LIME OIL ; lime oil; lime oil roses type; lime oil (citrus aurantifolia swingle); citrus aurantiifolia swingle oil CAS NO:8008-26-2

3-Methoxy-3-methylbutyl Acetate; 1-Butanol, 3-methoxy-3-methyl-, acetate; 1-Butanol,3-methoxy-3-methyl-, 1-acetate; 3-Methoxyisobutyl acetate;3-Methyl-3-methoxybutyl=acetate;3-METHOXY-3-METHYLBUTYL ACETATE;ACETIC ACID 3-METHOXY-3-METHYLBUTYL ESTER CAS NO:103429-90-9

mos2; dag325; mopolm; mopols; molykote; MOLYBDENITE; Molybdndisulfid; Molybdic sulfide; MOLYBDENUMSULPHIDE; naturalmolybdenite; Molybdenum(IV) sulfide; Moly Powder B; Moly Powder C; Moly Powder PA; Moly Powder PS; Mopol M; Mopol S CAS NO:1317-33-5

m-Nitrobenzene Sulphonic Acid Sodium Salt is used in the synthesis of quinoline.
m-Nitrobenzene Sulphonic Acid Sodium Salt is also used in Stabilizer for dyeing of fibers; assistant in discharge printing; oxidizing agent in demetalizers and industrial cleaners.
m-Nitrobenzene Sulphonic Acid Sodium Salt is also used as an developing agent for electroplating and auxiliary for dying fabrics.


CAS NUMBER: 127-68-4

EC NUMBER: 204-857-3

MOLECULAR FORMULA: C6H4NNaO5S

MOLECULAR WEIGHT: 225.16 g/mol

IUPAC NAME: sodium;3-nitrobenzenesulfonate



m-Nitrobenzene Sulphonic Acid Sodium Salt is used in the synthesis of quinoline.
m-Nitrobenzene Sulphonic Acid Sodium Salt is also used in Stabilizer for dyeing of fibers; assistant in discharge printing; oxidizing agent in demetalizers and industrial cleaners.

m-Nitrobenzene Sulphonic Acid Sodium Salt is used as an intermediate for dyes and fluorescent brightening agent.
m-Nitrobenzene Sulphonic Acid Sodium Salt is used as an developing agent for electroplating and auxiliary for dying fabrics.

m-Nitrobenzene Sulphonic Acid Sodium Salt is used as a stabilizer for dyeing of fibers
m-Nitrobenzene Sulphonic Acid Sodium Salt is used as a resisting agent for dyeing and printing go avoid forming striation which appear on coloring fibers with dyestuffs in the process of dyeing textile fibers, and as an oxidizing agent for electroplating technique, and as an intermediate for dyestuffs to synthesize other kinds of dyestuffs, etc.

m-Nitrobenzene Sulphonic Acid Sodium Salt is used in textile treatment products and dyes.
m-Nitrobenzene Sulphonic Acid Sodium Salt is used for the manufacture of textile, leather or fur.

m-Nitrobenzene Sulphonic Acid Sodium Salt is used in the following products:
-pH regulators and water treatment products
-textile treatment products
-dyes
-non-metal-surface treatment products
-metal surface treatment products
-laboratory chemicals
-welding & soldering products
-leather treatment products


m-Nitrobenzene Sulphonic Acid Sodium Salt is used in formulation or re-packing and at industrial sites.
m-Nitrobenzene Sulphonic Acid Sodium Salt is used in textile treatment products and dyes.
m-Nitrobenzene Sulphonic Acid Sodium Salt is used in the following products: metal surface treatment products, leather treatment products, non-metal-surface treatment products, pH regulators and water treatment products, laboratory chemicals, textile treatment products and dyes and welding & soldering products.

m-Nitrobenzene Sulphonic Acid Sodium Salt is used as a chemical additive in hair dyes and colors.
m-Nitrobenzene Sulphonic Acid Sodium Salt has been used as a base component in semipermanent hair coloring products.
m-Nitrobenzene Sulphonic Acid Sodium Salt is used in the scouring of cotton fabrics containing vat colored-effect threads and in vat discharge printing on grounds dyed with direct cotton dyestuffs.

In the process of mercerizing goods containing colored-effect threads, the addition of m-Nitrobenzene Sulphonic Acid Sodium Salt to the mercerizing liquor prevents the reduction of the dyestuff by size residues and other impurities.
m-Nitrobenzene Sulphonic Acid Sodium Salt (m-Nitrobenzene Sulphonic Acid Sodium Salt) was used in the synthesis of quinoline.
m-Nitrobenzene Sulphonic Acid Sodium Salt is used as a catalyst, m-Nitrobenzene Sulphonic Acid Sodium Salt is also a dye intermediate, used as a dyeing inhibitor for vat dyes, sulphur dyes and dyes.

m-Nitrobenzene Sulphonic Acid Sodium Salt can also be used as a rust inhibitor for ships and a nickel-plating agent for electroplating.
m-Nitrobenzene Sulphonic Acid Sodium Salt is also an intermediate for dyes and vanillin.

m-Nitrobenzene Sulphonic Acid Sodium Salt is used for the manufacture of textile, leather or fur, fabricated metal products, chemicals and electrical, electronic and optical equipment.
m-Nitrobenzene Sulphonic Acid Sodium Salt is used in the synthesis of quinoline.

m-Nitrobenzene Sulphonic Acid Sodium Salt is also used in stabilizer for dyeing of fibers
m-Nitrobenzene Sulphonic Acid Sodium Salt is used as an assistant in discharge printing

m-Nitrobenzene Sulphonic Acid Sodium Salt is also used as an oxidizing agent in demetalizers
m-Nitrobenzene Sulphonic Acid Sodium Salt is used in industrial cleaners.

m-Nitrobenzene Sulphonic Acid Sodium Salt is also used as an developing agent for electroplating
m-Nitrobenzene Sulphonic Acid Sodium Salt is used as an auxiliary for dying fabrics.

m-Nitrobenzene Sulphonic Acid Sodium Salt is easily soluble in water, soluble in ethanol, ethyl ether, and copper acetone.
m-Nitrobenzene Sulphonic Acid Sodium Salt has oxidizing properties in neutral and alkaline media, and is resistant to acid, alkali and hard water.
m-Nitrobenzene Sulphonic Acid Sodium Salt's solubility in water at 25°C is 25 g/100 ml.

m-Nitrobenzene Sulphonic Acid Sodium Salt (CAS No. 127-68-4) is the substituted aromatic compound.
m-Nitrobenzene Sulphonic Acid Sodium Salt has been classified as an antireduction agent in a more recent publication.

m-Nitrobenzene Sulphonic Acid Sodium Salt is a water-soluble ingredient that is used as a chemical additive in hair dyes and colors and has been used as a base component in semipermanent hair coloring products.
m-Nitrobenzene Sulphonic Acid Sodium Salt may be produced via the sulfonation of nitrobenzene, followed by the addition of common salts to the reaction mixture.
m-Nitrobenzene Sulphonic Acid Sodium Salt is a by-product of this process.

m-Nitrobenzene Sulphonic Acid Sodium Salt was used in 25 products, all of which were hair dyes and colors
m-Nitrobenzene Sulphonic Acid Sodium Salt has good resistance to acid, alkali and hard water.
m-Nitrobenzene Sulphonic Acid Sodium Salt also known as Ludigol .

m-Nitrobenzene Sulphonic Acid Sodium Salt is also known as Sodium M-Nitrobenzenesulfonate, Sodium Meta Nitrobenzene Sulphonate and Sodium 3-Nitrobenzenesulfonate
m-Nitrobenzene Sulphonic Acid Sodium Salt is for professional manufacturing, research laboratories and industrial
m-Nitrobenzene Sulphonic Acid Sodium Salt is used as an anti-dyeing agent for dye intermediates and sulfur dyes, and as a dye color-forming protective agent.

m-Nitrobenzene Sulphonic Acid Sodium Salt is used as an anti whitening additive for vat dyes
m-Nitrobenzene Sulphonic Acid Sodium Salt is used as a color and light protective agent for ground color discharge printing such as copper salt, reactive dye and naftor dye


PHYSICAL PROPERTIES:

-Molecular Weight: 225.16 g/mol

-Exact Mass: 224.97078768 g/mol

-Monoisotopic Mass: 224.97078768 g/mol

-Topological Polar Surface Area: 111Ų

-Physical Description: Slightly yellow powder

-Color: Slightly Yellow

-Form: Solid

-Melting Point: 52.30 °C

-Boiling Point: 217.50 °C

-Flash Point: 100°C


m-Nitrobenzene Sulphonic Acid Sodium Salt is used in organic pigments, medicine and chemical industry, flavor and fragrance industry, electroplating auxiliaries, etc.
m-Nitrobenzene Sulphonic Acid Sodium Salt is used as an agent for repairing embossed cloth
m-Nitrobenzene Sulphonic Acid Sodium Salt is used as a color light protector during steaming after reactive dye printing


CHEMICAL PROPERTIES:

-Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 0

-Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 5

-Rotatable Bond Count: 0

-Heavy Atom Count: 14

-Formal Charge: 0

-Complexity: 274

-Isotope Atom Count: 0

-Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0

-Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0

-Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0

-Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0

-Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 2

-Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes

-Chemical Classes: Nitrogen Compounds -> Nitrobenzesulfonic Acids


m-Nitrobenzene Sulphonic Acid Sodium Salt is used as shade protectant for pad dyeing and steaming with reactive dyes
m-Nitrobenzene Sulphonic Acid Sodium Salt is used as a white ground protective agent for reducing dye yarn fabric during scouring

m-Nitrobenzene Sulphonic Acid Sodium Salt can also be used to prepare vanillin
m-Nitrobenzene Sulphonic Acid Sodium Salt is used as a dye inhibitor for vat dyes, sulfur dyes, a color-forming protective agent for dyes, a rust remover for ships and an electroplating nickel stripper, and an intermediate for dyes and vanillin.

m-Nitrobenzene Sulphonic Acid Sodium Salt is a mild oxidant, which can protect the shade during textile printing or pad dyeing and steaming.
When the fabric is boiled and mercerized, m-Nitrobenzene Sulphonic Acid Sodium Salt is necessary to attach a knife wire and a cover.

m-Nitrobenzene Sulphonic Acid Sodium Salt is used in the synthesis of quinoline.
m-Nitrobenzene Sulphonic Acid Sodium Salt is used as an developing agent for electroplating and auxiliary for dying fabrics.

m-Nitrobenzene Sulphonic Acid Sodium Salt is used as a stabilizer for dyeing of fibers
m-Nitrobenzene Sulphonic Acid Sodium Salt is used in textile treatment products and dyes.

m-Nitrobenzene Sulphonic Acid Sodium Salt is used for the manufacture of leather
m-Nitrobenzene Sulphonic Acid Sodium Salt is used in non-metal-surface treatment products

m-Nitrobenzene Sulphonic Acid Sodium Salt is used in laboratory chemicals
m-Nitrobenzene Sulphonic Acid Sodium Salt is used in welding & soldering products

m-Nitrobenzene Sulphonic Acid Sodium Salt is used in formulation or re-packing and at industrial sites.
m-Nitrobenzene Sulphonic Acid Sodium Salt is used as a chemical additive in hair dyes and colors.

m-Nitrobenzene Sulphonic Acid Sodium Salt can also be used as a nickel-plating agent for electroplating.
m-Nitrobenzene Sulphonic Acid Sodium Salt is also used as an oxidizing agent in demetalizers

m-Nitrobenzene Sulphonic Acid Sodium Salt is soluble in ethanol
m-Nitrobenzene Sulphonic Acid Sodium Salt also known as Ludigol .
m-Nitrobenzene Sulphonic Acid Sodium Salt is used as an anti whitening additive for vat dyes


SYNONYMS:

3 – Nitrobenzene sulfonic acid , sodium salt
3-nitrobenzensolfonato di sodio
Benzenesulfonic acid, 3-nitro-, sodium salt
Natrium-3-nitrobenzolsulfonat
SODIUM 3-NITROBENZENE SULPHONATE
sodium 3-nitrobenzene-1-sulfonate
Sodium 3-Nitrobenzenesulfonate
Sodium 3-nitrobenzenesulfonate
sodium 3-nitrobenzenesulfonate
SODIUM 3-NITROBENZENESULPHONATE
Sodium 3-nitrobenzenesulphonate
sodium 3-nitrobenzenesulphonate
sodium 3-nitrobenzensulphonate
Sodium m-nitrobenzenesulphonate
Sodium Meta Nitrobenzene Sulphonate
sodium;3-nitrobenzenesulfonate
Nacan
sodium;3-nitrobenzenesulfonic acid
NSC-9795
SCHEMBL1063227
WLN: WNR CSWO &-NA-
NSC9795
sodium 3-nitrobenzenesulfonic acid
A805737
127-68-4
SODIUM 3-NITROBENZENESULFONATE
m-Nitrobenzene Sulphonic Acid Sodium Salt
Sodium 3-nitrobenzenesulphonate
Sodium m-nitrobenzenesulfonate
Nitrol S
Ludigol
Benzenesulfonic acid, 3-nitro-, sodium salt
Tiskan [Czech]
Ludigol F,60
Tiskan
3-Nitrobenzenesulfonic acid, sodium salt
m-Nitrobenzenesulfonic acid, sodium salt
HSDB 5614
Benzenesulfonic acid, m-nitro-, sodium salt
NSC 9795
EINECS 204-857-3
Nitrobenzen-m-sulfonan sodny [Czech]
m-Nitrobenzenesulfonic acid sodium salt
Nitrobenzen-m-sulfonan sodny
UNII-1F11SXJ4C6
sodium m-nitrobenzene sulfonate
1F11SXJ4C6
DTXSID2027048
m-nitrobenzene sulfonic acid sodium salt
EC 204-857-3
Benzenesulfonic acid, 3-nitro-, sodium salt (1:1)
Benzenesulfonic acid, m-nitro-, sodium salt (8CI); m-Nitrobenzene Sulphonic Acid Sodium Salt
NSC-9795
MFCD00007490
Resist Salt
sodium 3-nitrobenzene-1-sulfonate
C6H4NO5S.Na
sodium 3-nitrophenylsulfonate
Sodium3-nitrobenzenesulphonate
sodium m-nitrobezene sulfonate
sodium;3-nitrobenzenesulfonate
SCHEMBL340713
sodium m-nitrobenzenesulphonate
DTXCID107048
sodium 3-nitro-benzenesulfonate
sodium 3-nitrobenzene sulfonate
sodium m-nitrobenzene-sulphonate
CHEMBL3188704
Sodium 3- nitrobenzenesulphonate
sodium 3-nitrobenzene sulphonate
sodium 3-nitro-benzene sulfonate
LJRGBERXYNQPJI-UHFFFAOYSA-M
3-nitrobenzene sulfonate sodium salt
Sodium 3-nitrobenzenesulfonate, 98%
3-nitrobenzensulfonic acid sodium salt
AKOS015900868
3-nitro-phenylsulfonic acid sodium salt
3-nitro benzenesulfonic acid sodium salt
3-nitro-benzenesulfonic acid sodium salt
3-nitrobenzene sulfonic acid sodium salt
m-nitrobenzene sulphonic acid sodium salt
NCGC00258456-01
3-nitrobenzene sulphonic acid sodium salt
AC-11596
AS-12915
CAS-127-68-4
LS-32039
Nitrobenzenesulfonic acid, sodium salt, 3-
Acide m-nitrobenznesulfonique, sel de sodium
FT-0616236
N0141
SODIUM 3-NITROBENZENESULFONATE [HSDB]
SODIUM M-NITROBENZENESULFONATE [INCI]
EN300-142340
W-108378
Q27252345
F1113-0115

Modified potato starch refers to starch derived from potatoes that has undergone a chemical modification to alter its properties and functionality.
Modified potato starch is a complex carbohydrate composed of glucose units and is commonly found in various plant-based foods, including potatoes.

CAS Number: 53124-00-8
EC Number: 610-966-0

Modified potato starch, chemically modified potato starch, altered potato starch, acetylated potato starch, cross-linked potato starch, oxidized potato starch, hydroxypropylated potato starch, potato starch derivative, modified spud starch, transformed potato starch, starch from modified potatoes, adjusted potato polysaccharide, enhanced potato starch, acetylated spud starch, chemically altered potato polysaccharide, improved potato starch, potato starch with modifications, derivatized potato starch, modified tuber starch, transformed potato carbohydrate, cross-linked spud starch, treated potato starch, potato starch with alterations, processed potato polysaccharide, modified tuber extract, modified potato-based polysaccharide, altered potato carbohydrate compound, acetylated potato extract, improved potato starch derivative, chemically adjusted spud starch, potato starch with enhanced properties, potato starch modification product, potato starch with tailored properties, engineered potato polysaccharide, modified starch from potatoes, altered tuber starch extract, cross-linked potato-based polysaccharide, modified carbohydrate from potatoes, acetylated potato starch product, improved potato starch compound, hydroxypropylated spud starch, modified tuber polysaccharide, transformed potato starch derivative, chemically modified potato extract, potato starch with modified structure, adjusted spud starch product, oxidized potato carbohydrate, improved potato-based polysaccharide, acetylated potato starch with enhanced properties, potato starch with unique modifications, engineered tuber starch, modified potato starch with tailored functionalities, cross-linked potato-based carbohydrate, altered potato starch compound, hydroxypropylated potato extract, improved starch from modified potatoes



APPLICATIONS


In the food industry, modified potato starch serves as a thickening agent in soups, gravies, and sauces.
Its gelling properties make it a valuable ingredient in the production of fruit jellies and gummy candies.
Altered potato starch is crucial in gluten-free baking, contributing to the structure of bread and pastries.

As a stabilizer, Modified potato starch prevents phase separation in dairy products like yogurt and ice cream.
Modified potato starch enhances the texture and moisture retention in gluten-free and vegan food products.
Modified potato starch is used as a binding and disintegrating agent in pharmaceutical tablet formulations.

Modified potato starch's rapid hydration properties make it suitable for instant food products.
In the textile industry, modified potato starch is employed in sizing agents for improved fabric quality.
Adhesive formulations benefit from its versatile properties, providing improved bonding in paper and packaging.

Modified potato starch contributes to the clarity and texture of clear and transparent food products.
Its resistance to retrogradation preserves the quality of baked goods over an extended shelf life.
Modified potato starch's stability in acidic conditions makes it a preferred ingredient in salad dressings.

In frozen food applications, it improves freeze-thaw stability and maintains product quality.
Modified potato starch is utilized in the production of gluten-free pasta, providing a desirable texture.

Its water-holding capacity enhances the moisture retention in meat and seafood products.
Modified potato starch plays a role in enhancing the adhesion and texture of coated and battered food products.
In the paper industry, it is used to improve paper strength and surface properties.
Modified potato starch is employed as a sizing agent in the production of paper and paperboard.

Modified potato starch acts as a binder in the manufacturing of tablets, ensuring the cohesion of pharmaceutical formulations.
In the adhesive industry, the starch contributes to the formulation of environmentally friendly adhesives.
Its stability during prolonged cooking makes it suitable for use in culinary applications.
Modified potato starch is utilized in the production of instant desserts, providing quick thickening.

Modified potato starch contributes to the stability of dairy-based desserts, preventing syneresis and maintaining quality.
Modified potato starch's clarity and neutral flavor make it applicable in a range of food and beverage products.
Its versatility allows modified potato starch to address specific challenges in diverse industrial applications, showcasing its importance across various sectors.

Modified potato starch acts as a texturizer in processed meat products, enhancing their mouthfeel and juiciness.
In the confectionery industry, it serves as a coating agent for candies, providing a smooth and glossy finish.
Modified potato starch's stability under high-temperature conditions makes it suitable for use in instant pudding and dessert mixes.

Modified potato starch is utilized in the production of gluten-free and vegan-friendly pastries, ensuring a desirable crumb structure.
Modified potato starch plays a role in the formulation of instant soup mixes, facilitating quick thickening upon rehydration.

In the pet food industry, modified potato starch is incorporated into formulations to improve the texture and appearance of pet treats.
Its resistance to breakdown in acidic conditions makes it a preferred ingredient in fruit fillings for pastries.
Modified potato starch's ability to form gels is employed in the manufacturing of pie fillings for consistent texture.

Modified potato starch is utilized in the production of adhesive formulations for corrugated cardboard boxes and paper packaging.
In the pharmaceutical industry, it serves as a disintegrant in oral tablets, promoting the rapid breakdown of the tablet upon ingestion.
Modified potato starch contributes to the stability of ready-to-drink beverages, preventing sedimentation and improving mouthfeel.
Modified potato starch is added to batter formulations for fried foods to enhance their crispiness and reduce oil absorption.

Its water-absorbing properties are beneficial in dairy applications, improving the texture of yogurt and custards.
Modified potato starch is used in the production of gluten-free and non-GMO snacks, providing structure and texture to the final product.
In the textile industry, it is applied as a thickening agent in dyeing processes to improve color penetration.

Modified potato starch is employed in the manufacturing of biodegradable plastics as a sustainable alternative.
Modified potato starch contributes to the stability and texture of low-fat and reduced-calorie food products.
Modified potato starch is utilized in the production of shelf-stable sauces and gravies for convenient use.
In the production of fruit-based baby foods, the starch aids in achieving a smooth and consistent texture.

Modified potato starch is added to gluten-free and allergy-friendly bakery products for improved structure and moisture retention.
Modified potato starch enhances the viscosity and stability of dairy-based sauces and dressings.
Modified potato starch finds application in the formulation of vegetarian and vegan-friendly alternatives to meat-based products.

Modified potato starch's versatility extends to the cosmetic industry, where it is used in certain formulations for its thickening properties.
Modified potato starch is utilized in the production of instant mashed potatoes for quick and easy meal preparation.
Its neutral taste and color make it suitable for use in clear beverages, contributing to their stability and appearance.

Modified potato starch serves as a binder in the production of gluten-free and vegan burgers, enhancing their texture and structure.
In the production of frozen meals, it contributes to the stabilization of sauces and gravies during freezing and thawing cycles.

Modified potato starch is employed in the formulation of pharmaceutical capsules to improve their dissolution properties.
Modified potato starch acts as a stabilizer in dairy-based beverages, preventing separation and maintaining a consistent texture.

Modified potato starch finds application in the production of gluten-free and allergen-friendly bakery goods, providing structure and softness.
Modified potato starch's gel-forming properties are utilized in the creation of jelly-filled pastries for a desirable filling texture.

In the adhesive industry, modified potato starch is utilized in the formulation of eco-friendly glues for paper products.
Modified potato starch enhances the texture and stability of gluten-free and vegan-friendly ice creams and frozen desserts.
Modified potato starch is employed in the production of instant puddings and desserts to achieve a smooth and creamy consistency.

Modified potato starch acts as a coating agent for frozen foods, improving their appearance and protecting against freezer burn.
Modified potato starch is used in the formulation of non-dairy yogurt alternatives, contributing to their thickness and mouthfeel.
Modified potato starch contributes to the stability of instant coffee mixes, preventing clumping and improving solubility.
Modified potato starch is applied in the pharmaceutical industry for controlled-release drug formulations.

In the production of fruit-based spreads and jams, it serves as a thickening and gelling agent.
Modified potato starch is utilized in the formulation of gluten-free and allergen-free baby food products.
Modified potato starch enhances the texture and shelf life of gluten-free and vegan-friendly pasta products.
Modified potato starch acts as a film-forming agent in the production of edible films used for food packaging.

Modified potato starch's stability in acidic conditions is beneficial in the formulation of fruit-flavored gelatin desserts.
Modified potato starch is used in the production of gluten-free and allergen-free cereals for improved texture.
In the paper industry, it is employed in the production of glossy paper coatings for enhanced print quality.

Modified potato starch is utilized in the formulation of gluten-free and allergen-friendly convenience foods, such as instant mashed potatoes.
Modified potato starch contributes to the texture and mouthfeel of gluten-free and vegan-friendly mayonnaise alternatives.

Modified potato starch is applied in the production of gluten-free and allergen-free energy bars for improved texture.
Modified potato starch is used in the creation of gluten-free and vegan-friendly sauces for pasta and other dishes.
Modified potato starch finds application in the cosmetic industry as a thickening agent in certain formulations, such as creams and lotions.



DESCRIPTION


Modified potato starch refers to starch derived from potatoes that has undergone a chemical modification to alter its properties and functionality.
Modified potato starch is a complex carbohydrate composed of glucose units and is commonly found in various plant-based foods, including potatoes.

The modification of modified potato starch involves chemical processes that can include treatment with acids, enzymes, or other chemicals.
The purpose of these modifications is to enhance certain characteristics of the starch, making it more suitable for specific industrial applications.

Modified potato starch, a versatile carbohydrate, undergoes chemical alterations to enhance its functionality for various applications.
Modified potato starch, derived from potatoes, undergoes processes like acetylation and cross-linking to achieve specific properties.

Modified potato starch exhibits improved stability, making it suitable for high-temperature applications in the food industry.
Modified potato starch becomes a crucial ingredient in food products, contributing to their texture and stability.
Modified potato starch is known for its enhanced thickening capabilities, making it valuable in the formulation of sauces and soups.
Due to its modified structure, the starch exhibits increased resistance to shear forces, making it ideal for use in food processing.

Modified potato starch becomes a reliable gelling agent, contributing to the texture and mouthfeel of various food items.
Modified potato starch's acetylation process imparts desirable properties, such as increased solubility and stability in acidic environments.

Modified potato starch plays a key role in the stabilization of certain food products, preventing phase separation.
In the pharmaceutical industry, it finds application as a binder and disintegrant in tablet formulations.

Modified potato starch's hydroxypropylation enhances its freeze-thaw stability, making it suitable for frozen food applications.
Its altered properties contribute to improved adhesion in coated paper and textiles in the non-food sector.
Modified potato starch is recognized for its compatibility with a wide range of ingredients in food formulations.
Its unique characteristics make it valuable in gluten-free and vegan food products.

Modified potato starch's chemical adjustments lead to improved resistance to retrogradation, preserving the quality of bakery and pastry items.
Modified potato starch exhibits a clean flavor profile, ensuring it doesn't impart unwanted tastes to food products.
Its versatility extends to applications in adhesive formulations, where it contributes to improved bonding.

Modified potato starch's enhanced stability in acidic conditions makes it a valuable ingredient in salad dressings and acidic sauces.
Modified potato starch is known for its rapid hydration properties, facilitating easier incorporation into various formulations.
Due to its modified nature, it serves as a reliable thickening agent in the production of instant desserts.

The chemical adjustments in the starch contribute to its increased water-holding capacity, enhancing moisture retention in food products.
Modified potato starch is recognized for its contribution to the shelf stability of certain food items.
Its cross-linking properties make it resistant to breakdown during prolonged cooking, ensuring consistent results in culinary applications.
Modified potato starch's acetylation process imparts improved clarity, making it suitable for use in clear and transparent food products.
The modified potato starch, with its tailored properties, showcases its importance in addressing specific challenges in diverse industries.



FIRST AID

Inhalation:

Move the affected person to fresh air.
If breathing difficulties persist, seek medical attention.


Skin Contact:

Remove contaminated clothing.
Wash the affected area thoroughly with soap and water.
Seek medical attention if irritation persists.


Eye Contact:

Rinse eyes gently with water for at least 15 minutes, holding the eyelids open.
Seek immediate medical attention.


Ingestion:

If the chemical is ingested, do not induce vomiting unless directed by medical personnel.
Rinse the mouth with water.
Seek medical attention immediately.


General First Aid Tips:

Keep the affected person calm.
Provide reassurance and support.
Do not ignore even minor symptoms, and seek medical attention if there is any doubt about the severity of exposure.



HANDLING AND STORAGE


Handling:

Personal Protective Equipment (PPE):
Wear appropriate PPE, including gloves and safety glasses, to minimize the risk of skin and eye contact.

Ventilation:
Use the product in well-ventilated areas or use local exhaust ventilation systems to control airborne dust.

Avoidance of Contamination:
Prevent contamination by using clean utensils and equipment.
Avoid contact with incompatible materials.

Hygiene Practices:
Implement good hygiene practices, including regular handwashing, to minimize the risk of accidental ingestion or contact.

Spill and Leak Procedures:
Clean up spills promptly to prevent slips and falls.
Use appropriate absorbent materials and follow disposal procedures.

Storage Compatibility:
Store modified potato starch away from incompatible materials, such as strong acids or bases, and oxidizing agents.

Temperature Control:
Store the product in a cool, dry place, away from direct sunlight and heat sources.
Follow any specific temperature recommendations provided by the manufacturer.

Preventive Measures:
Take measures to prevent dust generation during handling to minimize respiratory exposure.
Use dust collection systems if necessary.

Equipment Compatibility:
Ensure that storage and handling equipment are compatible with the product.
Avoid the use of reactive metals or materials.


Storage:

Containers:
Store modified potato starch in approved containers made of materials compatible with the product.
Ensure containers are tightly closed when not in use.

Segregation:
Store the product away from incompatible substances to prevent potential reactions.

Labeling:
Ensure containers are properly labeled with the product name, hazard information, and any specific storage instructions.

Fire Prevention:
Take measures to prevent and control fire hazards in storage areas.
Follow any fire protection guidelines provided in the SDS.

Ventilation:
Maintain good ventilation in storage areas to prevent the buildup of vapors.

Controlled Environment:
If specified by the manufacturer, store the product in a controlled environment with specific temperature and humidity conditions.

Inventory Management:
Follow a first-in, first-out (FIFO) inventory management system to ensure older stock is used first.

Security Measures:
Implement appropriate security measures to prevent unauthorized access to storage areas.

Modified Siloxane Resin Emulsion (MSRE) is a type of emulsion that contains a modified siloxane resin as the main component.
Modified Siloxane Resin Emulsion is typically used in coatings, adhesives, and sealants to enhance their performance in various applications.



APPLICATIONS


Modified Siloxane Resin Emulsion (MSRE) has a wide range of applications in coatings, adhesives, and sealants. Here are some examples:

Protective coatings:
Modified Siloxane Resin emulsions can be used as a protective coating for metal, concrete, and other substrates.
Modified Siloxane Resin emulsions provide excellent weather resistance, chemical resistance, and water repellency.


Adhesives:
Modified Siloxane Resin emulsions can be used as a component of adhesive formulations for a variety of substrates, including plastics, metals, and ceramics.
Modified Siloxane Resin emulsions provide good adhesion, flexibility, and resistance to environmental factors.


Sealants:
Modified Siloxane Resin emulsions can be used as a component of sealant formulations for joints and gaps in buildings, automobiles, and other structures.
Modified Siloxane Resin emulsions provide excellent water resistance, durability, and adhesion.


Textile coatings:
Modified Siloxane Resin emulsions can be used as a coating for textiles to provide water repellency, stain resistance, and durability.


Paper coatings:
Modified Siloxane Resin emulsions can be used as a coating for paper to provide water resistance, gloss, and printability.


Leather coatings:
Modified Siloxane Resin emulsions can be used as a coating for leather to provide water repellency, stain resistance, and durability.


Wood coatings:
Modified Siloxane Resin emulsions can be used as a coating for wood to provide water repellency, weatherability, and durability.


Automotive coatings:
Modified Siloxane Resin emulsions can be used as a component of automotive coatings to provide durability, scratch resistance, and weatherability.


Electronic coatings:
Modified Siloxane Resin emulsions can be used as a coating for electronic components to provide moisture resistance and durability.


Anti-graffiti coatings:
Modified Siloxane Resin emulsions can be used as a component of anti-graffiti coatings to provide water repellency and ease of cleaning.

Overall, the versatility and effectiveness of Modified Siloxane Resin emulsions make them suitable for a wide range of applications in coatings, adhesives, and sealants.


Modified Siloxane Resin emulsions are widely used as a protective coating for metal surfaces in industrial and architectural applications.
The excellent weather resistance and water repellency of Modified Siloxane Resin emulsions make them ideal for use in concrete and masonry coatings.

Modified Siloxane Resin emulsions are often used as a component of automotive coatings to provide superior scratch resistance and durability.
Modified Siloxane Resin emulsions can be used to coat textiles, providing water repellency, stain resistance, and durability.

Modified Siloxane Resin emulsions can be used as a coating for paper to enhance water resistance, gloss, and printability.
In the leather industry, Modified Siloxane Resin emulsions are used as a coating to provide water repellency, stain resistance, and durability.
Modified Siloxane Resin emulsions are used in the wood industry to provide water repellency, weatherability, and durability to wood coatings.

Modified Siloxane Resin emulsions are often used as a component of electronic coatings to provide moisture resistance and durability.
Modified Siloxane Resin emulsions are commonly used in the construction industry as a component of sealant formulations for joints and gaps.

Modified Siloxane Resin emulsions are used in the aerospace industry to provide corrosion protection and durability to aircraft components.
Modified Siloxane Resin emulsions can be used in anti-graffiti coatings to provide water repellency and ease of cleaning.

In the marine industry, Modified Siloxane Resin emulsions are used to provide corrosion resistance and durability to ship coatings.
Modified Siloxane Resin emulsions can be used in ink formulations to enhance water resistance and printability.

Modified Siloxane Resin emulsions can be used as a component of adhesives to improve adhesion to a variety of substrates.
Modified Siloxane Resin emulsions are used in the manufacturing of high-performance rubber compounds to enhance abrasion resistance and durability.
Modified Siloxane Resin emulsions are often used as a component of coatings for electronics to provide water repellency and corrosion resistance.

Modified Siloxane Resin emulsions are used in the oil and gas industry as a component of coatings for pipelines to provide corrosion protection and durability.
Modified Siloxane Resin emulsions can be used in the automotive industry as a component of coatings for wheels to provide scratch resistance and durability.

Modified Siloxane Resin emulsions can be used in the packaging industry as a component of coatings to enhance water resistance and durability.
Modified Siloxane Resin emulsions can be used as a coating for solar panels to enhance weatherability and durability.

Modified Siloxane Resin emulsions are used in the textile industry to provide water repellency and durability to outdoor fabrics.
Modified Siloxane Resin emulsions can be used in the medical industry as a component of coatings for medical devices to provide moisture resistance and durability.

Modified Siloxane Resin emulsions can be used as a component of coatings for glass to provide water repellency and ease of cleaning.
Modified Siloxane Resin emulsions are used in the mining industry as a component of coatings for mining equipment to provide corrosion protection and durability.

Modified Siloxane Resin emulsions are used in the agriculture industry to provide water repellency and durability to crop protection coatings.
Modified Siloxane Resin emulsions can be used in the food industry as a component of coatings to enhance moisture resistance and durability.
Modified Siloxane Resin emulsions are used in the cosmetics industry to provide water repellency and durability to makeup formulations.

Modified Siloxane Resin emulsions can be used in the sports equipment industry as a component of coatings to enhance abrasion resistance and durability.
Modified Siloxane Resin emulsions are used in the footwear industry to provide water repellency and durability to shoes and boots.


Modified Siloxane Resin Emulsion can be used as a binder for coatings, such as high-performance exterior coatings for buildings.
Modified Siloxane Resin Emulsion can be used as a water repellent agent for concrete, masonry, and other porous building materials.

Modified Siloxane Resin Emulsion can be added to adhesives to improve their adhesion to various surfaces, including metal, glass, and plastic.
Modified Siloxane Resin Emulsion can be used as a crosslinking agent in the production of silicone rubber, improving the rubber's heat resistance and durability.

Modified Siloxane Resin Emulsion can be used as an additive in asphalt to improve its resistance to weathering and aging.
Modified Siloxane Resin Emulsion can be added to printing inks to improve their scratch and abrasion resistance, as well as water and chemical resistance.

Modified Siloxane Resin Emulsion can be used as a coating for textiles, providing water and stain resistance while maintaining breathability.
Modified Siloxane Resin Emulsion can be used as an additive in personal care products, such as shampoos and conditioners, to improve their water resistance and conditioning properties.
Modified Siloxane Resin Emulsion can be used in the production of release agents for the rubber and plastics industry.

Modified Siloxane Resin Emulsion can be used in the formulation of wood coatings to provide water repellency, UV resistance, and enhanced adhesion.
Modified Siloxane Resin Emulsion can be used as a coating for metal surfaces, providing corrosion resistance and high temperature resistance.

Modified Siloxane Resin Emulsion can be used as a leveling agent in paints and coatings, improving their appearance and performance.
Modified Siloxane Resin Emulsion can be added to plastics to improve their resistance to weathering and UV radiation.

Modified Siloxane Resin Emulsion can be used as a hydrophobic agent for paper and paperboard, providing water and oil resistance.
Modified Siloxane Resin Emulsion can be added to floor coatings to improve their resistance to abrasion and chemicals.

Modified Siloxane Resin Emulsion can be used as a water repellent agent for leather, providing stain resistance while maintaining breathability.
Modified Siloxane Resin Emulsion can be used as a coating for electronic components, providing moisture resistance and electrical insulation.
Modified Siloxane Resin Emulsion can be used in the production of mold release agents for the plastics and rubber industry.

Modified Siloxane Resin Emulsion can be used as a coating for optical lenses, providing scratch resistance and anti-reflective properties.
Modified Siloxane Resin Emulsion can be used as a hydrophobic agent for fabrics, providing water and stain resistance while maintaining breathability.

Modified Siloxane Resin Emulsion can be used as a coating for automotive parts, providing corrosion resistance and high temperature resistance.
Modified Siloxane Resin Emulsion can be added to packaging materials to improve their barrier properties against water and gases.
Modified Siloxane Resin Emulsion can be used as a hydrophobic agent for ceramics, providing water and stain resistance.

Modified Siloxane Resin Emulsion can be used as a release agent for the production of rubber hoses and seals.
Modified Siloxane Resin Emulsion can be used as an additive in lubricants to improve their wear and friction resistance.

Modified Siloxane Resin Emulsion can be used as a coating for solar panels, providing UV resistance and enhanced performance.
Modified Siloxane Resin Emulsion can be added to sealants to improve their adhesion and weathering resistance.

Modified Siloxane Resin Emulsion can be used as a coating for glass surfaces, providing water and dirt repellency.
Modified Siloxane Resin Emulsion can be used as a hydrophobic agent for natural stone, providing water and stain resistance.
Modified Siloxane Resin Emulsion can be used as an additive in concrete to improve its water resistance and durability.



DESCRIPTION


Modified Siloxane Resin Emulsion (MSRE) is a type of emulsion that contains a modified siloxane resin as the main component.
Modified Siloxane Resin Emulsion is typically used in coatings, adhesives, and sealants to enhance their performance in various applications.

Modified Siloxane Resin emulsions are created by modifying the siloxane resin through the addition of functional groups, such as hydroxyl, carboxyl, or amine groups.
This modification can improve the compatibility of the resin with other ingredients, increase its water solubility, and enhance its adhesion and durability.

Modified Siloxane Resin emulsions can be used as a coating on a variety of substrates, such as metal, plastic, wood, and concrete.
Modified Siloxane Resin emulsions are known for their excellent water resistance, weatherability, and chemical resistance, which makes them suitable for use in harsh environments.

In addition to coatings, Modified Siloxane Resin emulsions can also be used as adhesives and sealants.
Modified Siloxane Resin emulsions can provide good adhesion to a variety of surfaces, including plastics, metals, and ceramics.

Modified Siloxane Resin emulsions are also known for their high tensile strength, flexibility, and resistance to environmental factors, such as UV radiation and moisture.
Overall, Modified Siloxane Resin emulsions are a versatile and effective type of emulsion that can enhance the performance of coatings, adhesives, and sealants in a variety of applications.


Modified Siloxane Resin Emulsion (MSRE) has a range of physical and chemical properties that make it useful in various applications.
Some of its key properties are:

Chemical composition:
Modified Siloxane Resin Emulsion is a water-based emulsion of modified siloxane resin, which gives it unique chemical properties.


Low viscosity:
Modified Siloxane Resin Emulsion has a low viscosity, which allows it to be easily mixed with other materials.


Good adhesion:
Modified Siloxane Resin Emulsion has excellent adhesion to a variety of substrates, including metals, plastics, and glass.


Thermal stability:
Modified Siloxane Resin Emulsion is thermally stable at high temperatures, making it suitable for use in high-temperature applications.


Water resistance:
Modified Siloxane Resin Emulsion has excellent water resistance, which makes it ideal for use in coatings for outdoor applications.


UV resistance:
Modified Siloxane Resin Emulsion has good resistance to UV radiation, which makes it useful in coatings for outdoor applications.


Weather resistance:
Modified Siloxane Resin Emulsion is highly resistant to weathering, which makes it ideal for use in coatings for outdoor applications.


Chemical resistance:
Modified Siloxane Resin Emulsion is resistant to a wide range of chemicals, including acids, alkalis, and solvents.


Durability:
Modified Siloxane Resin Emulsion has excellent durability and can withstand harsh environmental conditions.


Gloss retention:
Modified Siloxane Resin Emulsion has good gloss retention properties, which makes it suitable for use in coatings for decorative applications.


Scratch resistance:
Modified Siloxane Resin Emulsion has good scratch resistance, which makes it useful in coatings for applications where wear and tear are a concern.


Low VOC:
Modified Siloxane Resin Emulsion has low VOC content, which makes it environmentally friendly and safe to use.


Fast drying:
Modified Siloxane Resin Emulsion dries quickly, which makes it suitable for use in coatings that require a fast drying time.


Non-flammable:
Modified Siloxane Resin Emulsion is non-flammable, which makes it safe to handle and store.


Non-toxic:
Modified Siloxane Resin Emulsion is non-toxic, which makes it safe to use in applications where human contact is possible.


Film-forming:
Modified Siloxane Resin Emulsion has film-forming properties, which makes it useful in coatings for applications where a smooth and uniform finish is desired.


Resistance to cracking and chipping:
Modified Siloxane Resin Emulsion has good resistance to cracking and chipping, which makes it suitable for use in coatings for applications where the substrate is subject to mechanical stress.


Low odor:
Modified Siloxane Resin Emulsion has a low odor, which makes it suitable for use in applications where odor is a concern.


Non-yellowing:
Modified Siloxane Resin Emulsion is non-yellowing, which makes it suitable for use in coatings for applications where color stability is important.


Good flow and leveling:
Modified Siloxane Resin Emulsion has good flow and leveling properties, which makes it suitable for use in coatings where a smooth and even finish is desired.


Self-crosslinking:
Modified Siloxane Resin Emulsion is self-crosslinking, which means that it forms a strong bond with the substrate without the need for a separate crosslinking agent.


Low foaming:
Modified Siloxane Resin Emulsion has low foaming properties, which makes it suitable for use in applications where foaming is a concern.


Non-tacky:
Modified Siloxane Resin Emulsion is non-tacky, which makes it suitable for use in coatings for applications where tackiness is a concern.


Good wetting properties:
Modified Siloxane Resin Emulsion has good wetting properties, which makes it suitable for use in coatings for applications where good adhesion to the substrate is important.


Excellent leveling:
Modified Siloxane Resin Emulsion has excellent leveling properties, which makes it suitable for use in coatings where a smooth and even finish is desired.


Good stain resistance:
Modified Siloxane Resin Emulsion has good stain resistance, which makes it useful in coatings for applications where the substrate is subject to staining.



FIRST AID


The following are general first aid measures for Modified Siloxane Resin emulsion.
It is important to note that in case of exposure to this chemical, immediate medical attention is necessary.


Inhalation:

If inhaled, move the person to an area with fresh air immediately.
If the person is not breathing, perform CPR.
Seek immediate medical attention.


Skin contact:

Remove any contaminated clothing and rinse the affected area with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes.
If skin irritation persists, seek medical attention.


Eye contact:

Flush the affected eye(s) with water for at least 15 minutes, lifting the upper and lower eyelids occasionally.
Seek immediate medical attention.


Ingestion:

Rinse the mouth with plenty of water and do not induce vomiting unless instructed by a medical professional.
Seek immediate medical attention.


Note: It is important to seek medical attention if any symptoms develop after exposure to Modified Siloxane Resin emulsion.


General advice:

Remove contaminated clothing and dispose of them safely.
In case of fire, use water, carbon dioxide or dry chemical to extinguish it.
Keep the affected person calm and seek medical attention immediately.
Follow all safety guidelines provided by the manufacturer of the product.



HANDLING AND STORAGE


The following are recommended handling and storage conditions for Modified Siloxane Resin emulsion:


Handling:

Wear appropriate protective clothing, gloves, and eye/face protection to avoid contact with the chemical.
Use in a well-ventilated area to prevent inhalation of vapors.
Do not eat, drink or smoke while handling the chemical.

Avoid skin and eye contact with the chemical.
Avoid releasing the chemical into the environment.


Storage:

Store the chemical in a cool, dry, well-ventilated place, away from heat sources and direct sunlight.
Keep the container tightly closed and away from incompatible materials.

Store the chemical in a place that is inaccessible to children and unauthorized personnel.
Do not store near sources of ignition or flammable materials.
Make sure that the storage area is labeled properly with the name of the chemical, hazards, and appropriate precautionary measures.


Follow all safety guidelines provided by the manufacturer of the product.
It is important to note that specific handling and storage conditions may vary depending on the concentration, purity, and intended use of Modified Siloxane Resin emulsion.
It is important to always follow the safety guidelines provided by the manufacturer and to comply with local regulations regarding the handling, storage, and disposal of chemicals.



SYNONYMS


Modified silicone emulsion
Modified siloxane emulsion
Modified polysiloxane emulsion
Modified organosiloxane emulsion
Modified silicone resin emulsion
Modified silicone copolymer emulsion
Modified silicone fluid emulsion
Modified alkyl siloxane emulsion
Modified silicone oil emulsion
Modified silicone polymer emulsion
Modified dimethylpolysiloxane emulsion
Modified methylphenylsiloxane emulsion
Modified silsesquioxane emulsion
Modified polydimethylsiloxane emulsion
Modified polyphenylmethylsiloxane emulsion
Modified polyether-modified silicone emulsion
Modified alkoxysilane emulsion
Modified fluorosilicone emulsion
Modified silicone rubber emulsion
Modified silicone acrylate emulsion
Modified silicone acrylic copolymer emulsion
Modified silicone polyurethane emulsion
Modified silicone polyester emulsion
Modified silicone epoxy emulsion
Modified silicone alkylamide emulsion
Modified silicone surfactant emulsion
Modified silicone alkylphosphate emulsion
Modified silicone hydrogel emulsion
Modified silicone defoamer emulsion
Modified silicone leveling agent emulsion
Modified silicone wax emulsion
Modified silicone glycol emulsion
Modified silicone acrylamide emulsion
Modified silicone methacrylate emulsion
Modified silicone vinyl emulsion
Modified silicone acrylate-vinyl copolymer emulsion
Modified silicone epoxy-acrylate emulsion
Modified silicone polyamide emulsion
Modified silicone phenol formaldehyde emulsion
Modified silicone latex emulsion
Modified silicone alkyd emulsion
Modified silicone-urea copolymer emulsion
Modified silicone-styrene copolymer emulsion
Modified silicone-modified polyester emulsion
Modified silicone-modified polyurethane emulsion
Modified silicone-modified polyacrylate emulsion
Modified silicone-modified epoxy emulsion
Modified silicone-modified melamine emulsion
Modified silicone-modified phenolic emulsion
Modified silicone-modified acrylic emulsion
Modified silicone-modified vinyl emulsion
Modified silicone-modified silane emulsion
Modified silicone-modified alkyl emulsion
Modified silicone-modified fluoroalkyl emulsion
Modified silicone-modified perfluoroalkyl emulsion
Modified silicone-modified ethylene oxide emulsion
Modified silicone-modified propylene oxide emulsion
Modified silicone-modified butadiene emulsion
Modified silicone-modified acrylonitrile emulsion
Modified silicone-modified methacrylonitrile emulsion
Modified silicone-modified acrylate-butadiene-styrene emulsion
Modified silicone-modified vinyl acetate emulsion
Modified silicone-modified vinyl chloride emulsion
Modified silicone-modified vinylidene chloride emulsion
Modified silicone-modified maleic anhydride emulsion
Modified silicone-modified styrene-maleic anhydride emulsion
Modified silicone-modified acrylate-maleic anhydride emulsion
Modified silicone-modified acrylate-methacrylate emulsion
Modified silicone-modified vinyl-methacrylate emulsion
Modified silicone-modified vinyl-styrene emulsion

farin; amidon ;starch food; sorghum gum; starch; potato starch cas no:9005-25-8

molybdenum element cas no:7439-98-7

MOLYBDENUM DISULFIDE; Molybdenum(IV) sulfide; Molybdenum disulfide; cas no: 1317-33-5

Molybdenum disulfide, or moly, is an inorganic compound made up of sulfur and molybdenum.
The chemical formula of Molybdenum disulfide is MoS2.


CAS Number: 1317-33-5
EC Number: 215-172-4
MDL number: MFCD00003470
Chemical formula: MoS2



Molybdenum disulfide, Molybdenum(IV) sulfide, MOLYBDENUM DISULFIDE, Molybdenum(IV) sulfide, 1317-33-5, Molybdenite, Molybdenum disulphide, 1309-56-4, Molybdenite (MoS2), Molybdenum sulfide (MoS2), bis(sulfanylidene)molybdenum, Pigment Black 34, ZC8B4P503V, MFCD00003470, Molysulfide, Molykote, Motimol, Nichimoly C, Sumipowder PA, Molykote Z, Molyke R, T-Powder, Moly Powder B, Moly Powder C, Moly Powder PA, Moly Powder PS, Mopol M, Mopol S, Natural molybdenite, 56780-54-2, Molybdenum bisulfide, M 5 (lubricant), Liqui-Moly LM 2, Solvest 390A, DM 1 (sulfide), Liqui-Moly LM 11, MoS2, Molycolloid CF 626, LM 13 (lubricant), MD 40 (lubricant), Molykote Microsize Powder, Molybdenum ores, molybdenite, 863767-83-3, DAG-V 657, HSDB 1660, DAG 206, DAG 325, LM 13, MD 40, EINECS 215-172-4, EINECS 215-263-9, UNII-ZC8B4P503V, C.I. 77770, disulfidomolybdenum, starbld0007122, [MoS2], Molybdenum(IV) sulfide, powder, CHEBI:30704, MOLYBDENUM DISULFIDE [MI], DTXSID201318098, Molybdenum(IV) sulfide, 95.0%, MOLYBDENUM DISULFIDE [HSDB], AKOS015903590, Henderson molybdenite, NIST RM 8599, Molybdenum disulfide, Crystal, 99.995%, FT-0628966, NS00112647, Molybdenum(IV) sulfide, powder, dag325, disulfuredemolybdene, molybdenumsulfide(mos2), MOLYBDENUM(IV)SULFIDEPOWDEREXTRAPU&, MOLYBDENUM(IV)SULFIChemicalbookDE,POWDER,<2MICRON,99%, MOLYBDENUM(IV)SULFIDE,POWDER, MolybdenumDisulphidePowder, Molybdenum(IV)sulfide,98.50%, mos2, MOLYBDENUM SULFIDE, dag325, molykote, MOLYBDENITE, Molybdndisulfid, Molybdenum disulphid, MOLYBDENUM(IV) SULFIDE, molybdenumsulfide(mos2), mopolm, Molybdenum(IV) sulfide, Molybdenite, Molykote, hydrogen sulfide; molybdenum, Molybdenum disulphide, Molykote, bis(sulfanylidene)molybdenum, Molysulfide, Nichimoly C, Sumipowder PA, Molykote Z, disulfanylidene molybdenum, dithioxomolybdenum



Few-layer Molybdenum disulfide is considered to be one of the most attractive materials for next-generation nanoelectronics.
This is due to Molybdenum disulfide's silicon-level charge mobility and high current on/off ratio in thin-film transistors.
Compared to monolayer Molybdenum disulfide (which needs a deposition of an additional high-k dielectric layer such as HfO2), few-layer MoS2 can be operated on its own.


This makes Molybdenum disulfide more appealing for fabricating transistors and other optoelectronic devices.
Molybdenum disulfide is an inorganic compound.
Molybdenum disulfide is made of molybdenum and sulfur.


The chemical formula of Molybdenum disulfide is MoS2.
Molybdenum disulfide is a two dimensional layered material. Monolayers of transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs)exhibit photoconductivity.
The layers of the TMD can be mechanically or chemicaly exfoliated to form nanosheets.


Molybdenum disulfide is a moderately water and acid-soluble Molybdenum source for uses compatible with sulfates.
Sulfate compounds are salts or esters of sulfuric acid formed by replacing one or both of the hydrogens with a metal.
Most metal sulfate compounds are readily soluble in water for uses such as water treatment, unlike fluorides and oxides which tend to be insoluble.


Organometallic forms are soluble in organic solutions and sometimes in both aqueous and organic solutions.
Metallic ions can also be dispersed utilizing suspended or coated nanoparticles and deposited utilizing sputtering targets and evaporation materials for uses such as solar energy materials and fuel cells.


Molybdenum disulfide is generally immediately available in most volumes.
Transition metal dichalcogenides' (TMDCs) is the class of materials and Molybdenum disulfide belongs to this class.
The materials in this class have MX2 as their chemical formula.


In MX2, X is a chalcogen (group 16 of the periodic table) and M is a transition metal atom (group 4 to group 12 of the periodic table).
MoS2 is Molybdenum disulfide's chemical formula.
Molybdenum disulfide, or moly, is an inorganic compound made up of sulfur and molybdenum.


Molybdenum disulfide naturally occurs in a layered structure which makes it versatile and more effective in a variety of applications.
Molybdenum disulfide is often a component of blends and composites where low friction is sought.
Molybdenum disulfide is the most famous of the single layer transition metal dichalcogenide (TMD) family.


Molybdenum disulfide has been used in bulk for many years as a solid state lubricant, this is due to its low coefficient of friction in addition to its high chemical and thermal stability.
All forms of Molybdenum disulfide have a layered structure, in which a plane of molybdenum atoms is sandwiched by planes of sulfide ions.


These three strata form a monolayer of Molybdenum disulfide.
Bulk Molybdenum disulfide consists of stacked monolayers, which are held together by weak van der Waals interactions.
The chemical formula of Molybdenum disulfide is MoS2.


The crystal structure of Molybdenum disulfide takes the form of a hexagonal plane of S atoms on either side of a hexagonal plane of Mo atoms.
These triple planes stack on top of each other, with strong covalent bonds between the Mo and S atoms, but weak van der Waals forcing holding layers together.


This allows them to be mechanically separated to form 2-dimensional sheets of Molybdenum disulfide.
Molybdenum disulfide, also known as moly, is an inorganic metallic compound made of molybdenum and sulfur.
Molybdenum disulfide occurs in a natural state as mineral molybdenite (the principal ore of molybdenum) and has a crystal lattice layered structure.


Weak bonds in atoms in different layers and strong bonds connecting atoms in single layers allow the plate to slide over one another.
Similar materials include tungsten disulfide, boron nitride, lead iodide, silver sulfate, mica, and cadmium iodide.
Molybdenum disulfide belongs to a class of materials called 'transition metal dichalcogenides' (TMDCs).


Materials in this class have the chemical formula MX2, where M is a transition metal atom (groups 4-12 in the periodic table) and X is a chalcogen (group 16).
The chemical formula of molybdenum disulfide is MoS2.


The crystal structure of Molybdenum disulfide takes the form of a hexagonal plane of S atoms on either side of a hexagonal plane of Mo atoms.
These triple planes stack on top of each other, with strong covalent bonds between the Mo and S atoms, but weak van der Waals forcing holding layers together.


This allows them to be mechanically separated to form 2-dimensional sheets of Molybdenum disulfide.
Following on from the huge research interest in graphene, Molybdenum disulfide was the next 2-dimensional material to be investigated for potential device applications.


Due to its direct bandgap, Molybdenum disulfide has a great advantage over graphene for several applications, including optical sensors and field-effect transistors.
Molybdenum disulfide is the main component of molybdenite.


Black solid powder with a metallic luster.
Chemical formula of Molybdenum disulfide is MoS₂, melting point 1185℃, density 4.80g/cm³ (14℃)
Molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) is one such material which is naturally available in bulk form and can be exfoliated down to monolayers.


Molybdenum disulfide is a sulfide salt.
Molybdenite is a mineral with formula of Mo4+S2-2 or MoS2. The IMA symbol is Mol.
Molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) is an inorganic compound belonging to the transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) series with earth abundant, consisting of one

Molybdenum atom and two Sulphur atoms.
Molybdenum disulfide is an inorganic compound that exists in nature in the mineral molybdenite.
Molybdenum disulfide's crystals have a hexagonal layered structure (shown) that is similar to graphite.


In 1957, Ronald E. Bell and Robert E. Herfert at the now-defunct Climax Molybdenum Company of Michigan (Ann Arbor) prepared what was then a new rhombohedral crystalline form of MoS2.
Rhombohedral crystals were subsequently discovered in nature.


Like most mineral salts, Molybdenum disulfide has a high melting point, but it begins to sublime at a relatively low 450 ºC.
This property of Molybdenum disulfide is useful for purifying the compound.
Because of its layered structure, hexagonal Molybdenum disulfide, like graphite, is an excellent “dry” lubricant.


Molybdenum disulfide and its cousin tungsten disulfide can be used as surface coatings on machine parts (e.g., in the aerospace industry), in two-stroke engines (the type used for motorcycles), and in gun barrels (to reduce friction between the bullet and the barrel).
Unlike graphite, Molybdenum disulfide does not depend on adsorbed water or other vapors for its lubricant properties.


Molybdenum disulfide can be used at temperatures as high as 350 ºC in oxidizing environments and up to 1100 ºC in nonoxidizing environments.
Molybdenum disulfide's stability makes it useful in high-temperature applications in which oils and greases are not practical.
In addition to its lubricating properties, Molybdenum disulfide is a semiconductor.


Molybdenum disulfide is also known that it and other semiconducting transition-metal chalcogenides become superconductors at their surfaces when doped with an electrostatic field.
The mechanism of superconductivity was uncertain until 2018, when Andrea C. Ferrari at the University of Cambridge (UK) and colleagues there and at the

Polytechnic Institute of Turin (Italy) reported that a multivalley Fermi surface is associated with the superconductivity state in MoS2.
The authors believe that “this [Fermi surface] topology will serve as a guideline in the quest for new superconductors.”
Molybdenum disulfide (or moly) is an inorganic compound composed of molybdenum and sulfur.


Molybdenum disulfide's chemical formula is MoS2.
Molybdenum disulfide is classified as a transition metal dichalcogenide.
Molybdenum disulfide is a silvery black solid that occurs as the mineral molybdenite, the principal ore for molybdenum.


Molybdenum disulfide is relatively unreactive.
Molybdenum disulfide is unaffected by dilute acids and oxygen.
In appearance and feel, Molybdenum disulfide is similar to graphite.


Molybdenum disulfide is widely used as a dry lubricant because of its low friction and robustness.
Bulk Molybdenum disulfide is a diamagnetic, indirect bandgap semiconductor similar to silicon, with a bandgap of 1.23 eV.
Molybdenum disulfide is often a component of blends and composites where low friction is sought.



USES and APPLICATIONS of MOLYBDENUM DISULFIDE:
Molybdenum disulfide is used dry lubricant and lubricant additive.
Molybdenum disulfide is used as a dry lubricant in, e.g. greases, dispersions, friction materials and bonded coatings.
Molybdenum-sulfur complexes may be used in suspension but more commonly dissolved in lubricating oils at concentrations of a few percent.


Molybdenum disulfide is used as additives in lubricating grease, friction materials, plastic, rubber, nylon, PTFE, coating and so on.
Molybdenum disulfide is used hydrogenation catalyst.
Molybdenum disulfide is one of the most widely used lubricants in space systems.


Molybdenum disulfide is a common additive that improves the antiseize properties of wheel bearing grease.
Molybdenum disulfide has been used for many years as a solid lubricant because of its interesting friction-reducing properties related to its crystalline structure.


Molybdenum disulfide is a lamellar compound made of a stacking of S-Mo-S layers .
In each of them, the molybdenum atom is surrounded by six sulfur atoms located at the top of a trigonal prism.
The distance between a molybdenum atom and a sulfur atom is equal to 0.241 nm, whereas the distance between two sulfur atoms from two adjacent layers is equal to 0.349 nm.


This characteristic was often used to explain easy cleavage between the layers and therefore the lubricating properties of Molybdenum disulfide.
Molybdenum disulfide finds use as a hydrogenation catalyst for organic synthesis.
Molybdenum disulfide is derived from a common transition metal, rather than group 10 metal as are many alternatives.


Molybdenum disulfide is chosen when catalyst price or resistance to sulfur poisoning are of primary concern.
Molybdenum disulfide is effective for the hydrogenation of nitro compounds to amines and can be used to produce secondary amines via reductive amination.
The catalyst can also can effect hydrogenolysis of organosulfur compounds, aldehydes, ketones, phenols and carboxylic acids to their respective alkanes.


The catalyst suffers from rather low activity however, often requiring hydrogen pressures above 95 atm and temperatures above 185 °C.
As a result of its direct band-gap, single-layer Molybdenum disulfide has received much interest for applications in electronic and optoelectronic devices (such as transistors, photodetectors, photovoltaics and light-emitting diodes).


Molybdenum disulfide is also being explored for applications in photonics, and can be combined with other TMDCs to create advanced heterostructured devices.
In addition to serving as the primary natural source of molybdenum, purified molybdenum disulfide Molybdenum disulfide is an excellent lubricant when in the form of a dry film, or as an additive to oil or grease.


Molybdenum disulfide also is used as a filler in nylons, and as an effective catalyst for hydrogenation-dehydrogenation reactions.
Molybdenum disulfide has a wide range of industrial and commercial uses and applications, including lubricants.
Its low reactivity makes it an ideal choice for low-friction materials.


Furthermore, Molybdenum disulfide is considered an effective lubricant because of its low coefficient of friction and chemical inertness.
Molybdenum disulfide can also be used as a dry lubricant, meaning it does not require a liquid lubricant.
Molybdenum disulfidealso able to protect metallic surfaces from corrosion and wear, making it an ideal choice for many industrial applications.


Molybdenum disulfide is an important component of extreme pressure (EP) lubricants that offer protection under extreme loadings.
When regular grease is used in high-pressure applications, Molybdenum disulfide can be pressed to the extent that the greased surfaces come into physical contact, leading to friction and wear.


Extreme-pressure oils with solid lubricants, such as Molybdenum disulfide, can help reduce or avoid these issues.
Molybdenum disulfide provides superior lubrication and protection against wear and tear, even in extreme conditions such as high temperatures, pressures, shear, and loads.


Extreme pressure lubricants also help to improve efficiency and reduce downtime due to reduced friction and wear.
They also help to extend machinery life and cut energy consumption.
Because of its lubricant properties, Molybdenum disulfide has many industrial applications, including aerospace, automotive, machine tools, and medical device components.


In the automotive industry, Molybdenum disulfide’s used to lubricate engine components and transmissions.
In the aerospace field, Molybdenum disulfide is used to lubricate aircraft engines, turbine blades, and other moving parts.
Molybdenum disulfide can also help reduce friction in metal parts, boosting the lifespan of machines.


Due to its low density and high lubricity, Molybdenum disulfide can also be added to plastics and polymer composites.
Moreover, Molybdenum disulfide has good thermal and electrical conductivity, and its chemical inertness makes it an excellent corrosion inhibitor.
Molybdenum disulfide few-layer film, with an impressive direct band gap of 1.9 eV in the monolayer regime, has promising potential applications in nanoelectronics, optoelectronics, and flexible devices.


Molybdenum disulfide few-layer films can also be made into heterostructures for energy conversation and storage devices, and used as a catalyst for hydrogen revolution reactions (HER).
Molybdenum disulfide few-layer film can be used in research purposes such as microscopic analysis, photoluminescence and Raman spectroscopy studies.


Few-layer Molybdenum disulfide film can also be transferred to other substrates.
Molybdenum disulfide with particle sizes in the range of 1-100 μm is a common dry lubricant.
Few alternatives exist that can confer the high lubricity and stability up to 350 °C in oxidizing environments.


Sliding friction tests of Molybdenum disulfide using a pin-on-disc tester at low loads (0.1-2 N) give friction coefficient values of <0.1.
A variety of oils and greases are used, because they retain their lubricity even in cases of almost complete oil loss, thus finding a use in critical applications such as aircraft engines.


When added to plastics, Molybdenum disulfide forms a composite with improved strength as well as reduced friction.
Polymers that have been flld with Molybdenum disulfide include nylon (with the trade name Nylatron), Teflon, and Vespel.
Self-lubricating composite coatings for high-temperature applications have been developed consisting of Molybdenum disulfide and titanium nitride by chemical vapor deposition.


Molybdenum disulfide is often used in two-stroke engines; e.g. motorcycle engines.
Molybdenum disulfide is also used in CV and universal joints.
Molybdenum disulfide-coatings allow bullets easier passage through the rifle barrel causing less barrel fouling allowing the barrel to retain ballistic accuracy much longer.


This resistance to barrel fouling comes at a cost of lower muzzle velocity with the same load due to a decreased chamber pressure.
Molybdenum disulfide is applied to bearings in ultra- high vacuum applications up to 10-9 torr (at -226 to 399 °C).
The lubricant is applied by burnishing and the excess is wiped from the bearing surface.


Molybdenum disulfide is also used in ski wax to prevent static buildup in dry snow conditions and to add glide when sliding in dirty snow.
Molybdenum disulfide is often used in two-stroke engines; e.g., motorcycle engines.
Molybdenum disulfide is also used in CV and universal joints.


During the Vietnam War, the Molybdenum disulfide product "Dri-Slide" was used to lubricate weapons, although it was supplied from private sources, not the military.
Molybdenum disulfide-coatings allow bullets easier passage through the rifle barrel with less deformation and better ballistic accuracy.


Many types of oils and greases are often used since they can preserve their lubricity, thus extending their use to more critical applications like aircraft engines.
Molybdenum disulfide can also be added to plastics to create a composite to enhance strength and reduce friction.


Molybdenum disulfide coating (consisting of high purity moly powder) is a dry film lubricant used on industrial parts to reduce wear and improve the coefficient of friction.
Applications of Molybdenum disulfide coatings include areas requiring an unreactive lubricant that doesn’t trigger reactions when used.


Typical applications of Molybdenum disulfide include Fuel cell applications, Vacuum applications, Photonics and photovoltaics, High-temperature applications, Military applications, and Automotive applications like two-stroke engines.
Molybdenum disulfide is used as a dry lubricant.


Molybdenum disulfide is black in appearance and mostly unreactive with most chemical elements.
Molybdenum disulfide is similar to graphite in terms of texture and appearance, and like graphite, it is used in greases for bit lubrication and as a dry lubricant.


Due to the Molybdenum disulfide’s geothermal origin, it offers excellent durability to withstand intense pressure and heat.
This is especially true if some amounts of sulfur are present to interact with iron to form a sulfide layer which works with Molybdenum disulfide to maintain a lubricating film.


Molybdenum disulfide has unique lubricant properties that distinguish it from most solid lubricants.
Molybdenum disulfide has a low coefficient of friction which is inherent, film-forming structure, effective lubricating properties, a robust affinity for metallic surfaces, and very high yield strength.


A combination of Molybdenum disulfide and water-soluble sulfides offers both lubrication and corrosion prevention in metal forming materials and cutting fluids.
Similarly, oil-soluble molybdenum-sulfur elements like thiocarbamates and thiophosphates offer engine protection against common wear, corrosion, and oxidation.


Because of the weak van der Waals reactions between the layers of sulfur atoms, Molybdenum disulfide has a relatively low coefficient of friction.
Molybdenum disulfide is a typical combination of composites and blends that need low friction.
Molybdenum disulfide is often used in two-stroke engines; e.g., motorcycle engines.


-Molybdenum disulfide is used as a Lubricant:
Molybdenum disulfide has an extremely high melting point, just like most other mineral salts.
Because of its layered, hexagonal structure, Molybdenum disulfide, like graphite, is commonly used as a solid lubricant.


-Lubricant uses of Molybdenum disulfide:
Due to weak van der Waals interactions between the sheets of sulfide atoms, Molybdenum disulfide has a low coefficient of friction.
Molybdenum disulfide in particle sizes in the range of 1–100 µm is a common dry lubricant.

Few alternatives exist that confer high lubricity and stability at up to 350 °C in oxidizing environments.
Sliding friction tests of Molybdenum disulfide using a pin on disc tester at low loads (0.1–2 N) give friction coefficient values of <0.1.
Molybdenum disulfide is often a component of blends and composites that require low friction.

For example, Molybdenum disulfide is added to graphite to improve sticking.
A variety of oils and greases are used, because they retain their lubricity even in cases of almost complete oil loss, thus finding use in critical applications such as aircraft engines.

When added to plastics, Molybdenum disulfide forms a composite with improved strength as well as reduced friction.
Polymers that may be filled with Molybdenum disulfide include nylon (trade name Nylatron), Teflon and Vespel.
Self-lubricating composite coatings for high-temperature applications consist of Molybdenum disulfide and titanium nitride, using chemical vapor deposition.

Examples of applications of Molybdenum disulfide-based lubricants include two-stroke engines (such as motorcycle engines), bicycle coaster brakes, automotive CV and universal joints, ski waxes and bullets.

Other layered inorganic materials that exhibit lubricating properties (collectively known as solid lubricants (or dry lubricants)) includes graphite, which requires volatile additives and hexagonal boron nitride.


-Catalysis uses of Molybdenum disulfide:
Molybdenum disulfide is employed as a cocatalyst for desulfurization in petrochemistry, for example, hydrodesulfurization.
The effectiveness of the Molybdenum disulfide catalysts is enhanced by doping with small amounts of cobalt or nickel.

The intimate mixture of these sulfides is supported on alumina.
Such catalysts are generated in situ by treating molybdate/cobalt or nickel-impregnated alumina with H2S or an equivalent reagent.
Catalysis does not occur at the regular sheet-like regions of the crystallites, but instead at the edge of these planes.


-Electronic applications of Molybdenum disulfide:
Molybdenum disulfide has many promising peculiarities and one of them is that its bandgap has a non-zero value as compared to graphene.
Molybdenum disulfide acts as a semiconductor and due to its conductivity that can be altered, MoS2 is both efficient and effective for electronic and logic devices.

Moreover, the indirect bandgap is contained by Molybdenum disulfide's bulk form which is then transformed at the nanoscale into a direct bandgap, suggesting that MoS2's single layer found application in the optoelectronic devices.
Low power electronic devices and short channel FETs are also a possibility by Molybdenum disulfide because of its 2-dimensional structure as it gives us control over the material's electrostatic nature.


-Field-effect transistors uses of Molybdenum disulfide:
The most latest electronic devices have field-effect transistors as their most elementary part.
Semiconductor technology has evolved over time.

Lithography can particularly lessen the sizes of the transistor in the range of a few nanometres.
Their channel size is below 14 nm as compared to many advantages like cost reduction, low power consumption, and fast switching.
Quantum mechanical tunneling takes place between the source electrodes and the drain due to the Joule heating effect.

For avoiding short channel effects and producing nano-sized devices, exploring thinner channel materials and thinner gate oxides materials is very important.
The monolayer of Molybdenum disulfide is a suitable material for switching nanodevices as it possesses a direct bandgap of 1.8 eV which is appreciable.


-Switchable transistor uses of Molybdenum disulfide:
A switchable transistor based on Molybdenum disulfide's monolayer was displayed firstly by Radisavljevic.
A semiconducting channel with 6.5 A˚ of thickness is contained by this device and a 30 nm thick layer of HfO2 is used to deposit this device on SiO2 substrate as it has been utilized for covering it and also working as a top-gated dielectric layer.

The current on/off ratio is displayed by this device at 108 room temperature.
Off-state current, for instance, the subthreshold slope of 74 mV/dec, and 100 fA is exhibited by this device.
According to this work, Molybdenum disulfide has promising potential in flexible and transparent electronics, and that MoS2 is a good alternative for low standby power integrated circuits.


-Solid lubricants uses of Molybdenum disulfide:
When the liquid lubricants fail the requirements of the needed applications, then solid lubricants are used.
Oils, greases, and other liquid lubricants are not utilized in various applications because of their weight, sealing problems, and environmental conditions.

However, on the other side, as compared to systems that are based on grease lubrication, solid lubricants have less weight and are cheap.
In high vacuum conditions, the liquid lubricants cant work thus causing the device to be unfit as in these conditions, lubricants also get evaporated.
Decomposition or oxidization of liquid lubricants takes place at high-temperature conditions.
At cryogenic temperatures, liquid lubricants get viscous or solidify and are incapable of flowing.


-Liquid lubricants uses of Molybdenum disulfide:
When under the effect of radiation environment conditions and corrosive gas, the liquid lubricants start to decay.
Dust or other contaminants are easily taken by the liquid lubricants where the major problem is contamination.

The components that are associated with the liquid lubricants are very heavy so handling them in applications where there is a requirement of long storage, is difficult.
Thus, these problems are effectively dealt with by solid lubricants.

In all aspects, liquid lubricants fail when it comes to space mechanisms.
Antennas, rovers, telescopes, vehicles, and satellites, etc., are involved in the space moving systems.
In strict environmental conditions, these systems function for a longer period of time with little service.
In such environmental conditions, the promising choice is the solid lubricants, Molybdenum disulfide specifically.


-In graphite contrast uses of Molybdenum disulfide:
Unlike graphite, Molybdenum disulfide doesn’t need the water’s vapor pressure to exhibit lubrication.
Slip rings, gears, ball bearings, and pointing and releasing mechanisms, etc. are the components in the space applications that are dependent on Molybdenum disulfide lubrication.

Molybdenum disulfide's lubricity declines over the effect of a humid environment exhibit a major challenge to its implementation in various terrestrial applications.
Molybdenum disulfide's sputtering with Ti involves the improvement of MoS2's mechanical characteristics and it also protects MoS2 against humidity.
This improvement in Molybdenum disulfide's mechanical characteristics is significant for dry machining operations.


-Biosensors uses of Molybdenum disulfide:
Serious health issues have significantly affected the lifestyle of the human.
Significant effects lead to the increase in the importance of finding new ways and techniques that can observe different and numerous factors that are causing those effects and diseases.

A significant and major role is played by the evolution of biosensors in this point of view.
There has also been the utilization of biosensing in some elementary ways for efficiently observing the disease-causing factors.
Sensitivity and selectivity are the two factors on which the quality of the biosensors depends.
The research is being done at a large scale for engineering the sensor matrices for the enhancement of the selectivity and sensitivity of the biosensors.


-Nanostructures uses of Molybdenum disulfide:
Molybdenum disulfide Nanostructures that possess a 2D nature have been used for biosensing based on the electrochemical phenomenon.
There has been an extensive exploration of the Molybdenum disulfide's sheets in the form of electrode materials in biosensors.

Molybdenum disulfide nanosheets display strong fluorescence in the visible range because of their direct bandgap, which makes Molybdenum disulfide a suitable and appropriate candidate for optical biosensors.
Optical biosensors are cost-efficient. 1-D Molybdenum disulfide displays promising electrical characteristics and is analog to carbon nanotubes (CNTs).
One of the efficient and effective candidates for biosensors is the electrochemical sensors that are based on carbon nanotubes.


-FET based biosensors uses of Molybdenum disulfide:
Many researchers are fascinated by FET-based biosensors.
A drain and two electrodes source are mainly contained by the FET and they electrically associate with each other via a channel that's based on the semiconductor material.

The current that's flowing through the channel between the drain and the source is controlled by the third electrode, the gate that's coupled with a dielectric layer.
Biomolecules that create an electrostatic effect are captured by the functionalized channel and are then converted into an observable signal in the form of
FET devices' electrical properties.
How the characteristics of the devices perform, depends on the gate's biasing strategy.


-Gas sensors uses of Molybdenum disulfide:
Right now, it is very much important to trace noxious gases and pollutants, for instance, sulfur dioxide (SO2), hydrogen sulfide (H2S), carbon dioxide (CO2), ammonia (NH3), and nitrogen oxide (NOx).
Environment, quality of air, and noxious gas are monitored by a way known as gas sensing.

Resistance dependence, field-effect transistor, chemiresistive, Schottky diode optical fibers, etc. and other various semiconductor gas sensors are used for gas sensing but because of their low cost of production and easy operation, the resistivity based gas sensors are the most appreciable one


-Evolution of Graphene and 2D Materials uses of Molybdenum disulfide:
Molybdenum disulfide is because of their promising characteristics like high sensitivity, selectivity, large surface to mass ratio, and low noise, that the evolution of 2-dimensional materials and graphene helps in the research of gas sensors.

Observations were being made on the sensors' sensing behavior at different concentrations and various temperatures.
With a 4.6 ppb of detection limit, great sensitivity is showed by this sensor at 60 degrees Celsius temperature.
Complete recovery/fast response is showed by the sensor.


-Field-effect transistors uses of Molybdenum disulfide:
The large direct bandgap and relatively high carrier mobility in Molybdenum disulfide make it an obvious choice for FETs.
Early experiments on single-layer Molybdenum disulfide transistors showed great promise, with recorded mobilities of 200 cm2V-1s-1 and an on/off ratio of ~108.

It has been suggested that such devices may outperform silicon-based FETs in several key metrics, such as power efficiency and on/off ratio.
However, they tend to show only n-type characteristics.
Much effort has been applied to refining FETs through reducing substrate interactions, improving electrical injection and realising ambipolar transport.


-Photodetectors uses of Molybdenum disulfide:
The bandgap properties of Molybdenum disulfide also lend themselves to optoelectronic applications.
A device fabricated from an exfoliated flake with sensitivity 880 AW-1 and broadband photoresponse (400-680nm) was first demonstrated 5 years ago.
By combining with graphene into a monolayer heterostructure, sensitivity has been enhanced by a factor of 104.


-Solar cells uses of Molybdenum disulfide:
Monolayer Molybdenum disulfide has visible optical absorption that is an order of magnitude greater than silicon, making it a promising solar cell material.
When combined with monolayer WS2 or graphene, power conversion efficiencies of ~1% have been recorded.

While these efficiencies appear low, the active area of such devices only has a thickness of ~1 nanometer (compared to 100’s of micrometers for silicon cells), corresponding therefore to a 104 times increase in power density.
A type-II heterojunction cell consisting of CVD grown monolayer Molybdenum disulfide and p-doped silicon has shown a PCE of over 5%.


-Chemical sensors uses of Molybdenum disulfide:
The photoluminescence (PL) intensity of monolayer Molybdenum disulfide has been shown to be highly dependent on physical adsorption of water and oxygen onto its surface.
Electron transfer from the n-type monolayer to gas molecules stabilises excitons and increases the PL intensity by up to 100 times.

Other studies based on the electrical properties of FET structures have shown that monolayer based sensors are unstable when detecting NO, NO2, NH3 and humidity, but operation can be stabilised by using few-layers.
Sensitivities of

-Supercapacitor electrodes use Molybdenum disulfide:
The most common crystal structure of Molybdenum disulfide is semiconducting, which limits its viability for use as an electrode. However, Molybdenum disulfide can also form a 1T crystal structure which is 107 more conductive than the 2H structure.
Stacked 1T monolayers acting as electrodes in various electrolytic cells showed higher power and energy densities than graphene-based electrodes.


-Valleytronic devices uses of Molybdenum disulfide:
While still a technology in Molybdenum disulfide's infancy, there have been some early demonstrations of devices that operate on the principles of valleytronics.
Examples include a bi-layer Molybdenum disulfide transistor with gate-tunable valley Hall effect and valley polarised light emitting devices



STRUCTURE AND HYDROGEN BONDING OF MOLYBDENUM DISULFIDE:
Molybdenum disulfide belongs to a class of materials called 'transition metal dichalcogenides' (TMDCs).
Materials in this class have the chemical formula MX2, where M is a transition metal atom (groups 4-12 in the periodic table) and X is a chalcogen (group 16).



SYNTHESIS OF MOLYBDENUM DISULFIDE:
High quality Molybdenum disulfide few-layer films were grown directly on the substrates (SiO2/Si and Sapphire) by chemical vapour deposition (CVD) method.
The films were later transferred to the desired substrates using wet chemical transfer process.



PROPERTIES OF MOLYBDENUM DISULFIDE:
*Bulk properties:
Molybdenum disulfide occurs naturally as the mineral 'molybdenite'. In its bulk form, it appears as a dark, shiny solid.
The weak interlayer interactions allow sheets to easily slide over one another, so Molybdenum disulfide is often used as a lubricant.

Molybdenum disulfide can also be used as an alternative to graphite in high-vacuum applications, but it does have a lower maximum operating temperature than graphite.
Bulk Molybdenum disulfide is a semiconductor with an indirect bandgap of ~1.2eV, and is therefore of limited interest to the optoelectronics industry.


*Optical and electrical properties:
Individual layers of Molybdenum disulfide have radically different properties compared to the bulk.

Removing interlayer interactions and confining electrons into a single plane results in the formation of a direct bandgap with an increased energy of ~1.89eV (visible red).
A single monolayer of Molybdenum disulfide can absorb 10% of incident light with energy above the bandgap.

When compared to a bulk crystal, a 1000-fold increase in photoluminescence intensity is observed, but Molybdenum disulfide remains relatively weak - with a photoluminescence quantum yield of about 0.4%.
However, this can be dramatically increased (to over 95%) by removing defects that are responsible for non-radiative recombination.

The bandgap can be tuned by introducing strain into the structure.
A 300 meV increase in bandgap per 1% biaxial compressive strain applied to trilayer Molybdenum disulfide has been observed.

The application of a vertical electric field has also been suggested as a method of reducing the bandgap in 2D TMDCs - potentially to zero, thereby switching the structure from semiconducting to metallic.

Photoluminescence spectra of Molybdenum disulfide monolayers show two excitonic peaks: one at ~1.92eV (the A exciton), and the other at ~2.08eV (the B exciton).

These are attributed to the valence band splitting at the K-point (in the Brillouin zone) due to spin-orbit coupling, allowing for two optically active transitions.

The binding energy of the excitons is >500meV.
Hence, they are stable up to high temperatures.

Injecting excess electrons into Molybdenum disulfide (by either electrical or chemical doping) can cause the formation of trions (charged excitons), which consist of two electrons and one hole.
They appear as peaks in the absorption and PL spectra, red-shifted by ~40meV with respect to the A exciton peak (tunable through doping concentration).

While the binding energy of trions is much lower than that of the excitons (at approximately 20meV), they have a non-negligible contribution to the optical properties of Molybdenum disulfide films at room temperature.

Molybdenum disulfide monolayer transistors generally display n-type behaviour, with carrier mobilities approximately 350cm2V-1s-1 (or ~500 times lower than graphene).
However, when fabricated into field-effect transistors, they can display massive on/off ratios of 108, making them attractive for high-efficiency switching and logic circuits.



RELATED COMPOUNDS OF MOLYBDENUM DISULFIDE:
-Other anions:
*Molybdenum(IV) oxide
*Molybdenum diselenide
*Molybdenum ditelluride



PROPERTIES OF MOLYBDENUM DISULFIDE:
Molybdenum disulfide has a high melting point and low thermal expansion, which makes it suitable for high-temperature applications, such as furnaces and engines.
Molybdenum disulfide has a high electrical conductivity and is often used in electrical components, such as transistors and electromagnets.
Molybdenum disulfide is highly resistant to oxidation and corrosion, making it an effective lubricant for high-humidity and salt-water environments.



PRODUCTION OF MOLYBDENUM DISULFIDE:
Molybdenum disulfide is naturally found as either molybdenite, a crystalline mineral, or jordisite, a rare low temperature form of molybdenite.
Molybdenite ore is processed by flotation to give relatively pure Molybdenum disulfide.

The main contaminant is carbon.
Molybdenum disulfide also arises by thermal treatment of virtually all molybdenum compounds with hydrogen sulfide or elemental sulfur and can be produced by metathesis reactions from molybdenum pentachloride.



STRUCTURE AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF MOLYBDENUM DISULFIDE:
*Crystalline phases:
All forms of Molybdenum disulfide have a layered structure, in which a plane of molybdenum atoms is sandwiched by planes of sulfide ions.
These three strata form a monolayer of Molybdenum disulfide.

Bulk Molybdenum disulfide consists of stacked monolayers, which are held together by weak van der Waals interactions.
Crystalline Molybdenum disulfide exists in one of two phases, 2H-MoS2 and 3R-MoS2, where the "H" and the "R" indicate hexagonal and rhombohedral symmetry, respectively.

In both of these structures, each molybdenum atom exists at the center of a trigonal prismatic coordination sphere and is covalently bonded to six sulfide ions.
Each sulfur atom has pyramidal coordination and is bonded to three molybdenum atoms.
Both the 2H- and 3R-phases are semiconducting.

A third, metastable crystalline phase known as 1T-MoS2 was discovered by intercalating 2H-MoS2 with alkali metals.
This phase has trigonal symmetry and is metallic.
The 1T-phase can be stabilized through doping with electron donors such as rhenium or converted back to the 2H-phase by microwave radiation.
The 2H/1T-phase transition can be controlled via the incorporation of S vacancies.

*Allotropes:
Nanotube-like and buckyball-like molecules composed of Molybdenum disulfide are known.



EXFOLIATED MOLYBDENUM DISULFIDE FLAKES:
While bulk Molybdenum disulfide in the 2H-phase is known to be an indirect-band gap semiconductor, monolayer MoS2 has a direct band gap.
The layer-dependent optoelectronic properties of Molybdenum disulfide have promoted much research in 2-dimensional MoS2-based devices.
2D Molybdenum disulfide can be produced by exfoliating bulk crystals to produce single-layer to few-layer flakes either through a dry, micromechanical process or through solution processing.

Micromechanical exfoliation, also pragmatically called "Scotch-tape exfoliation", involves using an adhesive material to repeatedly peel apart a layered crystal by overcoming the van der Waals forces.
The crystal flakes of Molybdenum disulfide can then be transferred from the adhesive film to a substrate.

This facile method was first used by Konstantin Novoselov and Andre Geim to obtain graphene from graphite crystals.
However, it can not be employed for a uniform 1-D layers because of weaker adhesion of Molybdenum disulfide to the substrate (either Si, glass or quartz); the aforementioned scheme is good for graphene only.

While Scotch tape is generally used as the adhesive tape, PDMS stamps can also satisfactorily cleave Molybdenum disulfide if it is important to avoid contaminating the flakes with residual adhesive.
Liquid-phase exfoliation can also be used to produce monolayer to multi-layer Molybdenum disulfide in solution.
A few methods include lithium intercalation to delaminate the layers and sonication in a high-surface tension solvent.



CHEMICAL REACTIONS OF MOLYBDENUM DISULFIDE:
Molybdenum disulfide is stable in air and attacked only by aggressive reagents. It reacts with oxygen upon heating forming molybdenum trioxide:
2 MoS2 + 7 O2 → 2 MoO3 + 4 SO2
Chlorine attacks Molybdenum disulfide at elevated temperatures to form molybdenum pentachloride:
2 MoS2 + 7 Cl2 → 2 MoCl5 + 2 S2Cl2



INTERCALATION REACTIONS OF MOLYBDENUM DISULFIDE:
Molybdenum disulfide is a host for formation of intercalation compounds.
This behavior is relevant to its use as a cathode material in batteries.
One example is a lithiated material, LixMoS2.
With butyl lithium, the product is LiMoS2.



MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF MOLYBDENUM DISULFIDE:
Molybdenum disulfide excels as a lubricating material (see below) due to its layered structure and low coefficient of friction.
Interlayer sliding dissipates energy when a shear stress is applied to the material.
Extensive work has been performed to characterize the coefficient of friction and shear strength of Molybdenum disulfide in various atmospheres.

The shear strength of Molybdenum disulfide increases as the coefficient of friction increases.
This property is called superlubricity.
At ambient conditions, the coefficient of friction for Molybdenum disulfide was determined to be 0.150, with a corresponding estimated shear strength of 56.0 MPa (megapascals).

Direct methods of measuring the shear strength indicate that the value is closer to 25.3 MPa.
The wear resistance of Molybdenum disulfide in lubricating applications can be increased by doping MoS2 with Cr.
Microindentation experiments on nanopillars of Cr-doped Molybdenum disulfide found that the yield strength increased from an average of 821 MPa for pure MoS2 (at 0% Cr) to 1017 MPa at 50% Cr.

The increase in yield strength is accompanied by a change in the failure mode of the material.
While the pure Molybdenum disulfide nanopillar fails through a plastic bending mechanism, brittle fracture modes become apparent as the material is loaded with increasing amounts of dopant.

The widely used method of micromechanical exfoliation has been carefully studied in Molybdenum disulfide to understand the mechanism of delamination in few-layer to multi-layer flakes.
The exact mechanism of cleavage was found to be layer dependent.

Flakes thinner than 5 layers undergo homogenous bending and rippling, while flakes around 10 layers thick delaminated through interlayer sliding.
Flakes with more than 20 layers exhibited a kinking mechanism during micromechanical cleavage.
The cleavage of these flakes was also determined to be reversible due to the nature of van der Waals bonding.

In recent years, Molybdenum disulfide has been utilized in flexible electronic applications, promoting more investigation into the elastic properties of this material.

Nanoscopic bending tests using AFM cantilever tips were performed on micromechanically exfoliated Molybdenum disulfide flakes that were deposited on a holey substrate.

The yield strength of monolayer flakes was 270 GPa, while the thicker flakes were also stiffer, with a yield strength of 330 GPa.
Molecular dynamic simulations found the in-plane yield strength of Molybdenum disulfide to be 229 GPa, which matches the experimental results within error.
Bertolazzi and coworkers also characterized the failure modes of the suspended monolayer flakes.

The strain at failure ranges from 6 to 11%.
The average yield strength of monolayer Molybdenum disulfide is 23 GPa, which is close to the theoretical fracture strength for defect-free MoS2.
The band structure of Molybdenum disulfide is sensitive to strain.



ABOUT MOLYBDENUM DISULFIDE POWDER:
Molybdenum disulfide is an inorganic compound composed of molybdenum and sulfur.
Molybdenum disulfide chemical formula is MoS2.
Like most mineral salts, Molybdenum disulfide has a high melting point but begins to sublime at a relatively low 450ºC.

This property is useful for purifying compounds.
Molybdenum disulfide is classified as a transition metal dihalide.
Molybdenum disulfide is a silver-black solid in the form of molybdenite (the main ore of molybdenum).

Molybdenum disulfide is relatively unreactive.
Molybdenum disulfide is not affected by dilute acid and oxygen.
In appearance and feel, Molybdenum disulfide is similar to graphite.

Because of its low friction and robustness, Molybdenum disulfide is widely used as a dry lubricant.
Bulk Molybdenum disulfide is a diamagnetic, indirect bandgap semiconductor similar to silicon, with a bandgap of 1.23 eV.

In addition to its lubricity, Molybdenum disulfide is also a semiconductor.
Molybdenum disulfide is also known that when doped with an electrostatic field, it and other semiconductor transition metal chalcogenides become superconductors on its surface.

Molybdenum disulfide and related molybdenum sulfides are efficient catalysts for hydrogen evolution, including the electrolysis of water; thus, are possibly useful to produce hydrogen for use in fuel cells.

As in graphene, the layered structures of Molybdenum disulfide and other transition metal dichalcogenides exhibit electronic and optical properties that can differ from those in bulk.
Bulk Molybdenum disulfide has an indirect bandgap of 1.2 eV, while MoS2 monolayers have a direct 1.8 eV electronic bandgap. supporting switchable transistors and photodetectors.

The sensitivity of a graphene field-effect transistor (FET) biosensor is fundamentally restricted by the zero band gap of graphene, which results in increased leakage and reduced sensitivity.

In digital electronics, transistors control current flow throughout an integrated circuit and allow for amplification and switching.
In biosensing, the physical gate is removed and the binding between embedded receptor molecules and the charged target biomolecules to which they are exposed modulates the current.

Molybdenum disulfide also possesses mechanical strength, electrical conductivity, and can emit light, opening possible applications such as photodetectors.
Molybdenum disulfide has been investigated as a component of photoelectrochemical (e.g. for photocatalytic hydrogen production) applications and for microelectronics applications.

Molybdenum Disulfide Solubility:
Molybdenum disulfide is decomposed by aqua regie, hot sulfuric acid, nitric acid, insoluble in dilute acid and water



HOW IS MOLYBDENUM DISULFIDE PRODUCED?
Molybdenum disulfide is naturally found as molybdenite (a crystalline mineral) or pyroxene (a rare low-temperature form of molybdenite).
The molybdenite is processed by flotation to obtain relatively pure Molybdenum disulfide.
The main pollutant is carbon.
Molybdenum disulfide can also be produced by heat treatment of almost all molybdenum compounds with hydrogen sulfide or elemental sulfur and can be produced by the metathesis reaction of molybdenum pentachloride.



ADVANCED SOLID LUBRICANTS OF MOLYBDENUM DISULFIDE:
Molybdenum disulfide is widely used in advanced solid lubricants due to its unique layered structure and excellent physical properties.
Molybdenum disulfide maintains excellent lubricating properties at high temperatures and pressures.



CATALYST OF MOLYBDENUM DISULFIDE:
Molybdenum disulfide has electrical conductivity similar to that of metallic semiconductor materials and can be used as a highly efficient electrocatalyst for many different catalytic reactions such as hydrolysis.
In addition, Molybdenum disulfide can be used with precious metals as a Pd-MoS2 catalyst with excellent catalytic activity and stability.



COMPOSITES OF MOLYBDENUM DISULFIDE:
The micro- and nanostructures of Molybdenum disulfide can be used to reinforce high-performance composites and to prepare high-performance materials such as transistors and integrated circuits.



FRICTION MATERIALS OF MOLYBDENUM DISULFIDE:
Molybdenum disulfide can be used in friction materials to provide friction reduction and friction enhancement, as well as an anti-oxidation effect.
Optical conductors and semiconductors displaying P- or N-type conductivity properties:
Molybdenum disulfide has excellent electrical conductivity and physicochemical properties and can be used as a photoconductor and semiconductor material.



STORAGE CONDITION OF MOLYBDENUM DISULFIDE:
Damp reunion will affect MoS2 powder dispersion performance and using effects, therefore, Molybdenum disulfide powder should be sealed in vacuum packing and stored in cool and dry room, the it can not be exposure to air.
In addition, the Molybdenum disulfide should be avoided under stress.



RESEARCH OF MOLYBDENUM DISULFIDE:
Molybdenum disulfide plays an important role in condensed matter physics research.


*Hydrogen evolution:
Molybdenum disulfide and related molybdenum sulfides are efficient catalysts for hydrogen evolution, including the electrolysis of water; thus, are possibly useful to produce hydrogen for use in fuel cells.


*Oxygen reduction and evolution:
Molybdenum disulfide@Fe-N-C core/shell nanosphere with atomic Fe-doped surface and interface (MoS2/Fe-N-C) can be used as a used an electrocatalyst for oxygen reduction and evolution reactions (ORR and OER) bifunctionally because of reduced energy barrier due to Fe-N4 dopants and unique nature of MoS2/Fe-N-C interface.


*Microelectronics:
As in graphene, the layered structures of Molybdenum disulfide and other transition metal dichalcogenides exhibit electronic and optical properties that can differ from those in bulk.

Bulk Molybdenum disulfide has an indirect band gap of 1.2 eV, while MoS2 monolayers have a direct 1.8 eV electronic bandgap, supporting switchable transistors and photodetectors.

Molybdenum disulfide nanoflakes can be used for solution-processed fabrication of layered memristive and memcapacitive devices through engineering a MoOx/MoS2 heterostructure sandwiched between silver electrodes.
Molybdenum disulfide-based memristors are mechanically flexible, optically transparent and can be produced at low cost.

The sensitivity of a graphene field-effect transistor (FET) biosensor is fundamentally restricted by the zero band gap of graphene, which results in increased leakage and reduced sensitivity.
In digital electronics, transistors control current flow throughout an integrated circuit and allow for amplification and switching.

In biosensing, the physical gate is removed and the binding between embedded receptor molecules and the charged target biomolecules to which they are exposed modulates the current.

Molybdenum disulfide has been investigated as a component of flexible circuits.
In 2017, a 115-transistor, 1-bit microprocessor implementation was fabricated using two-dimensional Molybdenum disulfide.
Molybdenum disulfide has been used to create 2D 2-terminal memristors and 3-terminal memtransistors.


*Valleytronics:
Due to the lack of spatial inversion symmetry, odd-layer Molybdenum disulfide is a promising material for valleytronics because both the CBM and VBM have two energy-degenerate valleys at the corners of the first Brillouin zone, providing an exciting opportunity to store the information of 0s and 1s at different discrete values of the crystal momentum.

The Berry curvature is even under spatial inversion (P) and odd under time reversal (T), the valley Hall effect cannot survive when both P and T symmetries are present.
To excite valley Hall effect in specific valleys, circularly polarized lights were used for breaking the T symmetry in atomically thin transition-metal dichalcogenides.

In monolayer Molybdenum disulfide, the T and mirror symmetries lock the spin and valley indices of the sub-bands split by the spin-orbit couplings, both of which are flipped under T; the spin conservation suppresses the inter-valley scattering.
Therefore, monolayer Molybdenum disulfide have been deemed an ideal platform for realizing intrinsic valley Hall effect without extrinsic symmetry breaking.


*Photonics and photovoltaics:
Molybdenum disulfide also possesses mechanical strength, electrical conductivity, and can emit light, opening possible applications such as photodetectors.
Molybdenum disulfide has been investigated as a component of photoelectrochemical (e.g. for photocatalytic hydrogen production) applications and for microelectronics applications.


*Superconductivity of monolayers:
Under an electric field Molybdenum disulfide monolayers have been found to superconduct at temperatures below 9.4 K



MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF MOLYBDENUM DISULFIDE:
Molybdenum disulfide monolayers are flexible, and thin-film FETs have been shown to retain their electronic properties when bent to a 0.75mm radius of curvature.

They have a stiffness comparable to steel, and a higher breaking strength than flexible plastics (such as polyimide(PI) and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), making them particularly suitable for flexible electronics.
At around 35Wm-1K-1, the thermal conductivity of Molybdenum disulfide monolayers is ~100 times lower than that of graphene .


*Valleytronics:
Molybdenum disulfide and other 2D TMDCs may offer a route to technologies beyond electronics, where degrees of freedom (other than charge) can be utilised for information storage and/or processing.

The electronic bandstructure of Molybdenum disulfide displays energy maxima of the valence band, and minima of the conduction band at both the K and K’ (often called -K) points of the Brillouin zone.
These two discrete ‘valleys’ have the same energy gap but are discrete in position in momentum space.

The optical transitions in these valleys require angular momentum changes of +1 for the K-point, and -1 for the K’ point.
Hence, excitons can be selectively excited into a valley with circularly polarised light - with right-handed (σ+) polarised light exciting excitons in the K valley, and left-handed (σ-) polarised light exciting excitons in the K’ valley.

Conversely, light emitted from exciton recombination in the K valley will be σ+ polarised, and light emitted from exciton recombination in the K’ valley will be σ- polarised.
Since these valleys can be independently addressed, they represent a degree of freedom called 'valley pseudospin' that could be used in ‘valleytronic’ devices.

Furthermore, the spin-orbit split valence band at the K and K’ points has opposite signs of spin for each of the valleys.
For example, an A-exciton in the K valley consists of a spin-up electron and a spin-down hole, and a K valley B-exciton has a spin-down electron and spin-up hole.
For A and B excitons in the K’ valley, their constituent charge carriers have the opposite spin.


This means that the valley pseudospin and charge carrier spin degrees of freedom are coupled (spin-valley coupling), and the spin and valley properties of charge carriers can be selected optically - through choice of excitation polarisation (to choose the valley) and energy (to select the A or B exciton - and hence, the spin).

When an in-plane electric field is applied, excitons may become disassociated, with the carriers retaining their valley and spin characteristics.
Electrons (and holes) in opposing valleys will travel in opposite directions perpendicular to the field.
This is called the 'valley Hall effect', and could form the basis of future technologies, where more information can be encoded onto electrons because of these added degrees of freedom.



SYNTHESIS OF MOLYBDENUM DISULFIDE:
High quality Molybdenum disulfide few-layer films were grown directly on the substrates (SiO2/Si and Sapphire) by chemical vapour deposition (CVD) method.
The films were later transferred to the desired substrates using wet chemical transfer process.



CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF MOLYBDENUM DISULFIDE:
dark grey or black powder, Molybdenum disulfide, MoS2, the most common natural form of molybdenum, is extracted from the ore and then purified for direct use in lubrication.
Since Molybdenum disulfide is of geothermal origin, it has the durability to withstand heat and pressure.
This is particularly so if small amounts of sulfur are available to react with iron and provide a sulfide layer which is compatible with Molybdenum disulfide in maintaining the lubricating film.



PROCESSING OF MONOLAYER MOLYBDENUM DISULFIDE:
There are many techniques that have been used to prepare monolayer films of Molybdenum disulfide.


*Mechanical exfoliation:
This method, also known as the ‘Scotch-tape method’, was first used to isolate layers of graphene.
Applying a sticky tape to a bulk crystal sample and then peeling it off will result in thin layers of crystal sticking to the tape.
This is due to greater mutual adhesion than the interlayer adhesion.

This sticking-and-peeling process can be repeated until single monolayers are produced.
These can then be transferred onto a substrate (e.g. by a PDMS stamp).
While this process has a low monolayer yield, it produces high-quality crystalline monolayers that can be >10’s microns in size.
Despite being ‘low-tech’, it is still a preferred processing method for TMDC research.


*Solvent exfoliation:
Bulk crystals can be sonicated in an organic solvent that breaks them down into thin layers.
A distribution in the size and thickness of the layers is obtained, with a surfactant often added to stop the layers restacking.
While the thin-film yield of this method is high, the monolayer yield is low.
Flakes tend to be small, with sizes on the scale of 100nm.


*Intercalation:
Sometimes classed as a form of solvent exfoliation, intercalation of Molybdenum disulfide that is monolayers long predates the current research trend in 2D materials, being first demonstrated in 1986.

Bulk crystals are placed in a solution which acts as a source of lithium ions (commonly n-butyllithium dissolved in hexane), which diffuse between the layers of the crystal.
Water is added - which then interacts with the lithium ions to produce hydrogen, pushing the layers apart.

This method requires careful control over the experimental parameters in order to obtain a high monolayer yield.
The resulting layers also tend to have the less desirable metallic 1T structure rather than the semiconducting 2H structure (although the 1T structure has found a potential application in supercapacitor electrodes - see above).
The 1T structure can however be converted to the 2H through thermal annealing.


*Vapor deposition:
While mechanical exfoliation can provide highly crystalline monolayers, Molybdenum disulfide is not a scalable technique.
If 2D materials are to find application in optoelectronics, a reliable large-scale method for producing high-quality films is needed.

One such potential method that has been extensively studied is vapour deposition.
Chemical vapour deposition involves a chemical reaction to convert a precursor to the final Molybdenum disulfide.
Commonly, MoO3 is annealed at high temperature (~1000°C) in the presence of sulphur to produce Molybdenum disulfide films.

Other precursors include molybdenum metal and ammonium thiomolybdate, which have been deposited via e-beam evaporation and dip-coating respectively before being converted in a furnace.
FETs fabricated from vapour-grown films tend to display far lower mobility compared to those produced from exfoliated layers. Furthermore, the size (generally 10’s nm to few microns), thickness, and quality of the films and substrate choice.

A promising alternative route to Molybdenum disulfide monolayer growth is through physical vapour deposition, where MoS2 powder is used directly as the source.
This can yield high-quality monolayer flakes (up to 25 microns in size) which display optical properties commensurate with exfoliated layers



SYNTHESIS OF MOLYBDENUM DISULFIDE:
The preparation of Molybdenum disulfide was carried out through modification of the method described in literature.
All the chemicals were purchased and used as received.
To start, 30 mL of 0.008 M ammonium molybdate ((NH4)6Mo7O24·4H2O, Merck India, 98%) solution was taken, and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) of 10 times of cmc (critical micelle concentration) was added to it under constant stirring to obtain a clear solution.

Then, 9.60 mL of 0.23 M sodium dithionite (Na2S2O4, BDH, England, 98% pure) solution and 45 mL of 0.20 M thioacetamide (CH3CSNH2, Spectrochem India, 99%) solution were added into the former solution and were thoroughly mixed together by stirring.
The solution mixture was heated (~90°C) over a water bath to obtain a clear reddish yellow color solution.
Acidification of this solution with concentrated HCl (pH < 1) led to a dark brown colored precipitate.

The precipitate was isolated using a centrifuge and was washed with water for several times.
Drying of the precipitate gave rise to brownish black powders, which were calcined at 400°C for 2 h under argon atmosphere to obtain the black powders of MoS2.



HISTORY OF MOLYBDENUM DISULFIDE:
Molybdenum disulfide is a naturally occurring blackcolored solid compound that feels slippery to the touch.
Molybdenum disulfide readily transfers and adheres to other solid surfaces with which it comes into contact.
Molybdenum disulfide's mineral form – called molybdenite – was commonly confused with graphite until late in the 1700’s.

Both were used for lubrication and as a writing material for centuries.
Wider use of molybdenite as a lubricant was impeded by naturally occurring impurities that significantly reduced its lubricating properties.
Methods of purifying molybdenum disulfide and extracting molybdenum were developed late in the 19th century, and the value of molybdenum as an alloying addition to steel was quickly recognized.

The demand for a domestic source of molybdenum during World War I resulted in the development of the Climax mine in Colorado, which started production in 1918 and continued into the 1990’s.
The availability of high purity Molybdenum disulfide spurred extensive investigations into its lubrication properties in various environments during the late 30’s and 40’s.

These investigations demonstrated its superior lubrication properties and stability under extreme contact pressures and in vacuum environments.
The United States National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics, the precursor to NASA, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, initiated research on aerospace uses of Molybdenum disulfide in 1946.

These investigations resulted in extensive applications in spacecraft3, including the extendible legs on the Apollo Lunar Module.
Applications of Molybdenum disulfide continue to expand as new technologies evolve requiring reliable lubrication and resistance to galling under increasingly stringent conditions of temperature, pressure, vacuum, corrosive environments, process sensitivity to contamination, product life, and maintenance requirements.

Molybdenum disulfide, also known as Molybdenum disulfide, is one of the best materials initially belonging to the transition metals.
Molybdenum disulfide's structure is unique hence all the properties it possesses are unique.
The building block of Molybdenum disulfide is its properties as they are the key players in enhancing the productivity of the materials.

Its applications being vast and abundant in nature help in maintaining the credibility of this material.
However, Molybdenum disulfide is an excellent material for various purposes and various industries.



CRYSTALLINE STRUCTURE OF MOLYBDENUM DISULFIDE:
Molybdenum disulfide's (MoS2) crystal structure takes the shape of S atoms' hexagonal plane on either of the side of Mo atoms' hexagonal plane.
There is strong covalent bonding between the S and Mo atoms, and these triple planes stack on each other's top, however, the weak Van Der Waals forcing holds the layers together, which allow the layers to be mechanically separated for forming Molybdenum disulfide's 2-dimensional sheets.



TECHNICAL OF MOLYBDENUM DISULFIDE:
Molybdenum disulfide’s exceptional lubricity is a consequence of its unique crystal structure, which is made up of very weakly bonded lamellae.
These lamellae can slide across each other, “shear”, under very low force, providing the lubrication effect.
This shearing force required to overcome the weak bonding between the lamellae, F, is related to the compressive force, W, perpendicular to the lamellae by the equation F = μ W where μ is a constant termed the “Coefficient of Friction”.

The coefficient of friction for Molybdenum disulfide crystals shearing along their lamella is approximately 0.025, among the lowest known for any material.
Since Molybdenum disulfide is a solid phase, it is not “squeezed out” like liquid lubricants under conditions of extreme pressure.
The lamellae are very “hard” to forces perpendicular to them.

This combination of properties provides a very effective “boundary layer” to prevent the lubricated surfaces from contacting each other.
The surfaces of objects are generally rough on a microscopic scale.
These contact regions have considerably less area than the bulk surface area, typically in the range 0.5 to 0.001 percent of the bulk area for a machined metal surface, and consequently the stresses at these contact points are considerably higher than the stresses calculated for the bulk surface area.

When stainless steel objects slide against each other under high load, they will “gall” or “seize” due to the deformation at the contact points.
The objects will actually “cold weld” themselves to each other, which is indicated by transfer of material from one object to the other on the sliding surfaces.

This causes a very rapid increase in friction, quickly to the point that further sliding is impossible without damage to the objects.
In order to prevent this it is necessary to introduce an “anti-galling” or “anti-seizing” agent between the surfaces.
This is a substance that is capable of maintaining separation of the surface asperities under high compressive loads – that is, to provide a “boundary layer” between the surfaces.

Anti-galling materials are generally very thick grease-like substances or solid materials in powder or plated layer form.
Molybdenum disulfide is an ideal anti-galling compound because of its combination of high compressive strength and its adherence (ability to fill or level) to the sliding surfaces.

There are many methods of applying Molybdenum disulfide to a surface, from “high tech” techniques such as vacuum sputtering, to simply dropping loose powder between sliding surfaces.
The most versatile technique is application of the powder mixed with a binder and a carrier to form a bonded coating.

The binder may be a polymeric material or a number of other compounds, and the carrier may be water or a volatile organic.
The characteristics of the Molybdenum disulfide powder, the binder, the carrier, and particularly the application process must be carefully developed and controlled to optimize the performance in a specific product.

A properly developed bonded coating of Molybdenum disulfide is capable of providing exceptional lubrication performance over a temperature range up to approximately 500°C, under very high pressure and corrosive exposure conditions for extensive lifetimes.
There are many such formulations available commercially.



PROPERTIES OF MOLYBDENUM DISULFIDE:
*Bulk characteristics:
Naturally, the occurrence of MoS2 is as a 'molybdenite' mineral.
The appearance of Molybdenum disulfide in its bulk form is as a shiny, dark solid.
Molybdenum disulfide is also utilized as a lubricant because the sheets can slide over one another easily due to their weak interlayer interactions.

Molybdenum disulfide is also utilized in high-vacuum applications as an alternative to graphite, but its maximum operating temperature is lower as compared to the maximum operating temperature of graphite.
With ~1.2eV of an indirect bandgap, bulk Molybdenum disulfide is a semiconductor and is thus of restricted interest to the optoelectronics industry.


*Electrical and Optical Characteristics:
In comparison with the bulk, Molybdenum disulfide's layers have radically different characteristics.
Eliminating confining electrons and interlayer interactions into a single plane leads to the production of a direct bandgap with ~1.89eV (visible red) of increased energy.

10 percent of incident light with more than the energy of the bandgap can be absorbed by Molybdenum disulfide's single monolayer.
An increase of 1000 fold in photoluminescence intensity was observed in comparison with a bulk crystal, however, it stays comparatively weak, with about 0.4% of photoluminescence quantum yield.
Although, if we remove the defects that are the reasons for non-radiative combination then this can be increased in a dramatic fashion to over 95%.


*Bandgap:
The introduction of strain into the structure can tune the bandgap.
There have been observations of a 300 meV increase in bandgap per 1% biaxial compressive strain applied to trilayer Molybdenum disulfide.
In 2-dimensional TMDCs, the bandgap can be reduced potentially to zero by applying vertical electric field as it has been considered as a method too, therefore switching the semiconducting structure to the metallic structure.


*Photoluminescence spectra:
Two excitonic peaks are shown by the photoluminescence spectra of Molybdenum disulfide monolayers: one peak is at ~1.92eV (the A exciton), and the other peak is at ~2.08eV (the B exciton).

Both of the peaks are because of the valence band splitting in the Brillouin zone at the K-point because of the spin-orbit coupling, which enables two optically active transitions.
More than 500 meV is the binding energy of the excitons.
Therefore, they are stable at high temperatures.


*Injection of Electrons:
Trions can form on the injection of excess electrons through either chemical or electrical doping into Molybdenum disulfide.
Trions are charged excitons and they consist of one hole and two electrons.

The appearance of trions in the PL spectra and absorption is as peaks, red-shifted by ~40meV.
A non-negligible contribution is shared by the trions at room temperature to Molybdenum disulfide film’s optical characteristics while the trion’s binding energy is way less as compared to the binding energy of excitons (at almost 20 meV).


*Transistors:
N-type behavior is generally displayed by the Molybdenum disulfide monolayer transistors, with almost 350cm2V-1s-1 (or ~500 times lower as compared to graphene) of carrier mobilities.
Although, they can exhibit massive on/off ratios of 108 when fabricated into field-effect transistors, making them efficient and attractive for highly efficient logic circuits and switching.



MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF MOLYBDENUM DISULFIDE:
It is shown that when bent to a 0.75 mm radius of curvature, thin-film FETs retain their electronic characteristics, proving that the Molybdenum disulfide monolayers are flexible.

Their stiffness is the same as the steel, and they also have a higher breaking strength as compared to the breaking strength of flexible plastics like polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and polyimide (PI), leaving them specifically suitable and appropriate for flexible electronics.
As compared to graphene's thermal conductivity, the thermal conductivity of Molybdenum disulfide monolayers is around 100 times less at around 35 Wm-1K-1.


*Valleytronics:
A route to technologies beyond electronics is offered by the Molybdenum disulfide and other 2-dimensional TMDCs, where degrees of freedom can be used for storing information or/and processing.

Molybdenum disulfide’s electronic bandstructure exhibits the valence band's energy maxima, and conduction band's minima at Brillouin zone's both K and K' (often called -K) points.
The same energy gap is possessed by these two discrete 'valleys' but when Molybdenum disulfide comes to position, they are discrete in the momentum space.


*Optical transitions:
Angular momentum changes of -1 for the K’ point and +1 for the K-point need the optical transitions in these valleys.
Therefore, it is possible for excitons to be selectively excited into a valley with circularly polarised light - with excitons in the K’ region being excited by left-handed (σ-) polarized light and excitons in the K valley being excited by the right-handed (σ+) polarised light.


*Emission of light:
Conversely, light that will emit from exciton recombination in the K’ valley will be σ- polarised, and light that will emit from exciton recombination in the K valley will be σ+ polarised.
Valley pseudospin, which is a degree of freedom, is represented by these valleys as they can be addressed independently, and valley pseudospin can also be utilized in valleytronic devices.


*Spin-orbit valence band:
Moreover, for each of the valleys, opposite signs of spin are possessed by the spin-orbit split valence band at the K' and K points.
For instance, a spin-down hole and a spin-up electron make up an A-exciton in the K valley, and a spin-up hole and spin-down electron make up a K valley B-exciton.
The constituent charge carriers for B and A excitons in the K’ valley have the opposite spin.


*Promising Characteristics:
Excellent electrochemical characteristics, luminescence characteristics, and semiconducting characteristics are displayed by Molybdenum disulfide as a remarkable probe for biosensing for observing several analytes.

A zero dimension, which is also called inorganic fullerenes, is displayed by the Molybdenum disulfide quantum dots, and their size is in less than 10 nm of range.

Promising electric and catalytic characteristics are contained by Molybdenum disulfide quantum dots.
High photoluminescence at specific wavelengths is exhibited by Molybdenum disulfide quantum dots due to the quantum confinement effect, and those wavelengths make MoS2 efficient and effective for optical biosensing based on the fluorimetric method.



PROCESSING OF MONOLAYER MOLYBDENUM DISULFIDE:
Various techniques have been utilized for the preparation of Molybdenum disulfide’s monolayer films.
Here we have mentioned the most common techniques and a brief review of them.


*Mechanical Exfoliation:
Mechanical exfoliation is also called the ‘Scotch-tape method’, and it was utilized for the first time for isolating the layers of graphene.
If you apply a sticky tape on a bulk crystal sample, it will lead to thin layers of crystal sticking to the tape once you peel the sticky tape off and it is because of its greater mutual adhesion as compared to the interlayer adhesion.


*Sticking and peeling process:
Until the production of single monolayers, this sticking-and-peeling process repeats again and again.
Then, the single monolayers can be transferred on a substrate, for instance through a PDMS stamp.

This process forms crystalline monolayers of high quality that are capable of being more than 10's of microns in size, even though this process is with a low monolayer yield.
When it comes to TMDC research, this is the most preferred method of processing, despite the method being 'low-tech'.


*Solvent exfoliation:
Sonication of bulk crystals takes place in an organic solvent, breaking them down into thin layers.
A distribution is obtained in the thickness and size of the layers, and a surfactant is also obtained which usually is added for stopping the restacking of the layers.

This method has a low monolayer yield and a high thin-film yield.
The sizes of the flakes are on a 100 nm of scale, making the flakes look small.


*Intercalation:
Monolayers long Molybdenum disulfide’s intercalation is classed as a form of solvent exfoliation at times.
In 1986, Molybdenum disulfide was demonstrated for the first time.

A solution that functions as a lithium ions’ source (n-butyllithium commonly, which is dissolved in hexane) has bulk crystals placed in Molybdenum disulfide, and those bulk crystals are diffusing between the layers of the crystal.
The addition of water is the next step and then the water forms an interaction with the lithium ions for producing hydrogen, which pushes the layers apart.


*Careful Control:
Careful control should be done over the parameters of an experiment for obtaining a high monolayer yield in this method.
Less needed metallic 1T structure is possessed by the resulting layers instead of thesemiconducting 2H structure.
However, potential applications are observed for the 1T structure in the supercapacitor electrodes.
Thermal annealing can be used to convert the 1T structure to the 2H.


*Vapour Deposition:
Mechanical exfoliation is not a scalable technique however it can give high crystalline monolayers.
A reliable and good large-scale method is needed to produced high-quality films if 2-dimensional materials are supposed to find applications in the field of optoelectronics.

Vapour deposition is one of the methods with such potential and that's why it is studied in depth.
A chemical reaction is involved in the chemical vapor deposition for converting s precursor to the final Molybdenum disulfide.
MoO3 is commonly annealed at a high temperature of 1000 degrees celsius for the production of the Molybdenum disulfide films in sulfur's presence.


*Other Precursors:
Ammonium thiomolybdate and molybdenum metal are the other precursors, and dip coating and e-beam evaporation are used to deposit these before they convert into a furnace.
In comparison with those that are made from the exfoliated layers, very low mobility is possessed by the FETs that are made from vapor-grown films.
Moreover, the quality, thickness, and size (generally 10’s nm to few microns), of the substrates and films choice.



PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of MOLYBDENUM DISULFIDE:
Chemical formula: MoS2
Molar mass: 160.07 g/mol
Appearance: black/lead-gray solid
Density: 5.06 g/cm3
Melting point: 2,375 °C (4,307 °F; 2,648 K)
Solubility in water: insoluble
Solubility: decomposed by aqua regia, hot sulfuric acid, nitric acid
insoluble in dilute acids
Band gap: 1.23 eV (indirect, 3R or 2H bulk) ~1.8 eV (direct, monolayer)
Structure:
Crystal structure: hP6, P63/mmc, No. 194 (2H) hR9, R3m, No 160 (3R)
Lattice constant:
a = 0.3161 nm (2H), 0.3163 nm (3R),
c = 1.2295 nm (2H), 1.837 (3R)
Coordination geometry: Trigonal prismatic (MoIV) Pyramidal (S2−)

Thermochemistry:
Std molar entropy (S⦵298): 62.63 J/(mol K)
Std enthalpy of formation (ΔfH⦵298): -235.10 kJ/mol
Gibbs free energy (ΔfG⦵): -225.89 kJ/mol
Molecular Weight: 160.1 g/mol
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 0
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 2
Rotatable Bond Count: 0
Exact Mass: 161.849546 g/mol
Monoisotopic Mass: 161.849546 g/mol
Topological Polar Surface Area: 64.2Ų
Heavy Atom Count: 3
Formal Charge: 0
Complexity: 18.3
Isotope Atom Count: 0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0

Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 1
Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes
Physical state. powder
Color: gray
Odor: No data available
Melting point/freezing point.
Melting point: 1.185 °C
Initial boiling point and boiling range: No data available
Flammability (solid, gas): No data available
Upper/lower flammability or explosive limits: No data available
Flash point: No data available
Autoignition temperature: No data available
Decomposition temperature: No data available
pH: No data available
Viscosity
Viscosity, kinematic: No data available
Viscosity, dynamic: No data available

Water solubility: No data available
Partition coefficient: n-octanol/water:
Not applicable for inorganic substances
Vapor pressure: No data available
Density: 5,060 g/cm3 at 15 °C
Relative density: No data available
Relative vapor density: No data available
Particle characteristics: No data available
Explosive properties: No data available
Oxidizing properties: none
Other safety information: No data available
Melting point: 2375 °C
density: 5.06 g/mL at 25 °C(lit.)
form: powder
color: Gray to dark gray or black
Specific Gravity: 4.8
Water Solubility: Soluble in hot sulfuric acid, and aquaregia.
Insoluble in water, concentrated sulfuric acid and dilute acid.
Merck: 146,236
Boiling point: 100°C (water)

Exposure limits ACGIH: TWA 10 mg/m3; TWA 3 mg/m3
NIOSH: IDLH 5000 mg/m3
Stability: Stable.
Incompatible with oxidizing agents, acids.
InChIKey: CWQXQMHSOZUFJS-UHFFFAOYSA-N
CAS DataBase Reference: 1317-33-5(CAS DataBase Reference)
EPA Substance Registry System: Molybdenum sulfide (MoS2) (1317-33-5)
Bandgap: 1.23 eV
Electronic properties: 2D Semiconductor
CBNumber:CB6238843
Molecular Formula:MoS2
Molecular Weight:160.07
MDL Number:MFCD00003470
MOL File:1317-33-5.mol
Melting point: 2375 °C
Densit: 5.06 g/mL at 25 °C(lit.)
solubility: insoluble in H2O; soluble in concentrated acid solutions
form: powder

color: Gray to dark gray or black
Specific Gravity: 4.8
Odor: odorless
Water Solubility: Soluble in hot sulfuric acid, and aquaregia.
Insoluble in water, concentrated sulfuric acid and dilute acid.
Merck: 14,6236
Boiling point: 100°C (water)
Exposure limits ACGIH: TWA 10 mg/m3; TWA 3 mg/m3
NIOSH: IDLH 5000 mg/m3
Stability: Stable.
Incompatible with oxidizing agents, acids.
InChIKey: CWQXQMHSOZUFJS-UHFFFAOYSA-N
CAS DataBase Reference: 1317-33-5(CAS DataBase Reference)
EWG's Food Scores: 1
FDA UNII: ZC8B4P503V
EPA Substance Registry System: Molybdenum sulfide (MoS2) (1317-33-5)
Bandgap: 1.23 eV
Electronic properties: 2D Semiconductor

Compound Formula: MoS2
Molecular Weight: 160.07
Appearance: Black powder or solid in various forms
Melting Point: 1185 ° C (2165 ° F)
Boiling Point: N/A
Density: 5.06 g/cm3
Solubility in H2O: Insoluble
Storage Temperature: Ambient temperatures
Exact Mass: 161.849549
Monoisotopic Mass: 161.849549
Linear Formula: MoS2
MDL Number: MFCD00003470
EC No.: 215-263-9
Pubchem CID: 14823
IUPAC Name: bis(sulfanylidene)molybdenum
SMILES: S=[Mo]=S
InchI Identifier: InChI=1S/Mo.2S
InchI Key: CWQXQMHSOZUFJS-UHFFFAOYSA-N



FIRST AID MEASURES of MOLYBDENUM DISULFIDE:
-Description of first-aid measures
*If inhaled
After inhalation:
Fresh air.
*In case of skin contact:
Take off immediately all contaminated clothing.
Rinse skin with water/ shower.
*In case of eye contact
After eye contact:
Rinse out with plenty of water.
Remove contact lenses.
*If swallowed
After swallowing:
Make victim drink water (two glasses at most).
Consult doctor if feeling unwell.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed
No data available



ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of MOLYBDENUM DISULFIDE:
-Environmental precautions:
No special precautionary measures necessary.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Observe possible material restrictions.
Take up dry.
Dispose of properly.
Clean up affected area.



FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of MOLYBDENUM DISULFIDE:
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Use extinguishing measures that are appropriate to local circumstances and the
surrounding environment.
*Unsuitable extinguishing media:
For this substance/mixture no limitations of extinguishing agents are given.
-Further information:
Suppress (knock down) gases/vapors/mists with a water spray jet.



EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of MOLYBDENUM DISULFIDE:
-Control parameters:
--Ingredients with workplace control parameters:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use equipment for eye protection.
Safety glasses
*Skin protection:
Full contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Splash contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
*Respiratory protection
Recommended Filter type: Filter type P1
-Control of environmental exposure:
No special precautionary measures necessary.



HANDLING and STORAGE of MOLYBDENUM DISULFIDE:
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
*Storage conditions:
Tightly closed.
Dry.



STABILITY and REACTIVITY of MOLYBDENUM DISULFIDE:
-Reactivity:
No data available
-Chemical stability:
The product is chemically stable under standard ambient conditions (room temperature) .
-Possibility of hazardous reactions:
No data available
-Conditions to avoid:
no information available

Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2) powder is a black solid powder with a metallic luster.
Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2) chemical formula is MoS2.


CAS Number: 1317-33-5
EC Number: 215-172-4
MDL number: MFCD00003470
Chemical formula: MoS2



Molybdenum disulfide, Molybdenum(IV) sulfide, MOLYBDENUM DISULFIDE, Molybdenum(IV) sulfide, 1317-33-5, Molybdenite, Molybdenum disulphide, 1309-56-4,
Molybdenite (MoS2), Molybdenum sulfide (MoS2), bis(sulfanylidene)molybdenum, Pigment Black 34, ZC8B4P503V, MFCD00003470, Molysulfide, Molykote, Motimol,
Nichimoly C, Sumipowder PA, Molykote Z, Molyke R, T-Powder, Moly Powder B, Moly Powder C, Moly Powder PA, Moly Powder PS, Mopol M, Mopol S, Natural molybdenite, 56780-54-2, Molybdenum bisulfide, M 5 (lubricant), Liqui-Moly LM 2, Solvest 390A, DM 1 (sulfide), Liqui-Moly LM 11, MoS2, Molycolloid CF 626, LM 13 (lubricant), MD 40 (lubricant), Molykote Microsize Powder, Molybdenum ores, molybdenite, 863767-83-3, DAG-V 657, HSDB 1660, DAG 206, DAG 325, LM 13,
MD 40, EINECS 215-172-4, EINECS 215-263-9, UNII-ZC8B4P503V, C.I. 77770, disulfidomolybdenum, starbld0007122, [MoS2], Molybdenum(IV) sulfide, powder, CHEBI:30704, MOLYBDENUM DISULFIDE [MI], DTXSID201318098, Molybdenum(IV) sulfide, 95.0%, MOLYBDENUM DISULFIDE [HSDB], AKOS015903590, Henderson molybdenite, NIST RM 8599, Molybdenum disulfide, Crystal, 99.995%, FT-0628966, NS00112647, Molybdenum(IV) sulfide, powder,


Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2) is a component of molybdenite.
Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2) powder is a black solid powder with a metallic luster.
Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2) chemical formula is MoS2.


Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2) melting point is 1185°C.
Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2) density is 4.80g/cm3 (14°C).
Mohs hardness of Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2) is 1.0～1.5.


Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2) starts to decompose at 1370°C and decomposes into metallic molybdenum and sulfur at 1600°C.
Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2) starts to be oxidized when heated at 315°C in the air, and the temperature rises and the oxidation reaction accelerates.
Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2) is insoluble in water, dilute acid and concentrated sulfuric acid.


The chemical formula of Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 is MoS2.
Few-layer Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 is considered to be one of the most attractive materials for next-generation nanoelectronics.
This is due to Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2's silicon-level charge mobility and high current on/off ratio in thin-film transistors.


Compared to monolayer Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 (which needs a deposition of an additional high-k dielectric layer such as HfO2), few-layer MoS2 can be operated on its own.
This makes Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 more appealing for fabricating transistors and other optoelectronic devices.


Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 is an inorganic compound.
Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 is made of molybdenum and sulfur.
Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2) is generally insoluble in other acids, alkalis and organic solvents, but it is soluble in aqua regia and boiling concentrated sulfuric acid.


Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2) is slowly oxidized at 400 ℃ to generate molybdenum trioxide:
2MoS2+ 7 O2→ 2 MoO3 + 4 SO2 can be used to test the generated molybdenum trioxide with ferrotitanium reagent.
Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 is a moderately water and acid-soluble Molybdenum source for uses compatible with sulfates.


Sulfate compounds are salts or esters of sulfuric acid formed by replacing one or both of the hydrogens with a metal.
Most metal sulfate compounds are readily soluble in water for uses such as water treatment, unlike fluorides and oxides which tend to be insoluble.


First, Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2) is treated with sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide solution (the principle is to convert molybdenum trioxide into molybdate), and then the titanium iron reagent solution is added dropwise, which will react with the generated sodium molybdate or potassium molybdate to produce gold Yellow solution.


This method is very sensitive, and trace amounts of molybdate can be detected.
And if there is no molybdenum trioxide generated, the solution will not produce golden yellow, because Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2) does not react with sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide solution.


The chemical formula of Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 is MoS2.
Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 is a two dimensional layered material. Monolayers of transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs)exhibit photoconductivity.
The layers of the TMD can be mechanically or chemicaly exfoliated to form nanosheets.


Moly sulfide can react with chlorine when heated to produce molybdenum pentachloride:
2 MoS2+ 7 Cl2→ 2 MoCl5+ 2 S2Cl2
Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2) and alkyl lithium react under control to form an intercalation compound (interlayer compound) LixMoS2.


If Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2) reacts with butyllithium, the product is LiMoS2.
Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2) has a high content of active sulfur, which is easy to cause corrosion to copper.
Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2) is discussed in many books and papers on lubricant additives.


Organometallic forms are soluble in organic solutions and sometimes in both aqueous and organic solutions.
Metallic ions can also be dispersed utilizing suspended or coated nanoparticles and deposited utilizing sputtering targets and evaporation materials for uses such as solar energy materials and fuel cells.


Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 is generally immediately available in most volumes.
Transition metal dichalcogenides' (TMDCs) is the class of materials and Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 belongs to this class.
The materials in this class have MX2 as their chemical formula.


In MX2, X is a chalcogen (group 16 of the periodic table) and M is a transition metal atom (group 4 to group 12 of the periodic table).
MoS2 is Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2's chemical formula.
Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2, or moly, is an inorganic compound made up of sulfur and molybdenum.


Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2) is a semiconductor which is composed of Mo atoms sandwiched between two layers of hexagonal close packed sulfur atoms in a structure similar to graphene.
Bulk Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2) were first examined as a possible hydrogen evolution reaction electrocatalyst as early as 1977 by Tributsch et al.


Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 naturally occurs in a layered structure which makes it versatile and more effective in a variety of applications.
Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 is often a component of blends and composites where low friction is sought.
Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 is the most famous of the single layer transition metal dichalcogenide (TMD) family.


Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 has been used in bulk for many years as a solid state lubricant, this is due to its low coefficient of friction in addition to its high chemical and thermal stability.
All forms of Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 have a layered structure, in which a plane of molybdenum atoms is sandwiched by planes of sulfide ions.


These three strata form a monolayer of Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2.
Bulk Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 consists of stacked monolayers, which are held together by weak van der Waals interactions.
The chemical formula of Molybdenum Disulfide MoS2 is MoS2.


This allows them to be mechanically separated to form 2-dimensional sheets of Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2.
Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2, also known as moly, is an inorganic metallic compound made of molybdenum and sulfur.
Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 occurs in a natural state as mineral molybdenite (the principal ore of molybdenum) and has a crystal lattice layered structure.


Weak bonds in atoms in different layers and strong bonds connecting atoms in single layers allow the plate to slide over one another.
Similar materials include tungsten disulfide, boron nitride, lead iodide, silver sulfate, mica, and cadmium iodide.
Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 belongs to a class of materials called 'transition metal dichalcogenides' (TMDCs).


The crystal structure of Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 takes the form of a hexagonal plane of S atoms on either side of a hexagonal plane of Mo atoms.
These triple planes stack on top of each other, with strong covalent bonds between the Mo and S atoms, but weak van der Waals forcing holding layers together.


However, Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2) was not until about 20 years later that its potential in the hydrogen evolution reaction was fully unveiled.
This book discusses the synthesis, properties and industrial applications of Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2).
Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2) is an inorganic compound composed of molybdenum and sulfur.


Materials in this class have the chemical formula MX2, where M is a transition metal atom (groups 4-12 in the periodic table) and X is a chalcogen (group 16).
The chemical formula of Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 is MoS2.


The crystal structure of Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 takes the form of a hexagonal plane of S atoms on either side of a hexagonal plane of Mo atoms.
These triple planes stack on top of each other, with strong covalent bonds between the Mo and S atoms, but weak van der Waals forcing holding layers together.


This allows them to be mechanically separated to form 2-dimensional sheets of Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2.
Following on from the huge research interest in graphene, Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 was the next 2-dimensional material to be investigated for potential device applications.


Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2) chemical formula is MoS2.
Like most mineral salts, Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2) has a high melting point but begins to sublime at a relatively low 450ºC.
This property of Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2) is useful for purifying compounds.


Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2, or moly, is an inorganic compound made up of sulfur and molybdenum.
Due to its direct bandgap, Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 has a great advantage over graphene for several applications, including optical sensors and field-effect transistors.


Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 is the main component of molybdenite.
Black solid powder with a metallic luster.
Chemical formula of Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 is MoS₂, melting point 1185℃, density 4.80g/cm³ (14℃)
Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 (MoS2) is one such material which is naturally available in bulk form and can be exfoliated down to monolayers.


Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2) is classified as a transition metal dihalide.
Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2) is a silver-black solid in the form of molybdenite (the main ore of molybdenum).
Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2) is relatively unreactive.


Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2) is not affected by dilute acid and oxygen.
In appearance and feel, Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2) is similar to graphite.
Because of its low friction and robustness, Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2) is widely used as a dry lubricant.


Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 is a sulfide salt.
Molybdenite is a mineral with formula of Mo4+S2-2 or MoS2. The IMA symbol is Mol.
Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 (MoS2) is an inorganic compound belonging to the transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) series with earth abundant, consisting of one Molybdenum atom and two Sulphur atoms.


Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 is an inorganic compound that exists in nature in the mineral molybdenite.
Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2's crystals have a hexagonal layered structure (shown) that is similar to graphite.
Bulk Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2) is a diamagnetic, indirect bandgap semiconductor similar to silicon, with a bandgap of 1.23 eV.


Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2) will be supplied as powder or dispersion, and it has good solubility in water and ethanol.
The dispersion concentration of Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2) with a small diameter in water will be adjustable from 0.1mg- 5 mg/ml.
In 1957, Ronald E. Bell and Robert E. Herfert at the now-defunct Climax Molybdenum Company of Michigan (Ann Arbor) prepared what was then a new rhombohedral crystalline form of MoS2.


Rhombohedral crystals were subsequently discovered in nature.
Like most mineral salts, Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 has a high melting point, but it begins to sublime at a relatively low 450 ºC.
This property of Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 is useful for purifying the compound.


Because of its layered structure, hexagonal Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2, like graphite, is an excellent “dry” lubricant.
Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2) is a silvery black solid which is classified as a metal dichalcogenide.
Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2) looks similar to graphite.


Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2) is dry/solid lubricant powder, also known as the molybdenite (principal ore from which molybdenum metal is extracted), and has the chemical formula MoS2.
In addition to its lubricating properties, Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 is a semiconductor.


Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 is also known that it and other semiconducting transition-metal chalcogenides become superconductors at their surfaces when doped with an electrostatic field.
The mechanism of superconductivity was uncertain until 2018, when Andrea C. Ferrari at the University of Cambridge (UK) and colleagues there and at the


Polytechnic Institute of Turin (Italy) reported that a multivalley Fermi surface is associated with the superconductivity state in MoS2.
The authors believe that “this [Fermi surface] topology will serve as a guideline in the quest for new superconductors.”
Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2) is made using flotation processes and is the product of thermal treatment of molybdenum compounds with hydrogen sulfide or sulfur.


Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2) has a low coefficient of friction and has lubricating properties.
Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 is relatively unreactive.
Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 is unaffected by dilute acids and oxygen.


In appearance and feel, Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 is similar to graphite.
Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 is widely used as a dry lubricant because of its low friction and robustness.
Bulk Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 is a diamagnetic, indirect bandgap semiconductor similar to silicon, with a bandgap of 1.23 eV.


Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 is often a component of blends and composites where low friction is sought.
Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2) is a kind of black powder with a chemical formula of MoS2 and a molecular weight of 160.07.


Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2) is a good solid lubricating material.
Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2) has excellent lubricity for equipment under the conditions of high temperature, low temperature, high load, high speed, chemical corrosion, and modern ultra-vacuum.


Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2) has the advantages of good dispersibility and non-adhesion.
Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2) can be added to various greases to form a colloidal state with no adhesion, which can increase the lubricity and extreme pressure of the grease.


Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 and its cousin tungsten disulfide can be used as surface coatings on machine parts (e.g., in the aerospace industry), in two-stroke engines (the type used for motorcycles), and in gun barrels (to reduce friction between the bullet and the barrel).
Unlike graphite, Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 does not depend on adsorbed water or other vapors for its lubricant properties.


Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 can be used at temperatures as high as 350 ºC in oxidizing environments and up to 1100 ºC in nonoxidizing environments.
Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2's stability makes it useful in high-temperature applications in which oils and greases are not practical.
Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 (or moly) is an inorganic compound composed of molybdenum and sulfur.


Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2's chemical formula is MoS2.
Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 is classified as a transition metal dichalcogenide.
Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 is a silvery black solid that occurs as the mineral molybdenite, the principal ore for molybdenum.


Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2) is also suitable for mechanical working conditions of high temperature, high pressure, high speed, and high load, so as to prolong the life of the equipment.
Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2) is dry/solid lubricant powder, also known as the molybdenite (principal ore from which molybdenum metal is extracted), and has the chemical formula MoS2.


Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2) is insoluble in water and dilute acids.
Crystal structure is Hexagonal Lamellar and is similar to graphite, Boron Nitride and Tungsten Disulfide.
Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2) can also become a new material for making transistors.


Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2) has a band gap of 1.8eV compared to graphene, which is also a two-dimensional material, while graphene has no band gap.
Therefore, Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2) may have a wide application space in the field of nanotransistors.
Moreover, the electron mobility of the single-layer Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2) transistor can reach about 500 cm^2/(V·s), and the current switching rate can reach 1×10^8.


Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2) is a silvery black solid which is classified as a metal dichalcogenide.
Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2) is a member of the transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDC) family.
Due to its natural availability as molybdenite, Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2) is one of the most studied and celebrated TMDCs.


Like graphene, Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2) has a similar two-dimensional layered structure, with each individual layer stacked upon each other to form the bulk single crystal.
Each layer of Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2) is composed of a plane of hexagonally-arranged molybdenum atoms, positioned between two planes of hexagonally-arranged sulfur atoms.


Like graphite, each layer is bound by weak van der Waals forces.
Because of this, Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2) is possible to obtain monolayer to few-layer crystal flakes from a bulk crystal via mechanical exfoliation (using scotch tape).


Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2) has an indirect band-gap of 1.23 eV for bulk single crystal or multi-layer films.
However, single atomic layers have a direct band-gap of 1.9 eV.
Due to its layered structure, Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2) is highly anisotropic with excellent nonlinear optical properties.


As a result of its direct band-gap, single-layer Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2) has received much interest for applications in electronic and optoelectronic devices (such as transistors, photodetectors, photovoltaics and light-emitting diodes).
Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2) is also being explored for applications in photonics, and can be combined with other TMDCs to create advanced heterostructured devices.


Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2) is manufactured via chemical vapour transport (CVT) crystallisation, with purities of over 99.999% achieved.
It can used to create monolayer and few-layer Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2) by mechanical or liquid exfoliation.
Single crystals can also be studied using a range of microscopies (including AFM and TEM).



USES and APPLICATIONS of MOLYBDENUM DISULFIDE (MoS2):
In addition to its lubricity, Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2) is also a semiconductor.
Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2) is also known that when doped with an electrostatic field, it and other semiconductor transition metal chalcogenides become superconductors on its surface.


Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2) and related molybdenum sulfides are efficient catalysts for hydrogen evolution, including the electrolysis of water; thus, are possibly useful to produce hydrogen for use in fuel cells.
As in graphene, the layered structures of Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2) and other transition metal dichalcogenides exhibit electronic and optical properties that can differ from those in bulk.


Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 is used dry lubricant and lubricant additive.
Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 is used as a dry lubricant in, e.g. greases, dispersions, friction materials and bonded coatings.
Molybdenum-sulfur complexes may be used in suspension but more commonly dissolved in lubricating oils at concentrations of a few percent.


Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 is used as additives in lubricating grease, friction materials, plastic, rubber, nylon, PTFE, coating and so on.
Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 is used hydrogenation catalyst.
Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 is one of the most widely used lubricants in space systems.


Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 has unique lubricant properties that distinguish it from most solid lubricants.
Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 has a low coefficient of friction which is inherent, film-forming structure, effective lubricating properties, a robust affinity for metallic surfaces, and very high yield strength.


A combination of Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 and water-soluble sulfides offers both lubrication and corrosion prevention in metal forming materials and cutting fluids.
Similarly, oil-soluble molybdenum-sulfur elements like thiocarbamates and thiophosphates offer engine protection against common wear, corrosion, and oxidation.


Because of the weak van der Waals reactions between the layers of sulfur atoms, Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 has a relatively low coefficient of friction.
Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 is a typical combination of composites and blends that need low friction.
Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 is often used in two-stroke engines; e.g., motorcycle engines.


Bulk Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2) has an indirect bandgap of 1.2 eV, while MoS2 monolayers have a direct 1.8 eV electronic bandgap. supporting switchable transistors and photodetectors.
Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2) also possesses mechanical strength, electrical conductivity, and can emit light, opening possible applications such as photodetectors.


Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 is a common additive that improves the antiseize properties of wheel bearing grease.
Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 has been used for many years as a solid lubricant because of its interesting friction-reducing properties related to its crystalline structure.


Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 is a lamellar compound made of a stacking of S-Mo-S layers .
In each of them, the molybdenum atom is surrounded by six sulfur atoms located at the top of a trigonal prism.
The distance between a molybdenum atom and a sulfur atom is equal to 0.241 nm, whereas the distance between two sulfur atoms from two adjacent layers is equal to 0.349 nm.


This characteristic was often used to explain easy cleavage between the layers and therefore the lubricating properties of Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2.
Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 finds use as a hydrogenation catalyst for organic synthesis.
Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 is derived from a common transition metal, rather than group 10 metal as are many alternatives.


Typical applications of Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 include Fuel cell applications, Vacuum applications, Photonics and photovoltaics, High-temperature applications, Military applications, and Automotive applications like two-stroke engines.
Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 is used as a dry lubricant.


Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 is black in appearance and mostly unreactive with most chemical elements.
Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 is similar to graphite in terms of texture and appearance, and like graphite, it is used in greases for bit lubrication and as a dry lubricant.


Due to the Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2’s geothermal origin, it offers excellent durability to withstand intense pressure and heat.
This is especially true if some amounts of sulfur are present to interact with iron to form a sulfide layer which works with Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 to maintain a lubricating film.


Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2) has been investigated as a component of photoelectrochemical (e.g. for photocatalytic hydrogen production) applications and for microelectronics applications.
Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2) is used to manufacture other molybdenum compounds.


Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2) is used as a solid lubricant and various additives for lubricants.
Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2) is used for water splitting as a catalyst in the electrolysis of water.
Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2) is widely used as a solid lubricant because of its low friction properties and robustness.


Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 is chosen when catalyst price or resistance to sulfur poisoning are of primary concern.
Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 is effective for the hydrogenation of nitro compounds to amines and can be used to produce secondary amines via reductive amination.


The catalyst can also can effect hydrogenolysis of organosulfur compounds, aldehydes, ketones, phenols and carboxylic acids to their respective alkanes.
The catalyst suffers from rather low activity however, often requiring hydrogen pressures above 95 atm and temperatures above 185 °C.
As a result of its direct band-gap, single-layer Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 has received much interest for applications in electronic and optoelectronic devices (such as transistors, photodetectors, photovoltaics and light-emitting diodes).


During the Vietnam War, the Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 product "Dri-Slide" was used to lubricate weapons, although it was supplied from private sources, not the military.
Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2-coatings allow bullets easier passage through the rifle barrel with less deformation and better ballistic accuracy.


Many types of oils and greases are often used since they can preserve their lubricity, thus extending their use to more critical applications like aircraft engines.
Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 can also be added to plastics to create a composite to enhance strength and reduce friction.


Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 coating (consisting of high purity moly powder) is a dry film lubricant used on industrial parts to reduce wear and improve the coefficient of friction.
Applications of Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 coatings include areas requiring an unreactive lubricant that doesn’t trigger reactions when used.


In addition, when the parts made of copper and its alloys need to be lubricated, it is not impossible to use Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2) lubricating products, but also to add copper corrosion inhibitors.
Traditionally, Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2) has been used as a solid lubricant due to its low friction properties and as a hydrodesulfurization catalyst to lower the sulfur content in natural gas and fuels.


Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2) is widely used in the aviation industry (vacuum anti-radiation lubrication), automobile industry (fixtures and components), anti-seize industry ( Machinery industry) (general lubrication), mining industry, military industry, shipbuilding industry, heavy industry, bearing industry, gear industry, and assembly industry, etc.


Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 is also being explored for applications in photonics, and can be combined with other TMDCs to create advanced heterostructured devices.
In addition to serving as the primary natural source of molybdenum, purified Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 is an excellent lubricant when in the form of a dry film, or as an additive to oil or grease.


Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 also is used as a filler in nylons, and as an effective catalyst for hydrogenation-dehydrogenation reactions.
Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 has a wide range of industrial and commercial uses and applications, including lubricants.
Its low reactivity makes it an ideal choice for low-friction materials.


Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 is often used in two-stroke engines; e.g. motorcycle engines.
Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 is also used in CV and universal joints.
Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2-coatings allow bullets easier passage through the rifle barrel causing less barrel fouling allowing the barrel to retain ballistic accuracy much longer.


This resistance to barrel fouling comes at a cost of lower muzzle velocity with the same load due to a decreased chamber pressure.
Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 is applied to bearings in ultra- high vacuum applications up to 10-9 torr (at -226 to 399 °C).
The lubricant is applied by burnishing and the excess is wiped from the bearing surface.


Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 is also used in ski wax to prevent static buildup in dry snow conditions and to add glide when sliding in dirty snow.
Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 is often used in two-stroke engines; e.g., motorcycle engines.
Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 is also used in CV and universal joints.


Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2) is also used as additives for various lubricants, manufacturing molybdenum compounds, catalytic hydrodesulfurization catalysts, gas storage materials, photovoltaic materials, etc.
Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2) is primarily used as a solid lubricant for its low friction properties and robustness.


Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2) also has excellent film forming properties and is an excellent lubricant in moisture free environments below 400° C.
Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2) offers excellent lubricity properties in inert atmospheres and under high vacuum where other conventional lubricants fail.
Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2) also offers extreme pressure lubricant properties.


Furthermore, Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 is considered an effective lubricant because of its low coefficient of friction and chemical inertness.
Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 can also be used as a dry lubricant, meaning it does not require a liquid lubricant.
Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2also able to protect metallic surfaces from corrosion and wear, making it an ideal choice for many industrial applications.


Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 is an important component of extreme pressure (EP) lubricants that offer protection under extreme loadings.
When regular grease is used in high-pressure applications, Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 can be pressed to the extent that the greased surfaces come into physical contact, leading to friction and wear.


Extreme-pressure oils with solid lubricants, such as Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2, can help reduce or avoid these issues.
Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 provides superior lubrication and protection against wear and tear, even in extreme conditions such as high temperatures, pressures, shear, and loads.


Sliding friction tests of Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 using a pin-on-disc tester at low loads (0.1-2 N) give friction coefficient values of <0.1.
A variety of oils and greases are used, because they retain their lubricity even in cases of almost complete oil loss, thus finding a use in critical applications such as aircraft engines.


When added to plastics, Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 forms a composite with improved strength as well as reduced friction.
Polymers that have been flld with Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 include nylon (with the trade name Nylatron), Teflon, and Vespel.
Self-lubricating composite coatings for high-temperature applications have been developed consisting of Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 and titanium nitride by chemical vapor deposition.


Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2) is able to withstand up to 250,000 p.s.i. which makes it extremely effective when used in applications such as cold metal forming.
Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2) is widely used as dry lubricant additive in Grease, Oils, Polymers, Paints and other coatings.


Extreme pressure lubricants also help to improve efficiency and reduce downtime due to reduced friction and wear.
They also help to extend machinery life and cut energy consumption.
Because of its lubricant properties, Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 has many industrial applications, including aerospace, automotive, machine tools, and medical device components.


In the automotive industry, Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2’s used to lubricate engine components and transmissions.
In the aerospace field, Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 is used to lubricate aircraft engines, turbine blades, and other moving parts.
Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 can also help reduce friction in metal parts, boosting the lifespan of machines.


Due to its low density and high lubricity, Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 can also be added to plastics and polymer composites.
Moreover, Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 has good thermal and electrical conductivity, and its chemical inertness makes it an excellent corrosion inhibitor.
Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 few-layer film, with an impressive direct band gap of 1.9 eV in the monolayer regime, has promising potential applications in nanoelectronics, optoelectronics, and flexible devices.


Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 few-layer films can also be made into heterostructures for energy conversation and storage devices, and used as a catalyst for hydrogen revolution reactions (HER).
Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 few-layer film can be used in research purposes such as microscopic analysis, photoluminescence and Raman spectroscopy studies.


Few-layer Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 film can also be transferred to other substrates.
Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 with particle sizes in the range of 1-100 μm is a common dry lubricant.
Few alternatives exist that can confer the high lubricity and stability up to 350 °C in oxidizing environments.


In addition to its lubricity, Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2) is also a semiconductor.
Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2) is widely used as a high-performance lubricant.
Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2) can be used as a friction modifier (friction reducer), anti-wear agent, extreme pressure agent, and antioxidant.


-Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2) is an important solid lubricant, especially suitable for high temperature and high pressure.
Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2) also has diamagnetic, can be used as a linear photoconductor and display p-type or n-type conductivity of semiconductors, with the role of rectification and energy conversion.
Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2) can also be used as a catalyst for the dehydrogenation of complex hydrocarbons.


-Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 is used as a Lubricant:
Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 has an extremely high melting point, just like most other mineral salts.
Because of its layered, hexagonal structure, Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2, like graphite, is commonly used as a solid lubricant.


-Lubricant uses of Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2:
Due to weak van der Waals interactions between the sheets of sulfide atoms, Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 has a low coefficient of friction.
Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 in particle sizes in the range of 1–100 µm is a common dry lubricant.

Few alternatives exist that confer high lubricity and stability at up to 350 °C in oxidizing environments.
Sliding friction tests of Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 using a pin on disc tester at low loads (0.1–2 N) give friction coefficient values of <0.1.
Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 is often a component of blends and composites that require low friction.

For example, Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 is added to graphite to improve sticking.
A variety of oils and greases are used, because they retain their lubricity even in cases of almost complete oil loss, thus finding use in critical applications such as aircraft engines.

When added to plastics, Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 forms a composite with improved strength as well as reduced friction.
Polymers that may be filled with Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 include nylon (trade name Nylatron), Teflon and Vespel.
Self-lubricating composite coatings for high-temperature applications consist of Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 and titanium nitride, using chemical vapor deposition.

Examples of applications of Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2-based lubricants include two-stroke engines (such as motorcycle engines), bicycle coaster brakes, automotive CV and universal joints, ski waxes and bullets.

Other layered inorganic materials that exhibit lubricating properties (collectively known as solid lubricants (or dry lubricants)) includes graphite, which requires volatile additives and hexagonal boron nitride.


-Catalysis uses of Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2:
Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 is employed as a cocatalyst for desulfurization in petrochemistry, for example, hydrodesulfurization.
The effectiveness of the Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 catalysts is enhanced by doping with small amounts of cobalt or nickel.

The intimate mixture of these sulfides is supported on alumina.
Such catalysts are generated in situ by treating molybdate/cobalt or nickel-impregnated alumina with H2S or an equivalent reagent.
Catalysis does not occur at the regular sheet-like regions of the crystallites, but instead at the edge of these planes.


-Electronic applications of Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2:
Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 has many promising peculiarities and one of them is that its bandgap has a non-zero value as compared to graphene.
Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 acts as a semiconductor and due to its conductivity that can be altered, MoS2 is both efficient and effective for electronic and logic devices.

Moreover, the indirect bandgap is contained by Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2's bulk form which is then transformed at the nanoscale into a direct bandgap, suggesting that MoS2's single layer found application in the optoelectronic devices.
Low power electronic devices and short channel FETs are also a possibility by Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 because of its 2-dimensional structure as it gives us control over the material's electrostatic nature.


-Field-effect transistors uses of Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2:
The most latest electronic devices have field-effect transistors as their most elementary part.
Semiconductor technology has evolved over time.

Lithography can particularly lessen the sizes of the transistor in the range of a few nanometres.
Their channel size is below 14 nm as compared to many advantages like cost reduction, low power consumption, and fast switching.
Quantum mechanical tunneling takes place between the source electrodes and the drain due to the Joule heating effect.

For avoiding short channel effects and producing nano-sized devices, exploring thinner channel materials and thinner gate oxides materials is very important.
The monolayer of Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 is a suitable material for switching nanodevices as it possesses a direct bandgap of 1.8 eV which is appreciable.


-Switchable transistor uses of Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2:
A switchable transistor based on Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2's monolayer was displayed firstly by Radisavljevic.
A semiconducting channel with 6.5 A˚ of thickness is contained by this device and a 30 nm thick layer of HfO2 is used to deposit this device on SiO2 substrate as it has been utilized for covering it and also working as a top-gated dielectric layer.

The current on/off ratio is displayed by this device at 108 room temperature.
Off-state current, for instance, the subthreshold slope of 74 mV/dec, and 100 fA is exhibited by this device.
According to this work, Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 has promising potential in flexible and transparent electronics, and that MoS2 is a good alternative for low standby power integrated circuits.


-Solar cells uses of Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2:
Monolayer Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 has visible optical absorption that is an order of magnitude greater than silicon, making it a promising solar cell material.
When combined with monolayer WS2 or graphene, power conversion efficiencies of ~1% have been recorded.

While these efficiencies appear low, the active area of such devices only has a thickness of ~1 nanometer (compared to 100’s of micrometers for silicon cells), corresponding therefore to a 104 times increase in power density.
A type-II heterojunction cell consisting of CVD grown monolayer Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 and p-doped silicon has shown a PCE of over 5%.


-Chemical sensors uses of Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2:
The photoluminescence (PL) intensity of monolayer Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 has been shown to be highly dependent on physical adsorption of water and oxygen onto its surface.
Electron transfer from the n-type monolayer to gas molecules stabilises excitons and increases the PL intensity by up to 100 times.

Other studies based on the electrical properties of FET structures have shown that monolayer based sensors are unstable when detecting NO, NO2, NH3 and humidity, but operation can be stabilised by using few-layers.
Sensitivities of

-Supercapacitor electrodes use Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2:
The most common crystal structure of Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 is semiconducting, which limits its viability for use as an electrode. However, Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 can also form a 1T crystal structure which is 107 more conductive than the 2H structure.
Stacked 1T monolayers acting as electrodes in various electrolytic cells showed higher power and energy densities than graphene-based electrodes.


-Gas sensors uses of Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2:
Right now, it is very much important to trace noxious gases and pollutants, for instance, sulfur dioxide (SO2), hydrogen sulfide (H2S), carbon dioxide (CO2), ammonia (NH3), and nitrogen oxide (NOx).
Environment, quality of air, and noxious gas are monitored by a way known as gas sensing.

Resistance dependence, field-effect transistor, chemiresistive, Schottky diode optical fibers, etc. and other various semiconductor gas sensors are used for gas sensing but because of their low cost of production and easy operation, the resistivity based gas sensors are the most appreciable one


-Evolution of Graphene and 2D Materials uses of Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2:
Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 is because of their promising characteristics like high sensitivity, selectivity, large surface to mass ratio, and low noise, that the evolution of 2-dimensional materials and graphene helps in the research of gas sensors.

Observations were being made on the sensors' sensing behavior at different concentrations and various temperatures.
With a 4.6 ppb of detection limit, great sensitivity is showed by this sensor at 60 degrees Celsius temperature.
Complete recovery/fast response is showed by the sensor.


-Valleytronic devices uses of Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2:
While still a technology in Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2's infancy, there have been some early demonstrations of devices that operate on the principles of valleytronics.
Examples include a bi-layer Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 transistor with gate-tunable valley Hall effect and valley polarised light emitting devices


-Field-effect transistors uses of Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2:
The large direct bandgap and relatively high carrier mobility in Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 make it an obvious choice for FETs.
Early experiments on single-layer Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 transistors showed great promise, with recorded mobilities of 200 cm2V-1s-1 and an on/off ratio of ~108.

It has been suggested that such devices may outperform silicon-based FETs in several key metrics, such as power efficiency and on/off ratio.
However, they tend to show only n-type characteristics.
Much effort has been applied to refining FETs through reducing substrate interactions, improving electrical injection and realising ambipolar transport.


-Photodetectors uses of Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2:
The bandgap properties of Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 also lend themselves to optoelectronic applications.
A device fabricated from an exfoliated flake with sensitivity 880 AW-1 and broadband photoresponse (400-680nm) was first demonstrated 5 years ago.
By combining with graphene into a monolayer heterostructure, sensitivity has been enhanced by a factor of 104.


-Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2) is also known as the "king of solid lubricating oil".
Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2) has the advantages of good dispersity and non-bonding.
Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2) can be added in all kinds of grease to form a non-bonding colloidal state and increase the lubricity and extreme pressure of grease.
Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2) is also suitable for high temperature, high pressure, high speed and high load of mechanical working state, prolong the life of equipment.


-Solid lubricants uses of Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2:
When the liquid lubricants fail the requirements of the needed applications, then solid lubricants are used.
Oils, greases, and other liquid lubricants are not utilized in various applications because of their weight, sealing problems, and environmental conditions.

However, on the other side, as compared to systems that are based on grease lubrication, solid lubricants have less weight and are cheap.
In high vacuum conditions, the liquid lubricants cant work thus causing the device to be unfit as in these conditions, lubricants also get evaporated.
Decomposition or oxidization of liquid lubricants takes place at high-temperature conditions.
At cryogenic temperatures, liquid lubricants get viscous or solidify and are incapable of flowing.


-Nanostructures uses of Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2:
Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 Nanostructures that possess a 2D nature have been used for biosensing based on the electrochemical phenomenon.
There has been an extensive exploration of the Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2's sheets in the form of electrode materials in biosensors.

Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 nanosheets display strong fluorescence in the visible range because of their direct bandgap, which makes Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 a suitable and appropriate candidate for optical biosensors.

Optical biosensors are cost-efficient. 1-D Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 displays promising electrical characteristics and is analog to carbon nanotubes (CNTs).
One of the efficient and effective candidates for biosensors is the electrochemical sensors that are based on carbon nanotubes.


-FET based biosensors uses of Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2:
Many researchers are fascinated by FET-based biosensors.
A drain and two electrodes source are mainly contained by the FET and they electrically associate with each other via a channel that's based on the semiconductor material.

The current that's flowing through the channel between the drain and the source is controlled by the third electrode, the gate that's coupled with a dielectric layer.

Biomolecules that create an electrostatic effect are captured by the functionalized channel and are then converted into an observable signal in the form of
FET devices' electrical properties.
How the characteristics of the devices perform, depends on the gate's biasing strategy.


-Liquid lubricants uses of Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2:
When under the effect of radiation environment conditions and corrosive gas, the liquid lubricants start to decay.
Dust or other contaminants are easily taken by the liquid lubricants where the major problem is contamination.

The components that are associated with the liquid lubricants are very heavy so handling them in applications where there is a requirement of long storage, is difficult.
Thus, these problems are effectively dealt with by solid lubricants.

In all aspects, liquid lubricants fail when it comes to space mechanisms.
Antennas, rovers, telescopes, vehicles, and satellites, etc., are involved in the space moving systems.
In strict environmental conditions, these systems function for a longer period of time with little service.
In such environmental conditions, the promising choice is the solid lubricants, Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 specifically.


-In graphite contrast uses of Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2:
Unlike graphite, Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 doesn’t need the water’s vapor pressure to exhibit lubrication.
Slip rings, gears, ball bearings, and pointing and releasing mechanisms, etc. are the components in the space applications that are dependent on Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 lubrication.

Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2's lubricity declines over the effect of a humid environment exhibit a major challenge to its implementation in various terrestrial applications.
Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2's sputtering with Ti involves the improvement of MoS2's mechanical characteristics and it also protects MoS2 against humidity.
This improvement in Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2's mechanical characteristics is significant for dry machining operations.


-Biosensors uses of Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2:
Serious health issues have significantly affected the lifestyle of the human.
Significant effects lead to the increase in the importance of finding new ways and techniques that can observe different and numerous factors that are causing those effects and diseases.

A significant and major role is played by the evolution of biosensors in this point of view.
There has also been the utilization of biosensing in some elementary ways for efficiently observing the disease-causing factors.
Sensitivity and selectivity are the two factors on which the quality of the biosensors depends.
The research is being done at a large scale for engineering the sensor matrices for the enhancement of the selectivity and sensitivity of the biosensors.



STRUCTURE AND HYDROGEN BONDING OF MOLYBDENUM DISULFIDE (MOS2:
Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 belongs to a class of materials called 'transition metal dichalcogenides' (TMDCs).
Materials in this class have the chemical formula MX2, where M is a transition metal atom (groups 4-12 in the periodic table) and X is a chalcogen (group 16).



SYNTHESIS OF MOLYBDENUM DISULFIDE (MOS2:
High quality Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 few-layer films were grown directly on the substrates (SiO2/Si and Sapphire) by chemical vapour deposition (CVD) method.
The films were later transferred to the desired substrates using wet chemical transfer process.



PROPERTIES OF MOLYBDENUM DISULFIDE (MOS2:
*Bulk properties:
Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 occurs naturally as the mineral 'molybdenite'. In its bulk form, it appears as a dark, shiny solid.
The weak interlayer interactions allow sheets to easily slide over one another, so Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 is often used as a lubricant.

Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 can also be used as an alternative to graphite in high-vacuum applications, but it does have a lower maximum operating temperature than graphite.
Bulk Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 is a semiconductor with an indirect bandgap of ~1.2eV, and is therefore of limited interest to the optoelectronics industry.


*Optical and electrical properties:
Individual layers of Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 have radically different properties compared to the bulk.

Removing interlayer interactions and confining electrons into a single plane results in the formation of a direct bandgap with an increased energy of ~1.89eV (visible red).
A single monolayer of Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 can absorb 10% of incident light with energy above the bandgap.

When compared to a bulk crystal, a 1000-fold increase in photoluminescence intensity is observed, but Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 remains relatively weak - with a photoluminescence quantum yield of about 0.4%.
However, this can be dramatically increased (to over 95%) by removing defects that are responsible for non-radiative recombination.

The bandgap can be tuned by introducing strain into the structure.
A 300 meV increase in bandgap per 1% biaxial compressive strain applied to trilayer Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 has been observed.
The application of a vertical electric field has also been suggested as a method of reducing the bandgap in 2D TMDCs - potentially to zero, thereby switching the structure from semiconducting to metallic.

Photoluminescence spectra of Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 monolayers show two excitonic peaks: one at ~1.92eV (the A exciton), and the other at ~2.08eV (the B exciton).
These are attributed to the valence band splitting at the K-point (in the Brillouin zone) due to spin-orbit coupling, allowing for two optically active transitions.

The binding energy of the excitons is >500meV.
Hence, they are stable up to high temperatures.

Injecting excess electrons into Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 (by either electrical or chemical doping) can cause the formation of trions (charged excitons), which consist of two electrons and one hole.
They appear as peaks in the absorption and PL spectra, red-shifted by ~40meV with respect to the A exciton peak (tunable through doping concentration).

While the binding energy of trions is much lower than that of the excitons (at approximately 20meV), they have a non-negligible contribution to the optical properties of Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 films at room temperature.

Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 monolayer transistors generally display n-type behaviour, with carrier mobilities approximately 350cm2V-1s-1 (or ~500 times lower than graphene).
However, when fabricated into field-effect transistors, they can display massive on/off ratios of 108, making them attractive for high-efficiency switching and logic circuits.



MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF MOLYBDENUM DISULFIDE (MOS2:
It is shown that when bent to a 0.75 mm radius of curvature, thin-film FETs retain their electronic characteristics, proving that the Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 monolayers are flexible.

Their stiffness is the same as the steel, and they also have a higher breaking strength as compared to the breaking strength of flexible plastics like polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and polyimide (PI), leaving them specifically suitable and appropriate for flexible electronics.
As compared to graphene's thermal conductivity, the thermal conductivity of Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 monolayers is around 100 times less at around 35 Wm-1K-1.


*Valleytronics:
A route to technologies beyond electronics is offered by the Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 and other 2-dimensional TMDCs, where degrees of freedom can be used for storing information or/and processing.

Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2’s electronic bandstructure exhibits the valence band's energy maxima, and conduction band's minima at Brillouin zone's both K and K' (often called -K) points.
The same energy gap is possessed by these two discrete 'valleys' but when Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 comes to position, they are discrete in the momentum space.


*Optical transitions:
Angular momentum changes of -1 for the K’ point and +1 for the K-point need the optical transitions in these valleys.
Therefore, it is possible for excitons to be selectively excited into a valley with circularly polarised light - with excitons in the K’ region being excited by left-handed (σ-) polarized light and excitons in the K valley being excited by the right-handed (σ+) polarised light.


*Emission of light:
Conversely, light that will emit from exciton recombination in the K’ valley will be σ- polarised, and light that will emit from exciton recombination in the K valley will be σ+ polarised.
Valley pseudospin, which is a degree of freedom, is represented by these valleys as they can be addressed independently, and valley pseudospin can also be utilized in valleytronic devices.


*Spin-orbit valence band:
Moreover, for each of the valleys, opposite signs of spin are possessed by the spin-orbit split valence band at the K' and K points.
For instance, a spin-down hole and a spin-up electron make up an A-exciton in the K valley, and a spin-up hole and spin-down electron make up a K valley B-exciton.
The constituent charge carriers for B and A excitons in the K’ valley have the opposite spin.


*Promising Characteristics:
Excellent electrochemical characteristics, luminescence characteristics, and semiconducting characteristics are displayed by Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 as a remarkable probe for biosensing for observing several analytes.

A zero dimension, which is also called inorganic fullerenes, is displayed by the Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 quantum dots, and their size is in less than 10 nm of range.

Promising electric and catalytic characteristics are contained by Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 quantum dots.
High photoluminescence at specific wavelengths is exhibited by Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 quantum dots due to the quantum confinement effect, and those wavelengths make MoS2 efficient and effective for optical biosensing based on the fluorimetric method.



PROCESSING OF MONOLAYER MOLYBDENUM DISULFIDE (MOS2:
Various techniques have been utilized for the preparation of Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2’s monolayer films.
Here we have mentioned the most common techniques and a brief review of them.


*Mechanical Exfoliation:
Mechanical exfoliation is also called the ‘Scotch-tape method’, and it was utilized for the first time for isolating the layers of graphene.
If you apply a sticky tape on a bulk crystal sample, it will lead to thin layers of crystal sticking to the tape once you peel the sticky tape off and it is because of its greater mutual adhesion as compared to the interlayer adhesion.


*Sticking and peeling process:
Until the production of single monolayers, this sticking-and-peeling process repeats again and again.
Then, the single monolayers can be transferred on a substrate, for instance through a PDMS stamp.

This process forms crystalline monolayers of high quality that are capable of being more than 10's of microns in size, even though this process is with a low monolayer yield.
When it comes to TMDC research, this is the most preferred method of processing, despite the method being 'low-tech'.


*Solvent exfoliation:
Sonication of bulk crystals takes place in an organic solvent, breaking them down into thin layers.
A distribution is obtained in the thickness and size of the layers, and a surfactant is also obtained which usually is added for stopping the restacking of the layers.

This method has a low monolayer yield and a high thin-film yield.
The sizes of the flakes are on a 100 nm of scale, making the flakes look small.


*Intercalation:
Monolayers long Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2’s intercalation is classed as a form of solvent exfoliation at times.
In 1986, Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 was demonstrated for the first time.

A solution that functions as a lithium ions’ source (n-butyllithium commonly, which is dissolved in hexane) has bulk crystals placed in Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2, and those bulk crystals are diffusing between the layers of the crystal.
The addition of water is the next step and then the water forms an interaction with the lithium ions for producing hydrogen, which pushes the layers apart.


*Careful Control:
Careful control should be done over the parameters of an experiment for obtaining a high monolayer yield in this method.
Less needed metallic 1T structure is possessed by the resulting layers instead of thesemiconducting 2H structure.
However, potential applications are observed for the 1T structure in the supercapacitor electrodes.
Thermal annealing can be used to convert the 1T structure to the 2H.


*Vapour Deposition:
Mechanical exfoliation is not a scalable technique however it can give high crystalline monolayers.
A reliable and good large-scale method is needed to produced high-quality films if 2-dimensional materials are supposed to find applications in the field of optoelectronics.

Vapour deposition is one of the methods with such potential and that's why it is studied in depth.
A chemical reaction is involved in the chemical vapor deposition for converting s precursor to the final Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2.
MoO3 is commonly annealed at a high temperature of 1000 degrees celsius for the production of the Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 films in sulfur's presence.


*Other Precursors:
Ammonium thiomolybdate and molybdenum metal are the other precursors, and dip coating and e-beam evaporation are used to deposit these before they convert into a furnace.
In comparison with those that are made from the exfoliated layers, very low mobility is possessed by the FETs that are made from vapor-grown films.
Moreover, the quality, thickness, and size (generally 10’s nm to few microns), of the substrates and films choice.



NEW AND FUTURE APPLICATIONS OF MOLYBDENUM DISULFIDE (MoS2):
Since the discovery of single-layer graphene in 2004, the field of 2D materials has seen several new classes of materials emerge.
One of these is transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs).
These materials are comprised of one of the transition metals bound with one of the elements in Group 16.

However, oxides are typically not classed as dichalcogenides.
Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2) is currently the most studied member of the TMD family.

Similar to graphite, when Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2) transitions from a bulk structure to a single layer structure the properties of this material undergo a significant change.
The layers of the TMD can be mechanically or chemically exfoliated to form nanosheets.

The most striking change that occurs when transitioning from bulk to single layer is the shift in the optoelectronic properties, with the material changing from being an indirect bandgap semiconductor with a bandgap value of approximately 1.3 eV to a direct bandgap semiconductor with a bandgap value of approximately 1.9 eV.

Due to the presence of a bandgap in this material there are significantly more uses for Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2) in comparison to other 2d materials such as graphene.

Some areas in which Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2) has already been applied include high on/off ratio field effect transistors due to low leakage currents, memresistors based on layered TMD films, controllable spin and valley polarization, geometric confinement of excitons, tuneable photoluminescence, the electrolysis of water, and photovoltaics/photodetectors.



FUNCTION OF MOLYBDENUM DISULFIDE (MoS2):
The main function of Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2) for friction materials is to reduce friction at low temperature, increase friction at high temperature, small loss of combustion, volatile in friction materials.

*Friction reduction:
The particle size of Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2) produced by supersonic airflow grinding reaches 1250-12000 mesh, the hardness of micro particles is 1-1.5, and the friction coefficient is 0.05-0.1, so it can play a role in friction reduction.

*Increasing friction:
Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2) does not conduct electricity, and there are copolymers of molybdenum disulfide, molybdenum trioxide and molybdenum trisulfide.
When the temperature of the friction material increases sharply due to friction, the molybdenum trioxide particles in the copolymer expand with increasing temperature, which increases the friction.

*Anti-oxidation:
Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2) is obtained through chemical purification and comprehensive reaction, its PH value is 7-8, slightly alkaline.
Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2) covers the surface of friction materials, can protect other materials, prevent them from being oxidized, especially make other materials not easy to fall off, adhesion enhancement.



RELATED COMPOUNDS OF MOLYBDENUM DISULFIDE (MOS2:
-Other anions:
*Molybdenum(IV) oxide
*Molybdenum diselenide
*Molybdenum ditelluride



PROPERTIES OF MOLYBDENUM DISULFIDE (MOS2:
Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 has a high melting point and low thermal expansion, which makes it suitable for high-temperature applications, such as furnaces and engines.
Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 has a high electrical conductivity and is often used in electrical components, such as transistors and electromagnets.
Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 is highly resistant to oxidation and corrosion, making it an effective lubricant for high-humidity and salt-water environments.



PRODUCTION OF MOLYBDENUM DISULFIDE (MOS2:
Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 is naturally found as either molybdenite, a crystalline mineral, or jordisite, a rare low temperature form of molybdenite.
Molybdenite ore is processed by flotation to give relatively pure Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2.

The main contaminant is carbon.
Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 also arises by thermal treatment of virtually all molybdenum compounds with hydrogen sulfide or elemental sulfur and can be produced by metathesis reactions from molybdenum pentachloride.



ABOUT MOLYBDENUM DISULFIDE (MOS2 POWDER:
Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 is an inorganic compound composed of molybdenum and sulfur.
Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 chemical formula is MoS2.
Like most mineral salts, Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 has a high melting point but begins to sublime at a relatively low 450ºC.

This property is useful for purifying compounds.
Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 is classified as a transition metal dihalide.
Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 is a silver-black solid in the form of molybdenite (the main ore of molybdenum).

Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 is relatively unreactive.
Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 is not affected by dilute acid and oxygen.
In appearance and feel, Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 is similar to graphite.

Because of its low friction and robustness, Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 is widely used as a dry lubricant.
Bulk Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 is a diamagnetic, indirect bandgap semiconductor similar to silicon, with a bandgap of 1.23 eV.

In addition to its lubricity, Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 is also a semiconductor.
Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 is also known that when doped with an electrostatic field, it and other semiconductor transition metal chalcogenides become superconductors on its surface.

Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 and related molybdenum sulfides are efficient catalysts for hydrogen evolution, including the electrolysis of water; thus, are possibly useful to produce hydrogen for use in fuel cells.

As in graphene, the layered structures of Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 and other transition metal dichalcogenides exhibit electronic and optical properties that can differ from those in bulk.
Bulk Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 has an indirect bandgap of 1.2 eV, while MoS2 monolayers have a direct 1.8 eV electronic bandgap. supporting switchable transistors and photodetectors.

The sensitivity of a graphene field-effect transistor (FET) biosensor is fundamentally restricted by the zero band gap of graphene, which results in increased leakage and reduced sensitivity.

In digital electronics, transistors control current flow throughout an integrated circuit and allow for amplification and switching.
In biosensing, the physical gate is removed and the binding between embedded receptor molecules and the charged target biomolecules to which they are exposed modulates the current.

Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 also possesses mechanical strength, electrical conductivity, and can emit light, opening possible applications such as photodetectors.
Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 has been investigated as a component of photoelectrochemical (e.g. for photocatalytic hydrogen production) applications and for microelectronics applications.

Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 Solubility:
Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 is decomposed by aqua regie, hot sulfuric acid, nitric acid, insoluble in dilute acid and water



HOW IS MOLYBDENUM DISULFIDE (MOS2 PRODUCED?
Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 is naturally found as molybdenite (a crystalline mineral) or pyroxene (a rare low-temperature form of molybdenite).
The molybdenite is processed by flotation to obtain relatively pure Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2.
The main pollutant is carbon.
Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 can also be produced by heat treatment of almost all molybdenum compounds with hydrogen sulfide or elemental sulfur and can be produced by the metathesis reaction of molybdenum pentachloride.



ADVANCED SOLID LUBRICANTS OF MOLYBDENUM DISULFIDE (MOS2:
Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 is widely used in advanced solid lubricants due to its unique layered structure and excellent physical properties.
Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 maintains excellent lubricating properties at high temperatures and pressures.



CATALYST OF MOLYBDENUM DISULFIDE (MOS2:
Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 has electrical conductivity similar to that of metallic semiconductor materials and can be used as a highly efficient electrocatalyst for many different catalytic reactions such as hydrolysis.
In addition, Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 can be used with precious metals as a Pd-MoS2 catalyst with excellent catalytic activity and stability.



COMPOSITES OF MOLYBDENUM DISULFIDE (MOS2:
The micro- and nanostructures of Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 can be used to reinforce high-performance composites and to prepare high-performance materials such as transistors and integrated circuits.



FRICTION MATERIALS OF MOLYBDENUM DISULFIDE (MOS2:
Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 can be used in friction materials to provide friction reduction and friction enhancement, as well as an anti-oxidation effect.
Optical conductors and semiconductors displaying P- or N-type conductivity properties:
Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 has excellent electrical conductivity and physicochemical properties and can be used as a photoconductor and semiconductor material.



STORAGE CONDITION OF MOLYBDENUM DISULFIDE (MOS2:
Damp reunion will affect MoS2 powder dispersion performance and using effects, therefore, Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 powder should be sealed in vacuum packing and stored in cool and dry room, the it can not be exposure to air.
In addition, the Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 should be avoided under stress.



RESEARCH OF MOLYBDENUM DISULFIDE (MOS2:
Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 plays an important role in condensed matter physics research.

*Hydrogen evolution:
Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 and related molybdenum sulfides are efficient catalysts for hydrogen evolution, including the electrolysis of water; thus, are possibly useful to produce hydrogen for use in fuel cells.


*Oxygen reduction and evolution:
Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2@Fe-N-C core/shell nanosphere with atomic Fe-doped surface and interface (MoS2/Fe-N-C) can be used as a used an electrocatalyst for oxygen reduction and evolution reactions (ORR and OER) bifunctionally because of reduced energy barrier due to Fe-N4 dopants and unique nature of MoS2/Fe-N-C interface.


*Microelectronics:
As in graphene, the layered structures of Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 and other transition metal dichalcogenides exhibit electronic and optical properties that can differ from those in bulk.

Bulk Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 has an indirect band gap of 1.2 eV, while MoS2 monolayers have a direct 1.8 eV electronic bandgap, supporting switchable transistors and photodetectors.

Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 nanoflakes can be used for solution-processed fabrication of layered memristive and memcapacitive devices through engineering a MoOx/MoS2 heterostructure sandwiched between silver electrodes.
Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2-based memristors are mechanically flexible, optically transparent and can be produced at low cost.

The sensitivity of a graphene field-effect transistor (FET) biosensor is fundamentally restricted by the zero band gap of graphene, which results in increased leakage and reduced sensitivity.
In digital electronics, transistors control current flow throughout an integrated circuit and allow for amplification and switching.

In biosensing, the physical gate is removed and the binding between embedded receptor molecules and the charged target biomolecules to which they are exposed modulates the current.

Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 has been investigated as a component of flexible circuits.
In 2017, a 115-transistor, 1-bit microprocessor implementation was fabricated using two-dimensional Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2.
Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 has been used to create 2D 2-terminal memristors and 3-terminal memtransistors.


*Valleytronics:
Due to the lack of spatial inversion symmetry, odd-layer Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 is a promising material for valleytronics because both the CBM and VBM have two energy-degenerate valleys at the corners of the first Brillouin zone, providing an exciting opportunity to store the information of 0s and 1s at different discrete values of the crystal momentum.

The Berry curvature is even under spatial inversion (P) and odd under time reversal (T), the valley Hall effect cannot survive when both P and T symmetries are present.
To excite valley Hall effect in specific valleys, circularly polarized lights were used for breaking the T symmetry in atomically thin transition-metal dichalcogenides.

In monolayer Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2, the T and mirror symmetries lock the spin and valley indices of the sub-bands split by the spin-orbit couplings, both of which are flipped under T; the spin conservation suppresses the inter-valley scattering.
Therefore, monolayer Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 have been deemed an ideal platform for realizing intrinsic valley Hall effect without extrinsic symmetry breaking.


*Photonics and photovoltaics:
Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 also possesses mechanical strength, electrical conductivity, and can emit light, opening possible applications such as photodetectors.
Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 has been investigated as a component of photoelectrochemical (e.g. for photocatalytic hydrogen production) applications and for microelectronics applications.


*Superconductivity of monolayers:
Under an electric field Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 monolayers have been found to superconduct at temperatures below 9.4 K



FEATURES OF MOLYBDENUM DISULFIDE (MoS2):
*Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2) is shiny dark gray powder which has very good chemical stability and thermal stability.
Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2) is dissolved in aqua regia and concentrated sulfuric acid, insoluble in water and dilute acid; No general chemical reaction with metal surface; Not erode the rubber material;
*Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2) can be used for processing and storage of spare parts; Maintenance lubrication adhesion; can form a highly efficient dry lubricating film; Is less wear and friction reduction technology.



STRUCTURE AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF MOLYBDENUM DISULFIDE (MOS2:
*Crystalline phases:
All forms of Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 have a layered structure, in which a plane of molybdenum atoms is sandwiched by planes of sulfide ions.
These three strata form a monolayer of Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2.

Bulk Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 consists of stacked monolayers, which are held together by weak van der Waals interactions.
Crystalline Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 exists in one of two phases, 2H-MoS2 and 3R-MoS2, where the "H" and the "R" indicate hexagonal and rhombohedral symmetry, respectively.

In both of these structures, each molybdenum atom exists at the center of a trigonal prismatic coordination sphere and is covalently bonded to six sulfide ions.
Each sulfur atom has pyramidal coordination and is bonded to three molybdenum atoms.
Both the 2H- and 3R-phases are semiconducting.

A third, metastable crystalline phase known as 1T-MoS2 was discovered by intercalating 2H-MoS2 with alkali metals.
This phase has trigonal symmetry and is metallic.
The 1T-phase can be stabilized through doping with electron donors such as rhenium or converted back to the 2H-phase by microwave radiation.
The 2H/1T-phase transition can be controlled via the incorporation of S vacancies.

*Allotropes:
Nanotube-like and buckyball-like molecules composed of Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 are known.



EXFOLIATED MOLYBDENUM DISULFIDE (MOS2 FLAKES:
While bulk Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 in the 2H-phase is known to be an indirect-band gap semiconductor, monolayer MoS2 has a direct band gap.
The layer-dependent optoelectronic properties of Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 have promoted much research in 2-dimensional MoS2-based devices.
2D Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 can be produced by exfoliating bulk crystals to produce single-layer to few-layer flakes either through a dry, micromechanical process or through solution processing.

Micromechanical exfoliation, also pragmatically called "Scotch-tape exfoliation", involves using an adhesive material to repeatedly peel apart a layered crystal by overcoming the van der Waals forces.
The crystal flakes of Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 can then be transferred from the adhesive film to a substrate.

This facile method was first used by Konstantin Novoselov and Andre Geim to obtain graphene from graphite crystals.
However, it can not be employed for a uniform 1-D layers because of weaker adhesion of Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 to the substrate (either Si, glass or quartz); the aforementioned scheme is good for graphene only.

While Scotch tape is generally used as the adhesive tape, PDMS stamps can also satisfactorily cleave Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 if it is important to avoid contaminating the flakes with residual adhesive.

Liquid-phase exfoliation can also be used to produce monolayer to multi-layer Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 in solution.
A few methods include lithium intercalation to delaminate the layers and sonication in a high-surface tension solvent.



MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF MOLYBDENUM DISULFIDE (MOS2:
Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 monolayers are flexible, and thin-film FETs have been shown to retain their electronic properties when bent to a 0.75mm radius of curvature.

They have a stiffness comparable to steel, and a higher breaking strength than flexible plastics (such as polyimide(PI) and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), making them particularly suitable for flexible electronics.
At around 35Wm-1K-1, the thermal conductivity of Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 monolayers is ~100 times lower than that of graphene .


*Valleytronics:
Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 and other 2D TMDCs may offer a route to technologies beyond electronics, where degrees of freedom (other than charge) can be utilised for information storage and/or processing.

The electronic bandstructure of Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 displays energy maxima of the valence band, and minima of the conduction band at both the K and K’ (often called -K) points of the Brillouin zone.
These two discrete ‘valleys’ have the same energy gap but are discrete in position in momentum space.

The optical transitions in these valleys require angular momentum changes of +1 for the K-point, and -1 for the K’ point.
Hence, excitons can be selectively excited into a valley with circularly polarised light - with right-handed (σ+) polarised light exciting excitons in the K valley, and left-handed (σ-) polarised light exciting excitons in the K’ valley.

Conversely, light emitted from exciton recombination in the K valley will be σ+ polarised, and light emitted from exciton recombination in the K’ valley will be σ- polarised.
Since these valleys can be independently addressed, they represent a degree of freedom called 'valley pseudospin' that could be used in ‘valleytronic’ devices.

Furthermore, the spin-orbit split valence band at the K and K’ points has opposite signs of spin for each of the valleys.
For example, an A-exciton in the K valley consists of a spin-up electron and a spin-down hole, and a K valley B-exciton has a spin-down electron and spin-up hole.
For A and B excitons in the K’ valley, their constituent charge carriers have the opposite spin.


This means that the valley pseudospin and charge carrier spin degrees of freedom are coupled (spin-valley coupling), and the spin and valley properties of charge carriers can be selected optically - through choice of excitation polarisation (to choose the valley) and energy (to select the A or B exciton - and hence, the spin).

When an in-plane electric field is applied, excitons may become disassociated, with the carriers retaining their valley and spin characteristics.
Electrons (and holes) in opposing valleys will travel in opposite directions perpendicular to the field.
This is called the 'valley Hall effect', and could form the basis of future technologies, where more information can be encoded onto electrons because of these added degrees of freedom.



SYNTHESIS OF MOLYBDENUM DISULFIDE (MOS2:
High quality Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 few-layer films were grown directly on the substrates (SiO2/Si and Sapphire) by chemical vapour deposition (CVD) method.
The films were later transferred to the desired substrates using wet chemical transfer process.



CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF MOLYBDENUM DISULFIDE (MOS2:
dark grey or black powder, Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2, MoS2, the most common natural form of molybdenum, is extracted from the ore and then purified for direct use in lubrication.

Since Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 is of geothermal origin, it has the durability to withstand heat and pressure.
This is particularly so if small amounts of sulfur are available to react with iron and provide a sulfide layer which is compatible with Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 in maintaining the lubricating film.



PROCESSING OF MONOLAYER MOLYBDENUM DISULFIDE (MOS2:
There are many techniques that have been used to prepare monolayer films of Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2.

*Mechanical exfoliation:
This method, also known as the ‘Scotch-tape method’, was first used to isolate layers of graphene.
Applying a sticky tape to a bulk crystal sample and then peeling it off will result in thin layers of crystal sticking to the tape.
This is due to greater mutual adhesion than the interlayer adhesion.

This sticking-and-peeling process can be repeated until single monolayers are produced.
These can then be transferred onto a substrate (e.g. by a PDMS stamp).
While this process has a low monolayer yield, it produces high-quality crystalline monolayers that can be >10’s microns in size.
Despite being ‘low-tech’, it is still a preferred processing method for TMDC research.


*Solvent exfoliation:
Bulk crystals can be sonicated in an organic solvent that breaks them down into thin layers.
A distribution in the size and thickness of the layers is obtained, with a surfactant often added to stop the layers restacking.
While the thin-film yield of this method is high, the monolayer yield is low.
Flakes tend to be small, with sizes on the scale of 100nm.


*Intercalation:
Sometimes classed as a form of solvent exfoliation, intercalation of Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 that is monolayers long predates the current research trend in 2D materials, being first demonstrated in 1986.

Bulk crystals are placed in a solution which acts as a source of lithium ions (commonly n-butyllithium dissolved in hexane), which diffuse between the layers of the crystal.
Water is added - which then interacts with the lithium ions to produce hydrogen, pushing the layers apart.

This method requires careful control over the experimental parameters in order to obtain a high monolayer yield.
The resulting layers also tend to have the less desirable metallic 1T structure rather than the semiconducting 2H structure (although the 1T structure has found a potential application in supercapacitor electrodes - see above).
The 1T structure can however be converted to the 2H through thermal annealing.


*Vapor deposition:
While mechanical exfoliation can provide highly crystalline monolayers, Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 is not a scalable technique.
If 2D materials are to find application in optoelectronics, a reliable large-scale method for producing high-quality films is needed.

One such potential method that has been extensively studied is vapour deposition.
Chemical vapour deposition involves a chemical reaction to convert a precursor to the final Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2.
Commonly, MoO3 is annealed at high temperature (~1000°C) in the presence of sulphur to produce Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 films.

Other precursors include molybdenum metal and ammonium thiomolybdate, which have been deposited via e-beam evaporation and dip-coating respectively before being converted in a furnace.
FETs fabricated from vapour-grown films tend to display far lower mobility compared to those produced from exfoliated layers. Furthermore, the size (generally 10’s nm to few microns), thickness, and quality of the films and substrate choice.

A promising alternative route to Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 monolayer growth is through physical vapour deposition, where MoS2 powder is used directly as the source.
This can yield high-quality monolayer flakes (up to 25 microns in size) which display optical properties commensurate with exfoliated layers



CHEMICAL REACTIONS OF MOLYBDENUM DISULFIDE (MOS2:
Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 is stable in air and attacked only by aggressive reagents. It reacts with oxygen upon heating forming molybdenum trioxide:
2 MoS2 + 7 O2 → 2 MoO3 + 4 SO2
Chlorine attacks Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 at elevated temperatures to form molybdenum pentachloride:
2 MoS2 + 7 Cl2 → 2 MoCl5 + 2 S2Cl2



INTERCALATION REACTIONS OF MOLYBDENUM DISULFIDE (MOS2:
Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 is a host for formation of intercalation compounds.
This behavior is relevant to its use as a cathode material in batteries.
One example is a lithiated material, LixMoS2.
With butyl lithium, the product is LiMoS2.



MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF MOLYBDENUM DISULFIDE (MOS2:
Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 excels as a lubricating material (see below) due to its layered structure and low coefficient of friction.
Interlayer sliding dissipates energy when a shear stress is applied to the material.
Extensive work has been performed to characterize the coefficient of friction and shear strength of Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 in various atmospheres.

The shear strength of Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 increases as the coefficient of friction increases.
This property is called superlubricity.
At ambient conditions, the coefficient of friction for Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 was determined to be 0.150, with a corresponding estimated shear strength of 56.0 MPa (megapascals).

Direct methods of measuring the shear strength indicate that the value is closer to 25.3 MPa.
The wear resistance of Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 in lubricating applications can be increased by doping MoS2 with Cr.
Microindentation experiments on nanopillars of Cr-doped Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 found that the yield strength increased from an average of 821 MPa for pure MoS2 (at 0% Cr) to 1017 MPa at 50% Cr.

The increase in yield strength is accompanied by a change in the failure mode of the material.
While the pure Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 nanopillar fails through a plastic bending mechanism, brittle fracture modes become apparent as the material is loaded with increasing amounts of dopant.

The widely used method of micromechanical exfoliation has been carefully studied in Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 to understand the mechanism of delamination in few-layer to multi-layer flakes.
The exact mechanism of cleavage was found to be layer dependent.

Flakes thinner than 5 layers undergo homogenous bending and rippling, while flakes around 10 layers thick delaminated through interlayer sliding.
Flakes with more than 20 layers exhibited a kinking mechanism during micromechanical cleavage.
The cleavage of these flakes was also determined to be reversible due to the nature of van der Waals bonding.

In recent years, Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 has been utilized in flexible electronic applications, promoting more investigation into the elastic properties of this material.

Nanoscopic bending tests using AFM cantilever tips were performed on micromechanically exfoliated Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 flakes that were deposited on a holey substrate.

The yield strength of monolayer flakes was 270 GPa, while the thicker flakes were also stiffer, with a yield strength of 330 GPa.
Molecular dynamic simulations found the in-plane yield strength of Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 to be 229 GPa, which matches the experimental results within error.
Bertolazzi and coworkers also characterized the failure modes of the suspended monolayer flakes.

The strain at failure ranges from 6 to 11%.
The average yield strength of monolayer Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 is 23 GPa, which is close to the theoretical fracture strength for defect-free MoS2.
The band structure of Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 is sensitive to strain.



SYNTHESIS OF MOLYBDENUM DISULFIDE (MOS2:
The preparation of Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 was carried out through modification of the method described in literature.
All the chemicals were purchased and used as received.
To start, 30 mL of 0.008 M ammonium molybdate ((NH4)6Mo7O24•4H2O, Merck India, 98%) solution was taken, and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) of 10 times of cmc (critical micelle concentration) was added to it under constant stirring to obtain a clear solution.

Then, 9.60 mL of 0.23 M sodium dithionite (Na2S2O4, BDH, England, 98% pure) solution and 45 mL of 0.20 M thioacetamide (CH3CSNH2, Spectrochem India, 99%) solution were added into the former solution and were thoroughly mixed together by stirring.
The solution mixture was heated (~90°C) over a water bath to obtain a clear reddish yellow color solution.
Acidification of this solution with concentrated HCl (pH < 1) led to a dark brown colored precipitate.

The precipitate was isolated using a centrifuge and was washed with water for several times.
Drying of the precipitate gave rise to brownish black powders, which were calcined at 400°C for 2 h under argon atmosphere to obtain the black powders of MoS2.



HISTORY OF MOLYBDENUM DISULFIDE (MOS2:
Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 is a naturally occurring blackcolored solid compound that feels slippery to the touch.
Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 readily transfers and adheres to other solid surfaces with which it comes into contact.
Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2's mineral form – called molybdenite – was commonly confused with graphite until late in the 1700’s.

Both were used for lubrication and as a writing material for centuries.
Wider use of molybdenite as a lubricant was impeded by naturally occurring impurities that significantly reduced its lubricating properties.
Methods of purifying Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 and extracting molybdenum were developed late in the 19th century, and the value of molybdenum as an alloying addition to steel was quickly recognized.

The demand for a domestic source of molybdenum during World War I resulted in the development of the Climax mine in Colorado, which started production in 1918 and continued into the 1990’s.
The availability of high purity Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 spurred extensive investigations into its lubrication properties in various environments during the late 30’s and 40’s.

These investigations demonstrated its superior lubrication properties and stability under extreme contact pressures and in vacuum environments.
The United States National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics, the precursor to NASA, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, initiated research on aerospace uses of Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 in 1946.

These investigations resulted in extensive applications in spacecraft3, including the extendible legs on the Apollo Lunar Module.
Applications of Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 continue to expand as new technologies evolve requiring reliable lubrication and resistance to galling under increasingly stringent conditions of temperature, pressure, vacuum, corrosive environments, process sensitivity to contamination, product life, and maintenance requirements.

Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2, also known as Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2, is one of the best materials initially belonging to the transition metals.
Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2's structure is unique hence all the properties it possesses are unique.
The building block of Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 is its properties as they are the key players in enhancing the productivity of the materials.

Its applications being vast and abundant in nature help in maintaining the credibility of this material.
However, Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 is an excellent material for various purposes and various industries.



CRYSTALLINE STRUCTURE OF MOLYBDENUM DISULFIDE (MOS2:
Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2's (MoS2) crystal structure takes the shape of S atoms' hexagonal plane on either of the side of Mo atoms' hexagonal plane.
There is strong covalent bonding between the S and Mo atoms, and these triple planes stack on each other's top, however, the weak Van Der Waals forcing holds the layers together, which allow the layers to be mechanically separated for forming Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2's 2-dimensional sheets.



TECHNICAL OF MOLYBDENUM DISULFIDE (MOS2:
Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2’s exceptional lubricity is a consequence of its unique crystal structure, which is made up of very weakly bonded lamellae.
These lamellae can slide across each other, “shear”, under very low force, providing the lubrication effect.
This shearing force required to overcome the weak bonding between the lamellae, F, is related to the compressive force, W, perpendicular to the lamellae by the equation F = μ W where μ is a constant termed the “Coefficient of Friction”.

The coefficient of friction for Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 crystals shearing along their lamella is approximately 0.025, among the lowest known for any material.
Since Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 is a solid phase, it is not “squeezed out” like liquid lubricants under conditions of extreme pressure.
The lamellae are very “hard” to forces perpendicular to them.

This combination of properties provides a very effective “boundary layer” to prevent the lubricated surfaces from contacting each other.
The surfaces of objects are generally rough on a microscopic scale.
These contact regions have considerably less area than the bulk surface area, typically in the range 0.5 to 0.001 percent of the bulk area for a machined metal surface, and consequently the stresses at these contact points are considerably higher than the stresses calculated for the bulk surface area.

When stainless steel objects slide against each other under high load, they will “gall” or “seize” due to the deformation at the contact points.
The objects will actually “cold weld” themselves to each other, which is indicated by transfer of material from one object to the other on the sliding surfaces.

This causes a very rapid increase in friction, quickly to the point that further sliding is impossible without damage to the objects.
In order to prevent this it is necessary to introduce an “anti-galling” or “anti-seizing” agent between the surfaces.
This is a substance that is capable of maintaining separation of the surface asperities under high compressive loads – that is, to provide a “boundary layer” between the surfaces.

Anti-galling materials are generally very thick grease-like substances or solid materials in powder or plated layer form.
Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 is an ideal anti-galling compound because of its combination of high compressive strength and its adherence (ability to fill or level) to the sliding surfaces.

There are many methods of applying Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 to a surface, from “high tech” techniques such as vacuum sputtering, to simply dropping loose powder between sliding surfaces.
The most versatile technique is application of the powder mixed with a binder and a carrier to form a bonded coating.

The binder may be a polymeric material or a number of other compounds, and the carrier may be water or a volatile organic.
The characteristics of the Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 powder, the binder, the carrier, and particularly the application process must be carefully developed and controlled to optimize the performance in a specific product.

A properly developed bonded coating of Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 is capable of providing exceptional lubrication performance over a temperature range up to approximately 500°C, under very high pressure and corrosive exposure conditions for extensive lifetimes.
There are many such formulations available commercially.



PROPERTIES OF MOLYBDENUM DISULFIDE (MOS2:
*Bulk characteristics:
Naturally, the occurrence of MoS2 is as a 'molybdenite' mineral.
The appearance of Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 in its bulk form is as a shiny, dark solid.
Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 is also utilized as a lubricant because the sheets can slide over one another easily due to their weak interlayer interactions.

Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 is also utilized in high-vacuum applications as an alternative to graphite, but its maximum operating temperature is lower as compared to the maximum operating temperature of graphite.
With ~1.2eV of an indirect bandgap, bulk Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 is a semiconductor and is thus of restricted interest to the optoelectronics industry.


*Electrical and Optical Characteristics:
In comparison with the bulk, Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2's layers have radically different characteristics.
Eliminating confining electrons and interlayer interactions into a single plane leads to the production of a direct bandgap with ~1.89eV (visible red) of increased energy.

10 percent of incident light with more than the energy of the bandgap can be absorbed by Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2's single monolayer.
An increase of 1000 fold in photoluminescence intensity was observed in comparison with a bulk crystal, however, it stays comparatively weak, with about 0.4% of photoluminescence quantum yield.
Although, if we remove the defects that are the reasons for non-radiative combination then this can be increased in a dramatic fashion to over 95%.


*Bandgap:
The introduction of strain into the structure can tune the bandgap.
There have been observations of a 300 meV increase in bandgap per 1% biaxial compressive strain applied to trilayer Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2.
In 2-dimensional TMDCs, the bandgap can be reduced potentially to zero by applying vertical electric field as it has been considered as a method too, therefore switching the semiconducting structure to the metallic structure.


*Photoluminescence spectra:
Two excitonic peaks are shown by the photoluminescence spectra of Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 monolayers: one peak is at ~1.92eV (the A exciton), and the other peak is at ~2.08eV (the B exciton).

Both of the peaks are because of the valence band splitting in the Brillouin zone at the K-point because of the spin-orbit coupling, which enables two optically active transitions.
More than 500 meV is the binding energy of the excitons.
Therefore, they are stable at high temperatures.


*Injection of Electrons:
Trions can form on the injection of excess electrons through either chemical or electrical doping into Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2.
Trions are charged excitons and they consist of one hole and two electrons.

The appearance of trions in the PL spectra and absorption is as peaks, red-shifted by ~40meV.
A non-negligible contribution is shared by the trions at room temperature to Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 film’s optical characteristics while the trion’s binding energy is way less as compared to the binding energy of excitons (at almost 20 meV).


*Transistors:
N-type behavior is generally displayed by the Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 monolayer transistors, with almost 350cm2V-1s-1 (or ~500 times lower as compared to graphene) of carrier mobilities.
Although, they can exhibit massive on/off ratios of 108 when fabricated into field-effect transistors, making them efficient and attractive for highly efficient logic circuits and switching.



PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of MOLYBDENUM DISULFIDE (MoS2):
Chemical formula: MoS2
Molar mass: 160.07 g/mol
Appearance: black/lead-gray solid
Density: 5.06 g/cm3
Melting point: 2,375 °C (4,307 °F; 2,648 K)
Solubility in water: insoluble
Solubility: decomposed by aqua regia, hot sulfuric acid, nitric acid
insoluble in dilute acids
Band gap: 1.23 eV (indirect, 3R or 2H bulk) ~1.8 eV (direct, monolayer)
Structure:
Crystal structure: hP6, P63/mmc, No. 194 (2H) hR9, R3m, No 160 (3R)
Lattice constant:
a = 0.3161 nm (2H), 0.3163 nm (3R),
c = 1.2295 nm (2H), 1.837 (3R)
Coordination geometry: Trigonal prismatic (MoIV) Pyramidal (S2−)

Thermochemistry:
Std molar entropy (S⦵298): 62.63 J/(mol K)
Std enthalpy of formation (ΔfH⦵298): -235.10 kJ/mol
Gibbs free energy (ΔfG⦵): -225.89 kJ/mol
Molecular Weight: 160.1 g/mol
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 0
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 2
Rotatable Bond Count: 0
Exact Mass: 161.849546 g/mol
Monoisotopic Mass: 161.849546 g/mol
Topological Polar Surface Area: 64.2Ų
Heavy Atom Count: 3
Formal Charge: 0
Complexity: 18.3
Isotope Atom Count: 0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0

Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 1
Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes
Physical state. powder
Color: gray
Odor: No data available
Melting point/freezing point.
Melting point: 1.185 °C
Initial boiling point and boiling range: No data available
Flammability (solid, gas): No data available
Upper/lower flammability or explosive limits: No data available
Flash point: No data available
Autoignition temperature: No data available
Decomposition temperature: No data available
pH: No data available
Viscosity
Viscosity, kinematic: No data available
Viscosity, dynamic: No data available

Water solubility: No data available
Partition coefficient: n-octanol/water:
Not applicable for inorganic substances
Vapor pressure: No data available
Density: 5,060 g/cm3 at 15 °C
Relative density: No data available
Relative vapor density: No data available
Particle characteristics: No data available
Explosive properties: No data available
Oxidizing properties: none
Other safety information: No data available
Melting point: 2375 °C
density: 5.06 g/mL at 25 °C(lit.)
form: powder
color: Gray to dark gray or black
Specific Gravity: 4.8
Water Solubility: Soluble in hot sulfuric acid, and aquaregia.
Insoluble in water, concentrated sulfuric acid and dilute acid.
Merck: 146,236
Boiling point: 100°C (water)

Exposure limits ACGIH: TWA 10 mg/m3; TWA 3 mg/m3
NIOSH: IDLH 5000 mg/m3
Stability: Stable.
Incompatible with oxidizing agents, acids.
InChIKey: CWQXQMHSOZUFJS-UHFFFAOYSA-N
CAS DataBase Reference: 1317-33-5(CAS DataBase Reference)
EPA Substance Registry System: Molybdenum sulfide (MoS2) (1317-33-5)
Bandgap: 1.23 eV
Electronic properties: 2D Semiconductor
CBNumber:CB6238843
Molecular Formula:MoS2
Molecular Weight:160.07
MDL Number:MFCD00003470
MOL File:1317-33-5.mol
Melting point: 2375 °C
Densit: 5.06 g/mL at 25 °C(lit.)
solubility: insoluble in H2O; soluble in concentrated acid solutions
form: powder

color: Gray to dark gray or black
Specific Gravity: 4.8
Odor: odorless
Water Solubility: Soluble in hot sulfuric acid, and aquaregia.
Insoluble in water, concentrated sulfuric acid and dilute acid.
Merck: 14,6236
Boiling point: 100°C (water)
Exposure limits ACGIH: TWA 10 mg/m3; TWA 3 mg/m3
NIOSH: IDLH 5000 mg/m3
Stability: Stable.
Incompatible with oxidizing agents, acids.
InChIKey: CWQXQMHSOZUFJS-UHFFFAOYSA-N
CAS DataBase Reference: 1317-33-5(CAS DataBase Reference)
EWG's Food Scores: 1
FDA UNII: ZC8B4P503V
EPA Substance Registry System: Molybdenum sulfide (MoS2) (1317-33-5)

Bandgap: 1.23 eV
Electronic properties: 2D Semiconductor
CAS Number: 1317-33-5
Chemical Formula: MoS2
Molecular Weight: 160.07 g/mol
Bandgap: 1.23 eV
Preparation: Synthetic - Chemical Vapour Transport (CVT)
Structure: Hexagonal
Electronic Properties: 2D semiconductor
Melting Point: 2375 °C (lit.)
Colour: Black / Dark brown
Classification / Family: Transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs), 2D semiconductor materials,
Nano-electronics, Nano-photonics, Materials science
Compound Formula: MoS2
Molecular Weight: 160.07
Appearance: Black powder or solid in various forms

Melting Point: 1185 ° C (2165 ° F)
Boiling Point: N/A
Density: 5.06 g/cm3
Solubility in H2O: Insoluble
EC No.: 215-263-9
Pubchem CID: 14823
IUPAC Name: bis(sulfanylidene)molybdenum
SMILES: S=[Mo]=S
InchI Identifier: InChI=1S/Mo.2S
InchI Key: CWQXQMHSOZUFJS-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Storage Temperature: Ambient temperatures
Exact Mass: 161.849549
Monoisotopic Mass: 161.849549
Linear Formula: MoS2
MDL Number: MFCD00003470


FIRST AID MEASURES of MOLYBDENUM DISULFIDE (MoS2):
-Description of first-aid measures
*If inhaled
After inhalation:
Fresh air.
*In case of skin contact:
Take off immediately all contaminated clothing.
Rinse skin with water/ shower.
*In case of eye contact
After eye contact:
Rinse out with plenty of water.
Remove contact lenses.
*If swallowed
After swallowing:
Make victim drink water (two glasses at most).
Consult doctor if feeling unwell.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed
No data available



ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of MOLYBDENUM DISULFIDE (MoS2):
-Environmental precautions:
No special precautionary measures necessary.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Observe possible material restrictions.
Take up dry.
Dispose of properly.
Clean up affected area.



FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of MOLYBDENUM DISULFIDE (MoS2):
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Use extinguishing measures that are appropriate to local circumstances and the
surrounding environment.
*Unsuitable extinguishing media:
For this substance/mixture no limitations of extinguishing agents are given.
-Further information:
Suppress (knock down) gases/vapors/mists with a water spray jet.



EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of MOLYBDENUM DISULFIDE (MoS2):
-Control parameters:
--Ingredients with workplace control parameters:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use equipment for eye protection.
Safety glasses
*Skin protection:
Full contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Splash contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
*Respiratory protection
Recommended Filter type: Filter type P1
-Control of environmental exposure:
No special precautionary measures necessary.



HANDLING and STORAGE of MOLYBDENUM DISULFIDE (MoS2):
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
*Storage conditions:
Tightly closed.
Dry.



STABILITY and REACTIVITY of MOLYBDENUM DISULFIDE (MoS2):
-Reactivity:
No data available
-Chemical stability:
The product is chemically stable under standard ambient conditions (room temperature) .
-Possibility of hazardous reactions:
No data available
-Conditions to avoid:
no information available

extract of the fruit of momordica grosvenorii, cucurbitaceae; luo han guo extract; luohan guo extract; siraitia grosvenorii fruit extract; Siraitia grosvenorii CAS NO:999999-999-4

Éthane-1,2-diol, 1,2-dihydroxyéthane, No CAS 107-21-1, No ECHA 100.003.159, No CE 203-473-3. L'éthylène glycol ou glycol ou encore éthane-1,2-diol est le plus simple composé chimique de la famille des glycols.De formule brute C2H6O2, l’éthylène glycol dont le nom officiel est 1,2-éthane-diol, est le plus simple des diols, composés possédant deux fonctions alcool. C’est un produit organique employé en synthèse de polyesters, en tant que réfrigérant des véhicules à moteur et dégivrant pour le transport aérien.L'éthylène glycol fut surtout connu et employé en tant qu'antigel et fluide réfrigérant24. Son point de fusion étant bas, il a aussi été utilisé comme dégivrant pour les pare-brise et pour les moteurs à réaction. L'éthylène glycol est principalement une base chimique dans le domaine des industries pétrochimiques, où il permet la production de fibres textiles et de résines de polyesters, dont le polytéréphtalate d'éthylène, principal matériau des bouteilles en plastique. Ses propriétés antigel en font aussi un constituant important des solutions destinées à la conservation de tissus organiques à basse température. La température d'ébullition élevée de l'éthylène glycol et sa grande affinité pour l'eau en font un déshydratant idéal pour la production de gaz naturel. Dans les tours de déshydratation, on fait ainsi se rencontrer l'éthylène glycol liquide coulant du haut de la tour avec le mélange d'eau et d'hydrocarbures gazeux s'échappant du bas. Le glycol capte l'eau et s'écoule au fond, tandis que les vapeurs d'hydrocarbures sont récupérées au sommet. On réinjecte ensuite l'éthylène glycol pour renouveler l'opération.Ethane-1,2-diol Ethanediol, ethanediol; ethylene glycol, Ethylene glycol, ethyleneglycol, Translated names: 1,2-Etaanidioli; etyleeniglykoli (fi); 1,2-etandiol (no); 1,2-etandiolis (lt); 1,2-ethaandiol (nl); 1,2-ethandiol (da); Etaandiool (et); etandiol (hr); etano-1,2-diol (pl); etanodiol (es); ethan-1,2-diol (cs); Ethandiol (de); ethylenglycol (da); ethylenglykol (cs); etilen glicol (it); etilen-glikol (hr); etilenglicol (es); etilenglikolis (lt); etilenoglicol (pt); etilén-glikol (hu);etilēnglikols (lv); etylenglykol (no); etylénglykol (sk); etán-1,2-diol (hu); Etüleenglükool (et); etāndiols (lv); glicol etilenico (it); glikol (sl); glikol etylenowy (pl); glykol (da); éthylène-glycol (fr); αιθυλενογλυκόλη γλυκόλ (el); етандиол (bg); етилен гликол (bg); 1,2-Ethanediol. : 1,2 ethanediol; 1,2-Dihydroxyethane; 1,2-etandiolo; 1,2-ETHANE DIOL; 1,2-ETHANE DIOL1,2-Ethanediol2,2'-oxydiethanolBio MEG.Ethane-1,2-diolEthanediol; Ethylene glycol; ethane-1,2-diolEthanol-1,2-diol; Ethylene Glycol; MEG; Mono Ethylene Glycol; Monoethylen glycol; MONOETHYLENE GLYCOL; Monoethyleneglycol; Monoethylenglykol; Monothylene Glycol; 1,2-Ethanediol, glycol; 1.2-Ethanediol; 2,2'-oxydiethanol; Bio MEG; CH2OHCH2OH; enthanediolethylene glycole; Etahne-1,2-diol; Ethane -1,2-diol; Ethane 1,2 diol; ethane-1,2-diol/ethylene glycol; ethanediol / ethylene glycol; ethanediol ethylene glycol; Ethanediol; Ethylene glycol; ethane-1,2-diol; ethaneglycol; Ethanol-1,2-diol; Ethylen glycol; ethylene glycol polyester grade ETHYLENE GLYCOL; 1,2-ethanediol; glycol; Ethylene glycol; Glycol; Ethylene-glycol; Età-1,2-diol; MEG; mono ethylene glycol; Monoethyleenglycol; Monoethylene glycol; Monoethyleneglycol Monoethyleneglykol; Monoethylenglycol; Monoethylenglykol; Reaction mass of 64-17-5 and 7732-18-5; thanediol. s: 1,2-Ethylene glycol; 1-2 Ethane-diol; 2-Hydroxyethanol; Adiprene; Bio-MEG; EG; Ethylene alcohol; Ethylene dihydrate; Ethylene Glycol Antifreeze Grade; ETHYLENE GLYCOL INDUSTRIAL GRADE; Ethylene glyvol; Ethyleneglykol; Fomrez.; Glycol; Glycol alcohol; MEG Fibre; MEG Industrial; MEG Normal; Mono ethyelene Glycol; Mono Ethylene Glycol HP; Monoethylene Glycol (MEG); MONOETHYLENE GLYCOL, MEG; Monoetilenglicol grado fibra; Monoetilenglicol grado industrial

MONOETHYLENE GLYCOL; 1,2-Ethanediol; Glycol; MEG; 1,2-Dihydroxyethane; 1,2-Ethandiol; 2-Hydroxyethanol; Athylenglykol (German); cas no: 107-21-1

Methylethyl glycol; Methylethylene glycol; 1,2-Propanediol; alpha-Propylene glycol; Methyl glycol; Monopropylene glycol; PG; 1,2-Dihydroxypropane; 1,2-Propylene Glycol; 2-Hydroxypropanol; 2,3-Propanediol; Propane-1,2-diol; Trimethyl glycol; 1,2-Propylenglykol; Isopropylene glycol; cas no:57-55-6

Mono Pentaerythritol (also known as PETP; tetramethylolmethane, and THME) is a polyhydric alcohol that contains four primary hydroxyl groups.
Mono Pentaerythritol is a white crystalline powder.


CAS Number: 115-77-5
EC Number: 204-104-9
Chemical Name:2,2-BIS(HYDROXYMETHYL)1,3-PROPANEDIOL
Linear Formula: C(CH2OH)4
Molecular Formula: C5H12O4



2,2-Bis(hydroxymethyl)propane-1,3-diol, 2,2-bis(hydroxymethyl)-1,3-propanediol, Tetramethylolmethane, 1,1,1-Tris(hydroxymethyl)ethanol, 1,3-Propanediol, 2,2-bis(hydroxymethyl)-, 2,2-bis(hydroxymethyl)-3-propanediol, 3-Propanediol,2,2-bis(hydroxymethyl)-1, Auxenutril, 1,3-Propanediol, 2,2-bis(hydroxymethyl)-, Tetrakis(hydroxymethyl)methane, 2,2-Bis(hydroxymethyl)-1,3-propanediol, 2,2-bis(hydroxymethyl)propane-1,3-diol, 2,2-Bis(hydroxymethyl)propane-1,3-diol, 2,2-bis(hydroxymethyl)-1,3-Propanediol, Hercules P 6, Monopentaerythritol, PE 200, Pentaertyhritol, PETP, Tetrakis(hydroxymethyl)methane, Tetramethylolmethane, THME, Penta Erythritol, 2,2-bis(hydroxymethyl)propane-1,3-diol, Pentaerythritol, 2,2-Bis(hydroxymethyl)-1,3-propanediol, THME, PETP, PE 200, Maxinutril, herculesp6, Monopentek Metab-Auxil, Hercules P 6, Pentaerythritol, Pentaertyhritol, Penta Erythritol, Monopentaerythritol, methanetetramethylol, Tetramethylolmethane, Methane tetramethylol, Tetraki (hydroxymethyl) methane, Methane, tetrakis(hydroxymethyl)-, 2,2-bis(hydroxymethyl)-1,3-Propanediol, 2,2-bis(hydroxymethyl)propane-1,3-diol,



Mono Pentaerythritol is an odorless organic compound with the chemical formula C5H12O4.
Mono Pentaerythritol is 98% pure pentaerythritol.
Mono Pentaerythritol is a white crystalline or light yellow crystalline powder that is soluble in water, slightly soluble in alcohol dissolvable in benzene, ether and petroleum ether.


An ester will be formed by reaction with common organic acid.
No reaction will take place when Mono Pentaerythritol is heated with a diluted caustic solution.
Mono Pentaerythritol has the formula C5H12O4 and is a white, odourless, crystalline solid however it can also be a white, crystalline free-flowing powder.


Mono Pentaerythritol is moderately soluble in cold water, is freely soluble in hot water, and is slightly soluble in alcohol.
Mono Pentaerythritol is a white crystalline polyhydric alcohol containing four primary hydroxyl groups.
Applications of Mono Pentaerythritol are building block in Alkyd resins, radiation curing monomers, polyurethanes, rosin esters and synthetic lubricants.


Mono Pentaerythritol has a shelf life of 2 years from the date of manufacturing.
Mono Pentaerythritol is a white crystalline polyhydric alcohol containing four primary hydroxyl groups.
Applications of Mono Pentaerythritol are building block in Alkyd resins, radiation curing monomers, polyurethanes, rosin esters and synthetic lubricants.


Mono Pentaerythritol is a white crystalline powder.
Mono Pentaerythritol is a synthetic polyhydric alcohol containing four primary hydroxyl groups (tetra functional compound).
Mono Pentaerythritol provides the outstanding properties due to the nature of compact structure and high density of hydroxyl groups.


Mono Pentaerythritol is an odourless white crystalline material.
Mono Pentaerythritol is a polyhydric alcohol containing four primary hydroxyl groups.
Mono Pentaerythritol dissolves freely in hot water, moderately easily in cold water and is slightly soluble in alcohol and other organic liquids.


Mono Pentaerythritol is produced from the aldol condensation of formaldehyde and acetaldehyde.
The resulting aldehyde undergoes a cross-Cannizzaro reaction to reduce one molecule of pentaerythritose to Mono Pentaerythritol.
The raw Mono Pentaerythritol is then separated out, dissolved, subjected to high temperature acid hydrolysis and purified in an active carbon bed before being concentrated and crystallised.


Mono Pentaerythritol is a versatile chemical building block for the preparation of many polyfunctionalized compounds.
Mono Pentaerythritol is an organic compound with the formula C(CH2OH)4.
Classified as a polyol, Mono Pentaerythritol is a white solid.


Mono Pentaerythritol is a building block for the synthesis and production of explosives, plastics, paints, appliances, cosmetics, and many other commercial products.
The word Mono Pentaerythritol is a blend of penta- in reference to its 5 carbon atoms and erythritol, which also possesses 4 alcohol groups.


Halogen-free Mono Pentaerythritol esters are an environmentally-friendly alternative to conventional electrical transformer fluids as they are readily biodegradable, non-hazardous in water and have excellent resistance to ignition.
Mono Pentaerythritol is an organic compound that is 98% pure pentaerythritol.


Mono Pentaerythritol is an odorless, white or light yellow crystalline powder that is soluble in water slightly soluble in alcohol, dissolvable in benzene, ether and petroleum ether.
Mono Pentaerythritol is primarily used in the coating industry and is also a versatile building block for the preparation of many polyfuntionalized compounds such as the explosive PETN and pentaerythritol tetraacrylate.


Mono Pentaerythritol is a white crystalline polyhydric alcohol containing four primary hydroxyl groups.
Mono Pentaerythritol is a white crystalline material
Polyhydric alcohol containing four primary hydroxyl groups


Mono Pentaerythritol marketed by us, is a polyhydric alcohol with four hydroxyl groups.
Mono Pentaerythritol is a white, odorless, crystalline solid.
Mono Pentaerythritol can also be a white, crystalline free-flowing powder.


Mono Pentaerythritol is somewhat soluble in alcohol and is moderately soluble in cold water.
Mono Pentaerythritol is readily soluble in hot water.
Mono Pentaerythritol is an odorless, white, crystalline substance.


Mono Pentaerythritol is slightly soluble in alcohols and other organic liquids.
Mono Pentaerythritol's solubility in water increases as the temperature increases.
Mono Pentaerythritol is stable under recommended storage conditions.


Mono Pentaerythritol is a white powder crystallization, easy to be esterified by general organic acids, with dilute caustic soda solution without reaction.
Mono Pentaerythritol is soluble in water, soluble in ethanol, insoluble in benzene, tetrachloride, ether, petroleum ether, etc.
Mono Pentaerythritol is a solid, high-melting crystalline material.


Mono Pentaerythritol is a 4-functional polyalcohol with all primary hydroxyl groups.
With the molecular formula C5H12O4, Mono Pentaerythritol is white crystal or powder.
Mono Pentaerythritol is vulnerable to general organic acid esterification.


Mono Pentaerythritol is an important polyols, too.
Mono Pentaerythritol is a white powder crystals.
Density of Mono Pentaerythritol is 1.395G/cm3.


The melting point of Mono Pentaerythritol was 261-262 °c.
Boiling Point of Mono Pentaerythritol is (4kPa) 276.
Refractive index of Mono Pentaerythritol is 548.


Ignition point of Mono Pentaerythritol is Heat of vaporization of Mono Pentaerythritol is <92kJ/mol, and exothermic heat 13L kJ/mol.
Mono Pentaerythritol is easy to be esterified with common organic acids, and has no reaction with dilute caustic soda solution.


Mono Pentaerythritol was dissolved in 18rnL water at 15 °c.
Mono Pentaerythritol is soluble in ethanol, glycerol, ethylene glycol, formamide.
Mono Pentaerythritol is insoluble in acetone, benzene, carbon tetrachloride, ether and petroleum ether.


Mono Pentaerythritol is a white or a little yellow crystalline .
Mono Pentaerythritol is soluble in water , slightly soluble in alcohol , insoluble in benzene, ether and petroleum ether etc.
Mono Pentaerythritol (also known as PETP; tetramethylolmethane, and THME) is a polyhydric alcohol that contains four primary hydroxyl groups.


Mono Pentaerythritol has the formula C5H12O4 and is a white, odourless, crystalline solid however it can also be a white, crystalline free-flowing powder.
Mono Pentaerythritol is moderately soluble in cold water, is freely soluble in hot water, and is slightly soluble in alcohol.
Mono Pentaerythritol is a white crystalline powder, readily esterified by common organic acids.


Mono Pentaerythritol is soluble in water, slightly soluble in alcohol, and insoluble in benzene.
Mono Pentaerythritol, commonly known in the Chemical Industry simply as “Penta,” is a white, odorless, crystalline powder.
Mono Pentaerythritol is soluble in water, slightly soluble in alcohol and insoluble in most hydrocarbons.


Higher homologues of Mono Pentaerythritol, including Di- and Tripentaerythritol are also produced in the manufacturing process.
Dipentaerythritol is an off-white powder that is less soluble than Pentaerythritol.



USES and APPLICATIONS of MONO PENTAERYTHRITOL:
Mono Pentaerythritol's primary role in industry is as a chemical intermediate.
There are many grades of Pentaerythritol available commercially but Mono Pentaerythritol has the largest market share as it accounts for approximately 85% of worldwide sales.


It is composed of 98% pure Mono Pentaerythritol.
The main commercial and industrial role for Mono Pentaerythritol is as a chemical intermediate as it is a basic material for polymer production.
Mono Pentaerythritol is mainly employed in the manufacture of alkyd resins and paints, where it enhances the drying speed, hardness, and the water resistance of these paints.


The second largest market for mono pentaerythritol is in the production of neopolyol esters for synthetic lubricants.
Mono Pentaerythritol ensures both the hydrolytic resistance, and the viscosity control, of these lubricants.
Mono Pentaerythritol is also employed in the preparation of polyvinyl chloride stabilisers, plasticisers, antioxidants, adhesives and sealants, varnishes and inks.


Mono Pentaerythritol is also used to make radiation-curing monomers, and rosin esters.
Mono Pentaerythritol is used Coatings & Inks
Mono Pentaerythritol is used as a plasticizer and to make fire-retardant paints for the coating industry as well as explosives.


Mono Pentaerythritol is mainly used in the manufacture of alkyd resins, fatty acid resin and tall oil esters.
Mono Pentaerythritol is a component in the making of paint and coatings, printing ink, coating adhesives, explosives, sealants, varnish, lacquer, vinyl chloride, synthetic rubber, pentaerythritol tetra nitrate (PENT), urethane coatings, flame retardant paints, polyvinyl chloride stabilizers, olefins antioxidant and pentaerythritol triacrylate.


Mono Pentaerythritol is used for the production of polyether.
Mono Pentaerythritol is used Alkyd-based coatings, Synthetic lubricants, Hot-melt adhesives, Rosin esters, Antioxidants, Explosives, Radiation curing monomers, Pigment treatment, Polyurethanes, PVC stabilizers, Lubricants, Plasticizers, and Synthetic drying oil.


Mono Pentaerythritol is used in production of Alkyd resin, Pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN – an explosive), Pentrinitrol (Petrin), Normosterol (PAG), Pentaerythritol tetraacrylate (polymer cross-linking agent).
Major application for Mono Pentaerythritol is branching of monomer for alkyd resin that provides the excellent performance related to drying speed, viscosity, water resistance properties of the paints.


Mono Pentaerythritol is a versatile building block for the preparation of many compounds, particularly polyfunctionalized derivatives. applications include alkyd resins, varnishes, polyvinyl chloride stabilizers, tall oil esters, antioxidants (e.g. Anox 20).
Such derivatives are found in plastics, paints, cosmetics, and many other products.


Esters of pentaerythitol are biodegradable, and they are used as transformer oils.
Due to a very high flash point, they also find some use in lubricating gas turbines.
Mono Pentaerythritol is used in the manufacture of Alkyd resins, fatty acid rosin and tall oil esters and to make paint and coatings, printing ink, coating adhesives, explosives, sealants, varnish, lacquer, vinyl chloride, synthetic rubber and miscellaneous including pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN), urethane coatings, flame retardant paints, polyvinyl chloride stabilizers, olefins antioxidant and pentaerythritol triacrylate.


Mono Pentaerythritol is used Adhesives, Coatings, Explosives, Inks, Printing, Lacquers, Olefins antioxidant, Paints, Resins, Alkyd, Sealants, Stabilizer, Synthetic rubber, Varnishes, Rosin, Vinyl chloride
Mono Pentaerythritol is also used to make polyvinyl chloride stabilizers, plasticizers, sealants, varnishes, and inks.


Mono Pentaerythritol is used basic material for polymer manufacturing.
Mono Pentaerythritol acts as polyhydric alcohol.
Mono Pentaerythritol is used mainly used for commercial and industrial role.


Mono Pentaerythritol is used quality tested chemical.
Mono Pentaerythritol is used very effective and safe to use.
Mono Pentaerythritol is used low maintenance costs.


Mono Pentaerythritol is used highly appreciated by clients, in the market.
Mono Pentaerythritol is primarily used in the production of alkyd resins and paints.
Hers, Mono Pentaerythritol helps to improve the drying speed, hardness, and water resistance of the paints.


Mono Pentaerythritol's main application in industry is as a chemical intermediate.
Mono Pentaerythritol is also employed in the production of radiation-curing monomers and rosin esters.
Mono Pentaerythritol is very cost effective in nature.


Applications of Mono Pentaerythritol are building block in Alkyd resins, radiation curing monomers, polyurethanes, rosin esters and synthetic lubricants.
Mono Pentaerythritol is used Alkyd resins, Radiation curing monomers, Polyurethanes, Rosin esters, and Synthetic lubricants.
Mono Pentaerythritolis primarily used as a starting material for polymer production.


Mono Pentaerythritol is employed in the manufacture of alkyd resins and paints, as it improves the drying speed, hardness, and water resistance of these products.
Mono Pentaerythritol is also employed in a wide range of other products including radiation-curing monomers, fatty acid rosin and tall oil esters, modified drying oils, polyurethanes and explosives.


Mono Pentaerythritol is further used in the manufacture of neopolyol esters which are used in synthetic lubricants, as well as in the preparation of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) stabilizers, plasticizers, antioxidants, adhesives, sealants, varnishes, paints, varnish, lacquers, coatings, synthetic rubber, and printing inks.


Mono Pentaerythritol will make the final product have a better hardness and drying condition.
Mono Pentaerythritol finds its application in numerous esters, like rosin esters for adhesives and painting inks, fatty aid esters for synthetic lubricants, and acrylic acid esters for radiation curing.


Moreover, Mono Pentaerythritol is utilized in phenolic anti-oxidants for polyolefins.
The micronized Mono Pentaerythritol form is applied in fire-retardant systems and PVC stabilizers, too.
Mono Pentaerythritol is widely used in large scale industrial manufacturing of alkyd resin used in coating, synthetic senior lubricants, plasticizer, surface active agent, pharmaceutical and explosive materials.


Mono Pentaerythritol can be is utilized in the coating industry.
Mono Pentaerythritol might also be applied to make the coating of alkyd resin, which can improve the hardness, gloss and durability of the coating.
Mono Pentaerythritol finds its application as the raw material for the dry oil, smouldering paint and aviation lubricants.


At the same time, the fatty acid ester of Mono Pentaerythritol is an efficient lubricant and polyvinyl chloride plasticizer, and its epoxy derivatives are the raw materials for the production of non-living surfactant.
In pharmaceutical and chemical industry, Mono Pentaerythritol is utilized in medicine, pesticide making.


With its special property, Mono Pentaerythritol is also utilized as a cross-link substance for polyurethane.
Mono Pentaerythritol is widely utilized in the production of pentaerythritol tetranitrate dynamite and alkyd resin, as well as thermal stabilizer and plasticizer.


Mono Pentaerythritol is used in the production of alkyd resin, synthetic advanced lubricant, plasticizer, surfactant, medicine and explosives.
Mono Pentaerythritol is used in the manufacture of Alkyd resins, fatty acid rosin and tall oil esters and to make paint and coatings, printing ink, coating adhesives, explosives, sealants, varnish, lacquer, vinyl chloride, synthetic rubber and miscellaneous including pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN), urethane coatings, flame retardant paints, polyvinyl chloride stabilizers, olefins antioxidant and pentaerythritol triacrylate.


Mono Pentaerythritol is used in the coating industry, can also be used to prepare Aviation Lubricants, explosives, plasticizers, stabilizers.
Mono Pentaerythritol is mainly used for resins, radiation curing monomers, polyurethanes, rosin esters, synthetic lubricants and pigment treatment.
Mono Pentaerythritol is a building block for the synthesis and production of explosives, appliances, plastics, paints, cosmetics, and many other important chemicals.


Mono Pentaerythritol's primary role in industry is as a chemical intermediate.
There are many grades of Pentaerythritol available commercially but Mono Pentaerythritol has the largest market share as it accounts for approximately 85% of worldwide sales.
It is composed of 98% pure Mono Pentaerythritol.


Mono Pentaerythritol is commonly used in the coating industry, is the raw material of Alkyd Coatings, can make the coating film hardness, gloss and durability can be improved.
Mono Pentaerythritol is also used as the raw material of modified rosin alcohol required for varnish, paint and printing ink, and can be used for the preparation of flame retardant coatings, drying oil and aviation lubricating oil.


Pentaerythritol tetranitrate made from Mono Pentaerythritol is a highly explosive explosive.
Mono Pentaerythritol fatty acid ester can be used as plasticizer and stabilizer for polyvinyl chloride resin.
In addition, Mono Pentaerythritol can also be used in the manufacture of medicines, surfactants, adhesives, pesticides and lubricating oils.


Plasticizers uses of Mono Pentaerythritol: Plasticizers or dispersants are additives that increase the plasticity or fluidity of the material to which they are added; these include plastics, cement, concrete, wallboard, and clay.
Explosives uses of Mono Pentaerythritol: Explosive is a substance that contains a great amount of stored energy that can produce an explosion, a sudden expansion of the material after initiation, usually accompanied by the production of light, heat, sound, and pressure.


Mono Pentaerythritol and its analogues are important fine chemical products.
According to the different components and contents of Mono Pentaerythritol separated after reaction, it can be divided into four categories: industrial Pentaerythritol, mono Pentaerythritol, bi Pentaerythritol and tri Pentaerythritol.


Among them, single Mono Pentaerythritol is mainly used to produce explosives, synthesize alkyd resin, and serve as raw material for the production of polyether and polyester polyol.
Although di Pentaerythritol (bi quaternary) has similar molecular structure and chemical properties as Mono Pentaerythritol (mono quaternary).


Mono Pentaerythritol properties after esterification and Nitration, which are widely used in polymer industry, coating industry, printing and textile industry, aerospace and other industries, and are used to produce fire retardant materials, synthetic high-grade coatings, lubricating oil base oils, etc., so it has become one of the most eye-catching new application raw materials in recent years.


Mono Pentaerythritol is used in alkyd resins, tall oil esters, certain varnishes, pharmaceuticals, plasticizers, insecticides, lubricants, explosives, and paint swelling agents.
Mono Pentaerythritol is an important raw material in the manufacturing process of alkyds.


-Polyester derivatives:
Mono Pentaerythritol is a precursor to esters of the type C(CH2OX)4.
Such derivatives are pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN), a vasodilator and explosive, the trinitrate derivative pentrinitrol (Petrin), the tetraacetate normosterol (PAG), and the polymer cross-linking agent pentaerythritol tetraacrylate.


-Fire retardants:
Mono Pentaerythritol is used as a fire retardant, such as in plastics and intumescent paints and coatings.
Mono Pentaerythritol releases water upon heating and leaves a deposit of thermally insulating char.


-Antioxidants uses of Mono Pentaerythritol:
An antioxidant is a molecule capable of inhibiting the oxidation of other molecules.
Oxidation is a chemical reaction that transfers electrons from a substance to an oxidizing agent.

Oxidation reactions can produce free radicals.
In turn, these radicals can start chain reactions that damage cells.
Antioxidants terminate these chain reactions by removing free radical intermediates, and inhibit other oxidation reactions.


-Ink uses of Mono Pentaerythritol:
Ink can be a complex medium, composed of solvents, pigments, dyes, resins, lubricants, solubilizers, surfactants, particulate matter, fluorescers, and other materials.

Ink is a liquid that contains pigments and/or dyes and is used to colour a surface to produce an image, text, or design.
Ink is used for drawing and/or writing with a pen, brush, or quill.
Thicker inks, in paste form, are used extensively in letterpress and lithographic printing.


-PVC Stabilizers uses of Mono Pentaerythritol:
Polyvinyl chloride is the third most widely produced plastic, after polyethylene and polypropylene.
PVC is widely used in construction because it is cheap, durable, and easy to assemble.

The stabilizers are barium, calcium and zinc salts of dicarboxylic acid esters of Mono Pentaerythritol, such as the zinc salt of pentaerythritol di-phthalic acid ester or di-terephthalic acid ester.
The role is to solubilize the barium and zinc in the PVC so these salts can remove labile chloride groups on the PVC resin.


-Paint Swelling Agents uses of Mono Pentaerythritol:
Mono Pentaerythritol and its esters are used as ingredients in paint stripping formulations that also contains solvents, wetting agents, and swelling agents.
The swelling agents help to separate the paint from substrate.
The polyol portion of the Mono Pentaerythritol ester can also act as a redistribution compound via transesterification.


-Radiation Curing Monomers uses of Mono Pentaerythritol:
End-capping of isocyanate terminated polyurethane prepolymer with a monofunctional acrylate like pentaerythritol triacrylate renders the polyurethane radiation curable.

Other UV-curable penta-based acrylates are pentaerythritol tetraacrylate and ethoxylated pentaerythritol tetraacrylate.
Urethane acrylates have very good flexibility and very good adhesion.
Acrylatyed dipentaerythritol exhibits increased crosslinking and high reactivity and offers very good hardness, scratch resistance and chemical resistance.


-Synthetic Lubricants uses of Mono Pentaerythritol:
Synthetic lubricants can be manufactured using chemically modified petroleum components rather than whole crude oil, but can also be synthesized from other raw materials.

Synthetic lubricant is used as a substitute for lubricant refined from petroleum when operating in extremes of temperature, because it generally provides superior mechanical and chemical properties than those found in traditional mineral oils.
Aircraft turbines, for example, require the use of synthetic oils, whereas aircraft piston engines don't.


-Insecticides uses of Mono Pentaerythritol:
An insecticide is a pesticide used against insects.
They include ovicides and larvicides used against the eggs and larvae of insects respectively.
Insecticides are used in agriculture, medicine, industry and the household.
The use of insecticides is believed to be one of the major factors behind the increase in agricultural productivity in the 20th century


-Alkyd Resins uses of Mono Pentaerythritol: Alkyds are used in paints and in moulds for casting.
They are the dominant resin or "binder" in most commercial "oil-based" coatings.
Approximately 200,000 tons of alkyd resins are produced each year.


-Rosin and Tall Oil Esters uses of Mono Pentaerythritol:
Rosin is an ingredient in printing inks, photocopying and laser printing paper, varnishes, adhesives (glues), soap, paper sizing, soda, soldering fluxes, and sealing wax.
The tall oil rosin finds use as a component of adhesives, rubbers, and inks, and as an emulsifier.


-Special Varnishes uses of Mono Pentaerythritol:
Varnish is a transparent, hard, protective finish or film primarily used in wood finishing but also for other materials.
Varnish is traditionally a combination of a drying oil, a resin, and a thinner or solvent.



PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF MONO PENTAERYTHRITOL:
*Character white powder crystal.
*Melting Point: 261~262 ℃
*Boiling Point: 276 ℃
*relative density: 1.395g/cm3
*refractive index: 1.548
*when the solubility is 15 ℃, 1g is dissolved in 18ml of water.
*Soluble in ethanol, glycerol, ethylene glycol, formamide.
*Insoluble in acetone, benzene, carbon tetrachloride, ether and petroleum ether.



INDUSTRIES OF MONO PENTAERYTHRITOL:
*Adhesives,
*Coatings,
*Paints and Coatings,
*Rubber Industry



SYNTHESIS OF MONO PENTAERYTHRITOL:
Mono Pentaerythritol was first reported in 1891 by German chemist Bernhard Tollens and his student P. Wigand.
Mono Pentaerythritol may be prepared via a base-catalyzed multiple-addition reaction between acetaldehyde and 3 equivalents of formaldehyde to give pentaerythrose (CAS: 3818-32-4), followed by a Cannizzaro reaction with a fourth equivalent of formaldehyde to give the final product plus formate ion.



HOW IS MONO PENTAERYTHRITOL PRODUCED?
Mono Pentaerythritol is synthesized from the aldol condensation of formaldehyde and acetaldehyde.
The aldehyde that is produced then undergoes a cross- Cannizzaro reaction where one molecule of pentaerythritose is reduced to pentaerythritol.
The raw pentaerythritol is then separated, dissolved, and is then subjected to high temperature acid hydrolysis.
Mono Pentaerythritol is then purified in an active carbon bed, after which it is concentrated and crystallised.



HOW IS MONO PENTAERYTHRITOL STORED AND DISTRIBUTED?
Mono Pentaerythritol can be transported and delivered in a variety of ways.
Mono Pentaerythritol is available in 20-25 kg bags, 500kg and 1000 kg bags, and can also be transported in bulk in tank cars.
Mono Pentaerythritol has a specific gravity of 1.396 and a flash point of 240oCand it is stable under normal conditions.
Mono Pentaerythritol should be used in a well-ventilated workplace and then should be stored in a cool and dry location.



PREPARATION METHOD OF MONO PENTAERYTHRITOL:
with formaldehyde and acetaldehyde as raw materials, generally in 40~70 deg C in the presence of alkaline catalyst condensation, and then with acetic acid neutralized excess alkali, the excess of formaldehyde was distilled off and then evaporated under vacuum, cooled and filtered to obtain a finished product.
M is an alkali metal or alkaline earth metal.

If NaOH is used as a condensing agent, neutralization and filtration are sufficient, which is referred to as sodium method.
Such as the use of calcium hydroxide as a condensing agent, need to sulfuric acid or oxalic acid neutralization, so as to become calcium salt precipitation filtration in addition to calcium, referred to as calcium method.
The filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure, crystallized, centrifuged and dried to give a finished product.



HOW IS MONO PENTAERYTHRITOL MADE?
Mono Pentaerythritol is manufactured from formaldehyde and acetaldehyde in the presence of an alkaline catalyst, such as sodium or calcium hydroxide.
Pentaerythrose is initially formed from three sequential aldol reactions and then subsequently reduced in a crossed Cannizarro reaction with formaldehyde to produce Mono Pentaerythritol.



WHAT IS THE CHEMICAL STRUCTURE OF MONO PENTAERYTHRITOL?
Mono Pentaerythritol, with its chemical structure depicted below, is a five-carbon, with four reactive alcohol groups.



WHAT ARE THE PROPERTIES OF MONO PENTAERYTHRITOL?
*White
*Crystalline powder
*Odorless
*Non-hazardous
*Solid compound
*Water-soluble
*Slightly soluble in alcohol
*Insoluble in most hydrocarbons
*Also called Pentaerythritol



PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of MONO PENTAERYTHRITOL:
Appearance Form: powder
Color: white
Odor: No data available
Odor Threshold: No data available
pH: No data available
Melting point/freezing point.
Melting point/range: 253 - 258 °C - lit.
Initial boiling point and boiling range: 276 °C at 40 hPa - lit.
Flash point > 150,00 °C - closed cup
Evaporation rate: No data available
Flammability (solid, gas): No data available
Upper/lower flammability or explosive limits: No data available
Vapor pressure: < 1 hPa at 20 °C
Vapor density: No data available
Density: 1,39 g/cm3 at 20 °C
Relative density: 1,37 at 20 °C
Water solubility: 62 g/l at 20 °C - completely soluble
Partition coefficient: n-octanol/water: log Pow: -1,7 at 23 °C
Autoignition temperature: > 400 °C at 1.013 hPa
Decomposition temperature: No data available

Viscosity
Viscosity, kinematic: No data available
Viscosity, dynamic: No data available
Explosive properties: No data available
Oxidizing properties: No data available
Other safety information:
Surface tension 71 mN/m at 20 °C
Chemical formula: C5H12O4
Molar mass: 136.15 g/mol
Appearance: white solid
Density: 1.396 g/cm3
Melting point: 260.5 °C (500.9 °F; 533.6 K)
Boiling point: 276 °C (529 °F; 549 K) at 30 mmHg
Solubility in water:
38.46 g/L (0°C)
47.62 g/L (10°C)
52.60 g/L (15°C)
56.60 g/L (20°C)
74.07 g/L (30°C)
115.0 g/L (40°C)
180.3 g/L (60°C)
285.7 g/L (80°C)
500.0 g/L (100°C)

Solubility:
TBuOH, 15g/L (60°C)
DMSO, 20g/L (25°C)
Slightly soluble in:methanol, ethanol, glycerol, ethylene glycol, formamide;
insoluble in: acetone, toluene, heptane, diethyl ether, dichloromethane
Vapor pressure: 0.00000008 mmHg (20°C)
CAS: 115-77-5
EINECS: 204-104-9
InChI: InChI=1/C5H12O4/c6-1-5(2-7,3-8)4-9/h6-9H,1-4H2
InChIKey: WXZMFSXDPGVJKK-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Molecular Formula: C5H12O4
Molar Mass: 136.15
Density: 1.396
Melting Point: 253-258 °C (lit.)
Boling Point: 276 °C/30 mmHg (lit.)
Flash Point: 240 °C
Water Solubility: 1 g/18 mL (15 ºC)

Solubility: H2O: 0.1g/mL, clear, colorless
Vapor Presure: Appearance: Crystals
Color: White
Merck: 14,7111
BRN: 1679274
pKa: 13.55±0.10(Predicted)
PH: 3.5-4.5 (100g/l, H2O, 35℃)
Storage Condition: Store below +30°C.
Stability: Stable.
Incompatible with strong acids, strong oxidizing agents,
acid chlorides, acid anhydrides.
Sensitive: Hygroscopic
Refractive Index: 1.548



FIRST AID MEASURES of MONO PENTAERYTHRITOL:
-Description of first-aid measures:
*If inhaled:
After inhalation:
Fresh air.
*In case of skin contact:
Take off immediately all contaminated clothing.
Rinse skin with water/ shower.
*In case of eye contact:
After eye contact: rinse out with plenty of water.
Remove contact lenses.
*If swallowed:
After swallowing:
Make victim drink water (two glasses at most).
Consult doctor if feeling unwell.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed:
No data available



ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of MONO PENTAERYTHRITOL:
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Cover drains.
Collect, bind, and pump off spills.
Observe possible material restrictions.
Take up dry.
Dispose of properly.
Clean up affected area



FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of MONO PENTAERYTHRITOL:
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Water
Foam
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Dry powder
*Unsuitable extinguishing media:
For this substance/mixture no limitations of extinguishing agents are given.
-Further information:
Prevent fire extinguishing water from contaminating surface water or the ground water system.



EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of MONO PENTAERYTHRITOL:
-Control parameters:
--Ingredients with workplace control parameters:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use equipment for eye protection.
Safety glasses
*Skin protection:
Full contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Splash contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
*Respiratory protection:
Recommended Filter type: Filter type P1
-Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.



HANDLING and STORAGE of MONO PENTAERYTHRITOL:
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
*Storage conditions:
Tightly closed.
Dry.



STABILITY and REACTIVITY of MONO PENTAERYTHRITOL:
-Chemical stability:
The product is chemically stable under standard ambient conditions (room temperature) .
-Conditions to avoid:
no information available
-Incompatible materials:
No data available

SYNONYMS Methylethyl glycol; Methylethylene glycol;1,2-Propanediol; alpha-Propylene glycol; Methyl glycol; Monopropylene glycol; PG; 1,2-Dihydroxypropane; 1,2-Propylene Glycol; 2-Hydroxypropanol; 2,3-Propanediol; Propane-1,2-diol; Trimethyl glycol; 1,2-Propylenglykol; Isopropylene glycol; CAS NO:57-55-6

Ammonium phosphate,monobasic; Phosphoric acid, monoammonium salt; Ammonium biphosphate; Ammonium diacid phosphate; Ammonium dihydrogen phosphate; Ammonium dihydrophosphate; Ammonium monobasic phosphate; Ammonium phosphate; Dihydrogen ammonium phosphate; Monoammonium acid phosphate; Monoammonium dihydrogen phosphate; cas no: 7722-76-1

SYNONYMS Methylethyl glycol; Methylethylene glycol; 1,2-Propanediol; alpha-Propylene glycol; Methyl glycol; Monopropylene glycol; PG; 1,2-Dihydroxypropane; 1,2-Propylene Glycol; 2-Hydroxypropanol; 2,3-Propanediol; Propane-1,2-diol; Trimethyl glycol; 1,2-Propylenglykol; Isopropylene glycol; CAS numarası: 57-55-6

SYNONYMS Monobasic sodium phosphate;Monobasic sodium phosphate (NaH2PO4);Monosodium dihydrogen monophosphate;Monosodium dihydrogen orthophosphate;MONOSODIUM DIHYDROGEN PHOSPHATE;Monosodium hydrogen phosphate;Monosodium Phosphate CAS NO:7558-80-7

Glutamic acid, monosodium salt; MSG; L-Glutamic Acid Monosodium Salt; Sodium L-Glutamate, Mono; L-(+)sodium glutamate; Glutamate monosodium salt; monosodium-L-glutamate; sodium-L-glutamate; L-Glutamic acid, monosodium salt, monohydrate; Glutammato Monosodico (Italian); Natriumglutaminat (German); Hidrogenoglutamato de sodio (Spanish); Hydrogénoglutamate de sodium (French); cas no: 142-47-2

SYNONYMS Glutamic acid monosodium salt;Glutamic acid, monosodium salt, L-;Glutavene;hidrogenoglutamato de sodio;Hydrogenoglutamate de sodium;L-(+)-GLUTAMIC ACID, MONOSODIUM SALT;L-Glutamic acid sodium salt;L-Glutamic acid, monosodium salt;L-Glutamic acid, sodium salt (1:1) CAS NO:142-47-2

DESCRIPTION:
Monoaluminium phosphate is a chemical compound.
In nature Monoaluminium phosphate occurs as the mineral berlinite.
Many synthetic forms Monoaluminium phosphate are known.

CAS No.: 7784–30–7
EC Number: 232-056-9

Monoaluminium phosphates have framework structures similar to zeolites and some are used as catalysts, ion-exchangers or molecular sieves.
Commercial Monoaluminium phosphate gel is available.

Monoaluminium Phosphate, which is widely used in refractory industry.
Monoaluminium Phosphate is a colourless viscous adhesive solution at room temperature, used mainly in the refractory and electrical industries.
Monoaluminium Phosphate is also used in ceramics, dental cements, cosmetics, paints and varnishes, pharmaceuticals, pulp and paper.

Monoaluminium Phosphate is a phosphate of aluminum.
Monoaluminium Phosphate is used in cake mixes and in some baking powders as a leavening agent to help baked goods rise.
Medicinally Monoaluminium Phosphate is used as adsorbent for toxoids.
Monoaluminium Phosphate is also used industrially as a high-temperature dehydrating agent.
Aluminum is the most abundant metal in the earth's crust and is always found combined with other elements such as oxygen, silicon, and fluorine.

Monoaluminium Phosphate, or Aluminium (III) Phosphate, is an inorganic salt that is found in several minerals and is often used as a catalyst.
Monoaluminium Phosphate is also used in the pharmaceutical industry for manufacturing chemotherapeutic drugs.
Monoaluminium Phosphate occurs naturally in the form of the mineral berlinite.
Monoaluminium Phosphate is prepared chemically when soluble Aluminium salts are exposed to alkaline conditions.

Monoaluminium Phosphate is represented as AlPO4, which consists of hydrated Aluminium Orthophosphate.
The Monoaluminium Phosphate solutions form polymeric aggregates wherein equilibrium is reached very slowly.
Monoaluminium Phosphate forms soluble Aluminium salts and Phosphoric acid by slowly reacting with Gastric acid.

However, Monoaluminium Phosphate absorbs the bile acids weaker than Aluminium Hydroxide.
Here, we will learn what is Aluminium Phosphate, what is the formula for Aluminium Phosphate, what is Aluminium Phosphate used for, and the properties of Aluminium Phosphate.


CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF MONOALUMINIUM PHOSPHATE:
Name: MONOAluminium Phosphate (Liquid)
Formula: Al (H2PO4)3
Mol.Wt. : 318
Description: Clear & Viscous Liquid. Pourable at Room Temperature & Corrosive.
Al2O3: 8 – 10 %
P2O5: 35 – 38 %
pH of 1% SOLUTION: Around 2
Density: 1.50 – 1.55 gm / cc
Viscosity: 18 – 25 Second (Ford Cup B-4)
Chemical formula: AlPO4
Molar mass: 121.9529 g/mol
Appearance: White, crystalline powder
Density : 2.566 g/cm3, solid
Melting point: 1,800 °C (3,270 °F; 2,070 K)
Boiling point: Decomposes
Solubility in water: 1.89×10−9 g/100 ml[1]
Solubility product (Ksp) : 9.84×10−21[1]
Solubility: Very slightly soluble in HCl and HNO3
Refractive index (nD): 1.546
Molecular Weight: 121.953
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 0
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 4
Rotatable Bond Count: 0
Exact Mass: 121.9349589
Monoisotopic Mass: 121.9349589
Topological Polar Surface Area: 86.2 Ų
Heavy Atom Count: 6
Formal Charge: 0
Complexity: 36.8
Isotope Atom Count: 0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 2
Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes

Chemical Formula of Monoaluminium Phosphate:
Aluminium Phosphate is also called Aluminium Monophosphate or Monoaluminium Phosphate.
Monoaluminium Phosphate is formed by the Phosphate anion PO43-, and the Aluminium cation Al3+.
Hence, the chemical or molecular formula of Aluminium Phosphate is AlPO4.

Monoaluminium Phosphate occurs as a white crystalline powder.
However, Monoaluminium Phosphate is a colourless liquid in its aqueous form.

Monoaluminium Phosphate is insoluble in water and occurs in the form of a mineral berlinite.
Aluminium phosphate is found in minerals like variscite and meta-variscite in its dihydrate form. Since Monoaluminium Phosphate has piezoelectric properties, Monoaluminium Phosphate is widely used in the electronic and electrical industries.



USES OF MONOALUMINIUM PHOSPHATE:
Molecular sieves:
There are many types of aluminium phosphate molecular sieves, generically known as "ALPOs".
The first ones were reported in 1982.
MONOALUMINIUM PHOSPHATES share the same chemical composition of AlPO4 and have framework structures with microporous cavities.
The frameworks are made up of alternating AlO4 and PO4 tetrahedra.
The denser cavity-less crystalline berlinite, shares the same alternating AlO4 and PO4 tetrahedra.
The MONOALUMINIUM PHOSPHATE framework structures vary one from another in the orientation of the AlO4 tetrahedra and PO4 tetrahedra to form different-sized cavities, and in this respect they are similar to the aluminosilicate zeolites, which differ in having electrically charged frameworks.
A typical preparation of an MONOALUMINIUM PHOSPHATE involves the hydrothermal reaction of phosphoric acid and aluminium in the form of hydroxide, an aluminium salt such as aluminium nitrate salt or alkoxide under controlled pH in the presence of organic amines.
These organic molecules act as templates (now termed structure directing agents, SDAs) to direct the growth of the porous framework.

Other:
Along with aluminium hydroxide, MONOALUMINIUM PHOSPHATE is one of the most common immunologic adjuvants (efficiency enhancers) in vaccinations.
Aluminium adjuvant use is widespread due to their cheap price, long history of use, safety and efficiency with most antigens.
It's unknown how such salts function as adjuvants.

Similar to aluminum hydroxide, AlPO4 is used as an antacid.
It neutralizes stomach acid (HCl) by forming AlCl3 with it.
Up to 20% of aluminum from ingested antacid salts can be absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract – despite some unverified concerns about the neurological effects of aluminum, MONOALUMINIUM PHOSPHATE and hydroxide salts are thought to be safe as antacids in normal use, even during pregnancy and breastfeeding.

Additional uses for AlPO4 in combination with or without other compounds are white colorants for pigments, corrosion inhibitors, cements and dental cements.
Related compounds have also similar uses.
For example, Al(H2PO4)3 is used in dental cements, metal coatings, glaze compositions and refractory binders; and Al(H2PO4)(HPO4) is used cement and refractory binders and adhesives.

SAFETY INFORMATION ABOUT MONOALUMINIUM PHOSPHATE:
First aid measures:
Description of first aid measures:
General advice:
Consult a physician.
Show this safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
Move out of dangerous area:

If inhaled:
If breathed in, move person into fresh air.
If not breathing, give artificial respiration.
Consult a physician.
In case of skin contact:
Take off contaminated clothing and shoes immediately.
Wash off with soap and plenty of water.
Consult a physician.

In case of eye contact:
Rinse thoroughly with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes and consult a physician.
Continue rinsing eyes during transport to hospital.

If swallowed:
Do NOT induce vomiting.
Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person.
Rinse mouth with water.
Consult a physician.

Firefighting measures:
Extinguishing media:
Suitable extinguishing media:
Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.
Special hazards arising from the substance or mixture
Carbon oxides, Nitrogen oxides (NOx), Hydrogen chloride gas

Advice for firefighters:
Wear self-contained breathing apparatus for firefighting if necessary.
Accidental release measures:
Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures
Use personal protective equipment.

Avoid breathing vapours, mist or gas.
Evacuate personnel to safe areas.

Environmental precautions:
Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so.
Do not let product enter drains.
Discharge into the environment must be avoided.

Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Soak up with inert absorbent material and dispose of as hazardous waste.
Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.

Handling and storage:
Precautions for safe handling:
Avoid inhalation of vapour or mist.

Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place.
Containers which are opened must be carefully resealed and kept upright to prevent leakage.
Storage class (TRGS 510): 8A: Combustible, corrosive hazardous materials

Exposure controls/personal protection:
Control parameters:
Components with workplace control parameters
Contains no substances with occupational exposure limit values.
Exposure controls:
Appropriate engineering controls:
Handle in accordance with good industrial hygiene and safety practice.
Wash hands before breaks and at the end of workday.

Personal protective equipment:
Eye/face protection:
Tightly fitting safety goggles.
Faceshield (8-inch minimum).
Use equipment for eye protection tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or EN 166(EU).

Skin protection:
Handle with gloves.
Gloves must be inspected prior to use.
Use proper glove
removal technique (without touching glove's outer surface) to avoid skin contact with this product.
Dispose of contaminated gloves after use in accordance with applicable laws and good laboratory practices.
Wash and dry hands.

Full contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0.11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Material tested:Dermatril (KCL 740 / Aldrich Z677272, Size M)
Splash contact
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0.11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Material tested:Dermatril (KCL 740 / Aldrich Z677272, Size M)
It should not be construed as offering an approval for any specific use scenario.

Body Protection:
Complete suit protecting against chemicals, The type of protective equipment must be selected according to the concentration and amount of the dangerous substance at the specific workplace.
Respiratory protection:
Where risk assessment shows air-purifying respirators are appropriate use a fullface respirator with multi-purpose combination (US) or type ABEK (EN 14387) respirator cartridges as a backup to engineering controls.

If the respirator is the sole means of protection, use a full-face supplied air respirator.
Use respirators and components tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or CEN (EU).
Control of environmental exposure
Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so.
Do not let product enter drains.
Discharge into the environment must be avoided.

Stability and reactivity:
Chemical stability:
Stable under recommended storage conditions.
Incompatible materials:
Strong oxidizing agents:
Hazardous decomposition products:
Hazardous decomposition products formed under fire conditions.
Carbon oxides, Nitrogen oxides (NOx), Hydrogen chloride gas.

Disposal considerations:
Waste treatment methods:
Product:
Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company.
Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material.
Contaminated packaging:
Dispose of as unused product.



SYNONYMS OF MONOALUMINIUM PHOSPHATE:
MeSH Entry Terms:
aluminum monophosphate
aluminum phosphate
aluminum phosphate (3:1)
aluminum phosphate (3:2)
aluminum phosphate dihydrate
Phosphalugel

Depositor-Supplied Synonyms:
Aluminum phosphate
7784-30-7
Aluminum monophosphate
Phosphaljel
ALUMINIUM PHOSPHATE
Monoaluminum phosphate
Aluminumphosphate
Aluminum phosphate (1:1)
Phosphoric acid, aluminum salt (1:1)
Aluminum phosphate gel
Aluminium phosphate gel
Aluminum phosphate [USP]
Phosphalugel
F92V3S521O
Aluminum acid phosphate
Aluphos
Aluminum phosphate (USP)
56574-68-6
98499-64-0
Aluminophosphoric acid
Aluminum Phosphoric Acid
Aluminiumphosphat
MFCD00003430
Aluminiumphosphat [German]
Aluminum monophosphate; Aluminum orthophosphate;Phosphalutab; Phosphaluvet; Rehydraphos
FFB 32
aluminium orthophosphate
Aluminium phosphate, pure
EINECS 232-056-9
UNII-F92V3S521O
Aluminium orthophosphate, natural
Phosphaljel (TN)
Phosphoric acid, aluminium salt (1:1)
Aluminum Phosphate powder
Aluminum Phosphate B111
Aluminum Phosphate B210
EC 232-056-9
Aluminum Phosphate suspension
Aluminum phosphate, Puratronic
ALUMINUM PHOSPHATE [MI]
CHEMBL3833315
DTXSID5064839
ALUMINUM PHOSPHATE [VANDF]
ALUMINIUM PHOSPHATE (1:1)
ALUMINIUM PHOSPHATE [MART.]
ALUMINIUM PHOSPHATE [WHO-DD]
AKOS015856690
DB14517
ALUMINUM PHOSPHATE [USP IMPURITY]
FT-0622223
ALUMINIUM PHOSPHATE GEL [EP MONOGRAPH]
D02862

Monoammonium Phosphate; Ammonium phosphate,monobasic; Phosphoric acid, monoammonium salt;Monoammonium orthophosphate; Monoammonium phosphate; Monobasic ammonium phosphate; Primary ammonium phosphate; Ammonium dihydrogen orthophosphate; cas no: 7722-76-1

SYNONYMS Ammonium glycyrrhizate; Glycamil; Glycyrram; Ammonium glycyrrhizinate;(3-beta,20-beta)-20-Carboxy-11-oxo-30-norolean-12-en-3-yl 2-O-beta-D- glucopyranuronosyl- alpha-D-glucopyranosiduronic acid ammonium salt; Glycyrrhizic acid monoammonium salt; Glycyrrhizic acid ammonium salt; CAS NO:53956-04-0

Monoamylamine, mixed isomers; MAA; AMINE C5; Amylamin; AMYLAMINE; n-C5H11NH2; AMYLAMINES; Pentylamin; cas no: 110-58-7

SYNONYMS Monoisopropanolamine salt of lauryl ether sulfate based on natural fatty alcohol ethoxylate C12-14 with 2 moles of EO, in propylene glycol CAS NO:1187742-72-8

Monobutyltin Oxide is a white powder which has C4H10O2Sn as chemical formula.
Monobutyltin Oxide is an non-corrosive organotin compound which can be used in the synthesis of saturated polyester in powder coatings, insulating varnishes and coil coatings.
Monobutyltin Oxide is also known as butylhydroxostannane, butylstannonic acid and butylhydroxytin oxide.

CAS: 51590-67-1
MF: C4H10OSn
MW: 192.83
EINECS: 257-300-1

Monobutyltin Oxide is an amorphous white solid phase transfer catalysts.
Monobutyltin Oxide is hydrolytically stable and can be used in the synthesis of saturated polyester resins for powder coatings and coil coatings, as well in the production of unsaturated polyester resins for gel-coat, sheet molding, and cast molding applications.
Monobutyltin Oxide might be used also to produce polymeric plasticizers.

Monobutyltin Oxide is used primarily to catalyze esterification and polycondensation reactions at temperature between 210°C and 240°C (stable up to 250°C).
Monobutyltin Oxide begins to solubilize in carboxylic acid at 80°C during the reaction and becomes incorporated into the final product without affecting the quality of the product.
For this reason Monobutyltin Oxide does not require neutralization or filtration at the end of production.

Monobutyltin Oxide can significantly shorten esterification times, offers energy savings due to lower reaction temperatures, with a consequent more efficient use of equipment.
Monobutyltin Oxide minimizes side reactions such as dehydration and oxidative degradation of polyhydric alcohols, especially secondary alcohols.
Monobutyltin Oxide can be charged up front with other reactants, and requires no special handling other than avoiding excessive exposure to moisture.

Monobutyltin Oxide is an organotin compound that has been studied for its various applications in the fields of science and technology.
Monobutyltin Oxide is a colorless solid that is soluble in organic solvents.
Monobutyltin Oxide is a derivative of butyl alcohol and tin oxide, and is commonly used in the manufacture of polymers, plastics, and paints.
Monobutyltin Oxide is also used as a catalyst in organic synthesis, and as a fungicide for agricultural purposes.
In the laboratory, Monobutyltin Oxide is used as a reagent in a variety of different experiments.

The mechanism of action of Monobutyltin Oxide is not fully understood.
However, Monobutyltin Oxide is believed that the compound binds to the substrate and initiates a reaction.
The reaction is believed to involve the oxidation of the substrate by the tin oxide and the formation of a new bond between the tin and the substrate.

Uses
Monobutyltin Oxide is used as plastic stabilizer raw material, organic tin intermediate, esterification catalyst and electrophoretic electrodeposition coating catalyst.
Monobutyltin Oxide is mainly used as a catalyst for the production of saturated polyester resins such as powder coatings, coil (steel) coatings, insulating paints, and unsaturated polyester resins.
Used as plastic stabilizer raw materials, organotin intermediates, esterification reaction catalysts, electrophoretic electrodeposition coating catalysts.

Monobutyltin oxide has been used in various scientific research applications, including the synthesis of polymers, plastics, and paints.
Monobutyltin Oxide has also been used as a catalyst in organic synthesis, and as a fungicide for agricultural purposes.
In the laboratory, Monobutyltin Oxide is used as a reagent in a variety of different experiments.
For example, Monobutyltin Oxide is used in the synthesis of polymers, in the preparation of aryl halides, and in the synthesis of organic compounds.

Synthesis
Monobutyltin Oxide is synthesized by reacting monobutyltin trichloride with Na2CO3 in the presence of ammonia.
Monobutyltin Oxide can be synthesized by two different methods: the direct method and the indirect method.
The direct method involves the reaction of butyl alcohol with tin oxide in an aqueous solution.
This reaction yields Monobutyltin Oxide and water as by-products.
The indirect method involves the reaction of tin oxide with butyl chloride in an organic solvent.
This reaction yields Monobutyltin Oxide and hydrochloric acid as by-products.

Biochemical and Physiological Effects
Monobutyltin Oxide has been shown to have a number of biochemical and physiological effects. Monobutyltin Oxide has been shown to be toxic to a variety of organisms, including bacteria, fungi, and plants.
In addition, Monobutyltin Oxide has been shown to have an inhibitory effect on the growth of certain microorganisms.
Monobutyltin Oxide has also been shown to have an inhibitory effect on the enzyme activity of certain enzymes.

Preparation
Weigh 12gNa2CO3 into a reaction bottle and stir and dissolve it with 200g of water, add 200g of ammonia water with a concentration of 20% to put the reaction bottle into a water bath and raise the temperature to 50 ℃; Weigh 1g of additive, dilute with 20g of water, take 50% and add it to the reaction bottle; Weigh 100g of monobutyltin trichloride liquid, put it into a constant pressure funnel and slowly drop it into the reaction bottle, constant temperature reaction for 2h.
The diluted additive 20% is added every 30 minutes during the constant temperature process.
After the reaction is over, the mono-butyl tin oxide obtained from the reaction is filtered by a cloth funnel, the filter cake is transferred into a 500Ml beaker and about 200ml of water is added for washing, the washing temperature is controlled at 50-60 ℃, and the filter cake is filtered by suction after repeated twice.
The obtained filter cake is dried by a rotary evaporator at a drying temperature of 70-80 ℃, and finally 70.78g Monobutyltin Oxide product is obtained with a yield of 99.1%.

Synonyms
Butyltin oxide
Monobutyltin oxide
51590-67-1
Stannane, butyloxo-
Tegokat 256
BUTYLOXOSTANNANE
Eurecat 8200
EINECS 257-300-1
BUTYLSTANNANONE
CCRIS 6318
mono butyl tin oxide
C4H10OSn
SCHEMBL195087
C4-H10-O-Sn
AKOS015918349
LS-146471
FT-0657367
A828673

Monobutyltin oxide, also known by its chemical formula C4H9SnO, is an organotin compound.
Monobutyltin oxide is part of a class of chemical compounds that contain tin-carbon bonds.
In monobutyltin oxide, a butyl group (C4H9) is bonded to a tin (Sn) atom, and an oxygen (O) atom is also attached to the tin atom.

CAS Number: 2273-43-0
EC Number: 218-476-0

Butyltin oxide, Monobutyltin trioxide, MBTO, N-Butyltin oxide, Butylstannoic acid, Stannane butyl oxide, Butylstannic oxide, Tin butyl trioxide, Tributyltin monoxide, TBT monoxide, Stannous butylate, Butyl tin oxide, Tributyltin(IV) oxide, Stannane tributyl oxide, Butyltin(IV) oxide, Tributyltin oxide, Tin tributyl oxide, Tributylstannoxane, TBT oxide, Tributyltin trioxide, Tributylstannyl oxide, Monobutyltin trioxide, Butyltin(3+) oxide, Butyl stannate, Butyltin(3+) trioxide, Monotributyltin trioxide, Monon-butyltin trioxide, Mononbutyltin trioxide, n-Butyltin(3+) oxide, n-Butyltin(3+) trioxide, n-Butyltin trioxide, Stannane n-butyl oxide, Tin n-butyl trioxide, n-Butyltin trioxide, Tri-n-butyltin oxide, Tributylstannic oxide, Butyltin oxide (SnBu3O), Tributyl tin trioxide, Tributyltin monooxide, Tributyltin oxide (stannous butylate), Tributyltin oxide (TBTO), Tributyltin oxide monomer, Butyltin trioxide (SnBu3O), Monobutyltin trioxide, Monobutyltin(IV) oxide, Tin butyl trioxide, Tributylstannoic oxide, Stannane butyl oxide, Tin butyl oxide, Butylstannoic acid, Butylstannic oxide, Monobutyltin trioxide, Tributyltin(IV) oxide, Butyl tin oxide, Stannous butylate, Tributyltin trioxide, Butyltin(IV) oxide, Tributylstannoxane, Tributylstannyl oxide



APPLICATIONS


Monobutyltin oxide finds use as a catalyst in various organic synthesis reactions.
Monobutyltin oxide is employed in the production of certain specialty chemicals and intermediates.
Monobutyltin oxide serves as a stabilizer in the polymerization of vinyl chloride, contributing to the formation of PVC (polyvinyl chloride).

In the plastics industry, Monobutyltin oxide plays a role in enhancing the thermal and mechanical properties of polymers.
Its catalytic properties are utilized in the synthesis of polyurethane foams and elastomers.
Monobutyltin oxide is involved in the production of coatings and adhesives with improved performance characteristics.

Monobutyltin oxide is employed as a catalyst in the esterification and transesterification reactions in organic chemistry.
Monobutyltin oxide is used in the manufacturing of silicone-based products, such as sealants and adhesives.

Monobutyltin oxide acts as a key component in the formulation of certain agricultural chemicals and pesticides.
In the textile industry, it is utilized in the production of flame-retardant fabrics.
Monobutyltin oxide finds application in the synthesis of pharmaceutical intermediates and active ingredients.

Monobutyltin oxide is employed in the preparation of specialty coatings for glass and metal surfaces.
Monobutyltin oxide contributes to the development of antifouling paints for marine applications to prevent biofouling on ship hulls.
Monobutyltin oxide is used in the formulation of certain fuel additives and lubricants.
In the electronics industry, Monobutyltin oxide is applied in the production of electronic components and coatings.

Monobutyltin oxide plays a role in the preparation of organotin compounds with diverse applications in materials science.
Monobutyltin oxide is involved in the synthesis of plasticizers for enhancing the flexibility of polymers.
Monobutyltin oxide is used in the creation of high-performance rubber and elastomer products.
Monobutyltin oxide is employed in the manufacturing of certain corrosion inhibitors for metal protection.

Monobutyltin oxide finds application in the synthesis of organometallic compounds used in catalysis.
In the production of foamed plastics, it contributes to the formation of cellular structures.
Monobutyltin oxide is utilized in the development of coatings with antifungal and antimicrobial properties.

Monobutyltin oxide is applied in the formulation of sealants and adhesives for construction purposes.
Monobutyltin oxide plays a role in the production of certain polymeric materials with tailored properties.
Monobutyltin oxide is explored for potential applications in emerging technologies, including nanotechnology and materials science.

Monobutyltin oxide is used in the synthesis of heat stabilizers for PVC (polyvinyl chloride) applications, preventing degradation during processing and use.
Monobutyltin oxide is employed as a catalyst in the formation of polyurethane coatings, providing enhanced durability and resistance.
Monobutyltin oxide finds use in the formulation of antistatic agents, improving the surface properties of materials.

Monobutyltin oxide contributes to the production of adhesives with improved bonding characteristics in various industries.
Monobutyltin oxide is utilized in the creation of specialty paints for corrosion protection in marine and industrial environments.
Monobutyltin oxide is applied in the manufacturing of rubber goods, imparting desirable properties to the final products.

Monobutyltin oxide plays a role in the synthesis of organotin compounds used as biocides and wood preservatives.
Monobutyltin oxide is involved in the formulation of anti-reflective coatings for optical lenses and electronic displays.
Monobutyltin oxide is used in the preparation of heat-resistant materials for specific industrial applications.

Monobutyltin oxide finds application in the synthesis of tin-containing polymers with tailored properties.
Monobutyltin oxide contributes to the development of specialty inks and coatings for printing applications.
Monobutyltin oxide is employed in the creation of specialty materials used in aerospace and automotive industries.

Monobutyltin oxide is used in the production of specialty lubricants with improved thermal stability.
Monobutyltin oxide plays a role in the synthesis of surfactants for use in cleaning and detergent formulations.
Monobutyltin oxide is applied in the preparation of flame-retardant materials for textiles and furnishings.

Monobutyltin oxide contributes to the development of high-performance materials used in electronic devices.
Monobutyltin oxide is involved in the formulation of additives for hydraulic fluids and metalworking applications.
Monobutyltin oxide finds application in the creation of specialty coatings for medical devices and implants.
Monobutyltin oxide is utilized in the synthesis of conductive materials for electronic applications.

Monobutyltin oxide plays a role in the preparation of corrosion-resistant coatings for metal substrates.
Monobutyltin oxide is employed in the formulation of sealants for construction and industrial purposes.
Monobutyltin oxide is used in the production of materials with controlled release properties, such as drug delivery systems.

Monobutyltin oxide contributes to the development of specialty inks for flexible and printed electronics.
Monobutyltin oxide is applied in the synthesis of materials used in the construction of photovoltaic cells.
Monobutyltin oxide finds use in the creation of advanced materials for energy storage and conversion technologies.

Monobutyltin oxide is employed in the formulation of catalysts for the synthesis of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) resins used in the production of plastic bottles.
Monobutyltin oxide plays a crucial role in the creation of organotin compounds utilized as stabilizers in the processing of polypropylene and polyethylene.
Monobutyltin oxide finds application in the manufacturing of heat-resistant coatings for automotive components and industrial machinery.
Monobutyltin oxide contributes to the development of anti-fouling agents used in marine paints to prevent the growth of organisms on ship hulls.

Monobutyltin oxide is utilized in the synthesis of tin-containing polymers employed in the fabrication of electronic components and devices.
Monobutyltin oxide is involved in the production of specialty polymers used in the formulation of medical-grade adhesives and sealants.

Monobutyltin oxide is applied in the creation of anti-wear additives for lubricating oils, enhancing the performance of machinery.
Monobutyltin oxide plays a role in the preparation of tin-based reagents for use in organic synthesis, such as the Stille coupling reaction.
Monobutyltin oxide is utilized in the production of tin-based catalysts for esterification and transesterification reactions in biodiesel production.
Monobutyltin oxide contributes to the formulation of high-performance elastomers used in the manufacturing of automotive tires.
Monobutyltin oxide is employed in the creation of specialty coatings for solar panels, enhancing their weather resistance and longevity.

Monobutyltin oxide plays a role in the synthesis of tin-containing precursors used in the production of semiconductors and electronic materials.
Monobutyltin oxide is used in the formulation of anti-corrosion coatings for steel structures and pipelines in the oil and gas industry.
Monobutyltin oxide finds application in the creation of tin-based compounds used as Lewis acid catalysts in organic reactions.

Monobutyltin oxide is involved in the synthesis of tin-containing pigments used in the coloring of ceramics and glass.
Monobutyltin oxide contributes to the development of tin-based materials with photocatalytic properties for environmental remediation applications.
Monobutyltin oxide is utilized in the preparation of tin-containing compounds for use in electroplating and surface finishing processes.
Monobutyltin oxide plays a role in the formulation of tin-based additives for the improvement of lubricant performance in various applications.

Monobutyltin oxide is employed in the creation of organotin compounds with fungicidal properties for agricultural applications.
Monobutyltin oxide finds application in the synthesis of tin-containing materials used in the preparation of dental impression materials.
Monobutyltin oxide is involved in the production of tin-based complexes used as catalysts in the synthesis of fine chemicals and pharmaceuticals.
Monobutyltin oxide is applied in the formulation of tin-based reagents for the modification of organic molecules in chemical synthesis.

Monobutyltin oxide contributes to the development of tin-containing materials used in the creation of gas sensors for environmental monitoring.
Monobutyltin oxide is utilized in the synthesis of tin-based catalysts for the production of biodiesel from renewable feedstocks.
Monobutyltin oxide finds application in the creation of tin-containing materials with potential antimicrobial properties for medical applications.



DESCRIPTION


Monobutyltin oxide, also known by its chemical formula C4H9SnO, is an organotin compound.
Monobutyltin oxide is part of a class of chemical compounds that contain tin-carbon bonds.
In monobutyltin oxide, a butyl group (C4H9) is bonded to a tin (Sn) atom, and an oxygen (O) atom is also attached to the tin atom.

Monobutyltin oxide is a chemical compound known for its tin-carbon-oxygen molecular structure.
With the formula C4H9SnO, it consists of a butyl group bonded to a tin atom with an associated oxygen atom.
Monobutyltin oxide plays a role in various industrial applications as a catalyst and stabilizer.

Its application extends to catalyzing specific chemical reactions in industrial processes.
Monobutyltin oxide is recognized for its participation in polymer production, where it acts as a stabilizing agent.
Monobutyltin oxide is characterized by its molecular weight of approximately 208.89 g/mol.

Monobutyltin oxide is part of a broader class of organotin compounds that have diverse applications in different fields.
Monobutyltin oxide is acknowledged for its catalytic properties, contributing to reaction efficiency.

In certain industrial contexts, it is utilized as a precursor for the synthesis of specialty chemicals.
Its role as a catalyst extends to promoting reactions with particular substrates in organic synthesis.
Monobutyltin oxide has been investigated for its effectiveness in various chemical transformations.

Monobutyltin oxide exhibits unique reactivity patterns owing to the presence of the butyltin moiety.
Its involvement in industrial polymerization processes highlights its significance in the production of plastic materials.
Monobutyltin oxide is subject to environmental and regulatory considerations due to its potential toxicity.

In some applications, there has been a shift towards alternative compounds with fewer environmental concerns.
Monobutyltin oxide's molecular structure influences its interactions in chemical reactions and catalytic processes.
As a tin-based compound, it possesses certain physical and chemical characteristics that make it valuable in specific applications.

Monobutyltin oxide is a subject of ongoing research to explore its potential applications in emerging technologies.
Its presence in certain industrial formulations contributes to the enhancement of material properties.
Monobutyltin oxide's reactivity is carefully considered in the design of chemical processes to achieve desired outcomes.
Monobutyltin oxide's stability under certain reaction conditions makes it suitable for diverse chemical applications.

Its use as a stabilizer in polymer production underscores its role in ensuring the quality and durability of materials.
Monobutyltin oxide is known for its compatibility with other chemicals in various synthetic pathways.
Research efforts continue to uncover new applications and optimize the efficiency of Monobutyltin oxide in different processes.
Understanding the properties and behavior of Monobutyltin oxide is crucial for its responsible and effective use in industrial settings.



PROPERTIES


Chemical Formula: C4H9SnO
Molecular Weight: Approximately 208.89 g/mol
Physical Form: White to off-white powder or crystalline solid
Melting Point: Varies, typically decomposes before melting
Solubility: Insoluble in water, soluble in organic solvents
Density: Varies depending on the form, typically a dense solid
Odor: Odorless
Stability: Stable under normal conditions, may decompose at elevated temperatures
Hygroscopicity: May absorb moisture from the air



FIRST AID


Inhalation:

If Monobutyltin oxide is inhaled, immediately move the affected person to fresh air.
If breathing is difficult, administer artificial respiration.
Seek medical attention promptly.


Skin Contact:

In case of skin contact, promptly remove contaminated clothing and shoes.
Wash the affected area thoroughly with soap and water for at least 15 minutes.
Seek medical attention if irritation, redness, or other adverse reactions persist.


Eye Contact:

In case of eye contact, rinse the eyes gently with water for at least 15 minutes, lifting the upper and lower eyelids.
Seek immediate medical attention, and provide information on the chemical involved.


Ingestion:

If Monobutyltin oxide is swallowed, do not induce vomiting unless directed by medical professionals.
Rinse the mouth with water if the person is conscious.
Seek immediate medical attention and provide information on the chemical ingested.


General First Aid Measures:

If first aid is administered, ensure that it is performed by trained personnel.
Have the Safety Data Sheet (SDS) or relevant product information available for medical professionals.
Monitor vital signs and provide supportive care as necessary.


Note:

Never administer first aid unless you are trained and equipped to do so safely.
Do not leave the affected person unattended.
Be cautious about the potential for secondary contamination when providing assistance.



HANDLING AND STORAGE


Handling:

Personal Protective Equipment (PPE):
Wear suitable protective clothing, including gloves and safety goggles or a face shield.
Use respiratory protection if handling Monobutyltin oxide in conditions that may generate dust or vapors.

Ventilation:
Work in a well-ventilated area to minimize exposure to airborne particles or vapors.
Consider local exhaust ventilation to control airborne concentrations.

Avoidance of Contact:
Avoid skin contact and inhalation of dust or vapors.
Do not eat, drink, or smoke while handling the substance.

Hygiene Practices:
Wash hands and exposed skin thoroughly after handling Monobutyltin oxide.
Do not touch the face, eyes, or mouth with contaminated hands.

Storage:
Store Monobutyltin oxide in a cool, dry place away from incompatible materials.
Keep containers tightly closed to prevent moisture absorption and contamination.

Separation from Incompatibles:
Store away from strong acids, strong bases, and other incompatible materials.
Take precautions to avoid contact with reducing agents and strong oxidizers.

Handling Precautions:
Use appropriate equipment for handling, such as scoops or shovels, to minimize dust generation.
Implement powder-handling procedures to minimize the release of airborne dust.

Emergency Measures:
Have emergency equipment, including eyewash stations and safety showers, accessible in the handling area.
Ensure that personnel are trained in emergency response procedures.


Storage:

Storage Temperature:
Store Monobutyltin oxide at ambient temperatures, avoiding extremes of heat and cold.

Moisture Control:
Protect from moisture to prevent clumping and degradation of the substance.
Consider using desiccants or moisture-absorbing materials in storage areas.

Container Material:
Use containers made of materials compatible with Monobutyltin oxide, such as polyethylene or glass.
Ensure that containers are properly labeled with hazard information.

Labeling:
Clearly label containers with appropriate hazard information and handling instructions.
Include the date of receipt and other relevant information on storage containers.

Segregation:
Store away from incompatible substances, including strong oxidizers and reducing agents.
Implement segregation measures to prevent cross-contamination.

Fire Precautions:
Monobutyltin oxide is not flammable, but it may emit toxic fumes in a fire.
Store away from potential ignition sources.

Security Measures:
Store Monobutyltin oxide in a secure location to prevent unauthorized access and potential misuse.

Regular Inspection:
Regularly inspect storage areas for signs of damage, leaks, or other issues.
Follow the recommended shelf-life and expiration dates provided by the manufacturer.

Training:
Train personnel on proper handling and storage procedures, including emergency response measures.
Keep records of training sessions and updates.

Monocalcium Phosphate's chemical formula is Ca(H2PO4)2.
Monocalcium Phosphate contains phosphate, calcium, and hydrogen ions.
Monocalcium Phosphate is a leavening acid commonly found in baked goods.


CAS Number: 7758-23-8
10031-30-8 (monohydrate)
EC Number: 231-837-1
E number: E341(i) (antioxidants, ...)
Chemical formula: CaH4P2O8
Molecular Formula: Ca(H₂PO₄)₂



Calcium bis(dihydrogen phosphate), Acid calcium phosphate, Calcium acid phosphate, Calcium diorthophosphate, Calcium biphosphate, Calcium superphosphate, Monobasic calcium phosphate, Monocalcium orthophosphate, Phosphoric acid, calcium salt (2:1), Calcium biphosphate, calcium dihydrogen orthophosphate, calcium dihydrogen phosphate, Monocalcium Phosphate, Calcium tetrahydrogen, calcium dihydrophosphate, Calcium dihydrogenphoshate, Calcium dihydrogen phosphate, Calcium Dihydrogen Orthophosphate, Calcium bis(dihydrogen phosphate), calcium dihydrogen phosphate hydrate, Calcium phosphate monobasic monohydrate, Calcium bis(dihydrogenphosphate) Monohydrate, Monobasic calcium phosphate, Monocalcium orthophosphate, Phosphoric acid, calcium salt (2:1), 7758-23-8,



Monocalcium Phosphate is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula Ca(H2PO4)2 ("AMCP" or "CMP-A" for anhydrous monocalcium phosphate).
Monocalcium Phosphate is also often combined with slow-acting acids such as sodium acid pyrophosphate, sodium aluminum sulfate and sodium aluminum phosphate in double-acting baking powders.


Monocalcium phosphate is a chemical compound.
Monocalcium Phosphate's chemical formula is Ca(H2PO4)2.
Monocalcium Phosphate contains phosphate, calcium, and hydrogen ions.


Monocalcium Phosphate is a leavening acid commonly found in baked goods.
Monocalcium Phosphate has a neutralizing value of 80 and is very fast acting.
Pure does not absorb moisture, but contains trace impurities, such as phosphoric acid can deliquesce.


Monocalcium Phosphate is strongly acidic.
The crystal water of Monocalcium Phosphate is lost at 100 ℃ and decomposed at 200 ℃.
Monocalcium Phosphate is slightly soluble in water, soluble in dilute hydrochloric acid, nitric acid and acetic acid.


Monocalcium Phosphate is a colorless tri-rant flaky, granular or crystalline powder.
Monocalcium Phosphate is strongly acidic.
Crystal water at 100 C, 200 C when the decomposition.


Monocalcium Phosphate is slightly soluble in water, soluble in dilute hydrochloric acid, nitric acid and acetic acid.
Monocalcium Phosphate is an inorganic compound derived from naturally occurring minerals and existing in two types:
anhydrous with the chemical formula Ca(H2PO4)2 monohydrate the commonly form and with the chemical formula Ca(H2PO4)2·H2O


Monocalcium Phosphate is a leavening agent, commonly used in the food industry to make baked goods rise.
Monocalcium Phosphate is made from minerals found naturally in the earth by causing a reaction, with a pure, food grade calcium source (such as calcium hydroxide) with phosphoric acid.


This high-quality phosphoric acid is created from rocks of phosphate, which have to be mined, followed by a refining and purifying process.
The phosphate used to create this compound is sourced from phosphate rocks and is important for growth, as well as the repair and maintenance of body tissues.


Both calcium and phosphorus are needed by the body for various purposes.
Monocalcium Phosphate, or calcium dihydrogen phosphate, its food grade commonly used with sodium bicarbonate as a leavening agent in bakery foods.
The European food additive number for Monocalcium Phosphate is E341(I).


Generally, Monocalcium Phosphate is vegan, gluten free and dairy free.
Monocalcium Phosphate is an inorganic compound derived from naturally occurring minerals and existing in two types:
anhydrous with the chemical formula Ca(H2PO4)2 monohydrate the commonly form and with the chemical formula Ca(H2PO4)2·H2O.


Monocalcium Phosphate can be found among the ingredients in baking powder.
Monocalcium Phosphate’s important for its ability to cause baked goods to rise.
Monocalcium Phosphate in baking powder reacts with baking soda producing carbon dioxide in the dough.


As carbon dioxide is released inside the dough, Monocalcium Phosphate forms little pockets, which we see as spaces in bread and cakes.
These little air pockets create the texture that helps make baked goods light and fluffy.
Monocalcium Phosphate occurs as white crystals or granules or as a granular powder.


Monocalcium Phosphate is anhydrous or contains one molecule of water of hydration, but because of its deliquescent nature, more than the calculated amount of water may be present.
Monocalcium Phosphate is sparingly soluble in water and is insoluble in alcohol.


In the baking process, Monocalcium Phosphate is critical that the rising happens at the right time.
This means the carbon dioxide has to be released in a controlled way.
If the timing of the carbon dioxide release is not perfect, the baked goods may be too dense or could crumble and fall apart.


The Monocalcium Phosphate contributes to ensuring the process occurs at the right time to produce the best results.
Various types of baked goods require different amounts of leavening.
Monocalcium Phosphate is ideal because it works in different amounts, from very small quantities to larger amounts.


Monocalcium Phosphate can be combined with other leavening agents for the perfect mix according to the type of dough needed.
Both calcium and phosphorus present in the leavening agent work together to build and strengthen teeth and bones.
Calcium also contributes to maintaining the heart rhythm and, in turn, improves heart and muscle health.


It’s doubtful that there’s sufficient quantity of either mineral in baking powder to have a positive impact on the body.
According to the Food and Drug Administration, Monocalcium Phosphate is on the list of foods generally recognized as safe (GRAS).
Monocalcium Phosphate occurs as white crystals or granules or as a granular powder.


Monocalcium Phosphate is anhydrous or contains one molecule of water of hydration, but because of its deliquescent nature, more than the calculated amount of water may be present.
Monocalcium Phosphate is sparingly soluble in water and is insoluble in alcohol.


Monocalcium Phosphate is a feed grade white granule that can be used for poultry and fish feed.
The element that maintains the construction and well-being of bones and teeth is frequently linked to calcium.
However, it's crucial to understand that our body also needs phosphorus for the synthesis of DNA, cell strength, and the development of bones and teeth.


Monocalcium Phosphate is the ideal mix because of this.
There are various items, including those used every day, that contain Monocalcium Phosphate.
Many goods meant for eating include Monocalcium Phosphate.


Monocalcium Phosphate's inclusion in food must always be identified on the ingredient list.
Monocalcium Phosphate in baking powder is probably the most well-known.
It is Monocalcium Phosphate that causes baked items to rise as expected after baking.


In dog food, Monocalcium Phosphate is also present.
Dogs, like people, require calcium and phosphorus to maintain and grow their teeth and bones.
Monocalcium Phosphate, which is added to pet food, is a fantastic source of both substances.


Monocalcium Phosphate is a white powder used as leavening agent.
Monocalcium Phosphate is produced by reacting calcium carbonate with wet process defluorinated phosphoric acid.
Monocalcium Phosphate is a source of highly available phosphorus (P) and calcium (Ca) that will help animal and poultry requirements for these essential nutrients.


Monocalcium Phosphate is a biochemical reagent that can be used as a biological material or organic compound for life science related research.
Monocalcium Phosphate is derived from minerals found in nature and is a leavening acid commonly found in baked goods.
Monocalcium Phosphate is an additive to animal feed, which contains calcium and phosphorus from inorganic compounds, namely ortophosphorus acid and finely ground calcium carbonate.


Monocalcium Phosphate, like many other substances added to foods, is derived from minerals found in nature – minerals that are essential to our health and well-being.
Monocalcium Phosphate has been used in food production for decades.


Monocalcium Phosphate is obtained through reacting the Phosphoric Acid and Calcium Carbonate.
As a building component of bone, Phosphorus is involved in many important biochemical transformations.
Monocalcium Phosphate is produced in Saint-Malo (France), Cartagena (Spain) , Gabès (Tunisia) and Prahovo (Serbia) and is available in granules and mini-granules.


Monocalcium Phosphate combines high phosphorus content with excellent digestibility, especially in poultry and pigs, but also in aqua, reducing the environmental impact of phosphorus emissions.
With more than 75% water soluble phosphorus, Monocalcium Phosphate also ensures proper feeding of ruminants and especially the ruminal micro-organisms which require more phosphorus than the ruminant itself!



USES and APPLICATIONS of MONOCALCIUM PHOSPHATE:
Monocalcium Phosphate is commonly found as the monohydrate ("MCP" or "MCP-M"), Ca(H2PO4)2·H2O.
Both salts are colourless solids.
They are used mainly as superphosphate fertilizers and are also popular leavening agents.


One of many substances added to food, Monocalcium Phosphate is derived from minerals found in nature ‑ minerals that are vital to our health and well-being.
Applications of Monocalcium Phosphate: Poultry feed and Fish feed.
Monocalcium Phosphate is used in baking powders, baking mixes for cakes, in cookies, doughnuts, energy powders, soft drinks and canned fruits and vegetables.


Monocalcium Phosphate is one of the popular food additives and ingredients in most countries.
Monocalcium Phosphate has been used in food production for decades and is made by reacting a source of calcium (usually calcium hydroxide) with phosphoric acid.


Calcium hydroxide, or limewater, is made by mixing calcium oxide with water.
Food-grade phosphoric acid is made from phosphate rocks, which are mined, refined and purified.
Companies that make phosphoric acid in the U.S., Europe and elsewhere follow strict procedures to ensure purity.


Monocalcium Phosphate is used in baking powder.
When it is dissolved in water, Monocalcium Phosphate makes an acidic solution which reacts with the sodium bicarbonate to make carbon dioxide.
The carbon dioxide makes Monocalcium Phosphate rise.


Monocalcium Phosphate is also used in fertilizers.
Monocalcium Phosphate is used in products like pancakes, cookies and angel food cake mixes, where fast gas production and little bench time is desired.
Monocalcium Phosphate is also used in biscuits and muffins when fast-acting leavening is needed due to short bake time.


Monocalcium Phosphate is a double-acting leavening acid.
After two-thirds of the carbon dioxide is released during mixing, Monocalcium Phosphate is transformed to dicalcium phosphate, which is latent at room temperature but releases carbon dioxide when heat is experienced in the oven.


Some brands of baking powder have Monocalcium Phosphate as the sole leavening acid.
Monocalcium Phosphate should be used in conjunction with baking soda.
The neutralizing value of leavening acids is the ratio of sodium bicarbonate (baking soda) to 100 parts of acid leavener that will bring about complete carbon dioxide release or “neutralization.”


For an acid with a neutralizing value of 80, if complete neutralization is desired, you would start out with a ratio of 80:100 parts baking soda : leavening acid.
Adjusting the amount of leavening acid to baking soda can raise pH (decrease the acid amount) or lower pH (increase the acid amount) of the finished product.


Monocalcium Phosphate is used in phosphate flour alone, and in self-rising flour with sodium bicarbonate.
Monocalcium Phosphate’s used in conjunction with baking soda to provide aeration and volume in cakes and cookies.
Monocalcium Phosphate is used as an additive to animal feed.


Monocalcium Phosphate is highly digestible, especially by pigs and poultry because of its purity.
Monocalcium Phosphate is also a common ingredient in feed premixes for calves and aquaculture.
Monocalcium Phosphate is found in many products, including those used every day.


Monocalcium Phosphate is present in many products intended for consumption.
Monocalcium Phosphate's presence in food must always be clearly marked on the list of ingredients.
Probably the best known is Monocalcium Phosphate in baking powder.


Monocalcium Phosphate is responsible for making baked goods rise as expected after baking.
In the baked goods mentioned above, Monocalcium Phosphate reacts with baking soda.
This process produces Carbon Dioxide, which makes cakes and pastries light, soft and fluffy.


Monocalcium Phosphate in question is also used as an emulsifier in processed foods.
Monocalcium Phosphate is sometimes added to processed meats and cheeses as a preservative.
Monocalcium Phosphate is also found in dog food.


Like humans, dogs need Calcium and Phosphorus to build their teeth and bones, grow and keep them strong.
An excellent source of both elements is Monocalcium Phosphate, which is added to pet food.
In addition to the applications already mentioned, Monocalcium Phosphate is used to produce fertilizers that supply Phosphorus and Calcium to the soil.


Phosphorus is an essential nutrient for plants and helps with root development, flower production and fruit ripening.
Calcium is also important for plant growth and helps with cell division, nutrient uptake and disease resistance.
Monocalcium Phosphate can provide plants with nutrients they would not receive through other means.


Monocalcium Phosphate is used in the following products: pH regulators and water treatment products, fertilizers, coatings, cosmetics and personal care products, laboratory chemicals, fillers, putties, plasters, modeling clay, drugs and polymers.
Monocalcium Phosphate is used in agriculture, forestry and fisheries, construction and civil works, scientific research and development and healthcare:


Monocalcium Phosphate is used for the production of food products, plastic products, mineral products (eg plasters, cement) and chemicals.
Monocalcium Phosphate is used in machine wash liquids/detergents, automotive care products, paints and coatings or adhesives, fragrances and air fresheners.
Monocalcium Phosphate is used as a raw material source of phosphorus in the production of feeds and animal nutrition correctors.


With this mineral-sourced phosphate in their rations, the needs of high producing animals are covered, improving performance in growth, fertility and conversion indexes.
Phosphorus is essential to, among other processes, ATP formation, nucleic acid synthesis and bone formation.


Monocalcium Phosphate is used Fruit Juices, Cakes & Cookies, Canned Seafood, Milk, Salad Dressings, and Fertilizer.
Monocalcium Phosphate in question is also an emulsifier in foods that have been prepared.
Monocalcium Phosphate is occasionally used as a preservative in processed cheeses and meats.


Monocalcium Phosphate is used to make fertilizers that deliver calcium and phosphorus to the soil in addition to the uses already listed.
A crucial mineral for plants, phosphorus aids in the growth of roots, the formation of flowers, and the ripening of fruits.
In addition to aiding in cell division, nutrition absorption, and disease resistance, calcium is crucial for plant growth.


Plants may obtain nutrients from Monocalcium Phosphate that they would not otherwise receive.
Monocalcium Phosphate is used as a leavening agent, dough regulator, buffer, nutritional supplement, emulsifier, stabilizer and other quality improvers, which can improve the complexing metal ions, pH value and ionic strength of food, the adhesion and water holding capacity of food products can be improved.


Monocalcium Phosphate is used for flour, cakes, cakes, baked goods, fried foods, biscuits, milk powder, cold drinks, ice cream, etc.
Monocalcium Phosphate is used in refractory industry, sewage treatment.
Monocalcium Phosphate is used as food leavening agent and calcium fortifier, wine flavoring agent, fermentation accelerator, etc.


Monocalcium Phosphate is widely used in aquaculture animals and livestock and poultry animal feed additives.
Monocalcium Phosphate is used as analytical reagent and plastic fixative.
Monocalcium Phosphate is used as a plastic stabilizer and an additive for the production of glass.


Monocalcium Phosphate is used in the food industry as a baking powder starter, yeast feed, calcium nutritional supplement and coagulant.
As a quality improver, Monocalcium Phosphate has an effect of increasing the complexing metal ions, pH, increasing the ionic strength, etc. of a food, thereby improving the adhesion and water holding capacity of the food.


Monocalcium Phosphate (or MCP) is used in the bakery industry for the manufacturing of self-leavening four, as a mineral enrichment of food.
Monocalcium Phosphate is stabilizer for dairy products, mineral feed supplements and pharmaceutical applications.
Monocalcium Phosphate is used for refractory industry, sewage treatment, etc.


Monocalcium Phosphate is used as food leavening agent and calcium fortified, wine flavoring agent, fermentation accelerator, etc
Monocalcium Phosphate is a feed additive widely used in aquaculture animals and blind poultry.
The additional amount of Monocalcium Phosphate in the feed is generally 1% ~ 2%.


Monocalcium Phosphate food grade is used as an acid component in baking powder; feed grade as a nutrition supplement of calcium and phosphorus in animal and poultry; and as a superphosphate fertilizer in agriculture.
Calcium itself is commonly associated with an element that supports the structure and health of bones and teeth.


However, it is important to know that our body also needs Phosphorus for the formation of DNA, the strengthening of cells, and the formation of bones and teeth.
For this reason, Monocalcium Phosphate is the perfect combination.


Monocalcium Phosphate is a substance commonly used in the production of food, animal feed and as a fertilizer.
Monocalcium Phosphate is formed by combining Calcium Oxide with Phosphoric Acid.
The resulting substance dissolves easily in water.


Monocalcium Phosphate produced by Lifosa is used as a raw material for animal or bird feed.
Calcium-enriched feed contributes to the formation of firm bone tissue and skeleton.
Phosphorus improves energy and protein metabolism, reproduction, functioning of the nervous and immune systems, and increases animals' reproductive abilities.


Monocalcium Phosphate is used by combining it with the feed mixture and premix as instructed by the producer of the animal feed.
Monocalcium Phosphate is fed in mixture with concentrated feedstuffs (concentrates), grain wastes, silage, bagasse, herbage, crushed pipfeeds, wet mush, as well as used for compound feedstuffs enrichment.


Extra nutrition should be introduced to ration step by step during 5 - 10 days, starting from low doses.
In food industry, Monocalcium Phosphate is used as swelling agent,dough regulator,buffering agent,modifier, firming agent,nutritional supplement,chelating agent.


Monocalcium Phosphate is a chemical compound that is commonly used in various industries, from food and baking, to animal feed and agriculture.
Monocalcium Phosphate is derived from a reaction between calcium hydroxide and phosphoric acid, resulting in a white powder with a variety of applications.
Monocalcium Phosphate is used Fruit Juices, Cakes & Cookies, Canned Seafood, Milk, Salad Dressings, and Fertilizer.


-nutritional supplement, leavening agent uses of Monocalcium Phosphate:
Monocalcium Phosphate is equivalent to 1g of calcium 0.1855g.
When used for special nutritious food, the usage amount of Monocalcium Phosphate is less than 1% of food (calculated as calcium, or less than 5.4% of this product).

The acidic component, Monocalcium Phosphate is used as a synthetic leavening agent in the manufacture of baked foods such as bread, is hardly soluble in water, and is suitable for use as a slow-acting leavening agent.
2g per g of sodium bicarbonate was used.


-Food uses of Monocalcium Phosphate:
Monocalcium Phosphate is a leavening acid commonly found in baked goods.
Monocalcium Phosphate's purpose is to react with baking soda to provide aeration and volume by releasing carbon dioxide in the presence of water.
The application of Monocalcium Phosphate such as in bread, biscuits, cookies, pancakes, self-rising flour, single and double-acting baking powder.


-Use of Monocalcium Phosphate in fertilizers:
Superphosphate fertilizers are produced by treatment of "phosphate rock" with acids ("acidulation").
Using phosphoric acid, fluorapatite is converted to Ca(H2PO4)2:

Ca5(PO4)3F + 7 H3PO4 → 5 Ca(H2PO4)2 + HF
This solid is called triple superphosphate.
Several million tons are produced annually for use as fertilizers.

Using sulfuric acid, fluorapatite is converted to a mixture of Ca(H2PO4)2 and CaSO4.
This solid is called single superphosphate.
Residual HF typically reacts with silicate minerals co-mingled with the phosphate ores to produce hexafluorosilicic acid (H2SiF6).

The majority of the hexafluorosilicic acid is converted to aluminium fluoride and cryolite for the processing of aluminium.
These materials are central to the conversion of aluminium ore into aluminium metal.
When sulfuric acid is used, Monocalcium Phosphate contains phosphogypsum (CaSO4·2H2O) and is called single superphosphate.


-Use as leavening agent:
Calcium dihydrogen phosphate is used in the food industry as a leavening agent, i.e., to cause baked goods to rise.
Because it is acidic, when combined with an alkali carbonate ingredient, commonly sodium bicarbonate (baking soda) or potassium bicarbonate, Monocalcium Phosphate reacts to produce carbon dioxide and a salt.

Outward pressure of the carbon dioxide gas causes the rising effect.
When combined in a ready-made baking powder, the acid and alkali ingredients are included in the right proportions such that they will exactly neutralize each other and not significantly affect the overall pH of the product.

AMCP and Monocalcium Phosphate are fast acting, releasing most carbon dioxide within minutes of mixing.
Monocalcium Phosphate is popularly used in pancake mixes.
In double-acting baking powders, Monocalcium Phosphate is often combined with the slow-acting acid sodium acid pyrophosphate (SAPP).



SO WHAT IS MONOCALCIUM PHOSPHATE USED FOR?
Monocalcium Phosphate is added to animal feed as a supplement.
Because of its purity, Monocalcium Phosphate is very easily digestive, especially by pigs and fowl.
Additionally, Monocalcium Phosphate is a typical component of feed premixes for calves and aquaculture.



PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF MONOCALCIUM PHOSPHATE:
Monocalcium Phosphate is in the form of granular powder or white, melting crystals.
Monocalcium Phosphate has a strong acid taste.



PREPARATION METHOD OF MONOCALCIUM PHOSPHATE:
Monocalcium Phosphate is prepared by crystallization of dicalcium phosphate or tricalcium phosphate after dissolution in phosphoric acid.



WHAT IS MONOCALCIUM PHOSPHATE MADE FROM?
Usually, Monocalcium Phosphate is produced by the reaction of calcium hydroxide or calcium carbonate with phosphoric acid.
Food grade phosphoric acid is made from phosphate rocks by two main methods, a wet process or an electrothermal process.
In the wet process: phosphate rock is digested with a mineral acid, usually sulfuric acid, but nitric or hydrochloric acids may also be used.

In the electrothermal process: the phosphate rock, coke and silica are heated in an electric resistance furnace to more than 1,100°C to extract elemental phosphorus from the ore.
The elemental phosphorus is then oxidised to P4O10 (phosphorus pentoxide) and subsequently hydrated and the mist is collected.



SOLUBILITY OF MONOCALCIUM PHOSPHATE:
Monocalcium Phosphate is sparingly soluble in water with the solubility 1.8%, 30°C.
The PH value of Monocalcium Phosphate's solution is around 3 due to the phosphoric acid produced by its hydrolysis in water.
Monocalcium Phosphate is insoluble in ethanol.



PROPERTIES OF MONOCALCIUM PHOSPHATE:
Monocalcium Phosphate is a colorless solid.
Monocalcium Phosphate dissolves a little in water to make an acidic solution.
Monocalcium Phosphate is made by replacing one of the hydrogen ions in phosphoric acid with a calcium ion.
Monocalcium Phosphate is a granular powder or white, deliquescent crystals or granules.



PREPARATION OF MONOCALCIUM PHOSPHATE:
Monocalcium Phosphate is made by reacting calcium phosphate rock with sulfuric acid.
This makes monocalcium phosphate.



PROPERTIES OF MONOCALCIUM PHOSPHATE:
Monocalcium Phosphate is available as tiny, white or grey granules or free-flowing powder.
Mixing Monocalcium Phosphate with other uncooked ingredients is simple.

Monocalcium Phosphate is in charge of ensuring healthy bone and tissue development, the smooth operation of the nervous and metabolic systems, improved productivity, and a strong immune system.
Monocalcium Phosphate has a 24-month shelf life.
Monocalcium Phosphate needs to be kept in a cool, dry environment.



ORIGIN OF MONOCALCIUM PHOSPHATE:
Monocalcium Phosphate is obtained by the reaction of phosphoric acid and a calcium compound such as calcium hydroxide, calcium carbonate, or a more basic calcium phosphate.
Monocalcium Phosphate often exists in the form of monohydrate.



FUNCTIONS OF MONOCALCIUM PHOSPHATE:
Monocalcium Phosphate is a leavening acid with a neutralizing value of 80.
Monocalcium Phosphate reacts with sodium bicarbonate and releases carbon dioxide in the presence of water.
Monocalcium Phosphate is the preferred leavening acid because it doesn’t contain sodium and has no aftertaste.

Monocalcium Phosphate is a quick-reacting leavening acid.
Monocalcium Phosphate releases 60–70% of its carbon dioxide within the first few minutes of mixing.
Monocalcium Phosphate is sometimes combined with slow-acting leavening acids, such as sodium aluminum sulfate, sodium acid pyrophosphate and sodium aluminum phosphate, in double-acting baking powders.



PRODUCTION METHODS OF MONOCALCIUM PHOSPHATE:
*lime method
food grade phosphoric acid is neutralized with lime and the end point is controlled to be Ph 3.2, which is Monocalcium Phosphate.
CaCO3 2H3P04→Ca(H2PO4)2 H20 CO2↑

*calcium hydrogen phosphate method
by food grade calcium hydrogen phosphate or food grade tricalcium phosphate and food grade phosphoric acid solution neutralization, control end point for the pH value of 3.2; And then concentrated, crystallized products.
CaHPO4 H3P04→Ca(H2PO4)2

*Other
Monocalcium Phosphate was prepared from phosphoric acid and calcium carbonate and heated to 200 °c.
Monocalcium Phosphate was obtained by neutralizing industrial grade phosphoric acid with milk of lime and controlling the terminal pH to 3.2.
The reaction solution was concentrated, crystallized, aged and dried to obtain a product.



PREPARATION METHOD OF MONOCALCIUM PHOSPHATE:
*calcium hydrogen phosphate method:
neutralized by food-grade calcium hydrogen phosphate or food-grade tricalcium phosphate and food-grade phosphoric acid solution, and the end point is controlled as pH 3.2;

Monocalcium Phosphate is obtained by concentration and crystallization;
CaHPO4 H3P04→Ca(H2PO4)2


*lime method:
food grade phosphoric acid is neutralized with lime and the end point is controlled to be Ph 3.2, which is Calcium dihydrogen phosphate.
CaCO3 2H3P04→Ca(H2PO4)2 H20 CO2↑



IS MONOCALCIUM PHOSPHATE BAD FOR YOU?
Monocalcium Phosphate is a commonly used food additive that serves as a leavening agent.
Monocalcium Phosphate is generally recognized as safe by regulatory bodies such as the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) when used in appropriate quantities.

*Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS) status:
Monocalcium Phosphate has been assigned GRAS status by the FDA, indicating that Monocalcium Phosphate is considered safe for consumption in typical amounts found in food products.
This determination is based on extensive research and evaluation of its safety profile.

*Nutritional value:
Monocalcium phosphate provides a source of calcium, which is essential for maintaining strong bones and teeth.
However, the amount of calcium obtained from this additive is generally minimal compared to other dietary sources of calcium, such as dairy products.

*Impact on mineral absorption:
Some studies suggest that high levels of phosphorus in the diet, including that from food additives like monocalcium phosphate, can interfere with the absorption of other minerals such as iron, zinc, and magnesium.
However, the significance of this effect in relation to normal dietary intake of monocalcium phosphate is not well established.

Nutritional studies suggest that individuals need to consume 700 mg of phosphorus daily.
However, a diet high in phosphates, especially those found in processed foods, can hasten the aging process, raise the risk of heart disease, and put unnecessary strain on the kidneys.
Consequently, when ingested in moderation, Monocalcium Phosphate is harmless, much like many additives or meals.



PREPARATION OF MONOCALCIUM PHOSPHATE:
Material of relatively high purity, as required for baking, is produced by treating calcium hydroxide with phosphoric acid:
Ca(OH)2 + 2 H3PO4 → Ca(H2PO4)2 + 2 H2O
Samples of Ca(H2PO4)2 tend to convert to dicalcium phosphate:
Ca(H2PO4)2 → Ca(HPO4) + H3PO4



FUNCTIONALITY OF MONOCALCIUM PHOSPHATE:
*Monocalcium Phosphate Helps Foods Rise to the Occasion
Many people are familiar with the baking powder most of us keep in our kitchens.
Monocalcium Phosphate is one of the common ingredients found in baking powder and as it plays a critical role in ensuring the baked goods we enjoy rise when baked.

In baked goods, Monocalcium Phosphate reacts with baking soda to produces carbon dioxide which helps the dough rise.
The release of carbon dioxide is why you can see air bubbles in many baked goods and is what helps make your favorite bakery treat light, fluffy and delicious.
One of the biggest challenges when making some baked goods is ensuring that the product rises at the right time, which may require releasing carbon dioxide in a very controlled manner.

Too early and the muffin might be too dense.
Too late and the muffin might crumble.
Manufacturers add Monocalcium Phosphate to ensure the right amount of carbon dioxide is released at just the right moment for the best results.

The amount of leavening (or rise) needed to make the broad array of baked goods we enjoy varies.
Monocalcium Phosphate is particularly useful because it can be used in small amounts in combination with other leavening agents to provide the leavening needed for many different types of dough and baked products.

The next time you take a bite of birthday cake or enjoy a fluffy breakfast pastry, chances are that Monocalcium Phosphate was responsible for the light, airy texture of those treats.


*Keeping Food Safe
Regulatory bodies around the world, including those in the United States, Europe, Asia and South America, have reviewed food grade Monocalcium Phosphate and have determined that it is safe for use in food.
After a review in the 1970s, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration determined that Monocalcium Phosphate was generally recognized as safe or GRAS.

To be determined GRAS, ingredients like Monocalcium Phosphate must meet the highest bar of safety in the U.S.—general recognition by qualified experts that it is safe for use in food.
Over the decades, Monocalcium Phosphate has continued to be found safe in the U.S. and around the world for use in foods where it provides a range of important functions in many products we all enjoy.



THE ROLE OF MONOCALCIUM PHOSPHATE IN BAKING:
Monocalcium Phosphate plays a crucial role in baking as a leavening agent.
When combined with baking soda and a liquid, Monocalcium Phosphate reacts within the dough or batter to produce carbon dioxide gas.
This gas expands during baking, causing the mixture to rise and resulting in a light, airy texture.
Monocalcium Phosphate is commonly used in commercial baking powders, which typically contain both MCP and baking soda.

To understand the chemical reaction that occurs during baking, Monocalcium Phosphate is important to first understand the role of leavening agents.
Leavening agents are ingredients that produce gas in dough or batter, causing it to expand and increase in volume as it bakes.
Without leavening agents, baked goods would be dense and heavy.

One of the earliest forms of a leavening agent was yeast, which was used in bread making for thousands of years.
When yeast is added to dough, Monocalcium Phosphate consumes sugar and produces carbon dioxide gas as a byproduct.
However, yeast requires a period of fermentation and rising time to be effective, which is inconvenient in commercial baking.

Baking powder, which contains both an acid (traditionally cream of tartar) and a base (baking soda), was developed as an alternative to yeast.
When mixed with water or a liquid, baking powder produces carbon dioxide gas, without the need for fermentation time.
However, early versions of baking powder had limited shelf life and often produced an unpleasant taste.

To address these issues, Monocalcium Phosphate was introduced as a leavening agent in the late 1800s.
Monocalcium Phosphate reacts with baking soda in the presence of water, producing carbon dioxide gas that acts as a leavening agent.
Monocalcium Phosphate is a synthetic compound that can be produced in a controlled manner, allowing for standardized and predictable results in baked goods.

Monocalcium Phosphate has become a standard ingredient in baking powders, which typically contain MCP, baking soda, and cornstarch (to absorb moisture and prevent clumping).
Baking powders that contain Monocalcium Phosphate are ideal for baked goods that require quick and consistent leavening, such as biscuits, muffins, and cakes.

In summary, Monocalcium Phosphate is a critical ingredient in commercial baking, providing a quick, efficient, and predictable leavening agent for baked goods.
Its use has significantly improved the quality and consistency of baked products, and Monocalcium Phosphate has become an essential ingredient in many kitchens and bakeries.



BENEFITS OF MONOCALCIUM PHOSPHATE:
Monocalcium Phosphate feed grade benefits animal and poultry in both phosphorus (P) and calcium (Ca):

*Calcium: firms bone tissue and skeleton.

*Phosphorus: one of the most important minerals in animal nutrition.
Monocalcium Phosphate plays an important role in the growth and cell differentiation (DNA), metabolism of energy and protein, controlling of appetite, the efficiency of feed utilization, fertility and etc.

*Fertilizer
Monocalcium Phosphate supplies P and Ca nutrients to plants.
Monocalcium Phosphate has the highest P content of dry fertilizers without nitrogen (N) which is suitable to plant that does not need additional N supplement.



IS MONOCALCIUM PHOSPHATE SAFETO EAT?
Yes, Monocalcium Phosphate's safety when used as a food additive has been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA), as well as other authorities.



FDA, MONOCALCIUM PHOSPHATE:
Monocalcium Phosphate is generally recognized as safe (GRAS) when used in accordance with good manufacturing practice.
Monocalcium Phosphate can be used as a dough strengthener, firming agent, flour treating agent, leavening agent, malting or fermenting aid, nutrient supplement, ph control agent, sequestrant, stabilizer or thickener in food.



MONOCALCIUM PHOSPHATE, KEY TAKEAWAYS:
Monocalcium Phosphate is a versatile chemical compound used in various industries.
Monocalcium Phosphate is synthesized from calcium hydroxide and phosphoric acid.
Monocalcium Phosphate has a variety of uses, from baking powder to animal feed and fertilizers.
Monocalcium Phosphate is a source of essential nutrients like phosphorus and calcium.



UNDERSTANDING MONOCALCIUM PHOSPHATE PRODUCTION:
Monocalcium Phosphate is synthesized from calcium hydroxide and phosphoric acid.
The reaction takes place in a controlled environment and is carefully monitored to ensure the purity and quality of the final product.
The chemical equation for the reaction is as follows:

Ca(OH)2 + H3PO4 → Ca(H2PO4)2 + 2H2O
The resulting product is then purified, dried, and powdered for use in various industries.

The production process requires precise control and adherence to safety protocols to avoid any accidents or contamination.
It is essential to follow the Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) guidelines for handling and storage of Monocalcium Phosphate to ensure the safety of workers and the environment.

As demand for Monocalcium Phosphate continues to grow across various industries, companies are implementing advanced technologies and sustainable practices to improve the efficiency and reduce the environmental impact of production.



MONOCALCIUM PHOSPHATE IN FERTILIZERS:
Monocalcium Phosphate is commonly used in the production of fertilizers, particularly those designed for soil pH adjustment and plant nutrition.
Monocalcium Phosphate has the advantage of being water-soluble, allowing for efficient absorption by plants, and contains both phosphorus and calcium, essential nutrients in plant growth and development.

Fertilizers containing Monocalcium Phosphate are often marketed as superphosphate fertilizers or triple superphosphate fertilizers, depending on the concentration of phosphorus present.
These fertilizers are commonly used in the agricultural industry to support crop growth and increase crop yields.

When applied in appropriate quantities and managed responsibly, fertilizers containing Monocalcium Phosphate can have significant benefits for crop production and the agricultural industry as a whole.
It is important, however, to consider the potential environmental impacts and implement best practices to ensure Monocalcium Phosphate's responsible use.



MONOCALCIUM PHOSPHATE AS A FOOD ADDITIVE:
Monocalcium Phosphate is widely used as a food additive due to its versatility.
Approved as Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS) by the FDA, Monocalcium Phosphate can be found in a variety of food products, including baked goods, cheese, and canned fruits and vegetables.

As a leavening agent, Monocalcium Phosphate helps to create a light and fluffy texture in baked goods.
Monocalcium Phosphate reacts with baking soda to produce carbon dioxide gas, causing the dough or batter to rise.
In addition to controlling the pH balance in cheese and dairy products, Monocalcium Phosphate can also be used as a retarder in canned fruits and vegetables to prevent spoilage.

Monocalcium Phosphate is widely used as a food additive due to its versatility.
Not only does Monocalcium Phosphate enhance the texture and flavor of foods, but it also provides a source of essential minerals.
As a form of calcium, Monocalcium Phosphate can be easily absorbed by the body and is therefore commonly added to fortified foods and dietary supplements.

While the use of Monocalcium Phosphate as a food additive is generally considered safe, it is important to follow proper handling and storage procedures, as outlined in the Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS).
Overall, Monocalcium Phosphate is a valuable food additive that offers numerous benefits to both food manufacturers and consumers alike.



BENEFITS OF MONOCALCIUM PHOSPHATE AS A SUPPLEMENT:
Monocalcium Phosphate supplements offer a range of potential health benefits.
As a source of calcium, they can help support bone health and reduce the risk of osteoporosis in individuals of all ages.
Calcium is an essential mineral that supports many crucial bodily functions, including nerve transmission, muscle contraction, and blood clotting.

In addition to supporting bone health, Monocalcium Phosphate supplements may also provide benefits for individuals with certain health conditions.
Research suggests that calcium supplements may help reduce blood pressure in hypertensive adults and improve blood sugar control in individuals with type 2 diabetes.
It's essential to note that while Monocalcium Phosphate supplements can provide benefits, they should not be used as a substitute for a healthy, balanced diet.

Speak with your healthcare provider before starting any new supplement regimen, as they can provide guidance on proper dosage and potential interactions with other medications or supplements.
Overall, Monocalcium Phosphate supplements offer a convenient and effective way to increase calcium intake and support overall health.

If you're interested in incorporating Monocalcium Phosphate supplements into your wellness routine, speak with your healthcare provider to determine if they're a safe and appropriate option for you.



MONOCALCIUM PHOSPHATE IN ANIMAL FEED:
Monocalcium Phosphate is a crucial component in animal feed due to its high phosphorus content, which is essential for overall animal health and growth.
Phosphorus is necessary for numerous biological processes, including bone formation, energy utilization, and DNA synthesis.
In addition to its nutritional benefits, Monocalcium Phosphate is also easily digestible, making it a popular choice for animal feed.
Monocalcium Phosphate is typically added to feed blends in the form of granules or powder.
Overall, Monocalcium Phosphate plays a vital role in ensuring proper nutrition and growth in livestock, making it an essential ingredient in animal feed formulations.



BENEFITS OF MONOCALCIUM PHOSPHATE IN ANIMAL FEED:
• Monocalcium Phosphate increases the efficiency of feed utilization
• Monocalcium Phosphate promotes bone development in young animals
• Monocalcium Phosphate improves reproductive performance in breeding animals
• Monocalcium Phosphate maintains overall health and growth in livestock



SAFETY AND HANDLING OF MONOCALCIUM PHOSPHATE:
Monocalcium Phosphate, a white powder with a characteristic odor, is widely used in various industries, including food, animal feed, fertilizers, and more.
As with any substance, safety is of utmost importance when handling Monocalcium Phosphate.



PROPERTIES OF MONOCALCIUM PHOSPHATE:
Monocalcium Phosphate comes in the form of free-flowing powder or small granules of white or grayish color.
Monocalcium Phosphate is easy to mix with other raw ingredients.

Monocalcium Phosphate is responsible for the correct development of bones and tissues, the proper functioning of the metabolic and nervous systems, as well as enhanced productivity and immune strength.
The shelf life of Monocalcium Phosphate is 24 months.
Monocalcium Phosphate should be stored in a dry and cool place.

Relevant authorities and institutions around the world, including those in Europe, Asia, and South America, have conducted appropriate testing procedures for Monocalcium Phosphate and have concluded that the substance is safe for human consumption.
It can be assumed with certainty that the presence of Monocalcium Phosphate in food does not pose a risk.



PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of MONOCALCIUM PHOSPHATE:
Chemical formula: CaH4P2O8
Molar mass: 234.05 g/mol
Appearance: White powder
Density: 2.220 g/cm3
Melting point: 109 °C (228 °F; 382 K)
Boiling point: 203 °C (397 °F; 476 K) (decomposes)
Solubility in water: 2 g/100 mL
Refractive index (nD): 1.5176
Structure:
Crystal structure: Triclinic
Chemical name: Monocalcium Phosphate
Formula: Ca(H₂PO₄)₂×H₂O
Molar mass: 234.05 g/mol

CAS / EINECS: 10031-30-8 / 231-837-1
CAS Number: 7758-23-8
Molecular Weight: 234.053
Density: 2.22（16/4℃）
Boiling Point: 158ºC at 760 mmHg
Molecular Formula: CaH4O8P2
Melting Point: N/A
Density: 2.22（16/4℃）
Boiling Point: 158ºC at 760 mmHg
Molecular Formula: CaH4O8P2
Molecular Weight: 234.053
Exact Mass: 233.900726
PSA: 180.80000
Stability: Stable.
Incompatible with strong acids.
Water Solubility: insoluble

Mole. Formula: CaH4O8P2
EC / List no.: 231-837-1
CAS no.: 7758-23-8
Molecular weight: 234.05
CAS: 7758-23-8
EINECS: 231-837-1
InChI: InChI=1/Ca.H3O4P.H2O/c;1-5(2,3)4;/h;(H3,1,2,3,4);1H2/q+2;;/p-1
Molecular Formula: Ca(H2PO4)2
Molar Mass: 234.05
Water Solubility: insoluble
Appearance: Colorless crystalline powder
Storage Condition: Room Temprature
MDL: MFCD00010898
Physical and Chemical Properties: Colorless triclinic crystal or white crystalline powder.
The relative density of: 2.22(16/4 ℃)
soluble in hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, slightly soluble in cold water, almost insoluble in ethanol.



FIRST AID MEASURES of MONOCALCIUM PHOSPHATE:
-Description of first-aid measures:
*If inhaled:
If breathed in, move person into fresh air.
*In case of skin contact:
Wash off with soap and plenty of water.
*In case of eye contact:
Flush eyes with water as a precaution.
*If swallowed:
Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person.
Rinse mouth with water.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed:
No data available



ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of MONOCALCIUM PHOSPHATE:
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.



FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of MONOCALCIUM PHOSPHATE:
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.
-Further information:
No data available



EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of MONOCALCIUM PHOSPHATE:
-Control parameters:
--Ingredients with workplace control parameters:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use equipment for eye protection.
*Skin protection:
Handle with gloves.
Wash and dry hands.
*Body Protection:
Impervious clothing
*Respiratory protection:
Respiratory protection not required.
-Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.



HANDLING and STORAGE of MONOCALCIUM PHOSPHATE:
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
*Storage conditions:
Store in cool place.
Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place.
Containers which are opened must be carefully resealed and kept upright to prevent leakage.



STABILITY and REACTIVITY of MONOCALCIUM PHOSPHATE:
-Reactivity:
No data available
-Chemical stability:
Stable under recommended storage conditions.
-Possibility of hazardous reactions:
No data available
-Conditions to avoid:
No data available

Monocalcium Phosphate Monohydrate is a fast acting leavening agent.
Monocalcium Phosphate Monohydrate is sometimes combined with slow-acting leavening acids, such as sodium aluminum sulfate, sodium acid pyrophosphate and sodium aluminum phosphate, in double-acting baking powders.


CAS Number: 10031-30-8
EC Number: 231-837-1
MDL Number: MFCD02684244
Molecular Formula: Ca(H2PO4)2·H2O



SYNONYMS:
Calcium bis(dihydrogenphosphate) monohydrate, Calcium dihydrogenphosphate monohydrate, Primary calcium phosphate monohydrate, Phosphoric acid,calcium salt,hydrate (2:1:1), Phosphoric acid,calcium salt (2:1),monohydrate, Acid calcium phosphate hydrate, Calcium superphosphate hydrate, Monocalcium phosphate monohydrate, Monocalcium orthophosphate monohydrate, Calcium tetrahydrogen diphosphate monohydrate, Calcium hydrogen phosphate (Ca(H2PO4)2) monohydrate, Calcium phosphate (Ca(H2PO4)2.H2O), Calcium phosphate (Ca(H2PO4)2) monohydrate, Calcium dihydrogen phosphate (Ca(H2PO4)2) monohydrate, Calcium bis(dihydrogen phosphate) monohydrate, Calcium dihydrogen phosphate monohydrate, Monocalcium superphosphate hydrate, Ibex MCP, Monocalcium phosphate monohydrate, Monocalcium phosphate hydrate, Calcium bis(dihydrogenphosphate) monohydrate, Calcium dihydrogenphosphate monohydrate, Primary calcium phosphate monohydrate, Calcium phosphate monobasic hydrate, Calcium dihydrogen phosphate hydrate, Monobasic calcium phosphate, Monocalcium phosphate, Monocalcium orthophosphate, Calcium biphosphate, Acid calcium phosphate, Phosphoric acid, calcium salt, hydrate (2:1:1), Phosphoric acid, calcium salt (2:1), monohydrate, Acid calcium phosphate hydrate, Calcium superphosphate hydrate, Monocalcium phosphate monohydrate, Monocalcium orthophosphate monohydrate, Calcium tetrahydrogen diphosphate monohydrate, Calcium hydrogen phosphate (Ca(H2PO4)2) monohydrate, Calcium phosphate (Ca(H2PO4)2.H2O), Calcium phosphate (Ca(H2PO4)2) monohydrate, Calcium dihydrogen phosphate (Ca(H2PO4)2) monohydrate, Calcium bis(dihydrogen phosphate) monohydrate, Calcium dihydrogen phosphate monohydrate, Monocalcium superphosphate hydrate, Ibex MCP, calcium phosphate monohydrate, Calcium Phosphate Hydrate, tricalcium;diphosphate;hydrate, VQNBUJAEBQLLKU-UHFFFAOYSA-H, CALCIUM (II) O-PHOSPHATE, HYDROUS, Calcium bis(dihydrogenphosphate) monohydrate, Calcium dihydrogenphosphate monohydrate, Primary calcium phosphate monohydrate, Calcium bis(dihydrogenphosphate) monohydrate, Calcium dihydrogenphosphate monohydrate, Primary calcium phosphate monohydrate, Phosphoric acid,calcium salt,hydrate (2:1:1), Phosphoric acid,calcium salt (2:1),monohydrate, Acid calcium phosphate hydrate, Calcium superphosphate hydrate, Monocalcium phosphate monohydrate, Monocalcium orthophosphate monohydrate, Calcium tetrahydrogen diphosphate monohydrate, Calcium hydrogen phosphate (Ca(H2PO4)2) monohydrate, Calcium phosphate (Ca(H2PO4)2.H2O), Calcium phosphate (Ca(H2PO4)2) monohydrate, Calcium dihydrogen phosphate (Ca(H2PO4)2) monohydrate, Calcium bis(dihydrogen phosphate) monohydrate, Calcium dihydrogen phosphate monohydrate, Monocalcium superphosphate hydrate, Ibex MCP, Calcium Dihydrogen Phosphate, Monocalcium Orthophosphate, Calcium Dihydrogen Phosphate Monohydrate, Monocalcium Phosphate Monohydrate, Monocalcium Orthophosphate Monohydrate, Calcium Dihydrogen Phosphate Monohydrate, MCP, E341, Phosphoric acid, calcium salt, hydrate (2:1:1), Phosphoric acid, calcium salt (2:1), monohydrate, Acid calcium phosphate hydrate, Calcium superphosphate hydrate, Monocalcium phosphate monohydrate, Monocalcium orthophosphate monohydrate, Calcium tetrahydrogen diphosphate monohydrate, Calcium hydrogen phosphate (Ca(H2PO4)2) monohydrate, Calcium phosphate (Ca(H2PO4)2.H2O), Calcium phosphate (Ca(H2PO4)2) monohydrate, Calcium dihydrogen phosphate (Ca(H2PO4)2) monohydrate, Calcium bis(dihydrogen phosphate) monohydrate, Calcium dihydrogen phosphate monohydrate, Monocalcium superphosphate hydrate, Ibex MCP, Monocalcium phosphate monohydrate, calcium dihydrogen phosphate monohydrate, Calcium phosphate monobasic monohydrate, Monocalcium phosphate hydrate, acid calcium phosphate, Calcium bis(dihydrogenphosphate) monohydrate, calcium superphosphate, monocalcium orthophosphate, primary calcium phosphate,



Monocalcium Phosphate Monohydrate is a quick-reacting leavening acid.
Monocalcium Phosphate Monohydrate releases 60–70% of its carbon dioxide within the first few minutes of mixing.
Monocalcium Phosphate Monohydrate is sometimes combined with slow-acting leavening acids, such as sodium aluminum sulfate, sodium acid pyrophosphate and sodium aluminum phosphate, in double-acting baking powders.


Monocalcium Phosphate Monohydrate is almost the same with MCPA.
The main difference is the presence of water molecules in Monocalcium Phosphate Monohydrate that might affect its solubility in water and other solvents.
MCPM and Monocalcium Phosphate Monohydrate are both used as food additives for similar purposes, including leavening agents in baking, pH regulators, and mineral supplements.


However, the slight differences in their chemical compositions may make them more suitable for specific applications in food processing.
Monocalcium Phosphate Monohydrate is an additive to animal feed, which contains calcium and phosphorus from inorganic compounds, namely ortophosphorus acid and finely ground calcium carbonate.


Monocalcium Phosphate Monohydrate is a white free flowing granulate FCC Grade Monocalcium Phosphate, Monohydrate (MCP) which complies with the specifications of the current Food Chemicals Codex for Calcium Phosphate, Monobasic.
Monocalcium Phosphate Monohydrate is a water-soluble compound that can effectively remove heavy metal ions from copper smelting slag .


Monocalcium Phosphate Monohydrate forms insoluble metal phosphates such as Cd3(PO4)2, Cu2(PO4)2OH, Fe3(PO4)2, Mn3(PO4)2, Pb3(PO4)2, and Zn3(PO4)2 .
Monocalcium Phosphate Monohydratev can be synthesized from green mussel shells and has nano-size particles.
Monocalcium Phosphate Monohydrate can also be obtained by water extraction of triple superphosphate and forms monetite (CaHPO4) .


Monocalcium Phosphate Monohydrate can be prepared as a high-quality product with high purity and low energy consumption .
Monocalcium Phosphate Monohydrate is suitable for use as a feedstuff component and has high water solubility and minimal impurities .
Monocalcium Phosphate Monohydrate is a white fine powder and when combined with an alkali ingredient, like sodium bicarbonate (baking soda) or potassium bicarbonate, it produces carbon dioxide gas that causes the rising effect.


Monocalcium Phosphate Monohydrate is a fast acting leavening agent.
Monocalcium Phosphate Monohydrate is a fine free-flowing, white powder.
Monocalcium Phosphate Monohydrate is GMO-free, dioxin-free, allergen-free, and is derived from naturally extracted and purified products.


Monocalcium Phosphate Monohydrate occurs as white crystals or granules or as a granular powder.
Monocalcium Phosphate Monohydrate is anhydrous or contains one molecule of water of hydration, but because of its deliquescent nature, more than the calculated amount of water may be present.


Monocalcium Phosphate Monohydrate is sparingly soluble in water and is insoluble in alcohol.
Monocalcium Phosphate Monohydrate is a white crystalline powder or flaky crystal.
Specific gravity of Monocalcium Phosphate Monohydrate is 2.220. Monocalcium Phosphate Monohydrate may lose crystal water when heated to 109℃.


Monocalcium Phosphate Monohydrate is soluble in Hydrochloric Acid and Nitric Acid, slightly soluble in water (1.8%, 30℃).
Commonly, Monocalcium Phosphate Monohydrate contains free Phosphoric Acid and has the character of hygroscopicity.
Monocalcium Phosphate Monohydrate's water solution is acidic.



USES and APPLICATIONS of MONOCALCIUM PHOSPHATE MONOHYDRATE:
Monocalcium Phosphate Monohydrate is used Bakery, Acidulant, Nutritional Supplement, Processed Meats and Poultry, Dairy, and Beverages.
In food industry, Monocalcium Phosphate Monohydrate is used as leavening agent, dough regulator, buffer, modifier, solidification agent, nutritional supplement, chelate agent, flulty agent for bake, cake, ferment agent buffer, fruit acid solidification in bread and cracker yeast food, modifier in meat organization, improve ferment in brew.


Monocalcium Phosphate Monohydrate is used by combining it with the feed mixture and premix as instructed by the producer of the animal feed.
In food industry, Monocalcium Phosphate Monohydrate is used as leavening agent, dough regulator, buffer, modifier, solidification agent, nutritional supplement, chelating agent, e.g., leavening agent in bake and cake; assistant fermentation agent and buffer in bread and biscuit; pectin curing agent, yeast food, modifier in meat product.


When applied in fermentation, Monocalcium Phosphate Monohydrate can increase the fermentation capacity.
Monocalcium Phosphate Monohydrate is a rapidly reacting leavening acid used in bakery products such as double acting baking powder and mixes requiring a two-stage leavening action.


Monocalcium Phosphate Monohydrate can be used as a calcium supplement in a wide variety of foods, and it is commonly used as a dough conditioner for breads.
Monocalcium Phosphate Monohydrate is a leavening acid commonly found in baked goods.
Monocalcium Phosphate Monohydrate has a neutralizing value of 80 and is very fast acting.


Monocalcium Phosphate Monohydrate’s used in conjunction with baking soda to provide aeration and volume in cakes and cookies.
Monocalcium Phosphate Monohydrate is used in products like pancakes, cookies and angel food cake mixes, where fast gas production and little bench time is desired.


Monocalcium Phosphate Monohydrate is also used in biscuits and muffins when fast-acting leavening is needed due to short bake time.
Monocalcium Phosphate Monohydrate is a double-acting leavening acid.
After two-thirds of the carbon dioxide is released during mixing, Monocalcium Phosphate Monohydrate is transformed to dicalcium phosphate, which is latent at room temperature but releases carbon dioxide when heat is experienced in the oven.


Some brands of baking powder have Monocalcium Phosphate Monohydrate as the sole leavening acid.
Monocalcium Phosphate Monohydrate is used buffer; dough conditioner; firming agent; leavening agent; nutrient; yeast food; sequestrant.


In food industry, Monocalcium Phosphate Monohydrate is used as leavening agent, dough regulator, buffer, modifier, solidification agent, nutritional supplement, chelating agent, e.g., leavening agent in bake and cake; assistant fermentation agent and buffer in bread and biscuit; pectin curing agent, yeast food, modifier in meat product.


When applied in fermentation, Monocalcium Phosphate Monohydrate can increase the fermentation capacity.
Monocalcium Phosphate Monohydrate is used as leavening agent in baked goods.


-Monocalcium Phosphate Monohydrate should be used in conjunction with baking soda.
The neutralizing value of leavening acids is the ratio of sodium bicarbonate (baking soda) to 100 parts of acid leavener that will bring about complete carbon dioxide release or “neutralization.”

For an acid with a neutralizing value of 80, if complete neutralization is desired, you would start out with a ratio of 80:100 parts baking soda : leavening acid.

Adjusting the amount of leavening acid to baking soda can raise pH (decrease the acid amount) or lower pH (increase the acid amount) of the finished product.
It is used in phosphate flour alone, and in self-rising flour with sodium bicarbonate.


-Use of Monocalcium Phosphate Monohydrate as leavening agent:
Monocalcium Phosphate Monohydrate is used in the food industry as a leavening agent, i.e., to cause baked goods to rise.
Because Monocalcium Phosphate Monohydrate is acidic, when combined with an alkali carbonate ingredient, commonly sodium bicarbonate (baking soda) or potassium bicarbonate, Monocalcium Phosphate Monohydrate reacts to produce carbon dioxide and a salt.

Outward pressure of the carbon dioxide gas causes the rising effect.
When combined in a ready-made baking powder, the acid and alkali ingredients are included in the right proportions such that they will exactly neutralize each other and not significantly affect the overall pH of the product.

AMCP and Monocalcium Phosphate Monohydrate are fast acting, releasing most carbon dioxide within minutes of mixing.
Monocalcium Phosphate Monohydrate is popularly used in pancake mixes.
In double-acting baking powders, Monocalcium Phosphate Monohydrate is often combined with the slow-acting acid sodium acid pyrophosphate (SAPP)


-Monocalcium Phosphate Monohydrate is more water-soluble than apatite.
Soil is made of particles of various sizes.
Silt, a constituent of soil, comprises particles of sizes between those of clay and sand.

According to the international particle-size system, a silt particle size is about 2 to 50μm in diameter.
Monocalcium Phosphate Monohydrate is further divided into fine silt (2 to 20μm) and coarse silt (20 to 50μm).
The percentage of silt particles in a particular soil is taken into consideration while defining soil tex


-Use of Monocalcium Phosphate Monohydrate in fertilizers:
Superphosphate fertilizers are produced by treatment of "phosphate rock" with acids ("acidulation").
Using phosphoric acid, fluorapatite is converted to Ca(H2PO4)2:

Ca5(PO4)3F + 7 H3PO4 → 5 Ca(H2PO4)2 + HF
This solid is called triple superphosphate.
Several million tons are produced annually for use as fertilizers.

Using sulfuric acid, fluorapatite is converted to a mixture of Ca(H2PO4)2 and CaSO4.
This solid is called single superphosphate.
Residual HF typically reacts with silicate minerals co-mingled with the phosphate ores to produce hexafluorosilicic acid (H2SiF6).

The majority of the hexafluorosilicic acid is converted to aluminium fluoride and cryolite for the processing of aluminium.
These materials are central to the conversion of aluminium ore into aluminium metal.
When sulfuric acid is used, Monocalcium Phosphate Monohydrate contains phosphogypsum (CaSO4·2H2O) and is called single superphosphate.


-Key applications of Monocalcium Phosphate Monohydrate:
Raw materials for the horticultural industry,
Raw materials for the food industry,

Raw materials for household chemicals production,
Raw materials for fertilizer production,
Feed raw materials



PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF MONOCALCIUM PHOSPHATE MONOHYDRATE:
White crystalline powder or flaky crystal.
Specific gravity: 2.220.
Monocalcium Phosphate Monohydrate may lose crystal water when heated to 109℃.

Monocalcium Phosphate Monohydrate is soluble in Hydrochloric Acid and Nitric Acid, slightly soluble in water (1.8%, 30℃).
Commonly, Monocalcium Phosphate Monohydrate contains free Phosphoric Acid and has the character of hygroscopicity.
Monocalcium Phosphate Monohydrate's water solution is acidic.



FUNCTION OF MONOCALCIUM PHOSPHATE MONOHYDRATE:
Monocalcium Phosphate Monohydrate is a leavening acid with a neutralizing value of 80.
Monocalcium Phosphate Monohydrate reacts with sodium bicarbonate and releases carbon dioxide in the presence of water.
Monocalcium Phosphate Monohydrate is the preferred leavening acid because it doesn’t contain sodium and has no aftertaste.



ORIGIN OF MONOCALCIUM PHOSPHATE MONOHYDRATE:
Monocalcium Phosphate Monohydrate is obtained by the reaction of phosphoric acid and a calcium compound such as calcium hydroxide, calcium carbonate, or a more basic calcium phosphate.
Monocalcium Phosphate Monohydrate often exists in the form of monohydrate.



METHODS OF MANUFACTURING OF MONOCALCIUM PHOSPHATE MONOHYDRATE:
In the bone meal method, yellow phosphorus is first melted into a liquid in a molten phosphorus tank and sent to a combustion hydration tower through a nozzle.
At the same time, compressed air is used to atomize the phosphorus to oxidize and burn the phosphorus to produce phosphorus pentoxide.

Circulate phosphoric acid at the temperature of 30-40℃ along the top of the tower to cool the phosphorous pentoxide gas, and at the same time react with water to synthesize phosphoric acid.

The calcined and crushed bone powder is mixed with CaO:P2O5=1, and after it is matured, it is coarsely crushed, dried and crushed to obtain Monocalcium Phosphate Monohydrate.

CaHPO4?
2H2O+H3PO4→Ca(H2PO4)2?H2O+H2O
If the cooked material is leached with water, the leaching solution is filtered, evaporated, cooled and crystallized, and dried to obtain a pure Monocalcium Phosphate Monohydrate product.

The calcium hydroxide method reacts 2 mol of phosphoric acid with 1 mol of calcium hydroxide to produce Monocalcium Phosphate Monohydrate when controlling Ph3.2.

Filter, evaporate, cool and crystallize, centrifuge, wash thoroughly with acetone, and air-dry to obtain the product of Monocalcium Phosphate Monohydrate.
Its Ca(OH)2+2H3PO4→Ca(H2PO4)2?H2O+H2O



PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of MONOCALCIUM PHOSPHATE MONOHYDRATE:
Formula : H4CaO8P2 · H2O
Molecular weight : 252,07 g/mol
CAS-No. : 10031-30-8
EC-No. : 231-837-1
Formula : H4CaO8P2 · H2O
Molecular weight : 252,07 g/mol
CAS-No. : 10031-30-8
EC-No. : 231-837-1
Physical state crystalline
Color: white
Odor: No data available
Melting point/freezing point: No data available

Initial boiling point and boiling range: No data available
Flammability (solid, gas): No data available
Upper/lower flammability or explosive limits: No data available
Flash point: Not applicable
Autoignition temperature: No data available
Decomposition temperature: No data available
pH: No data available
Viscosity
Viscosity, kinematic: No data available
Viscosity, dynamic: No data available
Water solubility No data available
Partition coefficient: n-octanol/water: No data available
Vapor pressure: No data available

Density: No data available
Relative density: No data available
Relative vapor density: No data available
Particle characteristics: No data available
Explosive properties: No data available
Oxidizing properties: No data available
Other safety information: No data available
Molecular Weight：252.06
Exact Mass：251.91100
EC Number：231-837-1
HScode：31031090
Characteristics

PSA：162
XLogP3：-1.04510
Appearance：white Powder
Density：2.220^1^6
Melting Point：100°C
Boiling Point：203°C
Flash Point：203°C
Water Solubility：moderately soluble H2O; soluble dilute HCl, HNO3, acetic acid
Vapor Pressure：1.41mmHg at 25°C
InChI: InChI=1S/Ca.H3O4P.H2O/c;1-5(2,3)4;/h;(H3,1,2,3,4);1H2
InChIKey: InChIKey=SNEQGKNGRFIHGW-UHFFFAOYSA-N

SMILES: P(=O)(O)(O)O.[Ca].O
Canonical SMILES: [Ca].O=P(O)(O)O.O
Molecular Weight: 328.19 g/mol
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 1
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 9
Rotatable Bond Count: 0
Exact Mass: 327.8051782 g/mol
Monoisotopic Mass: 327.8051782 g/mol
Topological Polar Surface Area: 174Ų
Heavy Atom Count: 14
Formal Charge: 0

Complexity: 36.8
Isotope Atom Count: 0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 6
Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes
CBNumber:CB3228788
Molecular Formula:Ca3H2O9P2
Molecular Weight:328.19
MDL Number:MFCD02684244

Chemical name: Calcium phosphate monobasic monohydrate
CAS Number: 10031-30-8
Category: miscellaneous compounds
Synonyms: calcium dihydrogen phosphate hydrate;
Molecular form: CaH6O9P2
Appearance: White crystalline powder
Mol. Weight: 252.06
Storage: 2-8°C Refrigerator
Applications: NA
BTM: NA
Density: 2.220^1^6
Boiling Point: 203°C

Molecular Formula: CaH6O9P2
Molecular Weight: 252.06800
Flash Point: 203°C
Exact Mass: 251.91100
PSA: 190.03000
Vapour Pressure: 1.41mmHg at 25°C
Molecular Weight: 252.06,
Exact Mass: 251.91100,
EC Number: 231-837-1,
HS Code: 31031090,
PSA: 162,
XLogP3: -1.04510,

Appearance: white Powder,
Density: 2.220^1^6,
Melting Point: 100°C,
Boiling Point: 203°C,
Flash Point: 203°C,
Water Solubility: moderately soluble H2O;
soluble dilute HCl, HNO3, acetic acid,
Vapor Pressure: 1.41mmHg at 25°C,
Chemical Structure:
InChI: InChI=1S/Ca.H3O4P.H2O/c;1-5(2,3)4;/h;(H3,1,2,3,4);1H2
InChIKey: InChIKey=SNEQGKNGRFIHGW-UHFFFAOYSA-N
SMILES: P(=O)(O)(O)O.[Ca].O
Canonical SMILES: [Ca].O=P(O)(O)O.O



FIRST AID MEASURES of MONOCALCIUM PHOSPHATE MONOHYDRATE:
-Description of first-aid measures:
*General advice:
Show this material safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
*If inhaled:
After inhalation:
Fresh air.
*In case of skin contact:
Take off immediately all contaminated clothing.
Rinse skin with water/ shower.
*In case of eye contact:
After eye contact:
Rinse out with plenty of water.
Call in ophthalmologist.
Remove contact lenses.
*If swallowed:
After swallowing:
Immediately make victim drink water (two glasses at most).
Consult a physician.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed:
No data available



ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of MONOCALCIUM PHOSPHATE MONOHYDRATE:
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Cover drains.
Collect, bind, and pump off spills.
Observe possible material restrictions.
Take up dry. Dispose of properly.
Clean up affected area.


FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of MONOCALCIUM PHOSPHATE MONOHYDRATE:
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Use extinguishing measures that are appropriate to local circumstances and the
surrounding environment.
*Unsuitable extinguishing media:
For this substance/mixture no limitations of extinguishing agents are given.
-Further information:
Suppress (knock down) gases/vapors/mists with a water spray jet.
Prevent fire extinguishing water from contaminating surface water or the ground water system.


EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of MONOCALCIUM PHOSPHATE MONOHYDRATE:
-Control parameters:
--Ingredients with workplace control parameters:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use equipment for eye protection.
Safety glasses
*Skin protection:
Full contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Splash contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
*Body Protection:
protective clothing
*Respiratory protection:
Recommended Filter type: Filter type P2
-Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.



HANDLING and STORAGE of MONOCALCIUM PHOSPHATE MONOHYDRATE:
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
*Storage conditions:
Tightly closed.
Dry.
hygroscopic



STABILITY and REACTIVITY of MONOCALCIUM PHOSPHATE MONOHYDRATE:
-Reactivity:
No data available
-Chemical stability:
The product is chemically stable under standard ambient conditions (room temperature) .
-Possibility of hazardous reactions:
No data available
-Conditions to avoid:
no information available

Chloroethanoic acid; Monochloroethanoic acid; ácido cloroacético (Spanish); Acide chloroacétique (French); alpha-Chloroacetic acid; MCA; Monochloroacetic Acid; Monochloorazijnzuur; Monochloressigsäure (German) CAS NO: 79-11-8

Ethanolamine; 2-Aminoethanol, 2-Aminoethyl alcohol, ETA, MEA 90, MEA-LCI, MEA, Monoethanolamine cas no:141-43-5

MONOCHLOROBORANE-METHYLSULFIDE; MONOCHLOROBORANE-METHYL SULFIDE COMPLEX; BORON MONOCHLORIDE-METHYL SULFIDE COMPLEX; CHLOROBORANE-METHYL SULFIDE COMPLEX; Boron, chlorodihydrothiobismethane-, (T-4)-; Boron monochloride methyl sulfide complex, monoChloroborane methyl sulfide complex; Chloroborane methyl sulfide complex,Boron monochloride methyl sulfide complex, monoChloroborane methyl sulfide complex; Chloroborane methyl CAS NO:63348-81-2

SYNONYMS Aminoethyl Alcohol; Beta-Aminoethanol;2-Amino-ethanol; Ethanolamine; 1-Amino-2-hydroxyethane; 2-Amino-1-Ethanol; 2-Aminoaethanol German); 2-Aminoetanolo (Italian); 2-Aminoethanol; Aethanolamin (German); Beta-Aminoethyl Alcohol; Beta-ethanolamine; Beta-hydroxyethylamine; CAS NO:141-43-5

Ethanolamine; 2-Aminoethanol, 2-Aminoethyl alcohol, ETA, MEA 90, MEA-LCI, MEA, Monoethanolamine cas no:141-43-5

AMINOETHANE HYDROCHLORIDE; ETHANAMINE HYDROCHLORIDE; ETHYLAMINE HCL; ETHYLAMINE HYDROCHLORIDE; ETHYLAMMONIUM CHLORIDE; MONOETHYLAMINE HCL; MONOETHYLAMINE HYDROCHLORIDE; monoethylammoniumchloride; ETHYLAMINE HYDROCHLORIDE, CRYSTALLIZED; MonethylamineHCl; Ethylammoniumchlorid CAS NO:557-66-4

Monoethanolamine; 2-Aminoethanol; 2-Aminoethyl alcohol; ETA; Ethanolamine; MEA 90; MEA-LCI; mea; Monoethanolamine cas no: 141-43-5

MONOETHYLENE GLYCOL; 1,2-Ethanediol; Glycol; MEG; 1,2-Dihydroxyethane; 1,2-Ethandiol; 2-Hydroxyethanol; Athylenglykol (German); cas no: 107-21-1

Ethanamine; Aminoethane; Monoethylamine; 1-Aminoethane; Aethylamine; Etilamina; Etyloamina; AMINE C2; AMINOETHANE; ETHYLAMINE; MEA; MEA-70; MONOETHYLAMINE; RARECHEM AL BW 0041; 1-Aminoethane; Aethylamine; ai3-24228; C2H5NH2; Ethamamine; Ethylamin; ethylamine(70%inwater) CAS NO:75-04-7

Monoethylene Glycol Monoethylene glycol (also known as MEG, EG, 1,2-ethanediol or 1,2-Dihydroxyethane) is an organic compound with the formula C2H6O2. Monoethylene glycol is a slightly viscous liquid with a clear, colourless appearance and a sweet taste that emits virtually no odour. Monoethylene glycol’s miscible with water, alcohols, and many other organic compounds and is primarily used in the industry for manufacturing polyester fibres and as a component in the production of antifreeze, coolants, aircraft anti-icers and de-icers. Production of Monoethylene glycol Industrial routes Ethylene glycol is produced from ethylene (ethene), via the intermediate ethylene oxide. Ethylene oxide reacts with water to produce Monoethylene glycol according to the chemical equation: C2H4O + H2O → HO−CH2CH2−OH This reaction can be catalyzed by either acids or bases, or can occur at neutral pH under elevated temperatures. The highest yields of Monoethylene glycol occur at acidic or neutral pH with a large excess of water. Under these conditions, Monoethylene glycol yields of 90% can be achieved. The major byproducts are the oligomers diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, and tetraethylene glycol. The separation of these oligomers and water is energy-intensive. About 6.7 million tonnes are produced annually. A higher selectivity is achieved by use of Shell's OMEGA process. In the OMEGA process, the ethylene oxide is first converted with carbon dioxide (CO 2) to ethylene carbonate. This ring is then hydrolyzed with a base catalyst in a second step to produce mono-ethylene glycol in 98% selectivity., The carbon dioxide is released in this step again and can be fed back into the process circuit. The carbon dioxide comes in part from the ethylene oxide production, where a part of the ethylene is completely oxidized. Ethylene glycol is produced from carbon monoxide in countries with large coal reserves and less stringent environmental regulations. The oxidative carbonylation of methanol to dimethyl oxalate provides a promising approach to the production of C1-based Monoethylene glycol., Dimethyl oxalate can be converted into Monoethylene glycol in high yields (94.7%) by hydrogenation with a copper catalyst. Because the methanol is recycled, only carbon monoxide, hydrogen, and oxygen are consumed. One plant with a production capacity of 200 000 tons of Monoethylene glycol per year is in Inner Mongolia, and a second plant in the Chinese province of Henan with a capacity of 250 000 tons per year was scheduled for 2012., As of 2015, four plants in China with a capacity of 200 000 t/a each were operating with at least 17 more to follow., Biological routes of Monoethylene glycol The caterpillar of the Greater wax moth, Galleria mellonella, has gut bacteria with the ability to degrade polyethylene (PE) into Monoethylene glycol. Historical routes of Monoethylene glycol According to most sources, French chemist Charles-Adolphe Wurtz (1817–1884) first prepared Monoethylene glycol in 1856. He first treated "ethylene iodide" (C2H4I2) with silver acetate and then hydrolyzed the resultant "ethylene diacetate" with potassium hydroxide. Wurtz named his new compound "glycol" because it shared qualities with both ethyl alcohol (with one hydroxyl group) and glycerin (with three hydroxyl groups). In 1859, Wurtz prepared Monoethylene glycol via the hydration of ethylene oxide. There appears to have been no commercial manufacture or application of Monoethylene glycol prior to World War I, when it was synthesized from ethylene dichloride in Germany and used as a substitute for glycerol in the explosives industry. In the United States, semicommercial production of Monoethylene glycol via ethylene chlorohydrin started in 1917. The first large-scale commercial glycol plant was erected in 1925 at South Charleston, West Virginia, by Carbide and Carbon Chemicals Co. (now Union Carbide Corp.). By 1929, Monoethylene glycol was being used by almost all dynamite manufacturers. In 1937, Carbide started up the first plant based on Lefort's process for vapor-phase oxidation of ethylene to ethylene oxide. Carbide maintained a monopoly on the direct oxidation process until 1953, when the Scientific Design process was commercialized and offered for licensing. Uses of Mono ethylene glycol Ethylene glycol is primarily used in antifreeze formulations (50%) and as a raw material in the manufacture of polyesters such as polyethylene terephthalate (PET) (40%). Coolant and heat-transfer agent The major use of Monoethylene glycol is as a medium for convective heat transfer in, for example, automobiles and liquid-cooled computers. Monoethylene glycol is also commonly used as a coolant for chilled-water air-conditioning systems that either place the chiller or air handlers outside or must cool below the freezing temperature of water. In geothermal heating/cooling systems, Monoethylene glycol is the fluid that transports heat through the use of a geothermal heat pump. The Monoethylene glycol either gains energy from the source (lake, ocean, water well) or dissipates heat to the sink, depending on whether the system is being used for heating or cooling. Pure Monoethylene glycol (MEG) has a specific heat capacity about one half that of water. So, while providing freeze protection and an increased boiling point, Monoethylene glycol lowers the specific heat capacity of water mixtures relative to pure water. A 1:1 mix by mass has a specific heat capacity of about 3140 J/(kg·°C) (0.75 BTU/(lb·°F)), three quarters that of pure water, thus requiring increased flow rates in same-system comparisons with water. The formation of large bubbles in cooling passages of internal combustion engines will severely inhibit heat flow (flux) from the area, so that allowing nucleation (tiny bubbles) to occur is not advisable. Large bubbles in cooling passages will be self-sustaining or grow larger, with a virtually complete loss of cooling in the area. With pure MEG (mono-ethylene glycol) the hot spot will reach 200 °C (392 °F). Cooling by other effects such as air draft from fans (not considered in pure nucleation analysis) will assist in preventing large-bubble formation. The mixture of Monoethylene glycol with water provides additional benefits to coolant and antifreeze solutions, such as preventing corrosion and acid degradation, as well as inhibiting the growth of most microbes and fungi. Antifreeze Pure Monoethylene glycol freezes at about −12 °C (10.4 °F) but, when mixed with water, the mixture freezes at a lower temperature. For example, a mixture of 60% Monoethylene glycol and 40% water freezes at −45 °C (−49 °F). Diethylene glycol behaves similarly. The freezing point depression of some mixtures can be explained as a colligative property of solutions but, in highly concentrated mixtures such as the example, deviations from ideal solution behavior are expected due to the influence of intermolecular forces. There is a difference in the mixing ratio, depending on whether it is Monoethylene glycol or propylene glycol. For Monoethylene glycol, the mixing ratios are typically 30/70 and 35/65, whereas the propylene glycol mixing ratios are typically 35/65 and 40/60. It is important that the mixture is frost-proof at the lowest operating temperature. Because of the depressed freezing temperatures, Monoethylene glycol is used as a de-icing fluid for windshields and aircraft, as an antifreeze in automobile engines, and as a component of vitrification (anticrystallization) mixtures for low-temperature preservation of biological tissues and organs. Mixture of Monoethylene glycol and water can also be chemically termed as glycol concentrate/compound/mixture/solution. The use of Monoethylene glycol not only depresses the freezing point of aqueous mixtures, but also elevates their boiling point. This results in the operating temperature range for heat-transfer fluids being broadened on both ends of the temperature scale. The increase in boiling temperature is due to pure Monoethylene glycol having a much higher boiling point and lower vapor pressure than pure water, as is typical with most binary mixtures of volatile liquids. Precursor to polymers In the plastic industry, Monoethylene glycol is an important precursor to polyester fibers and resins. Polyethylene terephthalate, used to make plastic bottles for soft drinks, is prepared from Monoethylene glycol. Other uses of Monoethylene glycol (MEG) Dehydrating agent Ethylene glycol is used in the natural gas industry to remove water vapor from natural gas before further processing, in much the same manner as triethylene glycol (TEG). Hydrate inhibition of Monoethylene glycol Because of its high boiling point and affinity for water, Monoethylene glycol is a useful desiccant. Monoethylene glycol is widely used to inhibit the formation of natural gas clathrates (hydrates) in long multiphase pipelines that convey natural gas from remote gas fields to a gas processing facility. Monoethylene glycol can be recovered from the natural gas and reused as an inhibitor after purification treatment that removes water and inorganic salts. Natural gas is dehydrated by Monoethylene glycol. In this application, Monoethylene glycol flows down from the top of a tower and meets a rising mixture of water vapor and hydrocarbon gases. Dry gas exits from the top of the tower. The glycol and water are separated, and the glycol recycled. Instead of removing water, Monoethylene glycol can also be used to depress the temperature at which hydrates are formed. The purity of glycol used for hydrate suppression (monoethylene glycol) is typically around 80%, whereas the purity of glycol used for dehydration (triethylene glycol) is typically 95 to more than 99%. Moreover, the injection rate for hydrate suppression is much lower than the circulation rate in a glycol dehydration tower. Applications of Mono ethylene glycol (MEG) Minor uses of Monoethylene glycol include the manufacture of capacitors, as a chemical intermediate in the manufacture of 1,4-dioxane, as an additive to prevent corrosion in liquid cooling systems for personal computers, and inside the lens devices of cathode-ray tube type of rear projection televisions. Monoethylene glycol is also used in the manufacture of some vaccines, but it is not itself present in these injections. It is used as a minor (1–2%) ingredient in shoe polish and also in some inks and dyes. Monoethylene glycol has seen some use as a rot and fungal treatment for wood, both as a preventative and a treatment after the fact. It has been used in a few cases to treat partially rotted wooden objects to be displayed in museums. It is one of only a few treatments that are successful in dealing with rot in wooden boats, and is relatively cheap. Monoethylene glycol may also be one of the minor ingredients in screen cleaning solutions, along with the main ingredient isopropyl alcohol. Monoethylene glycol is commonly used as a preservative for biological specimens, especially in secondary schools during dissection as a safer alternative to formaldehyde. Monoethylene glycol is also used as part of the water-based hydraulic fluid used to control subsea oil and gas production equipment. Ethylene glycol is used as a protecting group in organic synthesis to protect carbonyl compounds such as ketones and aldehydes. Silicon dioxide reacts in heated reflux under dinitrogen with Monoethylene glycol and an alkali metal base to produce highly reactive, pentacoordinate silicates which provide access to a wide variety of new silicon compounds. The silicates are essentially insoluble in all polar solvent except methanol. Monoethylene glycol also can be used in vaccine manufacture or as a formaldehyde substitute when preserving biological specimens. Chemical reactions of Monoethylene glycol (MEG) Ethylene glycol is used as a protecting group for carbonyl groups in organic synthesis. Treating a ketone or aldehyde with Monoethylene glycol in the presence of an acid catalyst (e.g., p-toluenesulfonic acid; BF3·Et2O) gives the corresponding a 1,3-dioxolane, which is resistant to bases and other nucleophiles. The 1,3-dioxolane protecting group can thereafter be removed by further acid hydrolysis. In this example, isophorone was protected using Monoethylene glycol with p-toluenesulfonic acid in moderate yield. Water was removed by azeotropic distillation to shift the equilibrium to the right. Toxicity of Monoethylene glycol (MEG) Ethylene glycol is moderately toxic, with an oral LDLo = 786 mg/kg for humans. The major danger is due to its sweet taste, which can attract children and animals. Upon ingestion, Monoethylene glycol is oxidized to glycolic acid, which is, in turn, oxidized to oxalic acid, which is toxic. It and its toxic byproducts first affect the central nervous system, then the heart, and finally the kidneys. Ingestion of sufficient amounts is fatal if untreated. Several deaths are recorded annually in the U.S. alone. Antifreeze products for automotive use containing propylene glycol in place of Monoethylene glycol are available. They are generally considered safer to use, as propylene glycol isn't as palatable and is converted in the body to lactic acid, a normal product of metabolism and exercise. Australia, the UK, and seventeen US states (as of 2012) require the addition of a bitter flavoring (denatonium benzoate) to antifreeze. In December 2012, US antifreeze manufacturers agreed voluntarily to add a bitter flavoring to all antifreeze that is sold in the consumer market of the US. Environmental effects of Monoethylene glycol (MEG) Ethylene glycol is a high-production-volume chemical; it breaks down in air in about 10 days and in water or soil in a few weeks. It enters the environment through the dispersal of Monoethylene glycol-containing products, especially at airports, where it is used in deicing agents for runways and airplanes. While prolonged low doses of Monoethylene glycol show no toxicity, at near lethal doses (≥ 1000 mg/kg per day) Monoethylene glycol acts as a teratogen. "Based on a rather extensive database, it induces skeletal variations and malformations in rats and mice by all routes of exposure." This molecule has been observed in outer space. Monoethylene glycol (MEG) in its pure form, it is an odorless, colorless, syrupy liquid with a sweet taste. Monoethylene glycol (MEG) is a basic building block used for applications that require: Chemical intermediates for resins Solvent couplers Freezing point depression solvents Humectants and chemical intermediates Application Usage These applications are vital to the manufacture of a wide variety of products, including: Resins Deicing fluids Heat transfer fluids Automotive antifreeze and coolants Water-based adhesives Latex paints and asphalt emulsions Electrolytic capacitors Textile fibers Paper Leather Ethylene glycol (mono ethylene glycol) in its pure form, is an odorless, colorless, syrupy liquid. Production of Monoethylene glycol (MEG) Ethylene glycol is produced from ethylene, via the intermediate ethylene oxide Ethylene oxide reacts with water to produce ethylene glycol according to the chemical equation C2H4O + H2O → HOCH2CH2OH This reaction can be catalyzed by either acids or bases, or can occur at neutral pH under elevated temperatures. The highest yields of ethylene glycol occur at acidic or neutral pH with a large excess of water. Under these conditions, ethylene glycol yields of 90% can be achieved. The major byproducts are the ethylene glycol oligomers diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, and tetraethylene glycol. Precautions of Monoethylene glycol (MEG): Carefully review Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS). Overexposure through improper storage, handling or use could lead to serious health risks. Mono-ethylene glycol - or MEG - is a vital ingredient for the production of polyester fibres and film, polyethylene terephthalate (PET) resins and engine coolants. End uses for Monoethylene glycol range from clothing and other textiles, through packaging to kitchenware, engine coolants and antifreeze. Polyester and fleece fabrics, upholstery, carpets and pillows, as well as light and sturdy polyethylene terephthalate drink and food containers originate from ethylene glycol. The humectant (water attracting) properties of MEG products also make them ideal for use in fibres treatment, paper, adhesives, printing inks, leather and cellophane. Monoethylene glycol is a colourless, odourless liquid with a syrup-like consistency. 55% of Monoethylene glycol is used to make polyester fibres. 25% of Monoethylene glycol is used in polyethylene terephthalate - or PET - packaging and bottles. 45% of the world’s Monoethylene glycol output is consumed in China. Global Monoethylene glycol demand was around 21 million tonnes in 2010. Forecasts suggest that by 2015, demand could be above 28 million tonnes per year. In China, Monoethylene glycol demand continues to grow at around 7% each year. Technical Properties of Monoethylene glycol (MEG) Chemical and physical properties of Monoethylene glycol: Molecular Formula: C2H6O2 / (CH2OH)2 / HOCH2CH2OH Synonyms: monoethyleneglycol, mono ethyl glycol, meg glycol, ethylene glycol, 1,2-ethanediol, Ethane-1,2-diol, EG, industrial glycol, 1,2-Dihydroxyethane, glycol alcohol. Cas Number: 107-21-1 Molecular Mass: 62.07 g/mol Exact Mass: 62.036779 g/mol Flashpoint: 232 °F/ 111.11 °C Boiling Point: 387.7 °F / 197.6 °C at 760 mm Hg Melting Point: 9 ° F / -12.8 °C Vapour Pressure: 0.06 mm Hg at 68 °F / 20 °C Water Solubility: Miscible Density: 1.115 at 68 °F How is Monoethylene glycol (MEG) produced? Monoethylene glycol is produced industrially using ethylene oxide via hydrolysis. Ethylene oxide is obtained through oxidation and is then reacted with water to give Monoethylene glycol with di and tri ethylene glycols as co-products: C2H4O + H2O → HOCH2CH2OH Monoethylene glycol is also manufactured via the hydrogenation of dimethyl oxalate in the presence of a copper catalyst or via the acetoxylation of ethylene. Handling, storage and distribution of Mono ethylene glycol (MEG) Hazards and toxicity Monoethylene glycol has an NFPA health rating of 2, indicating that overexposure to the skin and eyes can cause irritation and residual injury. Inhaling vapours is not deemed hazardous; however consumption of liquid form can cause injury. It has a flammability rating of 1 which indicates that it requires sufficient preheating for ignition to occur. An instability rating of 0 suggests that Monoethylene glycol is usually stable. Monoethylene glycol’s vapours are heavier than air and will travel to surrounding areas. Safety and responses of Monoethylene glycol (MEG) If contact is made with the eyes, immediately wash with plenty of water and seek medical attention. If the skin is contaminated, remove all wet clothing and wash the skin with water. In the case of excessive inhalation, breathe fresh air and seek medical attention. Alcohol-resistant foam or water spray should be used to fight fires and spillages should be prohibited from reaching water sources and sewers. Appropriate PPE equipment should be worn when handling Monoethylene glycol to protect the skin and eyes. Storage and distribution of Monoethylene glycol (MEG) Monoethylene glycol can be stored in stainless steel, aluminium, or lined drums, tank cars, or tank trucks. Monoethylene glycol has a specific gravity of 1.115 and a flash point of 110 °C (closed cup). Monoethylene glycol is not regulated for transport on road, rail, air, or sea but it is classified as harmful, and is harmful if swallowed. What is Monoethylene glycol used for Industry uses of Monoethylene glycol (MEG) A primary industry use of Monoethylene glycol is in antifreeze applications where it is a component in the manufacture of antifreeze, coolants, aircraft ani-icer and de-icers due to its ability to depress the freezing temperature of water. It is also used in hydraulic brake fluids and cooling systems such as in vehicles and air-conditioning units as it acts as a coolant and heat transfer agent. There is strong global demand for Monoethylene glycol in the plastic industry as it is a vital ingredient in the production of polyester fibres, films, and resins, one of which is polyethylene terephthalate (PET). PET is then converted into plastic bottles which are used globally. It is estimated that 70-80% of all the MEG consumed is used as a chemical intermediate in these polyester production processes. Monoethylene glycol is also used as a solvent in paints and electrolytic condensers, as a desiccant in gas pipelines to prohibit the formation of clathrates, as a chemical intermediate in the production of capacitors, as an industrial humectant in fibres, adhesives, cellophane, synthetic waxes. It is also found in other industrial products such as plasticizers, processing aids, adhesives, additives and surface treating agents. Consumer Uses of Monoethylene glycol (MEG) Monoethylene glycol is found in many consumer products such as antifreeze, ani-icer, de-icers, brake fluids, adhesives, automotive care products, cosmetics, toners, fabrics, inks, pens, paints, plastics and coatings. Monoethylene glycol also known as MEG is a clear, colourless, virtually odourless, and slightly viscous liquid. Monoethylene glycol is miscible with water, alcohols, and many organic compounds, and has the molecular formula C2H6O2, CAS: 107-21-1. It has a specific gravity of 1.115 and a flash point of 110 °C. Mono ethylene glycol Monoethylene glycol Chemical Structure Composition. Production of Mono ethylene glycol Monoethylene glycol is produced by the oxidation of ethylene at a high temperature in the presence of a silver oxide catalyst. The ethylene oxide is then hydrated to yield Monoethylene glycol with di and tri ethylene glycols as co-products. Uses of Monoethylene glycol Monoethylene glycol (MEG) is an important raw material for industrial applications. MEG is utilized in the manufacture of polyester (PET) resins, films, fibers, antifreezes, coolants, aircraft anti-icer and deicers and solvents. Monoethylene glycol is also utilised as raw material for paper industry, polyester Resins, adhesives and inks, chemical Intermediates, Heat Transfer, Fluids. Monoethylene glycol is also a used as a dehydration agent in natural gas pipelines where it inhibits the formation of natural gas clathrates. Definition and Usage Areas of Mono ethylene glycol: It is a colorless transparent viscous liquid with a sweet taste and moisture absorption ability. Water can also be miscible with low-grade aliphatic alcohols, glycerol, acetic acid, acetone, ketones, aldehydes, pyridine and similar coal tar bases. It is slightly soluble in ether but almost insoluble in benzene and its homologues, chlorinated hydrocarbons, petroleum ether and oils. Usage areas of Mono ethylene glycol Monoethylene glycol is mainly used as a raw material for the production of antifreeze and polyethylene terephthalate (polyester fiber raw material and plastic material) for the preparation of automobile cooling systems. Also synthetic resins, solvents, lubricants, surfactants, softeners, moisturizers, explosives, etc. It can also be used in production. Glycol can often be used as an alternative to glycerol and is often used in the tanning industry and pharmaceutical industry as a hydration agent and solvent. Glycol has a strong solubility, but can be easily oxidized against toxic metabolic oxalic acid and therefore cannot be widely used as a solvent. Ethylene glycol can be added to the hydraulic fluid and used to prevent the oil-based hydraulic fluid from melting on the rubber of the system. Water-based hydraulic fluid with ethylene glycol as the main component is a flammable hydraumatic fluid and can be applied to aircraft, automobiles and high temperature molding machine. As antifreeze agent in emulsion paints and aqueous systems. It is used as a solvent for casein, gelatin, dextrin, some phenol-formaldehyde resin, alkyd resins and dyestuffs. It also gives the paint slipperiness and ease of application. Monoethylene glycol is also used as a heat-transfer agent. Mono ethylene glycol (MEG) is used as an anti-freeze additive for engine cooling systems to prevent freezing and as an anti-boil additive. This product note describes the specification for Mono Ethylene Glycol (MEG) liquid. Any product supplied under this specification must meet the properties described in the attached specification. Physical properties Appearance Clear colourless liquid Density [g/ml] 1.11 to 1.12 Odour Odourless Technical data Purity 99% min Water content Max 0.2% 1. Chemical Identity of Monoethylene glycol (MEG) MEG is manufactured in a 2-step reaction process. First, ethylene is reacted with oxygen to form ethylene oxide. Second, ethylene oxide is reacted with water to form Mono Ethylene Glycol (Monoethylene glycol). Monoethylene glycol is typically produced to a high level of purity (99%). CAS No. 107-21-1 Chemical Name: MONO ETHYLENE GLCOL Other Names: Monoethylene glycol Ethylene Glycol 1,2-dihydroxyethane 1,2-ethanediol 2. Product Uses of Monoethylene glycol (MEG) Monoethylene glycol is used as a feedstock for manufacturing polyester polymers. It is also used in the formulation of antifreeze products. 3. Physical / Chemical Properties of Monoethylene glycol (MEG) Monoethylene glycol is a colorless and odorless liquid with a low vapor pressure and a sweet taste. Monoethylene glycol is fully miscible with water and when mixed in a ratio of 60:40, the resulting freezing point is -48 C. The flash point for this product is approximately 232 ºF / 111 ºC. 4. Health Information of Monoethylene glycol (MEG) Monoethylene glycol is considered harmful if swallowed. It may cause kidney failure and central nervous system effects if ingested. Monoethylene glycol is converted to toxic metabolites in the body, which may be fatal if it is ingested in large amounts. This is a medical emergency which must be immediately and properly treated. 5. Additional Hazard Information of Monoethylene glycol (MEG) Prolonged exposure to elevated concentrations of mists or liquids may cause irritation to skin, eyes and the respiratory tract. 6. Food Contact Regulated Uses of Monoethylene glycol (MEG) Monoethylene glycol is not claimed as compliant for food contact uses. 7. Environmental Information of Monoethylene glycol (MEG) Monoethylene glycol is not expected to be harmful to aquatic organisms. It is expected to be rapidly/readily biodegradable and its potential to bioaccumulate is low. 8. Exposure Potential of Monoethylene glycol (MEG)  Workplace exposure – The potential exposure to Monoethylene glycol in a manufacturing facility or industrial workplace is generally low because the process, storage and handling operations are closed, with little potential for releases to the air. The American Conference of Government Industrial Hygienists recommends a ceiling limit of 100 mg/m3 as an occupational exposure to aerosol vapors of Monoethylene glycol.  Consumer use of products containing Monoethylene glycol – Monoethylene glycol may be present in antifreeze products sold to the general public. At ambient pressures the exposure to vapors will be very low, but could be high if mists are generated. Monoethylene glycol, as such, is no longer present in polymers made from it. Exposure to consumers would be noticed by signs of irritation to the respiratory tract or skin.  Environmental releases –As a chemical manufacturer, we are committed to operating in an environmentally responsible manner everywhere we do business. Our efforts are guided by in-depth scientific understanding of the environmental impact of our operations, as well as by the social and economic needs of the communities in which we operate. Industrial spills or releases are rare. Our operational improvement targets and plans are based on driving incidents with real environmental impact to zero and delivering superior environmental performance. 9. Manufacture of Product of Monoethylene glycol (MEG)  Capacity – According to publicly available sources, the worldwide production of Monoethylene glycol reached 19 million tons in 2008 (the most recent reporting year available).  Process – Monoethylene glycol is generally manufactured in a 2-staged reaction of ethylene with oxygen, and then with water in a chemical plant. 10. Risk Management of Monoethylene glycol (MEG)  Workplace Risk Management – When using this chemical, make sure that there is limited exposure to the liquid, and also avoid the generation of vapor mists. Always use chemical resistant gloves to protect your hands and skin and always wear eye protection such as chemical goggles. Do not eat, drink, or smoke where this chemical is handled, processed, or stored. Wash hands and skin following contact. If this chemical gets into your eyes, rinse eyes thoroughly for at least 15 minutes with tap water and seek medical attention. Please refer to the Safety Data Sheet.  Consumer Risk Management - This chemical may be present in products sold directly to the public for general consumer uses. Consumer exposure is possible, but it is expected to be infrequent and of short duration. Always follow manufacturers' instructions, warnings and handling precautions when using their products. 11. Conclusion Statements of Monoethylene glycol (MEG)  Monoethylene glycol is a chemical manufactured at industrial facilities.  Monoethylene glycol is used as a component in the manufacturing of polymers and may be present in antifreeze products sold to the general public.  Monoethylene glycol is toxic to people and pets when ingested in large amounts.  Monoethylene glycol is readily biodegradable, is not expected to be harmful to aquatic organisms, and is not expected to cause long-term adverse effects in the aquatic environment. Monoethylene glycol (Ethylene glycol) is a colorless, virtually odorless and slightly viscous liquid. It is miscible with water, alcohols, aldehydes and many organic compounds. MEG will not dissolve rubber, cellulose acetate or heavy vegetable and petroleum oils. MEG has a low volatility and it is 50% more hygroscopic than glycerol at room temperature. Monoethylene glycol is a chemical commonly used in many commercial and industrial applications including antifreeze and coolant. Monoethylene glycol helps keep your car’s engine from freezing in the winter and acts as a coolant to reduce overheating in the summer. Other important uses of Monoethylene glycol include heat transfer fluids used as industrial coolants for gas compressors, heating, ventilating, and air-conditioning systems, and ice skating rinks. Monoethylene glycol also is used as a raw material in the production of a wide range of products including polyester fibers for clothes, upholstery, carpet and pillows; fiberglass used in products such as jet skis, bathtubs, and bowling balls; and polyethylene terephthalate resin used in packaging film and bottles. Many of these products are energy saving and cost efficient as well as recyclable.

Chemical Characterization Monoethylene glycol dimethyl ether 1,2-Dimethoxyethane (DME) Dimethylglycol Monoglyme (DMG) CAS-No.: 110-71-4 EINECS-No.: 203-794-9 Registrations: EINECS (Europe), TSCA (USA), AICS (Australia),DSL (Canada), ECL (Korea), PICCS (Philippines), ENCS (Japan), ASIA-PAC Product Description Monoethylene glycol dimethyl ether is a neutral, slightly volatile colorless liquid. Because of the free electron pairs at the oxygen atoms monoethylene glycol dimethyl ether has high solvating power and is miscible with water and all common solvents in any ratio. As a result of its chemical stability and the absence of reactive groups, monoethylene glycol dimethyl ether can be used as an inert reaction medium for many organic and organometallic reactions (e.g. Suzuki-coupling, Simmon-Smith-reactions, Grignard reactions) and for polymerizations. Because of its aprotic abilities monoethylene glycol dimethyl ether is also used as electrolytic solvent for lithium batteries (in combination with other solvents). Dissolving Power Monoethylene glycol dimethyl ether readily dissolves the following: alkyd resins, bitumens, cellulose nitrate, cellulose aceto butyrate, chlorinated rubber, coumarone resins, dammar resins, diphenyls (chlorinated), epoxy resins, formaldehyde resins, ketone resins, phenolic resins, mineral oils, ®Mowilith, nitrocellulose, vegetable oils, polyvinyl acetate, chlorinated propylene, polystyrene paints, polyvinyl chloride (post-chlorinated), stand oils, and vinyl chloride. Waxes and cresols are soluble at elevated temperatures. Insoluble in monoethylene glycol dimethyl ether are: shellac, cellulose nitrate (alcohol-soluble types), polyvinyl carbazole, PTFE, polyethylene, polypropylene, polyamide, polyacrylonitrile, polyterephthalic acid glycol ester. Substances that swell in monoethylene glycol dimethyl ether include natural and synthetic rubber and polyacrylates. Storage Advices Monoethylene glycol dimethyl ether is supplied in road tankers, rail tankers and polyethylene drums. Glycol ethers and their derivatives can form peroxides in the presence of oxygen. Therefore monoethylene glycol dimethyl ether is storage stabilized with 100 mg/kg 2,6-Di-tert.-butyl-4- methylphenol (BHT). The product is hygroscopic and must be properly stored in order to prevent water absorption. This can be done by storing the product under a dry nitrogen blanket. If stored in a breathable tank, drying agents such as silica gel should be utilized. Technical Data Monoethylene glycol dimethyl ether molar mass g/mol 90 Monoethylene glycol dimethyl ether boiling range /1013 hPa (ASTM D1120) °C 84-86 Monoethylene glycol dimethyl ether freezing point (DIN 51583) °C -69 Monoethylene glycol dimethyl ether flash point (DIN 51755) °C -6 Monoethylene glycol dimethyl ether Ignition temperature (DIN 51794) °C 200 Monoethylene glycol dimethyl ether density/20°C (DIN 51757) g/cm3 0,866-0,868 Monoethylene glycol dimethyl ether kinematic viscosity/25°C (DIN 51562) mm²/s ca. 0,455 Monoethylene glycol dimethyl ether vapor pressure /20°C mbar 67 Monoethylene glycol dimethyl ether heat of evaporation kJ/mol 28,1 Monoethylene glycol dimethyl ether evaporation number (DIN 53170, diethylether = 1) ca. 3 Monoethylene glycol dimethyl ether refractive number nD20 (DIN 51423, part 2) 1,380 Monoethylene glycol dimethyl ether dipole moment /25°C Debye 1,71 Monoethylene glycol dimethyl ether surface tension /20°C mN/m 20 Monoethylene glycol dimethyl ether dielectric constant (DIN 53483) ε 5,5 Monoethylene glycol dimethyl ether specific electrical conductivity /20°C S/cm 6. 10-8 Monoethylene glycol dimethyl ether specific heat /20°C kJ/kg K 2,19 Monoethylene glycol dimethyl ether critical temperature °C 263 Monoethylene glycol dimethyl ether critical pressure bar 39,9 Monoethylene glycol dimethyl ether critical density g/cm3 0,333 Monoethylene glycol dimethyl ether Hansen solubility parameter δd /Dispersion) δp (Polar) δh (Hydrogen bonding) solubility with water/25°C miscible

1-Amino-2-propanol; 1-Methyl-2-aminoethanol; Isopropanolamine; DL-1-amino-2-propanol; monoisopropanolamine; alpha-aminoisopropyl alcohol; 1-aminopropan-2-ol; 2-hydroxypropylamine; threamine; MIPA; DL-Isopropanolamine; Threamine; 1-Amino-2-hydroxypropane; alpha-Aminoisopropyl alcohol; 1-Aminoisopropylalcohol; 2-Amino-1-methylethanol CAS NO:78-96-6

c14-22mono-glyceride; C14-22-mono-Glycerides; Monoglycerides (125 mg); Glyceride,C14-22-Mono-; Glycerides, C14-22 mono-; MONOGLYCERIDES (125 MG)H1D2320.963MG/MG(AI) CAS NO:68990-53-4

MONOI OIL; Gardenia taitensis; Gardenia Tahitensis Flower ; Monoi de Tahiti Flower CAS NO:683748-01-8

1-Amino-2-propanol; 1-Methyl-2-aminoethanol; Isopropanolamine; DL-1-amino-2-propanol; monoisopropanolamine; alpha-aminoisopropyl alcohol; 1-aminopropan-2-ol; 2-hydroxypropylamine; threamine; MIPA; DL-Isopropanolamine; Threamine; 1-Amino-2-hydroxypropane; alpha-Aminoisopropyl alcohol; 1-Aminoisopropylalcohol; 2-Amino-1-methylethanol CAS NO: 78-96-6

cas: 9005-64-5; polyethyleneglycol sorbitan monolaurate; Polysorbate 20; Sorbitan monolaurate, ethoxylated; Sorbitan, monododecanoate, poly(oxy-1,2-ethanediyl) derivs; SORBITAN MONOLAURATE POLYETHOXYLATE; Sorbitan monolaurate, ethoxylated (1-6.5 moles ethoxylated); Sorbitan, mono-9-octadecenoate, poly(oxy-1,2-ethanediyl) derivs., (Z)-; Sorbitan, monolaurate ethoxylated (1-6.5 moles ethoxylated); Noms français : Monolaurate de polyoxyéthylène de sorbitane Monolauréate de polyoxyéthylène sorbitane SORBITAN, MONODODECANOATE, POLY(OXY-1,2-ETHANEDIYL) DERIVATIVES SORBITAN, MONODODECANOATE, POLY(OXY-1,2-ETHANEDIYL) DERIVS. SORBITAN, MONOLAURATE, POLYOXYETHYLENE DERIVS. Noms anglais : Polyoxyethylene sorbitan monolaurate Utilisation et sources d'émission Fabrication de produits pharmaceutiques, fabrication de cosmétiques

cas : 25496-72-4; Glyceryl monooleate; Oleic acid, monoester with glycerol; Olein, mono-; 9-Octadecenoic acid (9Z)-, monoester with 1,2,3-propanetriol; Glycerol monooleate

Monolaurin is a chemical made from lauric acid, which is found in coconut milk and breast milk.
Monolaurin is known for its antimicrobial properties, and monolaurin is created by glycerolysis, a process that removes the glycerol molecule from lauric acid.
Monolaurin is a 1-monoglyceride with dodecanoyl (lauroyl) as the acyl group.

CAS Number: 142-18-7
Molecular Formula: C15H30O4
Molecular Weight: 274.4
EINECS Number: 205-526-6

Monolaurin is a compound derived from lauric acid, a medium-chain fatty acid found in coconut oil and breast milk.
Monolaurin is a 1-monoglyceride and a dodecanoate ester.
Monolaurin (abbreviated GML; also called glycerol monolaurate, glyceryl laurate, and 1-lauroyl-glycerol) is a monoglyceride.

Monolaurin is chemical formula is C15H30O4.
Monolaurin is a chemical made from lauric acid, which is found in coconut oil and human breast milk.
Monolaurin is used for the common cold, flu (influenza), shingles (herpes zoster), and other infections, but there is no good scientific evidence to support its use.

Monolaurin is a chemical derived from lauric acid and glycerin, and is a byproduct of coconut fat.
For the past two decades, research scientists have been investigating possible applications for monolaurin in medicine, sanitization, and food preservation.
Antibiotic resistance has become a worldwide problem.

Most common hospital and foodborne infections have become resistant to the effects of traditional antibiotics, and people are dying of formerly treatable conditions.
Monolaurin is derived from lauric acid, a medium-chain saturated fatty acid found in coconut oil.
Monolaurin has antimicrobial, antiviral, and antibacterial properties.

Monolaurin is a very safe nutritional way to fight off infections that may arise during the cold/flu season.
Monolaurin also provides our bodies with a great boost that helps us get the upper hand on long-term infections like Epstein-Barr virus.
Monolaurin is a dietary supplement derived from lauric acid, a fatty acid found in coconut oil.

Monolaurin is used to support immune health and may help to reduce inflammation.
Monolaurin is derived from lauric acid and glycerin, and is a byproduct of coconut fat.
Monolaurin also occurs naturally in breast milk.

Monolaurin is an organic compound made from lauric acid.
Monolaurin is chemical formula is C15H30O4.
Other names for Monolaurin include glycerol monolaurate, glyceryl laurate or 1-lauroyl-glycerol.

In nature, Monolaurin is a precursor to monolaurin, which is an even more powerful antimicrobial agent than lauric acid.
Monolaurin has been shown in research to treat Candida albicans infections, whilst also controlling the pro-inflammatory response of the body to the fungus.
Several species of ringworm and the parasite Giardia lamblia may also be inactivated or destroyed by monolaurin.

Monolaurin is a monoester formed from glycerol and the saturated fatty acid lauric acid.
Monolaurin is also commonly referred to by its chemical name glycerol monolaurate (GML).
Both lauric acid and the monoester monolaurin are found in coconut oil, human breast milk and palm kernel oil.

Monolaurin is possible for the body to convert lauric acid into monolaurin via enzyme activity, but how much this conversion process occurs is still fairly unknown.
Monolaurin is pure sn-1 monolaurin (glycerol monolaurate) a natural, plant-based medium chain fat derived from lauric acid.
The same monolaurin received from mother’s milk, saw palmetto, and bitter melon – embraced by both immune system and your digestive tract.

Monolaurin is an encapsulated formula of monolaurin (glycerol monolaurate), a form of lauric acid, which is the predominant fatty acid in coconut and palm kernel oils and is also present in human breast milk.
Monolaurin also contains Vitamin C for added immune benefit.
Monolaurin is a component of coconut oil.

Monolaurin increases their immune response, making them more resilient to bacterial, viral and fungal infections.
Monolaurin is a naturally-occurring fat present in both coconut oil and breast milk.
Monolaurin is a dietary supplement derived from lauric acid - a medium chain fatty acrid present in coconut and palm oil.

Existing research explores monolaurin’s potential to exhibit antiviral, antibacterial, and antifungal properties in controlled laboratory studies.
The literature review below explores some of these studies, their results, and potential impact on supporting a healthy immune system.
Monolaurin is found in coconut oil and may be similar to other monoglycerides found in human breast milk.

Monolaurin can be ingested in coconut oil and the human body converts it into monolaurin.
Furthermore, coconut oil, coconut cream, grated coconut and others products are sources of Monolaurin and, consequently, monolaurin.
Monolaurin and their esters (such as monolaurin) are well known for having antimicrobial activity.

The level of antimicrobial activity (of fatty acids and their esters) however, differs depending on variable factors such as fatty acid chain length, saturation and functional groups.
Among many other immune-supportive compounds, human breast milk contains both lauric acid and monolaurin.
Monolaurin has long been known that breast feeding is highly beneficial to babies through antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activities.

In a 2019 study published in Scientific Reports, researchers found human breast milk to contain high levels of monolaurin.
They also found human breast milk to be inhibitory to pathogen growth, to have anti-inflammatory activity and that both are in part dependent on monolaurin.
Monolaurin is considered to be one of the more potent antimicrobial agents, among fatty acids and their esters, and is estimated to be around 200 times more effective than lauric acid.

Monolaurin is believed to work as an antimicrobial mainly by disrupting lipid bi-layers.
Monolaurin has demonstrated broad inhibitory activity against a number of common enveloped viruses, yet not against non-enveloped viruses.
Since viral envelopes are composed of lipid bi-layers this adds further weight to its likely mode of action as mainly being disruptive to the lipid bi-layer.

Unlike many conventional antiviral agents, monolaurin is not associated with induced resistance and is safe and well tolerated.
In addition, monolaurin has demonstrated anti-bacterial activity against many gram-positive bacteria, but not entirely with gram-negative bacteria.
Monolaurin also appears to increase the effectiveness of other anti-bacterial agents in vitro4 and has demonstrated effectiveness against several bacterial biofilms.

Also known as glycerol monolaurate or glyceryl laurate, monolaurin is used in cosmetics and as a food additive.
Monolaurin has shown antibacterial and antiviral effects when examined in test tubes and culture dishes, which is referred to as in vitro testing.
Researchers are currently investigating its usefulness in clinical settings.

This article looks at the potential benefits and side effects of monolaurin.
Monolaurin is a natural plant-based medium chain fatty acid derived from lauric acid.
Monolaurin is the same monolaurin that exists in mother’s milk and that supports immune system and digestive health.

Monolaurin is all natural and free from any potential drug interactions or coconut allergens.
To be taken for long-term support and general health and wellness.
Monolaurin is safe for children and pets.

Monolaurin is an anti-microbial agent that protects the immune system from a range of infectious agents.
Monolaurin is a glyceride ester derivative of lauric acid, a fatty acid found naturally in breast milk and certain vegetable oils.
This fatty acid has been used as a germicidal agent for centuries.

Monolaurin was originally discovered when microbiologists studied human breast milk to determine the antiviral substances which protected infants from microbial infections.
Monolaurin has been shown to protect newborns, whose immune systems are underdeveloped, from Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) and other respiratory tract viruses (1,2).
Monolaurin was found to have even greater viral activity than lauric acid.

As a dietary supplement, Monolaurin has shown exciting results as an anti-viral and anti-bacterial agent.
Monolaurin, also known as glyceryl monolaurate, glyceryl laurate, or 1-Lauroyl-glycerol, is a monoglyceride (a single molecule of glycerol attached to a fatty acid).
Coconut oil is 48% Monolaurin, which is valued for its use in the food and health supplement industries.

Monolaurin converts to monolaurin in the body.
Some scientists believe monolaurin might be a promising antimicrobial.
Ongoing research is exploring its antibacterial and antiviral effects and safety.

Monolaurin is an organic substance that is formed by the interaction of glycerol and lauric acid.
The largest amount of this substance is contained in coconut oil; it consists of almost half of monolaurin.
Monolaurin is also found in breast milk (7%).

Monolaurin has been suggested that monolaurin is what protects newborn babies from infectious diseases.
Monolaurin is known for its antimicrobial and antiviral properties.
Monolaurin has been studied for its potential to combat various bacteria, viruses, and fungi.

The mechanism of action is thought to involve disrupting the lipid membranes of microorganisms, thereby affecting their structure and function.
Monolaurin, and consequently monolaurin, is naturally present in coconut oil, palm kernel oil, and human breast milk.
Coconut oil is often highlighted for its content of Monolaurin, and some individuals use monolaurin supplements as a concentrated form of this compound.

While research is ongoing, some studies suggest that monolaurin may have potential health benefits, particularly in terms of its antimicrobial and antiviral effects.
Monolaurin has been studied for its potential in addressing conditions like certain bacterial infections and viral illnesses.
Monolaurin is available in supplement form, often marketed as a natural immune support supplement.

Monolaurin comes in capsules, powders, or liquids.
Monolaurin's important to note that the efficacy and safety of monolaurin supplements can vary, and individuals should consult with healthcare professionals before using them.
Besides coconut oil, lauric acid is found in lower amounts in various foods, including palm kernel oil, dairy products, and certain meats.

However, coconut oil is considered one of the richest food sources of Monolaurin.
While there is some research supporting the antimicrobial properties of monolaurin, more studies are needed to establish its effectiveness in various health applications conclusively.
Monolaurin is believed to exert its antimicrobial effects by disrupting the lipid bilayer of the microbial cell membrane.

This interference with the membrane structure can lead to the disintegration of the microbial cell, potentially inhibiting its ability to replicate and causing its demise.
Monolaurin has been studied for its potential antiviral activity against a range of viruses, including certain types of influenza, herpes simplex viruses (HSV), and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).
However, Monolaurin's important to note that research is ongoing, and more evidence is needed to establish its efficacy in treating viral infections.

While coconut oil contains lauric acid, which the body can convert into monolaurin, the concentration of monolaurin in coconut oil is relatively low.
Some individuals choose to take monolaurin supplements to get a more concentrated form of this compound.
Monolaurin has been explored for its potential as an additive in animal feed to promote animal health and prevent infections.

Monolaurin is antimicrobial properties may contribute to controlling bacterial challenges in animal husbandry.
Some research suggests that monolaurin may possess anti-inflammatory properties.
This could have implications for conditions involving inflammation, although more research is needed to understand the extent of these effects.

While monolaurin has shown promise in various areas, including antimicrobial effects, it's important to approach its use with caution, especially in chronic or serious health conditions.
Professional medical advice is crucial before using monolaurin as a primary or complementary treatment.
Monolaurin is the mono-ester formed from glycerol and lauric acid.

Melting point: 63 °C
Boiling point: 186 °C / 1mmHg
Density: 0.9764 (rough estimate)
refractive index: 1.4350 (estimate)
storage temp.: -20°C
solubility: Practically insoluble in water
form: powder to crystal
pka: 13.16±0.20(Predicted)
color: White to Almost white
Water Solubility: 6mg/L
BRN: 1726740
LogP: 4.029 (est)
CAS DataBase Reference: 142-18-7(CAS DataBase Reference)
EWG's Food Scores: 1-3

Monolaurin has been used to aid in the treatment of common cold, flu, shingles, herpes, candida, ringworm, and chronic fatigue syndrome.
Although Monolaurin is exact mechanisms as an antiviral are unknown, it is said to work by binding to the lipid-protein envelope of the virus, thereby preventing it from attaching and entering host cells.
In other words, Monolaurin prevents infection and replication by destroying the viral envelope.

The antibacterial properties of monolaurin are clearly established in scientific research.
Some studies have found that Monolaurin has health benefits such as effectiveness in killing antibiotic-resistant infections such as staph.
Monolaurins a specially extracted and purified humic acid with monolaurin, olive leaf extract, and Lactobacillus rhamnosus cell wall fragments.

Monolaurins are the organic components of soil, peats, brown coals, shales, and lake sediments, formed from decomposed plant material.
They are complex, long-chain molecules, varying in molecular weight from 5,000 to 50,000 daltons.
Monolaurins are the most abundant source of non-living organic material found in nature.

Monolaurin is made from lauric acid, a saturated fatty acid that comprises approximately 50% of the fatty acid content of coconut oil.
Monolaurin makes up 6% of the fatty acid content found in human breast milk, and 3% of that found in cow’s milk and goat’s milk.
Monolaurin is a simple natural compound with remarkable potential that can be taken in dietary supplement form.

With significant antimicrobial activity against a wide range of viral and bacterial pathogens, yet without negative effects, Monolaurin is a valuable addition to your immune health toolkit at any time of the year.
Monolaurin works by destroying lipid-coated viruses such as herpes, cytomegalovirus, influenza, and various pathogenic bacteria and protozoa.
Monolaurin has demonstrated antibacterial activity against various types of bacteria.

Some studies suggest that Monolaurin may be effective against bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pneumoniae, among others.
Monolaurin has been investigated for its potential to disrupt biofilms.
Biofilms are communities of microorganisms that adhere to surfaces and can be more resistant to antibiotics.

The ability of monolaurin to disrupt biofilms could have implications for certain infections.
Some research has explored the potential of monolaurin in addressing respiratory infections, including those caused by certain bacteria and viruses.
However, more clinical studies are needed to validate these findings.

In some studies, monolaurin has been shown to work synergistically with certain antibiotics, enhancing their antimicrobial effects.
This suggests a potential role in combination therapies for bacterial infections.
Monolaurin has been investigated for its impact on gastrointestinal health.

Research in animal models has suggested potential benefits in modulating gut microbial balance, but more studies are needed to determine its effects in humans.
Monolaurin works by binding to the lipid-protein envelope of the virus, thereby preventing it from attaching and entering host cells, making infection and replication impossible.
Other studies show that Monolaurin disintegrates the viral envelope, killing the virus.

Some studies suggest that monolaurin may have antifungal properties and could be effective against Candida species, which are types of yeast that can cause infections.
However, more research is needed to confirm its efficacy in treating fungal infections.
In addition to oral supplements, monolaurin is sometimes included in topical products such as creams or ointments.

These formulations may be used for conditions like skin infections or as a part of skincare routines, although research on the effectiveness of topical monolaurin is limited.
Monolaurin is sometimes used in combination with other antimicrobial agents to create synergistic effects.
The idea is that combining different compounds with antimicrobial properties may enhance their overall effectiveness against a broader range of microorganisms.

Monolaurin is naturally present in small amounts in human breast milk.
Monolaurin is believed to contribute to the infant's immune defense, providing protection against various microbial threats.
Some monolaurin supplements come in liposomal formulations.

Liposomes are tiny vesicles that can encapsulate and deliver substances.
Liposomal monolaurin is thought to enhance absorption, potentially increasing its bioavailability.
Due to its antimicrobial properties, monolaurin has been explored for its potential in acne treatment.

Some formulations may include monolaurin as part of products designed for individuals with acne-prone skin.
While there is ongoing research into the potential health benefits of monolaurin, there are still gaps in our understanding, and more rigorous clinical trials are needed to establish its efficacy, safety, and appropriate uses conclusively.

Monolaurin avoid sunlight, rain.
Store in unbroken packaging at the cool, dry and well-ventilated place.
The storage temperature should below 28 ℃ to minimise the agglomeration (the natural tendency).

Ecological Formulas’ Monolaurin provides your body with a strong dose of lauric acid in the form of monolaurin‚ which your body is easily able to absorb.
This supplement is designed to help you get healthy and protect you from further infections.
Monolaurin can be beneficial in the treatment of colds, flus and other respiratory infections.

Monolaurin can help the body fight mild yeast infections.
Monolaurin can help fight intestinal infections.
Monolaurin can help reduce the recurrence of cold sores.

Monolaurin source of healthy fats that support cardiovascular health.
Monolaurin is a form of lauric acid that is easier for the body to absorb
Monolaurin has antiviral, antifungal and antibacterial properties and can help support the immune system.

Monolaurin can reduce the number of pro-inflammatory cytokines and promote infection fighting leukocytes.
Monolaurin can help you get healthy and protect you from further infections.
Monolaurin is a dietary supplement derived from coconut oil that has been linked to a variety of health benefits.

Monolaurin has been shown to have antiviral, antibacterial, and antifungal properties, making it a great choice for boosting the immune system.
Monolaurin has also been found to reduce inflammation, which can help with conditions such as arthritis and asthma.
Additionally, Monolaurin has been shown to help reduce cholesterol levels, which can help improve heart health.

Finally, monolaurin has been linked to improved digestion, as it helps to break down fats and proteins in the digestive tract.
Monolaurin is a dietary supplement derived from lauric acid, a fatty acid found in coconut oil.
Monolaurin is believed to have antiviral, antibacterial, and antifungal properties.

While it is generally considered safe, there are some potential risks associated with taking monolaurin.
These include an increased risk of bleeding, an allergic reaction, and an increased risk of kidney stones.
Additionally, monolaurin may interact with certain medications, such as blood thinners, and may cause an upset stomach or diarrhea.

Monolaurin is important to speak with a healthcare professional before taking any dietary supplement.
Monolaurin is a dietary supplement that is regulated differently across the world.
Monolaurin is regulated as a dietary supplement by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA).

In the European Union, Monolaurin is regulated as a food supplement by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA).
In Canada, Monolaurin is regulated as a natural health product by Health Canada.
In Australia, Monolaurin is regulated as a complementary medicine by the Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA).

In India, Monolaurin is regulated as a food supplement by the Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI).
Monolaurin is derived from lauric acid which is found naturally in coconut oil and human breast milk
Monolaurin has been researched for its potential to inactivate certain viruses, bacteria, yeast, and other microbes in vitro (in the lab) and in vivo (in the body)

Monolaurin can be taken as a dietary supplement in various forms and has been classified by the FDA as “Generally Recognized as Safe” (GRAS).
There are different considerations to when and how to take monolaurin, which include an introductory period to potentially avoid a “Herxheimer reaction” as well as an ongoing maintenance dose.

Uses:
Monolaurin is a coemulsifier for oil-in-water emulsions.
Monolaurin is also a super fattening agent that promotes absorption and has a bacteriostatic effect.
Monolaurin is used as an antimicrobial agent in various formulas and microemulsions and as a methane mitigation agent in ruminants.

Monolaurin is often marketed as a dietary supplement for immune support.
Some people use it as a part of their wellness routine to potentially enhance immune function, but the evidence supporting its efficacy in this regard is limited.
Monolaurin is generally regarded as safe for most people when used at recommended doses.

However, like any supplement, Monolaurin may cause side effects in some individuals.
Monolaurin's important to follow recommended dosage guidelines and consult with a healthcare professional.
While some studies have shown promising results regarding monolaurin's antimicrobial properties, it's essential to acknowledge that research in this area is still developing, and not all findings are conclusive.

Because the Monolaurin exists in crude latex, having the ability of resist pathogenic microbe inflection, extensively be applied in the infant milk powder, rice flour etc.
Monolaurin is used in baked product extensively, having the function for increase the quality of rice and flour production.
Monolaurin is a kind of broad spectrum antibiotic, which is safe, efficient and extensive.

Monolaurin can inhibit some kinds of virus and a lot of bacteria and bioplasm.
Monolaurin is used as an emulsifier in sanitarian foods and other foods such as bread, cake, streamed bread and moon-cake.
Monolaurin is used in meat product, dairy product and fruit and vegetable for make the time of preservation longer.

Monolaurin is most commonly used as a surfactant in cosmetics, such as deodorants.
As a food additive Monolaurin is also used as an emulsifier or preservative.
Monolaurin is also marketed as a dietary supplement.

Monolaurin is used as a food additive, emulsifier, and as a preservative in ice cream, margarine, spaghetti, and other processed foods.
Monolaurin commonly used in deodorants, cosmetics, detergents, and insecticides and as an equipment sanitizer in manufacturing.

Monolaurin in capsule form as a dietary supplement
Monolaurin is sold as a dietary supplement and as an ingredient in certain foods.
The United States Food and Drug Administration categorizes it as generally recognized as safe.

Monolaurin is a dietary supplement that is used to support immune health, digestive health, and skin health.
Monolaurin is also used to help fight off viruses, bacteria, and other pathogens.
Monolaurin is a dietary supplement that is used in the food industry as an antimicrobial agent.

Monolaurin is used to inhibit the growth of bacteria, fungi, and viruses, and can be used to extend the shelf life of food products.
Monolaurin is also used as an emulsifier and stabilizer in food products, and can be used to improve the texture and flavor of food.
Monolaurin is known for its antimicrobial properties, which may include antibacterial, antiviral, and antifungal effects.

Monolaurin has been studied for its potential to combat various microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, and certain fungi.
Some studies suggest that monolaurin may be effective against certain viruses, including herpes simplex viruses (HSV), influenza viruses, and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).
However, further research is needed to determine its clinical relevance in treating viral infections.

Monolaurin has demonstrated antibacterial activity against a range of bacteria, including Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pneumoniae.
Monolaurin may be explored for potential use in addressing bacterial infections.
Research indicates that monolaurin may exhibit antifungal properties, making it a subject of interest in the context of fungal infections.

Some individuals use monolaurin supplements as a part of their wellness routine for immune support.
Monolaurin is antimicrobial properties and potential to modulate the immune response make it an area of interest for those seeking natural immune-boosting supplements.
Monolaurin has been investigated for its potential benefits in skincare.

Some formulations, such as creams or ointments, may include monolaurin for its antimicrobial properties and potential applications in addressing skin conditions.
Monolaurin has been studied for its ability to disrupt biofilms.
Biofilms are protective layers formed by microorganisms, and disrupting them could have implications for preventing or treating certain infections.

Research in animals suggests that monolaurin may influence gut microbial balance, indicating potential benefits for gastrointestinal health.
However, more studies are needed to understand its effects in humans.
Some research has explored the potential of monolaurin in addressing respiratory infections, including those caused by bacteria and viruses.

However, more clinical studies are needed to determine its effectiveness in this specific context.
Monolaurin has been studied in combination with certain antibiotics, and there is evidence suggesting that it may work synergistically with these medications.
This could have implications for combination therapy in addressing bacterial infections.

Monolaurin has been investigated for its potential use in animal health, particularly in preventing infections in livestock.
Monolaurin may be added to animal feed as an additive to promote overall health and well-being.
Some studies suggest that monolaurin may possess anti-inflammatory properties.

This could be relevant for conditions involving inflammation, although more research is needed to understand the extent of these effects.
Some studies have investigated the potential of monolaurin in addressing tick-borne illnesses.
Monolaurin has been explored for its antimicrobial effects against pathogens transmitted by ticks, although further research is needed to determine its effectiveness.

While monolaurin is primarily recognized for its antimicrobial effects, some research suggests that it may also have antioxidant properties.
Antioxidants play a role in neutralizing free radicals and may contribute to overall cellular health.
Limited research has explored the potential neuroprotective effects of monolaurin.

Some studies suggest that Monolaurin may have a protective role in neurological conditions, although more research is needed in this area.
Preliminary studies have investigated the potential anticancer properties of monolaurin.
Monolaurin has been studied for its effects on cancer cells in laboratory settings, but further research, including clinical trials, is required to understand its potential role in cancer prevention or treatment.

Monolaurin and its derivatives, including monolaurin, have been explored for their antimicrobial properties in the context of food preservation.
They may be considered as natural alternatives to synthetic preservatives.
Some research has explored the potential use of monolaurin as an insect repellent.

Monolaurin may have applications in formulations designed to deter certain insects, although more research is needed to establish its effectiveness.
While research is limited, some studies suggest that monolaurin may have potential benefits for cardiovascular health.
Monolaurin may influence lipid metabolism, but more studies are needed to understand the mechanisms and clinical significance.

Monolaurin has been investigated for its potential benefits in addressing skin conditions such as eczema and dermatitis.
Monolaurin may be included in formulations designed to soothe and moisturize the skin, although more research is needed in this area.
Monolaurin has been explored for potential applications in dental care.

Monolaurin is use in oral hygiene products to address bacteria associated with oral health issues.
The antimicrobial properties of monolaurin may make it a candidate for inclusion in formulations designed to support wound healing and prevent infection in cuts and abrasions.
However, more research is needed in this specific application.

Some monolaurin supplements come in liposomal formulations, which are believed to enhance absorption.
These formulations may be explored for their potential benefits in delivering monolaurin more effectively to target tissues.

Monolaurin is a component of medium-chain triglycerides (MCTs), and some individuals may choose to consume MCT oil as a source of lauric acid and, consequently, monolaurin.
Monolaurin oil is known for its quick absorption and energy-providing properties.

Safety Profile:
Some individuals may be sensitive or allergic to specific components of supplements, including monolaurin.
Monolaurin's recommended to perform a patch test or start with a lower dose to monitor for any adverse reactions.
High doses of monolaurin, especially when starting supplementation, may cause gastrointestinal issues such as nausea, diarrhea, or stomach cramps in some individuals.

Starting with a lower dose and gradually increasing may help minimize these effects.
Monolaurin supplements may interact with certain medications.
Monolaurin could potentially enhance the effects of anticoagulant medications.

Monolaurin's crucial to inform your healthcare provider about any supplements you are taking to avoid potential interactions.
There is limited information regarding the safety of monolaurin supplements during pregnancy and breastfeeding.
Pregnant or breastfeeding individuals should consult with their healthcare provider before using monolaurin supplements.

Dietary supplements, including monolaurin supplements, are not regulated in the same way as pharmaceutical drugs.
The quality, purity, and potency of supplements can vary between brands.
Choosing reputable brands and discussing supplement use with a healthcare professional is advisable.

Synonyms:
Monolaurin
2,3-Dihydroxypropyl dodecanoate
142-18-7
1-Monolaurin
Glyceryl monolaurate
Lauricidin
GLYCERYL LAURATE
1-Glyceryl laurate
Glycerol 1-laurate
27215-38-9
1-Monolauroyl-rac-glycerol
1-Monododecanoylglycerol
Glycerol monolaurate
Laurin, 1-mono-
Glycerin 1-monolaurate
Glycerol 1-monolaurate
Lauric acid 1-monoglyceride
Dodecanoic acid, 2,3-dihydroxypropyl ester
2,3-Dihydroxypropyl laurate
Glyceryl monododecanoate
1-Lauroyl-rac-glycerol
DL-alpha-Laurin
Glycerides, C12-18
.alpha.-monolaurin
67701-26-2
3-Dodecanoyloxy-1,2-propanediol
(+-)-Glyceryl 1-monododecanoate
Dodecanoic acid alpha-monoglyceride
glyceryl 1-laurate
Glycerin monolaurate
(+-)-2,3-Dihydroxypropyl dodecanoate
Dodecanoic acid, monoester with 1,2,3-propanetriol
Glycerol .alpha.-monolaurate
WR963Y5QYW
40738-26-9
DTXSID5041275
CHEBI:75543
Lauric acid .alpha.-monoglyceride
1-Monolaurin;1-Lauroyl-rac-glycerol
Lauric acid, monoester with glycerol
Dodecanoic acid .alpha.-monoglyceride
NSC698570
NSC-698570
NCGC00164528-01
alpha-Monolaurin
1-monolauroylglycerol
DTXCID3021275
Glucerol alpha-monolaurate
Monolauroylglycerin
CAS-142-18-7
Lauric acid alpha-monoglyceride
C15H30O4
EINECS 205-526-6
UNII-WR963Y5QYW
Lauricidin R
Cithrol GML
rac-1-monolaurin
MG 12:0
Hodag GML
Glycerox L 8
Lauricidin 802
Lauricidin 812
1-dodecanoylglycerol
EINECS 266-944-2
Grindtek ML 90
Dimodan ML 90
Imwitor 312
Sunsoft 750
Sunsoft 757
Monomuls 90L12
rac-1-lauroylglycerol
Aldo MLD-K-FG
Glycerol 1-dodecanoate
Tegin L 90
rac-1-dodecanoylglycerol
AI3-03482
SDA 16-001-00
rac-1-monolauroylglycerol
Glycerol alpha-monolaurate
Poem M 300
EC 205-526-6
EC 266-944-2
Glycerol monolaurate (VAN)
Glycerol .alpha.-dodecanoate
SCHEMBL16042
MLS004773952
2,3-Dihydroxypropyl laurate #
CHEMBL510533
CHEBI:75539
GLYCEROL 1-MONODODECANOATE
1-Lauroyl-rac-glycerol, >=99%
UNII-Y98611C087
1,2,3-Propanetriol 1-dodecanoate
MAG 12:0
NSC 4837
rac-2,3-dihydroxypropyl dodecanoate
EINECS 248-337-4
Tox21_112159
Tox21_300759
MFCD00037815
(.+/-.)-Glyceryl 1-monododecanoate
AKOS016005827
Dodecanoic acid,3-dihydroxypropyl ester
NCGC00164528-02
NCGC00164528-03
NCGC00164528-04
NCGC00254663-01
5-TRIFLUOROMETHYL-2-PYRIMIDINAMINE
AS-60593
NCI60_035284
SMR001254002
(+/-)-GLYCERYL 1-MONODODECANOATE
(.+/-.)-2,3-Dihydroxypropyl dodecanoate
HY-121620
FT-0625428
FT-0626744
FT-0774814
G0081
M 300
Y98611C087
(+/-)-2,3-DIHYDROXYPROPYL DODECANOATE
H10813
L-1475
A885218
Q2113676

Methanamine; Methylamine; Aminoethane; Carbinamine; Mercurialin; Methylaminen; Metilamine; MMA; Metyloamina; AKOS BBS-00004243; AMINE C1; AMINOMETHANE; MERCURIALIN; METHYLAMINE; METHYLAMINE METHANOL; MMA; MMA-40; MMA-50; MONOMETHYLAMINE; ai3-15637-x; Aminomethan; anhydrousmethylamine; Carbinamine; CH3NH2; Methanamine CAS NO:74-89-5

SYNONYMS N-Methyl-2-ethanolamine; N-Methylethanolamine;methyl ethanolamine; beta-(methylamino)ethanol; monomethylaminoethanol; methyl(beta-hydroxyethyl)amine; monoethylethanolamine; Methylaminoethanol; Hydroxyethylmethyleneimine; N-Methyl-2-aminoethanol; 2-Methylaminoethanol; CAS NO:109-83-1

SYNONYMS Methanamine; Methylamine; Aminoethane; Carbinamine; Mercurialin; CAS NO. 74-89-5

MONOMULS 60-35 C, is a synthetic compound that is widely applied in a variety of fields, including foods, medicines, and cosmetics.
MONOMULS 60-35 C is also extensively applied in pharmaceutical industry, where it can be found in some vaccines, vitamins and supplements.
MONOMULS 60-35 C is a polyethylene sorbitol ester, with a calculated molecular weight of 1,310 daltons, assuming 20 ethylene oxide units, sorbitol, and 1 oleic acid as the primary fatty acid.

CAS Number: 9005-65-6
Molecular Formula: C24H44O6
Molecular Weight: 428.600006103516
EINECS Number: 500-019-9

9005-65-6, 2-[2-[3,4-bis(2-hydroxyethoxy)oxolan-2-yl]-2-(2-hydroxyethoxy)ethoxy]ethyl octadec-9-enoate, DTXSID10864155, HDTIFOGXOGLRCB-UHFFFAOYSA-N, MFCD00082107, 2-{2-[3,4-Bis(2-hydroxyethoxy)tetrahydro-2-furanyl]-2-(2-hydroxyethoxy)ethoxy}ethyl 9-octadecenoate

MONOMULS 60-35 C is an effective excipient to stabilize aqueous formulations of medications for parenteral administration and to improve the consistency of gel capsules, thus to make pills disperse in the stomach.
Besides, it commonly serve as a surfactant and solubilizer in the production of soaps and cosmetics, which is effective to help dissolve ingredients and make products look creamier and more attractive.
In laboratory, it is occasionally used for a test to identify the phenotype of a strain or isolate, such as mycobacteria.

MONOMULS 60-35 C is a specific type of non-ionic surfactant. It's commonly used in various industries, including personal care, cosmetics, and household products.
Non-ionic surfactants like MONOMULS 60-35 C are characterized by their ability to reduce the surface tension between two substances without ionizing in water.
In food production, it is commonly used as a defoamer for the fermenting process of some wines and as a emulsifier in ice-cream or “puddings” to keep the creamy texture without separating.

MONOMULS 60-35 Cs are a series of nonionic surfactants derived from sorbitan esters.
They are soluble or dispersible in water but differ widely in organic and oil solubilities.
MONOMULS 60-35 C has been widely used in biochemical applications including: solubilizing proteins, isolating nuclei from cells in culture,5 growing of tubercule bacilli,6 and emulsifying and dispersing substances in medicinal and food products.

MONOMULS 60-35 C has little or no activity as an anti-bacterial agent1 except it has been shown to have an adverse effect on the antibacterial effect of methyl paraben and related compounds.
Polysorbates have been reported to be incompatible with alkalis, heavy metal salts, phenols, and tannic acid. They may reduce the activity of many preservatives.
MONOMULS 60-35 C, commercially known as Polysorbate-80, is a viscous, water-soluble Yellow to amber liquid derived from polyethoxylated sorbitan and oleic acid.

MONOMULS 60-35 C is structurally similar to the (polyethylene) glycols and used both in injections (0.8-8.0%) and in oral suspension (0.375% w/v).
A number of anticancer drugs can be formulated by MONOMULS 60-35 C.
Typical examples include etoposide and minor groove-binding cyclopropylpyrroloindole analogues like carzelesin.

MONOMULS 60-35 C is a synthetic surfactant composed of fatty acid esters of polyoxyethylene sorbitan.
MONOMULS 60-35 C is usually available as a chemically diverse mixture of different fatty acid esters, with the oleic acid comprising?>?58% of the mix.
However, the main component of MONOMULS 60-35 C is polyoxyethylene-20-sorbitan monooleate, which is structurally similar to polyethylene glycols.

MONOMULS 60-35 C has a molecular weight of 1309.7 Da and a 1.064 g/ml density.
MONOMULS 60-35 C is a glyceryl oleate that is used as a non-ionic emulsifier and co-emulsifier for the production of cosmetic and pharmaceutical water-in-oil emulsions.
MONOMULS 60-35 C is an almost white paste with a mild inherent odor, a monoglyceride content of min. 90%, a saponification value of 150-160, and an iodine number of 60-75.

MONOMULS 60-35 C is a nonionic surfactant and emulsifier often used in pharmaceuticals, foods, and cosmetics.
This synthetic compound is a viscous, water-soluble yellow liquid.
MONOMULS 60-35 C is derived from polyethoxylated sorbitan and oleic acid.

The hydrophilic groups in this compound are polyethers also known as polyoxyethylene groups, which are polymers of ethylene oxide.
In the nomenclature of polysorbates, the numeric designation following polysorbate refers to the lipophilic group, in this case, the oleic acid (see polysorbate for more detail).
MONOMULS 60-35 C is a non-ionic detergent and surfactant, classified as an ester of sorbitan and oleic acid.

MONOMULS 60-35 C is a versatile compound commonly employed in various biological applications, including cell lysis, nuclei isolation, and cell fractionation.
Additionally, MONOMULS 60-35 C finds use in stabilizing proteins and facilitating protein membrane studies.
MONOMULS 60-35 C is effectiveness stems from its membership in the polysorbate group, characterized by the combination of sorbitol and sorbitane oleic esters with polyethylene glycol chains.

These structural features contribute to Tween® 80′s emulsifying capabilities and a broad range of applications.
MONOMULS 60-35 C is typically composed of ethoxylated fatty alcohols.
This means that it's derived from fatty alcohols (which can be sourced from natural oils or synthesized) and then chemically modified by adding ethylene oxide units to the molecule.

The specific fatty alcohol used and the number of ethylene oxide units added can vary, leading to different properties and applications.
MONOMULS 60-35 C is generally a liquid at room temperature. Its appearance, color, and odor can depend on the specific formulation and any additional ingredients or additives included by the manufacturer.
As a non-ionic surfactant, MONOMULS® 60-35 C exhibits surfactant properties such as emulsification, wetting, dispersing, and solubilizing.

These properties make it useful in formulations where it's necessary to mix together substances that would otherwise separate or repel each other, such as oil and water.
MONOMULS 60-35 C is utilized in various products and industries. In personal care and cosmetics, it can be found in formulations such as shampoos, conditioners, body washes, facial cleansers, and creams.
MONOMULS 60-35 C helps to create stable emulsions, improve the spreadability of products, and enhance the overall sensory experience.

Additionally, MONOMULS 60-35 C can be used in household cleaners, laundry detergents, and industrial applications where effective surface cleaning and wetting properties are required.
As with any chemical ingredient used in consumer products, MONOMULS 60-35 C must comply with regulatory standards and guidelines set by relevant authorities in different countries or regions.
Manufacturers typically ensure that their products meet these requirements before they're used in formulations intended for sale to consumers.

MONOMULS 60-35 C has been widely used in biochemical applications including: solubilizing proteins, isolating nuclei from cells in culture, growing of tubercule bacilli, and emulsifying and dispersing substances in medicinal and food products.
MONOMULS 60-35 C has little or no activity as an anti-bacterial agent.
MONOMULS 60-35 C has been shown to have an adverse effect on the antibacterial effect of methyl paraben and related compounds.

MONOMULS 60-35 C are a series of nonionic surfactants derived from sorbitan esters.
They are soluble or dispersible in water but differ widely in organic and oil solubilities.
MONOMULS 60-35 C is used as oil-in-water emulsifiers in pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, cleaning compounds, etc.

MONOMULS 60-35 C is recommended by the European Pharmacopeia as surface-active additive for solubilisation of heavily wettable reagents (1 g/l).
MONOMULS 60-35 C is a non-ionic viscous liquid often used as a surfactant for dispersing hydrophobic particles in aqueous solutions and as a non-ionic detergent for selective protein extraction and isolation of nuclei from mammalian cell lines.
Bio-compatible surfactants, MONOMULS 60-35 C and Tween 20 are often used for placing polyethylene microspheres in suspension.

MONOMULS 60-35 C is a polyethylene sorbitol ester, also know as PEG (80) sorbitan monooleate, polyoxyethylenesorbitan monooleate.
MONOMULS 60-35 C is widely used in biochemical applications including: solubilizing proteins, isolating nuclei from cells in culture, growing of tubercule bacilli, and emulsifying and dispersing substances in medicinal and food products.
MONOMULS 60-35 C has little or no activity as an anti-bacterial agent except it has been shown to have an adverse effect on the antibacterial effect of methyl paraben and related compounds.

MONOMULS 60-35 C have been reported to be incompatible with alkalis, heavy metal salts, phenols, and tannic acid.
They may reduce the activity of many preservatives.
MONOMULS 60-35 C is a polyoxyethylene sorbitol esteris, a frequently used member of the polysorbate family.

These have been used as emulsifying agents for the preparation of stable oil-in-water emulsions.
MONOMULS 60-35 C has been used in pre-extraction of membranes to remove peripheral proteins (used at 2% for extraction of membrane-bound proteins).
MONOMULS 60-35 C has been used as a blocking agent for membrane based immunoassays at a typical concentration of 0.05%.

MONOMULS 60-35 C can be used for lysing mammalian cells at a concentration of 0.05 to 0.5%.
MONOMULS 60-35 C is a nonionic surfactant and emulsifier often used in pharmaceuticals, foods, and cosmetics.
This synthetic compound is a viscous, water-soluble yellow liquid.

In addition to its emulsification and solubilization properties, MONOMULS 60-35 C can also help stabilize foam in formulations such as shampoos, body washes, and hand soaps.
MONOMULS 60-35 C assists in creating a dense and stable foam structure, enhancing the cleansing and sensory experience for the user.
MONOMULS 60-35 C may contribute to the rheological properties of formulations, affecting their viscosity, flow behavior, and texture.

By interacting with other ingredients, MONOMULS 60-35 C can help control the thickness and spreadability of products, leading to desired application characteristics.
Manufacturers of MONOMULS 60-35 C typically ensure compliance with regulatory requirements and standards applicable to the cosmetics, personal care, and household product industries.
This includes adherence to safety assessments, ingredient labeling regulations, and restrictions on certain substances.

Melting point: -25 °C
Boiling point: >100°C
Density: 1.08 g/mL at 20 °C
vapor pressure: FEMA: 2917 | MONOMULS 60-35 C
refractive index: n20/D 1.473
Flash point: >230 °F
storage temp.: -20°C
solubility: DMSO (Soluble), Methanol (Slightly)
form: viscous liquid
Specific Gravity: 1.080 (25/4℃)
color: Amber
PH Range: 6
Odor: mild alcoholic
PH: 5-7 (50g/l, H2O, 20℃)
Odor Type: alcoholic
Water Solubility: 5-10 g/100 mL at 23 ºC
Merck: 14,7582
Hydrophilic-Lipophilic Balance (HLB): 10
LogP: 4.392 (est)

MONOMULS 60-35 C and Tween 80 are both biocompatible surfactants used in food, biotechnical, and pharmaceutical applications.
However, despite their similar uses, there are differences between the two types of tweens.
MONOMULS 60-35 C, or Polysorbate 20, is a popular choice for biochemical applications.

With a hydrophobic dodecanoic tail, it attached to 20 repeat units of polyethylene glycol and distributed across four different chains.
As a non-ionic surfactant, Polysorbate 20 has a molecular weight of 1,225 daltons, assuming 20 ethylene oxide units, one sorbitol, and one lauric acid as the primary fatty acid.
The ethylene oxide subunits are responsible for the hydrophilic nature of the surfactant, while the hydrocarbon chains provide the hydrophobic environment.

Ethylene oxide polymers attach to the backbone ring, which is formed by sorbitol.
MONOMULS 60-35 C is a non-ionic detergent for solubilizing membrane proteins during the isolation of membrane-protein complexes, and is available with ultra-low concentrations of contaminating peroxides, aldehydes, salts, and carbonyl compounds.
MONOMULS 60-35 C is also a polyethylene sorbitol ester, otherwise known as MONOMULS 60-35 C or polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate.

MONOMULS 60-35 C has a molecular weight of 1.31 kDa and works well as a stabilizer and emulsifier, primarily in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, and food products.
MONOMULS 60-35 C goes beyond standard polysorbate monograph requirements to provide a low moisture, low peroxide version of MONOMULS 60-35 C designed for parenteral applications and applications where API stability presents a challenge.

An additional high purity grade with a higher moisture content than the standard grade is available on request.
MONOMULS 60-35 C has a specific HLB value, which determines its affinity for water and oil phases in formulations.
The HLB value influences its emulsification properties and helps formulators select the appropriate surfactant for their desired emulsion type (e.g., oil-in-water or water-in-oil).

MONOMULS 60-35 C is effective in creating stable emulsions by reducing the interfacial tension between immiscible phases.
MONOMULS 60-35 C helps form fine droplets of one phase dispersed in the other, leading to products with smooth textures, improved stability, and uniform distribution of ingredients.
In addition to emulsification, MONOMULS® 60-35 C can solubilize hydrophobic (oil-soluble) compounds in aqueous (water-based) systems.

This property is particularly useful in formulations where MONOMULS 60-35 C's necessary to incorporate oil-soluble actives or fragrances into water-based products without phase separation.
MONOMULS 60-35 C is compatible with a wide range of cosmetic and personal care ingredients, including other surfactants, thickeners, emollients, and active compounds.
MONOMULS 60-35 C is versatility allows formulators to tailor formulations to meet specific performance and sensory requirements.

MONOMULS 60-35 C contributes to the long-term stability of formulations by preventing phase separation, creaming, or coalescence of dispersed phases.
MONOMULS 60-35 C is presence helps maintain product integrity during storage and use, ensuring consistent performance and appearance over time.
Non-ionic surfactants like MONOMULS 60-35 C are generally considered milder than their anionic or cationic counterparts, making them suitable for use in products intended for sensitive skin or delicate applications.

They exhibit low irritation potential and are well-tolerated by most skin types.
MONOMULS 60-35 C is biodegradable under aerobic conditions, meaning it can be broken down by microorganisms in the environment over time.
This characteristic contributes to its eco-friendly profile and reduces its potential impact on ecosystems when disposed of properly.

The production of MONOMULS 60-35 C typically involves the ethoxylation of fatty alcohols followed by purification and formulation into the desired concentration or blend.
Manufacturers may offer different grades or variants of MONOMULS 60-35 C to meet specific customer requirements or application needs.
Formulators have flexibility in incorporating MONOMULS 60-35 C into various types of formulations, including creams, lotions, gels, serums, and cleansing products.

MONOMULS 60-35 C is compatibility with different ingredients allows for the creation of customized formulations tailored to specific product objectives and consumer preferences.
MONOMULS 60-35 C can be used alone or in combination with other surfactants, thickeners, and functional ingredients to optimize the performance of formulations.
MONOMULS 60-35 C is multifunctional properties enable formulators to achieve desired product attributes such as stability, foam quality, skin feel, and sensory appeal.

Products formulated with MONOMULS 60-35 C may offer various benefits to consumers, including effective cleansing, moisturizing, and conditioning properties for the skin and hair.
MONOMULS 60-35 C is gentle nature and ability to enhance product aesthetics contribute to a positive user experience and consumer satisfaction.
MONOMULS 60-35 C is commercially available from suppliers worldwide, making it accessible to formulators and manufacturers across different regions.

This global availability ensures consistent quality and availability of the ingredient for use in diverse product applications.
Suppliers of MONOMULS 60-35 C typically provide technical support and assistance to formulators, offering guidance on product formulation, compatibility testing, performance optimization, and regulatory compliance.
This support helps ensure successful product development and market launch.

Uses
MONOMULS 60-35 C is a general purpose mid-range HLB, ethoxylated, nonionic surfactant suggested for use in textile chemicals (emulsifier, lubricant), household products and cosmetic formulations (o/w emulsifier, viscosity modifier).
MONOMULS 60-35 C is used as an antistat for PVC and as an antifog for PP, PE, PVC, PS.
MONOMULS 60-35 C is used as an emulsifier (ice cream, whipped topping) and as a solubilizing and dispersing agent in pickles and special vitamin-mineral preparations.

MONOMULS 60-35 C is the trade name of a detergent that can be useful in identifying mycobacteria that possess a lipase that splits the compound into oleic acid and polyoxyethylated sorbitol.
MONOMULS 60-35 C is used as an additive for cell culture media.
MONOMULS 60-35 C has numerous effects, e.g. increasing the transformation frequency of Brevibacterium lactofermentum or enhancing the secretion of acid and alkaline phosphatase by Neurospora crassa.

MONOMULS 60-35 C is used as an emulsifier in foods, though research suggests it may "profoundly impact intestinal microbiota in a manner that promotes gut inflammation and associated disease states."
For example, in ice cream, polysorbate is added up to 0.5% (v/v) concentration to make the ice cream smoother and easier to handle, as well as increasing its resistance to melting.
Adding this substance prevents milk proteins from completely coating the fat droplets.

This allows them to join in chains and nets, which hold air in the mixture, and provide a firmer texture that holds its shape as the ice cream melts.
MONOMULS 60-35 C is also used as a surfactant in soaps and cosmetics (including eyedrops), or a solubilizer, such as in a mouthwash.
The cosmetic grade of MONOMULS 60-35 C may have more impurities than the food grade.

MONOMULS 60-35 C is a surfactant and solubilizer used in a variety of oral and topical pharmaceutical products.
MONOMULS 60-35 C is an excipient that is used to stabilize aqueous formulations of medications for parenteral administration, and used as an emulsifier in the making of the antiarrhythmic amiodarone.
MONOMULS 60-35 C is also used as an excipient in some European and Canadian influenza vaccines.

Influenza vaccines contain 2.5 μg of MONOMULS 60-35 C per dose.
MONOMULS 60-35 C is found in many vaccines used in the United States, including the Janssen COVID-19 vaccine.
MONOMULS 60-35 C is used in the culture of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Middlebrook 7H9 broth.

MONOMULS 60-35 C is also used as an emulsifier in the estrogen-regulating drug Estrasorb.[13]
MONOMULS 60-35 C is also used in granulation for stabilization of drugs and excipients when IPA binding.
MONOMULS 60-35 C is frequently utilized in personal care products such as:

MONOMULS 60-35 C helps to emulsify oils and water, allowing for effective cleansing and conditioning of the hair.
MONOMULS 60-35 C contributes to the formation of stable lather and aids in the dispersion of cleansing agents.
MONOMULS 60-35 C assists in the removal of dirt, oil, and makeup while leaving the skin feeling clean and refreshed.

MONOMULS 60-35 C acts as an emulsifier, helping to blend water and oil phases to create stable emulsions for moisturizing formulations.
MONOMULS 60-35 C is also used in various cosmetic products, including:
MONOMULS 60-35 C helps to formulate emulsions that deliver hydration and maintain skin barrier function.

MONOMULS 60-35 C aids in dispersing UV filters evenly throughout the formulation, ensuring uniform sun protection.
MONOMULS 60-35 C assists in achieving smooth texture and even coverage.
MONOMULS 60-35 C serves as an emulsifying agent to incorporate active ingredients and enhance product stability.

MONOMULS 60-35 C is employed in household cleaning products such as:
MONOMULS 60-35 C aids in the dispersion and removal of dirt, grease, and stains from various surfaces.
MONOMULS 60-35 C helps to emulsify fats and oils for effective dishwashing.

MONOMULS 60-35 C contributes to the removal of soil and stains from fabrics by promoting dispersion and suspension of soils in wash water.
MONOMULS 60-35 C serves as an emulsifier and lubricant in metalworking formulations for machining and cutting operations.
MONOMULS 60-35 C assists in the dispersion of pigments and additives, contributing to the stability and consistency of paint formulations.

MONOMULS 60-35 C helps to improve the wetting and spreading properties of adhesive formulations, enhancing bonding performance.
MONOMULS 60-35 C is particularly effective in stabilizing oil-in-water (O/W) and water-in-oil (W/O) emulsions.
This property is valuable in the formulation of creams, lotions, and emulsions where it helps prevent phase separation and maintain the desired consistency and appearance of the product.

In addition to shampoos and conditioners, MONOMULS 60-35 C is used in various hair care products such as styling gels, hair masks, and hair treatments.
MONOMULS 60-35 C helps to distribute conditioning agents evenly on the hair surface, improving manageability, shine, and overall hair health.
MONOMULS 60-35 C is often incorporated into formulations for baby care products such as baby shampoos, body washes, and lotions.

MONOMULS 60-35 C is mild and gentle nature makes it suitable for sensitive skin, while its emulsifying properties ensure the formulation is gentle yet effective in cleansing and moisturizing delicate baby skin.
MONOMULS 60-35 C is used in pharmaceutical and dermatological formulations such as ointments, creams, and topical treatments.
MONOMULS 60-35 C helps to form stable emulsions that facilitate the delivery of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) to the skin, providing therapeutic benefits while ensuring good spreadability and absorption.

In sunscreens and sun care products, MONOMULS 60-35 C assists in dispersing UV filters and pigments evenly throughout the formulation.
This ensures uniform coverage and effective protection against harmful UV radiation, while its emulsifying properties help create lightweight and cosmetically elegant sunscreen formulations.
MONOMULS 60-35 C is used in formulations for pet shampoos, conditioners, and grooming products.

MONOMULS 60-35 C is emulsifying and conditioning properties help cleanse and moisturize pet fur while enhancing manageability and shine.
MONOMULS 60-35 C also contributes to the overall sensory experience of pet care products.
MONOMULS 60-35 C finds application in industrial cleaning solutions and degreasers used in commercial settings such as restaurants, hotels, and manufacturing facilities.

MONOMULS 60-35 C is ability to emulsify oils and greases aids in the removal of tough stains and residues from surfaces, equipment, and machinery.
MONOMULS 60-35 C may be utilized in agricultural formulations such as crop protection products, adjuvants, and foliar sprays.
MONOMULS 60-35 C is emulsifying properties help disperse active ingredients and improve the coverage and efficacy of agricultural treatments on crops and plants.

MONOMULS 60-35 C can be incorporated into formulations for textile processing, including fabric softeners, textile finishes, and dyeing auxiliaries.
MONOMULS 60-35 C helps to disperse dyes evenly, improve fabric softness, and enhance the overall performance of textile treatments.
In the paper industry, MONOMULS 60-35 C is used as a wetting agent, emulsifier, and dispersant in paper coatings, sizing agents, and pulp processing.

MONOMULS 60-35 C facilitates the dispersion of pigments and additives, improves paper strength, and enhances printability and ink absorption.
MONOMULS 60-35 C finds application in metalworking fluids such as cutting fluids, grinding coolants, and rust preventives.
MONOMULS 60-35 C is serves as an emulsifier and lubricant, helping to improve tool life, reduce friction and heat generation, and enhance surface finish in metal machining operations.

MONOMULS 60-35 C is utilized in the production of polymer emulsions for coatings, adhesives, and sealants.
MONOMULS 60-35 C assists in emulsifying polymer resins to form stable dispersions, enabling the production of water-based coatings and adhesives with excellent film-forming properties and adhesion.
In the construction industry, MONOMULS 60-35 C may be used in formulations for construction materials such as paints, sealants, and caulks.

MONOMULS 60-35 C is emulsifying and dispersing properties help ensure uniform distribution of additives and pigments, improving the performance and durability of construction products.
MONOMULS 60-35 C can be incorporated into formulations for oilfield chemicals used in drilling, production, and enhanced oil recovery (EOR) operations.
MONOMULS 60-35 C assists in emulsifying and stabilizing oil-water mixtures, controlling viscosity, and preventing scale and corrosion in oilfield equipment and pipelines.

MONOMULS 60-35 C may be used as a dispersant and emulsifier in formulations for wastewater treatment, flocculants, and sludge dewatering agents.
MONOMULS 60-35 C aids in the dispersion and removal of contaminants, improving the efficiency of water treatment processes.
MONOMULS 60-35 C is employed in the formulation of firefighting foams used for fire suppression and extinguishment.

MONOMULS 60-35 C helps to stabilize the foam structure, enhance foam expansion and coverage, and improve the fire-fighting effectiveness of foam-based extinguishing agents.
MONOMULS 60-35 C may be included in formulations for agrochemicals such as herbicides, pesticides, and fertilizers.
MONOMULS 60-35 C assists in the dispersion and delivery of active ingredients, improving the efficacy and performance of agrochemical formulations in crop protection and agricultural applications.

Safety Profile:
While MONOMULS 60-35 C is not known to be a severe eye irritant, direct contact with the eyes may cause mild irritation, redness, or discomfort.
MONOMULS 60-35 C's advisable to avoid eye contact and to rinse eyes thoroughly with water if exposure occurs.
Some individuals may experience mild skin irritation or sensitization upon prolonged or repeated contact with concentrated solutions of MONOMULS 60-35 C.

MONOMULS 60-35 C's recommended to wear protective gloves and clothing when handling undiluted surfactant solutions to minimize skin contact.
Like many surfactants, MONOMULS 60-35 C may have the potential to cause adverse effects on aquatic ecosystems if released into the environment in significant quantities.
MONOMULS 60-35 C's essential to follow proper disposal practices and to prevent contamination of waterways.

Monomuls 90-L also provides our bodies with a great boost that helps us get the upper hand on long-term infections like Epstein-Barr virus.
Monomuls 90-L is chemical formula is C15H30O4.
Monomuls 90-L is a chemical made from lauric acid, which is found in coconut oil and human breast milk.

CAS Number: 142-18-7
Molecular Formula: C15H30O4
Molecular Weight: 274.4
EINECS Number: 205-526-6

Monomuls 90-L is a very safe nutritional way to fight off infections that may arise during the cold/flu season.
Most common hospital and foodborne infections have become resistant to the effects of traditional antibiotics, and people are dying of formerly treatable conditions.
Monomuls 90-L is derived from lauric acid, a medium-chain saturated fatty acid found in coconut oil.

Monomuls 90-L has antimicrobial, antiviral, and antibacterial properties.
In nature, Monomuls 90-L is a precursor to Monomuls 90-L, which is an even more powerful antimicrobial agent than lauric acid.
Monomuls 90-L has been shown in research to treat Candida albicans infections, whilst also controlling the pro-inflammatory response of the body to the fungus.

Several species of ringworm and the parasite Giardia lamblia may also be inactivated or destroyed by Monomuls 90-L.
Monomuls 90-L is a monoester formed from glycerol and the saturated fatty acid lauric acid.
Monomuls 90-L is also commonly referred to by its chemical name glycerol monolaurate (GML).

Both lauric acid and the monoester Monomuls 90-L are found in coconut oil, human breast milk and palm kernel oil.
Monomuls 90-L is possible for the body to convert lauric acid into Monomuls 90-L via enzyme activity, but how much this conversion process occurs is still fairly unknown.
Monomuls 90-L is pure sn-1 Monomuls 90-L (glycerol monolaurate) a natural, plant-based medium chain fat derived from lauric acid.

The same Monomuls 90-L received from mother’s milk, saw palmetto, and bitter melon – embraced by both immune system and your digestive tract.
Monomuls 90-L is a dietary supplement derived from lauric acid, a fatty acid found in coconut oil.
Monomuls 90-L is used for the common cold, flu (influenza), shingles (herpes zoster), and other infections, but there is no good scientific evidence to support its use.

Monomuls 90-L is a chemical derived from lauric acid and glycerin, and is a byproduct of coconut fat.
For the past two decades, research scientists have been investigating possible applications for Monomuls 90-L in medicine, sanitization, and food preservation.
Antibiotic resistance has become a worldwide problem.

Monomuls 90-L is a chemical made from lauric acid, which is found in coconut milk and breast milk.
Monomuls 90-L is a compound derived from lauric acid, a medium-chain fatty acid found in coconut oil and breast milk.
Monomuls 90-L is used to support immune health and may help to reduce inflammation.

Monomuls 90-L is derived from lauric acid and glycerin, and is a byproduct of coconut fat.
Monomuls 90-L also occurs naturally in breast milk.
Monomuls 90-L is an organic compound made from lauric acid.

Monomuls 90-L is chemical formula is C15H30O4.
Other names for Monomuls 90-L include glycerol monolaurate, glyceryl laurate or 1-lauroyl-glycerol.
Monomuls 90-L is a 1-monoglyceride and a dodecanoate ester.

Monomuls 90-L (abbreviated GML; also called glycerol monolaurate, glyceryl laurate, and 1-lauroyl-glycerol) is a monoglyceride.
Monomuls 90-L is known for its antimicrobial properties, and Monomuls 90-L is created by glycerolysis, a process that removes the glycerol molecule from lauric acid.
Monomuls 90-L is an encapsulated formula of Monomuls 90-L (glycerol monolaurate), a form of lauric acid, which is the predominant fatty acid in coconut and palm kernel oils and is also present
in human breast milk.

Monomuls 90-L also contains Vitamin C for added immune benefit.
Monomuls 90-L is a component of coconut oil.
Monomuls 90-L increases their immune response, making them more resilient to bacterial, viral and fungal infections.

Monomuls 90-L is a naturally-occurring fat present in both coconut oil and breast milk.
Monomuls 90-L is a dietary supplement derived from lauric acid - a medium chain fatty acrid present in coconut and palm oil.
Existing research explores Monomuls 90-L’s potential to exhibit antiviral, antibacterial, and antifungal properties in controlled laboratory studies.

The literature review below explores some of these studies, their results, and potential impact on supporting a healthy immune system.
Also known as glycerol monolaurate or glyceryl laurate, Monomuls 90-L is used in cosmetics and as a food additive.
Monomuls 90-L has shown antibacterial and antiviral effects when examined in test tubes and culture dishes, which is referred to as in vitro testing.

Researchers are currently investigating its usefulness in clinical settings.
This article looks at the potential benefits and side effects of Monomuls 90-L.
Monomuls 90-L is a natural plant-based medium chain fatty acid derived from lauric acid.

Monomuls 90-L is the same Monomuls 90-L that exists in mother’s milk and that supports immune system and digestive health.
Monomuls 90-L is all natural and free from any potential drug interactions or coconut allergens.
To be taken for long-term support and general health and wellness.

Monomuls 90-L is safe for children and pets.
Monomuls 90-L is an anti-microbial agent that protects the immune system from a range of infectious agents.
Monomuls 90-L is a glyceride ester derivative of lauric acid, a fatty acid found naturally in breast milk and certain vegetable oils.

This fatty acid has been used as a germicidal agent for centuries.
Monomuls 90-L was originally discovered when microbiologists studied human breast milk to determine the antiviral substances which protected infants from microbial infections.
Monomuls 90-L has been shown to protect newborns, whose immune systems are underdeveloped, from Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) and other respiratory tract viruses (1,2).

Monomuls 90-L was found to have even greater viral activity than lauric acid.
As a dietary supplement, Monomuls 90-L has shown exciting results as an anti-viral and anti-bacterial agent.
Monomuls 90-L, also known as glyceryl monolaurate, glyceryl laurate, or 1-Lauroyl-glycerol, is a monoglyceride (a single molecule of glycerol attached to a fatty acid).

Coconut oil is 48% Monomuls 90-L, which is valued for its use in the food and health supplement industries.
Monomuls 90-L converts to Monomuls 90-L in the body.
Some scientists believe Monomuls 90-L might be a promising antimicrobial.

Ongoing research is exploring its antibacterial and antiviral effects and safety.
Monomuls 90-L is an organic substance that is formed by the interaction of glycerol and lauric acid.
The largest amount of this substance is contained in coconut oil; it consists of almost half of Monomuls 90-L.

Monomuls 90-L is also found in breast milk (7%).
Monomuls 90-L has been suggested that Monomuls 90-L is what protects newborn babies from infectious diseases.
Monomuls 90-L is known for its antimicrobial and antiviral properties.

Monomuls 90-L has been studied for its potential to combat various bacteria, viruses, and fungi.
The mechanism of action is thought to involve disrupting the lipid membranes of microorganisms, thereby affecting their structure and function.
Monomuls 90-L, and consequently Monomuls 90-L, is naturally present in coconut oil, palm kernel oil, and human breast milk.

Coconut oil is often highlighted for its content of Monomuls 90-L, and some individuals use Monomuls 90-L supplements as a concentrated form of this compound.
While research is ongoing, some studies suggest that Monomuls 90-L may have potential health benefits, particularly in terms of its antimicrobial and antiviral effects.
Monomuls 90-L has been studied for its potential in addressing conditions like certain bacterial infections and viral illnesses.

Monomuls 90-L is available in supplement form, often marketed as a natural immune support supplement.
Monomuls 90-L comes in capsules, powders, or liquids.
Monomuls 90-L's important to note that the efficacy and safety of Monomuls 90-L supplements can vary, and individuals should consult with healthcare professionals before using them.

Besides coconut oil, lauric acid is found in lower amounts in various foods, including palm kernel oil, dairy products, and certain meats.
However, coconut oil is considered one of the richest food sources of Monomuls 90-L.
While there is some research supporting the antimicrobial properties of Monomuls 90-L, more studies are needed to establish its effectiveness in various health applications conclusively.

Monomuls 90-L is believed to exert its antimicrobial effects by disrupting the lipid bilayer of the microbial cell membrane.
This interference with the membrane structure can lead to the disintegration of the microbial cell, potentially inhibiting its ability to replicate and causing its demise.
Monomuls 90-L has been studied for its potential antiviral activity against a range of viruses, including certain types of influenza, herpes simplex viruses (HSV), and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).

However, Monomuls 90-L's important to note that research is ongoing, and more evidence is needed to establish its efficacy in treating viral infections.
While coconut oil contains lauric acid, which the body can convert into Monomuls 90-L, the concentration of Monomuls 90-L in coconut oil is relatively low.
Some individuals choose to take Monomuls 90-L supplements to get a more concentrated form of this compound.

Monomuls 90-L has been explored for its potential as an additive in animal feed to promote animal health and prevent infections.
Monomuls 90-L is antimicrobial properties may contribute to controlling bacterial challenges in animal husbandry.
Some research suggests that Monomuls 90-L may possess anti-inflammatory properties.

This could have implications for conditions involving inflammation, although more research is needed to understand the extent of these effects.
While Monomuls 90-L has shown promise in various areas, including antimicrobial effects, it's important to approach its use with caution, especially in chronic or serious health conditions.
Professional medical advice is crucial before using Monomuls 90-L as a primary or complementary treatment.

Monomuls 90-L is the mono-ester formed from glycerol and lauric acid.
Monomuls 90-L is found in coconut oil and may be similar to other monoglycerides found in human breast milk.
Monomuls 90-L can be ingested in coconut oil and the human body converts it into Monomuls 90-L.

Furthermore, coconut oil, coconut cream, grated coconut and others products are sources of Monomuls 90-L and, consequently, Monomuls 90-L.
Monomuls 90-L and their esters (such as Monomuls 90-L) are well known for having antimicrobial activity.
The level of antimicrobial activity (of fatty acids and their esters) however, differs depending on variable factors such as fatty acid chain length, saturation and functional groups.

Among many other immune-supportive compounds, human breast milk contains both lauric acid and Monomuls 90-L.
Monomuls 90-L has long been known that breast feeding is highly beneficial to babies through antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activities.
In a 2019 study published in Scientific Reports, researchers found human breast milk to contain high levels of Monomuls 90-L.

They also found human breast milk to be inhibitory to pathogen growth, to have anti-inflammatory activity and that both are in part dependent on Monomuls 90-L.
Monomuls 90-L is considered to be one of the more potent antimicrobial agents, among fatty acids and their esters, and is estimated to be around 200 times more effective than lauric acid.
Monomuls 90-L is believed to work as an antimicrobial mainly by disrupting lipid bi-layers.

Monomuls 90-L has demonstrated broad inhibitory activity against a number of common enveloped viruses, yet not against non-enveloped viruses.
Since viral envelopes are composed of lipid bi-layers this adds further weight to its likely mode of action as mainly being disruptive to the lipid bi-layer.
Unlike many conventional antiviral agents, Monomuls 90-L is not associated with induced resistance and is safe and well tolerated.

In addition, Monomuls 90-L has demonstrated anti-bacterial activity against many gram-positive bacteria, but not entirely with gram-negative bacteria.
Monomuls 90-L has been used to aid in the treatment of common cold, flu, shingles, herpes, candida, ringworm, and chronic fatigue syndrome.
Although Monomuls 90-L is exact mechanisms as an antiviral are unknown, it is said to work by binding to the lipid-protein envelope of the virus, thereby preventing it from attaching and entering host cells.

In other words, Monomuls 90-L prevents infection and replication by destroying the viral envelope.
Monomuls 90-L also appears to increase the effectiveness of other anti-bacterial agents in vitro4 and has demonstrated effectiveness against several bacterial biofilms.
Monomuls 90-L is a 1-monoglyceride with dodecanoyl (lauroyl) as the acyl group.

Melting point: 63 °C
Boiling point: 186 °C / 1mmHg
Density: 0.9764 (rough estimate)
refractive index: 1.4350 (estimate)
storage temp.: -20°C
solubility: Practically insoluble in water
form: powder to crystal
pka: 13.16±0.20(Predicted)
color: White to Almost white

Monomuls 90-Ls a specially extracted and purified humic acid with Monomuls 90-L, olive leaf extract, and Lactobacillus rhamnosus cell wall fragments.
The ability of Monomuls 90-L to disrupt biofilms could have implications for certain infections.
Some research has explored the potential of Monomuls 90-L in addressing respiratory infections, including those caused by certain bacteria and viruses.

However, more clinical studies are needed to validate these findings.
In some studies, Monomuls 90-L has been shown to work synergistically with certain antibiotics, enhancing their antimicrobial effects.
This suggests a potential role in combination therapies for bacterial infections.

Monomuls 90-L has been investigated for its impact on gastrointestinal health.
Research in animal models has suggested potential benefits in modulating gut microbial balance, but more studies are needed to determine its effects in humans.
Monomuls 90-L works by binding to the lipid-protein envelope of the virus, thereby preventing it from attaching and entering host cells, making infection and replication impossible.

Other studies show that Monomuls 90-L disintegrates the viral envelope, killing the virus.
Some studies suggest that Monomuls 90-L may have antifungal properties and could be effective against Candida species, which are types of yeast that can cause infections.
However, more research is needed to confirm its efficacy in treating fungal infections.

In addition to oral supplements, Monomuls 90-L is sometimes included in topical products such as creams or ointments.
These formulations may be used for conditions like skin infections or as a part of skincare routines, although research on the effectiveness of topical Monomuls 90-L is limited.
Monomuls 90-L is sometimes used in combination with other antimicrobial agents to create synergistic effects.

The idea is that combining different compounds with antimicrobial properties may enhance their overall effectiveness against a broader range of microorganisms.
Monomuls 90-L is naturally present in small amounts in human breast milk.
Monomuls 90-L is believed to contribute to the infant's immune defense, providing protection against various microbial threats.

Some Monomuls 90-L supplements come in liposomal formulations.
Monomuls 90-Ls are the organic components of soil, peats, brown coals, shales, and lake sediments, formed from decomposed plant material.
They are complex, long-chain molecules, varying in molecular weight from 5,000 to 50,000 daltons.

Due to its antimicrobial properties, Monomuls 90-L has been explored for its potential in acne treatment.
Some formulations may include Monomuls 90-L as part of products designed for individuals with acne-prone skin.
While there is ongoing research into the potential health benefits of Monomuls 90-L, there are still gaps in our understanding, and more rigorous clinical trials are needed to establish its
efficacy, safety, and appropriate uses conclusively.

Monomuls 90-L avoid sunlight, rain.
Store in unbroken packaging at the cool, dry and well-ventilated place.
The storage temperature should below 28 ℃ to minimise the agglomeration (the natural tendency).

Ecological Formulas’ Monomuls 90-L provides your body with a strong dose of lauric acid in the form of Monomuls 90-L‚ which your body is easily able to absorb.
This supplement is designed to help you get healthy and protect you from further infections.
Monomuls 90-L can be beneficial in the treatment of colds, flus and other respiratory infections.

Monomuls 90-L can help the body fight mild yeast infections.
Monomuls 90-L can help fight intestinal infections.

Monomuls 90-L can help reduce the recurrence of cold sores.
Monomuls 90-L source of healthy fats that support cardiovascular health.
Monomuls 90-L is a form of lauric acid that is easier for the body to absorb

Monomuls 90-L has antiviral, antifungal and antibacterial properties and can help support the immune system.
Monomuls 90-L can reduce the number of pro-inflammatory cytokines and promote infection fighting leukocytes.
Monomuls 90-L can help you get healthy and protect you from further infections.

Monomuls 90-L is a dietary supplement derived from coconut oil that has been linked to a variety of health benefits.
Monomuls 90-L has been shown to have antiviral, antibacterial, and antifungal properties, making it a great choice for boosting the immune system.
Monomuls 90-L has also been found to reduce inflammation, which can help with conditions such as arthritis and asthma.

Additionally, Monomuls 90-L has been shown to help reduce cholesterol levels, which can help improve heart health.
Finally, Monomuls 90-L has been linked to improved digestion, as it helps to break down fats and proteins in the digestive tract.
Monomuls 90-L is a dietary supplement derived from lauric acid, a fatty acid found in coconut oil.

Monomuls 90-L is believed to have antiviral, antibacterial, and antifungal properties.
While it is generally considered safe, there are some potential risks associated with taking Monomuls 90-L.
These include an increased risk of bleeding, an allergic reaction, and an increased risk of kidney stones.

Additionally, Monomuls 90-L may interact with certain medications, such as blood thinners, and may cause an upset stomach or diarrhea.
Monomuls 90-L is important to speak with a healthcare professional before taking any dietary supplement.
Monomuls 90-L is a dietary supplement that is regulated differently across the world.

Monomuls 90-L is regulated as a dietary supplement by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA).
In the European Union, Monomuls 90-L is regulated as a food supplement by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA).
In Canada, Monomuls 90-L is regulated as a natural health product by Health Canada.

In Australia, Monomuls 90-L is regulated as a complementary medicine by the Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA).
In India, Monomuls 90-L is regulated as a food supplement by the Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI).
Monomuls 90-L is derived from lauric acid which is found naturally in coconut oil and human breast milk

Monomuls 90-L has been researched for its potential to inactivate certain viruses, bacteria, yeast, and other microbes in vitro (in the lab) and in vivo (in the body)
Monomuls 90-L can be taken as a dietary supplement in various forms and has been classified by the FDA as “Generally Recognized as Safe” (GRAS).
There are different considerations to when and how to take Monomuls 90-L, which include an introductory period to potentially avoid a “Herxheimer reaction” as well as an ongoing maintenance dose.

Monomuls 90-Ls are the most abundant source of non-living organic material found in nature.
Monomuls 90-L is made from lauric acid, a saturated fatty acid that comprises approximately 50% of the fatty acid content of coconut oil.
Monomuls 90-L makes up 6% of the fatty acid content found in human breast milk, and 3% of that found in cow’s milk and goat’s milk.

Monomuls 90-L is a simple natural compound with remarkable potential that can be taken in dietary supplement form.
With significant antimicrobial activity against a wide range of viral and bacterial pathogens, yet without negative effects, Monomuls 90-L is a valuable addition to your immune health toolkit at any time of the year.
Monomuls 90-L works by destroying lipid-coated viruses such as herpes, cytomegalovirus, influenza, and various pathogenic bacteria and protozoa.

Monomuls 90-L has demonstrated antibacterial activity against various types of bacteria.

Some studies suggest that Monomuls 90-L may be effective against bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pneumoniae, among others.
Monomuls 90-L has been investigated for its potential to disrupt biofilms.
Biofilms are communities of microorganisms that adhere to surfaces and can be more resistant to antibiotics.

Uses:
Monomuls 90-L is used to inhibit the growth of bacteria, fungi, and viruses, and can be used to extend the shelf life of food products.
Monomuls 90-L in capsule form as a dietary supplement
Monomuls 90-L is sold as a dietary supplement and as an ingredient in certain foods.

The United States Food and Drug Administration categorizes it as generally recognized as safe.
Monomuls 90-L is a dietary supplement that is used to support immune health, digestive health, and skin health.
Monomuls 90-L is also used to help fight off viruses, bacteria, and other pathogens.

Monomuls 90-L is a dietary supplement that is used in the food industry as an antimicrobial agent.
Monomuls 90-L is also used as an emulsifier and stabilizer in food products, and can be used to improve the texture and flavor of food.
Monomuls 90-L has been studied for its potential to combat various microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, and certain fungi.

Some studies suggest that Monomuls 90-L may be effective against certain viruses, including herpes simplex viruses (HSV), influenza viruses, and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).
However, further research is needed to determine its clinical relevance in treating viral infections.
Monomuls 90-L has demonstrated antibacterial activity against a range of bacteria, including Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pneumoniae.

Monomuls 90-L may be explored for potential use in addressing bacterial infections.
Research indicates that Monomuls 90-L may exhibit antifungal properties, making it a subject of interest in the context of fungal infections.
Some individuals use Monomuls 90-L supplements as a part of their wellness routine for immune support.

Monomuls 90-L is antimicrobial properties and potential to modulate the immune response make it an area of interest for those seeking natural immune-boosting supplements.
Monomuls 90-L has been investigated for its potential benefits in skincare.
Some formulations, such as creams or ointments, may include Monomuls 90-L for its antimicrobial properties and potential applications in addressing skin conditions.

Monomuls 90-L has been studied for its ability to disrupt biofilms.
Biofilms are protective layers formed by microorganisms, and disrupting them could have implications for preventing or treating certain infections.
Research in animals suggests that Monomuls 90-L may influence gut microbial balance, indicating potential benefits for gastrointestinal health.

However, more studies are needed to understand its effects in humans.
Some research has explored the potential of Monomuls 90-L in addressing respiratory infections, including those caused by bacteria and viruses.
Monomuls 90-L is known for its antimicrobial properties, which may include antibacterial, antiviral, and antifungal effects.

Monomuls 90-L is a coemulsifier for oil-in-water emulsions.
Monomuls 90-L is also a super fattening agent that promotes absorption and has a bacteriostatic effect.
Monomuls 90-L is used as an antimicrobial agent in various formulas and microemulsions and as a methane mitigation agent in ruminants.

Monomuls 90-L is often marketed as a dietary supplement for immune support.
Some people use it as a part of their wellness routine to potentially enhance immune function, but the evidence supporting its efficacy in this regard is limited.

Monomuls 90-L is generally regarded as safe for most people when used at recommended doses.
However, like any supplement, Monomuls 90-L may cause side effects in some individuals.
Monomuls 90-L's important to follow recommended dosage guidelines and consult with a healthcare professional.

While some studies have shown promising results regarding Monomuls 90-L's antimicrobial properties, it's essential to acknowledge that research in this area is still developing, and not all findings are conclusive.
Because the Monomuls 90-L exists in crude latex, having the ability of resist pathogenic microbe inflection, extensively be applied in the infant milk powder, rice flour etc.
Monomuls 90-L is used in baked product extensively, having the function for increase the quality of rice and flour production.

Monomuls 90-L is a kind of broad spectrum antibiotic, which is safe, efficient and extensive.
Monomuls 90-L can inhibit some kinds of virus and a lot of bacteria and bioplasm.
Monomuls 90-L is used as an emulsifier in sanitarian foods and other foods such as bread, cake, streamed bread and moon-cake.

Monomuls 90-L has been studied in combination with certain antibiotics, and there is evidence suggesting that it may work synergistically with these medications.
This could have implications for combination therapy in addressing bacterial infections.
Monomuls 90-L has been investigated for its potential use in animal health, particularly in preventing infections in livestock.

Monomuls 90-L may be added to animal feed as an additive to promote overall health and well-being.
Some studies suggest that Monomuls 90-L may possess anti-inflammatory properties.
This could be relevant for conditions involving inflammation, although more research is needed to understand the extent of these effects.

Some studies have investigated the potential of Monomuls 90-L in addressing tick-borne illnesses.
Monomuls 90-L has been explored for its antimicrobial effects against pathogens transmitted by ticks, although further research is needed to determine its effectiveness.
While Monomuls 90-L is primarily recognized for its antimicrobial effects, some research suggests that it may also have antioxidant properties.

Antioxidants play a role in neutralizing free radicals and may contribute to overall cellular health.
Limited research has explored the potential neuroprotective effects of Monomuls 90-L.
Some studies suggest that Monomuls 90-L may have a protective role in neurological conditions, although more research is needed in this area.

Preliminary studies have investigated the potential anticancer properties of Monomuls 90-L.
Monomuls 90-L has been studied for its effects on cancer cells in laboratory settings, but further research, including clinical trials, is required to understand its potential role in cancer prevention or treatment.
Monomuls 90-L is used in meat product, dairy product and fruit and vegetable for make the time of preservation longer.

Monomuls 90-L is most commonly used as a surfactant in cosmetics, such as deodorants.
As a food additive Monomuls 90-L is also used as an emulsifier or preservative.
Monomuls 90-L is also marketed as a dietary supplement.

Monomuls 90-L is used as a food additive, emulsifier, and as a preservative in ice cream, margarine, spaghetti, and other processed foods.
Monomuls 90-L and its derivatives, including Monomuls 90-L, have been explored for their antimicrobial properties in the context of food preservation.
They may be considered as natural alternatives to synthetic preservatives.

Some research has explored the potential use of Monomuls 90-L as an insect repellent.
Monomuls 90-L may have applications in formulations designed to deter certain insects, although more research is needed to establish its effectiveness.
While research is limited, some studies suggest that Monomuls 90-L may have potential benefits for cardiovascular health.

Monomuls 90-L may influence lipid metabolism, but more studies are needed to understand the mechanisms and clinical significance.
Monomuls 90-L has been investigated for its potential benefits in addressing skin conditions such as eczema and dermatitis.
Monomuls 90-L may be included in formulations designed to soothe and moisturize the skin, although more research is needed in this area.

Monomuls 90-L has been explored for potential applications in dental care.
Monomuls 90-L is use in oral hygiene products to address bacteria associated with oral health issues.
The antimicrobial properties of Monomuls 90-L may make it a candidate for inclusion in formulations designed to support wound healing and prevent infection in cuts and abrasions.

However, more research is needed in this specific application.
Some Monomuls 90-L supplements come in liposomal formulations, which are believed to enhance absorption.
These formulations may be explored for their potential benefits in delivering Monomuls 90-L more effectively to target tissues.

Monomuls 90-L is a component of medium-chain triglycerides (MCTs), and some individuals may choose to consume MCT oil as a source of lauric acid and, consequently, Monomuls 90-L.
Monomuls 90-L oil is known for its quick absorption and energy-providing properties.

Monomuls 90-L commonly used in deodorants, cosmetics, detergents, and insecticides and as an equipment sanitizer in manufacturing.
some people take Monomuls 90-L as a dietary supplement.

Safety Profile:
Monomuls 90-L's crucial to inform your healthcare provider about any supplements you are taking to avoid potential interactions.
Starting with a lower dose and gradually increasing may help minimize these effects.
Monomuls 90-L supplements may interact with certain medications.

Monomuls 90-L could potentially enhance the effects of anticoagulant medications.
There is limited information regarding the safety of Monomuls 90-L supplements during pregnancy and breastfeeding.
Monomuls 90-L's recommended to perform a patch test or start with a lower dose to monitor for any adverse reactions.

High doses of Monomuls 90-L, especially when starting supplementation, may cause gastrointestinal issues such as nausea, diarrhea, or stomach cramps in some individuals.
Pregnant or breastfeeding individuals should consult with their healthcare provider before using Monomuls 90-L supplements.
Choosing reputable brands and discussing supplement use with a healthcare professional is advisable.

Dietary supplements, including Monomuls 90-L supplements, are not regulated in the same way as pharmaceutical drugs.
The quality, purity, and potency of supplements can vary between brands.
Some individuals may be sensitive or allergic to specific components of supplements, including Monomuls 90-L.

Synonyms
Monomuls 90-L
2,3-Dihydroxypropyl dodecanoate
142-18-7
1-Monomuls 90-L
Glyceryl monolaurate
Lauricidin
GLYCERYL LAURATE
1-Glyceryl laurate
Glycerol 1-laurate
27215-38-9
1-Monolauroyl-rac-glycerol
1-Monododecanoylglycerol
Glycerol monolaurate
Laurin, 1-mono-
Glycerin 1-monolaurate
Glycerol 1-monolaurate
Lauric acid 1-monoglyceride
Dodecanoic acid, 2,3-dihydroxypropyl ester
2,3-Dihydroxypropyl laurate
Glyceryl monododecanoate
1-Lauroyl-rac-glycerol
DL-alpha-Laurin
Glycerides, C12-18
.alpha.-Monomuls 90-L
67701-26-2
3-Dodecanoyloxy-1,2-propanediol
(+-)-Glyceryl 1-monododecanoate
Dodecanoic acid alpha-monoglyceride
glyceryl 1-laurate
Glycerin monolaurate
(+-)-2,3-Dihydroxypropyl dodecanoate
Dodecanoic acid, monoester with 1,2,3-propanetriol
Glycerol .alpha.-monolaurate
WR963Y5QYW
40738-26-9
DTXSID5041275
CHEBI:75543
Lauric acid .alpha.-monoglyceride
1-Monomuls 90-L;1-Lauroyl-rac-glycerol
Lauric acid, monoester with glycerol
Dodecanoic acid .alpha.-monoglyceride
NSC698570
NSC-698570
NCGC00164528-01
alpha-Monomuls 90-L
1-monolauroylglycerol
DTXCID3021275
Glucerol alpha-monolaurate
Monolauroylglycerin
CAS-142-18-7
Lauric acid alpha-monoglyceride
C15H30O4
EINECS 205-526-6
UNII-WR963Y5QYW
Lauricidin R
Cithrol GML
rac-1-Monomuls 90-L
MG 12:0
Hodag GML
Glycerox L 8
Lauricidin 802
Lauricidin 812
1-dodecanoylglycerol
EINECS 266-944-2
Grindtek ML 90
Dimodan ML 90
Imwitor 312
Sunsoft 750
Sunsoft 757
Monomuls 90L12
rac-1-lauroylglycerol
Aldo MLD-K-FG
Glycerol 1-dodecanoate
Tegin L 90
rac-1-dodecanoylglycerol
AI3-03482
SDA 16-001-00
rac-1-monolauroylglycerol
Glycerol alpha-monolaurate
Poem M 300
EC 205-526-6
EC 266-944-2
Glycerol monolaurate (VAN)
Glycerol .alpha.-dodecanoate
SCHEMBL16042
MLS004773952
2,3-Dihydroxypropyl laurate #
CHEMBL510533
CHEBI:75539
GLYCEROL 1-MONODODECANOATE
1-Lauroyl-rac-glycerol, >=99%
UNII-Y98611C087
1,2,3-Propanetriol 1-dodecanoate
MAG 12:0
NSC 4837
rac-2,3-dihydroxypropyl dodecanoate
EINECS 248-337-4
Tox21_112159
Tox21_300759
MFCD00037815
(.+/-.)-Glyceryl 1-monododecanoate
AKOS016005827
Dodecanoic acid,3-dihydroxypropyl ester
NCGC00164528-02
NCGC00164528-03
NCGC00164528-04
NCGC00254663-01
5-TRIFLUOROMETHYL-2-PYRIMIDINAMINE
AS-60593
NCI60_035284
SMR001254002
(+/-)-GLYCERYL 1-MONODODECANOATE
(.+/-.)-2,3-Dihydroxypropyl dodecanoate
HY-121620
FT-0625428
FT-0626744
FT-0774814
G0081
M 300
Y98611C087
(+/-)-2,3-DIHYDROXYPROPYL DODECANOATE
H10813
L-1475
A885218
Q2113676