellow (Polialüminyum klorür sarı)-IG for simulated diatomite water with high turbidity, which might originate from the formation of PAFC and PSi with strengthening coagulation effect in acid leaching process. Moreover, the small amount of water insoluble CaF2 and CaSiF6 in Polyaluminium chloride yellow (Polialüminyum klorür sarı)-SCML could also benefit the coagulating reaction for high turbidity water. The CODCr removal of Polyaluminium chloride yellow (Polialüminyum klorür sarı)-SCML and Polyaluminium chloride yellow (Polialüminyum klorür sarı)-IG both achieved the minimum at 60 mg/L dosage while Polyaluminium chloride yellow (Polialüminyum klorür sarı)-SCML was relatively superior to Polyaluminium chloride yellow (Polialüminyum klorür sarı)-IG for oily sewage from Liaohe Oilfield, and the same law was presented for turbidity removal. The results suggested that despite the small difference in alumina content between Polyaluminium chloride yellow (Polialüminyum klorür sarı)-SCML and Polyaluminium chloride yellow (Polialüminyum klorür sarı)-IG, Polyaluminium chloride yellow (Polialüminyum klorür sarı)-SCML was superior to Polyaluminium chloride yellow (Polialüminyum klorür sarı)-IG in both the comprehensive coagulating character and manufacturing cost due to the certain amount of Fe and Si in Polyaluminium chloride yellow (Polialüminyum klorür sarı)-SCML. Conclusions The preparation of Polyaluminium chloride yellow (Polialüminyum klorür sarı) coagulant from synthetic cryolite mother liquor from clay-brine process (Polyaluminium chloride yellow (Polialüminyum klorür sarı)-SCML) with advanced performances compared with conventional industrial grade Polyaluminium chloride yellow (Polialüminyum klorür sarı) (Polyaluminium chloride yellow (Polialüminyum klorür sarı)-IG) coagulant was achieved. Reaction conditions including the choice of leaching acid and alkaline polymerization adjusting agent, the pH value, and the reaction temperature and reaction time were thoroughly studied to optimize the coagulation performances and minimize the insoluble solid in water of the prepared coagulant. The optimized technique to prepare Polyaluminium chloride yellow (Polialüminyum klorür sarı)-SCML was that adjusting the concentration of HCl in synthetic cryolite mother liquor to 18% with the industrial grade HCl (the concentration about 32% to 36% in general) firstly, and then adding the needed bauxite. Then the acid leaching reaction was kept for 1~2 h at 80~100°C and sodium aluminate was consequently added to adjust pH value to 3.5~3.8. The whole technology would be completed after a 24 h coagulation process. The coagulation performances tested showed that Polyaluminium chloride yellow (Polialüminyum klorür sarı)-SCML is better than Polyaluminium chloride yellow (Polialüminyum klorür sarı)-IG in turbidity removal at high turbidity simulated diatomite water and in CODCr removal at real oily waste

Polyaluminium Chloride Yellow is made of high purity raw materials.
Polyaluminium Chloride Yellow is efficient, cheap and nontoxic inorganic high molecular compound.
Polyaluminium Chloride Yellow is easily soluble in water and has high purity.


CAS No.: 1327-41-9
EC Number: 215-477-2
Molecular Formula: [Al2(Oh)Ncl6-N]M


Polyaluminium Chloride Yellow is made of high purity raw materials.
Polyaluminium Chloride Yellow is efficient, cheap and nontoxic inorganic high molecular compound.
Polyaluminium Chloride Yellow is easily soluble in water and has high purity.


Polyaluminium Chloride Yellow is a yellow / deep yellow powder used for industrial waste water treatment.
Polyaluminium Chloride Yellow is formed by spray tower drying.
Polyaluminium Chloride Yellow has the properties of adsorption, coagulation, precipitation, etc.


If Polyaluminium Chloride Yellow accidentally splashes on the skin, it should be washed off with water immediately.
Production personnel should wear work clothes, masks, gloves, and long rubber boots.
Polyaluminium Chloride Yellow has the advantages of good spray drying stability, wide adaptability to water area, fast hydrolysis speed, strong adsorption capacity, large alum flower formation, fast sedimentation of dense mass, low turbidity of effluent, and good dehydration performance.


The use of spray-dried products can ensure safety, reduce water accidents, and be very safe and reliable for residents' drinking water.
Therefore, Polyaluminium Chloride Yellow is also referred to as high-efficiency polyaluminum chloride, high-efficiency PAC or high-efficiency spray-dried polyaluminum chloride.


Polyaluminium Chloride Yellow is suitable for raw water of various turbidities, and has a wide range of pH, but compared with polyacrylamide, its sedimentation effect is far inferior to polyacrylamide.
Polyaluminium Chloride Yellow is an inorganic substance, a new water purification material, and an inorganic polymer coagulant.


Polyaluminium Chloride Yellow is a water-soluble inorganic polymer between AlCl3 and Al(OH)3.
Polyaluminium Chloride Yellow has a high degree of neutralization and bridging effect on colloids and particles in water, and can strongly remove micro-toxic substances and heavy metal ions.


The character of Polyaluminium Chloride Yellow is stable.
Due to the bridging effect of hydroxide ions and the polymerization of polyvalent anions, the produced Polyaluminium Chloride Yellow is an inorganic polymer water treatment agent with relatively large molecular weight and high charge.


Industries where Polyaluminium Chloride Yellow is used: Manufacturers and researchers in the industrial sector keep coming up with new ideas for using Poly Aluminium Chloride Powder.
Polyaluminium Chloride Yellow is a resinous solid, colourless or yellow.


Polyaluminium Chloride Yellow's solution is a clear, colourless or yellow-brown liquid that may contain contaminants and gray-black mucous.
The mechanism of Polyaluminium Chloride Yellow is as follows
Polyaluminium Chloride Yellow is an inorganic polymer coagulant with molecular weight due to the bridging effect of hydroxyl ions and the polymerization of multivalent anions


Polyaluminium Chloride Yellow, also called PAC, is a new type high performance inorganic macromolecule flocculating agent.
Polyaluminium Chloride Yellow is an inorganic polymer synthesized by aluminum chloride, aluminum hydroxide,alumina or other inorganic aluminum compounds with hydrochloric acid.


Polyaluminium Chloride Yellow is high-effective inorganic polymer coagulant.
Polyaluminium Chloride Yellow is light yellow color powder coagulant which is mainly used for WTP drinking water treatment.
Polyaluminium Chloride Yellow is spray dryer type, high viscostiy of 70-80%, high coagulation in high turbidity water treatment.


Polyaluminium Chloride Yellow is a new type high efficiency inorganic polymer coagulant, adopting advanced manufacturing technique and quality raw material, show the features of low impurity, high molecula weight, and superior coagulating effect.
Polyaluminium Chloride Yellow is a sandy beige fine powder uses spray drying technology.


Polyaluminium Chloride Yellow, also named PAC.
Polyaluminium Chloride Yellow is used as one of the most effective water treatment chemicals.
Polyaluminium Chloride Yellow is a new kind of inorganic macromolecule flocculant.


Through the hydroxyl ion bridging function and the polyvalent anion polymeric function, Polyaluminium Chloride Yellow produces large molecular and high electricity inorganic macromolecule.
Polyaluminium Chloride Yellow has the characteristics of high purity, low insolubility and low insoluble matter.


Polyaluminium Chloride Yellow is a light yellow color powder coagulant that is mainly used for WTP drinking water treatment.
Polyaluminium Chloride Yellow is a spray dryer type, with high viscosity of 70-80%, and high coagulation in high turbidity water treatment.
Polyaluminium Chloride Yellow is a new type of high-efficiency inorganic polymer coagulant, adopting advanced manufacturing techniques and quality raw material, showing the features of low impurity, high molecular weight, and superior coagulating effect.


Polyaluminium Chloride Yellow is a kind of high-efficient, cheap and nontoxic inorganic high molecular compound.
Polyaluminium Chloride Yellow is yellow powder.
Polyaluminium Chloride Yellow is easily soluble in water.


In the hydrolytic process, Polyaluminium Chloride Yellow is accompanied with the chemical processes such as electrochemistry, coagulation, absorption and precipitation.
Polyaluminium Chloride Yellow has the features including wide applicable range of pH value, large granule and quick speed in sedimentation.


Polyaluminium Chloride Yellow is widely applied for treating the drinking water, industrial waste water and daily sewage etc.
Polyaluminium Chloride Yellow is a kind of inorganic polymer coagulant, also known as polyaluminum, abbreviated as PAC.
The inorganic polymer water treatment agent with larger molecular weight and higher charge is produced by the polymerization with multivalent anions.
In form, Polyaluminium Chloride Yellow can be divided into two parts.


Polyaluminium Chloride Yellow is a novel highly efficient inorganic polymer coagulant.
Polyaluminium Chloride Yellow is cheap and has good flocculation efficiency.
Polyaluminium Chloride Yellow is one of the most efficient water treatment chemicals utilized today.


Polyaluminium Chloride Yellow, abbreviated as PAC, the appearance of the product is golden yellow, light yellow, brown and white powder.
Polyaluminium Chloride Yellow is a kind of inorganic, a new water purification material, inorganic polymer coagulant, Polyaluminum chloride PAC appearance is white or yellow powder.


Polyaluminium Chloride Yellow is an inorganic polymer synthesized by aluminum chloride, aluminum hydroxide, alumina or other inorganic aluminum compounds .
Polyaluminium Chloride Yellow is very soluble in water, so it has the features of wide application range of PH value, large granule and fast settling speed.
Polyaluminium Chloride Yellow is a new highly efficient inorganic polymer coagulant.


Polyaluminium Chloride Yellow is made by hydrochloric acid or aluminum-containing hydrochloric acid, calcium aluminum power witn advanced technology, good flocculation effect ,low price and excellent.
Its water purification is better than the traditional aluminum sulfate and ferric ordinary inorganic coagulant,and Polyaluminium Chloride Yellow is used spray drying technology, product is light yellow,yellow or brown powder.


Polyaluminium Chloride Yellow is yellow color, spray-drying type powder.
Polyaluminium chloride is a kind of inorganic polymer coagulant.
Polyaluminium Chloride Yellow is a new type high efficiency inorganic polymer coagulant, adopting advanced manufacturing technique and quality raw material, show the features of low impurity, high molecula weight, and superior coagulating effect.


Polyaluminium Chloride Yellow is a yellow power (solid ).
Polyaluminium Chloride S02 is light yellow powder, it is made of mainly by Aluminium hydroxide Al(OH)3 and Hydrochloric Acid (HCl) Normal grade.
Though this type solid is light yellow powder, its solution is colorless transparent liquid.


Usually there are three colors of Polyaluminium Chloride Yellow, they are white Polyaluminum chloride PAC, light yellow Polyaluminum chloride PAC and yellow Polyaluminum chloride PAC.
And their alumina content is between 28% and 31%.
However, Polyaluminium Chloride Yellow with different colors is also quite different in application and production technology.



USES and APPLICATIONS of POLYALUMINIUM CHLORIDE YELLOW:
Polyaluminium Chloride Yellow is widely applied in domestic sewage and industrial waste water treatment (textile, leather, brewage, meat-processing, coal-washing, metallurgy, mine, pharmacy, paper-making, automobile manufacturing industry, and oilfield etc.).
Suggested dosage of Polyaluminium Chloride Yellow is 1 to 15 ppm; actual dosage would depend on the type waste being treated.


Polyaluminium Chloride Yellow is an inorganic polymer coagulant, referred to as PAC, and is mainly used in sewage treatment and drinking water treatment.
Polyaluminium Chloride Yellow has the advantages of good spray drying stability, wide water area, fast hydrolysis speed, strong adsorption capacity, large alum flower formation, fast sedimentation, low turbidity of effluent, and good dehydration performance.


The amount of spray-dried polyaluminium chloride is reduced, especially in the case of poor water quality.
Compared with drum-dried Polyaluminium Chloride Yellow, the dosage of spray-dried products can be reduced by half, which not only reduces the labor intensity of workers, but also What is more important is to reduce the cost of water production for users.


In addition, the use of spray drying products can ensure safety, reduce water accidents, and be very safe and reliable for residents' drinking water.
Polyaluminium Chloride Yellow is used Urban water purification: river water, reservoir water, groundwater.
Polyaluminium Chloride Yellow is used Industrial water purification and Urban sewage treatment.


Polyaluminium Chloride Yellow is used Various industrial wastewater treatment: printing and dyeing wastewater, leather wastewater, fluoride-containing wastewater, heavy metal wastewater, oily wastewater, papermaking wastewater, coal washing wastewater, mine wastewater, brewing wastewater, metallurgical wastewater, meat processing wastewater, sewage treatment.


Polyaluminium Chloride Yellow is used Paper sizing, Sugar refining, Casting molding, Wrinkle-free cloth, Catalyst carrier, Pharmaceutical refining, Cement quick-setting, and Cosmetic raw materials.
Polyaluminium Chloride Yellow is used Drinking water - Industrial water, industrial wastewater, mine - Water for oilfield injection - Chemical wastewater in industry - Papermaking, metallurgy, coal and washed leather.


Manufacture and make wastewater recyclable uses of Polyaluminium Chloride Yellow: papermaking glue, printing and coloring, - Concrete Hardener, precision casting hardener, glycerin refining, wrinkle resistant for fabrics, medicine, cosmetics and more.
Polyaluminium Chloride Yellow is used oil-water separation and has good effect in oil refining industry.


Polyaluminium Chloride Yellow is also widely applied in water purification, wastewater treatment, precision cast, paper production, pharmaceutical industry, and daily chemicals.
Polyaluminium Chloride Yellow is used Drinking water treatment, Hight purity water treatment, Waste water treatment, Cosmetic industry, Paper mills as retention agent, paper remove electric charge, Refining of pharmaceuticals, glycerine and sugar,


Polyaluminium Chloride Yellow is used reclaiming coal from coal-washing waste.
Polyaluminium Chloride Yellow is widely used for industrial water and wastewater treatment, such as those containing radioactive substances, lead (Pb + +) chromium (Cr + + +) highly toxic heavy metals and fluoride (F) sewage.


In addition, Polyaluminium Chloride Yellow is also used in precision casting, paper, leather, etc.
There are two kinds of Polyaluminium Chloride Yellow solid and liquid, and the solid can be divided into brown, yellow and white according to different colors.


The application and production technology of Polyaluminium Chloride Yellow with different colors are introduced.
Polyaluminium Chloride Yellow can remove bacteria, deodorization, fluoride, aluminum, chromium, oil, turbidity, heavy metal salt, radioactive pollutants and various water sources


Polyaluminium Chloride Yellow has a wide range of uses.
Purification of drinking water and domestic sewage: Polyaluminium Chloride Yellow can be used for purification of industrial water, industrial wastewater, mine, oilfield reinjection water, purification of water, metallurgy, coal washing, leather and various chemical wastewater treatment.


Industrial production application of Polyaluminium Chloride Yellow; Paper sizing, dyeing and bleaching, cement accelerator, investment casting hardener, refractory adhesive, glycerin refining, cloth.
Polyaluminium Chloride Yellow is used the waste water can be recycled in crease proof, medicine and other industries.


In refining industry, Polyaluminium Chloride Yellow can be used for separation without water with good effect.
Polyaluminium Chloride Yellow is a kind of inorganic macromolecule water treatment agent with larger and higher charge.
The molecular formula of Polyaluminium Chloride Yellow is as follows: [Al2 (OH) nCl6-n] m (n is 3-5, m ≤ 10), in which coagulation is used as the main component.


Polyaluminium Chloride Yellow as coagulation is widely used for industrial water treatment and waste water treatment.
Polyaluminium Chloride Yellow is used Printing and dyeing waste water, Leather waste water, Fluorine-containing waste water, Heavy metal waste water, Oily waste water, Paper making waste water, Coal washing waste water, Mine waste water, Brewing waste water, Metallurgical waste water, Meat processing waste water, Sewage treatment.


Polyaluminium Chloride Yellow is except used for waste water treatment.
Polyaluminium Chloride Yellow also has wide usage.
Polyaluminium Chloride Yellow is used Sizing agent in Paper Making, The raw material of cosmetic, and Catalyst carrier.


Polyaluminium Chloride Yellow can be dosed directly or dosed after dilution.
Polyaluminium Chloride Yellow is used as for the solid product, dilution is necessary before being dosed.
Polyaluminium Chloride Yellow is used water amount for dilution shall be determined based on the amount of the chemical to be dosed and the quality of water to be treated.


Polyaluminium Chloride Yellow is used dilution proportion for solid product is 2%-20%, and for liquid product, 5%-50% (based on weight percentage).
The dosage of Polyaluminium Chloride Yellow is 3-40g/MT and the dosage of the solid product is 1-15g/MT.
The specific dosage of Polyaluminium Chloride Yellow is based on the flocculation test and on the trial.


Polyaluminium Chloride Yellow's acidity is lower than other inorganic coagulants.
For solid Polyaluminium Chloride Yellow, dilution is necessary before being dosed.
Dilution proportion for solid Polyaluminium Chloride Yellow is 2%-20%, and for liquid product, 5%-50%(based on weight percentage).


The specific dosage of Polyaluminium Chloride Yellow is based on the flocculation test and on the trail.
Normally, the dosage of Polyaluminium Chloride Yellow is 1-15g/MT, the dosage of liquid product is 3-40g/MT
Polyaluminium Chloride Yellow's acidity is lower than other inorganic coagulants.


Polyaluminium Chloride Yellow is used Industrial wastewater treatment (such as textile, leather, brewage, meat-processing, coal-washing, metallurgy, mine, pharmacy, paper-making, massacre, automobile manufacturing industry, and oilfield etc.).
Polyaluminium Chloride Yellow is used for industry circulating water treatment from the heat and power plant, biochemical treating factory etc.
Polyaluminium Chloride Yellow is used drinking water purifying and clarifying (Grade PAC-01, PAC-02 & PAC-L).


Polyaluminium Chloride Yellow is used Paper sizing agent (Grade PAC-01).
Polyaluminium Chloride Yellow is a new type high efficiency inorganic polymer coagulant, adopting advanced manufacturing technique and quality raw material, show the features of low impurity, high molecula weight, and superior coagulating effect.


Polyaluminium Chloride Yellow is used the low to medium basicity products are effective coagulants for treatment of both drinking water and waste water.
Polyaluminium Chloride Yellow is used the medium to high basicity products are excellent for all ranges of wastewater treatment.
Polyaluminium Chloride Yellow is used purifying drinking water, sewage.


Polyaluminium Chloride Yellow is used industrial water purification, industrial wastewater, mining, oil field injection water, metallurgy, coal washing, leather and all kinds of chemical waste water treatment.
Industrial production of Polyaluminium Chloride Yellow: Paper sizing, dye printing, bleaching and dyeing, medicine and other industries.


In artificial coal industry, Polyaluminium Chloride Yellow is used for separating coal and water with excellent effect.
Polyaluminium Chloride Yellow is used in the oil refining industry, for oil and water separation.
Polyaluminium Chloride Yellow, the white or yellow powder, is an inorganic polymer coagulant.


Compared with traditional inorganic coagulants, fengbai poly aluminum chloride flocculation precipitation speed is fast, the PH value applicable range is wide, water purification effect is obvious and non-corrosive to pipeline equipment.
Polyaluminium Chloride Yellow is widely used in drinking water, industrial water, and sewage treatment.


Polyaluminium Chloride Yellow compounds were developed to provide better performance than alum could offer.
While they accomplished this goal, they also provide additional cost benefits when compared to alum.
Polyaluminium Chloride Yellow has a minimal impact on pH and therefore minimized the need to feed adjustment chemicals.


And Polyaluminium Chloride Yellow is able to do a better job while using 30-60% less aluminum on average.
This translates roughly to a similar percent reduction in the amount of sludge produced.
The growth rate of Polyaluminium Chloride Yellow has been very impressive.


In many areas where Polyaluminium Chloride Yellow has been marketed for a reasonable time period it has replaced over 75% of the total alum demand.
Around the same time the Polyaluminium Chloride Yellow was developed, organic polymers, which aided the coagulation process, were also introduced to the water treatment industry.


These polymers were generally not effective as primary coagulants but when used in conjunction with aluminum, helped to improve overall performance.
Uses of Polyaluminium Chloride Yellow: Community Drinking Water, Waste Water treatment, and Industrial uses.
Polyaluminium Chloride Yellow is widely used in both potable water and wastewater treatment because it provides high coagulation efficiency and it has the widest pH and temperature application ranges compared to other water treatment chemicals.


Polyaluminium Chloride Yellow is widely used in the purification of drinking water, urban water supply and precision manufacturing water, especially in paper-making industry, medicine, refined sugar liquor, cosmetic additives and daily chemical industry, etc.​
Polyaluminium Chloride Yellow is also widely applied in water purification, wastewater treatment, precision cast, paper production, pharmaceutical industry and daily chemicals.


The Al2O3 content is more than 30%, basicity is very high around 75-85%, and good coagulation in high turbidity water.
Generally, through compression double, adsorption electrical energy neutralization, adsorption Bridges, sediment trap, etc system function, make edema subtle aerosols and colloidal ions off company, collected, flocculation, coagulation, rainfall to purify the treatment impact.


Polyaluminium Chloride Yellow is used Cleansing drinking water and sewage.
Polyaluminium Chloride Yellow is used industrial water purification, commercial wastewater, mining, oil field injection water, metallurgy, coal washing, leather, and all type of chemical wastewater treatment.


Commercial production of Polyaluminium Chloride Yellow: Paper sizing, dye dyeing, printing and bleaching, medicine, and other fields.
In the artificial coal field, Polyaluminium Chloride Yellow is used for separating coal and water with an exceptional result. In the oil refining field, for oil and water separation.


The highly efficient water purifier Polyaluminium Chloride Yellow of the utility model can be used to purify drinking water and industrial water and to treat industrial waste water.
As the most widely used flocculant in the treatment of domestic water and industrial water, Polyaluminium Chloride Yellow can also be used for papermaking wastewater treatment.


Polyaluminium chloride should be used after solid pac dissolves in water(pac liquid).
Dilution ratio generally is: PAC Solid 2%~20% products (in weight percentages)
PAC dosing generally is: 1~15 kilograms per ton, the specific dosing on the basis of the user’s lab jar test with their field dosing effect.


Polyaluminium Chloride Yellow is suitable for industrial water supply, industrial wastewater, industrial circulating water and urban sewage purification
Users can determine the best dosage of Polyaluminium Chloride Yellow through testing and dispensing reagent concentration according to different water quality.


Polyaluminium Chloride Yellow is used suitable for industrial water supply, industrial wastewater, industrial circulating water and urban sewage purification.
Polyaluminium Chloride Yellow is used recovery of useful substances in industrial waste water and waste slag, promotion of settlement of pulverized coal in coal washing wastewater, and recovery of starch in starch manufacturing.



USES OF POLYALUMINIUM CHLORIDE YELLOW:
1. Urban water supply and drainage purification: river water, reservoir water, ground water.
2. Industrial water purification.
3. Urban sewage treatment.
4. Recycling of useful substances in industrial wastewater and waste residues, promoting the settlement of coal powder in coal washing wastewater, and recycling of starch in starch manufacturing.
5. Various industrial wastewater treatment: printing and dyeing wastewater, leather wastewater, fluorine-containing wastewater, heavy metal wastewater, oily wastewater, papermaking wastewater, coal washing wastewater, mine wastewater, brewing wastewater, metallurgical wastewater, meat processing wastewater, sewage treatment.
6. Paper sizing.
7. sugar refining.
8. casting molding.
9. Wrinkle-resistant cloth.
10. Catalyst carrier.
11. Pharmaceutical refining
12. Quick setting of cement.
13. Cosmetic raw materials.



USAFGE OF POLYALUMINIUM CHLORIDE YELLOW:
1. Solids are prepared with a solution of 2-20% water.
When the alumina content of the preparation solution is less than 5%, Polyaluminium Chloride Yellow is recommended to use it up within 8 hours.

2. When treating domestic water, solid dosage is 1-15g/ m3; when is treating domestic sewage and industrial wastewater, solid dosage is 10-50 g/m3.
The use should be based on the influent of COD/PH/SS and other indicators.
Determine the appropriate dosage by experiment.



AT PRESENT, POLYALUMINIUM CHLORIDE YELLOW IS USED AS:
Poly aluminium can remove germs, deodorization, decolorization, fluoride, aluminium, chromium, phenol, oil, turbidity, heavy metal salts, radioactive pollution, and other contaminants to purify a broad spectrum of water.

Polyaluminium Chloride Yellow is also used in the oil and gas sectors for oil refining, where it acts as an oil-water emulsion destabiliser with outstanding separation performance.
In the case of crude oil, any presence of water implies a lower commercial value and greater refining expenses, therefore this product is critical in guaranteeing maximum efficiency.

Polyaluminium Chloride Yellow is also used in the manufacture of deodorants and anti-perspirant products as an active ingredient that forms a barrier on the skin and helps to reduce sweat levels.
Polyaluminium Chloride Yellow is used as a coagulant in papermill wastewater in the paper and pulp industries.



PROPERTIES OF POLYALUMINIUM CHLORIDE YELLOW:
Polyaluminium Chloride Yellow has the properties of adsorption, coagulation, precipitation, etc., poor stability and corrosiveness.
If Polyaluminium Chloride Yellow accidentally splashes on the skin, rinse it off with water immediately.
Production personnel should wear overalls, masks, gloves and long rubber boots.

Polyaluminium Chloride Yellow has the advantages of good spray drying stability, wide water area, fast hydrolysis speed, strong adsorption capacity, large alum flower formation, fast sedimentation, low turbidity of effluent, and good dehydration performance.
Polyaluminium Chloride Yellow is suitable for raw water with various turbidities, and has a wide range of pH values, but compared with polyacrylamide, its precipitation effect is far inferior to that of polyacrylamide.



CONCENTRATION RATIO OF POLYALUMINIUM CHLORIDE YELLOW:
When the solid Polyaluminium Chloride Yellow is diluted into liquid, firstly, according to the raw water condition, do a small test before use to obtain the best dosage.
When Polyaluminium Chloride Yellow is used in production, it can be mixed and dissolved according to the mass ratio of polyaluminum chloride solid: clear water=1:9-1:15.

The solution of Polyaluminium Chloride Yellow with alumina content less than 1% is easy to hydrolyze, which will reduce the use effect, while too high concentration is difficult to be uniformly dosed.
After the medicament is put into use, if there is little alum bloom in the sedimentation tank and the residual turbidity is large, the dosage is too small; if the alum bloom in the sedimentation tank is large and upturned, the dosage is too large and should be adjusted appropriately.



FEATURE OF POLYALUMINIUM CHLORIDE YELLOW:
1. Flocculation fast, better active, better filterability.
2. Polyaluminium Chloride Yellowno need to add alkaline additives, in case of deliquescence, the effect is unchanged.
3. Adapt to a wide range of PH value, and wide range of uses.
4. After treated with PAC,there is little salt.
5. Polyaluminium Chloride Yellow can remove heavy metals and radioactive substances on water pollution.
6. The contents of effective ingredients are high, and easy to storage transportation.



PROPERTIES OF POLYALUMINIUM CHLORIDE YELLOW:
*Polyaluminium Chloride Yellow's dosage is lower than aluminum sulfate (based on Al2O3) and water treatment cost are lower than other inorganic flocculants.
*Polyaluminium Chloride Yellow can cause the quick formation of flocs, big flocs formation, and rapid precipitation.
*Polyaluminium Chloride Yellow's treatment capacity is 1.3-3.0 times of other inorganic flocculants.
*Polyaluminium Chloride Yellow enjoys wide-range adaptability for different-temperature source water and good solubility.
*Polyaluminium Chloride Yellow is slightly corrosive and easy to operate.
*Polyaluminium Chloride Yellow is suitable for automatic dosing.
Furthermore, Polyaluminium Chloride Yellow will not block pipes over long-time Polyaluminium Chloride
*Low acidity is lower than other inorganic coagulants.



FEATURES OF POLYALUMINIUM CHLORIDE YELLOW:
a. highest grade raw materials
b. light yellow powder
c. Low heavy metal
d. High AL2O3, 30% min



FEATURES OF POLYALUMINIUM CHLORIDE YELLOW:
1. The flocs form quickly, have good activity and filterability.
2. There is no need to add alkaline additives.
In case of deliquescence, the effect will not change.
3. Adapt to wide PH value, strong adaptability and wide application.
4. The treated water has less salt content.
5. Polyaluminium Chloride Yellow can remove the pollution of heavy metals and radioactive substances to water.
6. High active ingredient, easy to store and transport.



POLYALUMINIUM CHLORIDE YELLOW FEATURES:
1. The floc has the advantages of fast forming, good activity and filtration.
2. Polyaluminium Chloride Yellow is not necessary to add alkaline additives.
If deliquescence occurs, the effect will not change.
3. Polyaluminium Chloride Yellow is suitable for wide pH value, strong adaptability and wide application.
4. The treated water has less salt.
5. Polyaluminium Chloride Yellow can remove water pollution caused by heavy metals and radioactive substances.



PROPERTIES OF POLYALUMINIUM CHLORIDE YELLOW:
*Polyaluminium Chloride Yellow's dosage lower than aluminum sulfate (based on Al2O3) and water treatment cost is lower than other inorganic flocculants.
*Polyaluminium Chloride Yellow can cause quick formation of flocs, big flocs formation and rapid precipitation. Its treatment capacity is 1.3-3.0 times of other inorganic flocculants.
*Polyaluminium Chloride Yellow enjoys wide-range adaptability for different-temperature source water and a good solubility.
*Polyaluminium Chloride Yellow is slightly corrosive and easy for operation.
*Polyaluminium Chloride Yellow is suitable for automatic dosing. Furthermore, it will not block pipes over long-time Polyaluminium Chloride
*Low acidity is lower than other inorganic coagulants.



ADVANTAGES OF POLYALUMINIUM CHLORIDE YELLOW:
Polyaluminium Chloride Yellow's purifying effect on low-temperature, low-turbidity and heavily organic-polluted raw water is much better than other organic flocculant, furthermore, the treatment cost is lowered by 20%-80%.
Polyaluminium Chloride Yellow can lead to quick formation of folc (epecially at low temperature) with big size and rapid precipitation service life of cellular filter of sedimentation basin.

The dosage of Polyaluminium Chloride Yellow is smaller than that of other flocculants, which is better for improving the quality of treated water.
Polyaluminium Chloride Yellow has widerange adaptability to the waters at different temperatures (in the summer and the winter) and at different regions (in the south and the north of China).

Polyaluminium Chloride Yellow is suitable for automatic dosing device of alum.
Polyaluminium Chloride Yellow can adapt to a wide range of pH value (59), and can reduce the pH value and basicity after processing.
Polyaluminium Chloride Yellow's can offer a number of advantages over traditional coagulants such as alum or iron salts.

Because Polyaluminium Chloride Yellow's are pre-neutralized and have a higher charge density than traditional coagulants, they coagulate via a more efficient mechanism, called charge neutralization.
This allows Polyaluminium Chloride Yellow's to be effective at lower doses than alum or iron salts, when one compares the actual metal being added by the coagulant to the system.



RESULTING BENEFITS CAN INCLUDE, POLYALUMINIUM CHLORIDE YELLOW:
*Less pH depression and alkalinity depletion, reducing lime or caustic requirements
*Reduced chemical sludge volumes.
*Sludge density is increased.
*Improved results in higher pH systems.
*Better performance in cold water.
*And because Polyaluminium Chloride Yellow does function so differently, there are many applications where it will provide finished water quality that the traditional coagulants can't achieve.



ADVANTAGES OF POLYALUMINIUM CHLORIDE YELLOW:
1, Low dosage than Aluminium sulfate, low cost;
2, Quick formation of big flocs and rapid precipitation.
3, Widely adaptablility and good solubility.
4, Slight corrosive and easy for operation.
5, Not block the pipes over long-time usuage.



ADVANTAGES OF POLYALUMINIUM CHLORIDE YELLOW:
1. Polyaluminium Chloride Yellow's purifying effect on low-temperature, low-turbidity and heavily organic-polluted raw water is much better than other organic flocculant, furthermore, the treatment cost is lowered by 20%-80%.

2. Polyaluminium Chloride Yellow can lead to quick formation of flocculant (especially at low temperature) with big size and rapid precipitation service life of cellular filter of sedimentation basin.

3. Polyaluminium Chloride Yellow can adapt to a wide range of pH value (5−9), and can reduce the pH value and basicity after processing.

4. The dosage of Polyaluminium Chloride Yellow is smaller than that of other flocculant.
Polyaluminium Chloride Yellow has wide adaptability to the waters at different temperatures and at different regions.

5. Polyaluminium Chloride Yellow has higher basicity, lower corrosive, easy for operation, and long-term use of non-occlusion.



PROPERTIES OF POLYALUMINIUM CHLORIDE YELLOW:
1. Polyaluminium Chloride Yellow's dosage lower than aluminum sulfate (based on Al2O3) and water treatment cost is lower than other inorganic flocculants.
2. Polyaluminium Chloride Yellow can cause quick formation of flocs, big flocs formation and rapid precipitation.
Polyaluminium Chloride Yellow's treatment capacity is 1.3-3.0 times of other inorganic flocculants.
3. Polyaluminium Chloride Yellow enjoys wide-range adaptability for different-temperature source water and a good solubility.
4. Polyaluminium Chloride Yellow is slightly corrosive and easy for operation.
5. Polyaluminium Chloride Yellow is suitable for automatic dosing.
Furthermore, Polyaluminium Chloride Yellow will not block pipes over long-time usage.



FEATURES OF POLYALUMINIUM CHLORIDE YELLOW:
1) Spray dry type, lower water insolubles
2) Used for drinking water treatment and wastewater treatment
3) Appearance: Light yellow powder
4) Al2O3: 30% (min. )
5) Basicity: 50.0% ~ 90.0%
6) Insolubles: 1.0% (max. )
7) pH (1% water solution): 3.5 ~ 5.0
8) SO42-: 3.5% (max. )



APPLICATION METHOD OF POLYALUMINIUM CHLORIDE YELLOW:
The user can designate remedy concentration by test and figure out the optimum dose according to the various to be added after they are dissolved and diluted.
The dilution ratio of liquid products is 5-50%, and the dilution ratio of strong items is 2-20%.
Polyaluminium Chloride Yellow dosage is 3-40kg/ 1000 lots of water, and the strong item dosage is 1-15kg/ 1000 heaps of water.
The amount of particular dosing is based on coagulation tests and experiments.



ADVANTAGES OF POLYALUMINIUM CHLORIDE YELLOW:
*Flocculation ability, high adsorption activity, floc formation and deposition of fast
*Without alkali and other additives, PH broad in scope, ease of use; for low-temperature, low turbidity, low alkalinity of the raw water is also good flocculation
*Polyaluminium Chloride Yellow is easily to use and good effective
*Better purifying effect than other organic flocculant in low-temperature, low-turbidity and heavy organic-polluted raw water with lower cost by 20%-80%.
*Faster formation of flocculant (especially at low temperature) with big size and rapid precipitation service life of cellular filter of sedimentation basin.
*Polyaluminium Chloride Yellow can adapt to a wide range of pH value, and reduce the pH value and basicity after processing.
*Smaller dosage than that of other flocculant.
Polyaluminium Chloride Yellow has wide adaptability to the waters at different temperatures different regions.
*Higher basicity, lower corrosion, easier for operation, and long-term use of non-occlusion.



BENEFITS OF POLYALUMINIUM CHLORIDE YELLOW:
Polyaluminium Chloride Yellow's purifying effect on low-temperature, low-turbidity and greatly organic-polluted raw water are better than other organic flocculants, additionally, the treatment cost is reduced by 20% -80%.
Polyaluminium Chloride Yellow can cause the fast development of floc (especially at low temperature levels) with big size and quick rainfall life span of cellular filter of the sedimentation basin.



DOSAGE OF POLYALUMINIUM CHLORIDE YELLOW:
The dosage is smaller than that of other flocculants, which is much better for improving the quality of treated water.
Polyaluminium Chloride Yellow has wide-range adaptability to the waters at different temperatures (in the winter and the summer) and at different areas (in the south and the north of China).
Polyaluminium Chloride Yellow is appropriate for automated dosing devices of alum.
Polyaluminium Chloride Yellow can adjust to a wide variety of pH values (5 − 9) and can decrease the pH value and basicity after processing.



PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of POLYALUMINIUM CHLORIDE YELLOW:
PSA: 20.23000
XLogP3: 0.62520
Appearance: often supplied as a suspension or solution in water
Color: Yellow
Appearance: White Powder, Yellow Powder
Type: Water Treatment Chemical
Name: Poly Aluminium Chloride
Grade: Industry Grade, Drinking Water Treatment
Usage: Water Treatment Chemical
HS Code: 2827320000
Other Name: Polyaluminum Chloride
Cas. No.: 1327-41-9
EINECS No.: 215-477-2
Type: Flocculant Water Treatment Chemical
Color: Yellow
H.S: 3824999990
PH Value: 3.5-5.0
Usage: Paper Chemicas And Drinking Water And Industrial Water
MF: Al2Cln（OH)6-n
Appearance: Yellow powder
Application: Water treatment
Al2O3 content: 30%
Water soluble: Easily soluble in water
EINECS No.: 215-477-2
CAS No.: 1327-41-9



FIRST AID MEASURES of POLYALUMINIUM CHLORIDE YELLOW:
-Description of first-aid measures:
*If inhaled:
If breathed in, move person into fresh air.
*In case of skin contact:
Wash off with soap and plenty of water.
*In case of eye contact:
Flush eyes with water as a precaution.
*If swallowed:
Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person. Rinse mouth with water.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed:
No data available



ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of POLYALUMINIUM CHLORIDE YELLOW:
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.



FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of POLYALUMINIUM CHLORIDE YELLOW:
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.
-Further information:
No data available



EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of POLYALUMINIUM CHLORIDE YELLOW:
-Control parameters:
--Ingredients with workplace control parameters:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use equipment for eye protection.
*Skin protection:
Handle with gloves.
Wash and dry hands.
*Body Protection:
Impervious clothing
*Respiratory protection:
Respiratory protection not required.
-Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.



HANDLING and STORAGE of POLYALUMINIUM CHLORIDE YELLOW:
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
*Storage conditions:
Store in cool place.
Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place.



STABILITY and REACTIVITY of POLYALUMINIUM CHLORIDE YELLOW:
-Reactivity:
No data available
-Chemical stability:
Stable under recommended storage conditions.
-Possibility of hazardous reactions:
No data available
-Conditions to avoid:
No data available

SYNONYMS Polyaluminum chlorohydrate; PAC; Polyaluminum hydroxychloride; Cas no: 1327-41-9

POLYAMINOPROPYL BIGUANIDE, N° CAS : 32289-58-0 [1]/27083-27-8 [2]/28757-47-3 [3]/ 133029-32-0 [4].. Origine(s) : Synthétique. Nom INCI : POLYAMINOPROPYL BIGUANIDE, Nom chimique : Poly(hexamethylenebiguanide) hydrochloride [1];poly(iminoimidocarbonyl)iminohexamethylene hydrochloride [2];Poly(iminocarbonimidoyliminocarbonimidoylimino-1,6-hexanediyl) [3];- [4]. N° EINECS/ELINCS : 608-723-9 [1]/608-042-7 [2]/923-111-4 [3]/- [4]. Classification : Règlementé, Conservateur. La polyaminopropyl biguamide ou PHMB est un conservateur utilisé dans les produits cosmétiques liquides. Sa nature douce le rend idéal pour les produits sans rinçage comme les produits de soin des cheveux, les crèmes pour la peau, les lotions pour la peau, les produits pour bébé et les lingettes humides.Restriction en Europe : La concentration maximale autorisée dans les préparations cosmétiques prêtes à l'emploi est de 0,3 %..Ses fonctions (INCI). Conservateur : Inhibe le développement des micro-organismes dans les produits cosmétiques.

POLYAMINOPROPYL BIGUANIDE POLYAMINOPROPYL BIGUANIDE POLYAMINOPROPYL BIGUANIDE is classified as : Preservative CAS Number 32289-58-0 / 70170-61-5 / 133029-32-0 / 28757-47-3 Restriction (applies to EU only): VI/28 COSING REF No: 36692 Chem/IUPAC Name: Homopolymer of N-(3-Aminopropyl)-Imidodicarbonimidic Diamide Polyaminopropyl biguanide Polyaminopropyl biguanide Polyaminopropyl biguanide.svg Names Other names Polyamine-propyl-biguanidine Identifiers CAS Number 133029-32-0 check Abbreviations Polyaminopropyl biguanide ChemSpider none ECHA InfoCard 100.118.649 UNII DT9D8Z79ET check Properties Chemical formula (C5H11N5)n Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa). ☒ verify (what is check☒ ?) Infobox references Polyaminopropyl biguanide is a disinfectant and a preservative used for disinfection on skin and in cleaning solutions for contact lenses. It is also an ingredient in many deodorant bodysprays.[citation needed] It is a polymer or oligomer where biguanide functional groups are connected by hexyl hydrocarbon chains, with varying chain lengths.[citation needed] Polyaminopropyl biguanide is specifically bactericidal at very low concentrations (10 mg/l) and is also fungicidal.[citation needed] APBBiocidal activity It has a unique method of action: the polymer strands are incorporated into the bacterial cell membrane, which disrupts the membrane and reduces its permeability, which has a lethal effect to bacteria. It is also known to bind to bacterial DNA, alter its transcription, and cause lethal DNA damage.[1] Disinfectant Polyaminopropyl biguanide solutions are sold for use as a general disinfectant solution to be applied onto skin. As it is not cytotoxic, it can be applied directly into wounds.[2] It is also not irritating like more traditional disinfectants such as alcohols (ethanol, isopropanol) and oxidizers (iodine). Contact lens solution A contact lens solution containing polyaminopropyl biguanide in combination with a borate buffer has been patented.[3] The solution is disinfecting and preservative and has a broad spectrum of bactericidal and fungicidal activity at low concentrations coupled with very low toxicity when used with soft-type contact lenses. POLYAMINOPROPYL BIGUANIDE (Polyaminopropyl biguanide) What is Polyaminopropyl biguanide? “Polyaminopropyl biguanide (Polyaminopropyl biguanide), with the chemical formula (C5H11N5)n, is a polymer or oligomer where biguanide functional groups are connected by hexyl hydrocarbon chains, with varying chain lengths.” What are the effects? This ingredient belongs to the groups: Organ system toxicants Environmental hazards Carcinogens Irritants and allergens Read the facts Polyaminopropyl biguanide is a CMR substance, meaning it’s classified as carcinogenic, mutagenic or toxic for reproduction (CRM). The European Chemicals Agency (ECHA) classifies polyaminopropyl biguanide (Polyaminopropyl biguanide) as “fatal if inhaled, causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure, is very toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects, is harmful if swallowed, causes serious eye damage, is suspected of causing cancer and may cause an allergic skin reaction.” How is it used? Polyaminopropyl biguanide (Polyaminopropyl biguanide) is being used as a preservative to prevent the growth of harmful bacteria and mould in many cosmetic⋆ and household products. Polyaminopropyl biguanide can for example be found in sanitary napkins, creams, and after-shave balms. Polyaminopropyl biguanide is banned for use in cosmetic products in the EU since January 2015 but the substance can still sometimes be found in products, even from major brands, according to the Danish Consumer Council THINK Chemicals. This is because industry associations, led by Cosmetics Europe, lobbied that the current law should be re-interpreted to allow low doses of Polyaminopropyl biguanide in products. Doses of 0.1 percent Polyaminopropyl biguanide is now allowed in certain products, but as the exact dose do not have to be written on the ingredients list, it is uncertain to know just how much is in a product. When it comes to skin care and makeup, many of us probably have a list of ingredients we would never put on our faces — some lists longer than others. But one ingredient with some heavily skewed opinions is polyaminopropyl biguanide, also known as Polyaminopropyl biguanide or Polyaminopropyl biguanide. But what is Polyaminopropyl biguanide and is it bad for you? The ingredient is used in some pretty popular products in the USA but is actually banned from use in cosmetics in other countries. So what gives? To find out a little more about this controversial ingredient and whether you should avoid it, I emailed with a few experts. Rachel Winard, founder of Soapwalla; Holly McWhorter, co-founder of PLANT Apothecary; and Dr. Clarissa Shetler and Christine Falsetti, PhD, founders of C2 California Clean, all let me in on what Polyaminopropyl biguanide is commonly used for along with some other useful information about the ingredient so you can make a more educated decision whether to use beauty products containing it. According to Winard, Polyaminopropyl biguanide is a "synthetic polymer that is used as a broad-spectrum preservative and antimicrobial agent in skin care." Drs. Shetler and Falsetti add that it can be found in many personal-care products "including skin care, cosmetics, eye-care solutions, wound care, and surgery care." Even though Polyaminopropyl biguanide has proven antibacterial properties, it has also been shown to be harmful. McWhorter explains: "There's evidence based on results of studies on humans and animals that [Polyaminopropyl biguanide] is carcinogenic (causing cancer), mutagenic (causing gene mutation), and toxic. It's suspected primarily of affecting the reproductive system." Yikes. The Scientific Committee on Consumer Safety (SCCS) has also concluded that Polyaminopropyl biguanide is not safe when used as a preservative in a concentration higher than 0.3-percent in cosmetic products, say Drs. Shetler and Falsetti. And according to McWhorter, in the EU, Polyaminopropyl biguanide was banned in personal-care products after being labeled a Category 2 Carcinogenic Agent in 2015. Not everyone seems to agree on the dangers of this preservative though. Polyaminopropyl biguanide use in personal-care products is legal in the USA, and according to Drs. Shetler and Falsetti, "There are still many debates on the safety profile of the ingredient and some companies will still insist the ingredient is safe." So even though you can still find this ingredient on the shelves in US stores, if you're worried about using products with Polyaminopropyl biguanide, check out this list of products known to include the ingredient, and always read product labels to be sure whether Polyaminopropyl biguanide (although it may also be listed as polyaminopropyl biguanide or Polyaminopropyl biguanide) is included. PAPB is an aqueous-based cationic preservative, active against spoilage bacteria and is compatible with a wide range of aqueous based cosmetics and personal care formulations. Its gentle nature makes it ideal for both rinse-off and leave-on applications like shampoo (with cationic, nonionic or amphoteric surfactants), hair care products, skin creams, skin lotions, baby products, and wet wipes. When mildness is an important feature for your product, PAPB's gentle and protective nature could make it your solution. Molecular Formula of Polyaminopropyl biguanide (C8H17N5)n Ph Level of Polyaminopropyl biguanide 4~5 Taste of Polyaminopropyl biguanide Bitter Purity of Polyaminopropyl biguanide 20% Ingredients of Polyaminopropyl biguanide PAPB Properties of Polyaminopropyl biguanide PAPB (Polyaminopropyl biguanide) is a water-soluble cationic disinfectant with wide clinical, household, and industrial applications Shelf Life of Polyaminopropyl biguanide 2 Years Storage of Polyaminopropyl biguanide Room Temperature Structural Formula of Polyaminopropyl biguanide (C8H17N5)n Grade of Polyaminopropyl biguanide TECHNICAL Product Type of Polyaminopropyl biguanide PAPB Application of Polyaminopropyl biguanide Pharmaceutical Physical Form of Polyaminopropyl biguanide Liquid Appearance of Polyaminopropyl biguanide WATER WHITE Polyaminopropyl biguanide,is Available in colorless to pale yellow form, Polyaminopropyl biguanide, PAPB is accessible in liquid form. Polyaminopropyl biguanide,tastes bitter and its purity level is 20%. Polyaminopropyl biguanide,can be stored for 24 months. Polyaminopropyl biguanide,disinfecting chemical is water soluble and it is cationic by nature. Polyaminopropyl biguanide,is suitable for household, industrial and clinical application purpose. Ph level of Polyaminopropyl biguanide, liquid substance ranges between 4 to 5. Polyaminopropyl biguanide, PAPB has been formulated under controlled temperature to preserve anti bacterial properties of Polyaminopropyl biguanide. Standard of Polyaminopropyl biguanide,liquid has been verified on the basis of composition of Polyaminopropyl biguanide,, formulation method, effectiveness, shelf life, ph value, possible toxin content, etc. ppearance: white powder; colorless liquid; colorless translucent crystals Assay of Polyaminopropyl biguanide,: 95%;98%;20%; 25%;50% Polyaminopropyl biguanide can be used as disinfectant, antibacterial, bactericide, mildew-proof, algae-inhibitor, flocculant ,etc. Polyaminopropyl biguanide is widely used in health care, Polyaminopropyl biguanide is widely used in chemicals, Polyaminopropyl biguanide is widely used in textiles, Polyaminopropyl biguanide is widely used in paper, Polyaminopropyl biguanide is widely used in wipes,Polyaminopropyl biguanide is widely used in livestock, aquaculture, Polyaminopropyl biguanide is widely used in fisheries, plastics, Polyaminopropyl biguanide is widely used in agriculture, Polyaminopropyl biguanide is widely used in water treatment and Polyaminopropyl biguanide is widely used in other fields. Polyaminopropyl biguanide containing Polyaminopropyl biguanide are used for inter-operative irrigation, Polyaminopropyl biguanide are used for pre- and Polyaminopropyl biguanide are used for post-surgery skin and Polyaminopropyl biguanide are used for mucous membrane Polyaminopropyl biguanide are used for disinfection, Polyaminopropyl biguanide are used for post-operative dressings, Polyaminopropyl biguanide are used for surgical and Polyaminopropyl biguanide are used for non-surgical wound dressings, Polyaminopropyl biguanide are used for surgical bath/hydrotherapy,Polyaminopropyl biguanide are used for chronic wounds like diabetic foot ulcer and burn wound management, Polyaminopropyl biguanide are used for routine antisepsis during minor incisions, Polyaminopropyl biguanide are used for catheterization, scopy, first aid, surface disinfection, and linen disinfection. Polyaminopropyl biguanide eye drops have been used as a treatment for eyes affected by Acanthamoeba keratitis. Branded as Baquacil, Polyaminopropyl biguanide also has an application as a swimming-pool and spa water sanitizer in place of chlorine- or bromine-based products. Polyaminopropyl biguanide is available as Baqua-Spa 3 sanitize, as Revacil Spa 3 sanitizer, and in the Polyaminopropyl biguanide Leisure Time Free system.Polyaminopropyl biguanide is also used as an ingredient in some contact lens cleaning products, cosmetics, personal deodorants and some veterinary products. Polyaminopropyl biguanide is also used to treat clothing (Purista), purportedly to prevent the development of unpleasant odors. The Polyaminopropyl biguanide hydrochloride salt (solution) is used in the majority of formulations. Polyaminopropyl biguanide a related biguanide disinfectant. Polyaminopropyl biguanide (is an antiseptic with antiviral and antibacterial properties used in a variety of products including wound care dressings, contact lens cleaning solutions, perioperative cleansing products, and swimming pool cleaners. Polyaminopropyl biguanide is an antiseptic with antiviral and antibacterial properties used in several ways including wound care dressings, contact lens cleaning solutions, perioperative cleansing products, and swimming pool cleaners. Polyaminopropyl biguanide is also known as polyhexanide and polyaminopropyl biguanide, polymeric biguanide hydrochloride; polyhexanide biguanide. Polyaminopropyl biguanide is a commonly applied antiseptic, Polyaminopropyl biguanide often used as a preservative in cosmetics and Polyaminopropyl biguanide often used as a in personal care products. The antimicrobial efficacy has been demonstrated on Acanthamoeba polyphaga, A castellanii, and A hatchetti (Hughes et al., 2003; Wright et al., 2003; Burgers et al., 1994; Hiti et al., 2002). In vivo studies have also demonstrated that a miltefosine–Polyaminopropyl biguanide combination is highly effective for the treatment of Acanthamoeba keratitis (Polat et al., 2013). Polyaminopropyl biguanide retains its activity in hard water and does not cause surface streaks or tackiness (Broxton et al., 1984b; Ikeda et al., 1984). Consistent with previous studies, a Polyaminopropyl biguanide mouthrinse was shown to inhibit plaque re-growth and reduced oral bacterial counts, indicating that Polyaminopropyl biguanide could be an alternative to established mouth rinses in preventive applications (Welk et al., 2005). Recreational water maintained and sanitized with Polyaminopropyl biguanide is however assumed to serve as a medium for transmission of ocular adenovirus infections, mainly because at a concentration of 50 ppm, Polyaminopropyl biguanide was not virucidal against adenovirus at temperatures consistent with swimming pools or hot tubs (Romanowski et al., 2013). Previous studies have shown increased frequency of sensitization to 0.5% and 0.4% PAPB in unselected dermatitis patients (Schnuch et al., 2007). Polyaminopropyl biguanide proved also toxic to keratocytes (Lee et al., 2007) and was shown to have acute toxic effects in human cells where it caused severe inflammation, atherogenesis, and aging. Moreover, Polyaminopropyl biguanide produced embryo toxicity and heart failure in zebrafish (Kim et al., 2013). Two equivalent CAS number of Polyaminopropyl biguanide can be allocated depending on how the polymer is described. CAS-No 27083-27-8 expresses the Polyaminopropyl biguanide in terms of its starting monomers (N,N’’’-1,6- hexanediylbis(N’-cyanoguanidine) and 1,6-hexanediamine). CAS-No 32289-58-0 expresses the Polyaminopropyl biguanide as the resultant polymer. Polyaminopropyl biguanide (PAPB) is an antiseptic with antiviral and antibacterial properties used in several ways including wound care dressings, contact lens cleaning solutions, perioperative cleansing products, and swimming pool cleaners. Polyaminopropyl biguanide (PAPB) is not safe for consumers when used as a preservative in all cosmetic products up to the maximum concentration of 0.3%. The safe Polyaminopropyl biguanide use could be based on a lower use concentration and/or restrictions with regard to cosmetic products' categories Polyaminopropyl biguanide hydrochloride (PAPB) (CAS 32289-58-0 / 27083-27-8 / 28757- 47-3 / 133029-32-0) with INCI name Polyaminopropyl Biguanide, is currently listed in Annex V (entry 28) of the Regulation (EC) No. 1223/20091 (Cosmetics Regulation) as preservative to be used in all cosmetic products up to a maximum concentration of 0.3%. Polyaminopropyl biguanide is classified as CMR 2 (Carc. 2) according to the Commission Regulation (EU) No. 944/20132 of 2 October 2013 amending for the purposes of Polyaminopropyl biguanide adaptation to technical and scientific progress the Regulation (EC) No. 1272/20083 . The classification applies from 1st January 2015 and according to Art. 15 (1) of the Cosmetics Regulation, Polyaminopropyl biguanide is considered prohibited as cosmetic ingredient from 1st January 2015. However, Polyaminopropyl biguanide Art. 15 (1) of the Cosmetics Regulation states that ‘a substance classified in category 2 may be used in cosmetic products where the substance has been evaluated by the SCCS and found safe for use in cosmetic products. To these ends the Commission shall adopt the necessary measures in accordance with the regulatory procedure with scrutiny referred to in Article 32(3) of this Regulation'. The SCCS published an opinion on the safety of Polyaminopropyl biguanide in June 2014 successively revised in July 2015 (SCCS/1535/14)4 in which they concluded that: " Polyaminopropyl biguanide is not safe for consumers when used as a preservative in all cosmetic products up to the maximum concentration of 0.3%. The safe Polyaminopropyl biguanide use could be based on a lower use concentration and/or restrictions with regard to cosmetic products' categories. Dermal absorption studies on additional representative cosmetic formulations are needed. On the basis of the data available, Polyaminopropyl biguanide the SCCS concludes that Polyaminopropyl biguanide is not safe for consumers when used as a preservative in cosmetic spray formulations up to concentration of 0.3%. Polyaminopropyl biguanide is used in a variety of applications other than cosmetics. General exposure data from sources others than cosmetics should be submitted for the assessment of the aggregate exposure of Polyaminopropyl biguanide. The stability of Polyaminopropyl biguanide in deionised water has been established for at least 6 weeks. Polyaminopropyl biguanide was stated that nominal concentrations (expressed as Vantocil, i.e. 20 % Polyaminopropyl biguanide) of 0.1, 35 and 80 mg/ml would be stable for the duration of the test. Stability analysis revealed that Polyaminopropyl biguanide over a concentration range of 0.02 to 7.0 mg/l was stable in drinking water for a period of 7 days. PAPB is supported under the Biocides Regulation No 528/2012, which distinguishes 22 product types (PT) Directive 98/8/EC for uses as a disinfectant. Polyaminopropyl biguanide is used as a preservative and as an antimicrobial agent. As a preservative, PAPB is used in cosmetics, personal care products, fabric softeners, contact lens solutions, hand washes, and more. In cosmetics, Polyaminopropyl biguanide is used as a broad spectrum preservative. Polyaminopropyl biguanide is freely water soluble and therefore widely used in water-based products which are most susceptible to microorganism growth. Polyaminopropyl biguanide has an excellent activity against a wide range of Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria, fungi and yeasts and is particularly effective against microorganisms such as Pseudomanas species, which are difficult to control. Polyaminopropyl biguanide is also used to preserve wet wipes; to control odour in textiles; to prevent microbial contamination in wound irrigation and sterile dressings; to disinfect medical/dental utensil and SCCS/1581/16 Final Opinion on Polyaminopropyl biguanide Submission III 13 trays, farm equipment, animal drinking water, and hard surfaces for food handling institutions and hospitals; and to deodorize vacuums and toilets. Polyaminopropyl biguanide is used in antimicrobial hand washes and Polyaminopropyl biguanide is used in rubs and Polyaminopropyl biguanide is used in air filter treatments as an alternative to ozone. Polyaminopropyl biguanide is also used as an active ingredient for recreational water treatment, as a chlorine-free polymeric sanitizer, which is effective against a wide variety of microorganisms. Further reported uses of Polyaminopropyl biguanide are purification of swimming pool water, beer glass sanitisation, solid surface disinfection in breweries and short-term preservation of hides and skins. Polyaminopropyl biguanide also known as PAPB, polyhexanide or polihexanide, is a highly water soluble and hydrolytically stable polymeric material. The presence of multiple hydrogen bond and chelation sites within Polyaminopropyl biguanide renders Polyaminopropyl biguanide of potential interest in the field of supramolecular chemistry.Polyaminopropyl biguanide,is Available in colorless to pale yellow form, Polyaminopropyl biguanide, PAPB is accessible in liquid form. Polyaminopropyl biguanide,tastes bitter and its purity level is 20%. Polyaminopropyl biguanide,can be stored for 24 months. Polyaminopropyl biguanide,disinfecting chemical is water soluble and it is cationic by nature. Polyaminopropyl biguanide,is suitable for household, industrial and clinical application purpose. Ph level of Polyaminopropyl biguanide, liquid substance ranges between 4 to 5. Polyaminopropyl biguanide, PAPB has been formulated under controlled temperature to preserve anti bacterial properties of Polyaminopropyl biguanide. Standard of Polyaminopropyl biguanide,liquid has been verified on the basis of composition of Polyaminopropyl biguanide,, formulation method, effectiveness, shelf life, ph value, possible toxin content, etc. ppearance: white powder; colorless liquid; colorless translucent crystals Assay of Polyaminopropyl biguanide,: 95%;98%;20%; 25%;50% Polyaminopropyl biguanide can be used as disinfectant, antibacterial, bactericide, mildew-proof, algae-inhibitor, flocculant ,etc. Polyaminopropyl biguanide is widely used in health care, Polyaminopropyl biguanide is widely used in chemicals, Polyaminopropyl biguanide is widely used in textiles, Polyaminopropyl biguanide is widely used in paper, Polyaminopropyl biguanide is widely used in wipes,Polyaminopropyl biguanide is widely used in livestock, aquaculture, Polyaminopropyl biguanide is widely used in fisheries, plastics, Polyaminopropyl biguanide is widely used in agriculture, Polyaminopropyl biguanide is widely used in water treatment and Polyaminopropyl biguanide is widely used in other fields. Polyaminopropyl biguanide can be used directly after dilution with purified water or with other additive agent compound. Reference amount 1:125~1:1000 (w/w). Since Polyaminopropyl biguanide in different areas of application, the product dosage are quite different, Polyaminopropyl biguanide is recommended to use under the guidance of our professional and technical persons. Polyhexanide (Polyaminopropyl biguanide, PAPB) is a polymer used as a disinfectant and antiseptic. In dermatological use, Polyaminopropyl biguanide is spelled polihexanide (INN) and sold under names such as Lavasept, Serasept, Prontosan and Omnicide. Polyaminopropyl biguanide has been shown to be effective against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus (also the methicillin-resistant type, MRSA), Escherichia coli, Candida albicans (yeast), Aspergillus brasiliensis (mold), vancomycin-resistant enterococci, and Klebsiella pneumoniae (carbapenem-resistant enterobacteriaceae). Polyaminopropyl biguanide containing Polyaminopropyl biguanide are used for inter-operative irrigation, Polyaminopropyl biguanide are used for pre- and Polyaminopropyl biguanide are used for post-surgery skin and Polyaminopropyl biguanide are used for mucous membrane Polyaminopropyl biguanide are used for disinfection, Polyaminopropyl biguanide are used for post-operative dressings, Polyaminopropyl biguanide are used for surgical and Polyaminopropyl biguanide are used for non-surgical wound dressings, Polyaminopropyl biguanide are used for surgical bath/hydrotherapy,Polyaminopropyl biguanide are used for chronic wounds like diabetic foot ulcer and burn wound management, Polyaminopropyl biguanide are used for routine antisepsis during minor incisions, Polyaminopropyl biguanide are used for catheterization, scopy, first aid, surface disinfection, and linen disinfection. Polyaminopropyl biguanide eye drops have been used as a treatment for eyes affected by Acanthamoeba keratitis. Branded as Baquacil, Polyaminopropyl biguanide also has an application as a swimming-pool and spa water sanitizer in place of chlorine- or bromine-based products. Polyaminopropyl biguanide is available as Baqua-Spa 3 sanitize, as Revacil Spa 3 sanitizer, and in the Polyaminopropyl biguanide Leisure Time Free system.Polyaminopropyl biguanide is also used as an ingredient in some contact lens cleaning products, cosmetics, personal deodorants and some veterinary products. Polyaminopropyl biguanide is also used to treat clothing (Purista), purportedly to prevent the development of unpleasant odors. The Polyaminopropyl biguanide hydrochloride salt (solution) is used in the majority of formulations. Polyaminopropyl biguanide a related biguanide disinfectant. Polyaminopropyl biguanide (is an antiseptic with antiviral and antibacterial properties used in a variety of products including wound care dressings, contact lens cleaning solutions, perioperative cleansing products, and swimming pool cleaners. Polyaminopropyl biguanide is an antiseptic with antiviral and antibacterial properties used in several ways including wound care dressings, contact lens cleaning solutions, perioperative cleansing products, and swimming pool cleaners. Polyaminopropyl biguanide is also known as polyhexanide and polyaminopropyl biguanide, polymeric biguanide hydrochloride; polyhexanide biguanide. Polyaminopropyl biguanide is a commonly applied antiseptic, Polyaminopropyl biguanide often used as a preservative in cosmetics and Polyaminopropyl biguanide often used as a in personal care products. Polyaminopropyl biguanide shows activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and is widely used across several sectors, typically as the hydrochloride salt, in a variety of disinfectant solutions and antiseptics.Polyaminopropyl biguanide is available also as a solid. Polyaminopropyl biguanide hydrochloride (PAPB) is a chemical biocide which is a polymer utilized in a wide variety of antimicrobial applications. This review provides a comprehensive literature of Polyaminopropyl biguanide features from synthesis methods,mode of action, antimicrobial effects and safety considerations to both humans and environments. Effectiveness against cellular organisms is due to the basic biguanide group attached to a flexible spacer, a hexamethylene group. Polyaminopropyl biguanide is a disinfectant with a broad spectrum of inducing cell death by disrupting cell membrane integrity. Polyaminopropyl biguanide is an environmentally friendly product noncorrosive and nontoxic to both humans and animals. Polyaminopropyl biguanide is used as a preservative in cosmetics, personal care products, fabric softeners, contact lens solutions, hand washes, and more. In cosmetics, Polyaminopropyl biguanide the preservation of fruit and vegetables. Polyaminopropyl biguanide is also used to preserve wet wipes; Polyaminopropyl biguanide is also used to control odor in textiles;Polyaminopropyl biguanide is also used to prevent microbial contamination in wound irrigation and sterile dressings; to Polyaminopropyl biguanide is also used disinfect medical/dental utensil and trays, Polyaminopropyl biguanide is also used farm equipment, Polyaminopropyl biguanide is also used animal drinking water, and hard surfaces for food handling institutions and hospitals; and to Polyaminopropyl biguanide is also used deodorize vacuums and toilets. Polyaminopropyl biguanide can work at low concentrations with very fast action with a broad spectrum of action in addition of Polyaminopropyl biguanide wide acceptance and exploitation for potential multi-purpose functional use. Polyaminopropyl biguanide will be promising for advanced environmental treatments including food disinfection, Polyaminopropyl biguanide will be promising for water disinfection, Polyaminopropyl biguanide will be promising for surface disinfection, and meet the criteria for an ideal antimicrobial agent. Disinfecting agent is a substances used to control, prevent, or destroy harmful microorganisms (i.e., bacteria, viruses, or fungi) on inanimate objects and surfaces. Polyaminopropyl biguanide destroys or irreversibly inactivates most pathogenic microorganisms (Ewart,2001; EPA, 2004; Quinn and Markey, 2001; Kennedy et al., 2000). Chemical disinfectants were used scientifically around 150 years ago, but empiric practices can be found in ancient times . Since then several new biocides have been introduced and a significant amount of research on their activity against microorganisms has been performed. Biguanidines are an interesting class of compounds with many known or potential applications. It is bacteriostatic at lower concentrations, inhibiting membrane enzymes and promoting leakage of cellular constituents. Polyaminopropyl biguanide hydrochloride is a chemical biocide and a member of the polymeric guanidine family is used as a disinfectant and antiseptic and general disinfecting agents in the food industry and, very successfully, for the disinfection of swimming pools. Polyaminopropyl biguanide used biocide has been reviewed by US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and noted, with the exception of occupational users, as having very low aggregate risk of adverse health effects to the public or environment(EPA, 2005). Polyaminopropyl biguanide binds to the negatively charged phosphate head groups of phospholipids at bacteria cell wall, causing increased rigidity, sinking nonpolar British Journal of Environmental Sciences Vol.4, No.1, pp.49-55, February 2016 ___Published by European Centre for Research Training and Development UK (www.eajournals.org) 50 ISSN 2055-0219(Print), ISSN 2055-0227(online) segments into hydrophobic domains, disrupting the membrane with subsequent cytoplas- mic shedding culminating in cell death (Kaehn, 2010). There have been no reported instances of bacteria acquiring resistance to Polyaminopropyl biguanide . Polyaminopropyl biguanide is well tolerated when used topically on skin, eyes, the ciliated epithelium of the nose, and wounds (Kaehn, 2010; Kramer et al., 2004; Dissemond et al., 2009; Kramer et al., 2008). The market for Polyaminopropyl biguanide -containing products, which now includes liquids, gels and antimicrobial dressings, is expanding rapidly. This article outlines the evidence on the antimicrobial properties of Polyaminopropyl biguanide. PAPB was firstly synthesized by Rose and Swain (1954). Polyaminopropyl biguanide is a cationic biguanide polymer which is utilized in a wide variety of antibacterial applications (O’Malley et al., 2007). Several methods have been devised in order to prepare Polyaminopropyl biguanide. For instance, one of the current methods is to obtain Polyaminopropyl biguanide by polycondensation of sodium dicyanamide and hexamethylenediamine in two steps (de Paula et al., 2011). Preparations of Polyaminopropyl biguanide are polydisperse mixtures of polymeric biguanides, with a weighted average number (n) of 12 repeating hexamethylene biguanide units. The heterogeneity of the molecule is increased further by the presence of either amine, or cyanoguanidine or guanidine end-groups in any combination at the terminal positions of each chain. Equal amounts (in molar) of hexamethylenediamine and guanidine hydrochloride to be mixed in a round-bottomed three-necked flask, which is equipped with a mechanical stirrer and vacuum system. The mixture reacts at 100 °C for 60 min, and then at 170 °C for a certain time. During the reaction, by-product ammonia is neutralized by bubbling through aqueous HCl. At the end of reaction, the slightly yellow, viscous liquid solidifies upon cooling giving Polyaminopropyl biguanide samples (Wei et al., 2009). PHMG is a new generation of disinfectant with a wide scope of applications in agriculture and food processing plants, logistics, kitchens, transport vehicles.

Polyaminopropyl Biguanide (PHMB) consists of propyl biguanide units.
Polyaminopropyl Biguanide (PHMB) comes as a solid powder/liquid.


CAS Number: 32289-58-0 / 70170-61-5 / 133029-32-0 / 28757-47-3
Chem/IUPAC Name: Homopolymer of N-(3-Aminopropyl)-Imidodicarbonimidic Diamide
Chemical formula: (C5H11N5)n



SYNONYMS:
Polyamine-propyl-biguanidine, Polyaminopropyl Biguanide, Polyhexamethylene biguanide hydrochloride (PHMB HCl), Polyaminopropyl Biguanide, Polyhexanide, Polyhexamethylenebiguanide (PHMB), IMIDODICARBONIMIDIC DIAMIDE, N-(3-AMINOPROPYL)- HOMOPOLYMER, N-(3-AMINOPROPYL)- HOMOPOLYMER IMIDODICARBONIMIDIC DIAMIDE, and POLYAMINOPROPYL BIGUANIDE,



Polyaminopropyl Biguanide (PHMB) is a broad-spectrum antimicrobial compound found in contact lens cleaning solutions, skin disinfection treatments, and wound dressings, among other things.
Polyaminopropyl Biguanide (PHMB) is an aqueous-based cationic preservative, active against spoilage bacteria and is compatible with a wide range of aqueous based cosmetics and personal care formulations.


Its gentle nature makes Polyaminopropyl Biguanide (PHMB) ideal for both rinse-off and leave-on applications like shampoo (with cationic, nonionic or amphoteric surfactants), hair care products, skin creams, skin lotions, baby products, and wet wipes.
When mildness is an important feature for your product, Polyaminopropyl Biguanide (PHMB)'s gentle and protective nature could make it your solution.


Polyaminopropyl Biguanide (PHMB), also known as PAPB or PHMB (Polyhexamethyl biguanide), is a synthetic polymer.
Polyaminopropyl Biguanide (PHMB) consists of propyl biguanide units.
Polyaminopropyl Biguanide (PHMB) comes as a solid powder/liquid (20% aqueous solution).


Polyaminopropyl Biguanide (PHMB) acts as an aqueous-based cationic preservative, active against spoilage bacteria.
Polyaminopropyl Biguanide (PHMB) is compatible with a wide range of aqueous based cosmetics and personal care formulations.
Polyaminopropyl Biguanide (PHMB) is a polymer used as a disinfectant and antiseptic.


Polyaminopropyl Biguanide (PHMB) has been shown to be effective against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Candida albicans, Aspergillus brasiliensis, enterococci, and Klebsiella pneumoniae.
Occurrence of Polyaminopropyl Biguanide (PHMB) in cosmetics: As a preservative in various cosmetic products – except for sprayable (inhalable) formulations


Polyaminopropyl Biguanide (PHMB) is a Formaldehyde free, Halogen free, Paraben free, aqueous-based cationic preservative, active against spoilage bacteria.
Polyaminopropyl Biguanide (PHMB)'s gentle nature makes it ideal for both rinse-off and leave-on applications.


Polyaminopropyl Biguanide (PHMB) is available as a 20% water solution.
olyaminopropyl Biguanide (PHMB) is an aqueous-based cationic preservative, active against spoilage bacteria and is compatible with a wide range of aqueous based cosmetics and personal care formulations.


Its gentle nature makes Polyaminopropyl Biguanide (PHMB) ideal for both rinse-off and leave-on applications like shampoo (with cationic, nonionic or amphoteric surfactants), hair care products, skin creams, skin lotions, baby products, and wet wipes.
Polyaminopropyl Biguanide (PHMB) is available as a 20% water solution.


The recommended use level of Polyaminopropyl Biguanide (PHMB) is up to 0.3% active (i.e. 1.5% of the 20%water solution).
Polyaminopropyl Biguanide (PHMB) is incompatible with anionic surfactants and soaps, should be kept at a pH below 8.0 and should not be heated above 80°C.
When mildness is an important feature for your product, Polyaminopropyl Biguanide (PHMB)’s gentle and protective nature could make it your solution.



USES and APPLICATIONS of POLYAMINOPROPYL BIGUANIDE (PHMB):
Polyaminopropyl Biguanide (PHMB) can be used in swimming pools as an alternative to chlorine, for industria water (cooling tower, …),Surface disinfecting, hospitals, algaecide for concrete surfaces, all purpose surfaces disinfectant.
Polyaminopropyl Biguanide (PHMB) is used food industry, such as mink feed preservative, beet sugar disinfectant, precleanning of fresh vegetables, cleaning solution for food contact equipment.


Leather industry use of Polyaminopropyl Biguanide (PHMB): preservation of hides and skins, Vet applications, teat dip mixtures, teat dip cloth, animal blood preservation, veterinary operations, preservative used for vet products.
Cosmetics uses of Polyaminopropyl Biguanide (PHMB): cited in the European Cosmetic directory, contact lens cleaner.


Pharmaceuticals use of Polyaminopropyl Biguanide (PHMB): wound operations disinfectant, active used in nose drop/eyes diseases treatment products.
Other applications of Polyaminopropyl Biguanide (PHMB): preservative used in the paper industry, disinfectant used in the secondary oil recovery.
Polyaminopropyl Biguanide (PHMB) is an antiseptic with antiviral and antibacterial properties used in several ways including wound care dressings, contact lens cleaning solutions, perioperative cleansing products, and swimming pool cleaners.


PHMB is also used in cleansing products such as hand sanitizers.
Polyaminopropyl Biguanide (PHMB) is used as a preservative in cosmetics, personal care products, fabric softeners, contact lens solutions, hand washes, and more.


In cosmetics, the preservation of fruit and vegetables.
Polyaminopropyl Biguanide (PHMB) is also used to preserve wet wipes; to control odor in textiles; to prevent microbial contamination in wound irrigation and sterile dressings; to disinfect medical/dental utensil and trays, farm equipment, animal drinking water, and hard surfaces for food handling institutions and hospitals; and to deodorize vacuums and toilets.


Its gentle nature makes Polyaminopropyl Biguanide (PHMB) ideal for both rinse-off and leave-on applications like shampoo (with cationic, nonionic or amphoteric surfactants), hair care products, skin creams, skin lotions, baby products and wet wipes.
Its gentle nature makes Polyaminopropyl Biguanide (PHMB) ideal for both rinse-off and leave-on applications like shampoo (with cationic, nonionic or amphoteric surfactants), hair care products, skin creams, skin lotions, baby products, and wet wipes.


Polyaminopropyl Biguanide (PHMB) is available as a 20% water solution.
The recommended use level of Polyaminopropyl Biguanide (PHMB) is up to 0.3% active (i.e. 1.5% of the 20%water solution).
Polyaminopropyl Biguanide (PHMB) is incompatible with anionic surfactants and soaps, should be kept at a pH below 8.0 and should not be heated above 80°C.


When mildness is an important feature for your product, Polyaminopropyl Biguanide (PHMB)’s gentle and protective nature could make it your solution.
The recommended use level of Polyaminopropyl Biguanide (PHMB) is up to .03% active (1.5% of the 20% water solution).
Personal Care uses of Polyaminopropyl Biguanide (PHMB): Antimicrobial used in shampoo, hair care products, skin cream, lotion and moisturizer, sunscreen and wet wipes


Products containing Polyaminopropyl Biguanide (PHMB) are used for inter-operative irrigation, pre- and post-surgery skin and mucous membrane disinfection, post-operative dressings, surgical and non-surgical wound dressings, surgical bath/hydrotherapy, chronic wounds like diabetic foot ulcer and burn wound management, routine antisepsis during minor incisions, catheterization, first aid, surface disinfection, and linen disinfection.


Polyaminopropyl Biguanide (PHMB) eye drops have been used as a treatment for eyes affected by Acanthamoeba keratitis.
Polyaminopropyl Biguanide (PHMB) is sold as a swimming pool and spa disinfectant in place of chlorine or bromine based products under the name Baquacil.


Polyaminopropyl Biguanide (PHMB) is also used as an ingredient in some contact lens cleaning products, cosmetics, personal deodorants and some veterinary products.
Polyaminopropyl Biguanide (PHMB) is also used to treat clothing (Purista), purportedly to prevent the development of unpleasant odors.


The Polyaminopropyl Biguanide (PHMB) hydrochloride salt (solution) is used in the majority of formulations.
Polyaminopropyl Biguanide (PHMB) is used as a disinfectant and antiseptic.
Cosmetics uses of Polyaminopropyl Biguanide (PHMB): Antimicrobial used in mascara, eye liner and make-up remover



USAGE AND BENEFITS OF POLYAMINOPROPYL BIGUANIDE (PHMB):
Polyaminopropyl Biguanide (PHMB) is used as a preservative in both rinse-off and leave-on cosmetic products.
Polyaminopropyl Biguanide (PHMB) is beneficial in two ways:
First, Polyaminopropyl Biguanide (PHMB) cleans and sterilizes the skin by neutralizing harmful microorganisms on the skin.

Secondly, Polyaminopropyl Biguanide (PHMB) helps preserve a product throughout its shelf life and use.
The presence of water and other organic substances such as natural extracts in a cosmetic product, as well as increased humidity in the environment, can make Polyaminopropyl Biguanide (PHMB) prone to microbial growth.

Additionally, Polyaminopropyl Biguanide (PHMB) is more likely to be contaminated by a microorganism once it has been opened and put into use.
When such a contaminated product is used on the skin/hair and the skin is not intact, Polyaminopropyl Biguanide (PHMB)'s use may become dangerous as it may cause infection in the skin where it is used.

Polyaminopropyl Biguanide (PHMB) protects the product from spoilage caused by microbial growth by inhibiting the growth of microorganisms.
Polyaminopropyl Biguanide (PHMB) is used in the formulations of hair care products, bath and cleaning products, skin and make-up products.



FUNCTIONS OF POLYAMINOPROPYL BIGUANIDE (PHMB) IN COSMETIC PRODUCTS:
*PRESERVATIVE
Polyaminopropyl Biguanide (PHMB) protects cosmetic products from microbial spoilage



WHAT DOES POLYAMINOPROPYL BIGUANIDE (PHMB) DO IN A FORMULATION?
*Preservative



PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of POLYAMINOPROPYL BIGUANIDE (PHMB):
CAS Number: 32289-58-0 / 70170-61-5 / 133029-32-0 / 28757-47-3
Chem/IUPAC Name: Homopolymer of N-(3-Aminopropyl)-Imidodicarbonimidic Diamide
Chemical formula: (C5H11N5)n



FIRST AID MEASURES of POLYAMINOPROPYL BIGUANIDE (PHMB):
-Description of first-aid measures
*General advice:
Show this material safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
*If inhaled:
After inhalation:
Fresh air.
*In case of skin contact:
Take off immediately all contaminated clothing.
Rinse skin with
water/ shower.
*In case of eye contact:
After eye contact:
Rinse out with plenty of water.
Call in ophthalmologist.
Remove contact lenses.
*If swallowed:
After swallowing:
Immediately make victim drink water (two glasses at most).
Consult a physician.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed.
No data available



ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of POLYAMINOPROPYL BIGUANIDE (PHMB):
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Cover drains.
Collect, bind, and pump off spills.
Observe possible material restrictions.
Take up dry.
Dispose of properly.
Clean up affected area.



FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of POLYAMINOPROPYL BIGUANIDE (PHMB):
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Foam
Dry powder
*Unsuitable extinguishing media:
For this substance/mixture no limitations of extinguishing agents are given.
-Further information:
Prevent fire extinguishing water from contaminating surface water or the ground water system.



EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of POLYAMINOPROPYL BIGUANIDE (PHMB):
-Control parameters:
--Ingredients with workplace control parameters:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use equipment for eye protection.
Safety glasses
*Body Protection:
protective clothing
*Respiratory protection:
Recommended Filter type: Filter A
-Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.



HANDLING and STORAGE of POLYAMINOPROPYL BIGUANIDE (PHMB):
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
*Storage conditions:
Tightly closed.
Dry.



STABILITY and REACTIVITY of POLYAMINOPROPYL BIGUANIDE (PHMB):
-Chemical stability:
The product is chemically stable under standard ambient conditions (room temperature) .
-Possibility of hazardous reactions:
No data available

PAPEMP; Polyoxypropylenediaminetetramethylenephosphonic acid CAS NO:130668-24-5

MICROCRYSTALLINE CELLULOSE 101, 102;TOTAL SUSPENDED SOLID STANDARD;abicel;arbocel;arbocelbc200;arbocellb600/30;avicel;avicel101 CAS NO: 9004-34-6

PASP; Poly-L-aspartic acid; (2S)-2-aminosuccinic acid; (2S)-2-azanylbutanedioic acid; POLYASPARTIC ACID; POLY-L-ASPARTIC ACID; Polyasparticacid(PASP); (2S)-2-aminosuccinic acid;(generic)polyasparticacid; L-ASPARTIC ACID HOMOPOLYMER; (2S)-2-azanylbutanedioic acid; Poly L-aspartic acid (M.W. 3700); Poly-L-aspartic acid, sodiuM salt USP CAS NO:25608-40-6

PASP;Sodium Salt of Polyaspartic Acid;Sodium PASP;polyaspartate;Sodium Salt of Polyaspartic Acid (PASP) CAS NO:181828-06-8 CAS NO:35608-40-6

PASP;Sodium Salt of Polyaspartic Acid;Sodium PASP;polyaspartate;Sodium Salt of Polyaspartic Acid (PASP) CAS NO:181828-06-8 CAS NO:35608-40-6

Polyaziridines are a class of crosslinking agents that are commonly used in coatings, adhesives, and other polymer applications.
They are characterized by having multiple aziridine groups (-N=C=N-) in their structure, which can react with various functional groups to form covalent bonds and crosslink the polymer chains.

CAS Number: 113824-95-2, 66361-87-3



APPLICATIONS


Polyaziridines are widely used as crosslinking agents in various applications, including:

Coatings:

Polyaziridines can be used as curing agents for epoxy and polyurethane coatings, providing improved adhesion, chemical resistance, and durability.


Adhesives:

Polyaziridines can be used as crosslinkers in solvent-based and waterborne adhesives, enhancing their bonding strength and heat resistance.


Inks:

Polyaziridines can be used as crosslinkers in printing inks to improve their adhesion to various substrates and prevent smudging and smearing.


Composites:

Polyaziridines can be used as crosslinkers in thermosetting resin systems for the production of high-performance composite materials, such as fiberglass and carbon fiber.


Textiles:

Polyaziridines can be used as crosslinkers for textile finishing agents, providing improved wrinkle resistance and durability.


Paper:

Polyaziridines can be used as crosslinkers in paper coatings to improve their water resistance and printability.


Biomedical applications:

Polyaziridines can be used as crosslinkers for biomaterials, such as hydrogels and tissue scaffolds, for use in drug delivery, tissue engineering, and other biomedical applications.


Overall, the versatility and effectiveness of polyaziridines make them valuable components in a wide range of industrial and commercial applications.


Polyaziridines can be used as crosslinkers in concrete coatings to improve their chemical and abrasion resistance.
Polyaziridines can be used as crosslinkers in powder coatings to provide improved adhesion and corrosion resistance.
Polyaziridines can be used as crosslinkers in radiation-curable coatings and inks, providing fast curing and excellent mechanical properties.

Polyaziridines can be used as crosslinkers in waterborne coatings, providing good adhesion and high film hardness.
Polyaziridines can be used as crosslinkers in epoxy resins for electronics applications, providing improved thermal stability and moisture resistance.

Polyaziridines can be used as crosslinkers in silicone sealants, improving their adhesion to various substrates.
Polyaziridines can be used as curing agents for polyester resins, providing improved chemical resistance and adhesion.

Polyaziridines can be used as crosslinkers in acrylic coatings, providing improved hardness and durability.
Polyaziridines can be used as crosslinkers in polyolefin materials, providing improved adhesion to other substrates.

Polyaziridines can be used as crosslinkers in rubber materials, providing improved strength and wear resistance.
Polyaziridines can be used as crosslinkers in 3D printing materials, providing improved mechanical properties and dimensional stability.
Polyaziridines can be used as crosslinkers in thermoplastic materials, providing improved stiffness and toughness.

Polyaziridines can be used as crosslinkers in textile printing inks, providing improved wash fastness and durability.
Polyaziridines can be used as crosslinkers in pressure-sensitive adhesives, providing improved adhesion and peel strength.

Polyaziridines can be used as crosslinkers in coatings for automotive applications, providing improved scratch resistance and weatherability.
Polyaziridines can be used as crosslinkers in ceramic materials, providing improved strength and toughness.

Polyaziridines can be used as crosslinkers in polyurethane foams, providing improved compression set and durability.
Polyaziridines can be used as crosslinkers in oil and gas well cements, providing improved strength and durability.

Polyaziridines can be used as crosslinkers in adhesion promoters, improving bonding between different materials.
Polyaziridines can be used as crosslinkers in water treatment membranes, providing improved chemical and thermal stability.

Polyaziridines can be used as crosslinkers in food packaging materials, providing improved barrier properties and shelf life.
Polyaziridines can be used as crosslinkers in anti-corrosion coatings, providing improved protection against harsh environments.
Polyaziridines can be used as crosslinkers in anti-fouling coatings, preventing the accumulation of marine organisms on ship hulls.

Polyaziridines can be used as crosslinkers in coatings for electronic devices, providing improved protection against moisture and corrosion.
Polyaziridines can be used as crosslinkers in dental materials, providing improved strength and durability.

Polyaziridine is widely used in the manufacture of adhesives for automotive and aerospace industries.
Polyaziridine is used as a crosslinker in coatings and paints to improve their performance and durability.

Polyaziridine is an essential component in the formulation of waterborne coatings.
Polyaziridine is used as a reactive diluent in epoxy systems to enhance their viscosity and performance.

Polyaziridine is used in the production of ink-jet printing inks for the packaging and label industries.
Polyaziridine is used as a curing agent for thermosetting resins, such as phenolic and melamine resins.
Polyaziridine is used as a hardener for two-component polyurethane systems to improve their chemical resistance and mechanical properties.

Polyaziridine is used as a crosslinking agent for vinyl ester and polyester resins in composite materials.
Polyaziridine is used in the manufacture of high-performance elastomers and thermoplastic resins.

Polyaziridine is used in the formulation of coatings and adhesives for medical devices and drug delivery systems.
Polyaziridine is used as a crosslinking agent in the production of polymeric membranes for water treatment and gas separation applications.

Polyaziridine is used as a curing agent for resins used in the production of printed circuit boards.
Polyaziridine is used in the manufacture of pressure-sensitive adhesives and sealants.
Polyaziridine is used in the formulation of adhesives and coatings for electronic components and devices.

Polyaziridine is used as a crosslinking agent for latex-based adhesives and coatings.
Polyaziridine is used as a curing agent for epoxy resins used in the construction industry.

Polyaziridine is used in the production of resins for composites used in the marine industry.
Polyaziridine is used in the formulation of adhesives for the woodworking and furniture industries.

Polyaziridine is used as a crosslinking agent for rubber and elastomers.
Polyaziridine is used as a curing agent for coatings and adhesives used in the aerospace industry.
Polyaziridine is used in the production of high-performance resins for the oil and gas industry.

Polyaziridine is used in the formulation of coatings and adhesives for automotive and transportation applications.
Polyaziridine is used in the manufacture of high-performance coatings for architectural and industrial applications.

Polyaziridine is used as a crosslinking agent for thermoplastic elastomers.
Polyaziridine is used in the formulation of adhesives and coatings for the construction industry.

Polyaziridine is commonly used in the manufacture of automotive coatings and adhesives.
Polyaziridine is often used as a crosslinker in waterborne coatings to improve their durability and resistance to chemicals.

Polyaziridine is also used in the production of printing inks to improve their adhesion to substrates.
Polyaziridine is used as a curing agent in the production of epoxy resins.

Polyaziridine is also used as a reactive diluent in epoxy coatings and adhesives.
Polyaziridine is used in the formulation of solvent-based coatings to improve their performance.
Polyaziridine is used in the production of textile coatings to improve their water resistance and durability.

Polyaziridine is used in the formulation of metal coatings to improve their adhesion to substrates.
Polyaziridine is used in the production of paper coatings to improve their water resistance and printability.

Polyaziridine is used in the formulation of wood coatings to improve their chemical resistance and durability.
Polyaziridine is used in the production of ceramic coatings to improve their adhesion and resistance to wear.

Polyaziridine is used in the formulation of waterborne adhesives to improve their bonding strength.
Polyaziridine is used in the production of UV-curable coatings to improve their curing properties.

Polyaziridine is used in the formulation of polyurethane coatings to improve their chemical resistance and durability.
Polyaziridine is used in the production of coatings for plastic substrates to improve their adhesion and scratch resistance.
Polyaziridine is used in the formulation of waterborne inks to improve their adhesion and durability.

Polyaziridine is used in the production of coatings for electronic components to improve their conductivity and adhesion.
Polyaziridine is used in the formulation of adhesives for the construction industry to improve their bonding strength.

Polyaziridine is used in the production of coatings for aerospace applications to improve their performance under extreme conditions.
Polyaziridine is used in the formulation of coatings for food packaging to improve their resistance to chemicals and migration.

Polyaziridine is used in the production of coatings for medical devices to improve their biocompatibility and durability.
Polyaziridine is used in the formulation of coatings for marine applications to improve their resistance to corrosion and fouling.

Polyaziridine is used in the production of coatings for renewable energy applications to improve their durability and resistance to weathering.
Polyaziridine is used in the formulation of coatings for automotive plastics to improve their adhesion and scratch resistance.
Polyaziridine is used in the production of coatings for building facades to improve their weatherability and resistance to pollutants.



DESCRIPTION


Polyaziridines are a class of crosslinking agents that are commonly used in coatings, adhesives, and other polymer applications.
They are characterized by having multiple aziridine groups (-N=C=N-) in their structure, which can react with various functional groups to form covalent bonds and crosslink the polymer chains.

Polyaziridines are typically used as curing agents for epoxies, polyurethanes, and other resins, as well as for surface coatings and printing inks.
They are valued for their ability to provide excellent adhesion, chemical resistance, and toughness, while also enabling faster curing times and lower curing temperatures than other crosslinking agents.

Polyaziridines can also be used as intermediates in the synthesis of other chemicals, such as polyamides and polyureas.
However, due to their high reactivity and potential for skin and respiratory irritation, they must be handled with care and appropriate safety measures.



PROPERTIES


Appearance: Clear to yellowish liquid
Molecular weight: Varies depending on the specific type of polyaziridine used
Density: Varies depending on the specific type of polyaziridine used
Melting point: Varies depending on the specific type of polyaziridine used
Boiling point: Varies depending on the specific type of polyaziridine used
Flash point: Typically greater than 93°C (199°F)
Solubility: Generally insoluble in water, but soluble in some organic solvents
pH: Varies depending on the specific type of polyaziridine used
Viscosity: Varies depending on the specific type of polyaziridine used
Reactivity: Polyaziridines are highly reactive and can form strong covalent bonds with a variety of substrates
Stability: Polyaziridines are generally stable, but can decompose over time or when exposed to high temperatures or certain chemicals
Toxicity: Polyaziridines can be toxic if ingested or inhaled, and can cause skin and eye irritation on contact
Flammability: Polyaziridines are generally non-flammable and non-explosive
Odor: Polyaziridines are typically odorless or have a mild, amine-like odor.



FIRST AID


The first aid measures for polyaziridine will depend on the specific route of exposure.
Here are some general guidelines:


Inhalation:

Move the affected person to an area with fresh air.
If the person is having difficulty breathing, seek immediate medical attention.
If breathing is normal, monitor the person for any signs of respiratory distress.


Skin contact:

Remove any contaminated clothing and rinse the affected skin with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes.
If skin irritation or redness occurs, seek medical attention.
If polyaziridine has been ingested or comes into contact with the eyes, seek immediate medical attention.


Eye contact:

Rinse the affected eye with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes, holding the eyelids open.
Seek immediate medical attention.


Ingestion:

Rinse out the mouth with water.
Do not induce vomiting unless directed to do so by medical personnel.

Seek immediate medical attention.
It is important to note that polyaziridine can be harmful and toxic, and that exposure should be avoided as much as possible.
If you have been exposed to polyaziridine or suspect that you have been, seek medical attention immediately.



HANDLING AND STORAGE


Polyaziridine should be handled and stored with care to minimize the risk of exposure and ensure its stability. Here are some guidelines:

Handling:

Always wear appropriate personal protective equipment, such as gloves, safety glasses, and a lab coat or apron, when handling polyaziridine.
Use in a well-ventilated area to avoid inhalation of vapors.

Avoid skin contact and ingestion of the chemical.
Do not allow the chemical to come into contact with eyes.


Storage:

Store in a cool, dry, well-ventilated area.
Keep containers tightly closed and properly labeled.
Store away from sources of heat, flame, and ignition.

Store away from incompatible materials such as oxidizing agents, acids, and bases.
Do not store near food or beverages.
It is important to follow these handling and storage guidelines to ensure the safe use and storage of polyaziridine.



SYNONYMS


Polyfunctional aziridine
Aziridine polymer
Aziridine oligomer
Polyepihalohydrin-aziridine
Poly(ethylenimine) epichlorohydrin
Polyethylenimine aziridine
Polyaziridinylmethane
Poly(epichlorohydrin-co-ethyleneimine)
Polyaziridinylethyl methacrylate
Polyaziridinylmethyl methacrylate
Poly(methyl vinyl ether-alt-maleic anhydride)-aziridine
1,2-bis(aziridinyl)ethane
Tris(aziridinyl)phosphine oxide
N,N’-Methylenebis(2-aziridinecarboxamide)
Poly(4-methyl-1,2-penteneimine)
Polyaziridinyl isocyanurate
2,2'-(1,2-Ethanediyl)bis[3-(N-aziridinyl)propionamide]
N-(1-Aziridinylmethyl)-p-toluenesulfonamide
Aziridine-containing copolymer
Aziridine-containing crosslinker
Aziridine-containing resin
N,N’-(Aziridin-1-ylmethylene)bis(acrylamide)
Polyallyl aziridine
Tetraaziridine
Triaziridinylphosphine oxide
Polyaziridinyl cyclohexane
Polyaziridinylpropane
Polyaziridinyl styrene
Polymethylene aziridine
Polyaziridinyl propionate
Polyaziridinyl urea
Polyaziridinylalkene
Polyaziridinyl alkyl
Polyaziridinyl ester
Polyaziridinyl imine
Polyaziridinyl carboxylic acid
Polyaziridinyl formaldehyde
Polyaziridinyl acrylic acid
Polyaziridinyl butadiene
Polyaziridinyl epoxide
Polyaziridinyl methyl ether
Polyaziridinyl methacrylate
Polyaziridinyl methanol
Polyaziridinyl nitrate
Polyaziridinyl olefin
Polyaziridinyl phosphine
Polyaziridinyl phosphonate
Polyaziridinyl vinyl ether
Polyaziridinyl vinyl ketone
Polyaziridinyl silane
Polyfunctional aziridine
Polycarbocyclic aziridine
Polyaziridinyl compound
Polyaziridinylimine
Polyfunctional aziridinyl compound
Polyaziridinylalkane
Polyaziridinylamine
Polyaziridinylmethane
Polyaziridinylphenyl
Polyaziridinyl ether
Polyaziridinylpropyl
Polyaziridinyl butyl
Polyaziridinyl acrylate
Polyaziridinyl benzene
Polyaziridinyl derivative

Cas no : 9003-29-6, Les Polybuts sont des polymères d’oléfines à 4 atomes de carbones contenant une forte proportion d’isobutylène. La polymérisation des oléfines s’effectue en phase liquide en présence d’un catalyseur. Les polybuts se situent dans la catégorie des produits huileux de faible poids moléculaire. Ce sont des liquides limpides plus ou moins visqueux.2-butene EC Inventory, , , EU. Com. Reg. No 10/2011 on plastic materials in contact with food Butene, homopolymer (products derived from either/or But-1-ene/But-2-ene); butene, mixed-1-and-2-isomers. Translated names; 2-buten (sv); Buteen, 1-ja-2-isomeeride segu (et); buteen, mengsel van-1-en-2-isomeren (nl); buteeni seos: 1- ja 2-isomeerit (fi); buten - mieszanina izomerów 1- i 2- (pl); buten, blanding af-1-og-2-isomerer (da); buten, blanding av 1- og 2-isomere (no); Buten, Reaction mass von-1-und-2-Isomeren (de); buten, smjesa 1-and-2-izomera (hr); buten, zmes 1 in 2 izomer (sl); buten,směs but-1-enu a but-2-enu, (cs); Butena, amestec-1si2-izomeri (ro); butenas, 1- ir 2-izomerų mišinys (lt); butene, miscela degli isomeri-1-e-2- (it); buteno, mezcla de isómeros-1-y-2- (es) ; buteno, mistura de-1-e de-2-isomerós (pt); butén, 1- és 2-izomerek keveréke (hu); butény, zmes-1- a-2-izomérov (sk); butēns, -1 un -2 izomēru maisījums (lv); mélange des isomères-1-et-2- (fr); βουτένιο, μίγμα ισομερών-1-και-2- (el); бутен, смес от 1-и-2-изомери (bg). ; (2E)-but-2-ene; 2-Butene, mixture; 2-Butene, mixture of cis and trans; 2-Butene; (cis- and trans- mixture); but-1-ene;(E)-but-2-ene; But-2-ene; butene. Butene, homopolymer (products derived from either/or But-1-ene/But-2-ene). CAS names : Butene, homopolymer. : (2E)-but-2-ene - but-1-ene (1:1); but-1-ene; but-1-ene; (E)-but-2-ene; Butene; Butene, homopolymer (products derived from butene); Butene, homopolymer (products derived from either/orBut-1-ene/But-2-ene) (consisting of 50 wt % or more of species of thesame m. wt.); n-Butene, homopolymer; Polybutene; POLYISOBUTENE; tetrabutene

cas no 9084-06-4 Concrete admixture water reducer; Polycarboxylic Superplasticizer; Polycarboxylic acid; PC Superplasticizer;

POLYBUTENE (MW: 4000) Polybutene Polybutene is an organic polymer made from a mixture of 1-butene, 2-butene, and isobutylene. Ethylene steam cracker C4s are also used as supplemental feed for polybutene. It is similar to polyisobutylene (PIB), which is produced from essentially pure isobutylene made in a C4 complex of a major refinery. The presence of isomers other than isobutylene can have several effects including: 1) lower reactivity due to steric hindrance at the terminal carbon in, e.g., manufacture of polyisobutenyl succinic anhydride (PIBSA) dispersant manufacture; 2) the molecular weight—viscosity relationships of the two materials may also be somewhat different.[1] Applications Industrial product applications include, sealants, adhesives, extenders for putties used for sealing roofs and windows, coatings, polymer modification, tackified polyethylene films, personal care, polybutene emulsions. Hydrogenated polybutenes are used in a wide variety of cosmetic preparations, such as lipstick and lip gloss. It is used in adhesives owing to its tackiness. Polybutene finds a niche use in bird and squirrel repellents and is ubiquitous as the active agent in mouse and insect "sticky traps."[2] An important physical property is that higher molecular weight grades thermally degrade to lower-molecular weight polybutenes; those evaporate as well as degrade to butene monomers which can also evaporate.[3] This depolymerization mechanism which allows clean and complete volatization is in contrast to mineral oils which leave gum and sludge or thermoplastics which melt and spread. The property is very valuable for a variety of applications. For smoke inhibition in two stroke engine fuels, the lubricant can degrade at temperatures below the combustion temperature. For electrical lubricants and carriers which might be subject to overheating or fires, polybutene does not result in increased insulation (accelerating the overheating) or conductive carbon deposits. Polybutylene Polybutene is an oily odorless colorless liquid. Floats on water Polybutylene Polybutene-1.svg Names Other names polybutene-1, poly(1-butene), POLYBUTENE Identifiers CAS Number 9003-28-5 check ChemSpider none ECHA InfoCard 100.111.056 Edit this at Wikidata CompTox Dashboard (EPA) DTXSID00904731 Edit this at Wikidata Properties Chemical formula (C4H8)n Density 0.95 g/cm3[1] Melting point 135 °C (275 °F; 408 K)[1] Related compounds Related compounds 1-butene (monomer) Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa). ☒ verify (what is check☒ ?) Infobox references Polybutylene (polybutene-1, poly(1-butene), POLYBUTENE) is a polyolefin or saturated polymer with the chemical formula (C4H8)n. It should not be confused with polybutene, a low molecular weight oligomer. Polybutylene is produced by polymerisation of 1-butene using supported Ziegler–Natta catalysts. POLYBUTENE is a high molecular weight, linear, isotactic, and semi-crystalline polymer. POLYBUTENE combines typical characteristics of conventional polyolefins with certain properties of technical polymers. POLYBUTENE, when applied as a pure or reinforced resin, can replace materials like metal, rubber and engineering polymers. It is also used synergistically as a blend element to modify the characteristics of other polyolefins like polypropylene and polyethylene. Because of its specific properties it is mainly used in pressure piping, flexible packaging, water heaters, compounding and hot melt adhesives. Synthesis Isotactic POLYBUTENE is synthesized commercially using two types of heterogeneous Ziegler–Natta catalysts.[2] The first type of catalyst contains two components, a solid pre-catalyst, the δ-crystalline form of TiCl3, and solution of an organoaluminum cocatalyst, such as Al(C2H5)3. The second type of pre-catalyst is supported. The active ingredient in the catalyst is TiCl4 and the support is microcrystalline MgCl2. These catalysts also contain special modifiers, organic compounds belonging to the classes of esters or ethers. The pre-catalysts are activated by combinations of organoaluminum compounds and other types of organic or organometallic modifiers. Two most important technological advantages of the supported catalysts are high productivity and a high fraction of the crystalline isotactic polymer they produce at 70–80 °C under standard polymerization conditions.[3][4][5] Characteristics Heated up to 190 °C and above, POLYBUTENE can easily be compression moulded, injection moulded, blown to hollow parts, extruded, and welded. It does not tend to crack due to stress.[dubious – discuss] Because of its crystalline structure and high molecular weight, POLYBUTENE has good resistance to hydrostatic pressure, showing very low creep even at elevated temperatures.[6] It is flexible, resists impact well and has good elastic recovery.[2][7] Isotactic polybutylene crystallizes in three different forms. Crystallization from solution yields form-III with the melting point of 106.5 °C. Cooling from the melt results in the form II which has melting point of 124 °C and density of 0.89 g/cm3. At room temperature, it spontaneously converts into the form-I with the melting point of 135 °C and density of 0.95 g/cm3.[1] POLYBUTENE generally resists chemicals such as detergents, oils, fats, acids, bases, alcohol, ketones, aliphatic hydrocarbons and hot polar solutions (including water).[2] It shows lower resistance to aromatic and chlorinated hydrocarbons as well as oxidising acids than other polymers such as polysulfone and polyamide 6/6.[6] Additional features include excellent wet abrasion resistance, easy melt flowability (shear thinning), and good dispersion of fillers. It is compatible with polypropylene, ethylene propylene rubbers, and thermoplastic elastomers. Some properties:[6] Elastic modulus 290–295 MPa Tensile strength 36.5 MPa Molecular weight 725,000 (g/mol) Crystallinity 48–55% Water absorption <0.03% Glass transition temperature –25 to –17 °C [2][6] Thermal conductivity 0.22 W/(m·K) Application areas Piping systems The main use of POLYBUTENE is in flexible pressure piping systems for hot and cold drinking water distribution, pre-insulated district heating networks and surface heating and cooling systems. ISO 15876 defines the performance requirements of POLYBUTENE piping systems.[8] The most striking features are weldability, temperature resistance, flexibility and high hydrostatic pressure resistance. The material can be classified PB 125 with a minimum required strength (MRS) of 12.5 MPa. Other features include low noise transmission, low linear thermal expansion, no corrosion and calcification. POLYBUTENE piping systems are no longer being sold in North America (see "Class action lawsuits and removal from building code approved usage", below). The overall market share in Europe and Asia is rather small but POLYBUTENE piping systems have shown a steady growth in recent years. In certain domestic markets, e.g. Kuwait, the United Kingdom, Korea and Spain, POLYBUTENE piping systems have a strong position.[7] Plastic packaging Several POLYBUTENE grades are commercially available for various applications and conversion technologies (blown film, cast film, extrusion coating). There are two main fields of application: Peelable easy-to-open packaging where POLYBUTENE is used as blend component predominantly in polyethyelene to tailor peel strength and peel quality, mainly in alimentary consumer packaging and medical packaging. Lowering seal initiation temperature (SIT) of high speed packaging polypropylene based films. Blending POLYBUTENE into polypropylene, heat sealing temperatures as low as 65 °C can be achieved, maintaining a broad sealing window and good optical film properties. Hot melt adhesives POLYBUTENE is compatible with a wide range of tackifier resins. It offers high cohesive and adhesive strength and helps tailoring the "open time" of the adhesive (up to 30 minutes) because of its slow crystallisation kinetics. It improves the thermal stability and the viscosity of the adhesive.[9] Compounding and masterbatches POLYBUTENE accepts very high filler loadings in excess of 70%. In combination with its low melting point it can be employed in halogen-free flame retardant composites or as masterbatch carrier for thermo-sensitive pigments. POLYBUTENE disperses easily in other polyolefins, and at low concentration, acts as processing aid reducing torque and/or increasing throughput. Other applications Other applications include domestic water heaters, electrical insulation, compression packaging, wire and cable, shoe soles, and polyolefin modification (thermal bonding, enhancing softness and flexibility of rigid compounds, increasing temperature resistance and compression set of soft compounds). Environmental longevity Plumbing and heating systems made from POLYBUTENE have been used in Europe and Asia for more than 30 years. First reference projects in district heating and floor heating systems in Germany and Austria from the early 1970s are still in operation today.[7] One example is the installation of POLYBUTENE pipes in the Vienna Geothermal Project (1974) where aggressive geothermal water is distributed at a service temperature of 54 °C and 10 bar pressure. Other pipe materials in the same installation failed or corroded and had been replaced in the meantime.[7] International standards set minimum performance requirements for pipes made from POLYBUTENE used in hot water applications. Standardized extrapolation methods predict lifetimes in excess of 50 years at 70 °C and 10 bar.[7] Class action lawsuits and removal from building code approved usage Polybutylene plumbing was used in several million homes built in the United States from around 1978 to 1997. Problems with leaks and broken pipes led to a class action lawsuit, Cox v. Shell Oil, that was settled for $1 billion.[10][11] The leaks were associated with degradation of polybutylene exposed to chlorinated water.[12] Polybutylene water pipes are no longer accepted by United States building codes and have been the subject[13] of class action lawsuits in both Canada and the U.S.[14][15] The National Plumbing Code of Canada 1995 listed polybutylene piping as acceptable for use with the exception of recirculation plumbing. The piping was removed from the acceptable for use list in the 2005 issue of the standard.[16] There is evidence to suggest that the presence of chlorine and chloramine compounds in municipal water (often deliberately added to retard bacterial growth) will cause deterioration of the internal chemical structure of polybutylene piping and the associated acetal fittings.[17] The reaction with chlorinated water appears to be greatly accelerated by tensile stress, and is most often observed in material under highest mechanical stress such as at fittings, sharp bends, and kinks. Localized stress whitening of the material generally accompanies and precedes decomposition of the polymer. In extreme cases, this stress-activated chemical "corrosion" can lead to through perforation and leakage within a few years, but it also may not fail for decades. Fittings with a soft compression seal can give adequate service life.[further explanation needed] Because the chemical reaction of the water with the pipe occurs inside the pipe, it is often difficult to assess the extent of deterioration. The problem can cause both slow leaks and pipe bursting without any previous warning indication. The only long-term solution is to completely replace the polybutylene plumbing throughout the entire building.[18] See also Forensic engineering Forensic polymer engineering Polymer degradation Polybutylene terephthalate What Is It? Polybutene is a light colored, nondrying, sticky liquid. In cosmetics and personal care products, it is used in the formulation of lipstick, eye makeup and skin care products. Why is it used in cosmetics and personal care products? Polybutene functions as a binder, epilating agent and viscosity increasing agent - nonaqueous. Scientific Facts: Polybutene is the polymer formed by the polymerization of a mixture of isobutenes and normal butenes. The viscosity of Polybutene increases in direct proportion to increasing chain length.POLYBUTENE POLYBUTENE is classified as : Binding Viscosity controlling CAS Number 9003-28-5 COSING REF No: 78566 Chem/IUPAC Name: 1-Butene, homopolymer. Modifying Processing Characteristics: Modifiers and Processing Aids John Murphy, in Additives for Plastics Handbook (Second Edition), 2001 16.2.4 Polybutene Polybutenes (which have been used for many years as modifiers and extenders in butyl rubber) are now showing significant advantages in plastics, including polyethylene, polystyrene, and ABS. They have inherent tackiness, chemical and oxidative stability, and low permeability and also exhibit excellent colour and colour stability and are virtually non-toxic. Improvement in impact strength is also given to ABS, where low molecular weight polybutenes give best results. They can also be used in thermoplastic elastomers In polypropylene/ethylene-propylene elastomer blends, polybutene modifiers give flexible compounds with good impact strength and processability. A study by Amoco showed that, at a level of about 50% elastomer content, there is no break impact at -20°C while flexural modulus values are high and melt flow is 80-100% higher than the unmodified blends (contributing to better processability). Polybutene tends to reduce the tensile strength, heat distortion temperature, and hardness of the blends, but compounds have a good general balance of properties. Potential applications include flexible automotive components such as airbag door covers and mudguards, gasketing, and wire jacketing and also the replacement of plasticized PVC in toys, sporting goods, tools, and other consumer items.34.8 Polybutylene (PB) Materials Polybutylene base polymers are semi-crystalline isotactic thermoplastic polyolefins. They are derived from the polymerization of butene-1 monomer with or without other alpha-olefin monomers utilizing Ziegler-Natta type of catalyst. Their unique crystallization behavior means longer open times of adhesive and sealant formulations compared to other commonly used polymers such as polyethylene and ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA). Polybutylene (PB), also called polybutene-1 or poly-1-butene, is different from polybutenes or polyisobutylenes (PIB). PIB are amorphous and rubbery, and come in the form of a viscous liquid or big hard block (6 in. in length and width or could be higher). PB base polymers are supplied in the form of small pellets (about 1/4 in. in diameter) or nibs.POLYBUTENE Description Polymerized butylenes that are viscous, non-drying liquid polymers with great product versatility. Advantages Non-toxic, non-drying, lubricity, imparts tackiness or adhesion, corrosion protection, burns without residue, good thermal stability, and superior dielectric properties. End Uses Raw material for ashless dispersants, fuel and gasoline additives, lubricants, caulks, sealants, adhesives, blown stretch film, dielectric fluids, cosmetics and personal care. POLYBUTENE APPLICATIONS Additives/Components > Adhesives/Sealants/Coatings > Agriculture > Blown/Cast Stretch Cling Film > Caulks and Sealants > Cosmetics and Personal Care > Detergents/Dispersants > Diesel Engine Additives > Engine, Gear and Motor Oils > Food Contact Applications > Greases > INDOPOL POLYBUTENES Indopol polybutenes are synthetic hydrocarbon polymers made by polymerization of C4 olefins (primarily isobutene) and are available in a wide range of viscosities. By controlling the polymerization conditions, polymer chains of different lengths are manufactured giving a wide range of polybutene grades having different physical properties. Short chain-length polybutenes are free-flowing; medium chain-length polybutenes are sticky with a honey-like consistency, while those with the longest chain length are very tacky, semi-solid materials. Indopol polybutenes have many useful properties, including: Permanently non-drying Colorless (water white) and non-staining Soluble in a wide range of organic solvents Compatible with a wide range of organic materials Completely hydrophobic Tacky Emulsifiable Excellent electrical insulators Good lubricants Non-corrosive Practically non-toxic and non-phytotoxic Stable to light and air (i.e. oxidatively stable) under ambient conditions Reactive by virtue of their olefinic end-group Very low moisture transmission rates Low to negligible evaporation loss at ambient temperature High Viscosity Indices Low Pour Points Complete depolymerization at elevated temperature leaving no residues MARKETS AND APPLICATIONS Indopol polybutenes are uniquely versatile polymers. Their combination of properties makes them ideal for a wide range of applications, such as lubricants, adhesives, rubber modification, sealants/caulks/putties, tackified PE stretch cling film, polymer modification, paints and coatings, personal care and cosmetics, agriculture and polybutene emulsions. Adhesives Indopol® polybutenes are key components in many pressure-sensitive adhesives (PSA), hot-melt pressure sensitive adhesives (HMPSA) and hot-melt adhesives (HMA). Polybutenes can plasticize, tackify, and extend many base elastomers, enhancing many adhesive properties and offering performance improvements over mineral/process oils. Rubber Indopol® polybutenes are used as extenders and plasticizers for a variety of vulcanized and other elastomers while offering performance improvements over mineral/process oils. Polybutenes are compatible with many types of rubber, including butyl and natural rubber, styrenic block copolymers (SEBS, SIS, SBS), EPDM, styrene-butadiene rubber, polyisoprene, polybutadiene, bromo- and chloro-butyl rubber, and polyisobutylene. Lubricants Indopol® polybutenes are clear, pure, synthetic hydrocarbon polymers that contain no additives or aromatic compounds. Polybutenes are widely used in many automotive and industrial oil applications, replacing bright stocks and mineral oils. The performance improvements achieved with Indopol polybutenes can be attributed to their unique physical properties and wide viscosity ranges. Sealants / caulks / putties Indopol® polybutene plasticizes, extends and adds tack to a variety of elastomer-based caulks and sealants, resulting in softer, more easily extruded products. Polybutenes can contribute desirable properties and performance benefits when used as partial replacements for drying oils and/or solvents in sealant and putty formulations. Tackified polyethylene (pe) stretch / cling film Indopol polybutenes are ideally suited as tackifiers and cling agents for linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE) blown and cast films. Polybutenes can be employed in the production of LLDPE/polybutene masterbatches or more typically added directly to the LLDPE during the film extrusion process. The major areas of application for tackified LLDPE film are bale silage wrap, pallet stretch wrap, and hand/domestic food cling wrap. Films tackified with Indopol polybutene exhibit good clarity, durability and cling properties. Polymer Modification Indopol polybutenes can plasticize and modify many physical properties of thermoplastic polymers. Examples include polypropylene, high impact polystyrene, polyethylene, acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene, and thermoplastic polyolefins and elastomers. Thermoplastics modified with Indopol polybutenes provide improved performance in many diverse applications like consumer products, automotive, appliance and business machines. Indopol polybutenes also meet the composition requirements of Title 21 of the code of Federal Regulations of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and other applicable regulations which allows for use in food packaging products. Paints and Coatings Indopol polybutenes are used as components in many special purpose paints and coatings. They can contribute performance advantages to coatings for porous substrates such as wood, concrete and stucco, as well as masonry paints/coatings. The addition of polybutene can also benefit thermoplastic road marking paints, anticorrosion and emulsion paints, conventional gloss paints and undercoats and ceramic, aluminum or high temperature paints. Polybutenes can also be emulsified for use in water-based systems, replacing systems with volatile solvents. Personal Care and Cosmetics Indopol polybutenes are used in a variety of cosmetic and personal care products. They are pure, clear, non-comedogenic, non-irritating, hydrophobic, non-drying, synthetic liquid polymers that can be easily emulsified. By virtue of their unique properties, polybutenes can replace mineral oils, providing an upgrade in product quality and performance. The Personal Care Products Council INCI name for INEOS Indopol polybutenes is 'Polybutene'.Specifications: Appearance: Clear liquid pH: not determined. Solubility in water: negligible, below 0.1%. Specific gravity (water=1): 0.89 Viscosity: 196-233cst at 210°f (99°c) Pour point: 20°f (-6.7°c) Storage / Shelf Life: Store in cool, dry place. Polybutene * A thickening agent Polybutene is a oligomeric oil, sometimes derived from petroleum, that is used in its hydrogenated form in cosmetics and beauty products, primarily in lipsticks and balms, as a binder, epilating agent, thickener and lubricant (Wikipedia). It is naturally tacky or sticky and is also used for its adhesive properties, according to research. There is little detailed information available regarding the use of Polybutene in cosmetics, although it is widely used and thought to be a versatile, effective ingredient.Functions: Polybutene is a oligomeric oil, sometimes derived from petroleum, that is used in its hydrogenated form in cosmetics and beauty products, primarily in lipsticks and balms, as a binder, epilating agent, thickener and lubricant . It is naturally tacky or sticky and is also used for its adhesive properties, according to research. There is little detailed information available regarding the use of Polybutene in cosmetics, although it is widely used and thought to be a versatile, effective ingredient. Safety Measures/Side Effects: The Cosmetic Database finds Polybutene to be a low hazard ingredient and notes low incidents of skin, eye and lung irritation in regards to its use. It is FDA and CIR approved for use Molecular Weight of polybutene: 112.21 g/mol Computed by PubChem 2.1 (PubChem release 2019.06.18) Hydrogen Bond Donor Count of polybutene: 0 Computed by Cactvs 3.4.6.11 (PubChem release 2019.06.18) Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count of polybutene: 0 Computed by Cactvs 3.4.6.11 (PubChem release 2019.06.18) Rotatable Bond Count of polybutene: 1 Computed by Cactvs 3.4.6.11 (PubChem release 2019.06.18) Exact Mass of polybutene: 112.125201 g/mol Computed by PubChem 2.1 (PubChem release 2019.06.18) Monoisotopic Mass of polybutene: 112.125201 g/mol Computed by PubChem 2.1 (PubChem release 2019.06.18) Topological Polar Surface Area of polybutene: 0 Ų Computed by Cactvs 3.4.6.11 (PubChem release 2019.06.18) Heavy Atom Count of polybutene: 8 Computed by PubChem Formal Charge of polybutene: 0 Computed by PubChem Complexity of polybutene: 29.2 Computed by Cactvs 3.4.6.11 (PubChem release 2019.06.18) Isotope Atom Count of polybutene: 0 Computed by PubChem Defined Atom Stereocenter Count of polybutene: 0 Computed by PubChem Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count of polybutene: 0 Computed by PubChem Defined Bond Stereocenter Count of polybutene: 1 Computed by PubChem Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count of polybutene: 0 Computed by PubChem Covalently-Bonded Unit Count of polybutene: 2 Computed by PubChem Compound of polybutene Is Canonicalized Yes

Polycarboxylate Polycarboxylate (polikarboksilat)s are linear polymers with a high molecular mass (Mr ≤ 100 000) and with many carboxylate groups. They are polymers of acrylic acid or copolymers of acrylic acid and maleic acid. The polymer is used as the sodium salt (see: sodium polyacrylate).[1] Use of Polycarboxylate (polikarboksilat) Isomers of the repeating unit in polyaspartic acid. Polycarboxylate (polikarboksilat)s are used as builders in detergents.[2] Their high chelating power, even at low concentrations, reduces deposits on the laundry and inhibits the crystal growth of calcite. Polycarboxylate (polikarboksilat) ethers (PCE) are used as superplasticizers in concrete production.[3] Safety of Polycarboxylate (polikarboksilat) Polycarboxylate (polikarboksilat)s are poorly biodegradable but have a low ecotoxicity. In the sewage treatment plant, the polymer remains largely in the sludge and is separated from the wastewater. Polyamino acids like polyaspartic acid and polyglutamic acid have better biodegradability but lower chelating performance than polyacrylates. They are also less stable towards heat and alkali. Since they contain nitrogen, they contribute to eutrophication. Polycarboxylate (polikarboksilat) Ethers (PCEs) A new chemical variant of superplasticisers is the so-called Polycarboxylate (polikarboksilat) ether. These materials are characterised by a polymethacrylic or allyl acid back bone with side chains attached comprising methoxy-polyethylene glycol groups.63,64 A chemical representation is given in Fig. 14.41. The notation a:b:c equals 6:1:0.2 and n is the number of ethylene oxide units. Superplasticizer (Polycarboxylate (polikarboksilat) based) Polycarboxylate (polikarboksilat) ethers (Polycarboxylate (polikarboksilat)) contain groups with polyoxyalkylene, especially polyethylene or polypropylene glycol groups as well as carboxylic acid and/or carboxylic acid anhydride monomers, e.g. acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, maleic acid and its anhydride, itonic acid and its anhydride. In addition monomers based on vinyl or acrylate can contribute to the chemistry of Polycarboxylate (polikarboksilat). The raw materials and the molecular chaining hierarchy of the constituents for the synthesis of Polycarboxylate (polikarboksilat) are shown in Fig. 22.2 in a schematic flow diagram. The constituents are represented by Ecoinvent process data for acrylic acid, maleic acid, ethylene glycol, sodium hydroxide and hydrogen peroxide. The final product, superplasticizer based on Polycarboxylate (polikarboksilat), also contains water and biocides which were also represented with the help of Ecoinvent process data. The batch polymerization process requires a polymerization plant and suitable industrial buildings. The necessary infrastructure and energy for this were determined in this study. In general terms, it is important to emphasize that well-designed Polycarboxylate (polikarboksilat)s are more effective than PNS at equivalent surface coverage. This results from a thicker polymeric layer with Polycarboxylate (polikarboksilat)s and, consequently, more effective steric hindrance, as explained in Chapter 11 (Gelardi and Flatt, 2016). Therefore, lower dosages of Polycarboxylate (polikarboksilat)s are needed to obtain the same or better workability (provided the Polycarboxylate (polikarboksilat)s adsorb enough). Consequently, because less Polycarboxylate (polikarboksilat)s are available in the pore solution, their ability to moderate initial reactivity of C3A may be reduced. This is, of course, an ultrasimplified statement because dosage, molecular structure, and formulation play very important roles. However, it has the advantage of helping us to remember that a decrease of admixture dosages can a priori make the fluidity retention more difficult even if the initial flow is preserved. Pure synthetic Polycarboxylate (polikarboksilat)s are more expensive than older-generation superplasticizers and the extensive use of such products is not always economically convenient. Therefore, the use of Polycarboxylate (polikarboksilat)s to produce blends can represent a way to reduce the cost of such formulations. However, the use of Polycarboxylate (polikarboksilat)s in blends is limited. Indeed, blends of PNS and Polycarboxylate (polikarboksilat) polymers were found to exhibit negative synergy with regard to slump and are not stable in formulations with most of the used proportions (Coppola et al., 1997). However, the drastic increase of viscosity observed with this blend might be beneficial for specific applications in shotcrete (Pickelmann and Plank, 2012). Also, PMS–Polycarboxylate (polikarboksilat) polymer blends showed intermediate performance regardless of the type of cement and the cost/benefit ratio was not favorable (Coppola et al., 1997). In contrast, Polycarboxylate (polikarboksilat) polymers can be conveniently used with lignosulfonates showing comparable initial fluidity and slump retention to the pure Polycarboxylate (polikarboksilat) polymer (Coppola et al., 1997; GonÇalves and Bettencourt-Ribeiro, 2000). Polycarboxylate (polikarboksilat)s can be of varying molecular weight (20,000–80,000) with side chain lengths being mixed and varied resulting in a range of properties. Some Polycarboxylate (polikarboksilat)s can undergo hydrolysis in alkaline media reducing their effectiveness.65 In addition the presence of calcium ions can cause Polycarboxylate (polikarboksilat)s to cluster via bridging with the carboxylate groups. Another weakness of Polycarboxylate (polikarboksilat)s is that they are sensitive to clay contaminants in the aggregate as they will intercalate between the sheets of some clay minerals,66 and in particular montmorillonite types.67 One way of mitigating this may be to modify the polyether side change of the Polycarboxylate (polikarboksilat),68 another is to combine the Polycarboxylate (polikarboksilat) with a sacrificial agent with preferred intercalation in clays (e.g. glycols or polyvinyl alcohol). Compared to cement grains of approximately 20 μm size Polycarboxylate (polikarboksilat) molecules are about 1 μm which in molecular terms is quite large. Due to the chemical manipulation provided by Polycarboxylate (polikarboksilat) manufacturers69 they tend to provide bespoke solutions to particular problems. Care has to be taken when dealing with differing cements.70 This is particularly so for slag-blended cements.71 Slag in contact with water can be positive, negative or neutrally charged. The effectiveness of Polycarboxylate (polikarboksilat)s can be dependent on the net charge for adsorption to occur. In this regard calcium ions derived from the slag as well as already present in a concrete mix can alter the surface charge and assist the attachment from an anionic Polycarboxylate (polikarboksilat). The reduction in w/c ratio for a given workability resulting in strength increase follow similar trends to those of the naphthalene and melamine based superplasticisers. However, as well as altering the structure within one type of Polycarboxylate (polikarboksilat) with resulting functional changes one can alter the Polycarboxylate (polikarboksilat) backbone from methacrylic acid based ether (MPEG) to an allyl ether based Polycarboxylate (polikarboksilat)s (APEG). The latter is shown in Fig. 14.42.73 As previously mentioned Polycarboxylate (polikarboksilat)s also adsorb onto negatively charged silica and in particular nano-silica.74 This may however be an indirect effect by calcium adsorbing first giving a positive charge on the silica surface followed by the negatively charged polymer. The Polycarboxylate (polikarboksilat) basically acts as a deflocculating agent improving mortar strengths. However, there is evidence when used in calcium aluminate/micro-silica refractories that the dispersing capability is impaired.76 With the development of Polycarboxylate (polikarboksilat)s the link between chemical and physical structure with performance is becoming self evident. For instance with the APEG group the backbone may be either acrylic acid based or maleic acid based.77 Maleic derived Polycarboxylate (polikarboksilat)s have longer backbones and side chains as well as carboxylate groups (R–COO−) increasing hydrophilicity but with a capacity to slow down the hydration process. As well as attracting to various phases in a dispersed cements Polycarboxylate (polikarboksilat)s can interact with both potassium and sulfate ions inhibiting ettringite formation giving better flowability.78 However, Popova79 showed that adsorbed polymer decelerates the formation rate of CSH whilst not affecting the CSH structure. This group of superplasticisers has been actively developed both as Polycarboxylate (polikarboksilat)s and unrelated chemicals. For instance cycloaliphatic superplasticisers based on acetone formaldehyde condensate80 is a recent development (Fig. 14.43). Hypothesis of Polycarboxylate (polikarboksilat) Polycarboxylate (polikarboksilat) ether (PCE) comb-copolymers are widely used as water reducing agents in the concrete industry while maintaining a high fluidity via the polymer adsorption to the cement particles. Polycarboxylate (polikarboksilat) copolymers with a broad range of structures are well established by Free radical polymerization, however, understanding the structure-property relationship is still complex due to the high polydispersity of Polycarboxylate (polikarboksilat) copolymers prepared by conventional polymerization. The influence of different structural parameters using well-defined polymeric structures is yet to be explored. Experiments of Polycarboxylate (polikarboksilat) In this study, two different types of comb-like random copolymers, namely Polycarboxylate (polikarboksilat) ether (Polycarboxylate (polikarboksilat); poly(oligo(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate/methacrylic acid)) and polysulfonate ether (PSE; poly(oligo(ethylene glycol) methyl ether acrylate/sodium 4-styrenesulfonate)), were synthesized by RAFT polymerization to enable the synthesis of polymers with controlled features. The effect of charge types and side chain lengths on the adsorption, rheology, and dispersing ability of cement pastes have been studied. Findings of Polycarboxylate (polikarboksilat) RAFT polymerization could be used to prepare Polycarboxylate (polikarboksilat) random copolymers with good control over the polymer molecular weight and narrow polydispersity (Đ < 1.3). Results revealed that the ζ-potential values depend on both the charge type and side chain lengths. Copolymers containing SO3− exhibited higher absolute negative ζ-potential values than COO− while Polycarboxylate (polikarboksilat) copolymers with shorter side chains developed higher absolute negative ζ-potential values. On the other hand, the adsorption study demonstrated that decreasing the side chain lengths lead to higher adsorption of Polycarboxylate (polikarboksilat) copolymers while Copolymers with COO− groups were found to be adsorbed more than SO3− counterparts. These results are further confirmed with the rheological studies and it is found that the shorter the side chain, the lower the yield stress and the higher the dispersion of cement pastes but to a limited effect. Additionally, the charge types have a major influence on the performance of superplasticizers. This study could make further progress in establishing superplasticizers with controlled architectures for better performance. They used Polycarboxylate (polikarboksilat) copolymers containing both sulfonate and carboxylate groups in addition to the PEO side chains. The experiments showed that Polycarboxylate (polikarboksilat) copolymers containing both short and long side chains in the same polymer backbone exhibit higher dispersion ability than Polycarboxylate (polikarboksilat)s with either short or long side chains. On the other hand, an appropriate increase in sulfonic group content leads to an increase in dispersing ability. In another study, Ran et al. demonstrated that a higher dispersion performance was observed for Polycarboxylate (polikarboksilat) copolymers with longer side chains [11]. Contrary to this, Nawa et al. found that Polycarboxylate (polikarboksilat)s with short side chains impart better dispersing ability than longer ones [2]. Additionally, Winnefeld et al. reported that the side chain lengths have a minor influence on the cement workability, ascribed to the conformation of Polycarboxylate (polikarboksilat)s as the structure is not stretched but rather mushroom-like [12]. It can be concluded that some of these reports have apparently conflicting conclusions, but this may result from the fact that each of these studies was performed with Polycarboxylate (polikarboksilat)s having rather diverse chemical structures, compositions, and side chain lengths. On the other hand, the ionic character of the Polycarboxylate (polikarboksilat)s can influence the adsorption to cement grains and the retardation of cement hydration [13]. It has been reported that COO− functions induce higher adsorption behavior than SO3− counterparts [13]. Dalas et al. concluded that modifying the ionic character along the polymer backbone has no effect on the fluidizing efficiency [14]. To provide accurate insights regarding the effect of side chain lengths and charge characteristics on the adsorption behavior of Polycarboxylate (polikarboksilat)s, we have employed RAFT polymerization in this work to obtain well-defined copolymers with diverse side chains and functionalities, enabling more systematic evaluation of the structural parameters of the Polycarboxylate (polikarboksilat)s on their performance. This is the first study that reports the use of well-defined copolymers (Ð <1.3) to compare the side chain length and charge type of the Polycarboxylate (polikarboksilat)s on the dispersibility of cement pastes. In this study, two types of copolymers were synthesized containing either COO− or SO3− as the charge type (namely Polycarboxylate (polikarboksilat) and PSE, respectively) to explore the effect of the specific functional negatively charged group on the adsorption and rheological properties of cement pastes. On the other hand, three different PEO side chain lengths were employed in case of Polycarboxylate (polikarboksilat) copolymers to study their effect on the cement fluidity as well. Adsorption studies, ζ-potential measurements, fluidity, and the rheological properties were also explored in this work. Initially, the ζ-potential value of the cement dispersed solution was very close to zero indicating that cement particles tend to agglomerate very fast. However, the ζ-potential values changed greatly by adding the SPs leading to a pronounced negative charge due to the specific adsorption of the SPs on the cement particles surface [2]. As can be seen from Fig. 6, the absolute negative ζ-potential value decreases with increasing the side chain lengths in the SPs. This means that the shorter the side chain lengths, the higher the absolute negative ζ-potential values, hence the higher the colloidal stability. However, the addition of PSE increased the absolute negative ζ-potential to a higher value than the corresponding Polycarboxylate (polikarboksilat)s. Comparing the adsorption behavior of Polycarboxylate (polikarboksilat) and PSE, it is surprising to note that PSE increased the absolute negative ζ-potential value more than Polycarboxylate (polikarboksilat) although less PSE is adsorbed on the cement grains. The reason behind this behavior is that the adsorption of Polycarboxylate (polikarboksilat)s occurs via Ca2+ bridging on the hydrated products resulting in the appearance of positive potential on the cement grains. After adsorption of the anionic groups and extension of the shear plane, a negative potential will develop which compensate the positive surface charge and thus leads to lower ζ-potential value than PSE- which does not form Ca2+ bridges- despite the higher adsorption in case of Polycarboxylate (polikarboksilat) [11], [42]. Complementary with the above explanation, the effect of side chain length on the zeta potential may be discussed by taking the molecular conformation into consideration as well. Polycarboxylate (polikarboksilat) with short side chains is reported to be adsorbed to cement paste in flat conformation due to the high charge density and short side chain while for Polycarboxylate (polikarboksilat)s with longer side chains, the polymer main chain is preferred in the perpendicular orientation to cement particles [43]. Previous reports confirmed that Polycarboxylate (polikarboksilat) copolymers protruding from the surface can lead to an increase in the zeta potential values (shift to positive ζ-potential), due to the shift in the shear plane further away from the particle surface [11], [44]. Rheological study of Polycarboxylate (polikarboksilat) The addition of SPs to the cement paste can influence its fluidity and, therefore, the rheological properties will be affected as well [2]. The flow curves were determined for cement pastes (w/c = 0.38), with a fixed concentration of SP (0.1% of cement mass). In order to minimize the wall slip effect of the parallel-plate geometry, a rough surface was used [50], [51]. The flow curve is obtained from the downward shear rate ramp by measuring the stress while decreasing the shear rate from 175 to 50 s−1. Fig. 8 shows the flow curve of cement paste containing either Polycarboxylate (polikarboksilat)s or PSE and compared to reference cement paste without SP. As can be observed, the stress decreases linearly as a function of the shear rate according to the Bingham model (). It is shown that the yield stress and the viscosity were about 165 Pa and 1.58 Pa s, respectively, for the reference cement paste. With the addition of PSE, both the yield stress and viscosity were shifted to lower values of about 110 Pa and 0.91 Pa s, respectively, showing that PSE has a limited plasticizing efficiency. On the other hand, the addition of Polycarboxylate (polikarboksilat) sharply lowered both the yield stress and viscosity values as well. From these results, it could be concluded that both Polycarboxylate (polikarboksilat) and PSE have an effect on the rheological properties of cement pastes. However, while the Polycarboxylate (polikarboksilat) alters the yield stress dramatically, the PSE has a much less pronounced effect. This indicates that the COO− groups in the copolymers can exert more fluidity than their SO3− counterparts as also highlighted in the ζ-potential and the adsorption tests. To study the effect of the PEO side chain length on the fluidity of cement pastes, the flow curves of cement pastes having Polycarboxylate (polikarboksilat) copolymers with different side chain lengths were performed. It is found from Fig. 8 that decreasing the PEO side chain length will rather lower the yield stress values. These results are in agreement with the study provided by Erzingen et al, where they found that Polycarboxylate (polikarboksilat) copolymers with short side chains (Mn = 500) increased the fluidity and fluidity-retention when compared to Polycarboxylate (polikarboksilat) with longer side chains (Mn = 950) [52]. Winnefeld et al also demonstrated that the length of side chains has a minor influence on the rheological properties of Polycarboxylate (polikarboksilat)s with lower side chain densities (1:3, 1:4 for MAA:PEGMA), however when the side chain density was high (1:2 of MAA:PEGMA), an increase in the apparent yield stress and viscosity was found for polymers with longer side chains. The reason behind this phenomenon may be attributed to the fact that Polycarboxylate (polikarboksilat)s with higher side chain densities exhibit lower charge density of the backbone and thus less amount of polymers are adsorbed [12]. The same conclusion could arise from this work where a high density of the side chain is employed (1:1 of MAA:PEGMA), resulting in less adsorption for polymers with longer side chains as discussed in the adsorption section. This indicates that the charge density of the polymers should be considered when establishing Polycarboxylate (polikarboksilat) superplasticizers. In addition, different Polycarboxylate (polikarboksilat)s gave comparable plastic viscosity values (0.59–0.64 Pa s), showing a minor influence on the plastic viscosity of cement pastes as obtained from Fig. 8. Conclusions This work features the potential use of RAFT polymerization to prepare well-defined Polycarboxylate (polikarboksilat) random copolymers as superplasticizers. In contrary to previous literature [16], [17], [19], [53], that manipulated FRP as a tool to synthesize Polycarboxylate (polikarboksilat) copolymers without optimum chemical architectures, this study revealed that Polycarboxylate (polikarboksilat) random copolymers could be obtained with a narrow polydispersity (Đ < 1.3). Many reports studied the effect of the average molecular structures on the performance of Polycarboxylate (polikarboksilat) copolymers [18], [27], [31], [53], [54], however, the high polydispersity of these polymers limits the understanding of structure-property relations [55]. Exploiting RAFT polymerization technique could be a key to solve this issue. ζ-potential measurements revealed that the addition of superplasticizers increased the colloidal stability of cement pastes. From the adsorption measurements, It is concluded that decreasing the side chain lengths will rather increase the adsorption capacity of the Polycarboxylate (polikarboksilat) copolymers due to the increase in the charge density [12]. In addition, the charge type profoundly affects the adsorption capacity as the SPs with COO− groups led to higher adsorption on cement pastes compared to SPs with SO3− groups. On the other hand, decreasing the Polycarboxylate (polikarboksilat) side chain has a minor enhancement of the rheological performance of the cement pastes. SO3− functional groups have a slight influence on the paste dispersing ability, and thus a limited effect on the dynamic yield stress, while COO− groups enhance the paste dispersibility and, therefore, the dynamic yield stress of cement pastes decreased sharply. In light of the above conclusions, it is evident that RAFT polymerization provides a precise way to study the effect of different parameters that could influence the workability of Polycarboxylate (polikarboksilat) superplasticizers. Polycarboxylate (polikarboksilat)s obtained by RAFT polymerization could be superior to other Polycarboxylate (polikarboksilat) types because of the controlled features of the resulted polymers such as predetermined molecular weights, and low polydispersity index which in turn may affect the dispersibility of cementitious materials. Controlling the Polycarboxylate (polikarboksilat) copolymer chains could better explain the effect of each parameter on the performance of cement pastes and thus we could enhance the workability of cement pastes by choosing different types of Polycarboxylate (polikarboksilat)s with the optimum parameters. This work may drive more researchers to exploit controlled polymerization to get more precise insights into the mechanism and effect of superplasticizers for better performance. 1. Application Poly-Carboxylate is a superplasticizer for high performance concrete, high strength concrete, high volume fly ash/slag concrete and grouting/self-leveling screed/mortar. 2. Characterstic 1） High early strength: Significant increase of early strength and 28d strength. 2） Low slump lose: Great reduction of slump lose. 3） Excellent durability: Reduction of cracking , shrinkage and creep. 4） High water reduction: Water reduction more than 25% according to different application. 5） Environmental friendly products: Non pollution during production. The addition of superplasticizer in the truck during transit is a fairly new development within the industry. Admixtures added in transit through automated slump management systems, such as Verifi, allows concrete producers to maintain slump until discharge without reducing concrete quality. Some 20 years ago, a new type of superplasticizer based on Polycarboxylate (polikarboksilat) polymers (PCE) was commercially introduced to the North American concrete construction industry. Just as the application of naphthalene-based admixtures starting in the 1970s enabled significant improvements in the numerous engineering properties of plastic and hardened concrete, Polycarboxylate (polikarboksilat)s have further extended the performance of concrete mixtures. For example, self-consolidated concrete and slump retention beyond two hours without significant set time extension have been made possible with PCEs. I was fortunate to be on the R&D/marketing team for a major chemical admixture company that launched the first group of Polycarboxylate (polikarboksilat)-based admixtures in the 1990s. Like all new technologies introduced into the building industry, there has been a long learning curve which underscores the highly diverse set of materials and applications with concrete construction. This article summarizes a few key performance attributes which have been learned from both commercial concrete applications and the research laboratory. Some of the benefits provided by Polycarboxylate (polikarboksilat) superplasticizers have been discussed and previously published in The Concrete Producer. Air entrainment: Essentially all Polycarboxylate (polikarboksilat)-based admixtures are formulated with a defoamer to control unwanted air entrainment inherent with the Polycarboxylate (polikarboksilat) polymer. For both air-entrained and non-air entrained concrete applications, air contents can usually be effectively managed with selection of the Polycarboxylate (polikarboksilat)-based superplasticizer product most compatible with job materials. Varying carbon content in fly ash can make consistent air contents challenging as the hydrophobic nature of defoamers leads to adsorption by fly ash carbon. In general, compared to polynaphthalene sulfonate polymer (PNS) based superplasticizers, PCE-based products can make air-entraining admixtures (AEA) more efficient, meaning a lower AEA can be required to achieve the same air content. Impact of clays: Unlike PNS superplasticizers, the Polycarboxylate (polikarboksilat) polymer will be readily and irreversibly adsorbed by certain clay fines that could be present in various aggregate sources. Figure 2 illustrates the impact that a clay- bearing sand, having a methylene blue value of 1.30, can have on the dosages of PNS verse Polycarboxylate (polikarboksilat)-based superplasticizers to achieve compatible slump. Normally, with clay-free or low-clay sands, Polycarboxylate (polikarboksilat)s are dosed about one-third that of PNS-based superplasticizers for comparable slump. However, when clays are present in certain sands, up to a 50% higher dosage of Polycarboxylate (polikarboksilat) versus PNS can be expected. Therefore, if the dosage of a Polycarboxylate (polikarboksilat) superplasticizer were to unexpectedly increase, checking for clay fines in the aggregate supply should be prioritized. Flexible dosing: Again, unlike PNS-based superplasticizers, which invariably should be added in a delayed addition mode (that is, after the cement and water have begun to mix), Polycarboxylate (polikarboksilat)s are relatively insensitive to the time of addition, allowing for greater flexibility in the concrete batching process. Used as chemical intermediate or building block for Polycarboxylate (polikarboksilat) dispersant. A new surfactant combination compatible with concrete formulation is proposed to avoid unwanted air bubbles created during mixing process in the absence of a defoamer and to achieve the uniform and the maximum possible dispersion of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) in water and subsequently in concrete. To achieve this goal, three steps have been defined: (1) concrete was made with different types and amount of surfactants containing a constant amount of MWCNTs (0.05 wt%) and the air bubbles were eliminated with a proper defoamer. (2) Finding a compatible surfactant with concrete compositions and eliminating unwanted air bubbles in the absence of a common defoamer are of fundamental importance to significantly increase concrete mechanical properties. In this step, the results showed that the Polycarboxylate (polikarboksilat) superplasticizer (SP-C) (as a compatible surfactant) dispersed MWCNTs worse than SDS/DTAB but unwanted air bubbles were removed, so the defoamer can be omitted in the mixing process. (3) To solve the problem, a new compatible surfactant composition was developed and different ratios of surfactants were tested and evaluated by means of performance criteria mentioned above. The results showed that the new surfactant composition (SDS and SP-C) can disperse MWCNTs around 24% more efficiently than the other surfactant compositions. Chemistry: Polycarboxylate (polikarboksilat) based superplasticizer is the third generational cement plasticizer which advance developed from lignosulfonate calcium type and Naphthalene type plasticizer.SUNBO PC-2030 is a modify powder type Polycarboxylate (polikarboksilat) superplasticizer researched by new technology.It is a green environmental product with good comprehensive index and no pollution. PC- 2030 is the latest powder type Polycarboxylate (polikarboksilat) superplasticizer with much lower air content developed fromthe type PC-1030 Polycarboxylate (polikarboksilat) superplasticizer powder. Characteristic: Super low air content , good dispensability, high water reduction rate, excellent adaptability with kinds of cement. This product is in line with the national standard GB8076-2008 for concrete superplasticizer index.

PCA; POCA; dispersant PCA, Copolymer of Phosphono and carboxylic Acid; belsperse 164;PCA;phosphino carboxylic acid;Poly (acrylic acid-co-hypophosphite) sodium salt;Phosphino Carboxilic Acid (PCA);Phosphino Carboxylic Acid(PCA);2-Propenoic acid,polyMer with sodiuM phosphinate (1:1);Phaseolus coccineus agglutinin CAS No:71050-62-9

DESCRIPTION:
POLYCORIN L-896 is Water-clear
POLYCORIN L-896 is colorless
POLYCORIN L-896 is immediately water-soluble

POLYCORIN L-896 is little foaming
POLYCORIN L-896 is protective effect with organic and anorganic acids such as hydrochloric acid, phosphoric acid, amidosulfonic acid, formic acid, acetic acid, citric acid, lactic acid.

USAGE OF POLYCORIN L-896:
POLYCORIN L-896 is Used in colorless, acidic sanitary cleaners
POLYCORIN L-896 is Used in commercial household cleaners
POLYCORIN L-896 is Used in wheel rim cleaners

POLYCORIN L-896 is Used in dairy cleaners
POLYCORIN L-896 is Used in particularly suitable for protecting fittings.

APPLICATION AREAS OF POLYCORIN L-896:
POLYCORIN L-896 is Used as Surfactant-free corrosion inhibitor for the protection of iron, steel and non-ferrous metals (e.g. bronze, copper, tinned copper and galvanized plastics), in acidic solution (pH 1-6).


SAFETY INFORMATION ABOUT POLYCORIN L-896:
First aid measures:
Description of first aid measures:
General advice:
Consult a physician.
Show this safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
Move out of dangerous area:

If inhaled:
If breathed in, move person into fresh air.
If not breathing, give artificial respiration.
Consult a physician.
In case of skin contact:
Take off contaminated clothing and shoes immediately.
Wash off with soap and plenty of water.
Consult a physician.

In case of eye contact:
Rinse thoroughly with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes and consult a physician.
Continue rinsing eyes during transport to hospital.

If swallowed:
Do NOT induce vomiting.
Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person.
Rinse mouth with water.
Consult a physician.

Firefighting measures:
Extinguishing media:
Suitable extinguishing media:
Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.
Special hazards arising from the substance or mixture
Carbon oxides, Nitrogen oxides (NOx), Hydrogen chloride gas

Advice for firefighters:
Wear self-contained breathing apparatus for firefighting if necessary.
Accidental release measures:
Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures
Use personal protective equipment.

Avoid breathing vapours, mist or gas.
Evacuate personnel to safe areas.

Environmental precautions:
Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so.
Do not let product enter drains.
Discharge into the environment must be avoided.

Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Soak up with inert absorbent material and dispose of as hazardous waste.
Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.

Handling and storage:
Precautions for safe handling:
Avoid inhalation of vapour or mist.

Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place.
Containers which are opened must be carefully resealed and kept upright to prevent leakage.
Storage class (TRGS 510): 8A: Combustible, corrosive hazardous materials

Exposure controls/personal protection:
Control parameters:
Components with workplace control parameters
Contains no substances with occupational exposure limit values.
Exposure controls:
Appropriate engineering controls:
Handle in accordance with good industrial hygiene and safety practice.
Wash hands before breaks and at the end of workday.

Personal protective equipment:
Eye/face protection:
Tightly fitting safety goggles.
Faceshield (8-inch minimum).
Use equipment for eye protection tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or EN 166(EU).

Skin protection:
Handle with gloves.
Gloves must be inspected prior to use.
Use proper glove
removal technique (without touching glove's outer surface) to avoid skin contact with this product.
Dispose of contaminated gloves after use in accordance with applicable laws and good laboratory practices.
Wash and dry hands.

Full contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0.11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Material tested:Dermatril (KCL 740 / Aldrich Z677272, Size M)
Splash contact
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0.11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Material tested:Dermatril (KCL 740 / Aldrich Z677272, Size M)
It should not be construed as offering an approval for any specific use scenario.

Body Protection:
Complete suit protecting against chemicals, The type of protective equipment must be selected according to the concentration and amount of the dangerous substance at the specific workplace.
Respiratory protection:
Where risk assessment shows air-purifying respirators are appropriate use a fullface respirator with multi-purpose combination (US) or type ABEK (EN 14387) respirator cartridges as a backup to engineering controls.

If the respirator is the sole means of protection, use a full-face supplied air respirator.
Use respirators and components tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or CEN (EU).
Control of environmental exposure
Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so.
Do not let product enter drains.
Discharge into the environment must be avoided.

Stability and reactivity:
Chemical stability:
Stable under recommended storage conditions.
Incompatible materials:
Strong oxidizing agents:
Hazardous decomposition products:
Hazardous decomposition products formed under fire conditions.
Carbon oxides, Nitrogen oxides (NOx), Hydrogen chloride gas.

Disposal considerations:
Waste treatment methods:
Product:
Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company.
Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material.
Contaminated packaging:
Dispose of as unused product.

cas no 26062-79-3 Poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride); PDADMAC; 2-Propen-1-aminium,N,N-dimethyl-N-Propenyl-,chloride homopolymer; Polyquaternium-6; PolyDMDAAC; Polymer of dimethyl diallylammonium chloride;

Poly(dimethyldiallylammonium chloride); Polyquaternium-6 CAS NO:26062-79-3

polyDADMAC ( polydiallyldimethyl ammonium chloride ) (shortened polyDADMAC or polyDDA), also commonly polyquaternium-6, is a homopolymer of diallyldimethylammonium chloride (DADMAC).


CAS Number: 26062-79-3
EC Number: 230-993-8
MDL number: MFCD00192409
Chemical formula: (C8H16NCl)n


polyDADMAC ( polydiallyldimethyl ammonium chloride ) is a liquid cationic polymer of different viscosity, which works effectively as primary coagulants and charge neutralization agents in liquid-solid separation processes in a wide variety of industries.
polyDADMAC ( polydiallyldimethyl ammonium chloride ) is a cationic polymer and it can be completely dissolved in water.


polyDADMAC ( polydiallyldimethyl ammonium chloride ) contains strong cationic group radical and activated-absorbent group radical which can destabilize and flocculate the suspended solids and the negative-charged water-soluble matters in the wastewater through electro-neutralization and bridging absorption.
polyDADMAC ( polydiallyldimethyl ammonium chloride ) is very effective in flocculating, decoloring, killing algae, and removing organics.


polyDADMAC ( polydiallyldimethyl ammonium chloride ) enjoys a small dosage but can cause big flocs, rapid precipitation, and low turbidity residue, and it can also produce a small amount of sludge.
polyDADMAC ( polydiallyldimethyl ammonium chloride ) is adaptable to a wide range of pH values, between 4.0 and 10.0


polyDADMAC ( polydiallyldimethyl ammonium chloride ) is smell-less, tasteless, and harmless.
polyDADMAC ( polydiallyldimethyl ammonium chloride ) is cationic polymer and it can be completely dissolved in water.
polyDADMAC ( polydiallyldimethyl ammonium chloride ) contains strong cationic group radical and activated-adsorbent group radical which can destabilize and flocculate the suspended solids and the negative-charged water soluble matters in the waste water through electro-neutralization and bridging adsorption.


polyDADMAC ( polydiallyldimethyl ammonium chloride ) is very effective in flocculating, decoloring, killing algae and removing organics.
polyDADMAC ( polydiallyldimethyl ammonium chloride ) enjoys small dosage but can cause big flocs, rapid precipitation and low turbidity residue, and it can also produce small amount of sludge.


polyDADMAC ( polydiallyldimethyl ammonium chloride ) is adaptable to wide range of pH value, between 4.0 and 10.0.
polyDADMAC ( polydiallyldimethyl ammonium chloride ) is smelless, tasteless and harmless.
polyDADMAC ( polydiallyldimethyl ammonium chloride ) is liquid cationic polymer of different molecular weight which work efficiently as primary coagulants and charge neutralization agents in liquid-solid separation processes in a wide variety of industries.


polyDADMAC ( polydiallyldimethyl ammonium chloride ) is cationic quaternary ammonium based polymer, a colorless to pale yellow viscous liquid.
polyDADMAC ( polydiallyldimethyl ammonium chloride ) is soluble in water, safe, non-toxic, hydrolytic stability, and good adaptability to the changes in pH value.


In drilling filed, we call it as antiy-clay swelling agent or clay stabilizer, polyDADMAC ( polydiallyldimethyl ammonium chloride ) is also compatible with fracturing and acidizing fluids.
polyDADMAC ( polydiallyldimethyl ammonium chloride ) is liquid


polyDADMAC ( polydiallyldimethyl ammonium chloride ) is a cationic polyelectrolyte that is widely utilized as a flocculant.
polyDADMAC ( polydiallyldimethyl ammonium chloride ) is prepared by the radical polymerization of diallyldimethylammonium chloride (DADMAC) in presence of a catalyst in the form of an organic peroxide.


polyDADMAC ( polydiallyldimethyl ammonium chloride ) (shortened polyDADMAC or polyDDA), also commonly polyquaternium-6, is a homopolymer of diallyldimethylammonium chloride (DADMAC).
The molecular weight of polyDADMAC ( polydiallyldimethyl ammonium chloride ) is typically in the range of hundreds of thousands of grams per mole, and even up to a million for some products.


polyDADMAC ( polydiallyldimethyl ammonium chloride ) is usually delivered as a liquid concentrate having a solids level in the range of 10 to 50%.
polyDADMAC ( polydiallyldimethyl ammonium chloride ) is a high charge density cationic polymer.
The charge density makes polyDADMAC ( polydiallyldimethyl ammonium chloride ) well suited for flocculation.


polyDADMAC ( polydiallyldimethyl ammonium chloride ) contains strong cationic group radicals and activated-adsorbent group radicals, which can destabilize and flocculate the suspended solids and the negative-charged water soluble matters in the wastewater through electro-neutralization and bridging adsorption.
polyDADMAC ( polydiallyldimethyl ammonium chloride ) is very effective in flocculating, decoloring, killing algae, and removing organics.


This textile auxiliary enjoys a small dosage but can cause big flocs, rapid precipitation, and low turbidity residue.
polyDADMAC ( polydiallyldimethyl ammonium chloride ) is adaptable to a wide range of pH values, between 0.5~1.4.
polyDADMAC ( polydiallyldimethyl ammonium chloride ) is odorless, tasteless, and harmless.


polyDADMAC ( polydiallyldimethyl ammonium chloride ) should be sealed and stored in a dry and cool place.
In this way, polyDADMAC ( polydiallyldimethyl ammonium chloride ) can be stored for two years without losing its effect.
If there appears stratification after the long-term storage, polyDADMAC ( polydiallyldimethyl ammonium chloride ) can be mixed before being used.


polyDADMAC ( polydiallyldimethyl ammonium chloride ) should be diluted 10-40 times and added 2-10 kg of water solution to the printing and dyeing wastewater with PH value of 7-10.
The specific dosage and usage method of polyDADMAC ( polydiallyldimethyl ammonium chloride ) should be adjusted according to the different wastewater from each factory through small-scale test, so as to achieve the best effect.


polyDADMAC ( polydiallyldimethyl ammonium chloride ) (technically named Poly dimethyl diallyl ammonium chloride) is cationic polymer in powder form or liquid form and it can be completely dissolved in water.
polyDADMAC ( polydiallyldimethyl ammonium chloride ) is cationic linear polymer which can completely dissolved in water.


polyDADMAC ( polydiallyldimethyl ammonium chloride ) is cationic linear polymer which can completely dissolved in water, it contains strong cationic radical and activated adsorbent radical, which can destabilize and flocculate the suspended solids and the negative-charged water soluble matters in the wastewater through electro neutralization and bridging adsorption.


polyDADMAC ( polydiallyldimethyl ammonium chloride ) vcontains strong cationic group radicals and activated-adsorbent group radicals.
polyDADMAC ( polydiallyldimethyl ammonium chloride ) can destabilize and flocculate the suspended solids and the negative-charged water-soluble matters in the wastewater through electro-neutralization and bridging adsorption.


polyDADMAC ( polydiallyldimethyl ammonium chloride ) is a colorless and practically odorless.
Molecular Formula of polyDADMAC ( polydiallyldimethyl ammonium chloride ) is (C8H16NCl)n
polyDADMAC ( polydiallyldimethyl ammonium chloride ) is very effective in flocculating, decoloring, killing algae, and removing organics.


polyDADMAC ( polydiallyldimethyl ammonium chloride ) enjoys a small dosage but can cause big flocs, rapid precipitation, and low turbidity residue.
On the other hand, polyDADMAC ( polydiallyldimethyl ammonium chloride ) overcomes the shortcomings of inorganic flocculants, such as loose floc structure, high flotation and low density, high water content, and poor sedimentation caused by hydrolysis.


polyDADMAC ( polydiallyldimethyl ammonium chloride ) is adaptable to a wide range of pH values, between 0.5~1.4.
polyDADMAC ( polydiallyldimethyl ammonium chloride ) is odorless, tasteless, and harmless.



USES and APPLICATIONS of POLYDADMAC ( POLYDIALLYLDIMETHYL AMMONIUM CHLORIDE ):
polyDADMAC ( polydiallyldimethyl ammonium chloride ) can be widely used in industrial waste water and surface water purification as well as sludge thickening and dewatering.
polyDADMAC ( polydiallyldimethyl ammonium chloride ) can improve water clarity at a relatively low dose.


polyDADMAC ( polydiallyldimethyl ammonium chloride ) has good activity that accelerate the sedimentation rate.
polyDADMAC ( polydiallyldimethyl ammonium chloride ) is suitable for a wide range of PH 4-10.
polyDADMAC ( polydiallyldimethyl ammonium chloride ) can also be used in the colliery waste water, paper making waste water, oil field and oil refinery oily waste water and urban sewage treatment.


polyDADMAC ( polydiallyldimethyl ammonium chloride ) is used as cationic coagulant in sewage treatment，mining and mineral processing.
polyDADMAC ( polydiallyldimethyl ammonium chloride ) is used as aldehyde-free fixing agent in textile industry.
polyDADMAC ( polydiallyldimethyl ammonium chloride ) is used as anionic garbage capture agent and AKD ripening accelerator in papermaking process.


polyDADMAC ( polydiallyldimethyl ammonium chloride ) is used as clay stabilizer for drilling and cationic modifier for acidizing and fracturing in water injection in oil field industry.
polyDADMAC ( polydiallyldimethyl ammonium chloride ) is widely applied in the production of various types of industrial enterprises and sewage treatment.


Unique decolorization ability, polyDADMAC ( polydiallyldimethyl ammonium chloride ) is mainly used in dye factory high chroma wastewater decolorization treatment, suitable dye varieties for active, acid and disperse dye wastewater treatment.
polyDADMAC ( polydiallyldimethyl ammonium chloride ) also can be used for textile, printing and dyeing, printing ink and other industrial wastewater treatment.


polyDADMAC ( polydiallyldimethyl ammonium chloride ) can also be used as papermaking reinforcing agent, sizing agent
polyDADMAC ( polydiallyldimethyl ammonium chloride ) is widely applied in the production of various types of industrial enterprises and sewage treatment.
polyDADMAC ( polydiallyldimethyl ammonium chloride ) can also be used in colliery waste water, paper making waste water, oil field and oil refinery oily waste water and urban sewage treatment.


polyDADMAC ( polydiallyldimethyl ammonium chloride ) is often used in filtration applications or in conjunction with other flocculant products.
polyDADMAC ( polydiallyldimethyl ammonium chloride ) is highly effective in many water treatment clarification processes and in coagulating and flocculating inorganic and organic particles such as silt, clay, algae, bacteria and viruses.


polyDADMAC ( polydiallyldimethyl ammonium chloride ) is used as a coagulant in water purification and waste water treatment,
polyDADMAC ( polydiallyldimethyl ammonium chloride ) contributes to neutralize negatively charged colloidal material and reduce sludge volume compared with inorganic coagulants.


polyDADMAC ( polydiallyldimethyl ammonium chloride ) is a liquid cationic polymer of different viscosity, which works effectively as primary coagulants and charge neutralization agents in liquid-solid separation processes in a wide variety of industries.
polyDADMAC ( polydiallyldimethyl ammonium chloride ) is used for Sewage Treatment, and Mining.


polyDADMAC ( polydiallyldimethyl ammonium chloride ) is a cationic linear polymer which can completely dissolved in water, it contains strong cationic radical and activated adsorbent radical, which can destabilize and flocculate the suspended solids and the negative-charged water soluble matters in the wastewater through electro-neutralization and bridging adsorption.


polyDADMAC ( polydiallyldimethyl ammonium chloride ) achieves good results in flocculating, de-coloring, killing algae and removing organics
polyDADMAC ( polydiallyldimethyl ammonium chloride ) can be used as flocculating agent, decoloring agent and dewatering agent for raw water and waste water treatment, fungicide for textile printing and dyeing trade, softening agent, antistatic, conditioner and color fixing agent.


Moreover, polyDADMAC ( polydiallyldimethyl ammonium chloride ) can also be used as surface active agent in chemical industries.
polyDADMAC ( polydiallyldimethyl ammonium chloride ) is mainly used in the paper-making, textile dyeing and finishing process .
polyDADMAC ( polydiallyldimethyl ammonium chloride ) can be widely used to treat source water and sewage water.


polyDADMAC ( polydiallyldimethyl ammonium chloride ) can be widely used to treat source water and sewage water.
When used alone, polyDADMAC ( polydiallyldimethyl ammonium chloride ) should be diluted to the concentration of 0.05%~0.5% (based on solid content).
However, when PDDA is used to treat different sources of water or wastewater, the dosage is based on turbidity and water concentration.


The most economical dosage of polyDADMAC ( polydiallyldimethyl ammonium chloride ) is based on the trial.
The dosing spot and the mixing velocity should be carefully decided to guarantee that the chemical can be mixed evenly with the other chemicals in the water and the flocs can not be broken.


Therefore, it is better to dose the product continuously.
polyDADMAC ( polydiallyldimethyl ammonium chloride ) can be used in dyeing and finishing auxiliaries as an advanced formaldehyde-free color-fixing agent and can form a film in the fabric and improve color fastness.


polyDADMAC ( polydiallyldimethyl ammonium chloride ) can be used in papermaking, coating, antistatic agent, AKD sizing promoter, and retention and drainage agent.
polyDADMAC ( polydiallyldimethyl ammonium chloride ) is mainly used as standard titrant, anion-trapping agent, and retention aid in the paper industry.


polyDADMAC ( polydiallyldimethyl ammonium chloride ) is applied to the coating of inkjet printing paper to improve the print quality and color firmness of the printed paper sheet and enhance the water resistance of the printed paper sheet, thus improving the premium feel of the inkjet printing paper.
polyDADMAC ( polydiallyldimethyl ammonium chloride ) also be used in decoloring and flocculation in water treatment (drinking and wastewater).


polyDADMAC ( polydiallyldimethyl ammonium chloride ) can be used not only as a flocculant but also as a bactericide.
polyDADMAC ( polydiallyldimethyl ammonium chloride ) has a significant inhibitory effect on the growth of E. coli when the dosage is greater than 20mg/L.
polyDADMAC ( polydiallyldimethyl ammonium chloride ) can be used in daily chemicals as a shampoo carding agent, wetting agent, and antistatic agent.


polyDADMAC ( polydiallyldimethyl ammonium chloride ) can be used as a clay stabilizer, acid fracturing cationic additive, mud treatment agent, oily wastewater treatment agent, scale inhibitor, acidizing fluid additive, and plugging fluid in oilfield chemicals.
polyDADMAC ( polydiallyldimethyl ammonium chloride ) is used in wastewater treatment (drinking and waste-water), textiles, cosmetics, mining(coal, gold, diamonds, etc.), paper-making, soil treatment, the oil industry, etc.


polyDADMAC ( polydiallyldimethyl ammonium chloride ) is widely used in drinking and waste water treatment, especially for those high-level-grimed water, can effectively concrete
polyDADMAC ( polydiallyldimethyl ammonium chloride ) is used as a coagulant aid in water treatment.


polyDADMAC ( polydiallyldimethyl ammonium chloride ) can be used as an electrolytic solution in a variety of applications such as drug delivery, biomedical systems, and sensors, which include biosensors and chemical sensors.
polyDADMAC ( polydiallyldimethyl ammonium chloride ) can be used in dyeing and finishing auxiliaries as an advanced formaldehyde-free color-fixing agent and can form a film in the fabric and improve color fastness.


polyDADMAC ( polydiallyldimethyl ammonium chloride ) can be used in papermaking, coating and antistatic agent, AKD sizing promoter, and retention and drainage agent.
polyDADMAC ( polydiallyldimethyl ammonium chloride ) also be used in decolor and flocculation in water treatment (drinking and wastewater).


In daily chemicals, polyDADMAC ( polydiallyldimethyl ammonium chloride ) can be used as a shampoo carding agent, wetting agent, and antistatic agent.
In the oil field chemicals, the polyDADMAC ( polydiallyldimethyl ammonium chloride ) can be used in clay stabilizers, acid fracturing cation additives, etc.
polyDADMAC ( polydiallyldimethyl ammonium chloride ) should be diluted to the concentration of 0.5%-0.05% (based on solid content) when used alone.


When polyDADMAC ( polydiallyldimethyl ammonium chloride ) is used to treat different sources of water or wastewater, the dosage is based on the turbidity and the concentration of the water.
polyDADMAC ( polydiallyldimethyl ammonium chloride ) is mainly used for flocculating, decoloring, anti-algae and removing organics.
Application of polyDADMAC ( polydiallyldimethyl ammonium chloride ): Effluent Treatment, Pulp and Paper industry, and Water purification


-Effluent treatment:
polyDADMAC ( polydiallyldimethyl ammonium chloride ) is used in waste water treatment as a primary organic coagulant which neutralizes negatively charged colloidal material and reduces sludge volume compared with inorganic coagulants.


-Pulp and paper industry:
polyDADMAC ( polydiallyldimethyl ammonium chloride ) is used for controlling disturbing substances in the papermaking process.
polyDADMAC ( polydiallyldimethyl ammonium chloride ) provides superior fixing of pitch from mechanical pulp and of latex from coated broke.
polyDADMAC ( polydiallyldimethyl ammonium chloride ) is used in the short circulation of a paper mill to enhance retention and dewatering.
In addition, polyDADMAC ( polydiallyldimethyl ammonium chloride ) can be used to improve the efficiency of disk filters and flotators, and for cationization of fillers to provide maximal filler retention.


-Water purification:
polyDADMAC ( polydiallyldimethyl ammonium chloride ) is used as a coagulant in water purification.
polyDADMAC ( polydiallyldimethyl ammonium chloride ) is effective in coagulating and flocculating inorganic and organic particles such as silt, clay, algae, bacteria and viruses.
At high concentrations polyDADMAC ( polydiallyldimethyl ammonium chloride ) can remove natural organic matter such as humic and fulvic acids resulting in fewer disinfection byproduct precursors and less color.



PROPERTIES OF POLYDADMAC ( POLYDIALLYLDIMETHYL AMMONIUM CHLORIDE ):
Strong cationic polyelectrolyte with a colorless to pale yellow viscous liquid.
polyDADMAC ( polydiallyldimethyl ammonium chloride )is safe, non-toxic, soluble in water, non-flammable, strong in cohesion, good in hydrolysis stability, non-gel, insensitive to pH changes, and resistant to chlorine.
The freezing point of polyDADMAC ( polydiallyldimethyl ammonium chloride ) is about -2.8°C, the specific gravity is about 1.04g/cm, and the decomposition temperature is 280-300 °C.



WHAT'S THE APPLICATION FIELDS OF POLYDADMAC ( POLYDIALLYLDIMETHYL AMMONIUM CHLORIDE ):
*Water treatment (drinking and waste-water)
*Textiles effluent decolorant
*Mining (coal, gold, diamonds etc.)
*Sugar and juice decolorant
*Paper-making
*Oil industry
*Blend with other inorganic or organic polymers, such as ACH, PAC PFS etc..



SYNTHESIS OF POLYDADMAC ( POLYDIALLYLDIMETHYL AMMONIUM CHLORIDE ):
The monomer DADMAC is formed by reacting two equivalents of allyl chloride with dimethylamine.
polyDADMAC ( polydiallyldimethyl ammonium chloride ) is then synthesized by radical polymerization of DADMAC with an organic peroxide used as a catalyst.
Two polymeric structures are possible when polymerizing DADMAC: N-substituted piperidine structure or N-substituted pyrrolidine structure.
The pyrrolidine structure is favored.



PURIFICATION METHODS OF POLYDADMAC ( POLYDIALLYLDIMETHYL AMMONIUM CHLORIDE ):
Precipitate polyDADMAC ( polydiallyldimethyl ammonium chloride ) from water with acetone, and dry the salt in a vacuum for 24hours.



HISTORY OF POLYDADMAC ( POLYDIALLYLDIMETHYL AMMONIUM CHLORIDE ):
polyDADMAC ( polydiallyldimethyl ammonium chloride ) polymers were first prepared and studied in 1957 by Professor George Butler at the University of Florida.
polyDADMAC ( polydiallyldimethyl ammonium chloride ) was remarkable as it was soluble in water in contrast at the time to other known synthetic polymers formed by polymerization of monomers containing more than one vinyl functionality.
The structure and reaction path was determined in 2002 with NMR studies.



SYNTHESIS OF POLYDADMAC ( POLYDIALLYLDIMETHYL AMMONIUM CHLORIDE ):
The monomer polyDADMAC ( polydiallyldimethyl ammonium chloride ) is formed by reacting two equivalents of allyl chloride with dimethylamine.
polyDADMAC ( polydiallyldimethyl ammonium chloride ) is then synthesized by radical polymerization of DADMAC with an organic peroxide used as a catalyst.
Two polymeric structures are possible when polymerizing DADMAC: N-substituted piperidine structure or N-substituted pyrrolidine structure.
The pyrrolidine structure is favored.



APPLICATION METHOD OF POLYDADMAC ( POLYDIALLYLDIMETHYL AMMONIUM CHLORIDE ):
Liquid:
1. When used alone, polyDADMAC ( polydiallyldimethyl ammonium chloride ) should be diluted to the concentration of 0.05%-0.5%(based on solid content).
2. In dealing with different source water or waste water, the dosage is based on the turbidity and the concentration of the water.
The most economical dosage is based on the jar trial.
3. The dosing spot and the mixing velocity should be carefully decided to guarantee that the chemical can be mixed evenly with the other chemicals in the water and the flocs can not be broken.
4. It is better to dose the product continuously.



PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of POLYDADMAC ( POLYDIALLYLDIMETHYL AMMONIUM CHLORIDE ):
Chemical formula: (C8H16NCl)n
Molar mass: Variable
Solubility in water: Soluble
Appearance Form: liquid
Odor: No data available
Odor Threshold: No data available
pH: No data available
Melting point/freezing point: No data available
Initial boiling point and boiling range: No data available
Flash point: > 100 °C - closed cup
Evaporation rate: No data available
Flammability (solid, gas): No data available
Upper/lower flammability or explosive limits: No data available
Vapor pressure: No data available
Vapor density: No data available
Relative density: No data available
Water solubility: No data available
Partition coefficient: n-octanol/water: No data available
Autoignition temperature: Not applicable
Decomposition temperature: No data available
Viscosity
Viscosity, kinematic: No data available
Viscosity, dynamic: No data available

Explosive properties: No data available
Oxidizing properties: No data available
Other safety information: No data available
Appearance: Colorless to Light Yellow transparent liquid
Active matter: 40±1%
Viscosity（cps/25℃）: 7500-50000
pH value（1%in water）: 3～7
Density: 1.09 g/mL at 25 °C
refractive index: n20/D 1.417
Flash point: 100 °C
Stability: Stable.
LogP: -2.301 (est)
Indirect Additives used in Food Contact Substances: POLY(DIALLYLDIMETHYLAMMONIUM CHLORIDE)
CAS DataBase Reference: 26062-79-3
Appearance: Colorless, Transparent Colloid
Viscosity: 100cps-80000cps
Solid Content: 40%min.
PH (30% solution): 3 - 7
Ionic Nature: Cationic
Specific Gravity: About 1



FIRST AID MEASURES of POLYDADMAC ( POLYDIALLYLDIMETHYL AMMONIUM CHLORIDE ):
-Description of first-aid measures:
*If inhaled:
After inhalation:
Fresh air.
*In case of skin contact:
Take off immediately all contaminated clothing.
Rinse skin with water/ shower.
*In case of eye contact:
After eye contact:
Rinse out with plenty of water.
Remove contact lenses.
*If swallowed:
After swallowing:
Make victim drink water (two glasses at most).
Consult doctor if feeling unwell.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed:
No data available



ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of POLYDADMAC ( POLYDIALLYLDIMETHYL AMMONIUM CHLORIDE ):
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Cover drains.
Collect, bind, and pump off spills.
Observe possible material restrictions.
Take up with liquid-absorbent material.
Dispose of properly.
Clean up affected area.



FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of POLYDADMAC ( POLYDIALLYLDIMETHYL AMMONIUM CHLORIDE ):
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Use extinguishing measures that are appropriate to local circumstances and the surrounding environment.
*Unsuitable extinguishing media:
For this substance/mixture no limitations of extinguishing agents are given.
-Further information:
Suppress (knock down) gases/vapors/mists with a water spray jet.
Prevent fire extinguishing water from contaminating surface water or the ground water system.



EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of POLYDADMAC ( POLYDIALLYLDIMETHYL AMMONIUM CHLORIDE ):
-Control parameters:
--Ingredients with workplace control parameters:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use equipment for eye protection
Safety glasses
*Skin protection:
Handle with gloves.
Wash and dry hands.
Full contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Splash contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Respiratory protection:
Recommended Filter type: Filter type ABEK
-Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.



HANDLING and STORAGE of POLYDADMAC ( POLYDIALLYLDIMETHYL AMMONIUM CHLORIDE ):
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
*Storage conditions:
Tightly closed.



STABILITY and REACTIVITY of POLYDADMAC ( POLYDIALLYLDIMETHYL AMMONIUM CHLORIDE ):
-Reactivity:
No data available
-Chemical stability:
The product is chemically stable under standard ambient conditions (room temperature) .
-Conditions to avoid:
no information available



SYNONYMS:
Poly(dimethyldiallylammonium chloride)
Polyquaternium-6
PDADMAC
PDADMAC
PDAC
e261
pbk1
261lv
cp261
vpk402
cp261lv
pas-h10
merck261

Synonyms: Unii-vh2xou12ie;Polydextrose (200 mg);Polydextrose type 2;Water-soluble dietary fiber;POLYDEXTROSE;Poly-D-glucose;POLYDEXTROSE,UNTREATED,FCC;dextrose/ sorbitol condensation polymer CAS: 68424-04-4

poly(dimethylsiloxane); PDMS; dimethicone; dimethylpolysiloxane; E900 CAS NO:63148-62-9

Polydimethylsiloxane Polydimethylsiloxane PDMS PDMS Names IUPAC name poly(dimethylsiloxane) Other names PDMS dimethicone dimethylpolysiloxane E900 Identifiers CAS Number 63148-62-9 ☒ 3D model (JSmol) n = 12: Interactive image ChemSpider none ECHA InfoCard 100.126.442 E number E900 (glazing agents, ...) UNII 92RU3N3Y1O check CompTox Dashboard (EPA) DTXSID0049573 Properties Chemical formula (C2H6OSi)n Density 965 kg/m3 Melting point N/A (vitrifies) Boiling point N/A (vitrifies) Pharmacology ATC code P03AX05 (WHO) Hazards NFPA 704 (fire diamond) NFPA 704 four-colored diamond 110 Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa). ☒ verify (what is check☒ ?) Infobox references Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), also known as dimethylpolysiloxane or dimethicone, belongs to a group of polymeric organosilicon compounds that are commonly referred to as silicones.[1] Polydimethylsiloxane is the most widely used silicon-based organic polymer due to its versatility and properties leading to many applications.[2] It is particularly known for its unusual rheological (or flow) properties. Polydimethylsiloxane is optically clear and, in general, inert, non-toxic, and non-flammable. It is one of several types of silicone oil (polymerized siloxane). Its applications range from contact lenses and medical devices to elastomers; it is also present in shampoos (as it makes hair shiny and slippery), food (antifoaming agent), caulking, lubricants and heat-resistant tiles. Structure The chemical formula for Polydimethylsiloxane is CH3[Si(CH3)2O]nSi(CH3)3, where n is the number of repeating monomer [SiO(CH3)2] units.[3] Industrial synthesis can begin from dimethyldichlorosilane and water by the following net reaction: The polymerization reaction evolves hydrochloric acid. For medical and domestic applications, a process was developed in which the chlorine atoms in the silane precursor were replaced with acetate groups. In this case, the polymerization produces acetic acid, which is less chemically aggressive than HCl. As a side-effect, the curing process is also much slower in this case. The acetate is used in consumer applications, such as silicone caulk and adhesives. Branching and capping Hydrolysis of Si(CH3)2Cl2 generates a polymer that is terminated with silanol groups (−Si(CH3)2OH]). These reactive centers are typically "capped" by reaction with trimethylsilyl chloride: 2 Si(CH3)3Cl + [Si(CH3)2O]n−2[Si(CH3)2OH]2 → [Si(CH3)2O]n−2[Si(CH3)2O Si(CH3)3]2 + 2 HCl Silane precursors with more acid-forming groups and fewer methyl groups, such as methyltrichlorosilane, can be used to introduce branches or cross-links in the polymer chain. Under ideal conditions, each molecule of such a compound becomes a branch point. This can be used to produce hard silicone resins. In a similar manner, precursors with three methyl groups can be used to limit molecular weight, since each such molecule has only one reactive site and so forms the end of a siloxane chain. Well-defined Polydimethylsiloxane with a low polydispersity index and high homogeneity is produced by controlled anionic ring-opening polymerization of hexamethylcyclotrisiloxane. Using this methodology it is possible to synthesize linear block copolymers, heteroarm star-shaped block copolymers and many other macromolecular architectures. The polymer is manufactured in multiple viscosities, ranging from a thin pourable liquid (when n is very low), to a thick rubbery semi-solid (when n is very high). Polydimethylsiloxane molecules have quite flexible polymer backbones (or chains) due to their siloxane linkages, which are analogous to the ether linkages used to impart rubberiness to polyurethanes. Such flexible chains become loosely entangled when molecular weight is high, which results in PDMS' unusually high level of viscoelasticity. Mechanical properties Polydimethylsiloxane is viscoelastic, meaning that at long flow times (or high temperatures), it acts like a viscous liquid, similar to honey. However, at short flow times (or low temperatures), it acts like an elastic solid, similar to rubber. Viscoelasticity is a form of nonlinear elasticity that is common amongst noncrystalline polymers.[4] The loading and unloading of a stress-strain curve for Polydimethylsiloxane do not coincide; rather, the amount of stress will vary based on the degree of strain, and the general rule is that increasing strain will result in greater stiffness. When the load itself is removed, the strain is slowly recovered (rather than instantaneously). This time-dependent elastic deformation results from the long-chains of the polymer. But the process that is described above is only relevant when cross-linking is present; when it is not, the polymer Polydimethylsiloxane cannot shift back to the original state even when the load is removed, resulting in a permanent deformation. However, permanent deformation is rarely seen in PDMS, since it is almost always cured with a cross-linking agent. If some Polydimethylsiloxane is left on a surface overnight (long flow time), it will flow to cover the surface and mold to any surface imperfections. However, if the same Polydimethylsiloxane is poured into a spherical mold and allowed to cure (short flow time), it will bounce like a rubber ball.[3] The mechanical properties of Polydimethylsiloxane enable this polymer to conform to a diverse variety of surfaces. Since these properties are affected by a variety of factors, this unique polymer is relatively easy to tune. This enables Polydimethylsiloxane to become a good substrate that can easily be integrated into a variety of microfluidic and microelectromechanical systems.[5][6] Specifically, the determination of mechanical properties can be decided before Polydimethylsiloxane is cured; the uncured version allows the user to capitalize on myriad opportunities for achieving a desirable elastomer. Generally, the cross-linked cured version of Polydimethylsiloxane resembles rubber in a solidified form. It is widely known to be easily stretched, bent, compressed in all directions.[7] Depending on the application and field, the user is able to tune the properties based on what is demanded. Fabric embedded within PDMS. This technique enables a user to retain a thin layer of Polydimethylsiloxane as a substrate while achieving a higher stiffness through the insertion of reinforcement. Linear relationship in Sylgard 184 Polydimethylsiloxane between curing temperature and Young's modulus Overall Polydimethylsiloxane has a low elastic modulus which enables it to be easily deformed and results in the behavior of a rubber.[8][9][10] Viscoelastic properties of Polydimethylsiloxane can be more precisely measured using dynamic mechanical analysis. This method requires determination of the material's flow characteristics over a wide range of temperatures, flow rates, and deformations. Because of PDMS's chemical stability, it is often used as a calibration fluid for this type of experiment. The shear modulus of Polydimethylsiloxane varies with preparation conditions, and consequently dramatically varies in the range of 100 kPa to 3 MPa. The loss tangent is very low (tan δ ≪ 0.001).[10] Chemical compatibility Polydimethylsiloxane is hydrophobic.[6] Plasma oxidation can be used to alter the surface chemistry, adding silanol (SiOH) groups to the surface. Atmospheric air plasma and argon plasma will work for this application. This treatment renders the Polydimethylsiloxane surface hydrophilic, allowing water to wet it. The oxidized surface can be further functionalized by reaction with trichlorosilanes. After a certain amount of time, recovery of the surface's hydrophobicity is inevitable, regardless of whether the surrounding medium is vacuum, air, or water; the oxidized surface is stable in air for about 30 minutes.[11] Alternatively, for applications where long-term hydrophilicity is a requirement, techniques such as hydrophilic polymer grafting, surface nanostructuring, and dynamic surface modification with embedded surfactants can be of use. [12] Solid Polydimethylsiloxane samples (whether surface-oxidized or not) will not allow aqueous solvents to infiltrate and swell the material. Thus Polydimethylsiloxane structures can be used in combination with water and alcohol solvents without material deformation. However most organic solvents will diffuse into the material and cause it to swell.[6] Despite this, some organic solvents lead to sufficiently small swelling that they can be used with PDMS, for instance within the channels of Polydimethylsiloxane microfluidic devices. The swelling ratio is roughly inversely related to the solubility parameter of the solvent. Diisopropylamine swells Polydimethylsiloxane to the greatest extent; solvents such as chloroform, ether, and THF swell the material to a large extent. Solvents such as acetone, 1-propanol, and pyridine swell the material to a small extent. Alcohols and polar solvents such as methanol, glycerol and water do not swell the material appreciably.[13] Applications Surfactants and antifoaming agents Polydimethylsiloxane is a common surfactant and is a component of defoamers.[14] PDMS, in a modified form, is used as an herbicide penetrant[15] and is a critical ingredient in water-repelling coatings, such as Rain-X.[16] Hydraulic fluids and related applications Dimethicone is also the active silicone fluid in automotive viscous limited slip differentials and couplings. This is usually a non-serviceable OEM component but can be replaced with mixed performance results due to variances in effectiveness caused by refill weights or non-standard pressurizations.[citation needed] Soft lithography Polydimethylsiloxane is commonly used as a stamp resin in the procedure of soft lithography, making it one of the most common materials used for flow delivery in microfluidics chips.[17] The process of soft lithography consists of creating an elastic stamp, which enables the transfer of patterns of only a few nanometers in size onto glass, silicon or polymer surfaces. With this type of technique, it is possible to produce devices that can be used in the areas of optic telecommunications or biomedical research. The stamp is produced from the normal techniques of photolithography or electron-beam lithography. The resolution depends on the mask used and can reach 6 nm.[18] In biomedical (or biological) microelectromechanical systems (bio-MEMS), soft lithography is used extensively for microfluidics in both organic and inorganic contexts. Silicon wafers are used to design channels, and Polydimethylsiloxane is then poured over these wafers and left to harden. When removed, even the smallest of details is left imprinted in the PDMS. With this particular Polydimethylsiloxane block, hydrophilic surface modification is conducted using plasma etching techniques. Plasma treatment disrupts surface silicon-oxygen bonds, and a plasma-treated glass slide is usually placed on the activated side of the Polydimethylsiloxane (the plasma-treated, now hydrophilic side with imprints). Once activation wears off and bonds begin to reform, silicon-oxygen bonds are formed between the surface atoms of the glass and the surface atoms of the PDMS, and the slide becomes permanently sealed to the PDMS, thus creating a waterproof channel. With these devices, researchers can utilize various surface chemistry techniques for different functions creating unique lab-on-a-chip devices for rapid parallel testing.[5] Polydimethylsiloxane can be cross-linked into networks and is a commonly used system for studying the elasticity of polymer networks.[citation needed] Polydimethylsiloxane can be directly patterned by surface-charge lithography.[19] Polydimethylsiloxane is being used in the making of synthetic gecko adhesion dry adhesive materials, to date only in laboratory test quantities.[20] Some flexible electronics researchers use Polydimethylsiloxane because of its low cost, easy fabrication, flexibility, and optical transparency.[21] Stereo lithography In stereo lithography (SLA) 3D printing, light is projected onto photocuring resin to selectively cure it. Some types of SLA printer are cured from the bottom of the tank of resin and therefore require the growing model to be peeled away from the base in order for each printed layer to be supplied with a fresh film of uncured resin. A Polydimethylsiloxane layer at the bottom of the tank assists this process by absorbing oxygen : the presence of oxygen adjacent to the resin prevents it adhering to the PDMS, and the optically clear Polydimethylsiloxane permits the projected image to pass through to the resin undistorted. Medicine and cosmetics Activated dimethicone, a mixture of Polydimethylsiloxane s and silicon dioxide (sometimes called simethicone), is often used in over-the-counter drugs as an antifoaming agent and carminative.[22][23] It has also been at least proposed for use in contact lenses.[24] Silicone breast implants are made out of a Polydimethylsiloxane elastomer shell, to which fumed amorphous silica is added, encasing Polydimethylsiloxane gel or saline solution. [25] In addition, Polydimethylsiloxane is useful as a lice or flea treatment because of its ability to trap insects.[26] It also works as a moisturizer that is lighter and more breathable than typical oils. Skin Polydimethylsiloxane is used variously in the cosmetic and consumer product industry as well. For example, Polydimethylsiloxane can be used in the treatment of head lice on the scalp[26] and dimethicone is used widely in skin-moisturizing lotions where it is listed as an active ingredient whose purpose is "skin protection." Some cosmetic formulations use dimethicone and related siloxane polymers in concentrations of use up to 15%. The Cosmetic Ingredient Review's (CIR) Expert Panel, has concluded that dimethicone and related polymers are "safe as used in cosmetic formulations."[27] Hair Polydimethylsiloxane compounds such as amodimethicone, are effective conditioners when formulated to consist of small particles and be soluble in water or alcohol/act as surfactants[28][29] (especially for damaged hair[30]), and are even more conditioning to the hair than common dimethicone and/or dimethicone copolyols.[31] Contact Lenses A proposed use of Polydimethylsiloxane is contact lens cleaning. Its physical properties of low elastic modulus and hydrophobicity have been used to clean micro and nano pollutants from contact lens surfaces more effectively than multipurpose solution and finger rubbing; the researchers involved call the technique PoPPR (polymer on polymer pollution removal) and note that it is highly effective at removing nanoplastic that has adhered to lenses.[32] Flea treatment for pets Dimethicone is the active ingredient in a liquid applied to the back of the neck of a cat or dog from a small one time use dose disposable pipette. The parasite becomes trapped and immoblised in the substance and thus breaks the life cycle of the insect. Foods Polydimethylsiloxane is added to many cooking oils (as an antifoaming agent) to prevent oil splatter during the cooking process. As a result of this, Polydimethylsiloxane can be found in trace quantities in many fast food items such as McDonald's Chicken McNuggets, french fries, hash browns, milkshakes and smoothies[33] and Wendy's french fries.[34] Under European food additive regulations, it is listed as E900. Condom lubricant Polydimethylsiloxane is widely used as a condom lubricant.[35][36] Domestic and niche uses Many people are indirectly familiar with Polydimethylsiloxane because it is an important component in Silly Putty, to which Polydimethylsiloxane imparts its characteristic viscoelastic properties.[37] Another toy Polydimethylsiloxane is used in is Kinetic Sand. The rubbery, vinegary-smelling silicone caulks, adhesives, and aquarium sealants are also well-known. Polydimethylsiloxane is also used as a component in silicone grease and other silicone based lubricants, as well as in defoaming agents, mold release agents, damping fluids, heat transfer fluids, polishes, cosmetics, hair conditioners and other applications. Polydimethylsiloxane has also been used as a filler fluid in breast implants. It can be used as a sorbent for the analysis of headspace (dissolved gas analysis) of food.[38] Safety and environmental considerations According to Ullmann's Encyclopedia, no "marked harmful effects on organisms in the environment" have been noted for siloxanes. Polydimethylsiloxane is nonbiodegradable, but is absorbed in waste water treatment facilities. Its degradation is catalyzed by various clays. Polydimethylsiloxane Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) is one of the high-performance polymers, with unique physical and chemical properties like flexible, thermo-tolerant, resistant to oxidation, ease of fabrication, tunable hardness, and other desirable properties. Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) is the simplest member of the silicone polymer family. It is formed by hydrolyzing Me2SiCl2, which is produced from high-purity SiO2 and CH2Cl2 by the Muller–Rochow reaction. The term “silicone” was coined by chemist F. S. Kipping in 1901. Low–molecular weight Polydimethylsiloxane is a liquid used in lubricants, antifoaming agents, and hydraulic fluids. Its use in breast implants is not as popular as it once was because of safety concerns. At higher molecular weights, Polydimethylsiloxane is a soft, compliant rubber or resin. It is used in caulks, sealants, an even Silly Putty. More recently, Polydimethylsiloxane resins have been used in soft lithography, a key process in biomedical microelectromechanical systems (bio-MEMS). Polydimethylsiloxane Polydimethylsiloxane IUPAC name poly(dimethylsiloxane) Other names PDMS dimethicone E900 Identifiers CAS number 63148-62-9 Properties Molecular formula (C2H6OSi)n Density 965 kg m−3 Melting point N/A (vitrifies) Boiling point below about 200 °C Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C, 100 kPa) Infobox disclaimer and references Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) is the most widely used silicon-based organic polymer, and is particularly known for its unusual rheological (or flow) properties. Its applications range from contact lenses and medical devices to elastomers, caulking, lubricating oils and heat resistant tiles. Polydimethylsiloxane is optically clear, and is generally considered to be inert, non-toxic and non-flammable. It has been assigned CAS number 63148-62-9, and is occasionally called dimethicone. It is one of several types of silicone oil (polymerized siloxane). Chemistry The chemical formula for Polydimethylsiloxane is (H3C)3[Si(CH3)2O]nSi(CH3)3, where n is the number of repeating monomer [SiO(CH3)2] units. Industrial synthesis can begin from dimethylchlorosilane and water by the following net reaction: n [Si(CH3)2Cl2] + n [H2O] → [Si(CH3)2O]n + 2n HCl During polymerization, this reaction evolves potentially hazardous hydrogen chloride gas. For medical uses, a process was developed where the chlorine atoms in the silane precursor were replaced with acetate groups, so that the reaction product of the final curing process is nontoxic acetic acid (vinegar). As a side effect, the curing process is also much slower in this case. This is the chemistry used in consumer applications, such as silicone caulk and adhesives. Silane precursors with more acid-forming groups and fewer methyl groups, such as methyltrichlorosilane, can be used to introduce branches or cross-links in the polymer chain. Ideally, each molecule of such a compound becomes a branch point. This can be used to produce hard silicone resins. Similarly, precursors with three methyl groups can be used to limit molecular weight, since each such molecule has only one reactive site and so forms the end of a siloxane chain. The polymer is manufactured in multiple viscosities, ranging from a thin pourable liquid (when n is very low), to a thick rubbery semi-solid (when n is very high). Polydimethylsiloxane molecules have quite flexible polymer backbones (or chains) due to their siloxane linkages, which are analogous to the ether linkages used to impart rubberiness to polyurethanes. Such flexible chains become loosely entangled when molecular weight is high, which results in Polydimethylsiloxane having an unusually high level of viscoelasticity. Mechanical properties Polydimethylsiloxane is viscoelastic, meaning that at long flow times (or high temperatures), it acts like a viscous liquid, similar to honey. However at short flow times (or low temperatures) it acts like an elastic solid, similar to rubber. In other words, if you leave some Polydimethylsiloxane on a surface overnight (long flow time), it will flow to cover the surface and mold to any surface imperfections. However if you roll the same Polydimethylsiloxane into a sphere and throw it onto the same surface (short flow time), it will bounce like a rubber ball. Although the viscoelastic properties of Polydimethylsiloxane can be intuitively observed using the simple experiment described above, they can be more accurately measured using dynamic mechanical analysis. This involves using a specialized instrument to determine the material's flow characteristics over a wide range of temperatures, flow rates, and deformations. Because of PDMS's chemical stability, it is often used as a calibration fluid for this type of experiment. The shear modulus of Polydimethylsiloxane varies with preparation conditions, but is typically in the range of 100 kPa to 3 MPa. The loss tangent is very low (\tan\delta\ll0.001).[1] Chemical compatibility After polymerization and cross-linking, solid Polydimethylsiloxane samples will present an external hydrophobic surface.[2] This surface chemistry makes it difficult for polar solvents (such as water) to wet the Polydimethylsiloxane surface, and may lead to adsorption of hydrophobic contaminants. Plasma oxidation can be used to alter the surface chemistry, adding silanol (SiOH) groups to the surface. This treatment renders the Polydimethylsiloxane surface hydrophilic, allowing water to wet (this is frequently required for, e.g. water-based microfluidics). The oxidized surface resists adsorption of hydrophobic and negatively charged species. The oxidized surface can be further functionalized by reaction with trichlorosilanes. Oxidized surfaces are stable for ~30 minutes in air, after a certain time hydrophobic recovery of the surface is inevitable independently of the surrounding medium whether it is vacuum, air or water.[3] Solid Polydimethylsiloxane samples (whether surface oxidized or not) will not allow aqueous solvents to infiltrate and swell the material. Thus Polydimethylsiloxane structures can be used in combination with water and alcohol solvents without material deformation. However most organic solvents will diffuse into the material and cause it to swell,[2] making them incompatible with Polydimethylsiloxane devices. Despite this, some organic solvents lead to sufficiently small swelling that they can be used with Polydimethylsiloxane, for instance within the channels of Polydimethylsiloxane microfluidic devices. The swelling ratio is roughly inversely related to the solubility parameter of the solvent. Diisopropylamine swells Polydimethylsiloxane to the greatest extent, solvents such as chloroform, ether, and THF swell the material to a large extent. Solvents such as acetone, 1-propanol, and pyridine swell the material to a small extent. Alcohols and polar solvents such as methanol, glycerol and water do not swell the material appreciably.[4] Applications Many people are indirectly familiar with Polydimethylsiloxane because it is an important (4%) component in Silly Putty, to which Polydimethylsiloxane imparts its characteristic viscoelastic properties. The rubbery, vinegary-smelling silicone caulks, adhesives, and aquarium sealants are also well-known. Polydimethylsiloxane is also used as a component in silicone grease and other silicone based lubricants, as well as in defoaming agents, mold release agents, damping fluids, heat transfer fluids, polishes, cosmetics, hair conditioners and other applications. Polydimethylsiloxane has also been used as a filler fluid in breast implants, although this practice has decreased somewhat, due to safety concerns. It continues to be used in knuckle replacement implants, with good results. Activated dimethicone, a mixture of Polydimethylsiloxane s and silicon dioxide (sometimes called simethicone), is used in Over-the-counter drug as an anti-foaming agent and carminative. As a food additive, it has the E number E900 and is used as an anti-foaming agent and an anti-caking agent. Polydimethylsiloxane is commonly used as a stamp resin in the procedure of soft lithography, making it one of the most common materials used for flow delivery in microfluidics chips. Polydimethylsiloxane can be cross-linked into networks and is a commonly used system for studying the elasticity of polymer networks. Polydimethylsiloxane can be used in the treatment of head lice. Dimethicone is also used widely in skin moisturizing lotions, listed as an active ingredient whose purpose is "skin protectant." Some cosmetic formulations use dimethicone and related siloxane polymers in concentrations of use up to 15%. The Cosmetic Ingredient Review's (CIR) Expert Panel, has concluded that dimethicone and related polymers are "safe as used in cosmetic formulations" [1] Polydimethylsiloxane is also used in analytical chemistry as a component of some types of SPME fibers. Introduction Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) is a commonly used silicon-based organic polymer. Due to its unique mechanical, chemical, and optical properties, it has become integrated into many optical and micro-fluidic devices. Polydimethylsiloxane can be purchased as a two-part kit. The kit consists of a base and a cross-linking agent. The two parts are in a viscous liquid form until mixed and cross-linking occurs. The cross-linking procedure will occur without other aid once the two parts are mixed. However, the procedure can be greatly accelerated with heat. The mixing ratios and curing procedures used during development determine the mechanical, chemical, and optical properties of the final solid. 2. Polydimethylsiloxane Mechanical Properties When cross-linked, Polydimethylsiloxane acts like a rubbery solid. In this state, the polymer does not permanently deform when under stress or strain. Rather, the elastic polymer will return to its original shape when released. The elastic properties of Polydimethylsiloxane are highly dependent on the amount of cross-linking agent (often is used methyltrichlorosilane) integrated into the polymer. The higher the concentration of the cross-linking agent, the more solid the final polymer becomes. With little or no cross-linking agent, the polymer will remain a viscous liquid. Since the curing process changes Polydimethylsiloxane from a liquid into an elastic solid, Polydimethylsiloxane is commonly used in micro-fabrication molds. Polydimethylsiloxane has been also used as walls for micro-fluidic channels and as a silicon wafer bonding agent. [1] 3. Polydimethylsiloxane Chemical Properties Polydimethylsiloxane is generally considered to be chemically inert and also notably hydrophobic, meaning that water cannot easily penetrate its surface. This property has led extended use of Polydimethylsiloxane in micro-fluidics. However, most organic solvents can still penetrate the Polydimethylsiloxane surface, limiting its versatility. Polydimethylsiloxane has also increasingly been used in extraction processes, where Polydimethylsiloxane is used to remove organic contaminants from water for analysis. As organic solvents are absorbed into the polymer, the volume of the polymer must increase, or swell, referred to the volume of the introduced chemicals. The solubility parameter of each chemical determines the amount of swelling that occurs. Neither chemical absorption, nor physical swelling are permanent. The absorbed chemicals can just as easily diffuse out of the polymer as they can diffuse in. The diffusion mechanics are dependent on equilibrium states between the polymer and the surrounding medium. Therefore, absorbed chemicals will remain in the polymer as long as a similar concentration of that chemical exists in the surrounding medium at the Polydimethylsiloxane surface. If the concentration in the medium decreases, then diffusion mechanics will cause the absorbed chemical to naturally flow out of the Polydimethylsiloxane until a new equilibrium is met. 4. Polydimethylsiloxane Optical Properties Polydimethylsiloxane is optically clear at a wide range of wavelengths. In addition, the curing time and temperature used during cross-linking can determine the refractive index (RI) of the bulk. Since the polymer can be easily molded, it has been used to form lenses and waveguides. Also, the effective refractive index and the absorption spectrum of Polydimethylsiloxane are changed when organic compounds are physically absorbed into the polymer. These properties have created the basis for several fiber-optic based chemical sensors. Through monitoring changes in refractive index or absorption spectrum, chemical concentrations absorbed into a volume of Polydimethylsiloxane may be identified and characterized. Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) fluids are available in a broad range of viscosities and are used in a wide range of applications. Polydimethylsiloxane fluids are known in the beauty and personal care industry by their INCI name, i.e.“dimethicone.” The Dow Corning commercial name of Polydimethylsiloxane is XIAMETER®.[ 2 ] Very-low-viscosity (≤ 2 cSt) Polydimethylsiloxane fluids are categorized as volatile methylsiloxanes (VMS). In the United States, VMS fluids are exempt from regulation as volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Features And Benefits of PDMS Excellent water repellency Good dielectric properties over a wide range of temperatures and frequencies. Low glass transition (Tg) temperature Low surface tension Heat stability Oxidation resistance Very low vapor pressure High flash point Inert, nonreactive Typical Uses Mechanical fluids Dielectric coolants Insulating and damping fluids for electrical and electronic equipment Release agents Foam control Surface active fluids Lubricants Ingredients for cosmetic and personal care formulations, polishes and specialty chemical products Plastics additives Most Polydimethylsiloxane s are non-volatile organosilicon polymers consisting of (CH3)2 SiO structural units as shown below : Polydimethylsiloxane s Polydimethylsiloxane structure, where typically x > 4 Various Polydimethylsiloxane fluids are linear, ranging in viscosity from very low to ultrahigh viscosities. Polydimethylsiloxane fluids draw strength, stability and flexibility from their siloxane backbone. Polydimethylsiloxane fluids gain inertness, lubricity, release properties and water repellency from their attached methyl groups,. Consequently, they are used in a wide range of industrial applications, such as paper, leather goods or textiles. They often serve as antifoams, softeners or water repellents. [3] Polydimethylsiloxane fluids can also be found in auto motive care products, personal – and household products. 5. Environment and Recycling Due to their wide range of applications, Polydimethylsiloxane fluids can enter the environment in different ways. Since they are non-volatile, Polydimethylsiloxane do not evaporate into the atmosphere. In household products, only very small quantities of Polydimethylsiloxane fluids can be washed from the surfaces to which they have been applied , eventually into the soil or a water treatment plant. This is the case for personal care products such as conditioners and shampoos, that are rinsed away after use and consequently the Polydimethylsiloxane they contain is carried with water to the treatment site. In industrial applications, where Polydimethylsiloxane are used as surface treatments or process aids, small quantities may be found in process water too. About 17% of the total Polydimethylsiloxane production volume worldwide is used in “ down – the – drain” applications. End-use industrial products such as transformer fluids are used in contained appli

Polydimethylsiloxane, also known as dimethylpolysiloxane or dimethicone, is a silicone polymer with a wide variety of uses, from cosmetics to industrial lubrication.
Polydimethylsiloxane is particularly known for its unusual rheological (or flow) properties.


CAS Number: 9006-65-9
E number: E900 (glazing agents, ...)
Chemical formula: CH3[Si(CH3)2O]nSi(CH3)3


Polydimethylsiloxane is the simplest member of the silicone polymer family.
Polydimethylsiloxane is formed by hydrolyzing Me2SiCl2, which is produced from high-purity SiO2 and CH2Cl2 by the Muller–Rochow reaction.
The term “silicone” was coined by chemist F. S. Kipping in 1901.


At higher molecular weights, Polydimethylsiloxane is a soft, compliant rubber or resin.
Polydimethylsiloxane is a silicone elastomer most often used in microfluidic or lab-on-a-chip applications to form devices with defined microstructures.
Polydimethylsiloxane is optically clear, and is generally considered to be inert, non-toxic and non-flammable.


Polydimethylsiloxane is one of several types of silicone oil (polymerized siloxane).
Polydimethylsiloxane is a colorless and transparent new polymer materials, a variety of different viscosities (5cps ~ 2million cps), the liquid from flowing easily into a thick semi-solid material.


Polydimethylsiloxane has a special smoothness, softness, hydrophobicity, good chemical stability, excellent electrical insulation and resistance to high temperature.
Polydimethylsiloxane has been assigned CAS number 63148-62-9, and is occasionally called dimethicone.


Polydimethylsiloxane has high flash point, low freezing point, long-term using between -50 ℃ ~ +200 ℃, low viscosity-temperature coefficient, high compression ratio, low surface tension,water-repellent moisture resistance, low heat conduction coefficient.
Polydimethylsiloxane consists of fully methylated linear siloxane polymers containing repeating units of the formula [(CH3)2SiO] with trimethylsiloxy end-blocking units of the formula (CH3)3SiO-.


The additive is produced by hydrolysis of a mixture of dimethyldichlorosilane and a small quantity of trimethylchlorosilane.
The average molecular weights of the linear polymers range from
approximately 6,800 to 30,000.


Polydimethylsiloxane belongs to a group of polymeric organosilicon compounds that are referred to as silicones and is the most widely used silicon-based organic-polymer.
Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) is particularly known for its unusual rheological or flow properties.


Polydimethylsiloxane is optically clear and inert, non-toxic, and non-flammable.
Polydimethylsiloxane is one of several types of silicone oil (polymerized siloxane).
Polydimethylsiloxane is a non-conducting, silicone-based elastomer that is of widespread interest due to its flexibility and ease of micromolding for the rapid prototyping of microdevices and systems.


Also examined are the properties which make polydimethylsiloxane an excellent candidate for understanding complex biological behaviors, including its transparency for applying optical methods, biocompatibility and nontoxicity, high conformity with cells and other biostructures, gas permeability for the transfer of nutrients and oxygen, and flexibility.


In the subsequent study, a hybrid material of titanium dioxide and polydimethylsiloxane is obtained and characterized using a sol-gel and electrospraying method.
These results indicate that the hybrid material may be viable as an adsorbent, and that the optimization of the process could reduce both cost and analysis time.


In order to further the applications of polydimethylsiloxane, the closing study describes the steps in the fabrication of its plasmonic structure, and also examines the switching effect of the sample.
Polydimethylsiloxane, also known as dimethylpolysiloxane or dimethicone, is a silicone polymer with a wide variety of uses, from cosmetics to industrial lubrication.


Polydimethylsiloxane is particularly known for its unusual rheological (or flow) properties.
Polydimethylsiloxane is optically clear and, in general, inert, non-toxic, and non-flammable.
Polydimethylsiloxane is one of several types of silicone oil (polymerized siloxane).


Polydimethylsiloxane's applications range from contact lenses and medical devices to elastomers; it is also present in shampoos (as it makes hair shiny and slippery), food (antifoaming agent), caulk, lubricants and heat-resistant tiles.
Polydimethylsiloxane emulsion is the most widely used silicon-based organic polymer and is particularly known for its unusual rheological (or flow) properties.


Polydimethylsiloxane, called PDMS or dimethicone, is a polymer widely used for the fabrication and prototyping of microfluidic chips.
Polydimethylsiloxane is a mineral-organic polymer (a structure containing carbon and silicon) of the siloxane family (word derived from silicon, oxygen and alkane).


For the fabrication of microfluidic devices, Polydimethylsiloxane (liquid) mixed with a cross-linking agent is poured into a microstructured mold and heated to obtain a elastomeric replica of the mold (cross-linked).
All silicones are characterised by the repeating siloxane unit which consists of one Si-O group each.


A wide range of side groups can be bound to the silicon atom.
With Polydimethylsiloxane, they are methyl groups CH3.
Various chain ends can be coupled to the polymer.
Often, this is the trimethylsiloxyl group Si-SH3.


The shortest molecule consisting only of the two end groups without dimethysiloxane monomer units is hexamethyl disiloxane HMDSO; it is very important as a process gas for hydrophobic plasma coating.
Polydimethylsiloxane is a linear polymers which are liquid up to very high molecular weights.
But they can be crosslinked, which gives them elastomeric properties.



USES and APPLICATIONS of POLYDIMETHYLSILOXANE:
Hydraulic fluids and related applications: Polydimethylsiloxane is used in the active silicone fluid in automotive viscous limited slip differentials and couplings.
Many people are indirectly familiar with Polydimethylsiloxane because it is an important (4%) component in Silly Putty, to which PDMS imparts its characteristic viscoelastic properties.


The rubbery, vinegary-smelling silicone caulks, adhesives, and aquarium sealants are also well-known.
Polydimethylsiloxane is also used as a component in silicone grease and other silicone based lubricants, as well as in defoaming agents, mold release agents, damping fluids, heat transfer fluids, polishes, cosmetics, hair conditioners and other applications.


Polydimethylsiloxane has also been used as a filler fluid in breast implants, although this practice has decreased somewhat, due to safety concerns.
Polydimethylsiloxane continues to be used in knuckle replacement implants, with good results.
Activated dimethicone, a mixture of polydimethylsiloxanes and silicon dioxide (sometimes called simethicone), is used in Over-the-counter drug as an anti-foaming agent and carminative.


As a food additive, Polydimethylsiloxane has the E number E900 and is used as an anti-foaming agent and an anti-caking agent.
Polydimethylsiloxane is commonly used as a stamp resin in the procedure of soft lithography, making it one of the most common materials used for flow delivery in microfluidics chips.


Polydimethylsiloxane can be cross-linked into networks and is a commonly used system for studying the elasticity of polymer networks.
Polydimethylsiloxane can be used in the treatment of head lice.
Polydimethylsiloxane is also used widely in skin moisturizing lotions, listed as an active ingredient whose purpose is "skin protectant."


Some cosmetic formulations use dimethicone and related siloxane polymers in concentrations of use up to 15%.
The Cosmetic Ingredient Review's (CIR) Expert Panel, has concluded that dimethicone and related polymers are "safe as used in cosmetic formulations.
Polydimethylsiloxane is also used in analytical chemistry as a component of some types of SPME fibers.


Polydimethylsiloxane is the most widely used silicon-based organic polymer, and is particularly known for its unusual rheological (or flow) properties.
Polydimethylsiloxane's applications range from contact lenses and medical devices to elastomers, caulking, lubricating oils and heat resistant tiles.
Polydimethylsiloxane is used in caulks, sealants, an even Silly Putty.


More recently, Polydimethylsiloxane resins have been used in soft lithography, a key process in biomedical microelectromechanical systems (bio-MEMS).
Condom lubricant: Polydimethylsiloxane is widely used as a condom lubricant.
Polydimethylsiloxane is used Component of defoamers, Ingredient in water-repellent coatings, Plasticizer in silicone sealants, Stamp resin in the procedure of soft-lithography, Lubricant in condoms, A component in silicone grease, A component in heat-transfer fluids, A component in mold-release agents, and

Sorbent for the analysis of head-space.
In addition to applications in microfluidics, Polydimethylsiloxane has been widely used in the fabrication of biomodels (flow phantom) for the in vitro hemodynamic study of diseases such as aneurysms and stenosis.


The biomodels developed in Polydimethylsiloxane allow good replicability of the lumen of the arteries and good transparency, being ideal for the application of optical techniques of micro particle image velocimetry (micro-PIV), particle image velocimetry (PIV), particle tracking velocimetry (PTV) and non-evasive techniques.


These experimental tests have provided a greater understanding of these pathologies, validated numerical techniques, and tested medical devices such as stents.
Polydimethylsiloxane has also been investigated in the field of medical implants.
Polydimethylsiloxane, or PDMS for short, is a polymer of the silicones type; it is used very often and for many different purposes.


These types of implants are usually made with titanium or Polydimethylsiloxane alloys; however, such materials do not allow good osseointegration.
In order to overcome this limitation, Polydimethylsiloxane has been studied to produce coatings with microscale features that help the bonding between the implant and the bone.


The main characteristics for its use in implants are its high biocompatibility, excellent resistance to biodegradation and flexibility, which makes Polydimethylsiloxane one of the most successful polymers in implanted devices, presenting only mild foreign body reactions.
Common applications of Polydimethylsiloxane include cardiac pacemakers, cuff and book electrodes in the PNS, cochlear implants, bladder and pain controllers and planar electrode arrays in the CNS.


Further, Polydimethylsiloxane is used in contact lenses, medical devices to elastomers and in shampoos (as dimethicone makes hair shiny and slippery).
Polydimethylsiloxane finds application as an antifoaming agent in food, caulking, lubricants, kinetic sand and heat-resistant tiles.
In addition to this, Polydimethylsiloxane serves as a critical ingredient in water-repelling coatings such as Rain-X.


Polydimethylsiloxane is an elastomer with excellent optical, electrical and mechanical properties, which makes it well-suited for several engineering applications.
Due to its biocompatibility, Polydimethylsiloxane is widely used for biomedical purposes.


Polydimethylsiloxane is an elastomeric polymer with interesting properties for biomedical applications, including physiological indifference, excellent resistance to biodegradation, biocompatibility, chemical stability, gas permeability, good mechanical properties, excellent optical transparency and simple fabrication by replica moulding.


Some properties of Polydimethylsiloxane can be improved by adding additives.
Due to these characteristics, Polydimethylsiloxane has been widely used in micropumps, catheter surfaces, dressings and bandages, microvalves, optical systems, in the in vitro study of diseases, in implants, in microfluidics and photonics.


Soft-lithography techniques such as micro-contact printing, replica moulding, micro-transfer moulding, micro-moulding in capillaries and solvent-assisted micro-moulding usually require the use of Polydimethylsiloxane to create an elastomeric stamp or mould that incorporates nano- and microstructures for the transfer of patterns onto a subsequent substrate.


Apart from microfluidics, Polydimethylsiloxane is used as a food additive (E900), in shampoos, and as an anti-foaming agent in beverages or in lubricating oils.
Polydimethylsiloxane is used release agent, lubricant, antifoam agent, liquid dielectric for electrical and electronic equipment, polish additive, additive for textile and fiber auxiliaries, chemical auxiliary material, glass vial and lens coating, penetrating oil ingredient, and surface active agent.


Polydimethylsiloxane is an almost inert polymer which is highly resistant to oxidation, but it can also be used as an electric insulator in organic electronics (micro-electronics or polymer electronics) or in biological micro-analytics.
One of the most frequent applications of low-pressure plasma with Polydimethylsiloxane is in the field of micro-fluidic systems; here, a certain polydimethysiloxane (such as Sylgard 184) is structured by the customer to match the respective application.


Next, a plasma treatment is carried out and the Polydimethylsiloxane chip can be irreversibly attached to a glass plate, a silicon surface or another substrate.
Moreover, soft-lithography technology has driven the use of Polydimethylsiloxane in microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) applications and in microfluidic components.


-MEMS are approaches that use electronic and mechanical technologies to deal with biomedical problems on the micro-scale.
Candidate polymers for the production of MEMS are polycarbonate (PC), polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA), polyvinylchloride (PVC), polyethylene (PE) and Polydimethylsiloxane.

Additionally, Polydimethylsiloxane is the most commonly used material in the manufacturing of microfluidic devices, which are an important technology for the development of systems such as drug delivery, DNA sequencing, clinical diagnostics, point of care testing and chemical synthesis.
The used materials in these systems should be biocompatible, optically transparent and provide fast prototyping and low fabrication cost, features found in Polydimethylsiloxane.


-Surfactants and antifoaming agents:
Polydimethylsiloxane derivatives are common surfactants and are a component of defoamers.
Polydimethylsiloxane, in a modified form, is used as an herbicide penetrant and is a critical ingredient in water-repelling coatings, such as Rain-X.


-Daytime radiative cooling:
Polydimethylsiloxane is a common surface material used in passive daytime radiative cooling as a broadband emitter that is high in solar reflectivity and heat emissivity.
Many tested surfaces use Polydimethylsiloxane because of its potential scalability as a low-cost polymer.
As a daytime radiative cooling surface, Polydimethylsiloxane has also been tested to improve solar cell efficiency.


-Stereo lithography:
In stereo lithography (SLA) 3D printing, light is projected onto photocuring resin to selectively cure it.
Some types of SLA printer are cured from the bottom of the tank of resin and therefore require the growing model to be peeled away from the base in order for each printed layer to be supplied with a fresh film of uncured resin.
A Polydimethylsiloxane layer at the bottom of the tank assists this process by absorbing oxygen : the presence of oxygen adjacent to the resin prevents it adhering to the Polydimethylsiloxane, and the optically clear PDMS permits the projected image to pass through to the resin undistorted.


-Medicine and cosmetics:
Activated dimethicone, a mixture of polydimethylsiloxanes and silicon dioxide (sometimes called simethicone), is often used in over-the-counter drugs as an antifoaming agent and carminative.
Polydimethylsiloxane also works as a moisturizer that is lighter and more breathable than typical oils.

Silicone breast implants are made out of a Polydimethylsiloxane elastomer shell, to which fumed amorphous silica is added, encasing PDMS gel or saline solution.
The use of Polydimethylsiloxane in the manufacture of contact lenses was patented (later abandoned).


-Skin:
Polydimethylsiloxane is used variously in the cosmetic and consumer product industry as well.
For example, dimethicone is used widely in skin-moisturizing lotions where Polydimethylsiloxane is listed as an active ingredient whose purpose is "skin protection.
Some cosmetic formulations use dimethicone and related siloxane polymers in concentrations of use up to 15%.
The Cosmetic Ingredient Review's (CIR) Expert Panel, has concluded that dimethicone and related polymers are "safe as used in cosmetic formulations.


-Hair:
Polydimethylsiloxane compounds such as amodimethicone, are effective conditioners when formulated to consist of small particles and be soluble in water or alcohol/act as surfactants (especially for damaged hair), and are even more conditioning to the hair than common dimethicone and/or dimethicone copolyols.


-Contact lenses:
A proposed use of Polydimethylsiloxane is contact lens cleaning.
Its physical properties of low elastic modulus and hydrophobicity have been used to clean micro and nano pollutants from contact lens surfaces more effectively than multipurpose solution and finger rubbing; the researchers involved call the technique PoPPR (polymer on polymer pollution removal) and note that it is highly effective at removing nanoplastic that has adhered to lenses.


-As anti-parasitic:
Polydimethylsiloxane is effective for treating lice in humans.
This is thought to be due not to suffocation (or poisoning), but to Polydimethylsiloxane's blocking water excretion, which causes insects to die from physiological stress either through prolonged immobilisation or disruption of internal organs such as the gut.

Polydimethylsiloxane is the active ingredient in an anti-flea preparation sprayed on a cat, found to be equally effective to a widely used more toxic pyriproxifen/permethrin spray.
The parasite becomes trapped and immobilised in Polydimethylsiloxane, inhibiting adult flea emergence for over three weeks.


-Foods:
Polydimethylsiloxane is added to many cooking oils (as an anti-foaming agent) to prevent oil splatter during the cooking process.
As a result of this, Polydimethylsiloxane can be found in trace quantities in many fast food items such as McDonald's Chicken McNuggets, french fries, hash browns, milkshakes and smoothies and Wendy's french fries.
Under European food additive regulations, Polydimethylsiloxane is listed as E900.


-Domestic and niche uses:
Many people are indirectly familiar with PDMS because it is an important component in Silly Putty, to which Polydimethylsiloxane imparts its characteristic viscoelastic properties.
Another toy Polydimethylsiloxane is used in is Kinetic Sand.

The rubbery, vinegary-smelling silicone caulks, adhesives, and aquarium sealants are also well-known.
Polydimethylsiloxane is also used as a component in silicone grease and other silicone based lubricants, as well as in defoaming agents, mold release agents, damping fluids, heat transfer fluids, polishes, cosmetics, hair conditioners and other applications.
Polydimethylsiloxane can be used as a sorbent for the analysis of headspace (dissolved gas analysis) of food.



HOW TO USE POLYDIMETHYLSILOXANE:
Because Polydimethylsiloxane have special and excellent physical and chemical function, it can be used in many different industries:
1. Polydimethylsiloxane is used cosmetic industry for skin care cream, bath gel, shampoo and other cosmetic formulations with excellent softness and silky feel.

2. Polydimethylsiloxane is used rubber, plastic, latex, polyurethane, light industry: as a model release agent, brightener agent and release agent of some rubber, plastic, latex , polyurethane products and handicraft production.

3. Polydimethylsiloxane is used machinery, automotive, instrumentation, electronics and other industries used as high-grade lubricants, liquid springs, cutting fluids, buffers oil, transformer oil, high temperature brake fluid, brake fluid, instrumentation damping oil, mold release agents and other modeling framework.

4. Polydimethylsiloxane is used textile, apparel industry as a softener, water repellent, feel modifiers, sewing thread lubrication, chemical fiber spinneret pressure lubrication and clothing lining additives.

5. Add Polydimethylsiloxane to other additives in leather and leather chemicals industry, it can be used as softeners, water repellent, feel agents, defoamers, brighteners.

6. Polydimethylsiloxane is used pharmaceutical, food, chemical, paint , building materials industry as defoamers, lubricants, and other weather-resistant paint.

7. Polydimethylsiloxane is used other specific purposes and other new materials.



APPLICATIONS FOR MICRO-FLUIDIC SYSTEMS, POLYDIMETHYLSILOXANE:
Polydimethylsiloxane is a widely-used and versatile ingredient seen in many skin care and beauty products because of its ability to serve as an anti-foaming agent, skin protectant and conditioner; it is known to prevent water and moisture loss in the skin by forming a hydrating barrier.
According to research published in Skin Research and Technology, this barrier also serves as a mild water repellent, and has been shown to fill in fine lines, giving skin a temporary “plump” look.
Polydimethylsiloxane is an easily spreadable silicone oil that creates a coating when applied to the skin that feels smooth and silky to the touch, although this effect is superficial.



FEATURE AND ADVANTAGES OF POLYDIMETHYLSILOXANE:
1. Smoothness & softness & hydrophobicity & good chemical stability & insulation property.
2. High and low temperature resistance & high flash point.
3. Low freezing point (it can be chronically used in the temperature from -50℃ to +200 ℃).
4. Small viscosity-temperature coefficicent & big compression ratio & low surface tension.



ADVANTAGES OF POLYDIMETHYLSILOXANE:
Silicone oil is a colorless, odorless, non-toxic and non-irritating products, chemical stability, heat resistance, cold resistance, water repellency, lubricity, high refraction, storage stability and compatibility with commonly used cosmetic ingredients.



BENEFITS OF PLASMA PRE-TREATMENT OF MICRO-FLUIDIC SYSTEMS, POLYDIMETHYLSILOXANE:
*Short process time
*Irreversible connections of PDMS to the substrate surface, thus formation of impermeable channels in the micro-fluidic component
*Hydrophiling of the PDMS and the substrate surface for complete wetting of the channels
*Formation of hydrophilic-hydrophobic areas



PROPERTIES OF POLYDIMETHYLSILOXANE:
Silicon, glass and polymers are the typical materials used for micro devices fabrication: silicon, because of its thermal conductivity and the availability of advanced fabrication technologies; glass, mainly due to its transparency; polymers, because of its low cost, optical transparency and flexibility.
Compared to glass and silicon, Polydimethylsiloxane turns out to be the most promising elastomer, because the other two materials have a high manufacturing cost, require greater labour intensity and are rigid in nature.

The variable elasticity of Polydimethylsiloxane in medical applications is also favourable; its modulus of elasticity is 1–3 MPa (compared to ~50 GPa of glass).
Polydimethylsiloxane is also chemically inert, thermally stable, permeable to gases, simple to handle and manipulate, exhibits isotropic and homogeneous properties and can replicate submicron features to develop microstructures.

Additionally, this elastomer is optically transparent, can work as a thermal and electrical insulator and degrades quickly in the natural environment.
Polydimethylsiloxane presents a hyperelastic behaviour, which is the ability of a material to undergo large deformations before rupture.

This characteristic is also found in biological tissues and, for that reason, Polydimethylsiloxane is a well-suited material to mimic, for example, blood vessels.
Another characteristic of this elastomer is its biocompatibility, which means that Polydimethylsiloxane is compatible with biologic tissues.

Polydimethylsiloxane presents a transmittance up to 90% for the wavelength from 390 nm to 780 nm and, due to this characteristic, PDMS-based microsystems allow the direct observation of the mimicked blood flow inside the mimicked vessels and the integration of optical detection systems, hence playing an important role in this field.
With the purpose of extending the lifespan of a chip, Polydimethylsiloxane is used to embed or encapsulate electronic components by casting.

Due to its thermal and electrical insulation capability, Polydimethylsiloxane protects the components from environmental factors and mechanical shock within a large temperature range (−50–200 °C).
Despite these advantages, Polydimethylsiloxane has some properties that can present a limitation in some applications.

Due to its CH3 groups, Polydimethylsiloxane presents a hydrophobic surface (contact angle with water ~108° ± 7°), often limiting its application in solutions composed of biological samples.
Additionally, Polydimethylsiloxane tends to swell when combined with certain reagents.

In some applications, the absorption of small molecules flowing through the channels makes it difficult to quantitatively analyse experiments in proteomic drug discovery and cell culture.
In microchannels, the hydrophobicity of Polydimethylsiloxane generates complications that include impedance to the flow of polar liquids, which makes it difficult to wet its surface with aqueous solvents.

On the other hand, much effort has been made to make the Polydimethylsiloxane surface hydrophilic and resistant to protein adsorption.
Strategies employed in attempting to solve Polydimethylsiloxane hydrophobicity include surface activation methods such as: oxygen plasma; UV/ozone treatments; corona discharges, which are widely used for PDMS surface oxidation to promote microchannel wettability.

The main benefits of these methods are the short treatment time and easy operation; however, the Polydimethylsiloxane surface recovers its hydrophobicity when in contact with air within a few minutes.
Another method is physisorption, which is a simple and efficient approach that relies on surface hydrophobic or electrostatic interactions.
This method includes the following techniques: layer-by-layer deposition; non-ionic surfactants; charged polymers.

The disadvantages are the lack of covalent bonds between Polydimethylsiloxane and surface modifiers, which lead to the loss of modifiers quickly through desorption.
In order to improve the difficulties encountered in physisorption, chemical modification methods allow for maintaining a long-term stability of the modified surface.

These methods include: chemical vapor deposition, surface segregation and self-assembled monolayers, silanization, and polymer brushes via grafting methods.
Adding waxes such as paraffin or beeswax to Polydimethylsiloxane has been demonstrated to potentially increase the corrosion resistance, hydrophobicity and thermal and optical properties of Polydimethylsiloxane, which is useful in applications such as sensors, wearable devices and superhydrophobic coating



SOFT LITHOGRAPHY, POLYDIMETHYLSILOXANE:
Polydimethylsiloxane is commonly used as a stamp resin in the procedure of soft lithography, making it one of the most common materials used for flow delivery in microfluidics chips.
The process of soft lithography consists of creating an elastic stamp, which enables the transfer of patterns of only a few nanometers in size onto glass, silicon or polymer surfaces.

With this type of technique, Polydimethylsiloxane is possible to produce devices that can be used in the areas of optic telecommunications or biomedical research.
The stamp is produced from the normal techniques of photolithography or electron-beam lithography.
The resolution depends on the mask used and can reach 6 nm.

The popularity of Polydimethylsiloxane in microfluidics area is due to its excellent mechanical properties.
Moreover, compared to other materials, Polydimethylsiloxane possesses superior optical properties, allowing for minimal background and autofluorescence during fluorescent imaging.

In biomedical (or biological) microelectromechanical systems (bio-MEMS), soft lithography is used extensively for microfluidics in both organic and inorganic contexts.
Silicon wafers are used to design channels, and Polydimethylsiloxane is then poured over these wafers and left to harden.

When removed, even the smallest of details are left imprinted in the Polydimethylsiloxane.
With this particular Polydimethylsiloxane block, hydrophilic surface modification is conducted using plasma etching techniques.
Plasma treatment disrupts surface silicon-oxygen bonds, and a plasma-treated glass slide is usually placed on the activated side of the Polydimethylsiloxane (the plasma-treated, now hydrophilic side with imprints).

Once activation wears off and bonds begin to reform, silicon-oxygen bonds are formed between the surface atoms of the glass and the surface atoms of the Polydimethylsiloxane, and the slide becomes permanently sealed to the PDMS, thus creating a waterproof channel.
With these devices, researchers can utilize various surface chemistry techniques for different functions creating unique lab-on-a-chip devices for rapid parallel testing.

Polydimethylsiloxane can be cross-linked into networks and is a commonly used system for studying the elasticity of polymer networks.
Polydimethylsiloxane can be directly patterned by surface-charge lithography.

Polydimethylsiloxane is being used in the making of synthetic gecko adhesion dry adhesive materials, to date only in laboratory test quantities.
Some flexible electronics researchers use Polydimethylsiloxane because of its low cost, easy fabrication, flexibility, and optical transparency.
Yet, for fluorescence imaging at different wavelengths, Polydimethylsiloxane shows least autofluorescence and is comparable to BoroFloat glass.



STRUCTURE OF POLYDIMETHYLSILOXANE:
The chemical formula of Polydimethylsiloxane is CH3[Si(CH3)2O]nSi(CH3)3, where n is the number of repeating monomer [Si(CH3)2O] units.
Industrial synthesis can begin from dimethyldichlorosilane and water by the following net reaction:

n Si(CH3)2Cl2 + (n + 1) H2O → HO[−Si(CH3)2O−]nH + 2n HCl
The polymerization reaction evolves hydrochloric acid.
For medical and domestic applications, a process was developed in which the chlorine atoms in the silane precursor were replaced with acetate groups.

In this case, the polymerization produces acetic acid, which is less chemically aggressive than HCl.
As a side-effect, the curing process is also much slower in this case. The acetate is used in consumer applications, such as silicone caulk and adhesives.



CHEMICAL COMPATIBILITY OF POLYDIMETHYLSILOXANE:
Polydimethylsiloxane is hydrophobic.
Plasma oxidation can be used to alter the surface chemistry, adding silanol (SiOH) groups to the surface.
Atmospheric air plasma and argon plasma will work for this application.

This treatment renders the Polydimethylsiloxane surface hydrophilic, allowing water to wet it.
The oxidized surface can be further functionalized by reaction with trichlorosilanes.
After a certain amount of time, recovery of the surface's hydrophobicity is inevitable, regardless of whether the surrounding medium is vacuum, air, or water; the oxidized surface is stable in air for about 30 minutes.

Alternatively, for applications where long-term hydrophilicity is a requirement, techniques such as hydrophilic polymer grafting, surface nanostructuring, and dynamic surface modification with embedded surfactants can be of use.
Solid Polydimethylsiloxane samples (whether surface-oxidized or not) will not allow aqueous solvents to infiltrate and swell the material.

Thus Polydimethylsiloxane structures can be used in combination with water and alcohol solvents without material deformation.
However most organic solvents will diffuse into the material and cause it to swell.
Despite this, some organic solvents lead to sufficiently small swelling that they can be used with Polydimethylsiloxane, for instance within the channels of PDMS microfluidic devices.

The swelling ratio is roughly inversely related to the solubility parameter of the solvent.
Diisopropylamine swells Polydimethylsiloxane to the greatest extent; solvents such as chloroform, ether, and THF swell the material to a large extent.
Solvents such as acetone, 1-propanol, and pyridine swell the material to a small extent.
Alcohols and polar solvents such as methanol, glycerol and water do not swell the material appreciably.



CHEMISTRY OF POLYDIMETHYLSILOXANE:
The chemical formula for Polydimethylsiloxane is (H3C)3[Si(CH3)2O]nSi(CH3)3, where n is the number of repeating monomer [SiO(CH3)2] units.
Industrial synthesis can begin from dimethylchlorosilane and water by the following net reaction:
n [Si(CH3)2Cl2] + n [H2O] → [Si(CH3)2O]n + 2n HCl

During polymerization, this reaction evolves potentially hazardous hydrogen chloride gas.
For medical uses, a process was developed where the chlorine atoms in the silane precursor were replaced with acetate groups, so that the reaction product of the final curing process is nontoxic acetic acid (vinegar).

As a side effect, the curing process is also much slower in this case.
This is the chemistry used in consumer applications, such as silicone caulk and adhesives.
Silane precursors with more acid-forming groups and fewer methyl groups, such as methyltrichlorosilane, can be used to introduce branches or cross-links in the polymer chain.

Ideally, each molecule of such a compound becomes a branch point. This can be used to produce hard silicone resins.
Similarly, precursors with three methyl groups can be used to limit molecular weight, since each such molecule has only one reactive site and so forms the end of a siloxane chain.

Polydimethylsiloxane is manufactured in multiple viscosities, ranging from a thin pourable liquid (when n is very low), to a thick rubbery semi-solid (when n is very high).
Polydimethylsiloxane molecules have quite flexible polymer backbones (or chains) due to their siloxane linkages, which are analogous to the ether linkages used to impart rubberiness to polyurethanes.

Such flexible chains become loosely entangled when molecular weight is high, which results in Polydimethylsiloxane having an unusually high level of viscoelasticity.



MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF POLYDIMETHYLSILOXANE:
Polydimethylsiloxane is viscoelastic, meaning that at long flow times (or high temperatures), it acts like a viscous liquid, similar to honey.
However at short flow times (or low temperatures) it acts like an elastic solid, similar to rubber.
In other words, if you leave some Polydimethylsiloxane on a surface overnight (long flow time), it will flow to cover the surface and mold to any surface imperfections.

However if you roll the same Polydimethylsiloxane into a sphere and throw it onto the same surface (short flow time), it will bounce like a rubber ball.
Although the viscoelastic properties of Polydimethylsiloxane can be intuitively observed using the simple experiment described above, they can be more accurately measured using dynamic mechanical analysis.
This involves using a specialized instrument to determine the material's flow characteristics over a wide range of temperatures, flow rates, and deformations.

Because of Polydimethylsiloxane's chemical stability, it is often used as a calibration fluid for this type of experiment.
The shear modulus of Polydimethylsiloxane varies with preparation conditions, but is typically in the range of 100 kPa to 3 MPa.
The loss tangent is very low (\tan\delta\ll0.001).

Polydimethylsiloxane is viscoelastic, meaning that at long flow times (or high temperatures), it acts like a viscous liquid, similar to honey.
However, at short flow times (or low temperatures), Polydimethylsiloxane acts like an elastic solid, similar to rubber.
Viscoelasticity is a form of nonlinear elasticity that is common amongst noncrystalline polymers.

The loading and unloading of a stress-strain curve for Polydimethylsiloxane do not coincide; rather, the amount of stress will vary based on the degree of strain, and the general rule is that increasing strain will result in greater stiffness.
When the load itself is removed, the strain is slowly recovered (rather than instantaneously).

This time-dependent elastic deformation results from the long-chains of the polymer.
But the process that is described above is only relevant when cross-linking is present; when it is not, the polymer Polydimethylsiloxane cannot shift back to the original state even when the load is removed, resulting in a permanent deformation.

However, permanent deformation is rarely seen in Polydimethylsiloxane, since it is almost always cured with a cross-linking agent.
If some Polydimethylsiloxane is left on a surface overnight (long flow time), it will flow to cover the surface and mold to any surface imperfections.
However, if the same Polydimethylsiloxane is poured into a spherical mold and allowed to cure (short flow time), it will bounce like a rubber ball.

The mechanical properties of Polydimethylsiloxane enable this polymer to conform to a diverse variety of surfaces.
Since these properties are affected by a variety of factors, Polydimethylsiloxane is relatively easy to tune.
This enables Polydimethylsiloxane to become a good substrate that can easily be integrated into a variety of microfluidic and microelectromechanical systems.

Specifically, the determination of mechanical properties can be decided before Polydimethylsiloxane is cured; the uncured version allows the user to capitalize on myriad opportunities for achieving a desirable elastomer.
Generally, the cross-linked cured version of Polydimethylsiloxane resembles rubber in a solidified form.

Polydimethylsiloxane is widely known to be easily stretched, bent, compressed in all directions.
Depending on the application and field, the user is able to tune the properties based on what is demanded.
Overall Polydimethylsiloxane has a low elastic modulus which enables it to be easily deformed and results in the behavior of a rubber.

Viscoelastic properties of Polydimethylsiloxane can be more precisely measured using dynamic mechanical analysis.
This method requires determination of Polydimethylsiloxane's flow characteristics over a wide range of temperatures, flow rates, and deformations.
Because of Polydimethylsiloxane's chemical stability, it is often used as a calibration fluid for this type of experiment.

The shear modulus of Polydimethylsiloxane varies with preparation conditions, and consequently dramatically varies in the range of 100 kPa to 3 MPa. The loss tangent is very low (tan δ ≪ 0.001)



CHEMICAL COMPATIBILITY OF POLYDIMETHYLSILOXANE:
After polymerization and cross-linking, solid Polydimethylsiloxane samples will present an external hydrophobic surface.
This surface chemistry makes it difficult for polar solvents (such as water) to wet the Polydimethylsiloxane surface, and may lead to adsorption of hydrophobic contaminants.

Plasma oxidation can be used to alter the surface chemistry, adding silanol (SiOH) groups to the surface.
This treatment renders the Polydimethylsiloxane surface hydrophilic, allowing water to wet (this is frequently required for, e.g. water-based microfluidics).
The oxidized surface resists adsorption of hydrophobic and negatively charged species.

The oxidized surface can be further functionalized by reaction with trichlorosilanes.
Oxidized surfaces are stable for ~30 minutes in air, after a certain time hydrophobic recovery of the surface is inevitable independently of the surrounding medium whether it is vacuum, air or water.

Solid Polydimethylsiloxane samples (whether surface oxidized or not) will not allow aqueous solvents to infiltrate and swell the material.
Thus Polydimethylsiloxane structures can be used in combination with water and alcohol solvents without material deformation.
However most organic solvents will diffuse into the material and cause it to swell, making them incompatible with Polydimethylsiloxane devices.

Despite this, some organic solvents lead to sufficiently small swelling that they can be used with Polydimethylsiloxane, for instance within the channels of PDMS microfluidic devices.
The swelling ratio is roughly inversely related to the solubility parameter of the solvent.

Diisopropylamine swells Polydimethylsiloxane to the greatest extent, solvents such as chloroform, ether, and THF swell the material to a large extent.
Solvents such as acetone, 1-propanol, and pyridine swell the material to a small extent.
Alcohols and polar solvents such as methanol, glycerol and water do not swell the material appreciably.



BRANCHING AND CAPPING OF POLYDIMETHYLSILOXANE:
Hydrolysis of Si(CH3)2Cl2 generates a polymer that is terminated with silanol groups (–Si(CH3)2OH).
These reactive centers are typically "capped" by reaction with trimethylsilyl chloride:

2 Si(CH3)3Cl + [Si(CH3)2O]n−2[Si(CH3)2OH]2 → [Si(CH3)2O]n−2[Si(CH3)2OSi(CH3)3]2 + 2 HCl
Silane precursors with more acid-forming groups and fewer methyl groups, such as methyltrichlorosilane, can be used to introduce branches or cross-links in the polymer chain.

Under ideal conditions, each molecule of such a compound becomes a branch point.
This can be used to produce hard silicone resins. In a similar manner, precursors with three methyl groups can be used to limit molecular weight, since each such molecule has only one reactive site and so forms the end of a siloxane chain.

Well-defined PDMS with a low polydispersity index and high homogeneity is produced by controlled anionic ring-opening polymerization of hexamethylcyclotrisiloxane.
Using this methodology it is possible to synthesize linear block copolymers, heteroarm star-shaped block copolymers and many other macromolecular architectures.

Polydimethylsiloxane is manufactured in multiple viscosities, from a thin pourable liquid (when n is very low), to a thick rubbery semi-solid (when n is very high).

Polydimethylsiloxane molecules have quite flexible polymer backbones (or chains) due to their siloxane linkages, which are analogous to the ether linkages used to impart rubberiness to polyurethanes.
Such flexible chains become loosely entangled when molecular weight is high, which results in Polydimethylsiloxane' unusually high level of viscoelasticity.



SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS OF POLYDIMETHYLSILOXANE:
According to Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, no "marked harmful effects on organisms in the environment" have been noted for siloxanes.
Polydimethylsiloxane is nonbiodegradable, but is absorbed in waste water treatment facilities.
Polydimethylsiloxane's degradation is catalyzed by various clays.



SOME CHEMISTRY, POLYDIMETHYLSILOXANE:
A little bit of chemistry will help us better understand the advantages and drawbacks of Polydimethylsiloxane for microfluidic applications.
Polydimethylsiloxane empirical formula is (C2H6OSi)n and its fragmented formula is CH3[Si(CH3)2O]nSi(CH3)3, n being the number of monomers repetitions.



FORMULA OF POLYDIMETHYLSILOXANE:
Depending on the size of monomers chain, the non-cross-linked Polydimethylsiloxane may be almost liquid (low n) or semi-solid (high n).
The siloxane bonds result in a flexible polymer chain with a high level of viscoelasticity.
After “cross-linking”

Polydimethylsiloxane becomes a hydrophobic elastomer.
Polar solvents, such as water, struggle to wet the Polydimethylsiloxane (water beads and does not spread) and this leads to the adsorption of hydrophobic contaminants from water on the material’s surface.



OXIDATION OF POLYDIMETHYLSILOXANE:
Polydimethylsiloxane oxidation using plasma changes the surface chemistry, and produces silanol terminations (SiOH) on its surface.
This helps making the material hydrophilic for thirty minutes or so.
This process also makes the surface resistant to the adsorption of hydrophobic and negatively-charged molecules.

In addition, its plasma oxidation is used to functionalize the surface with trichlorosilane or to covalently bond Polydimethylsiloxane (at the atomic scale) on an oxidized glass surface by the creation of a Si-O-Si bonds.
Whether the surface is plasma oxidized or not, Polydimethylsiloxane does not allow water, glycerol, methanol or ethanol infiltration and consecutive deformation.

Thus, it is possible to use Polydimethylsiloxane with these fluids without fear of micro-structure deformation.
However, Polydimethylsiloxane deforms and swells in the presence of diisopropylamine, chloroform and ether, and also, to a lesser extent, in the presence of acetone, propanol and pyridine – therefore, Polydimethylsiloxane is not ideal for many organic chemistry applications.



POLYDIMETHYLSILOXANE IN MICROFLUIDICS:
Polydimethylsiloxane is one of the most employed materials to mold microfluidic devices.
We describe here the fabrication of a microfluidic chip by soft-lithography methods.
(1) The molding step allows mass-production of microfluidic chips from a mold.

(2) A mixture of PDMS (liquid) and crosslinking agent (to cure it) is poured into the mold and heated at high temperature.
(3) Once it has hardened, it can be taken off the mold.
We obtain a replica of the micro-channels on the block.


Microfluidic device completion:
(4) To allow the injection of fluids for future experiments, the inputs and outputs of the microfluidic device are punched with a Polydimethylsiloxane puncher the size of the future connection tubes.
(5) Finally, the face of the block of Polydimethylsiloxane with micro-channels and the glass slide are treated with plasma.

(6) The plasma treatment allows Polydimethylsiloxane and glass bonding to close the microfluidic chip.
The chip is now ready to be connected to microfluidic reservoirs and pumps using microfluidic tubing.
Tygon tubing and Teflon tubing are the most commonly used tubings on microfluidic setups.



FORM OF POLYDIMETHYLSILOXANE:
1. Clear, colorless, odorless fluids
2. High Viscosities
3. Non-Flammable
4. High Damping action
5. Low Temperature stability
6. High Temperature Stability
7. Little viscosity change at temperature
8. Inert to virtually all o-rings, gaskets, seals and valves
9. Excellent lubrication
10. High oxidation resistance
11. High dielectric strength
12. High water repellency
13. High Shear resistance
14. High molecular weight
15. Although not recommended for silicone o-rings



PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of POLYDIMETHYLSILOXANE:
Chemical formula: CH3[Si(CH3)2O]nSi(CH3)3
Density: 0.965 g/cm3
Melting point: N/A, vitrifies
Boiling point: N/A, vitrifies
Physical state: clear, liquid
Color: colorless
Odor: odorless
Melting point/freezing point:
Melting point: -50 °C
Initial boiling point and boiling range: 35 °C at 1.013 hPa
Flammability (solid, gas): No data available
Upper/lower flammability or explosive limits: No data available
Flash point: 321 °C - closed cup
Autoignition temperature: No data available
Decomposition temperature: No data available
pH: No data available
Viscosity
Viscosity, kinematic: No data available
Viscosity, dynamic: No data available
Water solubility: No data available
Partition coefficient: n-octanol/water: No data available
Vapor pressure: 7 hPa at 20 °C
Density: 0,76 - 0,97 g/cm3
Relative density: No data available
Relative vapor density: No data available
Particle characteristics: No data available
Explosive properties: No data available
Oxidizing properties: none
Other safety information: No data available



GENERAL PROPERTIES OF POLYDIMETHYLSILOXANE:
1. Name: Dimethyl Silicone Fluid
2. Model No.: AS-201#
3. Appearance: colorless, clear, transparent liquid
4. Smell: Odorless
5. Viscosity (25°C): 50～1,000,000 cSt
6. Specific Gravity (25°C): 0.955～0.978 g/cm3
7. Volatile Matter Content (150°C/24hr): ≤1.5%
8. Refractive Index (25°C): 1.390～1.410
9. Flash Point: 260°C～300°C
10. Pour Point: -50°C
11. Viscosity Temperature Coefficient: 0.59~0.61
12. Coefficient of Expansion: 0.00094~0.00104 cc/cc/°C
13. Thermal Conductivity (25°C): 0.10~0.16
14. Dielectric Constant (25°C, 50Hz): 2.60-2.80
15. Dielectric Loss Factor(25°C, 50Hz): ≤1.0×104
16. Volume Resistivity: ≥1.0×1015 Ω·cm
17. Breakdown Voltage: ≥1.0 KV/mm
18. Recommended dosage: 1~3%



FIRST AID MEASURES of POLYDIMETHYLSILOXANE:
-Description of first-aid measures:
*If inhaled:
After inhalation:
Fresh air.
*In case of skin contact:
Take off immediately all contaminated clothing.
Rinse skin with water/ shower.
*In case of eye contact:
After eye contact:
Rinse out with plenty of water.
Remove contact lenses.
*If swallowed:
After swallowing:
Make victim drink water (two glasses at most).
Consult doctor if feeling unwell.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed:
No data available



ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of POLYDIMETHYLSILOXANE:
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Cover drains.
Collect, bind, and pump off spills.
Observe possible material restrictions.
Take up with liquid-absorbent material.
Dispose of properly.
Clean up affected area.



FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of POLYDIMETHYLSILOXANE:
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Foam
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Dry powder
*Unsuitable extinguishing media:
For this substance/mixture no limitations of extinguishing agents are given.
-Further information:
Suppress (knock down) gases/vapors/mists with a water spray jet.
Prevent fire extinguishing water from contaminating surface water or the ground water system.



EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of POLYDIMETHYLSILOXANE:
-Control parameters:
--Ingredients with workplace control parameters:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use equipment for eye protection
Safety glasses
*Skin protection:
not required
*Respiratory protection:
Not required.
-Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.



HANDLING and STORAGE of POLYDIMETHYLSILOXANE:
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
*Storage conditions:
Tightly closed.



STABILITY and REACTIVITY of POLYDIMETHYLSILOXANE:
-Chemical stability:
The product is chemically stable under standard ambient conditions (room temperature) .
-Possibility of hazardous reactions:
No data available
-Incompatible materials:
No data available



SYNONYMS:
poly(dimethylsiloxane)
PDMS
dimethicone
dimethylpolysiloxane
E900
Poly(dimethylsiloxane)
dimethylpolysiloxane
dimethylsilicone fluid
dimethylsilicone oil
dimethicone
INS No. 900a

Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), also known as dimethylpolysiloxane or dimethicone, is a silicone polymer with a wide variety of uses, from cosmetics to industrial lubrication.
Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) is particularly known for its unusual rheological (or flow) properties.
Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) is optically clear and, in general, inert, non-toxic, and non-flammable.

CAS: 9016-00-6
MF: C5H6Si
MW: 94.18664
EINECS: 618-493-1

Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) is one of several types of silicone oil (polymerized siloxane).
Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)'s applications range from contact lenses and medical devices to elastomers; it is also present in shampoos (as it makes hair shiny and slippery), food (antifoaming agent), caulk, lubricants and heat-resistant tiles.
Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), called PDMS or dimethicone, is a polymer widely used for the fabrication and prototyping of microfluidic chips.
Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) is a mineral-organic polymer (a structure containing carbon and silicon) of the siloxane family (word derived from silicon, oxygen and alkane).
Apart from microfluidics, Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) is used as a food additive (E900), in shampoos, and as an anti-foaming agent in beverages or in lubricating oils.

For the fabrication of microfluidic devices, Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) mixed with a cross-linking agent is poured into a microstructured mold and heated to obtain a elastomeric replica of the mold (cross-linked).
Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) belongs to a group of polymeric organosilicon compounds that are referred to as silicones and is the most widely used silicon-based organic-polymer.
Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) is particularly known for its unusual rheological or flow properties.
Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) is optically clear and inert, non-toxic, and non-flammable.
Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) is one of several types of silicone oil (polymerized siloxane).

Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) is a widely-used and versatile ingredient seen in many skin care and beauty products because of its ability to serve as an anti-foaming agent, skin protectant and conditioner; Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) is known to prevent water and moisture loss in the skin by forming a hydrating barrier.
According to research published in Skin Research and Technology, this barrier also serves as a mild water repellent, and has been shown to fill in fine lines, giving skin a temporary “plump” look.
Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) is an easily spreadable silicone oil that creates a coating when applied to the skin that feels smooth and silky to the touch, although this effect is superficial.

Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) Chemical Properties
Melting point: -35°C
Boiling point: 155-220°C
Density: 0.971
Vapor pressure: 5 mm Hg ( 20 °C)
Refractive index: 1.4035
Fp: 63°C
Storage temp.: Refrigerator
Solubility: Chloroform (Slightly), Methanol (Slightly)
Form: Viscous Liquid
Specific Gravity: 0.918
Color: Colorless
Water Solubility: INSOLUBLE
Stability: Stable. Flammable or combustible. Flammability depends upon extent of polymerization. Incompatible with strong oxidizing agents.
EPA Substance Registry System: Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) (9016-00-6)

Colourless liquid with a viscosity, The polydimethylsiloxane materials are excellent examples of silicones because of their chemical properties and widespread industrial use.
They can be manufactured as gels, resins, fluids, or elastomers, depending on the cross-linking characteristics.
Toxicity testing using Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) compounds on animals has found little, if any, harmful effects associated with chronic exposure.
These tests include oral dosing and teratogenicity testing.
Human health effects associated with silicone implants have been reported. Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) is the most prevalent silicone used medically and has been incorporated into many prostheses, including breast implants.

Structure
The chemical formula of Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) is CH3[Si(CH3)2O]nSi(CH3)3, where n is the number of repeating monomer [Si(CH3)2O] units.
Industrial synthesis can begin from dimethyldichlorosilane and water by the following net reaction:

n Si(CH3)2Cl2 + (n + 1) H2O → HO[−Si(CH3)2O−]nH + 2n HCl
The polymerization reaction evolves hydrochloric acid.
For medical and domestic applications, a process was developed in which the chlorine atoms in the silane precursor were replaced with acetate groups.
In this case, the polymerization produces acetic acid, which is less chemically aggressive than HCl.
As a side-effect, the curing process is also much slower in this case.
The acetate is used in consumer applications, such as silicone caulk and adhesives.

Mechanical properties
Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) is viscoelastic, meaning that at long flow times (or high temperatures), it acts like a viscous liquid, similar to honey.
However, at short flow times (or low temperatures), Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) acts like an elastic solid, similar to rubber.
Viscoelasticity is a form of nonlinear elasticity that is common amongst noncrystalline polymers.
The loading and unloading of a stress-strain curve for Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) do not coincide; rather, the amount of stress will vary based on the degree of strain, and the general rule is that increasing strain will result in greater stiffness.
When the load itself is removed, the strain is slowly recovered (rather than instantaneously).
This time-dependent elastic deformation results from the long-chains of the polymer.
But the process that is described above is only relevant when cross-linking is present; when Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) is not, the polymer PDMS cannot shift back to the original state even when the load is removed, resulting in a permanent deformation.
However, permanent deformation is rarely seen in Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), since it is almost always cured with a cross-linking agent.

If some Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) is left on a surface overnight (long flow time), it will flow to cover the surface and mold to any surface imperfections.
However, if the same Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) is poured into a spherical mold and allowed to cure (short flow time), it will bounce like a rubber ball.
The mechanical properties of Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) enable this polymer to conform to a diverse variety of surfaces.
Since these properties are affected by a variety of factors, this unique polymer is relatively easy to tune.

This enables Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) to become a good substrate that can easily be integrated into a variety of microfluidic and microelectromechanical systems.
Specifically, the determination of mechanical properties can be decided before Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) is cured; the uncured version allows the user to capitalize on myriad opportunities for achieving a desirable elastomer.
Generally, the cross-linked cured version of Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) resembles rubber in a solidified form.
Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) is widely known to be easily stretched, bent, compressed in all directions.
Depending on the application and field, the user is able to tune the properties based on what is demanded.

Overall Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) has a low elastic modulus which enables it to be easily deformed and results in the behavior of a rubber.
Viscoelastic properties of Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) can be more precisely measured using dynamic mechanical analysis.
This method requires determination of the material's flow characteristics over a wide range of temperatures, flow rates, and deformations.
Because of Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)'s chemical stability, it is often used as a calibration fluid for this type of experiment.
The shear modulus of Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) varies with preparation conditions, and consequently dramatically varies in the range of 100 kPa to 3 MPa.
The loss tangent is very low (tan δ ≪ 0.001).

Chemical compatibility
Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) is hydrophobic.
Plasma oxidation can be used to alter the surface chemistry, adding silanol (SiOH) groups to the surface.
Atmospheric air plasma and argon plasma will work for this application.
This treatment renders the PDMS surface hydrophilic, allowing water to wet Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS).
The oxidized surface can be further functionalized by reaction with trichlorosilanes.
After a certain amount of time, recovery of the surface's hydrophobicity is inevitable, regardless of whether the surrounding medium is vacuum, air, or water; the oxidized surface is stable in air for about 30 minutes.
Alternatively, for applications where long-term hydrophilicity is a requirement, techniques such as hydrophilic polymer grafting, surface nanostructuring, and dynamic surface modification with embedded surfactants can be of use.

Solid Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) samples (whether surface-oxidized or not) will not allow aqueous solvents to infiltrate and swell the material.
Thus Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) structures can be used in combination with water and alcohol solvents without material deformation.
However most organic solvents will diffuse into the material and cause it to swell.
Despite this, some organic solvents lead to sufficiently small swelling that they can be used with Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), for instance within the channels of PDMS microfluidic devices.
The swelling ratio is roughly inversely related to the solubility parameter of the solvent.
Diisopropylamine swells Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) to the greatest extent; solvents such as chloroform, ether, and THF swell the material to a large extent.
Solvents such as acetone, 1-propanol, and pyridine swell the material to a small extent. Alcohols and polar solvents such as methanol, glycerol and water do not swell the material appreciably.

Uses
Silicones are polymeric materials having silicon and oxygen on their composition.
They are largely inert compounds usually heat-resistant, nonstick, and rubberlike.
Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS, molecular formula (C2H6OSi)n, density 965 kg/m3, boiling point: < 200℃, shear modulus between 100 kPa and 3 MPa, loss tangent less than 0.001) is a viscoelastic polymer (elastomer).
Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) is widely used in microfluidic technology thanks to some of its unique properties: it is low cost, nontoxic, chemically resistant, and stable against humidity and temperature variations.
Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) also presents low interfacial energy, which allows it to avoid chemical interactions with other polymers and solutions in the microfluidic channels.

After polymerization and cross-linking, solid PDMS presents hydrophobic surface.
A treatment using plasma oxidation is frequently used to alter the surface chemistry by adding silanol (SiOH) groups to the surface terminations and make the surface hydrophilic (wettable).
Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) is usually used as sealant, structural microchannel material or elastomer stamping matrix in soft lithography techniques like microcontact printing and micromolding.
Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) is an antifoaming agent used in fats and oils.
Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) prevents foaming and spattering when oils are heated and prevents foam formation during the manufacture of wine, refined sugar, gelatin, and chewing gum.
Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) is also termed methyl polysilicone and methyl silicone.

Pharmaceutical Applications
Simethicone is a mixture of Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and silica gel, known for their antifoaming properties.
Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) is an orally administered suspension containing polysiloxanes and silicon dioxide.
Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) is an antifoaming agent and is used to reduce bloating by decreasing the surface tension in bubbles.
Excessive formation of gas bubbles in the stomach and intestines can be painful and can also be of hindrance for any ultrasound examination.
Simethicone can be found in antacids and in suspensions given to babies against colic.

Biochem/physiol Actions
Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) is a silicon-based organic polymer, inert and non-toxic.
Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) is applicable in the pharmaceutical, food, and cosmetic industry.
Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) is excreted unchanged unaltered in the faeces and is non-mutagenic.

Synonyms
dimethylsilanone
Dimethyloxosilane
47956-45-6
dimethyl(oxo)silane
Akvastop
Silane, dimethyloxo-
9016-00-6
Aeropax
EINECS 256-344-9
Bicolon
Delesan
Dymasyl
Meteorex
Mylicon
Mylocon
Silain
Hycar
Ovol
Good-rite
Baysilone MA
Aquasil E
Antifoam A compd
Accuglass 210
Accuglass 211
Accuglass 305
Antaphron NM 42
Dow corning 346
Antifoam FD 62
Silyloxy, dimethyl-
Baysilone M 50EL
DB 1 (silicone)
A 50 (silicone)
ASP 3 (silicone)
AF 60 (siloxane)
AK 50 (siloxane)
ASI 100 Methyl
Chaline Buruba 520C
C2H6OSi
AK 100 (silicone)
CP-Sil 5
Silane,dimethyloxo-(9ci)
DSSTox_CID_3833
DSSTox_RID_77201
KQ8X4B6MN9
DSSTox_GSID_23833
C2-H6-O-Si
CT 89E
CHEMBL3182512
HSDB 1444
DTXSID40274001
BIO-PSA Q 7-4301
A 80R
DTXSID001349043
DC-MDX 4-4139
Tox21_302437
AK 750
BW 400
DC 225
AK 5000
AV 1000
CF 1241
LS-2295
NCGC00255308-01
401N
CAS-9016-00-6
AK 300000
BY 16-801
BY 16-817
BY 22-064
BY 27-003
BY 27-007
CY 52-111
DC 2-1184
DC 2-1691
DC 6-1104
FT-0696318
EN300-1688905
B 160-40
113540-54-8

Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) - Dimethicone (1000 cs) is a colorless and transparent new polymer material, a variety of different viscosities (5cps ~ 2million cps), the liquid from flowing easily into a thick semi-solid material.


CAS Number: 63148–62–9
EC Number: 203-492-7
Formula: (-Si(CH3)2O-)n
Molecular Formula: C6H18OSi2(C2H6OSi)n



Dimethylpolysiloxane, PDMS, Silicone oil,Dimethicone, DMF 5CS, Dimethicone 245, Xiameter PMX 200, KM 910, Dow Corning 200/100 cSt Fluid, Belsil DM 1000, Belsil DM 1 Plus, Dow Corning 365, Mirasil DME 30, Mirasil DME 2, E 1049, NYDA sensitiv,Dimeticone, Belsil DM 5, Dow Corning 1413, Dow Corning 200/5 cst, Silkonoel AK 500, Wacker-Belsil DM 1 Plus, DC 200-100cS, Dimethicone 350, PMX 200DC 1664, Mirasil DM 300000, Viscasil 5M, Clearocast 100, Momentive SE 30 Gum, M 620, Xiameter MEM 1664, Belsil DM 100, Viscasil 330000, DC 200-10cS, Dow Corning 365 Dimethicone NF Emulsion, Visosal 330M, Dimeticone, HL 88, Viscasil 330M, KF 96A50CS, Silicone Fluid 350, DC 100-350CS, NYDA, Dow Corning 1664, TSF 451-1MA, DC 200 Fluid, DC 1428, Belsil DM 35, DC 1618, Mirasil DM 350, EY 22-067, Xiameter 300, DC 5-2117, Dow Corning 5-2117, Dow Corning 1132, Dow Corning 200 Fluid 5cSt, Dow Corning 200 Fluid 350 c/s, Dow Corning 1618, DC 1132, Dow Corning 100-350CS, Dow Corning 5-7139, KHS 7, Belsil DM 1, Dow Corning 5-7137, Dow Corning 200/10CST, Hedrin, α-Trimethylsilyl-ω-methylpoly[oxy(dimethylsilanediyl)], Mirasil DM 20, HL 999, Belsil DM 200, Aeropax, Dermafilm, Dimethicone, Dimethicream, Dimethylpoly-Siloxane, Latex, Silbar, polydimethylsiloxane trimethylsiloxy-terminated, belsil DM 1 plus, DIMETHICONE (1000 CST), DIMETHICONE (1000 MPA.S), DIMETHICONE 1000 [II], DIMETICONE 1000, DIMETICONE 1000 [EP IMPURITY], DOW CORNING 360 MEDICAL FLUID (1000 CST), DOW CORNING Q7-9120 SILICONE FLUID (1000 CST), SILCOREL(R) ADP1000 ANTIFOAM COMPOUND, SILICONE OIL DC 200, SILICONE FLUID, REDUCED VOLATILITY POLYDIMETHYLSILOXANE, POLYDIMETHYLSILOXANE 158’000, POLYDIMETHYLSILOXANE 16’000, POLYDIMETHYLSILOXANE 173’000, POLYDIMETHYLSILOXANE 1’850, Dimethicone Dimethyl Silicone Fluid Dimethyl Silicone Fluid 1,000 cSt Dow Corning 200 Fluid 1,000 CST Polydimethylsiloxane, Dimeticone, α-Trimethylsilyl-ω-methylpoly[oxy(dimethylsilanediyl)], Belsil DM 1, Belsil DM 1 Plus, Belsil DM 100, Belsil DM 1000, Belsil DM 200, Belsil DM 35, Belsil DM 5, Clearocast 100, DC 100-350CS, DC 1132, DC 1428, DC 1618, DC 1664, DC 200 Fluid, DC 200-100cS, DC 200-10cS, DC 5-2117, DMF 5CS, Dimethicone 245, Dimethicone 350, Dimeticone, Dow Corning 100-350CS, Dow Corning 1132, Dow Corning 1413, Dow Corning 1618, Dow Corning 1664, Dow Corning 200 Fluid 350 c/s, Dow Corning 200 Fluid 5cSt, Dow Corning 200/100 cSt Fluid, Dow Corning 200/10CST, Dow Corning 200/5 cst, Dow Corning 365, Dow Corning 365 Dimethicone NF Emulsion, Dow Corning 5-2117, Dow Corning 5-7137, Dow Corning 5-7139, E 1049, EY 22-067, HL 88, HL 999, Hedrin, KF 96A50CS, KHS 7, KM 910, M 620, Mirasil DM 20, Mirasil DM 300000, Mirasil DM 350, Mirasil DME 2, Mirasil DME 30, Momentive SE 30 Gum, NYDA, NYDA sensitiv, PMX 200, Silicone Fluid 350, Silkonoel AK 500, TSF 451-1MA, Viscasil 330000, Viscasil 330M, Viscasil 5M, Visosal 330M, Wacker-Belsil DM 1 Plus, Xiameter 300, Xiameter MEM 1664, Xiameter PMX 200



Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) - Dimethicone (1000 cs) is dimethyl silicone fluid with middle viscosity.
Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) - Dimethicone (1000 cs) provides smooth texture, good spreadability, water repellency and skin protection.
Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) - Dimethicone (1000 cs) is suitable for formulating hair- & skin care, make-up and sunscreen products.


Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) - Dimethicone (1000 cs) is a high-quality dimethicone fluid with a viscosity of 1000 CST.
Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) - Dimethicone (1000 cs) provides superior lubrication and heat resistance, making it perfect for use in various applications such as lubricants, antifoaming agents, and water repellents.


Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) - Dimethicone (1000 cs) is insoluble in water, ethanol and vegetable oils but soluble in Isopropyl Myristate, Palmitate and Laurate and Lauryl Alcohol.
Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) - Dimethicone (1000 cs) is a polydimethylsiloxane fluid and is tasteless, odorless and non-toxic.


Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) - Dimethicone (1000 cs) is a colorless and transparent new polymer material, a variety of different viscosities (5cps ~ 2million cps), the liquid from flowing easily into a thick semi-solid material.
Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) - Dimethicone (1000 cs) has a special smoothness, softness, hydrophobicity, good chemical stability, excellent electrical insulation and resistance to high temperature.


Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) - Dimethicone (1000 cs) is generally a colorless (or light yellow), odorless, non-toxic, non-volatile liquid.
Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) - Dimethicone (1000 cs) is insoluble in water.
Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) - Dimethicone (1000 cs) has a wide range of viscosities (5 cps to 8 million cps), from very flowable liquids to thick semi-solids,widely used in various applications.


Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) - Dimethicone (1000 cs) belongs to a group of polymeric organosilicon compounds that are commonly referred to as silicones.
Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) - Dimethicone (1000 cs) is the most widely used silicon-based organic polymer, and is particularly known for its unusual rheological (or flow) properties.


Its applications range from contact lenses and medical devices to elastomers; Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) - Dimethicone (1000 cs) is present, also, in shampoos (as dimethicone makes hair shiny and slippery), caulking, lubricating oils, and heat-resistant tiles.
Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) - Dimethicone (1000 cs) is optically clear, and, in general, is considered to be inert, non-toxic and non-flammable.


Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) - Dimethicone (1000 cs) is occasionally called dimethicone and is one of several types of silicone oil (polymerized siloxane)....
Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) - Dimethicone (1000 cs) is a high quality of silicone oil which is clear, water- white, tasteless, odorless and neutral liquid.


Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) - Dimethicone (1000 cs)'s viscosity shows very little change with temperature variation.
Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) - Dimethicone (1000 cs) exhibits minimum of change among all types of silicone fluids.
Outstanding resistance to high and low temperature extremes, maintenance of flexibility over a wide temperature range are Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) - Dimethicone (1000 cs)'s unique properties.


Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) - Dimethicone (1000 cs) belongs to a group of polymeric organosilicon compounds that are commonly referred to as silicones.
Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) - Dimethicone (1000 cs) is the most widely used silicon-based organic polymer, and is particularly known for its unusual rheological (or flow) properties.


Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) - Dimethicone (1000 cs) also known as dimethicone, it has physiological inertness, good chemical stability, electrical and weather resistance, wide viscosity range, low freezing point, high flash point, good hydrophobicity, and high shear resistance.
Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) - Dimethicone (1000 cs) is used active ingredient in a variety of automotive, furniture, metal and specialty polishes in paste, emulsion and solvent-based polishes and aerosols.


Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) - Dimethicone (1000 cs) is a clear, colorless, medium viscosity polydimethylsiloxane polymer manufactured to yield essentially linear polymers in a wide range of average kinematic viscosities.
Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) - Dimethicone (1000 cs) is highly soluble in organic solvents and is easily emulsified in water with standard emulsifiers.



USES and APPLICATIONS of POLYDIMETHYLSILOXANE (PDMS) - DIMETHICONE (1000 CS):
Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) - Dimethicone (1000 cs) is used Anti Ageing Creams & Lotions, Automobile Polish, Conditioners, Cosmetics, and Defoaming Agent.
Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) - Dimethicone (1000 cs) is used Dielectric Cooling Fluid, Electrical Insulating Fluids, Eye Shadow,
Foundations, Furniture Polish, Hair Care, Hair Colorants, Hair Conditioner, and Hydraulic Fluid.


Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) - Dimethicone (1000 cs) is used Leather Finishes, Lipsticks, Lubricant, Moisturizing Cream Formulations, Mold Release Agent, Nail Polish, Paint & Coatings, Pharmaceuticals Pigment Flotation, and Polish.
Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) - Dimethicone (1000 cs) is used Polish - Automotive, Printing, Release Agent, Sealants, Silicone Caulks, Silicone Sealants, Skin Care Products, Sun Care Products, Water Repellent, and Waterless Hand Cleaners.


Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) - Dimethicone (1000 cs) acts as a protecting and de-soaping agent.
Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) - Dimethicone (1000 cs) imparts soft & velvety skin feel and spreads easily on both skin & hair.
Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) - Dimethicone (1000 cs) provides ease of application, greater depth of gloss and prevents foaming during rubout.


Moreover, Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) - Dimethicone (1000 cs) offers ease of buffering, color enhancement, high water repellency, high compressibility and high shearability without breakdown.
Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) - Dimethicone (1000 cs) exhibits high spreadability, compatibility, low environmental & fire hazard, low reactivity & vapour pressure, good heat stability and low surface energy.


Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) - Dimethicone (1000 cs) finds application in formulating hand creams and lotions to form an effective barrier and a more uniform film.
Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) - Dimethicone (1000 cs) shows high resistance to breakdown by mechanical shearing.


The low change in viscosity with temperature and excellent heat and cold resistance makes Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) - Dimethicone (1000 cs) an ideal lubricant.
Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) - Dimethicone (1000 cs) is, therefore, widely used in gear wheels, bearings and brushes.


Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) - Dimethicone (1000 cs) exhibits excellent dielectric properties, which are maintained for prolonged periods of time even under varying operating conditions.
Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) - Dimethicone (1000 cs) is used Heat & mechanical transfer media, Hydraulic fluids, Liquid dielectric for electrical and electronic, Water repellents, and Polishes.


Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) - Dimethicone (1000 cs) is used Antifriction agents, Lubricants, Antifoams, Mould release agents, Automotive care, Paint, and Sewing thread lubricant & textile spin finish.
Other uses of Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) - Dimethicone (1000 cs) include High Damping Action Fluid, Dielectric Fluid, Lubricant for Rubber and plastics, O-Ring Lubricant, Valve and Gasket lubricant.


Its applications range from contact lenses and medical devices to elastomers; Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) - Dimethicone (1000 cs) is present, also, in shampoos (as dimethicone makes hair shiny and slippery), caulking, lubricating oils, and heat-resistant tiles.


Various applications of Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) - Dimethicone (1000 cs) including cosmetic ingredient, elastomer and plastics lubricant, electrical insulating fluid, foam preventive or breaker, mechanical fluid, mold release agent, surface active agent, and solvent-based finishing and fat liquoring of leather.


For personal care applications of Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) - Dimethicone (1000 cs): Imparts soft, velvety skin feel, Spreads easily on both skin and hair, and De-soaping (prevents foaming during rubout) .
Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) - Dimethicone (1000 cs) may be used as a surface agent or for de-soaping creams and lotions.


Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) - Dimethicone (1000 cs) spreads easily on both skin and hair and protects the skin, imparting a soft, velvety skin feel.
For industrial applications of Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) - Dimethicone (1000 cs): High dielectric strength, High damping action, Oxidation-, chemical- and weather-resistant.


-As a lubricant:
Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) - Dimethicone (1000 cs) is suitable for rubber, plastic bearings, gear lubricant.
Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) - Dimethicone (1000 cs) can also be used as the rolling friction of steel to steel at high temperature, or a lubricant when the friction between steel and other metals, but because the lubrication performance of methylsilicone oil is not particularly good at normal temperature, generally, it is not recommended as a lubricant between metals at normal temperature.


-As additives:
Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) - Dimethicone (1000 cs) can be used as many material additives, such as paint as polish, add a small amount of silicon oil to paint, can make the paint not floating bag, not wrinkle improve the brightness of paint film, add a small amount of silicon oil to ink, can improve the printing quality, add a small amount of silicon oil to polishing oil (such as car polish), can increase light, protect paint film, and has excellent waterproof effect.


-Application in medical and health care:
Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) - Dimethicone (1000 cs) is not toxic to human body and is not decomposed by body fluids, so it is also widely used in medical and health undertakings.
Using Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) - Dimethicone (1000 cs)'s definar effect, made oral gastrointestinal distension tablets, and pulmonary edema defole aerosol and other medicinal purposes.

Adding Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) - Dimethicone (1000 cs) to the ointment can improve the penetration ability of the drug to the skin and improve the efficacy.
Some plasters based on silicone oil have a very good curative effect on scald, dermatitis, bedsores, etc.

The anticoagulant effect of Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) - Dimethicone (1000 cs) can be used to treat the surface of the blood reservoir, and prolong the storage time of blood samples.
Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) - Dimethicone (1000 cs) can also be used as a wet lubricant and it does not kill sperm.


-Other aspects of Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) - Dimethicone (1000 cs):
Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) - Dimethicone (1000 cs) has many uses in other ways.
Such as: the use of Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) - Dimethicone (1000 cs)'s high flash point, no smell, no smell, colorless, transparent and non-toxic to the human body and other characteristics, in the steel, glass, ceramics and other industrial and scientific research, as a heat carrier in the oil bath or thermostat.

Using Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) - Dimethicone (1000 cs)'s good shear resistance performance, can do hydraulic oil, especially aviation hydraulic oil.
The treatment of the rayon spinning head can eliminate static electricity and improve the quality of wire drawing.
Adding Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) - Dimethicone (1000 cs) to cosmetics can improve the moisturizing and protective effect of the skin.


-Application in the electromechanical industry of Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) - Dimethicone (1000 cs):
Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) - Dimethicone (1000 cs) is widely used in motors, electrical appliances, electronic instruments as temperature resistance, arc resistance corona, corrosion resistance, moisture-proof, dustproof insulation medium, is also used as transformer, capacitor, TV scanning transformer impregnated agent.

In a variety of precision machinery, instruments and instruments, Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) - Dimethicone (1000 cs) is used as liquid shock-proof, damping materials.
The shock absorption performance of Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) - Dimethicone (1000 cs) is less affected by the temperature, and it is mostly used for the occasions with strong mechanical vibration and large ambient temperature changes, such as the instruments used in aircraft and automobiles.
For shock, damping, stable instrument reading, but also as a liquid spring, and in the aircraft landing device.


-Make a defoaming agent:
Decoaming agent because of Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) - Dimethicone (1000 cs) surface tension is small, and insoluble in water, animal and plant oil and high boiling point mineral oil, good chemical stability, and non-toxic, used as a defoaming agent.
Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) - Dimethicone (1000 cs) has been widely used in petroleum, chemical, medical, pharmaceutical, food processing, textile, printing and dyeing, paper and other industries, as long as add 10-100PPM silicone oil has a good defoaming agent


-Make a mold release agent:
As a mold release agent due to the Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) - Dimethicone (1000 cs) and rubber, plastic, metal and other non-viscosity, and used as a variety of rubber, plastic products molding processing mold release agent, and used in precision casting.
Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) - Dimethicone (1000 cs) is used to do release agent not only convenient to release, and make the product surface clean, smooth, clear texture.


-Make insulation, dust-proof and mildew-proof coatin:
For insulation, dust proof, mildew proof coating on the glass, ceramic surface coated with a layer of Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) - Dimethicone (1000 cs), and heat treatment at 250-300℃, can form a semi-permanent waterproof, mildew proof and insulating film.

Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) - Dimethicone (1000 cs) is used the insulation device can improve the insulation performance of the device: the optical instrument can prevent the lenses and prism from mold; the preservation period of the drug; the surface of the film can provide lubrication, reduce friction and prolong the life of the film.



ADVANTAGES OF POLYDIMETHYLSILOXANE (PDMS) - DIMETHICONE (1000 CS):
*Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) - Dimethicone (1000 cs) has physiological inertia, good chemical stability, electric edge and weather resistance, wide viscosity range, low setting point,high flash point, good hydrophobic performance, and

*Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) - Dimethicone (1000 cs) has a high shear resistance,
*Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) - Dimethicone (1000 cs) can be used in 50~180oC temperature, widely used as insulation, lubrication, shock, dustproof oil, dielectric liquid and heat carrier, and

*Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) - Dimethicone (1000 cs) is used as foam, uncoating, paint and daily cosmetics additives, etc.
*Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) - Dimethicone (1000 cs) has physiological inertia, good chemical stability, electric edge and weather resistance, wide viscosity range, low setting point,high flash point, good hydrophobic performance, and has a high shear resistance,

*Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) - Dimethicone (1000 cs) can be used in 50~180oC temperature, widely used as insulation, lubrication, shock, dustproof oil, dielectric liquid and heat carrier, and used as foam, uncoating, paint and daily cosmetics additives, etc.



PROPERTIES AND FEATURES OF POLYDIMETHYLSILOXANE (PDMS) - DIMETHICONE (1000 CS):
*Chemically Inert
*Good dielectric characteristics
*Excellent High & Low Thermal Stability
*High Water Repellency
*Low surface tension
*Low pour point
*Excellent Lubrication
*Non-Flammable
*High Resistance to Oxidation
*High Resistance to Shear
*Low surface tension
*Low viscosity-tempertaure change
*Wide service temperature range –40C to 170C (for open systems), –40C to 230C (for closed systems).



BENEFITS OF POLYDIMETHYLSILOXANE (PDMS) - DIMETHICONE (1000 CS):
*Ease of application and rubout
*Ease of buffing
*Enhances color
*High water repellency
*High compressibility
*High shearability without breakdown
*High spreadability and compatibility
*Low environmental hazard
*Low fire hazard
*Low reactivity and vapor pressure
*Low surface energy
*Good heat stability
*Essentially odorless, tasteless and nontoxic
*Soluble in a wide range of solvents



FEATURES OF POLYDIMETHYLSILOXANE (PDMS) - DIMETHICONE (1000 CS):
*Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) - Dimethicone (1000 cs) has good heat resistamce,weather resistance,hydrophobicity,electrical insulation and physiological inertness.
*Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) - Dimethicone (1000 cs) is used as insulating,lubricating,shckproof oil,dielectric fluif and heat carrier.
*Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) - Dimethicone (1000 cs) is used as deforamer,lubricant,hydroohobic agent,paint additive and polishing agent,etc.
*Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) - Dimethicone (1000 cs) is used as a soft finishing of fabrics, increasing the lubricity of fabric, increasing the smoothness,fullness and elasticity of fabrics.



PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of POLYDIMETHYLSILOXANE (PDMS) - DIMETHICONE (1000 CS):
Formula: (-Si(CH3)2O-)n
CAS No: 63148–62–9
Viscosity: 1000 centistokes
Pour Point: –47 oC (closed cup)
Flash Point: 314 oC (open cup)
Ignition temperature: > approx 450 oC
Density: 0.97 g/cm3 at 20oC
Surface tension: 21.3 dynes/cm @25C
Refractive index: 1.4
Thermal expansion cc/cc C: 0.00096
Dielectric Constant 50Hz: 2.75
Dielectric Strength volt/mil: 400
Thermal Conductivity g/cal/cs/sec C: 0.00038
Molecular Weight: 236.53

Appearance: Limpid liquid, with no extraneous matter
Colour (Hazen): 30 max.
Turbidity (NTU): 4 max.
Odour: None to slight
Heavy metals (Pb ; ppm): 5 max
Phenyl compounds (DO): 0.2 max.
Mineral oils (mg/kg: 0.1 max.
Identity (I.R. Spectrum): Conform
Specific gravity (25°C ; kg/m3): 970
Viscosity at 25°C (mm2/s): 900 – 1100
Refractive index at 25°C: 1.403
Surface tension (25°C; mN/m): 21.1
Flash point (closed cup) (°C): 300
Volatile matters (150°C-1g-2h ; %): 0.3 max.
Acidity (in NaOH - 0.01N ; ml, for neutralization of 2g product): 0.15 max.



FIRST AID MEASURES of POLYDIMETHYLSILOXANE (PDMS) - DIMETHICONE (1000 CS):
-Description of first-aid measures:
*If inhaled:
After inhalation:
Fresh air.
*In case of skin contact:
Take off immediately all contaminated clothing.
Rinse skin with water/ shower.
*In case of eye contact:
After eye contact:
Rinse out with plenty of water.
Remove contact lenses.
*If swallowed:
After swallowing:
Make victim drink water (two glasses at most).
Consult doctor if feeling unwell.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed:
No data available



ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of POLYDIMETHYLSILOXANE (PDMS) - DIMETHICONE (1000 CS):
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Cover drains.
Collect, bind, and pump off spills.
Take up with liquid-absorbent material.
Dispose of properly.



FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of POLYDIMETHYLSILOXANE (PDMS) - DIMETHICONE (1000 CS):
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Foam
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Dry powder
*Unsuitable extinguishing media:
For this substance/mixture no limitations of extinguishing agents are given.
-Further information:
Prevent fire extinguishing water from contaminating surface water or the ground water system.



EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of POLYDIMETHYLSILOXANE (PDMS) - DIMETHICONE (1000 CS):
-Control parameters:
--Ingredients with workplace control parameters
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use Safety glasses.
*Respiratory protection
Not required.
-Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.



HANDLING and STORAGE of POLYDIMETHYLSILOXANE (PDMS) - DIMETHICONE (1000 CS):
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities
*Storage conditions:
Tightly closed.



STABILITY and REACTIVITY of POLYDIMETHYLSILOXANE (PDMS) - DIMETHICONE (1000 CS):
-Chemical stability:
The product is chemically stable under standard ambient conditions (room temperature) .
-Possibility of hazardous reactions:
No data available

Polydimethylsiloxane 1000 is a linear polydimethylsiloxane with a viscosity of 1000 centipoise (cps).
Polydimethylsiloxane 1000 fluids can stay in liquid form over a wide range of temperatures and pressures.


CAS Number: 63148-62-9 / 9006-65-6
EC Number: 613-156-5
MDL number: MFCD00084411
Linear Formula: [Si(CH3)2O]n


Polydimethylsiloxane 1000, also known as dimethylpolysiloxane or dimethicone, is a silicone polymer with a wide variety of uses, from cosmetics to industrial lubrication.
Polydimethylsiloxane 1000 is particularly known for its unusual rheological (or flow) properties.


Polydimethylsiloxane 1000's applications range from contact lenses and medical devices to elastomers; it is also present in shampoos (as it makes hair shiny and slippery), food (antifoaming agent), caulk, lubricants and heat-resistant tiles.
Polydimethylsiloxane 1000 is optically clear and, in general, inert, non-toxic, and non-flammable.


Polydimethylsiloxane 1000 is one of several types of silicone oil (polymerized siloxane).
Polydimethylsiloxane 1000 also known as dimethicone, has physiological inertness, good chemical stability, electrical and weather resistance, wide viscosity range, low freezing point, high flash point, good hydrophobicity, and high shear resistance.


Polydimethylsiloxane 1000 is a Linear, non-reactive polydimethylsiloxane with a viscosity of approx. 1000 mm2/s.
Due to its chemical structure, Polydimethylsiloxane 1000 silicone fluid has an outstanding property profile, which sets it apart from organic materials such as mineral oils.


Polydimethylsiloxane 1000 is a silicone fluid with a dimethylpolysiloxane structure.
Polydimethylsiloxane 1000 is a synthetic oil which does not exist in nature.
Polydimethylsiloxane 1000 is composed of organic methyl groups and inorganic siloxane bonds (Si-O-Si).


Siloxane bonds also make up such highly heat-resistant materials as glass and quartz.
Polydimethylsiloxane 1000 has numerous unique properties not found in conventional mineral oils or synthetic oils.
Products are available in viscosities ranging from water-like, free-flowing fluids to syrup-like fluids.


Polydimethylsiloxane 1000 is a colorless transparent liquid composed of polymethylsiloxane, also known as dimethicone.
Polydimethylsiloxane 1000 is a surfactant that is essentially non-toxic and has excellent dielectric properties.
Polydimethylsiloxane 1000 contains organic methyl groups and inorganic siloxane bonds providing it excellent chemical and thermal stability.


Polydimethylsiloxane 1000 products are available in a variety of viscosity ranges.
Polydimethylsiloxane 1000 is a liquid based siloxane that is part of the methyl silicone fluid system.
Polydimethylsiloxane 1000 has a viscosity of 1000 cSt with a refractive index of ~ 1.403 and a dielectric strength of ~ 14 kV/mm.


Polydimethylsiloxane 1000′s surface tension tends to increase with an increase in the viscosity.
Polydimethylsiloxane 1000 is a linear polydimethylsiloxane with a viscosity of 1000 centipoise (cps).
Polydimethylsiloxane 1000 fluids can stay in liquid form over a wide range of temperatures and pressures.


Polydimethylsiloxane 1000 is the most widely used silicon-based organic polymer, and is particularly known for its unusual rheological (or flow) properties.
Polydimethylsiloxane 1000's applications range from contact lenses and medical devices to elastomers; it is present, also, in shampoos (as dimethicone makes hair shiny and slippery), caulking, lubricating oils, and heat-resistant tiles.


Polydimethylsiloxane 1000 is optically clear, and, in general, is considered to be inert, non-toxic and non-flammable.
Polydimethylsiloxane 1000 is occasionally called dimethicone and is one of several types of silicone oil (polymerized siloxane)....
Polydimethylsiloxane 1000 is one of the main types of linear silicone oil and a hydrophobic silicone material.


Polydimethylsiloxane 1000 is a low viscosity, linear polydimethylsiloxane polymer.
Polydimethylsiloxane 1000 is a linear polydimethylsiloxane with a viscosity of 1000 centipoise (cps).
Polydimethylsiloxane 1000 can stay in liquid form over a wide range of temperatures and pressures.


As a result, Polydimethylsiloxane 1000 is used in applications that require fluid properties in harsh environments.
In mechanically demanding applications Polydimethylsiloxane 1000 provides excellent shear stability and good lubrication or slip.
Polydimethylsiloxane 1000 belongs to a group of polymeric organosilicon compounds that are commonly referred to as silicones.



USES and APPLICATIONS of POLYDIMETHYLSILOXANE 1000:
Polydimethylsiloxane 1000 is a 100% polydimethylsiloxane of viscosity 1000cSt: Polydimethylsiloxane 1000 is used as a release agent.
Polydimethylsiloxane 1000 is used purely or as a part of a compounded formula it provides a non-toxic, non-carbonizing mould release for silicone rubber, plastics and metal die-castings.


Polydimethylsiloxane 1000 is used as an Anti-Foam agent: Polydimethylsiloxane 1000 is a very small quantities of the fluid are very effective as a foam control agent, especially in non-aqueous systems.
Polydimethylsiloxane 1000 is used as a mechanical fluid.


The very high viscosity-index, the thermal and chemical stability, shear-breakdown resistance and the rubber compatibility as well as the compressibility make this fluid outstanding for mechanical and hydraulic uses.
Polydimethylsiloxane 1000 is used as a lubricant: The lubricant Polydimethylsiloxane 1000 provides excellent lubricating properties for most plastic and elastomeric surfaces.


Lubricity with metals depends upon the possible combinations such as P.T.F.E., MoS2 and other lubricity improvers.
In polishes and chemical specialties: Polydimethylsiloxane 1000is used in most automobile and furniture polishes for its ease of application, high gloss with a minimum rubbing and durable water repellent film.


Applications of Polydimethylsiloxane 1000 include Lubricant and Anti-friction Agents, Release Agents (Molds), Surface care/ Polishes, Hydraulic and transformer fluids, Damping fluids, Diffusion pump fluids, Heat-resistant lubricants, Dielectrics, Release agents for high-performance digital-printing machines, Defoaming (Oil/Gas/Diesel), Automotive care (Paint), light lubricant that can be sprayed). Used for treadmills by itself or mixed with AK350.


As a result, Polydimethylsiloxane 1000 is used in applications that require fluid properties in harsh environments.
In mechanically demanding applications they provide excellent shear stability and good lubrication or slip.
Polydimethylsiloxane 1000 are used as damping liquid, silicone lubricant.


Polydimethylsiloxane 1000 is used as excellent lubricant for rubber and plastic surfaces, including gears, bearings, bushings, motion picture film and photograph records.
Polydimethylsiloxane 1000 is used in electrical and electronic equipment.
Because of the excellent dielectric properties, Polydimethylsiloxane 1000 is widely used as an insulating and damping fluid.


Polydimethylsiloxane 1000 is used as a most efficient polishing agent used in most automobile and furniture polishes, resulting inpolishes that develop a high gloss with least rubbing.
Polydimethylsiloxane 1000 is used as an excellent release agent in moulding plastic and rubber, non-ferrous metal die casting .


Polydimethylsiloxane 1000 is used as water-repellent treatment for glass, ceramic etc.
Polydimethylsiloxane 1000 is used in protein chromatography and affininty chromatography.
Polydimethylsiloxane 1000, viscosity, 1000 cSt - used to determine that postprandial inflammatory response after ingestion of heated oils in obese persons is reduced by the presence of phenol compounds.


Polydimethylsiloxane 1000 is used Lubricants, Thermostatic fluids (- 50 °C to + 200 °C), Dielectric fluids (impregnation of paper for condensers), Anti-blotting products for photocopying machines, Thinning and plastifying agents for RTV’s and silicone sealants, Lubricating and heat protecting agents for textile threads (synthetic sewing threads), Ingredients in maintenance products (wax polishes, floor and furniture polishes, etc.).


Polydimethylsiloxane 1000 is used Paint additives (anti-cratering, anti-floating/flooding and anti-scratching effects, etc.), Water repellent treatment: Of powders (for paints and plastics), Of fibers: glass fibers.
Polydimethylsiloxane 1000 is used as Release agent (mould release of plastics and metal castings), and Surfactant for styrene-butadiene foam.


Polydimethylsiloxane 1000 has physiological inertia, good chemical stability, electric edge and weather resistance, wide viscosity range, low setting point,high flash point, good hydrophobic performance, and has a high shear resistance, can be used in 50~180oC temperature, widely used as insulation, lubrication, shock, dustproof oil, dielectric liquid and heat carrier, and used as foam, uncoating, paint and daily cosmetics additives, etc.


Polydimethylsiloxane 1000 possesses excellent lubricity and is used to lubricate a wide range of rubber & plastic parts including O‐rings, gaskets, rubber seals, grommets, rubber hoses, rubber cables...
Polydimethylsiloxane 1000 is widely used as a lubricant, mechanical fluid, mold release agent, anti-foam agent, polish, wetting
agent insulating and damping fluid.


Polydimethylsiloxane 1000 is used in variety of industries such as food, personal care, metal die casting, plastics, rubbers, electronics and paints and coatings
Polydimethylsiloxane 1000 is used active ingredient in a variety of automotive, furniture, metal and specialty polishes in paste, emulsion and solvent-based polishes and aerosols


Various applications of Polydimethylsiloxane 1000 including cosmetic ingredient, elastomer and plastics lubricant, electrical insulating fluid, foam preventive or breaker, mechanical fluid, mold release agent, surface active agent, and solvent-based finishing and fat liquoring of leather.
Polydimethylsiloxane 1000 can be used as a sorbent for the analysis of headspace (dissolved gas analysis) of food.


Condom lubricant: Polydimethylsiloxane 1000 is widely used as a condom lubricant.
The popularity of Polydimethylsiloxane 1000 in microfluidics area is due to its excellent mechanical properties.
Moreover, compared to other materials, Polydimethylsiloxane 1000 possesses superior optical properties, allowing for minimal background and autofluorescence during fluorescent imaging.


In biomedical (or biological) microelectromechanical systems (bio-MEMS), soft lithography is used extensively for microfluidics in both organic and inorganic contexts.
Silicon wafers are used to design channels, and Polydimethylsiloxane 1000 is then poured over these wafers and left to harden.


When removed, even the smallest of details is left imprinted in the Polydimethylsiloxane 1000.
With this particular PDMS block, hydrophilic surface modification is conducted using plasma etching techniques.
Plasma treatment disrupts surface silicon-oxygen bonds, and a plasma-treated glass slide is usually placed on the activated side of the Polydimethylsiloxane 1000 (the plasma-treated, now hydrophilic side with imprints).


Once activation wears off and bonds begin to reform, silicon-oxygen bonds are formed between the surface atoms of the glass and the surface atoms of the Polydimethylsiloxane 1000, and the slide becomes permanently sealed to the Polydimethylsiloxane 1000, thus creating a waterproof channel.
With these devices, researchers can utilize various surface chemistry techniques for different functions creating unique lab-on-a-chip devices for rapid parallel testing.


Polydimethylsiloxane 1000 can be cross-linked into networks and is a commonly used system for studying the elasticity of polymer networks.
Polydimethylsiloxane 1000 can be directly patterned by surface-charge lithography.
Polydimethylsiloxane 1000 is being used in the making of synthetic gecko adhesion dry adhesive materials, to date only in laboratory test quantities.


Some flexible electronics researchers use Polydimethylsiloxane 1000 because of its low cost, easy fabrication, flexibility, and optical transparency.
Yet, for fluorescence imaging at different wavelengths, Polydimethylsiloxane 1000 shows least autofluorescence and is comparable to BoroFloat glass.
Polydimethylsiloxane 1000 has been used in medicine, daily chemical products, food, architecture and other fields, and its derivatives have reached hundreds.


Polydimethylsiloxane 1000 could also be used as silicone transformer oil, the raw material to cosmetics, textile industry and many other industries.
Applications of Polydimethylsiloxane 1000: Heat and mechanical transfer fluids, Hydraulic fluids, Electrical insulating fluid, Water repellent, Polish ingredient, Mold release agent, Lubricant, Anti-foam, Personal care ingredient, Textile spin finishes, and Paints and coatings additive.


Applications of Polydimethylsiloxane 1000 include elastomer and plastics lubricant, electrical insulating fluid, anti-foaming agent, anti-corrosion metal protectant, leather protectant, mechanical compression or dampening fluid, mold release agent, surface active agent.
Polydimethylsiloxane 1000 could also be used to produce other types of modified siliconeoil.


-Application of Polydimethylsiloxane 1000 in the electromechanical industry:
Polydimethylsiloxane 1000 is widely used in motors, electrical appliances, electronic instruments as temperature resistance, arc resistance corona, corrosion resistance, moisture-proof, dustproof insulation medium,is also used as transformer, capacitor, TV scanning transformer impregnated agent.
In a variety of precision machinery,instruments and instruments, used as liquid shock-proof, damping materials.

The shock absorption performance of Polydimethylsiloxane 1000 is less affected by the temperature, and it is mostly used for the occasions with strong mechanical vibration and large ambient temperature changes, such as the instruments used in aircraft and automobiles.
Polydimethylsiloxane 1000 is used for shock shock, damping, stable instrument reading, but also as a liquid spring, and in the aircraft landing device.


-Make a defoaming agent:
Decoaming agent because of Polydimethylsiloxane 1000 surface tension is small, and insoluble in water, animal and plant oil and high boiling point mineral oil,good chemical stability, and non-toxic, used as a defoaming agent has been widely used in petroleum, chemical, medical,pharmaceutical, food processing, textile, printing and dyeing, paper and other industries, as long as add 10-100PPM silicone oil has a good defoaming agent.


-Make a mold release agent:
As a mold release agent due to the Polydimethylsiloxane 1000 and rubber,plastic, metal and other non-viscosity, and used as a variety of rubber, plastic products molding processing mold release agent,and used in precision casting.
Use Polydimethylsiloxane 1000 to do release agent not only convenient to release, and make the product surface clean,smooth, clear texture.


-Make insulation, dust-proof and mildew-proof coating:
For insulation, dust proof, mildew proof coating on the glass, ceramic surface coated with a layer of Polydimethylsiloxane 1000, and heat treatment at 250-300ºC, can form a semi-permanent waterproof, mildew proof and insulating film.
The insulation device can improve the insulation performance of the device: the optical instrument can prevent the lenses and prism from mold; the preservation period of the drug; the surface of the film can provide lubrication, reduce friction and prolong the life of the film.


-As a lubricant:
Polydimethylsiloxane 1000 is suitable for rubber, plastic bearings, gear lubricant.
Polydimethylsiloxane 1000 can also be used as the rolling friction of steel to steel at high temperature, or a lubricant when the friction between steel and other metals, but because the lubrication performance of methylsilicone oil is not particularly good at normal temperature, generally, it is not recommended as a lubricant between metals at normal temperature.


-As additives:
Polydimethylsiloxane 1000 can be used as many material additives, such as paint as polish, add a small amount of silicon oil to paint, can make the paint not floating bag, not wrinkle improve the brightness of paint film, add a small amount of silicon oil to ink, can improve the printing quality, add a small amount of silicon oil to polishing oil (such as car polish), can increase light, protect paint film, and has excellent waterproof effect.


-Application in medical and health care:
Polydimethylsiloxane 1000 is not toxic to human body and is not decomposed by body fluids, so it is also widely used in medical and health undertakings.
Using Polydimethylsiloxane 1000's definar effect, made oral gastrointestinal distension tablets, and pulmonary edema defole aerosol and other medicinal purposes.

Adding Polydimethylsiloxane 1000 to the ointment can improve the penetration ability of the drug to the skin and improve the efficacy.
Some plasters based on Polydimethylsiloxane 1000 have a very good curative effect on scald, dermatitis, bedsores, etc.
The anticoagulant effect of Polydimethylsiloxane 1000 can be used to treat the surface of the blood reservoir, and prolong the storage time of blood samples.
Polydimethylsiloxane 1000 can also be used as a wet lubricant and it does not kill sperm.


-Other aspects of Polydimethylsiloxane 1000:
Polydimethylsiloxane 1000 has many uses in other ways.
Such as: the use of its high flash point, no smell, no smell, colorless, transparent and non-toxic to the human body and other characteristics, in the steel, glass, ceramics and other industrial and scientific research, as a heat carrier in the oil bath or thermostat.

Using its good shear resistance performance, Polydimethylsiloxane 1000 can do hydraulic oil, especially aviation hydraulic oil.
The treatment of the rayon spinning head can eliminate static electricity and improve the quality of wire drawing.
Adding Polydimethylsiloxane 1000 to cosmetics can improve the moisturizing and protective effect of the skin.


-Stereo lithography:
In stereo lithography (SLA) 3D printing, light is projected onto photocuring resin to selectively cure it.
Some types of SLA printer are cured from the bottom of the tank of resin and therefore require the growing model to be peeled away from the base in order for each printed layer to be supplied with a fresh film of uncured resin.
A Polydimethylsiloxane 1000 layer at the bottom of the tank assists this process by absorbing oxygen : the presence of oxygen adjacent to the resin prevents it adhering to the PDMS, and the optically clear Polydimethylsiloxane 1000 permits the projected image to pass through to the resin undistorted.


-Medicine and cosmetics uses of Polydimethylsiloxane 1000:
Activated Polydimethylsiloxane 1000, a mixture of polydimethylsiloxanes and silicon dioxide (sometimes called simethicone), is often used in over-the-counter drugs as an antifoaming agent and carminative.
Polydimethylsiloxane 1000 also works as a moisturizer that is lighter and more breathable than typical oils.

Silicone breast implants are made out of a Polydimethylsiloxane 1000 elastomer shell, to which fumed amorphous silica is added, encasing PDMS gel or saline solution.
The use of Polydimethylsiloxane 1000 in the manufacture of contact lenses was patented (later abandoned).


-Skin uses of Polydimethylsiloxane 1000:
Polydimethylsiloxane 1000 is used variously in the cosmetic and consumer product industry as well.
For example, Polydimethylsiloxane 1000 is used widely in skin-moisturizing lotions where it is listed as an active ingredient whose purpose is "skin protection.

Some cosmetic formulations use Polydimethylsiloxane 1000 and related siloxane polymers in concentrations of use up to 15%.
The Cosmetic Ingredient Review's (CIR) Expert Panel, has concluded that Polydimethylsiloxane 1000 and related polymers are "safe as used in cosmetic formulations.


-Hair:
Polydimethylsiloxane 1000 compounds such as amodimethicone, are effective conditioners when formulated to consist of small particles and be soluble in water or alcohol/act as surfactants (especially for damaged hair), and are even more conditioning to the hair than common dimethicone and/or dimethicone copolyols.


-Contact lenses:
A proposed use of Polydimethylsiloxane 1000 is contact lens cleaning.
Polydimethylsiloxane 1000's physical properties of low elastic modulus and hydrophobicity have been used to clean micro and nano pollutants from contact lens surfaces more effectively than multipurpose solution and finger rubbing; the researchers involved call the technique PoPPR (polymer on polymer pollution removal) and note that it is highly effective at removing nanoplastic that has adhered to lenses.


-As anti-parasitic:
Polydimethylsiloxane 1000 is effective for treating lice in humans.
This is thought to be due not to suffocation (or poisoning), but to Polydimethylsiloxane 1000's blocking water excretion, which causes insects to die from physiological stress either through prolonged immobilisation or disruption of internal organs such as the gut.


-Foods:
Polydimethylsiloxane 1000 is added to many cooking oils (as an anti-foaming agent) to prevent oil splatter during the cooking process.
As a result of this, Polydimethylsiloxane 1000 can be found in trace quantities in many fast food items such as McDonald's Chicken McNuggets, french fries, hash browns, milkshakes and smoothies and Wendy's french fries.
Under European food additive regulations, Polydimethylsiloxane 1000 is listed as E900.


-Domestic and niche uses:
Many people are indirectly familiar with Polydimethylsiloxane 1000 because it is an important component in Silly Putty, to which PDMS imparts its characteristic viscoelastic properties.
Another toy Polydimethylsiloxane 1000 is used in is Kinetic Sand.

The rubbery, vinegary-smelling silicone caulks, adhesives, and aquarium sealants are also well-known.
Polydimethylsiloxane 1000 is also used as a component in silicone grease and other silicone based lubricants, as well as in defoaming agents, mold release agents, damping fluids, heat transfer fluids, polishes, cosmetics, hair conditioners and other applications.


-Surfactants and antifoaming agents:
Polydimethylsiloxane 1000 derivatives are common surfactants and are a component of defoamers.
Polydimethylsiloxane 1000, in a modified form, is used as an herbicide penetrant and is a critical ingredient in water-repelling coatings, such as Rain-X.
Polydimethylsiloxane 1000 is used in the active silicone fluid in automotive viscous limited slip differentials and couplings.


-Daytime radiative cooling
Polydimethylsiloxane 1000 is a common surface material used in passive daytime radiative cooling as a broadband emitter that is high in solar reflectivity and heat emissivity.
Many tested surfaces use Polydimethylsiloxane 1000 because of its potential scalability as a low-cost polymer.
As a daytime radiative cooling surface, Polydimethylsiloxane 1000 has also been tested to improve solar cell efficiency.


-Soft lithography:
Polydimethylsiloxane 1000 is commonly used as a stamp resin in the procedure of soft lithography, making it one of the most common materials used for flow delivery in microfluidics chips.

The process of soft lithography consists of creating an elastic stamp, which enables the transfer of patterns of only a few nanometers in size onto glass, silicon or polymer surfaces.
With this type of technique, Polydimethylsiloxane 1000 is possible to produce devices that can be used in the areas of optic telecommunications or biomedical research.

The stamp is produced from the normal techniques of photolithography or electron-beam lithography.
The resolution depends on the mask used and can reach 6 nm.



ADVANTAGES OF POLYDIMETHYLSILOXANE 1000:
Polydimethylsiloxane 1000 is a colorless, odorless, non-toxic and non-irritating products, chemical stability, heat resistance, cold resistance, water repellency, lubricity, high refraction, storage stability and compatibility with commonly used cosmetic ingredients.



FEATURE AND ADVANTAGES OF POLYDIMETHYLSILOXANE 1000:
1. Smoothness & softness & hydrophobicity & good chemical stability & insulation property.
2. High and low temperature resistance & high flash point.
3. Low freezing point (it can be chronically used in the temperature from -50°C to +200 °C).
4. Small viscosity-temperature coefficicent & big compression ratio & low surface tension.



PROPERTIES OF POLYDIMETHYLSILOXANE 1000:
1,Clear, colorless, odorless
2,Non-Flammable
3,High Damping action
4,Low Temp stability
5,High Temp Stability
6,HS Code 39100.00
7,Little viscosity change at temperature
8,Excellent lubrication
9,High oxidation resistance
10,High dielectric strength
11,High water repellency
12,High Shear resistance
13,Open and closed system bath fluid



FEATURES OF POLYDIMETHYLSILOXANE 1000:
*EU REACH Registration
*Colorless and Odorless
*Cyclic Siloxanes (D4, D5, D6)＜0.1%
*Very good resistance to high and low temperature
*Good combustion resistance
*Good dielectric properties
*Low surface tension
*High compressibility
*Absence of ageing upon exposure to atmospheric agents
*Good oxidation resistance
*Little change in viscosity with temperature
*Good resistance to high and prolonged shear stress



FEATURES OF POLYDIMETHYLSILOXANE 1000:
1. Polydimethylsiloxane 1000 has good heat resistance, weather resistance,hydrophobicity,electrical insulation and physiological inertness.
2. Polydimethylsiloxane 1000 is used as an insulating, lubricating, shockproof oil, dielectric fluid, and heat carrier.
3. Polydimethylsiloxane 1000 is used as a defoamer, lubricant, hydrophobic agent, paint additive and polishing agent, etc.
4. Polydimethylsiloxane 1000 is used as a soft finishing of fabrics, increasing the lubricity of fabric, increasing the smoothness,fullness and elasticity of fabrics.



KEY FEATURES AND TYPICAL BENEFITS OF POLYDIMETHYLSILOXANE 1000:
*Silicones differ from organic compounds in both their physical and chemical properties.
*high and low temperature stability
*oxidative stability
*chemically inert
*low flammability
*low surface tension
*shear stability
*high compressibility
*low vapor pressure
*low odor
*soft, smooth silky feel
*non-oily feel
*spreadability
*low coefficient of friction
*lubricious



BENEFITS OF POLYDIMETHYLSILOXANE 1000:
*Ease of application and rubout
*Ease of buffing
*Enhances color
*High water repellency
*High compressibility
*High shearability without breakdown
*High spreadability and compatibility
*Low environmental hazard
*Low fire hazard
*Low reactivity and vapor pressure
*Low surface energy
*Good heat stability
*Essentially odorless, tasteless and nontoxic
*Soluble in a wide range of solvents For personal care applications
Imparts soft, velvety skin feel
*Spreads easily on both skin and hair
*De-soaping (prevents foaming during rubout) For industrial applications
*High dielectric strength
*High damping action
*Oxidation-, chemical- and weather-resistant
*Does not contain ingredients of animal origin (Suitable for Vegan)



MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF POLYDIMETHYLSILOXANE 1000:
Polydimethylsiloxane 1000 is viscoelastic, meaning that at long flow times (or high temperatures), it acts like a viscous liquid, similar to honey.
However, at short flow times (or low temperatures), Polydimethylsiloxane 1000 acts like an elastic solid, similar to rubber.
Viscoelasticity is a form of nonlinear elasticity that is common amongst noncrystalline polymers.

The loading and unloading of a stress-strain curve for Polydimethylsiloxane 1000 do not coincide; rather, the amount of stress will vary based on the degree of strain, and the general rule is that increasing strain will result in greater stiffness.
When the load itself is removed, the strain is slowly recovered (rather than instantaneously).

This time-dependent elastic deformation results from the long-chains of the polymer.
But the process that is described above is only relevant when cross-linking is present; when it is not, the polymer Polydimethylsiloxane 1000 cannot shift back to the original state even when the load is removed, resulting in a permanent deformation.

However, permanent deformation is rarely seen in Polydimethylsiloxane 1000, since it is almost always cured with a cross-linking agent.
If some Polydimethylsiloxane 1000 is left on a surface overnight (long flow time), it will flow to cover the surface and mold to any surface imperfections.
However, if the same Polydimethylsiloxane 1000 is poured into a spherical mold and allowed to cure (short flow time), it will bounce like a rubber ball.

The mechanical properties of Polydimethylsiloxane 1000 enable this polymer to conform to a diverse variety of surfaces.
Since these properties are affected by a variety of factors, Polydimethylsiloxane 1000 is relatively easy to tune.
This enables Polydimethylsiloxane 1000 to become a good substrate that can easily be integrated into a variety of microfluidic and microelectromechanical systems.

Specifically, the determination of mechanical properties can be decided before Polydimethylsiloxane 1000 is cured; the uncured version allows the user to capitalize on myriad opportunities for achieving a desirable elastomer.
Generally, the cross-linked cured version of Polydimethylsiloxane 1000 resembles rubber in a solidified form.

Polydimethylsiloxane 1000 is widely known to be easily stretched, bent, compressed in all directions.
Depending on the application and field of Polydimethylsiloxane 1000, the user is able to tune the properties based on what is demanded.
Overall Polydimethylsiloxane 1000 has a low elastic modulus which enables it to be easily deformed and results in the behavior of a rubber.

Viscoelastic properties of Polydimethylsiloxane 1000 can be more precisely measured using dynamic mechanical analysis.
This method requires determination of the material's flow characteristics over a wide range of temperatures, flow rates, and deformations.
Because of Polydimethylsiloxane 1000's chemical stability, it is often used as a calibration fluid for this type of experiment.

The shear modulus of Polydimethylsiloxane 1000 varies with preparation conditions, and consequently dramatically varies in the range of 100 kPa to 3 MPa.
The loss tangent is very low (tan δ ≪ 0.001).



CHEMICAL COMPATIBILITY OF POLYDIMETHYLSILOXANE 1000:
Polydimethylsiloxane 1000 is hydrophobic.
Plasma oxidation can be used to alter the surface chemistry, adding silanol (SiOH) groups to the surface.
Atmospheric air plasma and argon plasma will work for this application.

This treatment renders the Polydimethylsiloxane 1000 surface hydrophilic, allowing water to wet it.
The oxidized surface can be further functionalized by reaction with trichlorosilanes.
After a certain amount of time, recovery of the surface's hydrophobicity is inevitable, regardless of whether the surrounding medium is vacuum, air, or water; the oxidized surface is stable in air for about 30 minutes.

Alternatively, for applications where long-term hydrophilicity is a requirement, techniques such as hydrophilic polymer grafting, surface nanostructuring, and dynamic surface modification with embedded surfactants can be of use.
Solid Polydimethylsiloxane 1000 samples (whether surface-oxidized or not) will not allow aqueous solvents to infiltrate and swell the material.

Thus Polydimethylsiloxane 1000 structures can be used in combination with water and alcohol solvents without material deformation.
However, most organic solvents will diffuse into the material and cause it to swell.
Despite this, some organic solvents lead to sufficiently small swelling that they can be used with Polydimethylsiloxane 1000, for instance within the channels of Polydimethylsiloxane 1000 microfluidic devices.

The swelling ratio is roughly inversely related to the solubility parameter of the solvent.
Diisopropylamine swells Polydimethylsiloxane 1000 to the greatest extent; solvents such as chloroform, ether, and THF swell the material to a large extent.
Solvents such as acetone, 1-propanol, and pyridine swell the material to a small extent.
Alcohols and polar solvents such as methanol, glycerol and water do not swell the material appreciably.



FEATURES AND BENEFITS OF POLYDIMETHYLSILOXANE 1000:
*High and low temperature stability
*Oxidative stability
*Chemically inert
*Low flammability
*Low surface tension
*Shear stability
*High compressibility
*Low vapor pressure
*Low odor
*Soft, smooth silky feel
*Spreadability
*Low coefficient of friction
*Lubricious



INDUSTRIES OF POLYDIMETHYLSILOXANE 1000:
*Adhesives
*Care Chemicals
*Elastomers
*Facility Infrastructure
*Maintenance, Repair, Overhaul
*Metal Processing & Fabrication
*Plastics
*Silicones
*Transportation



PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of POLYDIMETHYLSILOXANE 1000:
Physical state: viscous
Color: colorless
Odor: No data available
Melting point/freezing point:
Melting point: -55 °C
Initial boiling point and boiling range: > 140 °C at 0,003 hPa
Flammability (solid, gas): No data available
Upper/lower flammability or explosive limits: No data available
Flash point: 101,1 °C - closed cup
Autoignition temperature: > 400 °C
Decomposition temperature: > 200 °C
pH: No data available
Viscosity
Viscosity, kinematic: No data available
Viscosity, dynamic: 0,003 Pas at 25 °C
Water solubility slightly soluble
Partition coefficient: n-octanol/water: No data available
Vapor pressure: < 7 hPa at 25 °C
Density: 0,970 g/cm3

Relative density: No data available
Relative vapor density: No data available
Particle characteristics: No data available
Explosive properties: No data available
Oxidizing properties: none
Other safety information: No data available
Formula: (CH₃)₃SiO(Si(CH₃)₂O)n
Boiling Pt: >140 °C (0.002 mmHg)) (lit.)
Density: 0.97 g/cm³ (20 °C)
MDL Number: MFCD00084411
CAS Number: 63148-62-9
Appearance: Colorless transparent liquid
Specific gravity at 25 °C: 0.965 – 0.975
Refractive index at 25 °C: 1.4025 – 1.4045
Viscosity (cSt): 1000 ± 50
Flash point (°C): ≥ 315
Ignition point (C): > 400
Freezing point, approx. (°C): - 55
Density at 25ºC: Approx. 0.97 g/cm3
Flash Point: > 314ºC
Ignition Temperature (Liquids): Aprox. 450ºC
Surface Tension at 25ºC: 0.021 N/m

Viscosity, Dynamic at 25ºC: 1000 mPa.s
Viscosity, Kinetic at 25ºC: Approx. 1000 mm2/s
Viscosity cSt: 1000
Appearance: Clear, colorless liquid
Specific gravity at 25°C: 0.97
Refractive index at 25°C: 1.4
Flash point, open cup, °C: >302
Pour point, °C: -47
Surface tension dynes/cm at 25°C: 21.3
Color and Appearance: Colorless transparent liquid
Specific Gravity 25°C: 0.970
Refractive Index 25°C: 1.403
Viscosity: 1000 cSt
Flash Point: >300°C
Ignition Point: >400°C
Freezing Point: -50°C
Surface Tension: 21.2mN/m
Appearance: Colorless transparent liquid
Viscosity (25℃), cSt: 1000±50
Density(25℃, g/cm3): 0.965 ~ 0.975
Refractive Index, 25℃: 1.4020 ~ 1.4045
Flash point, ℃: ≥310
Volatile (150℃/2h), %: ≤1.00
Acid Value(KOH), μg/g: ≤10.0



FIRST AID MEASURES of POLYDIMETHYLSILOXANE 1000:
-Description of first-aid measures:
*If inhaled:
After inhalation:
Fresh air.
*In case of skin contact:
Take off immediately all contaminated clothing.
Rinse skin with water/ shower.
*In case of eye contact:
After eye contact:
Rinse out with plenty of water.
Remove contact lenses.
*If swallowed:
After swallowing:
Make victim drink water (two glasses at most).
Consult doctor if feeling unwell.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed:
No data available



ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of POLYDIMETHYLSILOXANE 1000:
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Cover drains.
Collect, bind, and pump off spills.
Observe possible material restrictions.
Take up with liquid-absorbent material.
Dispose of properly.
Clean up affected area.



FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of POLYDIMETHYLSILOXANE 1000:
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Foam
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Dry powder
*Unsuitable extinguishing media:
For this substance/mixture no limitations of extinguishing agents are given.
-Further information:
Suppress (knock down) gases/vapors/mists with a water spray jet.
Prevent fire extinguishing water from contaminating surface water or the ground water system.



EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of POLYDIMETHYLSILOXANE 1000:
-Control parameters:
--Ingredients with workplace control parameters:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use equipment for eye protection.
Safety glasses
*Skin protection:
not required
*Respiratory protection:
Not required.
-Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.



HANDLING and STORAGE of POLYDIMETHYLSILOXANE 1000:
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities
*Storage conditions:
Tightly closed.



STABILITY and REACTIVITY of POLYDIMETHYLSILOXANE 1000:
-Chemical stability:
The product is chemically stable under standard ambient conditions (room temperature) .
-Possibility of hazardous reactions:
No data available



SYNONYMS:
Poly(dimethylsiloxane)
Dimethylpolysiloxane
Element14 PDMS 1000
Dimethicone
Silicone oil
Dimethylpolysiloxane
PDMS
silicone, all silicones
Dimethylpolysiloxane hydrolyzate
alpha-Methyl-omega-methoxypolydimethylsiloxane
Polydimethyl silicone oil
Poly(dimethylsiloxane)
Polydimethylsiloxane, methyl end-blocked
Polyoxy(dimethylsilylene)
alpha-(trimethylsilyl)-omega-hydroxy
Poly[oxy(dimethylsilylene)], alpha-[trimethylsilyl]-omega-[(trimethylsilyl)oxy]
Silicone oils
Siloxane and silicones, dimethyl
Siloxanes and silicones, dimethyl
alpha-(Trimethylsilyl)poly[oxy(dimethylsilylene)]-omega-methyl
Silicone oil
Silicone oil, for oil baths.

Polydimethylsiloxane 350 cSt belongs to a group of polymeric organosilicon compounds that are referred to as silicones and is the most widely used silicon-based organic-polymer. Polydimethylsiloxane 350 cSt is particularly known for its unusual rheological or flow properties.
Polydimethylsiloxane 350 cSt is optically clear and inert, non-toxic, and non-flammable.

CAS: 63148-62-9
MF: C6H18OSi2
MW: 162.38
EINECS: 613-156-5

Synonyms
DIETHYL ETHER RECTIFIED;ETHYL ACETATE PESTINORM SUPRA TRACE;SILICONE FLUID;2,2,4,4-TETRAMETHYL-3-OXA-2,4-DISILAPENTANE;BIS(TRIMETHYLSILYL)ETHER;Hexamethyloxy disilane;HMDO;dimethylsilicone fluid;OCTAMETHYLTRISILOXANE;107-51-7;Trisiloxane, octamethyl-;63148-62-9;1,1,1,3,3,5,5,5-Octamethyltrisiloxane;dimethyl-bis(trimethylsilyloxy)silane;Dimeticone;Dimethicone 350;Pentamethyl(trimethylsilyloxy)disiloxane
;Dimethylbis(trimethylsiloxy)silane;9G1ZW13R0G;CHEBI:9147;DTXSID9040710;Dimethicones
;Trisiloxane, 1,1,1,3,3,5,5,5-octamethyl-;MFCD00084411;MFCD00148360;CCRIS 3198;EINECS 203-497-4;dimeticonum;UNII-9G1ZW13R0G;Dimeticona;FRD 20;Ctamethyltrisiloxane;MFCD00008264;Pentamethyl(trimethylsiloxy)disiloxane;octamethyl-trisiloxane;dimethicone macromolecule;VOLASIL DM-1;TRISILOXANE [INCI];EC 203-497-4;Octamethyltrisiloxane, 98%;OS 20 (SILOXANE);SCHEMBL23459;TRISILOXANE, OCTAMETHYL;Dow Corning High-Vacuum Grease;CHEMBL2142985;DTXCID7020710;CHEBI:31498;CXQXSVUQTKDNFP-UHFFFAOYSA-;KF 96A1;OCTAMETHYLTRISILOXANE [MI];dimethylbis(trimethylsiloxy)siliane;Dimethylbis(trimethylsilyloxy)silane;[(CH3)3SiO]2Si(CH3)2;Tox21_301002;CO9816;MFCD00134211;MFCD00165850;Silane, dimethylbis(trimethylsiloxy)-;AKOS015840180;FS-4459;NCGC00164100-01;NCGC00164100-02
;NCGC00254904-01;CAS-107-51-7;NS00041459;O0257;O9816;C07261;D91850;S12475;viscosity 500 inverted exclamation markA30mPa.s;A801717;J-001906;Q2013799;2,2,4,4,6,6-hexamethyl-3,5-dioxa-2,4,6-trisilaheptane;InChI=1/C8H24O2Si3/c1-11(2,3)9-13(7,8)10-12(4,5)6/h1-8H3;28349-86-2

Polydimethylsiloxane 350 cSt is one of several types of silicone oil (polymerized siloxane).
Polydimethylsiloxane 350 cSt having a silica structure and is liquid at room temperature and is called as siloxane, referred as silicone oils.
The simplest polydimethylsiloxane is as formula.
In , if the R, R1, R2 are all methyl groups, Polydimethylsiloxane 350 cSt is called α, ω-trimethylsilyloxy polydimethylsiloxane, that’s the commonly called silicone oil.
Polydimethylsiloxane 350 cSt is a linear polymer of a low molecular weight.
If R1 and R2 are not a methyl group, then Polydimethylsiloxane 350 cSt is not related to this article.
Polydimethylsiloxane 350 cSt is a colorless or light yellow transparent liquid and is odorless and tasteless.
Polydimethylsiloxane 350 cSt has a high boiling point and low freezing point.
The silicon-oxygen bond is very stable.

Polydimethylsiloxane 350 cSt is an excellent kind of transformer insulating oil with high heat resistance and high flash point.
Polydimethylsiloxane 350 cSt is not easy to be subject to oxidation and combustion with its long-term working temperature being as high as 200 ℃.
Polydimethylsiloxane 350 cSt can tolerate electric arc, corona.
Moreover, the value its dielectric loss factor can keep nearly constant over a wide temperature range (-40~110 ℃) and frequency range (103~108Hz).
In addition, Polydimethylsiloxane 350 cSt also has good viscosity-temperature, low freezing point, and low volatility and is non-toxic without contaminating the environment and so on.
The disadvantage of Polydimethylsiloxane 350 cSt is its great dielectric loss, being easy for hydrolysis and relative high prices and so on.
Currently the Polydimethylsiloxane 350 cSt variety frequent application and good efficacy is "polydimethylsiloxane."
Polydimethylsiloxane 350 cSt is easily soluble in water and can also have reaction with the relevant components of the reaction in the air.
So Polydimethylsiloxane 350 cSt should be tightly sealed during the application process.
In addition, Polydimethylsiloxane 350 cSt is also necessary to take measures to prevent moisture and air intrusion.

Polydimethylsiloxane 350 cSt is a kind of oily linear polysiloxane produced from the hydrolysis and poly-condensation of chlorotrimethylsilane, ethyl chlorosilane, and phenyl chlorosilane containing mono-functional group and bifunctional group.
The commonly called Polydimethylsiloxane 350 cSt means the polydimethylsiloxane and polymethyl phenyl siloxane. Polydimethylsiloxane 350 cSt is a kind of colorless, odorless, non-toxic, transparent, non-volatile liquid with non-corrosive effect on metal, low freezing point and good anti-water property and moisture resistance, low surface tension and being capable of being resistant to dilute acids and bases and has wide application in various national economy departments.

The viscosity of the Polydimethylsiloxane 350 cSt has small changes with temperature.
At-60~250 °C, Polydimethylsiloxane 350 cSt can be used as a lubricant agent for sextant, electromotor, shells aiming system and shipborne radar devices. When being mixed with thickener such as carbon black and lithium stearate, Polydimethylsiloxane 350 cSt can be used for preparation of viscous grease for being applied to vacuum or high temperature sealing systems and the sealing of vacuum cocks, bushings, and valve.
Polydimethylsiloxane 350 cSt will not be cured by high compression with a relative high compressibility and can be used as liquid springs of aircraft and used for eliminating flutter in the buffer, shock absorption system to maintain the stability of the gauge pointer in aircraft cabin and damping of damper device.

Because of its non-corrosiveness on metal and long lifespan, Polydimethylsiloxane 350 cSt is widely used as hydraulic pressure fluid in various kinds of delivery systems such as being the hydraulic pressure fluid of aircraft landing gear, flaps, doors, and speed brakes; Because of its small density, low viscosity, Polydimethylsiloxane 350 cSt can decrease the weight of the hydraulic pressure systems of the aircraft system by 45% compared with the mineral oil system.
Polydimethylsiloxane 350 cSt is heat resistant and can be used as the heat transfer medium of-50~250 ℃; Polydimethylsiloxane 350 cSt does not absorb moisture and has excellent electrical insulation and can resist high temperature to be used as a dielectric liquid for being applied to the capacitors and the miniature transformer of encapsulating and impregnating.

Polydimethylsiloxane 350 cSt is permeable to visible light and can be coated to the lens and optical glass to improve the light transmission properties; its being coated to the motion picture film can reduce the friction and extend the lifespan of the film.
Polydimethylsiloxane 350 cSt has a good water resistance and can be used for processing wool, rayon, nylon, cotton fabric and can be used for making waterproof fabric; Polydimethylsiloxane 350 cSt has a low surface tension and can be used for plastic and rubber mold releasing agents; in the food and textile industry, it can be used in defoamers.
Polydimethylsiloxane 350 cSt is non-toxic with physiologically inertia and can be used for the treatment of flatulence and can also play a role of skin care when added to cosmetics.

Polydimethylsiloxane 350 cSt Chemical Properties
Melting point: −59 °C(lit.)
Boiling point: 101 °C(lit.)
Density: 0.963 g/mL at 25 °C
Vapor density: >1 (vs air)
Vapor pressure: Refractive index: n20/D 1.377(lit.)
Fp: >270 °C (518 °F)
Storage temp.: 2-8°C
Solubility: Chloroform (Slightly), Ethyl Acetate (Sparingly), Toluene (Sparingly)
Form: Oily Liquid
Specific Gravity: 0.853
Color: Clear colorless
Odor: Odorless
Water Solubility: PRACTICALLY INSOLUBLE
Merck: 14,8495
Dielectric constant: 2.7（Ambient）
Stability: Stable. Incompatible with strong oxidizing agents.
EPA Substance Registry System: Polydimethylsiloxane 350 cSt (63148-62-9)

Polydimethylsiloxane 350 cSt is milk-white viscous liquid and is non-volatile and odorless.
Polydimethylsiloxane 350 cSt has a relative density of O.98~1.02.
Polydimethylsiloxane 350 cSt is miscible with benzene, gasoline and other kinds of chlorinated hydrocarbons, aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons; it is not soluble in methanol, ethanol and water, but can be dispersed in water.
Polydimethylsiloxane 350 cSt is Non-flammable, non-corrosive and is chemically stable. ADI: 0~1.5mg /start.

Uses
Polydimethylsiloxane 350 cSt can be used as emulsifiers.
China has provided that it can be applied during the fermentation process with the maximum usage amount being 0.2g/kg.
Polydimethylsiloxane 350 cSt can be used as advanced lubricants, anti-vibration oil, insulating oil, defoamers, release agents, polishes and vacuum diffusion pump oil.
Polydimethylsiloxane 350 cSt can be used as the paint for prevention of moisture and rust of metal surface.
Polydimethylsiloxane 350 cSt can also be used as the coating for the surfaces of buildings for prevention of water.
Polydimethylsiloxane 350 cSt is used as hardening polyurethane foams additive.

PCA; POCA; dispersant PCA, Copolymer of Phosphono and carboxylic Acid; belsperse 164;PCA;phosphino carboxylic acid;Poly (acrylic acid-co-hypophosphite) sodium salt;Phosphino Carboxilic Acid (PCA);Phosphino Carboxylic Acid(PCA);2-Propenoic acid,polyMer with sodiuM phosphinate (1:1);Phaseolus coccineus agglutinin CAS No:71050-62-9

Polyoxirane-2; 3-dicarboxylic acid; epoxysuccinic acid homopolymer; 2,3-oxiranedicarboxylic acid homopolymer; poly(1-oxacyclopropane-2,3-dicarboxylic acid);PESA; polyepoxysuccinic acid; Polyepoxysuccinic Acid(PESA);epoxysuccinic acid homopolymer;Polyoxirane-2,3-Dicarboxylic Acid; 2,3-oxiranedicarboxylic acid homopolymer;poly(1-oxacyclopropane-2,3-dicarboxylic acid); CAS NO:51274-37-4

Polyether amine ;poly(propylene glycol) bis(2-aminopropyl ether); diaminopolypropylene glycol; poly(oxypropylene)diamine cas no: 9046-10-0

Polyetheramine; polypropylene glycol based polyetheramine cas no: 9046-10-0

polypropylene glycol based polyetheramine cas no: 9046-10-0

Polyetheramine; polypropylene glycol based polyetheramine cas no: 9046-10-0

Polyetheramine; polypropylene glycol based polyetheramine cas no: 9046-10-0

Polyetheramine; polypropylene glycol based polyetheramine cas no: 9046-10-0

POLYETHYLENE GLYCOL Nom INCI : POLYETHYLENE GLYCOL Classification : PEG/PPG

Polyetheramine; polypropylene glycol based polyetheramine cas no: 9046-10-0

Polyethoxylated tallow amine = POEA

CAS Number: 61791-26-2

Polyethoxylated tallow amine (also polyoxyethyleneamine, POEA) refers to a range of non-ionic surfactants derived from animal fats (tallow).
They are used primarily as emulsifiers and wetting agents for agrochemical formulations, such as pesticides and herbicides (e.g. glyphosate).

Polyethoxylated tallowamine (POEA) is a non-ionic surfactant used in herbicide formulations to increase the efficacy of active ingredients.
POEA promotes penetration of herbicide active ingredients into plant cuticles, and in animal species is known to cause alterations in respiratory surfaces.
POEA use has increased recently with the advent of "Roundup-Ready" crops; however, Polyethoxylated tallow amines potential effects on aquatic invertebrates are relatively unknown.

The aquatic macroinvertebrate Thamnocephalus platyurus (Crustacea, Anostraca) was used to assess the acute toxicity of POEA.
Three formulations of POEA consisting of a 5:1, 10:1, and 15:1 average oxide:tallowamine were used in this study.
All POEA formulations were found to be extremely toxic to T. platyurus with 48-h LC50 concentrations as low as 2.01 microg/L for 15:1.
POEA toxicity increased as the tallowamine chain length was reduced, whereas the oxide chain length appeared to only slightly increase toxicity.
Based on these results, POEA has the potential to adversely affect aquatic organisms in areas in which it is used.

POEA (polyoxyethylene tallow amine) is a surfactant with known toxic effects on aquatic organisms.
POEA was added to the original formulation of the herbicide glyphosate to aid in its application and effectiveness at controlling weeds. U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) scientists developing methods to measure POEA in the environment have shown that it’s a complex and variable mixture of related compounds, and that POEA is still a common additive in several newer agricultural and household glyphosate formulations.
Since glyphosate is one of the most widely used pesticides in the United States, the findings could indicate that POEA may be widely available for transport into surface water and groundwater.
Such additives in pesticide formulations are commonly called "inert" ingredients or adjuvants, and little is known about these ingredients and their occurrence and transport in, and effects on, the environment.
This USGS study is the first step in investigating the environmental fate and effects of POEA in herbicide applications.

Polyethoxylated tallow amine (POEA) is a common surfactant used in glyphosate-based herbicide formulations to enhance the bioavailability of the active herbicide ingredient.
Toxic effects of POEA exposure are well documented for aquatic organisms, but despite the widespread occurrence of POEA in soils, the potential effects on soil bacteria have not been investigated.
Here we examined the growth and metabolic effects of POEA in three strains of plant-beneficial soil Pseudomonas species grown on succinate, a common root exudate.
Compared to the rate of growth on only succinate, the addition of POEA resulted in up to 60% reduction in the biomass growth rate.

In the presence of both POEA and glyphosate, the biomass growth rate either remained the same as during exposure to only POEA or decreased by only an additional 5–15%, thus indicating that growth inhibition was primarily caused by POEA.
Metabolomics analysis of POEA-exposed cells identified, relative to control cells, disruption of metabolite levels in key biosynthetic pathways: accumulation of ribonucleotides and depletion of amino acids.
Kinetic 13C flux experiments further revealed delayed de novo biosynthesis of pyrimidine ribonucleotides.
Our findings thus highlight disconnects between carbon metabolism and biomass biosynthesis as potential adverse metabolic outcomes in POEA-exposed soil-beneficial bacteria.

Polyethoxylated tallow amine (POEA) refers to a range of non-ionic surfactants derived from animal fats (tallow).
They primarily find used as emulsifiers and wetting agents for agrochemical formulations, such as pesticides and herbicides (e.g. glyphosate).

Synthesis of Polyethoxylated tallow amine:
Animal fat is hydrolysed to give a mixture of free fatty acids, typically oleic (37–43%), palmitic (24–32%), stearic (20–25%), myristic (3–6%), and linoleic (2–3%).
These are then converted to fatty amines via the nitrile process before being ethoxylated with ethylene oxide; this makes them water-soluble and amphiphilic.
The length of the fatty tail and degree of exothylation will determine the overall properties of the surfactant.
Due to Polyethoxylated tallow amine being synthesized from an impure material POEA is itself a mixture of compounds.

Composition and uses of Polyethoxylated tallow amine:
The polyethoxylated tallow amine used as a surfactant is referred to in the literature as MON 0139 or polyoxyethyleneamine (POEA).
Polyethoxylated tallow amine is contained in the herbicide Roundup.
An ethoxylated tallow amine (CAS No. 61791-26-2), is on the United States Environmental Protection Agency List 3 of Inert Ingredients of Pesticides."

Roundup Pro is a formulation of glyphosate that contains a "phosphate ester neutralized polyethoxylated tallow amine" surfactant; as of 1997 there was no published information regarding the chemical differences between the surfactant in Roundup and Roundup Pro.
POEA concentrations range from <1% in ready-to-use glyphosate formulations to 21% in concentrates.
POEA constitutes 15% of Roundup formulations and the phosphate ester neutralized polyethoxylated tallow amine surfactant constitutes 14.5% of Roundup Pro.
Surfactants are added to glyphosate to allow effective uptake of water-soluble glyphosate across plant cuticles, which are hydrophobic, and reduces the amount of glyphosate washed off plants by rain.

Polyethoxylated tallow amine (POEA) surfactants have been used in many glyphosate-based herbicide formulations for agricultural, industrial and residential weed control.
The potential for release of these compounds into the environment is of increasing concern due to their toxicity towards aquatic organisms.
Current methods for analysis of POEA surfactants require significant time and effort to achieve limits of quantification that are often higher than the concentrations at which biological effects have been observed (as low as 2 ng mL(-1)).
We have developed a rapid and robust method for quantifying the POEA surfactant mixture MON 0818 at biologically relevant concentrations in fresh water, sea water and lake sediment using reversed phase high-performance liquid chromatography and electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry.
Water samples preserved by 1:1 v/v dilution with methanol are analyzed directly following centrifugation.

Sediment samples undergo accelerated solvent extraction in aqueous methanol prior to analysis.
Large volume (100 μL) sample injection and multiple reaction monitoring of a subset of the most abundant POEA homologs provide limits of quantification of 0.5 and 2.9 ng mL(-1) for MON 0818 in fresh water and sea water, respectively, and 2.5 ng g(-1) for total MON 0818 in lake sediment.
Average recoveries of 93 and 75% were achieved for samples of water and sediment, respectively spiked with known amounts of MON 0818.
Precision and accuracy for the analysis of water and sediment samples were within 10 and 16%, respectively based upon replicate analyses of calibration standards and representative samples.
Results demonstrate the utility of the method for quantifying undegraded MON 0818 in water and sediment, although a more comprehensive method may be needed to identify and determine other POEA mixtures and degradation profiles that might occur in the environment.

Definition:
Polyethoxylated tallow amine, also known as tallow fatty amine oxethylate or tallow amine (the basis is beef tallow), is a non-ionic surfactant and a mixture of acylated amine ethoxylate polymers of different lengths.
Polyethoxylated tallow amine belongs to the fatty amines.
Polyethoxylated tallow amine is easily soluble in ethanol and water.
Among others, the substance is used in different compounds in cosmetic products.
Furthermore Polyethoxylated tallow amine is used in herbicides.

There are considerable reservations against the use of tallow fatty amine ethoxethylates.
Among others, they destroy the cell membranes of the gills of aquatic organisms.
In combination with glyphosate and aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA) there are synergistic toxic effects on plant and animal cells.

POEA concentrations range from <1% in ready-to-use glyphosate formulations to 21% in concentrates.
POEA constitutes 15% of Roundup formulations and the phosphate ester neutralized polyethoxylated tallow amine surfactant constitutes 14.5% of Roundup Pro.
Surfactants are added to glyphosate to allow effective uptake of water-soluble glyphosate across plant cuticles, which are hydrophobic, and reduces the amount of glyphosate washed off of plants by rain.

What is tallow amine ethoxylate?
Tallow amines are derived from animal fats based fatty acids via the nitrile process.
The main source of tallow amine is from animal fats, but vegetable based tallow is also available and both can be ethoxylated to give non-ionic surfactants having similar properties. …

Is polyethoxylated tallow amine toxic?
Polyethoxylated tallowamine (POEA) is a non-ionic surfactant used in herbicide formulations to increase the efficacy of active ingredients.
All POEA formulations were found to be extremely toxic to T. platyurus with 48-h LC50 concentrations as low as 2.01 microg/L for 15:1.

What is tallow amine used for?
Uses of Polyethoxylated tallow amine: Tallow Amine is widely used in mineral floating agent, waterproof softener of fiber, dyeing assistant, anti-static agent, pigment dispersant, anti-rusting agent, anti-caking agent of fertilizer, additives of lubricating oil, germicide, etc.

What is POEA roundup?
Category: Environment and Wildlife. POEA is an acronym which stands for polyoxyethylene amine.
Polyethoxylated tallow amine is a surfactant mixture that is included in some glyphosate-based herbicides to enhance uptake of the active ingredient (glyphosate) across the waxy layers and membranes of plants.

Is tallow a surfactant?
POEA (polyoxyethylene tallow amine) is a surfactant with known toxic effects on aquatic organisms.

What is tallow alkyl?
Tallow based alkyl amines are used for synthesizing of organic chemicals & cationic and amphoteric surfactants.
Widely used in producing synthetic surfactants.
Tallow amines easily dissolve in alcohols, chloroform, benzene, & ethers.
However Polyethoxylated tallow amine does not dissolve in water.

What is the surfactant in Roundup?
POEA (polyoxyethylene tallow amine) is a surfactant with known toxic effects on aquatic organisms.
POEA was added to the original formulation of the herbicide glyphosate to aid in its application and effectiveness at controlling weeds.

How do you make a tallow amine?
First, ammonia is reacted with animal fat extracts (tallow) to produce a tallow amine.
Then, the tallow amine is ethoxylated to form a polyoxyethylene tallow amine.
This representation of the different chemicals used to synthetize one molecule of polyoxyethylene (15) tallow amine is a simplification.

What is hydrogenated tallow amine?
Hydrogenated Tallow Amine.
Odor of Polyethoxylated tallow amine: characteristic.
Uses of Polyethoxylated tallow amine: Tallow Amines are used for soaps, leather dressings, candles, food, and lubricants.
They are used in producing synthetic surfactants.
Tallow based alkyl amines are widely used in the synthesis of organic chemicals and cationic and amphoteric surfactants.

Environmental effects of Polyethoxylated tallow amine:
The chemical complexity of POEA makes it difficult to study in the environment.

POEA is toxic to aquatic species like fish and amphibians.
Like other surfactants, Polyethoxylated tallow amine can affect membrane transport and can often act as a general narcotic.

In laboratory experiments POEA has a half-life in soils of less than 7 days.
Washout from soil is assumed to be minimal, and the estimated half-life in bodies of water would be about 2 weeks.
Field experiments have shown that the half-life of POEA in shallow waters is about 13 hours, "further supporting the concept that any potential direct effects of formulated products on organisms in natural waters are likely to occur very shortly post-treatment rather than as a result of chronic or delayed toxicity."

A review of the literature provided to the EPA in 1997 found that POEA was generally more potent in causing toxicity to aquatic organisms than glyphosate, and that POEA becomes more potent in more alkaline environments.
(Potency is measured by the median lethal dose (LD50); a low LD50 means that just a little of the substance is lethal; a high LD50 means that it takes a high dose to kill.) Glyphosate has an LD50 ranging from 4.2 times that of POEA for midge larvae at pH 6.5, to 369 times that of POEA for rainbow trout at pH 9.5 (for comparison, at pH 6.5 the LC50 of glyphosate was 70 times that of POEA for rainbow trout).
The pH value of most freshwater streams and lakes is between 6.0 and 9.0; fish species are harmed by water having a pH value outside of this range.

The formulation of glyphosate composed of Isopropylamine salt and Polyethoxylated tallow Amine (Clearweed) is widely used as herbicide to control weeds both in the terrestrial and aquatic environments.
A static bioassay was conducted to examine toxicity of this formulation on juvenile African catfish (Clarias gariepinus).
Catfish juvenile (mean weight 27.97±0.03g) were exposed to glyphosate at concentrations of 0.00mg/l (control), 5.00, 7.50, 10.00, 12.50 and 15.00mg/l.
Each concentration was treated in triplicate and the exposure period lasted for 96 hrs.

Mortality rates and physico-chemical parameters of water were monitored.
Results revealed that fish mortality increased with increasing concentration of glyphosate and time of exposure.
The median lethal concentration (96-hr LC50) value was 8.88mg/l with the upper and lower limits of 9.10mg/l and 7.75mg/l respectively.
Behavioural changes observed the treated fish included: erratic swimming, jerky movement, increased opercula and tail movements, gulping of air, lost of balance and consciousness, cessation of opercula and tail movement signifying eventual death.

Water quality parameters increased significantly (p<0.05) with extract concentration except dissolve oxygen levels which reduced (p<0.05).
However, all values reported were within the permissible limits of the Federal Ministry of Environment (FMEnv) for water samples.
The results of this study indicated that glyphosate formulation has toxic effects on catfish.
Thus, the herbicide should be cautiously used to avoid ecotoxicological hazards particularly on non-target organisms.

Little is known about the occurrence, fate, and effects of the ancillary additives in pesticide formulations.
Polyoxyethylene tallow amine (POEA) is a non-ionic surfactant used in many glyphosate formulations, a widely applied herbicide both in agricultural and urban environments.
POEA has not been previously well characterized, but has been shown to be toxic to various aquatic organisms.

Characterization of technical mixtures using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) and mass spectrometry shows POEA is a complex combination of homologs of different aliphatic moieties and ranges of ethoxylate units.
Tandem mass spectrometry experiments indicate that POEA homologs generate no product ions readily suitable for quantitative analysis due to poor sensitivity.
A comparison of multiple high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and UHPLC analytical columns indicates that the stationary phase is more important in column selection than other parameters for the separation of POEA.
Analysis of several agricultural and household glyphosate formulations confirms that POEA is a common ingredient but ethoxylate distributions among formulations vary.

Human toxicity of Polyethoxylated tallow amine:
A review published in 2000 examining the toxicity of POEA and other components in glyphosate formulations found "no convincing evidence for direct DNA damage in vitro or in vivo, and it was concluded that Roundup and its components do not pose a risk for the production of heritable/somatic mutations in humans.
Glyphosate, AMPA, and POEA were not teratogenic or developmentally toxic.
Likewise there were no adverse effects in reproductive tissues from animals treated with glyphosate, AMPA, or POEA in chronic and/or subchronic studies."

Another review, published in 2004, said that with respect to glyphosate formulations, "experimental studies suggest that the toxicity of the surfactant, polyoxyethyleneamine (POEA), is greater than the toxicity of glyphosate alone and commercial formulations alone.
There is insufficient evidence to conclude that glyphosate preparations containing POEA are more toxic than those containing alternative surfactants.
Although surfactants probably contribute to the acute toxicity of glyphosate formulations, the weight of evidence is against surfactants potentiating the toxicity of glyphosate."

Synonym(s):
POEA
Polyethoxylated tallow amines
Talgamine
Tallow amine
Tallow Fatty Amine Oxethylate

ethylene polymer; ambythene; ethylene polymer; high density polyethylene; polyethylene, high density; polyethylene wax CAS NO:9002-88-4

SYNONYMS PEG; Macrogol; Polyoxyethlene; Aquaffin; Nycoline; alpha-hydro-omega-hydroxypoly(oxy-1,2-ethanediyl); polyethylene glycols; Poly Ethylene Oxide; Polyoxyethylene; Polyglycol; 1,2-ethanediol Ehoxylated; Polyoxyethylene ether; Polyoxyethylene; Poly(ethylene glycol); CAS NO. 25322-68-3

PEG; Macrogol; Polyoxyethlene; Aquaffin; Nycoline; alpha-hydro-omega-hydroxypoly(oxy-1,2-ethanediyl); polyethylene glycols; Poly Ethylene Oxide; Polyoxyethylene; Polyglycol; 1,2-ethanediol Ehoxylated; Polyoxyethylene ether; Polyoxyethylene; Poly(ethylene glycol) CAS NO:25322-68-3

PEG; Polyglycol; Polyethylene oxide; Polyoxy ethylene; Polyethylene Glycol 200; Polyethylene Glycol 400; Polyethylene Glycol 300; Polyethylene Glycol 600; Polyethylene Glycol 1500; Polyethylene Glycol 4000; Polyethylene Glycol 8000; Polyethylene Glycol 6000; CAS NO: 25322-68-3

Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 200 is a polyether compound with the chemical formula H(OCH2CH2)nOH, where "n" represents the average number of ethylene glycol units.
In the case of Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 200, "n" is approximately 4.

CAS Number: 25322-68-3
EC Number: 500-038-2

Polyethylene glycol 200, PEG 200, Polyethylene oxide monobutyl ether 200, PEG ether 200, Polyethylene oxide monoethyl ether 200, PEG-4 methyl ether, Polyethylene oxide 200 monomethyl ether, PEG 200 monobutyl ether, Macrogol 200 methyl ether, Polyethylene oxide 200 butyl ether, Carbowax 200 monomethyl ether, PEG 200 butyl ether, Polyglycol 200 methyl ether, PEG-4 butyl ether, Polyethylene glycol monobutyl ether 200, Polyethylene glycol 200, PEG 200, Polyethylene oxide monobutyl ether 200, PEG ether 200, Polyethylene oxide monoethyl ether 200, PEG-4 methyl ether, Polyethylene oxide 200 monomethyl ether, PEG 200 monobutyl ether, Macrogol 200 methyl ether, Polyethylene oxide 200 butyl ether, Carbowax 200 monomethyl ether, PEG 200 butyl ether, Polyglycol 200 methyl ether, PEG-4 butyl ether, Polyethylene glycol monobutyl ether 200, Polyethylene glycol butyl ether 200, PEG ether butyl 200, Polyethylene oxide monooctyl ether 200, PEG 200 monooctyl ether, Polyethylene glycol monooctyl ether 200, PEG-4 octyl ether, Polyglycol 200 octyl ether, PEG ether octyl 200, Polyethylene oxide 200 octoxy ether, PEG 200 octoxyethanol, Polyethylene glycol octoxy ether 200, PEG ether octyl 200, Polyethylene oxide monoisoctyl ether 200, PEG 200 monoisoctyl ether, Polyethylene glycol monoisoctyl ether 200, PEG ether isoctyl 200, Polyglycol isoctyl ether 200, PEG-4 isoctyl ether, Polyethylene oxide 200 isoctoxy ether, PEG 200 isoctoxyethanol



APPLICATIONS


Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 200 is extensively used in the pharmaceutical industry as a solubilizing agent for poorly water-soluble drugs.
In cosmetics, Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 200 serves as an emollient and thickening agent in lotions, creams, and personal care products.
Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 200 finds application in the formulation of liquid soaps and shampoos, contributing to their texture and stability.

Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 200 acts as a plasticizer in the production of adhesives and sealants, improving flexibility.
As a lubricant, Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 200 is employed in the textile industry to enhance the processing of fibers.

Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 200 is utilized in the creation of stable emulsions, making it valuable in the food and beverage industry.
In antifreeze solutions, Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 200 helps lower the freezing point, preventing damage to systems in cold temperatures.
Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 200 plays a role in the synthesis of various chemicals, acting as a reactant in diverse reactions.

Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 200 is a common ingredient in skin creams and lotions, providing a smooth and moisturizing feel.
Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 200 is used as a carrier in the food industry for certain food additives, ensuring their even distribution.

Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 200 is employed as a plasticizer in the production of printing inks, enhancing their flow properties.
In the manufacturing of paints and coatings, Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 200 contributes to the formation of stable formulations.
Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 200 serves as a humectant in certain products, helping retain moisture and preventing drying.
Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 200 finds application in the creation of stable suspensions in the agricultural industry.

In the production of rubber and elastomers, Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 200 acts as a processing aid, improving workability.
Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 200 is used in the synthesis of nanoparticles, aiding in their dispersion in various solutions.

Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 200 is employed in the formulation of veterinary pharmaceuticals for enhanced drug delivery.
In the creation of de-icing solutions, Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 200 contributes to preventing ice buildup on surfaces.
Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 200 is used in the formulation of certain industrial cleaning agents for improved efficacy.

Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 200 is a component in the production of brake fluids, ensuring proper functionality in vehicles.
In the field of biotechnology, Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 200 is used in protein crystallization and DNA precipitation.
Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 200 is employed in the development of stable ink formulations for inkjet printers.

Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 200 is utilized in the creation of certain herbicides for improved dispersion and effectiveness.
Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 200 finds application in the creation of stable suspensions for diagnostic imaging agents.
In the oil and gas industry, Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 200 is used in drilling fluids to control rheological properties.

Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 200 is employed in the formulation of stable inkjet printer inks, contributing to consistent printing performance.
Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 200 serves as a key ingredient in the creation of coolant formulations for efficient heat transfer in automotive systems.

In the field of biopharmaceuticals, Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 200 is used in protein purification processes to prevent protein aggregation.
Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 200 finds application in the production of thermosetting resins, enhancing their flexibility and workability.

Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 200 is utilized in the creation of lubricating agents for metalworking processes, reducing friction.
Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 200 acts as a dispersant in the formulation of ceramic glazes, ensuring even coating on surfaces.
In the textile industry, PEG 200 is applied as a dyeing assistant, improving the evenness of dye distribution.

Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 200 is used in the production of certain antifoaming agents to control foam formation in industrial processes.
Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 200 is a common component in the manufacturing of bubble bath formulations for enhanced foaming.
In the agricultural sector, Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 200 is utilized in the formulation of pesticides for improved solubility and efficacy.

Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 200 is employed in the creation of stable suspensions for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agents.
Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 200 plays a role in the production of lithium-ion battery electrolytes, ensuring ion conductivity.

Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 200 is used in the preparation of stable emulsions for the pharmaceutical industry, aiding drug delivery.
Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 200 acts as a dispersing agent in the formulation of ceramic slurries for the production of advanced ceramics.

In the creation of metalworking fluids, PEG 200 serves as a lubricating and cooling additive.
Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 200 finds application in the formulation of water-based drilling fluids in the oil and gas industry.

Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 200 is utilized in the creation of certain brake fluids to ensure proper lubrication and functionality in braking systems.
Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 200 is applied in the production of adhesive formulations for improved bond strength and flexibility.

Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 200 is used in the preparation of certain dental products, including impression materials.
Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 200 is employed in the creation of stable suspensions for magnetic particle imaging (MPI) contrast agents.

Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 200 serves as a humectant in the formulation of certain tobacco products to prevent drying.
In the paper and pulp industry, PEG 200 is used as a wetting agent to improve paper quality.

Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 200 is applied in the creation of stable suspensions for the delivery of therapeutic nanoparticles.
Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 200 is used in the formulation of certain liquid detergents for improved solubility and cleaning efficiency.
Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 200 plays a role in the production of certain biodegradable polymers, contributing to their processing properties.

Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 200 is utilized in the formulation of stable suspensions for the controlled release of agrochemicals in precision agriculture.
In the creation of certain pharmaceutical ointments, PEG 200 is employed as a base for enhanced topical drug delivery.

Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 200 plays a role in the synthesis of nanoparticles for drug delivery systems, ensuring controlled release and improved bioavailability.
Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 200 is used in the preparation of cryoprotective solutions for the preservation of biological samples at low temperatures.

In the field of tissue engineering, Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 200 is applied in the creation of hydrogels for cell encapsulation and growth.
Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 200 is employed in the formulation of certain veterinary medicines for enhanced solubility and palatability.
Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 200 acts as a plasticizer in the production of moldable plastic compounds, contributing to their flexibility.
Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 200 is used in the creation of stable suspensions for the delivery of contrast agents in medical imaging.

In the formulation of certain herbicides, Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 200 aids in the dispersion of active ingredients for optimal efficacy.
Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 200 is applied in the creation of stable emulsions for the formulation of photodynamic therapy agents in medicine.
Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 200 serves as a wetting agent in the formulation of herbicidal sprays for improved coverage on plant surfaces.

Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 200 is utilized in the creation of stable suspensions for the delivery of therapeutic RNA molecules.
In the field of regenerative medicine, Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 200 is used in the development of scaffolds for tissue engineering applications.
Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 200 acts as a lubricant in the production of polymeric materials for 3D printing, improving printability.
Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 200 is employed in the creation of stable suspensions for the delivery of contrast agents in diagnostic radiology.

In the formulation of certain antifungal agents, Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 200 aids in improving solubility and bioavailability.
Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 200 is used in the production of certain ink formulations for printing on various substrates.
Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 200 serves as a carrier for the encapsulation of enzymes in biocatalysis applications.

Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 200 plays a role in the creation of stable suspensions for the delivery of therapeutic proteins in biopharmaceuticals.
Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 200 is utilized in the formulation of certain oral care products for enhanced stability and texture.
In the creation of certain wound dressings, Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 200 is applied to enhance moisture retention and promote healing.
Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 200 acts as a dispersant in the formulation of ceramic pastes for the production of advanced ceramics.

Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 200 is employed in the development of stable emulsions for the encapsulation of essential oils in cosmetics.
In the formulation of certain lubricating greases, Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 200 contributes to improved flow properties and stability.
Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 200 is used in the creation of stable suspensions for the delivery of therapeutic antibodies in biomedicine.

Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 200 is employed in the formulation of certain cosmetic and skincare products, acting as a humectant to retain skin moisture.
In the creation of certain mouthwashes and oral care products, Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 200 contributes to the solubility of active ingredients.
Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 200 serves as a stabilizing agent in the formulation of certain vaccines, ensuring the preservation of antigenic properties.

Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 200 is utilized in the preparation of stable emulsions for the delivery of vitamins and nutrients in dietary supplements.
In the field of nanotechnology, Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 200 is applied in the synthesis of stable nanoparticles for drug delivery applications.

Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 200 is used in the formulation of certain hair care products, contributing to improved texture and manageability.
Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 200 acts as a carrier in the creation of certain ink formulations for the printing of flexible electronic devices.
In the formulation of certain dye solutions, Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 200 aids in the dispersion of dyes for even coloring of fabrics.

Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 200 serves as a plasticizer in the production of certain biodegradable polymers for sustainable packaging materials.
Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 200 is employed in the formulation of certain sunscreen products, contributing to their spreadability and stability.

In the development of certain diagnostic assays, Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 200 is applied in the creation of stable assay components.
Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 200 is used in the formulation of certain veterinary vaccines, ensuring the stability of antigens during storage.
Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 200 acts as a dispersant in the creation of stable suspensions for the delivery of contrast agents in medical imaging.
In the field of analytical chemistry, Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 200 is applied in the extraction and purification of certain analytes.

Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 200 is used in the formulation of certain lubricating oils, contributing to improved viscosity and stability.
Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 200 serves as a cryoprotectant in the preservation of certain cell lines and tissues for research purposes.

Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 200 is employed in the creation of stable emulsions for the encapsulation of essential oils in aromatherapy products.
In the field of tissue preservation, Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 200 is applied in the creation of stable solutions for organ storage.
Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 200 acts as a carrier in the formulation of certain pesticide solutions for crop protection.

Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 200 is used in the preparation of stable emulsions for the encapsulation of fragrances in perfumes and colognes.
In the development of certain chromatography columns, Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 200 is applied as a stationary phase for separation.
Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 200 is used in the formulation of certain inkjet printer inks for improved color dispersion.

Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 200 serves as a stabilizer in the creation of certain enzyme formulations for industrial processes.
In the production of certain hydrogels for medical applications, Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 200 contributes to their structural integrity.
Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 200 is employed in the formulation of certain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agents for medical diagnostics.



DESCRIPTION


Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 200 is a polyether compound with the chemical formula H(OCH2CH2)nOH, where "n" represents the average number of ethylene glycol units.
In the case of Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 200, "n" is approximately 4.
Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 200 belongs to a class of polymers where the repeating unit is made up of ethylene glycol monomers.

Polyethylene glycol 200, often abbreviated as PEG 200, is a clear and colorless liquid.
Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 200 belongs to the polyethylene glycol family, characterized by its ethylene glycol repeating units.
Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 200 has a relatively low molecular weight, around 200 g/mol, contributing to its liquid state at room temperature.

Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 200 is a versatile and water-soluble polymer widely used in various industrial and pharmaceutical applications.
The clear nature of Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 200 makes it suitable for formulations where color or turbidity is undesirable.
With a high degree of miscibility, Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 200 readily dissolves in water, facilitating its use in aqueous solutions.

Its chemical structure includes repeating units of ethylene oxide, endowing it with surfactant and lubricating properties.
Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 200 is employed in the pharmaceutical industry as an excipient and solubilizing agent in drug formulations.
In cosmetics and personal care products, Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 200 functions as a viscosity modifier and emollient in creams and lotions.

Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 200 is known for its hygroscopic nature, capable of attracting and holding water molecules.
Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 200 is utilized in the industrial sector as a plasticizer and lubricant, enhancing the flow and flexibility of materials.
Its low volatility makes Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 200 suitable for applications where the retention of moisture is important.

In the textile industry, Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 200 is used for fiber lubrication, improving the processing of textiles.
Due to its solubilizing properties, Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 200 aids in the dispersion of various substances in liquid formulations.
Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 200 finds application in the production of antifreeze solutions, contributing to the lowering of freezing points.

Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 200 serves as a stable reactant in chemical syntheses, participating in the formation of diverse compounds.
Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 200 is often incorporated into formulations for liquid soaps, shampoos, and body washes in the personal care sector.
Its role as a plasticizer extends to the formulation of adhesives and sealants, enhancing their flexibility.

Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 200 exhibits low toxicity, contributing to its widespread use in consumer and industrial products.
Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 200's compatibility with various materials makes it suitable for a range of applications in different industries.

Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 200's mild and non-irritating nature makes it suitable for use in gentle and hypoallergenic formulations.
In the food industry, Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 200 may find use as a carrier for certain food additives, aiding in their dispersion.

Its stability under varying storage conditions contributes to its reliability in different manufacturing processes.
Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 200 plays a crucial role in the creation of stable and homogeneous emulsions in the cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries.
As a widely employed polyethylene glycol variant, Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 200 continues to be a valuable component in numerous formulations across diverse sectors.



PROPERTIES


Chemical Properties:

Chemical Formula: H(OCH2CH2)nOH (n is approximately 4 for PEG 200).
Molecular Weight: Approximately 200 g/mol.
Structure: Linear polyether with repeating ethylene glycol units.


Physical Properties:

State: Liquid at room temperature.
Color: Clear and colorless.
Odor: Odorless.
Solubility: Highly soluble in water.
Miscibility: Miscible with various organic solvents.
Hygroscopicity: Attracts and holds water molecules.
Density: 1.142 g/mL.
Melting Point: 4 °C.
Boiling Point: 315 °C.
Viscosity: Low viscosity liquid.
Flash Point: Non-flammable.


Thermochemical Properties:

Heat of Formation: Ranges from -312.1 to -312.1 kJ mol−1.
Heat of Combustion: Ranges from -2.0089 to -2.0145 MJ mol−1.



FIRST AID


Inhalation:

Remove to Fresh Air:
If inhaled, move the affected person to an area with fresh air.

Seek Medical Attention:
If breathing difficulties persist or if the person is unconscious, seek immediate medical attention.


Skin Contact:

Remove Contaminated Clothing:
Take off contaminated clothing, shoes, and accessories.

Flush with Water:
Wash the affected skin area thoroughly with soap and water.

Seek Medical Advice:
If irritation, redness, or other adverse reactions occur, seek medical advice.


Eye Contact:

Flush Eyes:
Immediately flush the eyes with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes, lifting the upper and lower eyelids.

Remove Contact Lenses:
If applicable, remove contact lenses during the flushing process.

Seek Medical Attention:
If irritation or other symptoms persist, seek medical attention promptly.


Ingestion:

Do Not Induce Vomiting:
Do not induce vomiting unless directed to do so by medical personnel.

Rinse Mouth:
If conscious, rinse the mouth with water.

Seek Medical Attention:
Seek immediate medical attention.
Provide medical personnel with information about the ingested substance.


General First Aid Measures:

Personal Protection:
Wear appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) if providing first aid.

Provide Comfort:
Keep the affected person calm and reassure them.

Monitoring:
Monitor vital signs such as breathing and pulse.

Do Not Leave Unattended:
Do not leave a person who has ingested or come into contact with PEG 200 unattended.

Note to Healthcare Professionals:
Provide medical personnel with detailed information about the substance, including its name, chemical formula, and any known exposure.


Notes:

Medical Attention:
Always seek medical attention if there is uncertainty or if symptoms persist.

Individual Sensitivity:
Individuals may vary in their sensitivity to chemical substances; therefore, responses to exposure can differ.

Product Specifics:
Consult the product's safety data sheet (SDS) for specific first aid measures recommended by the manufacturer.



HANDLING AND STORAGE


Handling:

Personal Protective Equipment (PPE):
Wear appropriate PPE, including safety glasses or goggles, gloves, and protective clothing, to minimize skin and eye contact.

Ventilation:
Use in a well-ventilated area to minimize inhalation exposure.
Ensure adequate general and local exhaust ventilation.

Avoidance of Contact:
Avoid skin contact and inhalation of vapors or mists.
Use mechanical ventilation if necessary.

Preventive Measures:
Implement good industrial hygiene practices. Wash hands and any exposed skin thoroughly after handling.

Storage Compatibility:
Store away from incompatible materials such as strong acids, bases, and oxidizing agents.

Static Electricity:
Ground containers during transfer to prevent the build-up of static electricity.

Handling Precautions:
Follow established handling procedures and protocols.
Do not eat, drink, or smoke while handling the substance.

Spill and Leak Response:
In the case of spills, use appropriate absorbent materials to contain and clean up the substance.
Avoid discharging into drains or water sources.

Equipment Handling:
Use suitable equipment for handling, such as pumps or valves, to minimize the risk of spills.


Storage:

Storage Temperature:
Store Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 200 at room temperature unless otherwise specified by the manufacturer.

Storage Area:
Store in a cool, dry, and well-ventilated area. Keep away from direct sunlight and heat sources.

Segregation:
Segregate from incompatible materials following established storage guidelines.

Containers:
Use appropriate containers made of materials compatible with PEG 200 to prevent contamination or degradation.

Avoidance of Contaminants:
Prevent contamination by keeping containers tightly closed when not in use.

Labeling:
Ensure proper labeling of containers with the substance name, hazards, and handling instructions.

Fire Prevention:
Keep away from open flames and potential ignition sources.
PEG 200 is non-flammable but should be stored away from sources of heat.

Shelf Life:
Follow the manufacturer's recommendations regarding the shelf life of the product.
Check for any signs of degradation before use.

Separation from Food and Feed:
Avoid storing near food, feed, or medications to prevent the risk of contamination.

Controlled Substance:
Store PEG 200 in controlled areas with restricted access, particularly in laboratory or industrial settings.

Emergency Planning:
Be familiar with emergency procedures, including spill response and fire control measures.

Training:
Ensure that personnel handling and storing PEG 200 are adequately trained in safety procedures and emergency response.

Polyethylene glycol 1000 is used as an excipent in pharmaceutical products.
Polyethylene glycol 1000 is used in the precipitation of proteins as well as in the separation and purification of biomolecules and in the induction of cell hybridization.
Polyethylene glycol 1000 acts as a fusing agent to enhance the effect of macrophages on hybridoma; as a vascular agent in preclinical work; as an anti-foaming agent in food and as the gate insulator in an electric double-layer transistor to enhance superconductivity in an insulator.

CAS: 25322-68-3
MF: N/A
EINECS: 500-038-2

Synonyms
1,2-ethanediol,homopolymer;2-ethanediyl),.alpha.-hydro-.omega.-hydroxy-Poly(oxy-1;Alcox E 160;Alcox E 30;alcoxe30;Poly(ethylene oxide),approx. M.W. 600,000;Poly(ethylene oxide),approx. M.W. 200,000;Poly(ethylene oxide),approx. M.W. 900,000;Polyethylene Glycol 600;PEG 600;NL4J9F21N9;CARBOWAX PEG 600;JEECHEM 600;LIPO POLYGLYCOL 600;LIPOXOL 600 MED;MACROGOL 600 DISTEARATE;NORFOX E-600;PEG-12;PLURACARE E 600;POLYETHYLENE GLYCOL 600 (II);POLYETHYLENE GLYCOL 600 (USP-RS);POLYGLYKOL 600;SABOPEG 600;TOHO PEG NO. 600;UNIPEG-600;UPIWAX 600

Polyethylene glycol 1000 Chemical Properties
Melting point: 64-66 °C
Boiling point: >250°C
Tg: -67
Density: 1.27 g/mL at 25 °C
Vapor density: >1 (vs air)
Vapor pressure: Refractive index: n20/D 1.469
Fp: 270 °C
Storage temp.: 2-8°C
Solubility H2O: 50 mg/mL, clear, colorless
Form: waxy solid
Color: White to very pale yellow
Specific Gravity: 1.128
PH: 5.5-7.0 (25℃, 50mg/mL in H2O)
Water Solubility: Soluble in water.
Sensitive: Hygroscopic
λmax λ: 260 nm Amax: 0.6
λ: 280 nm Amax: 0.3
Merck: 14,7568
Stability: Stable. Incompatible with strong oxidizing agents.
LogP: -0.698 at 25℃
NIST Chemistry Reference: Polyethylene glycol 1000(25322-68-3)
EPA Substance Registry System: Polyethylene glycol 1000 (25322-68-3)

The USP32–NF27 describes Polyethylene glycol 1000 as being an addition polymer of ethylene oxide and water.
Polyethylene glycol grades 200–600 are liquids; grades 1000 and above are solids at ambient temperatures.
Liquid grades Polyethylene glycol 1000 occur as clear, colorless or slightly yellow-colored, viscous liquids.
They have a slight but characteristic odor and a bitter, slightly burning taste.
PEG 600 can occur as a solid at ambient temperatures.
Solid grades (PEG>1000) are white or off-white in color, and range in consistency from pastes to waxy flakes.
They have a faint, sweet odor.
Grades of Polyethylene glycol 1000 and above are available as freeflowing milled powders.

Uses
Polyethylene glycol 1000 molecules of approximately 2000 monomers.
Polyethylene glycol 1000 is used in various applications from industrial chemistry to biological chemistry.
Recent research has shown Polyethylene glycol 1000 maintains the ability to aid the spinal cord injury recovery process, helping the nerve impulse conduction process in animals.
In rats, Polyethylene glycol 1000 has been shown to aid in the repair of severed sciatic axons, helping with nerve damage recovery.
Polyethylene glycol 1000 is industrially produced as a lubricating substance for various surfaces to reduce friction.