GLYCERYL LAURATE, N° CAS : 27215-38-4 / 142-18-7. Nom INCI : GLYCERYL LAURATE. N° EINECS/ELINCS : 248-337-4 / 205-526-6. Ses fonctions (INCI) : Emollient : Adoucit et assouplit la peau. Agent émulsifiant : Favorise la formation de mélanges intimes entre des liquides non miscibles en modifiant la tension interfaciale (eau et huile)

PEG-12 Glyceryl laurate; Polyoxyethyleneglycerol, monolaurate; Polyoxyethylene (12) glyceryl laurate cas no: 51248-32-9

Glyceryl monooleate (Gliseril monooleat) IUPAC Name 2,3-dihydroxypropyl (Z)-octadec-9-enoate Glyceryl monooleate (Gliseril monooleat) InChI InChI=1S/C21H40O4/c1-2-3-4-5-6-7-8-9-10-11-12-13-14-15-16-17-21(24)25-19-20(23)18-22/h9-10,20,22-23H,2-8,11-19H2,1H3/b10-9- Glyceryl monooleate (Gliseril monooleat) InChI Key RZRNAYUHWVFMIP-KTKRTIGZSA-N Glyceryl monooleate (Gliseril monooleat) Canonical SMILES RZRNAYUHWVFMIP-KTKRTIGZSA-N Glyceryl monooleate (Gliseril monooleat) Canonical SMILES CCCCCCCCC=CCCCCCCCC(=O)OCC(CO)O Glyceryl monooleate (Gliseril monooleat) Isomeric SMILES CCCCCCCC/C=C\CCCCCCCC(=O)OCC(CO)O Glyceryl monooleate (Gliseril monooleat) Molecular Formula C21H40O4 Glyceryl monooleate (Gliseril monooleat) CAS 111-03-5 Glyceryl monooleate (Gliseril monooleat) Deprecated CAS 30836-40-9, 33978-07-3, 925-14-4 Glyceryl monooleate (Gliseril monooleat) European Community (EC) Number 203-827-7 Glyceryl monooleate (Gliseril monooleat) NSC Number 406285 Glyceryl monooleate (Gliseril monooleat) JECFA Number 919 Glyceryl monooleate (Gliseril monooleat) FEMA Number 2526 Glyceryl monooleate (Gliseril monooleat) DSSTox Substance ID DTXSID3027875 Glyceryl monooleate (Gliseril monooleat) Physical Description DryPowder; Liquid; OtherSolid Glyceryl monooleate (Gliseril monooleat) Color/Form PLATES FROM ETHANOL Glyceryl monooleate (Gliseril monooleat) Odor SWEET Glyceryl monooleate (Gliseril monooleat) Taste FATTY TASTE Glyceryl monooleate (Gliseril monooleat) Boiling Point 238-240 °C AT 3 MM HG Glyceryl monooleate (Gliseril monooleat) Melting Point 35.0 °C Glyceryl monooleate (Gliseril monooleat)Solubility INSOL IN WATER; SOL IN ETHANOL, ETHER, CHLOROFORM Glyceryl monooleate (Gliseril monooleat) Density 0.9420 @ 20 °C/4 °C Glyceryl monooleate (Gliseril monooleat) Refractive Index INDEX OF REFRACTION: 1.4626 @ 40 °C/D Glyceryl monooleate (Gliseril monooleat) Collision Cross Section 202.8 Ų [M+H]+ [CCS Type: DT, Method: single field calibrated with ESI Low Concentration Tuning Mix (Agilent)] Glyceryl monooleate (Gliseril monooleat) Other Experimental Properties MELTING POINT: 32 °C (UNSTABLE) /PRIMARY BETA FORM/; 35.5 °C (STABLE) /BETA FORM/ Glyceryl monooleate (Gliseril monooleat) Molecular Weight 356.5 g/mol Glyceryl monooleate (Gliseril monooleat) XLogP3 6.5 Glyceryl monooleate (Gliseril monooleat) Hydrogen Bond Donor Count 2 Glyceryl monooleate (Gliseril monooleat) Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count 4 Glyceryl monooleate (Gliseril monooleat) Rotatable Bond Count 19 Glyceryl monooleate (Gliseril monooleat) Exact Mass 356.29266 g/mol Glyceryl monooleate (Gliseril monooleat) Monoisotopic Mass 356.29266 g/mol Glyceryl monooleate (Gliseril monooleat) Topological Polar Surface Area 66.8 Ų Glyceryl monooleate (Gliseril monooleat) Heavy Atom Count 25 Glyceryl monooleate (Gliseril monooleat) Formal Charge 0 Glyceryl monooleate (Gliseril monooleat) Complexity 315 Glyceryl monooleate (Gliseril monooleat) Isotope Atom Count 0 Glyceryl monooleate (Gliseril monooleat) Defined Atom Stereocenter Count 0 Glyceryl monooleate (Gliseril monooleat) Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count 1 Glyceryl monooleate (Gliseril monooleat) Defined Bond Stereocenter Count 1 Glyceryl monooleate (Gliseril monooleat) Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count 0 Glyceryl monooleate (Gliseril monooleat) Covalently-Bonded Unit Count 1 Glyceryl monooleate (Gliseril monooleat) Compound Is Canonicalized Yes Glyceryl monooleate (Gliseril monooleat) is a polar lipid that can exist in various liquid crystalline phases in the presence of different amounts of water. It is regarded as a permeation enhancer due to its amphiphilic property. Various phases of Glyceryl monooleate (Gliseril monooleat)/solvent system containing sodium fluorescein were prepared to compare permeability using confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). Glyceryl monooleate (Gliseril monooleat) was melted in a vial in a water bath heated to 45 °C. Propylene glycol and hexanediol were homogeneously dissolved in the melted Glyceryl monooleate (Gliseril monooleat). Sodium fluorescein in aqueous solution was diluted to various ratios and thoroughly mixed by an ultrasonic homogenizer. Each Glyceryl monooleate (Gliseril monooleat)/Solvent system with fluorescein was applied onto the epidermal side of excised pig skin and incubated overnight. CLSM was performed to observe how the Glyceryl monooleate (Gliseril monooleat)/solvent system in its different phases affect skin permeability. Cubic and lamellar phase formulations enhanced the fluorescein permeation through the stratum corneum. A solution system had the weakest permeability compared to the other two phases. Due to the amphiphilic nature of Glyceryl monooleate (Gliseril monooleat), cubic and lamellar phases might reduce the barrier function of stratum corneum which was observed by CLSM as fluorescein accumulated in the dermis. Based on the results, the glyceryl monooleate lyotropic mixtures could be applied to enhance skin permeation in various topical and transdermal formulations.Glyceryl monooleate (Gliseril monooleat) is a well-known molecule commonly used as an emulsifying agent, biocompatible controlled-release material, and a food additive. It is considered as a nontoxic, biodegradable, and biocompatible material classified as “generally recognized as safe�� (GRAS). It is included in the FDA Inactive Ingredients Guide and present in nonparenteral medicines in the United Kingdom.Glyceryl monooleate (Gliseril monooleat) is a polar lipid with the ability to form various liquid crystalline phases in the presence of different amounts of water. In the presence of a small amount of water, Glyceryl monooleate (Gliseril monooleat) forms reversed micelles characterized by an oily texture. As more water is added, a mucous-like system is formed that corresponds to the lamellar phase. A large isotropic phase region dominates when more water is added (20 ∼ 40%). This phase, known as the cubic phase, is highly viscous. In addition, the temperature and ratio of weight to water plays a role in the various phases of Glyceryl monooleate (Gliseril monooleat). In the presence of high amounts of water in temperatures ranging from 20 ∼ 70 °C, the cubic phase might exist in a stable condition. The cubic phase is said to be bicontinuous since it consists of a curved bilayer extending in three dimensions, separating two congruent water channel networks. The water pore diameter is about 5 nm when the cubic phase is fully swollen. The presence of a lipid and an aqueous domain gives special properties to the cubic phase such as the ability to solubilize hydrophilic, hydrophobic, and amphiphilic substances .Previous research has demonstrated that the liquid crystalline phases of Glyceryl monooleate (Gliseril monooleat) such as the cubic and reversed hexagonal phase, increased transdermal drug delivery. The advantages of the formulations for transdermal drug delivery system might include biocompatibility and the ability to self-assemble their structure. The cubic phase of Glyceryl monooleate (Gliseril monooleat) can be dispersed in a water-rich environment and form a dispersion containing nanometer-sized particles. Glyceryl monooleate (Gliseril monooleat)'s interaction with phospholipid bilayers might suggest why it is known as a permeation enhancer.In the current study, effects of various formulations of Glyceryl monooleate (Gliseril monooleat)/water system on skin permeability were evaluated using Franz-diffusion cells and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). To test the permeability of each formulation, sodium fluorescein was added to the mixture that was applied on excised pig skin. Even though the influence of Glyceryl monooleate (Gliseril monooleat) on the percutaneous absorption through hairless mouse skin has been studied, differences between the Glyceryl monooleate (Gliseril monooleat)/water formulations and how they affect permeability and distribution throughout the layers of the skin have not been investigated. This study might provide an insight to understand the effects of formulation on the skin permeation.2. Material and methods 2.1. Materials Glyceryl monooleate (Glyceryl monooleate (Gliseril monooleat)), propylene glycol, hexanediol, paraformaldehyde, sodium chloride, potassium chloride, potassium phosphate monobasic, potassium phosphate dibasic, and sodium fluorescein were purchased from Sigma–Aldrich Co. (St. Louis, MO, USA). Excised pig skin obtained from PWG Genetics Korea, Ltd. (Pyeongtaek, Gyeonggi, Korea). FSC 22 Frozen section media was purchased from Leica Biosystems (Wetzlar, Hesse, Germany). Hydrophobic PTFE membrane was purchased from Pall Corporation (New York, NY, USA). Hydrophilic nitrocellulose membrane was purchased from EMD Millipore (Billerica, MA, USA).2.2. Preparation of formulations Three different formulations were prepared for the current study (Table 1). Lyotropic liquid crystalline phases (cubic and lamellar phases) were produced by melting Glyceryl monooleate (Gliseril monooleat) in a vial at 45 °C and then propylene glycol and hexanediol were dissolved in the melted Glyceryl monooleate (Gliseril monooleat). Propylene glycol was utilized in order to slow down the drastic increase of viscosity during the cubic phase formation by mixing Glyceryl monooleate (Gliseril monooleat) and water. A small amount of hexanediol was added to prevent bacterial growth in the mixture and prolong the shelf-life. An aqueous solution of fluorescein was produced by dissolving hexanediol and sodium fluorescein in deionized water. The aqueous solution of sodium fluorescein was slowly added to the mixture while it was strongly agitated by an ultrasonic homogenizer to form lyotropic liquid crystalline phases.2.3. In vitro diffusion studies with membranes In vitro diffusion study was carried out using Franz-type diffusion cells assembled with hydrophobic PTFE membrane and hydrophilic nitrocellulose membrane between the donor and receptor chambers. The volume of each chamber was 12.5 ml and the diffusion area was 1.82 cm2. Pore size of the membranes was 0.45 μm. To simulate a skin's lipid-bilayer, hydrophobic membranes were dipped in melted Glyceryl monooleate (Gliseril monooleat) and soaked in receptor medium for 30 min before diffusion studies. After the membranes were soaked, the hydrophobic membrane was attached to the hydrophilic membrane and both remained attached during the diffusion experiment.The receptor chamber was filled with phosphate buffered saline (pH 7.4). The donor chamber containing the cubic phase, lamellar phase, or solution samples with 1 mg/ml of the sodium fluorescein were applied on the upper surface of the hydrophobic membrane. Receptor components were continuously stirred with a magnetic stirrer and samples were withdrawn at predetermined time intervals (1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, and 12 h). After withdrawing samples from the receptor, the receptor was replaced with the same volume of fresh phosphate buffered saline to maintain sink condition. The content of sodium fluorescein was analyzed by multi-mode microplate reader. The cumulative amount of sodium fluorescein released per surface area was obtained using the following equation:where Q is the cumulative amounts of sodium fluorescein released per surface area of the membrane (μg/cm2) and Cn is the concentration of the sodium fluorescein (μg/ml) determined at nth sampling interval. V is the volume of individual Franz-type diffusion cell, S is the volume of sampling aliquot (0.5 ml), and A is the surface area of membrane. The cumulative amounts released per surface area were plotted against time. The steady-state flux (J) was obtained from the slope of the linear portion of plotted cumulative released amounts of compound. The lag time (Tlag) was obtained from the intercept of extrapolated linear portion with time axis (x-axis). Statistical analysis was performed using the student's t test and analysis variance (one-way ANOVA, Dunnett's multiple comparison test of SigmaStat 3.5, Dundas software, Germany) with a P-value of ≤0.05 considered to be significant.2.4. Fluorescence assay Fluorescence emission spectra of sodium fluorescein were obtained using SpectraMax M3 multi-mode microplate reader (Molecular device, Sunnyvale, CA, USA). Excitation wavelength was 492 nm and emission wavelength was 515 nm with a 4 nm silt width. The spectra of samples were corrected by subtracting the corresponding buffer spectra. Before obtaining the fluorescence of diffused sodium fluorescein, linearity of the calibration curve was obtained by plotting the nominal concentration of the standard sodium fluorescein (x) versus the emission spectra intensity (y) in the tested concentration range. Accuracy and precision were determined by analyzing samples in triplicate six times on the same day.2.5. Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) Cubic, lamellar, and solution formulations containing 1 mg/ml of the fluorescein were applied onto the pig skin and left for 5 h and 24 h at 37 °C. After the treatment, skin samples were fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde for 24 h. The fixed skin samples were embedded in frozen section media and frozen overnight in a deep freezer at −82.7 °C. The frozen skin samples were cross-sectioned into slices 20 μm thick by Leica CM1520 cryostat for cell nuclei staining. Sections were stained with 1 μg/ml of 4′, 6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) for 10 min at 37 °C. After washing with PBS, the cross-section of the skin samples were imaged by LSM 510 microscope (Carl Zeiss AG, Oberkochen, Baden-Württemberg, Germany) with dual excitation band of DAPI (358 nm) and FITC filter (488 nm). Fluorescence imaging processing was performed by ZEN 2012 software and Adobe Photoshop.3. Result and discussion 3.1. In vitro diffusion studies with membranes To validate the fluorescence assay method, calibration curves of the sodium fluorescein were plotted and found to be linear (R2 ≥ 0.999) in the tested range of 0.064–32 μg/ml (Table 2). The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) were 0.015 and 0.046 μg/ml, respectively. The accuracy for 0.32, 1.6, and 32 mg/ml sodium fluorescein standard solutions (n = 3) was 2.25, 1.77, and 0.28, respectively (expressed as % variation of the mean). The precision for 0.32, 1.6, and 32 mg/ml sodium fluorescein standard solutions (n = 3) was 3.03, 2.32, and 0.19, respectively (expressed as % coefficient of variation).The diffusion profiles of sodium fluorescein in various formulations across the synthetic membrane are shown in Fig. 1. As the cumulative amount of sodium fluorescein released per unit surface area in the receptor phase was plotted against time, a linear relationships after a lag time was obtained. The diffusion coefficient and flux of each formulation were calculated from the slope and lag time (Table 3). Flux of sodium fluorescein across the synthetic membrane in descending order was the cubic phase (15.11 μg/cm2 h), lamellar phase (12.45 μg/cm2 h), and solution formulation (8.23 μg/cm2 h). The cumulative amount of sodium fluorescein released at 12 h and fluxes of the cubic and lamellar phases were significantly greater (P < 0.05) than those of the solution formulation. The cubic and lamellar phases released about 80 and 39 times more, respectively, compared to the solution. Since sodium fluorescein is hydrophilic and water-soluble, diffusion through an oil-wetted hydrophobic membrane may be a limiting factor. Differences in lag time and flux might cause significant differences in the amount of sodium fluorescein released between each Glyceryl monooleate (Gliseril monooleat)/water formulations. In addition, the hydrophobicity of Glyceryl monooleate (Gliseril monooleat) in each formulation may have an effect on the sodium fluorescein's permeability through oil-wetted hydrophobic membrane. In a study investigating the effect of permeation enhancers on transdermal delivery, Glyceryl monooleate (Gliseril monooleat) increased the flux across skin for both hydrophilic and hydrophobic drugs by inducing reversible disruption of the lamellar structure of the lipid bilayer and increasing the fluidity of lipids in skin.Even though the lamellar phase has more Glyceryl monooleate (Gliseril monooleat) than the cubic phase formulation, the cubic phase released a higher cumulative amount of sodium fluorescein. A reasonable explanation for this is that propylene glycol enhanced the release of sodium fluorescein in the cubic phase formulation by reducing its viscosity which increased membrane permeability. The lamellar phase shifted to the cubic phase as water content increasing during membrane permeation. The shift to cubic phase may have increased the viscosity and therefore decreased its mobility. It is likely that excess amounts of Glyceryl monooleate (Gliseril monooleat) might disturb diffusion through a membrane in lamellar phase. In the presence of propylene glycol, Glyceryl monooleate (Gliseril monooleat) also forms a liquid sponge phase which has a bicontinuous lipid water system. Previous research has demonstrated that the liquid sponge phase had a better diffusion profile than the cubic phase formulation. Even though cubic phase formulation might not form the liquid sponge phase during diffusion in these experiments, an interaction between Glyceryl monooleate (Gliseril monooleat) and propylene glycol could promote diffusion through the membranes. Hydration time might be a factor in the difference in the diffusion rates between the different formulations. A previous study found that samples hydrated prior to the experiments released large amounts of drug because hydrophilic channels were available during the release of the drug . As the initial water content increased, drug release increased due to the increased hydrophilic domain which accounted for the difference in the amount of drug initially released .3.2. Confocal microscopy imaging CLSM was used to observe the distribution of fluorescein in the skin layers after the application of cubic, lamellar, and solution formulation. Microscopic images of cross-sections perpendicular to the skin allowed us to observe the distribution pattern of the fluorescein in the deep region of the excised skin including the stratum corneum (SC), viable epidermis, and dermis. The diffusion profiles of sodium fluorescein into the skin was compared after the application of the different formulations. As shown in Fig. 2, the distribution of sodium fluorescein in the skin was visualized by CLSM after 5 h of topical application.Glyceryl monooleate (Gliseril monooleat) might facilitate the diffusion of sodium fluorescein through the viable epidermis and dermis. The cubic phase was uniformly distributed in the epidermis and dermis (Fig. 2A). The lamellar phase also showed relatively uniform distribution in epidermis and dermis with a small amount present in the SC (Fig. 2B). Most of the sodium fluorescein in the solution formulation was unable to permeate the SC region (Fig. 2C). The image of skin that had the solution formulation applied to it showed a relatively low intensity of fluorescence at the epidermis and dermal layer, but a very strong intensity on the SC. These results support the previous results of diffusion experiment using Franz-type diffusion cells that looked at flux, lag time, and diffusion coefficient between different formulations.Fig. 3 shows the confocal images of the skin after 24 h of sample application. The cubic and lamellar phase formulations showed much stronger fluorescence in the dermal layer compared to the solution formulation. Cubic and lamellar phases showed strong fluorescence in the dermis after 24 h of application compared to 5 h-images. Solution formulation also showed stronger fluorescence than its 5 h-image, but it was localized in the SC layer. This result might suggest that most of sodium fluorescein in the solution formulation might not be able to penetrate SC layer. However, with its low molecular weight sodium fluorescein might be distributed to the SC region which could not be removed during washing, and still showed localized fluorescence after 24 h (Fig. 3C).During a skin diffusion test, Glyceryl monooleate (Gliseril monooleat) might reversibly emulsify the lipid matrix of the skin and penetrate through the SC. Because adipose tissue and the hypodermis are more hydrophobic than other tissues they make up the skin, most Glyceryl monooleate (Gliseril monooleat) formulations might interact with the tissues and accumulate in them. Therefore, confocal images of samples treated with the cubic and lamellar phases showed stronger fluorescence at hypodermis and adipose tissues than other tissues in skin. In addition, the cubic and lamellar phases showed some localization of high intensity fluorescence in dermis and adipose tissues. The solution formulation showed no localization in the tissues. Differences in localization might be caused by the presence of Glyceryl monooleate (Gliseril monooleat) in formulation. Lipids such as oleic acid and Glyceryl monooleate (Gliseril monooleat) have a polar head and a relatively short hydrophobic carbon chain that increases membrane permeability by promoting disorder of intercellular lipids. In this study, intercellular lipid disorder might cause localization of the sodium fluorescein in the dermis and adipose tissue. Different absorption pathways might also cause difference in the amount of sodium fluorescein diffused between each formulation. Intercellular pathway seems to be predominant method of transdermal absorption when using the solution formulation, whereas the intercluster pathway is the most common method of absorption for the cubic and lamellar phase formulations. Higher Glyceryl monooleate (Gliseril monooleat) concentrations did not improve permeability. The intensity of the fluorescence in the dermis was directly correlated with an increased with the permeability and not Glyceryl monooleate (Gliseril monooleat) concentration. At 37 °C, Glyceryl monooleate (Gliseril monooleat) might exist in a cubic phase when the amount of water is greater than 40%. During the diffusion test, the lamellar phase might be hydrated by moisture in the skin and converted to cubic phase. Therefore, viscosity may increase, which decreases the mobility of the Glyceryl monooleate (Gliseril monooleat)/solvent mixture. 4. Conclusion This study suggests that Glyceryl monooleate (Gliseril monooleat) is feasible as an absorption enhancer for topical drugs. Franz-type diffusion test and CLSM images in excised pig skin showed improved permeability through the hydrophobic-hydrophilic membrane and excised pig skin. Both cubic and lamellar formulations with Glyceryl monooleate (Gliseril monooleat) showed higher permeability and diffusion profiles. By comparing the diffusion patterns and confocal images, the cubic phase performed significantly better than the lamellar formulation. The results suggest that differences of diffusion were caused by ability of the Glyceryl monooleate (Gliseril monooleat)/solvent mixture to induce lipid disorder in the skin samples. These results support the hypothesis that Glyceryl monooleate (Gliseril monooleat) induces intercellular lipid disorder. High Glyceryl monooleate (Gliseril monooleat)/water ratio does not correlate with high membrane permeability. The cubic phase contained lower Glyceryl monooleate (Gliseril monooleat) concentration compared to the lamellar phase but had better membrane permeability. Our study demonstrates that Glyceryl monooleate (Gliseril monooleat) is an important substance for SC permeation but the viscosity of this formulation needs to be further investigated to improve the diffusion efficacy of active ingredients.Glyceryl Monooleate is a clear or light yellow oil that is used as an antifoam in juice processing. It has been used as an emulsifier, a moisturizer, and a flavoring agent.Glycerol monooleate (C21H40O4) is a clear amber or pale yellow liquid. It is an oil soluble surfactant and is classified as a monoglyceride. It is used as an antifoam in juice processing and as a lipophilic emulsifier for water-in-oil applications. It is a moisturizer, emulsifier, and flavoring agent. Various forms of glycerol oleate are widely used in cosmetics and it is also used as an excipient in antibiotics and other drugs.Glyceryl Oleate occurs as off-white to yellow flakes or as a soft semisolid. It is dispersible in water and soluble in acetone, methanol, ethanol, cottonseed oil,and mineral Glyceryl Oleate is also known as Monoolein, Glyceryl Monooleate, and Glycerol Monooleate.Celecoxib (CXB) is a widely used anti-inflammatory drug that also acts as a chemopreventive agent against several types of cancer, including skin cancer. As the long-term oral administration of CXB has been associated with severe side effects, the skin delivery of this drug represents a promising alternative for the treatment of skin inflammatory conditions and/or chemoprevention of skin cancer. We prepared and characterized liquid crystalline systems based on glyceryl monooleate (Glyceryl monooleate (Gliseril monooleat)) and water containing penetration enhancers which were primarily designed to promote skin delivery of CXB. Analysis of their phase behavior revealed the formation of cubic and hexagonal phases depending on the systems' composition. The systems' structure and composition markedly affected the in vitro CXB release profile. Oleic acid reduced CXB release rate, but association oleic acid/propylene glycol increased the drug release rate. The developed systems significantly reduced inflammation in an aerosil-induced rat paw edema modl. The systems' composition and liquid crystalline structure influenced their anti-inflammatory potency. Cubic phase systems containing oleic acid/propylene glycol association reduced edema in a sustained manner, indicating that they modulate CXB release and/or permeation. Our findings demonstrate that the developed liquid crystalline systems are potential carriers for the skin delivery of CXB.TREATMENT OF HUMAN ERYTHROCYTE GHOST MEMBRANES WITH THE FUSOGENIC LIPID GLYCEROL MONOOLEATE INCREASED THE FLUIDITY OF THE MEMBRANE LIPIDS, BUT THE NONFUSOGENIC LIPID GLYCEROL MONOSTEARATE HAD NO EFFECT.IF ANY OF THESE ESTERS IS SIGNIFICANTLY TOXIC, THE ACID PORTION MUST BE HELD RESPONSIBLE, NOT THE GLYCEROL. /GLYCEROL ESTERS/Glyceryl monooleate (GMO) is one of the most popular amphiphilic lipids, which, in the presence of different amounts of water and a proper amount of stabilizer, can promote the development of well defined, thermodynamically stable nanostructures, called lyotropic liquid crystal dispersions. The aim of this study is based on the design, characterization, and evaluation of the cytotoxicity of lyotropic liquid crystal nanostructures containing a model anticancer drug such as doxorubicin hydrochloride. The drug is efficiently retained by the GMO nanosystems by a remote loading approach. The nanostructures prepared with different non-ionic surfactants (poloxamers and polysorbates) are characterized by different physico-chemical features as a function of several parameters, i.e., serum stability, temperature, and different pH values, as well as the amount of cryoprotectants used to obtain suitable freeze-dried systems. The nanostructures prepared with poloxamer 407 used as a stabilizer show an increased toxicity of the entrapped drug on breast cancer cell lines (MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231) due to their ability to sensitize multidrug-resistant (MDR) tumor cells through the inhibition of specific drug efflux transporters. Moreover, the interaction between the nanostructures and the cells occurs after just a few hours, evidencing a huge cellular uptake of the nanosystems.Glyceryl monooleate (GMO) is often described as a special lipid that plays an important role in drug delivery systems, due to its ability to self-assemble in water and to form a variety of well-defined, thermodynamically stable liquid crystal structures. It also exhibits long-range order in one, two, or three dimensions. GMO is widely known as a non-toxic, biodegradable and biocompatible product. It received generally recognized as safe (GRAS) status from the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and is included in the Inactive Ingredients Guide.In the presence of a proper stabilizer , liquid crystal phases can be arranged in different supramolecular structures such as cubosomes or hexosomes, which could potentially beused for intravenous injection. This is because of their scarce viscosity as well as their ability to maintain the internal nanostructure of the bulk systems and keep it intact. Moreover, their stability in aqueous environments, their inexpensive raw materials as well as their well-defined structure and their higher membrane surface area allow them to retain significantly larger amounts of drugs then their lamellar counterparts such as liposomes. The excellent characteristics of these hosting matrices make these nanostructures excellent and promising carriers for various applications in the drug delivery field. The addition of surfactants can indeed influence the behavior of lipids in phases and are an important factor in preventing destabilizing phenomena of the colloidal dispersions in aqueous media, thus improving their shelf-life. Among the stabilizing agents, the most extensively employed for the preparation of the lyotropic liquid crystalline nanostructures are poly-oxy-ethylene(PEO)-based surfactants such as poloxamers and polysorbates. In particular, poloxamers are nonionic triblock copolymers composed of a central hydrophobic portion of polyoxypropylene oxide (PPO) linked to two hydrophilic blocks of poly-ethylene oxide (POE). Their peculiar characteristics depend on the lengths of the chains of the various units, and on the different molecular weights and physical forms. Indeed, they act as steric stabilizers by way of the adsorption of the hydrophobic units onto the surfaces of nanostructures, which prevents the fusion of particles and thus promotes the physical stability of a formulation.Moreover, polysorbates (PS) are nonionic, hydrophilic stabilizers made up of fatty acid esters of polyoxyethylene sorbitan. Their bone structure consists of a sorbitan ring with ethylene oxide polymers linked at three different hydroxyl positions. Their molecular weight is significantly lower, and they have shorter hydrophilic PEO chains, in addition to a hydrophobic anchor consisting of fatty acid. The current study was designed to compare GMO-nanostructures prepared with the most popular classes of non-ionic surfactants (polysorbates and poloxamers) as a function of temperature, serum stability at various pH values, and the cryoprotectants used to obtain suitable freeze-dried systems. The most promising formulations were chosen to encapsulate the hydrophilic anticancer drug, doxorubicin hydrochloride (DOX).

Glyceryl Monostearate Glyceryl monostearate is composed of primary and auxiliary emulsifiers for a wide variety of personal care formulas. It is supplied as cream flakes. Glyceryl monostearate is an emulsifier for a wide variety of personal care applications. Product: Cerasynt Stearates Industries: Personal Care Form: White to off-white flakes Use level: 0.25 - 3.0% Features & Benefits Nonionic auxiliary emulsifier Emulsion stabilizer Biodegradable 100% Natural Vegan suitable Impurities and other Glyceryl monostearate risks According to a report in the International Journal of Toxicology by the cosmetic industry’s own Cosmetic Ingredient Review (CIR) committee, impurities found in various PEG compounds include ethylene oxide; 1,4-dioxane; polycyclic aromatic compounds; and heavy metals such as lead, iron, cobalt, nickel, cadmium, and arsenic. Many of these impurities are linked to cancer. PEG compounds often contain small amounts of ethylene oxide. Ethylene oxide (found in PEG-4, PEG-7, PEG4-dilaurate, and PEG 100) is highly toxic — even in small doses — and was used in World War I nerve gas. Exposure to ethylene glycol during its production, processing and clinical use has been linked to increased incidents of leukemia as well as several types of cancer. Finally, there is 1,4-dioxane (found in PEG-6, PEG-8, PEG-32, PEG-75, PEG-150, PEG-14M, and PEG-20M), which, on top of being a known carcinogen, may also combine with atmospheric oxygen to form explosive peroxides — not exactly something you want going on your skin. Even though responsible manufacturers do make efforts to remove these impurities (1,4-dioxane that can be removed from cosmetics through vacuum stripping during processing without an unreasonable increase in raw material cost), the cosmetic and personal care product industry has shown little interest in doing so. Surprisingly, PEG compounds are also used by natural cosmetics companies. If you find Glyceryl monostearate in your cosmetics… Although you might find conflicting information online regarding Polyethylene Glycol, PEGs family and their chemical relatives, it is something to pay attention to when choosing cosmetic and personal care products. If you have sensitive or damaged skin it might be a good idea to avoid products containing PEGs. Using CosmEthics app you can easy add PEGs to personal alerts. In our last blog post we wrote about vegan ingredients. Natural glycols are a good alternative to PEGs, for example natural vegetable glycerin can be used as both moisturiser and emulsifier. CosmEthics vegan list can help you find products that use vegetable glycerin as wetting agent. At present, there is not enough information shown on product labels to enable you to determine whether PEG compounds are contaminated. But if you must buy a product containing PEGs just make sure that your PEGs are coming from a respected brand. Glyceryl stearate and Glyceryl monostearate is a combination of two emulsifying ingredients. The stabilising effect of both means that the product remains blended and will not separate. Description Glyceryl stearate is a solid and waxy compound. It is made by reacting glycerine (a soap by-product) with stearic acid (a naturally occurring, vegetable fatty acid). Glyceryl monostearate is an off-white, solid ester of polyethylene glycol (a binder and a softener) and stearic acid. Applications Ideal for styling creams/lotions, conditioners, body care, facial care, sun care Related Applications Personal Care Cosmetics Hair Care Skin Care Sun Care Related Benefits Personal Care Natural Vegan Suitable Related Functions Personal Care Emulsifiers Glyceryl Stearate. Glyceryl monostearate ester acts as an emulsion stabilizer and non-ionic auxiliary emulsifier. Glyceryl monostearate ester is suggested for use in creams and lotions, conditioners and styling creams/lotions, body care, face and body washes, facial care, after-sun, self-tanning, and sunscreen applications. The Cerasynt esters range provides a variety of emulsifiers to meet formulation requirements. PROPERTIES Auxiliary emulsifiers. APPLICATIONS A wide variety of personal care formulas. Glyceryl monostearate is a premium quality nonionic stabilizer and emulsifier. Manufactured using the highest quality raw materials for batch-to-batch reproducibility. What Is Glyceryl monostearate? Glyceryl monostearate and Glyceryl monostearate SE are esterification products of glycerin and stearic acid. Glyceryl monostearate is a white or cream-colored wax-like solid. Glyceryl monostearate is a "Self-Emulsifying" form of Glyceryl monostearate that also contains a small amount of sodium and or potassium stearate. In cosmetics and personal care products, Glyceryl monostearate is widely used and can be found in lotions, creams, powders, skin cleansing products, makeup bases and foundations, mascara, eye shadow, eyeliner, hair conditioners and rinses, and suntan and sunscreen products. Why is Glyceryl monostearate used in cosmetics and personal care products? Glyceryl monostearate acts as a lubricant on the skin's surface, which gives the skin a soft and smooth appearance. It also slows the loss of water from the skin by forming a barrier on the skin's surface. Glyceryl monostearate, and Glyceryl monostearate SE help to form emulsions by reducing the surface tension of the substances to be emulsified. Scientific Facts: Glyceryl monostearate is made by reacting glycerin with stearic acid, a fatty acid obtained from animal and vegetable fats and oils. Glyceryl monostearate SE is produced by reacting an excess of stearic acid with glycerin. The excess stearic acid is then reacted with potassium and/or sodium hydroxide yielding a product that contains Glyceryl monostearate as well as potassium stearate and/or sodium stearate. What Is Glyceryl monostearate Glyceryl monostearate is esterification products of glycerin and stearic acid. Glyceryl monostearate is a white or cream-colored wax-like solid. Glyceryl monostearate SE is a "Self-Emulsifying" form of Glyceryl monostearate that also contains a small amount of sodium and or potassium stearate. In cosmetics and personal care products, Glyceryl monostearate is widely used and can be found in lotions, creams, powders, skin cleansing products, makeup bases and foundations, mascara, eye shadow, eyeliner, hair conditioners and rinses, and suntan and sunscreen products. Why is it used in cosmetics and personal care products? Glyceryl monostearate acts as a lubricant on the skin's surface, which gives the skin a soft and smooth appearance. It also slows the loss of water from the skin by forming a barrier on the skin's surface. Glyceryl monostearate, and Glyceryl monostearate SE help to form emulsions by reducing the surface tension of the substances to be emulsified. Glyceryl monostearate is derived from palm kernel, vegetable or soy oil and is also found naturally in the human body. It acts as a lubricant on the skin's surface, which gives the skin a soft and smooth appearance. It easily penetrates the skin and slows the loss of water from the skin by forming a barrier on the skin's surface. It has been shown to protect skin from free-radical damage as well. Functions of Glyceryl monostearate Glyceryl monostearate is derived from palm kernel, vegetable or soy oil and is also found naturally in the human body. It acts as a lubricant on the skin's surface, which gives the skin a soft and smooth appearance (Source). It easily penetrates the skin and slows the loss of water from the skin by forming a barrier on the skin's surface. It has been shown to protect skin from free-radical damage as well. Chemically, Glyceryl monostearate is used to stabilize products, decrease water evaporation, make products freeze-resistant, and keep them from forming surface crusts. Description: Glyceryl monostearate SE (self-emulsifying as it contains a small amount 3-6% of potassium stearate) is the monoester of glycerin and stearic acid. Vegetable origin. It is an emulsifier with a HLB value of 5.8 and thus useful for making water-in-oil emulsions. It can also be used as a co-emulsifier and thickener for oil- in-water formulations. Off-white flakes, bland odor. Soluble in oil. CAS: 123-94-4 INCI Name: Glyceryl monostearate Properties: Emulsifies water and oil phase, acts as stabilizer and thickener in o/w formulations, widely used in a variety of different cosmetic formulations. Use: Add to oil/emulsifier phase of formulas, melts at 55°C/130°F. Use level: 1-10%. For external use only. Applications: Moisturizing creams, lotions, ointments, antiperspirant, hair care and sunscreen. Glyceryl monostearate (GMS) is one of the most commonly used ingredients in personal care formulations. But it's a material that is not well understood by most formulators. GMS (EU) is normally used as a low-HLB thickening agent in lamellar gel (EU) network (LGN)-based oil-in-water emulsions, often combined with fatty alcohols. Glyceryl monostearate, also known as Glyceryl MonoStearate, or GMS, is EcoCert certified. Glyceryl monostearate is the natural glyceryl ester from stearic acid (glycerin and stearic acid) which offers skin conditioning, moisturization and hydration due to the glycerin component. Functions as a non-ionic opacifier, thickener, and formulation stabilizer, where it also imparts a softer, smoother, feel to your emulsions. Glyceryl monostearate is one of the best choices, for thickening and stabilizing, to use in combination with the lactylates, where it also functions as an emollient, and gives the emulsion more smoothness. Glyceryl monostearate is the end result of reaction between glycerin and stearic acid. We all know what glycerin is and does (generally vegetable based humectant), and stearic acid is a fatty acid compound extracted from a variety of vegetable, animal, and oil sources such as palm kernel and soy. The end result of the reaction with glycerin and stearic acid is a cream-colored, waxy like substance. Details A super common, waxy, white, solid stuff that helps water and oil to mix together, gives body to creams and leaves the skin feeling soft and smooth. Chemically speaking, it is the attachment of a glycerin molecule to the fatty acid called stearic acid. It can be produced from most vegetable oils (in oils three fatty acid molecules are attached to glycerin instead of just one like here) in a pretty simple, "green" process that is similar to soap making. It's readily biodegradable. NAMELY Glycerol stearate is used as a non-ionic emulsifier or emollient in cosmetic products. It is widely used in moisturizers and is also found in hair care products for its antistatic properties. It can be derived from palm, olive or rapeseed oil... It is authorized in bio. Its functions (INCI) Emollient : Softens and softens the skin Emulsifying : Promotes the formation of intimate mixtures between immiscible liquids by modifying the interfacial tension (water and oil) This ingredient is present in 11.81% of cosmetics. Hand cream (46.51%) Moisturizing cream box (46.15%) Anti-aging night face cream (45.88%) Anti-aging hand cream (43.75%) Mascara (42.73%) Glyceryl monostearate Glyceryl monostearate is the natural glyceryl ester of glycerin and stearic acid. It offers excellent hydration and moisturization. It acts as a non-ionic opacifier, thickener, emollient and formulation stabilizer. It is used in skin care and body care applications. Glyceryl monostearate is classified as : Emollient Emulsifying CAS Number 31566-31-1 EINECS/ELINCS No: 250-705-4 COSING REF No: 34103 INN Name: glyceryl monostearate PHARMACEUTICAL EUROPEAN NAME: glyceroli monostearas Chem/IUPAC Name: Glyceryl MonoStearate Glyceryl monostearate Learn all about Glyceryl monostearate, including how it's made, and why Puracy uses Glyceryl monostearate in our products. Derived from: coconut Pronunciation: (\ˈglis-rəl\ \stē-ə-ˌrāt\) Type: Naturally-derived Other names: monostearate What Is Glyceryl monostearate? Glyceryl monostearate, also called glyceryl monostearate, is a white or pale yellow waxy substance derived from palm kernel, olives, or coconuts. What Does Glyceryl monostearate Do in Our products? Glyceryl monostearate is an emollient that keeps products blended together; it can also be a surfactant, emulsifier, and thickener in food — often it’s used as a dough conditioner and to keep things from going stale.[1] In our products, however, Glyceryl monostearate is used for its most common purpose — to bind moisture to the skin. For this reason, it is a common ingredient in thousands of cosmetic products, including lotions, makeup, skin cleansers, and other items. Why Puracy Uses Glyceryl monostearate We use Glyceryl monostearate in several of our products as a moisturizer; it also forms a barrier on the skin and prevents products from feeling greasy. As an emulsifier, it also allows products to stay blended.[5] Several studies and clinical tests find that Glyceryl monostearate causes little or no skin or eye irritation and is not a danger in formulations that might be inhaled.[6,7,8] In addition, a number of clinical trials have found that Glyceryl monostearate in moisturizers can lessen symptoms and signs of atopic dermatitis, including pruritus, erythema, fissuring, and lichenification.[9] In 1982 and again in 2015, the Cosmetic Ingredient Review deemed the ingredient safe for use in cosmetics.[10] Whole Foods has deemed the ingredient acceptable in its body care quality standards.[11] How Glyceryl monostearate Is Made Glyceryl monostearate is formed through a reaction of glycerin with stearic acid, which is a fatty acid that comes from animal and vegetable fats and oils. Glyceryl monostearate SE, the self-emulsifying form of the substance, is made by reacting an excess of stearic acid with glycerin. The excess stearic acid is then reacted with potassium and/or sodium hydroxide. That produces a substance that contains Glyceryl monostearate, potassium stearate, and/or sodium stearate Glyceryl monostearate (GMS) is one of the most commonly used ingredients in personal care formulations. But it’s a material that is not well understood by most formulators. GMS (EU) is normally used as a low-HLB thickening agent in lamellar gel (EU) network (LGN)-based oil-in-water emulsions, often combined with fatty alcohols. LGN-based emulsions containing thickening polymers are the most common type of oil-in-water formulations sold globally. Most GMS used in personal care products should actually be called glyceryl distearate (EU), since many common grades only contain around 40% alpha monostearate (EU), 5% glyceryl tristearate (EU), and 50% glyceryl distearate. There are also grades commercially available that contain 30%, 60%, and 90% GMS. The 90% alpha mono grades can only be produced by molecular distillation and are widely used in the food industry. Functionally, there is a big difference in performance if you use a 90% versus 40% mono. A 90% mono has a higher melting point (69°C versus 58-63°C), lighter skin feel, and a higher HLB (EU) (~4-5, versus ~3). The higher HLB of the 90% mono enables you to form LGNs much easier with lower emulsifier levels and energy than when using cetyl (EU)/stearyl alcohol (EU). There are also self-emulsifying (SE) grades of GMS available, which are typically combined with PEG 100 stearate (EU), potassium stearate (EU), or sodium lauryl sulfate (EU). Glyceryl monostearate, commonly known as GMS, is a monoglyceride commonly used as an emulsifier in foods.[3] It takes the form of a white, odorless, and sweet-tasting flaky powder that is hygroscopic. Chemically it is the glycerol ester of stearic acid. Structure, synthesis, and occurrence Glyceryl monostearate exists as three stereoisomers, the enantiomeric pair of 1-Glyceryl monostearate and 2-Glyceryl monostearate. Typically these are encountered as a mixture as many of their properties are similar. Commercial material used in foods is produced industrially by a glycerolysis reaction between triglycerides (from either vegetable or animal fats) and glycerol. Glyceryl monostearate occurs naturally in the body as a product of the breakdown of fats by pancreatic lipase. It is present at very low levels in certain seed oils. Uses Glyceryl monostearate is a food additive used as a thickening, emulsifying, anticaking, and preservative agent; an emulsifying agent for oils, waxes, and solvents; a protective coating for hygroscopic powders; a solidifier and control release agent in pharmaceuticals; and a resin lubricant. It is also used in cosmetics and hair-care products.[5] Glyceryl monostearate is largely used in baking preparations to add "body" to the food. It is somewhat responsible for giving ice cream and whipped cream their smooth texture. It is sometimes used as an antistaling agent in bread. What Is It? Glyceryl monostearate and Glyceryl Stearate SE are esterification products of glycerin and stearic acid. Glyceryl monostearate is a white or cream-colored wax-like solid. Glyceryl monostearate SE is a "Self-Emulsifying" form of Glyceryl monostearate that also contains a small amount of sodium and or potassium stearate. In cosmetics and personal care products, Glyceryl monostearate is widely used and can be found in lotions, creams, powders, skin cleansing products, makeup bases and foundations, mascara, eye shadow, eyeliner, hair conditioners and rinses, and suntan and sunscreen products. Why is it used in cosmetics and personal care products? Glyceryl monostearate acts as a lubricant on the skin's surface, which gives the skin a soft and smooth appearance. It also slows the loss of water from the skin by forming a barrier on the skin's surface. Glyceryl monostearate, and Glyceryl monostearate SE help to form emulsions by reducing the surface tension of the substances to be emulsified. Scientific Facts: Glyceryl monostearate is made by reacting glycerin with stearic acid, a fatty acid obtained from animal and vegetable fats and oils. Glyceryl Stearate SE is produced by reacting an excess of stearic acid with glycerin. The excess stearic acid is then reacted with potassium and/or sodium hydroxide yielding a product that contains Glyceryl monostearate as well as potassium stearate and/or sodium stearate. Glyceryl monostearate is the natural glyceryl ester of glycerin and stearic acid. It offers excellent hydration and moisturization. It acts as a non-ionic opacifier, thickener, emollient and formulation stabilizer. It is used in skin care and body care applications. Glyceryl monostearate is classified as : Emollient Emulsifying Learn all about Glyceryl monostearate, including how it's made, and why Puracy uses Glyceryl monostearate in our products. Derived from: coconut Pronunciation: (\ˈglis-rəl\ \stē-ə-ˌrāt\) Type: Naturally-derived Other names: monostearate What Is Glyceryl monostearate? Glyceryl monostearate, also called glyceryl monostearate, is a white or pale yellow waxy substance derived from palm kernel, olives, or coconuts. What Does Glyceryl monostearate Do in Our products? Glyceryl monostearate is an emollient that keeps products blended together; it can also be a surfactant, emulsifier, and thickener in food — often it’s used as a dough conditioner and to keep things from going stale.[1] In our products, however, Glyceryl monostearate is used for its most common purpose — to bind moisture to the skin. For this reason, it is a common ingredient in thousands of cosmetic products, including lotions, makeup, skin cleansers, and other items.[2,3] Why Puracy Uses Glyceryl monostearate We use Glyceryl monostearate in several of our products as a moisturizer; it also forms a barrier on the skin and prevents products from feeling greasy. As an emulsifier, it also allows products to stay blended.[5] Several studies and clinical tests find that Glyceryl monostearate causes little or no skin or eye irritation and is not a danger in formulations that might be inhaled.[6,7,8] In addition, a number of clinical trials have found that Glyceryl monostearate in moisturizers can lessen symptoms and signs of atopic dermatitis, including pruritus, erythema, fissuring, and lichenification.[9] In 1982 and again in 2015, the Cosmetic Ingredient Review deemed the ingredient safe for use in cosmetics.[10] Whole Foods has deemed the ingredient acceptable in its body care quality standards.[11] How Glyceryl monostearate Is Made Glyceryl monostearate is formed through a reaction of glycerin with stearic acid, which is a fatty acid that comes from animal and vegetable fats and oils. Glyceryl monostearate SE, the self-emulsifying form of the substance, is made by reacting an excess of stearic acid with glycerin. The excess stearic acid is then reacted with potassium and/or sodium hydroxide. That produces a substance that contains Glyceryl monostearate, potassium stearate, and/or sodium stearate. Glyceryl stearate (Glyceryl monostearate) is one of the most commonly used ingredients in personal care formulations. But it’s a material that is not well understood by most formulators. Glyceryl monostearate (EU) is normally used as a low-HLB thickening agent in lamellar gel (EU) network (LGN)-based oil-in-water emulsions, often combined with fatty alcohols. LGN-based emulsions containing thickening polymers are the most common type of oil-in-water formulations sold globally. Most Glyceryl monostearate used in personal care products should actually be called glyceryl distearate (EU), since many common grades only contain around 40% alpha monostearate (EU), 5% glyceryl tristearate (EU), and 50% glyceryl distearate. There are also grades commercially available that contain 30%, 60%, and 90% Glyceryl monostearate. The 90% alpha mono grades can only be produced by molecular distillation and are widely used in the food industry. Functionally, there is a big difference in performance if you use a 90% versus 40% mono. A 90% mono has a higher melting point (69°C versus 58-63°C), lighter skin feel, and a higher HLB (EU) (~4-5, versus ~3). The higher HLB of the 90% mono enables you to form LGNs much easier with lower emulsifier levels and energy than when using cetyl (EU)/stearyl alcohol (EU). There are also self-emulsifying (SE) grades of Glyceryl monostearate available, which are typically combined with PEG 100 stearate (EU), potassium stearate (EU), or sodium lauryl sulfate (EU). Glyceryl monostearate Glyceryl monostearate is created by the esterification of glycerin and stearic acid. Glyceryl monostearate creates an excellent emulsion and when used in combination with other emulsifiers, creates a stable lotion. Characteristics An interesting characteristic of Glyceryl monostearate is the ability to make the oils which are combined in the emulsion non greasy, so for example Sunflower can be combined, without adding greasiness to the final product, allowing creams and lotions to be produced which carry the properties of the oil without the greasiness. Glyceryl monostearate can be used to pearlise shower gel, shampoo and hand wash if added in combination with glycerine. How to use Heat the Glyceryl monostearate to 60c - 70c within the oil stage of your formulations. Ensure the Glyceryl monostearate is fully dissolved into your oil stage (use agitation if required) in order to minimise the risk of graininess in your final formulation. Precautions At pure usage levels it can cause irritation to the skin. When blending always take the following precautions: Use gloves (disposable are ideal) Take care when handling hot oils Wear eye protection Work in a well ventilated room Keep ingredients and hot oils away from children If ingested, seek immediate medical advice If contact made with eyes, rinse immediately with clean warm water and seek medical advice if in any doubt. Safety First In addition to our precautions and general safety information, we always recommend keeping a first aid kit nearby. You are working with hot water and oils, accidents can happen, so always be prepared! Is Glyceryl monostearate Safe? Toxicity The safety of PEG compounds has been called into question in recent years. The questioning of the safety of this ingredient is due to toxicity concerns that result from impurities found in PEG compounds. The impurities of concern are ethylene oxide and 1,4 dioxane, both are by-products of the manufacturing process. Both 1,4 dioxane and ethylene oxide have been suggested to be linked with breast and uterine cancers. While these impurities may have been a concern previously, ingredient manufacturers and improved processes have eliminated the risk of impurities in the final product. The level of impurities that were found initially in PEG manufacturing was low in comparison to the levels proposed to be linked to cancers. Longitudinal studies or studies over a long period of use of PEG compounds have not found any significant toxicity or any significant impact on reproductive health. When applied topically, Glyceryl monostearate is not believed to pose significant dangers to human health. It doesn’t penetrate deeply into the skin and isn’t thought to have bioaccumulation concerns when used topically. Irritation Through research, PEG compounds have exhibited evidence that they are non-irritating ingredients to the eyes or the skin. This research used highly concentrated forms of the ingredient, concentrations that would not be found in your skincare products. The Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel found PEG compounds to be non-photosensitizing and non-irritating at concentrations up to 100%. However, despite the evidence suggesting that PEG compounds are non-irritating, some research has indicated that irritation can occur when the skin is broken or already irritated. In a study that was trialing the use of PEG containing antimicrobial cream on burn patients, some patients experienced kidney toxicity. The concentration of PEG compounds was identified to be the culprit. Given that there was no evidence of toxicity in any study of PEGs and intact skin, the Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel amended their safety guidelines to exclude the use of PEG containing products on broken or damaged skin. Is Glyceryl monostearate Vegan? Depending on the source of the stearic acid used to make Glyceryl monostearate, it may be vegan. Most of the time, stearic acid is derived from plants. However, it can also be derived from animal origin. If it is of animal origin, the product has to comply with animal by-product regulation. Check with the brand you are thinking of using to determine whether their Glyceryl monostearate is derived from a plant or animal source. Why Is Glyceryl monostearate Used? Emulsifier Glyceryl monostearate is included in skincare and beauty products for a variety of reasons, ranging from making the skin softer to helping product formulations better keep their original consistency. As an emollient, Glyceryl monostearate is included within skincare product formulations to give the skin a softer feel. It achieves this through strengthening the skin’s moisture barrier by forming a thin fatty layer on the skin’s surface, which prevents moisture loss and increases overall hydration. This moisturizing effect increases the hydration of skin cells, which in turn makes the skin softer and boosts skin health. Texture Another use for Glyceryl monostearate has to do with its emulsification properties. Emulsifiers are valued in the skincare and personal care industries because of their ability to mix water and oils. Without this ability, the oils in many formulations would begin to separate from the water molecules, thus undermining product texture and consistency. Glyceryl monostearate is also used to help to cleanse through mixing oil and dirt so that it can be rinsed away. Surfactant Lastly, Glyceryl monostearate can also act as a surfactant, when used in body and facial cleansers. Surfactants disrupt surface tension, helping to mix water and oil. This characteristic helps the ingredient cleanse the skin by mixing oil with water, lifting dirt trapped inside the skin’s oils, and rinsing it away from the skin. What Types of Products Contain Glyceryl monostearate? There are many products in the skin and personal care industry that are formulated with Glyceryl monostearate because of its benefits to formulations and its relative safety. Facial cleansers, shampoos, lotions, and face creams have all been known to contain this ingredient. If you’ve had problems with this ingredient before, or if your doctor has advised you to stay away from Glyceryl monostearate, it’s vital to read ingredient labels for any personal care product as it has many applications. What are PEGs? You have probably noticed that many of cosmetics and personal care products you use have different types of PEGs among ingredients. PEG, which is the abbreviation of polyethylene glycol, is not a definitive chemical entity in itself, but rather a mixture of compounds, of polymers that have been bonded together. Polyethylene is the most common form of plastic, and when combined with glycol, it becomes a thick and sticky liquid. PEGs are almost often followed by a number, for example PEG-6, PEG-8, PEG 100 and so on. This number represents the approximate molecular weight of that compound. Typically, cosmetics use PEGs with smaller molecular weights. The lower the molecular weight, the easier it is for the compound to penetrate the skin. Often, PEGs are connected to another molecule. You might see, for example, Glyceryl monostearate as an ingredient. This means that the polyethylene glycol polymer with an approximate molecular weight of 100 is attached chemically to stearic acid. In cosmetics, PEGs function in three ways: as emollients (which help soften and lubricate the skin), as emulsifiers (which help water-based and oil-based ingredients mix properly), and as vehicles that help deliver other ingredients deeper into the skin. What effect do Glyceryl monostearate have on your skin? Polyethylene glycol compounds have not received a lot of attention from consumer groups but they should. The most important thing to know about PEGs is that they have a penetration enhancing effect, the magnitude of which is dependent upon a variety of variables. These include: both the structure and molecular weight of the PEG, other chemical constituents in the formula, and, most importantly, the overall health of the skin. PEGs of all sizes may penetrate through injured skin with compromised barrier function. So it is very important to avoid products with PEGs if your skin is not in best condition. Skin penetration enhancing effects have been shown with PEG-2 and PEG-9 stearate. This penetration enhancing effect is important for three reasons: 1) If your skin care product contains a bunch of other undesirable ingredients, PEGs will make it easier for them to get down deep into your skin. 2) By altering the surface tension of the skin, PEGs may upset the natural moisture balance. 3) Glyceryl monostearate are not always pure, but often come contaminated with a host of toxic impurities.

Glyceryl monostearate exists in the form of a white or cream, hard, waxy mass or greasy powder, flakes or beads.
Glyceryl monostearate, also known as monostearin, is a mixture of variable proportions of glyceryl monostearate (C21H42O4), and glyceryl esters of fatty acids present in commercial stearic acid.
Glyceryl monostearate is prepared by glycerolysis of certain fats or oils that are derived from edible sources or by esterification, with glycerin, of stearic acid that is derived from edible sources.

CAS Number: 31566-31-1
Molecular Formula: C21H42O4
Molecular Weight: 358.56
EINECS No: 250-705-4

Glyceryl Monostearate (GMS) is a mixture of monoacylgcerols, mostly monosteroylglycerol, together with quantities of di-and triacylglycerols.
Glyceryl Monostearate (commonly abbreviated as GMS) is a lipoid material made up of a mixture of various proportions of monoacylgcerols, mostly monosteroylglycerol, together with quantities of di-and triacylglycerol.
Although the names glyceryl monostearate and mono-and di-glycerides are used for several esters of long-chain fatty acids.

Glyceryl monostearate is waxy to the touch and has a slight, mild fatty odor and taste The USP describes glyceryl monostearate as consisting of not less than 90% of monoglycerides, chiefy glyceryl monostearate and glyceryl monopalmitate.
Glycerol monostearate, commonly known as GMS, is a monoglyceride commonly used as an emulsifier in foods.
Glyceryl monostearate takes the form of a white, odorless, and sweet-tasting flaky powder that is hygroscopic.

Glyceryl monostearate is the glycerol ester of stearic acid.
Glyceryl monostearate is also used as hydration powder in exercise formulas.
Glyceryl Monostearate, also known as GMS or glycerol monostearate, is an organic compound commonly used as an emulsifier in various industries, including food, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals.

Glyceryl monostearate is a glycerol ester of stearic acid, which means it is composed of glycerol and stearic acid molecules.
Glyceryl Monostearate is usually found in the form of a white, odorless, and sweet-tasting flaky powder that is hygroscopic, meaning it absorbs moisture from the surrounding environment.
Glyceryl monostearate is insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents like ether, benzene, and ethanol.

While the names glyceryl monostearate and mono- and diglycerides are used for a variety of esters of long-chain fatty acids, the esters fall into two distinct grades:
40–55 percent monoglycerides The PhEur 6.0 describes glyceryl monostearate 40–55 as a mixture of monoacylglycerols, mostly monostearoylglycerol, together with quantities of di- and triacylglycerols.
Glyceryl monostearate contains 40–55% of monoacylglycerols, 30–45% of diacylglycerols, and 5–15% of triacylglycerols.
This PhEur grade corresponds to mono- and di-glycerides USP– NF, which has similar specifications (not less than 40% monoglycerides).

90 percent monoglycerides The USP32–NF27 describes glyceryl monostearate as consisting of not less than 90% of monoglycerides of saturated fatty acids, chiefly glyceryl monostearate (C21H42O4) and glyceryl monopalmitate (C19H38O4).
The commercial products are mixtures of variable proportions of glyceryl monostearate and glyceryl monopalmitate.
Glyceryl monostearate is a white to cream-colored, wax-like solid in the form of beads, flakes, or powder.

Glyceryl monostearate is waxy to the touch and has a slight fatty odor and taste.
Glyceryl monostearate is a glycerol ester made from soybean oil derived fatty acid.
Glyceryl monostearate finds uses in both food and cosmetic applications.

Glycerol monostearate exists as three stereoisomers, the enantiomeric pair of 1-glycerol monostearate and 2-glycerol monostearate.
Typically these are encountered as a mixture as many of their properties are similar.
Glycerol monostearate, commonly known as GMS, is an organic molecule used as an emulsifier.

Glyceryl monostearate is a white, odorless, and sweet-tasting flaky powder that is hygroscopic.
Glyceryl monostearate is a glycerol ester of stearic acid. It occurs naturally in the body as a by-product of the breakdown of fats, and is also found in fatty foods.
Glyceryl monostearate is a food additive used as a thickening, emulsifying, anti-caking, and preservative agent; an emulsifying agent for oils, waxes, and solvents; a protective coating for hygroscopic powders; a solidifier and control release agent in pharmaceuticals; and a resin lubricant. It is also used in cosmetics and hair care products.

Glyceryl monostearate, C21H42O4, also known as monostearin, is a mixture of variable proportions of glyceryl monostearate, glyceryl monopalmitate , and glyceryl esters of fatty acids present in commercial stearic acid.
Glyceryl monostearate can be used as an emulsifier.
Glyceryl monostearate also occurs naturally in the body as a fat metabolite, and is present in foods with high fat content.

Glyceryl monostearate is used as a protective coating for hygroscopic powders, and a solidifier and control release agent.
Organic Certified Glyceryl Monostearate, referred to as GMS for short, is a solid, waxy substance carrying a white appearance and minimal to no odor.
Glyceryl monostearate is produced by distilling cold-pressed organic flax seed oil or sunflower oil to yield two parts, organic glycerin and organic fatty acids.

The fatty acid byproduct portion are fractionated to produce saturated fatty acids which will react with the organic glycerin to form Organic Glyceryl Monostearate.
Glyceryl monostearate, is most sought after for its emulsifying properties, the ability to bind water and oil together in a formulation which would naturally separate. Emulsifiers are an integral part of product development and formulation, used throughout cosmetic and personal-care manufacturing to food and beverage engineering, along with a wide range of industrial applications.

Glyceryl monostearate is a common food additive to thicken the consistency of a combination of ingredients, prevent caking, or act as an added preservative.
Glyceryl monostearates natural emollient characteristics make it suitable for a multitude of topical skincare products.

Melting point: 78-81 °C
Boiling point: 410.96°C (rough estimate)
Density: 0.9700
refractive index: 1.4400 (estimate)
storage temp.: Sealed in dry,Store in freezer, under -20°C
solubility: Soluble in hot ethanol, ether, chloroform, hot acetone, mineral oil, and fixed oils. Practically insoluble in water, but may be dispersed in water with the aid of a small amount of soap or other surfactant.
form: Powder
color: Pure-white or cream-colored, wax-like solid
Odor: faint odor
Water Solubility: Soluble in hot organic solvents.Soluble in hot water. Slightly soluble in ethanol. Insoluble in aliphatic solvents.

The self-emulsifying grades of glyceryl monostearate are incompatible with acidic substances.
Glycerol monostearate occurs naturally in the body as a product of the breakdown of fats by pancreatic lipase.
Glyceryl monostearate is present at very low levels in certain seed oils.

Glyceryl monostearate is a self emulsifying wax.
Glyceryl monostearate is located in dozens of personal care products, including moisturizers, eye cream, sunscreen, makeup and hand creams.
Direct Chems provide Glyceryl monostearate SE which is self emulsifying in pearl form and can be used as a viscosity enhancer adding emollient properties which makes skin softer and supple.

One of the primary functions of Glyceryl Monostearate is its role as an emulsifying agent.
Glyceryl monostearate helps to stabilize and blend two or more immiscible substances, such as oil and water, in a uniform mixture.
This property is particularly useful in the food industry for creating smooth and stable emulsions, such as salad dressings, mayonnaise, and sauces.

Glyceryl Monostearate can modify the texture of various food products.
In ice cream, for example, Glyceryl monostearate helps prevent the formation of ice crystals and improves the smoothness and creaminess of the final product.
Glyceryl monostearate also aids in the stabilization of whipped toppings and enhances the mouthfeel of certain foods.

Glyceryl monostearate, also known as glyceryl stearate, is an organic compound that belongs to the class of esters known as fatty acid glycerides.
Glyceryl monostearate is derived from stearic acid, a saturated fatty acid, and glycerol, a trihydroxy alcohol.

Glyceryl monostearate is commonly used in the food and cosmetic industries as an emulsifier, stabilizer, and thickening agent.
In food products, it helps to blend ingredients that would otherwise separate, such as oil and water.
Glyceryl monostearate can be found in various food items like ice cream, baked goods, margarine, and sauces.

In the cosmetic industry, glyceryl monostearate is used in creams, lotions, and other skincare products as an emulsifier to combine oil and water-based ingredients, thus ensuring a smooth texture and preventing separation.
Glyceryl monostearate also acts as a thickener, improving the consistency and stability of the products.

Glyceryl monostearate is generally considered safe for consumption and topical use, although some individuals may be sensitive or allergic to it.
As with any ingredient, Glyceryl monostearate is important to follow proper dosage and usage guidelines provided by manufacturers.
If you have specific concerns or questions about its use, it's best to consult with a healthcare professional or contact the relevant regulatory authorities for more information.

Glyceryl Monostearate prevents powders and granular substances from clumping or sticking together.
By reducing moisture absorption and maintaining the flowability of powdered ingredients, it helps extend the shelf life of food products.
Glyceryl Monostearate can act as a release agent.

Glyceryl monostearate is used in the manufacturing of tablets and capsules to facilitate the controlled release of active ingredients, ensuring proper absorption and therapeutic effects.
Glyceryl Monostearate is widely used in cosmetic and personal care products.
Glyceryl monostearate can function as an emollient, providing moisturizing properties to lotions, creams, and ointments.

Glyceryl monostearate helps stabilize oil-in-water emulsions and contributes to the overall stability and texture of cosmetic formulations.
Glyceryl monostearate has a chemical formula C21H42O4.
Glyceryl monostearate consists of a glycerol molecule esterified with a single stearic acid molecule.

Glyceryl monostearate has hydrophilic (water-loving) and lipophilic (fat-loving) properties, which make it an effective emulsifier.
It can form stable emulsions by reducing the surface tension between water and oil phases, allowing them to mix uniformly.
In addition to its emulsifying properties, glyceryl monostearate acts as a stabilizer, preventing the separation of ingredients in food and cosmetic formulations.

Glyceryl monostearate also contributes to the texture and mouthfeel of products, providing a smooth and creamy consistency.
Glyceryl monostearate can be derived from both animal and plant sources.
Animal-based sources typically involve the reaction of stearic acid with animal fats, while plant-based sources involve the reaction with vegetable oils, such as palm oil or soybean oil.

Glyceryl monostearate is considered safe for use in food and cosmetics by regulatory authorities such as the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA).
Glyceryl monostearate has been assigned the "Generally Recognized as Safe" (GRAS) status in the United States.

Other applications: Apart from its use in food and cosmetics, glyceryl monostearate is also utilized in pharmaceuticals as a binder, solubilizer, and lubricant in tablet and capsule formulations.
Glyceryl Monostearate is generally recognized as safe (GRAS) by regulatory authorities when used in accordance with approved levels.
However, individuals with specific allergies or sensitivities may experience adverse reactions, so it's always recommended to check product labels and consult with healthcare professionals if necessary.

When applied topically, its Glycerol constituent makes Glyceryl monostearate SE a fast-penetrating emollient that helps to create a protective barrier on the surface of the skin.
Glyceryl monostearate helps retain hydration and slow the loss of moisture.
This reduced rate of water evaporation helps to lubricate, condition, soften, and smoothe the skin.

Glyceryl monostearates protective properties extend to its antioxidant qualities, which help protect the skin against damage caused by free radicals.
Glyceryl monostearate is produced industrially by reacting triglycerides with glycerol.
Glyceryl monostearate occurs naturally in the body as a byproduct of fat breakdown and is found in low levels in certain seed oils.

Glycerol monostearate, commonly known as GMS, is the glycerol ester of stearic acid .
Glyceryl monostearate is commonly used as an emulsifier in foods.
When added to natural formulations, Glyceryl monostearate have stabilizing effects on the final product, which means it helps the other ingredients in the formulation to continue functioning effectively in order to go on exhibiting their beneficial properties.

Glyceryl monostearate helps to balance the product’s pH value and thereby prevents the product from becoming overly acidic or alkaline.
Glyceryl monostearate helps increase shelf life, prevents products from freezing or from developing crusts on their surfaces, and it helps lessen the greasy nature of some oils that may be added to cosmetics formulations.

In formulations that are oil-based, the thickening properties of Glyceryl monostearate help to scale down the need for co-emulsifiers and, in emulsions with big water phases, Glyceryl monostearate can help develop liquid crystal phases as well as crystalline gel phases.
As an opacifier, it makes transparent or translucent preparations opaque, thus protecting them from or increasing their resistance to being penetrated by visible light.

Glyceryl monostearate also helps to boost or balance the appearance of pigments and to improve the density of the final product for a luxuriously smooth and creamy texture.
Glyceryl monostearate also acts as a fast penetrating emollient which helps retain hydration, lubricate, condition and soften skin.
They slow loss of moisture so is ideal when adding to natural formulations.

Glyceryl monostearate enables other ingredients in the formulation to continue functioning effectively in order to excel their beneficial properties by extending shelf life, preventing products from freezing and developing crusts on the surface.
One important factor is Glyceryl monostearate allows oils to be added to products but decreases the greasiness so the final product is a smooth, creamy texture.

Glyceryl Monostearate plays a crucial role in improving the texture, stability, and appearance of various products in different industries.
Glyceryl monostearate is an effective emulsifier, helping to combine water-based and oil-based ingredients.
It is made by reacting glycerin with stearic acid, which is derived from animal and vegetable fats and oils.

In the production of Glyceryl monostearate, an excess of stearic acid is reacted with glycerin, and then the excess stearic acid is further reacted with potassium and/or sodium hydroxide to produce a product containing glyceryl monostearate along with potassium stearate and/or sodium stearate.
Glyceryl monostearate is known for its nourishing properties, as it deeply restores moisture to the skin.

Glyceryl monostearate also has hydrating effects and aids in emulsification.
The chemical formula of glyceryl monostearate is C21H42O4, and its IUPAC name is 2,3-dihydroxypropyl octadecanoate.
Glyceryl monostearate is soluble in hot alcohol, chloroform, benzene, and carbon disulfide, but insoluble in water, petroleum ether, ether, and cold ethanol.

When handling glyceryl monostearate, proper personal protective equipment should be used, such as gloves and eye protection.
Glyceryl monostearate should be stored in a sealed container at a temperature of -20 °C.

Uses
Glyceryl monostearate is an emulsifier that helps form neutral, stable emulsions.
Glyceryl monostearate is also a solvent, humectant, and consistency regulator in water-in-oil and oil-in-water formulations.
Glyceryl monostearate can be used as a skin lubricant and imparts a pleasant skin feel.

Glyceryl monostearate is a mixture of mono-, di-, and triglycerides of palmitic and stearic acids, and is made from glycerin and stearic fatty acids.
Derived for cosmetic use from palm kernel or soy oil, it is also found in the human body.
Glyceryl monostearate is very mild with a low skin-irritation profile; however, a slight risk of irritation exists if products contain poor quality glyceryl stearate.

Commercial material used in foods is produced industrially by a Glyceryl monostearate is reaction between triglycerides (from either vegetable or animal fats) and glycerol.
Glyceryl monostearate is also used as an emulsifying agent for oils, waxes, and solvents, a protective coating for hygroscopic powders, a solidifier and controlled release agent in pharmaceuticals, and a lubricant in cosmetics and hair-care products.

Glyceryl monostearate is a self emulsifying nonionic surfactant, used as a lubricant in confectionery, as a release agent and as a dough softener.
Glyceryl monostearate is used as a low HLB emulsifier in personal care products where non animal grade products are needed.

Glyceryl monostearate is a food additive used as a thickening, emulsifying, anticaking, and preservative agent; an emulsifying agent for oils, waxes, and solvents; a protective coating for hygroscopic powders; a solidifier and control release agent in pharmaceuticals; and a resin lubricant.
Glyceryl monostearate is also used in cosmetics and hair-care products.

In the food industry, Glyceryl Monostearate is used as a food additive with multiple functions.
Glyceryl monostearate acts as a thickening agent, emulsifier, anti-caking agent, and preservative.
Glyceryl monostearate helps improve the physical and rheological properties of batters and doughs, resulting in better-quality cakes and bread.

Glyceryl monostearate also enhances the aeration of doughs and batters, contributing to the texture of products like sponge cakes and pancakes.
Glyceryl monostearate is widely used in the food industry as an emulsifier, stabilizer, and thickening agent.
It helps to blend ingredients, prevent separation, and improve texture.

Glyceryl monostearate helps to improve the texture, stability, and shelf life of bread, cakes, cookies, and pastries.
It aids in the formation of a stable emulsion, preventing the formation of ice crystals and improving the smoothness of the ice cream.
Glyceryl monostearate helps to stabilize and emulsify the fat and water components, ensuring a homogeneous product.

Glyceryl monostearate assists in creating a stable emulsion in salad dressings, mayonnaise, and sauces, preventing separation of oil and water.
Glyceryl monostearate is widely used in cosmetics and personal care products due to its emulsifying, stabilizing, and thickening properties.
It can be found in various products, including:

Glyceryl monostearate helps to combine oil and water-based ingredients, creating a smooth texture and preventing separation.
Glyceryl monostearate contributes to the creamy consistency and helps to retain moisture in the skin.
It aids in the formation of stable emulsions and provides a smooth texture to shampoos, conditioners, and styling products.

In pharmaceutical formulations, glyceryl monostearate is used as a binder, solubilizer, and lubricant in tablet and capsule preparations.
Glyceryl monostearate helps to improve the cohesion and compressibility of powdered ingredients in tablets, enhances drug solubility, and reduces friction during tablet manufacturing.

Glyceryl Monostearate is commonly used in the production of dairy products such as cream, whipped cream, ice cream, and imitation creams.
Glyceryl monostearate is also utilized in fruit/vegetable spreads, jams, jellies, and marmalades.
Glyceryl monostearate is employed in cosmetics and hair care products, serving as an emulsifying agent, emollient, and surfactant in various formulations.

In pharmaceuticals, Glyceryl Monostearate can be used as a solidifier, control release agent, and protective coating for hygroscopic powders.
It is also found in certain plastics used for food packaging and can be used as an emulsifier in PVC and other polymer processing.
Glycerol monostearate is used as an emulsifier, resin lubricant, opacifier, emollient, bodying agent in a variety of cosmetic formulations for skincare and haircare.

Glyceryl monostearate is also used as a thickening, anti-caking and preservative agent.
Glyceryl monostearate is also useful for preventing ice creams from drying out or being too sweet.
It is further used as a foaming agent for the foam-mat drying of papaya.

Glyceryl monostearate is also used as an anti-staling agent in bread.
Glyceryl monostearate is largely used in baking preparations to add "body" to the food.
Glyceryl monostearate is somewhat responsible for giving ice cream and whipped cream their smooth texture.

Glyceryl monostearate is sometimes used as an antistaling agent in bread.
Glyceryl monostearate is used in the following products: washing & cleaning products, lubricants and greases, adhesives and sealants, polishes and waxes, fertilisers and coating products.

Other release to the environment of Glyceryl monostearate is likely to occur from: indoor use (e.g. machine wash liquids/detergents, automotive care products, paints and coating or adhesives, fragrances and air fresheners), outdoor use, indoor use in close systems with minimal release (e.g. cooling liquids in refrigerators, oil-based electric heaters) and outdoor use in close systems with minimal release (e.g. hydraulic liquids in automotive suspension, lubricants in motor oil and break fluids).

Glyceryl monostearate is utilized in pharmaceuticals beyond tablet and capsule formulations.
It can be found in various medications and medical products in different forms, including creams, ointments, and suppositories.
Glyceryl monostearate serves as an emulsifier, stabilizer, and consistency regulator, ensuring the uniform distribution and stability of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) and other components.

Glyceryl monostearate is also used as a food additive in certain products to provide specific characteristics. Some examples include:
Glyceryl monostearate aids in the prevention of fat bloom, which is the migration of cocoa butter to the surface of chocolate, resulting in discoloration or a dull appearance.
Whipped toppings: It helps stabilize the foam structure, providing a light and fluffy texture.

Glyceryl monostearate assists in emulsifying and stabilizing the fat and water components, creating a creamy texture and preventing separation.
Glyceryl monostearate finds applications in various industrial processes as well.
Glyceryl monostearate is used as a lubricant, release agent, and anti-static agent in industries such as plastics, rubber, and textiles.

Glyceryl monostearate can help improve the flow properties of materials and prevent adhesion or sticking during manufacturing processes.
Glyceryl monostearate can be found in certain nutritional supplements, particularly those in the form of powders or capsules.
Glyceryl monostearate is used as an emulsifier and stabilizer to improve the dispersibility and mixability of powdered supplements.

Glyceryl monostearate helps prevent clumping and ensures uniform distribution of the active ingredients.
Glyceryl monostearate is commonly used in the production of bakery and confectionery items to improve their texture, shelf life, and overall quality.
It aids in dough conditioning, emulsification of fats, and stabilization of air bubbles during baking.

Glyceryl monostearate is also used in certain confectionery coatings, fillings, and icings to provide a smooth texture and prevent oil separation.
Glyceryl monostearate can be used in the production of dairy products to enhance their texture and stability.
It is often added to products like yogurt, cheese, and cream to improve their smoothness, prevent syneresis (the separation of liquid), and provide a creamy mouthfeel.

Glyceryl monostearate is utilized in the manufacturing of pet food, particularly in the production of dry kibbles.
Glyceryl monostearate helps improve the extrusion process, bind the ingredients together, and maintain the structural integrity of the kibble.

In industrial applications, glyceryl monostearate is used as a lubricant and anti-static agent.
It can be found in lubricants for machinery, metalworking processes, and other industrial equipment.
Its lubricating properties help reduce friction, wear, and heat generation.

Glyceryl monostearate is sometimes included in animal feed and veterinary products.
It can serve as a pelleting aid, improving the binding and durability of animal feed pellets.
Glyceryl monostearate may be used in certain veterinary formulations for oral or topical administration.

Glyceryl monostearate can also be used as an additive in plastic, where GMS works as an antistatic and antifogging agent.
Glyceryl monostearate is common in food packaging.
Glycerol monostearate is used as an emulsifier, resin lubricant, opacifier, emollient, bodying agent in a variety of cosmetic formulations for skincare and haircare.

Glyceryl monostearate is also used as a thickening, anti-caking and preservative agent.
Glyceryl monostearate is also useful for preventing ice creams from drying out or being too sweet.
Glyceryl monostearate is further used as a foaming agent for the foam-mat drying of papaya. It is also used as an anti-staling agent in bread.

Production Methods
Glyceryl monostearate is prepared by the reaction of glycerin with triglycerides from animal or vegetable sources, producing a mixture of monoglycerides and diglycerides.
The Glyceryl monostearate may be further reacted to produce the 90% monoglyceride grade.
Another process involves reaction of glycerol with stearoyl chloride.

The starting materials are not pure Glyceryl monostearate and therefore the products obtained from the processes contain a mixture of esters, including palmitate and oleate. Consequently, Glyceryl monostearate, and therefore the physical properties, of glyceryl monostearate may vary considerably depending on the manufacturer.

Pharmaceutical Applications
The many varieties of glyceryl monostearate are used as nonionic emulsifiers, stabilizers, emollients, and plasticizers in a variety of food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic applications.
Glyceryl monostearate acts as an effective stabilizer, that is, as a mutual solvent for polar and nonpolar compounds that may form water-in-oil or oil-in-water emulsions.

These properties also make it useful as a dispersing agent for pigments in oils or solids in fats, or as a solvent for phospholipids, such as lecithin.
Glyceryl monostearate has also been used in a novel fluidized hot-melt granulation technique for the production of granules and tablets.

Glyceryl monostearate is a lubricant for tablet manufacturing and may be used to form sustained-release matrices for solid dosage forms.
Sustained-release applications include the formulation of pellets for tablets or suppositories, and the preparation of a veterinary bolus.

Glyceryl monostearate has also been used as a matrix ingredient for a biodegradable, implantable, controlledrelease dosage form.
When using glyceryl monostearate in a formulation, the possibility of polymorph formation should be considered.
The aform is dispersible and foamy, useful as an emulsifying agent or preservative.

The denser, more stable, b-form is suitable for wax matrices.
Glyceryl monostearate has been used to mask the flavor of clarithromycin in a pediatric formulation.

Storage
If stored at warm temperatures, glyceryl monostearate increases in acid value upon aging owing to the saponification of the ester with trace amounts of water.
Glyceryl monostearate should be stored in a tightly closed container in a cool, dry place, and protected from light.

Skin and Eye Irritation
Undiluted or concentrated glyceryl monostearate may cause skin and eye irritation in some individuals.
Direct contact with the skin or eyes should be avoided, and appropriate protective measures such as gloves and goggles should be used when handling concentrated forms.

Allergic Reactions
Some people may have allergies or sensitivities to glyceryl monostearate.
If an individual is known to have allergic reactions to Glyceryl monostearate or has experienced adverse effects in the past, it is advisable to consult a healthcare professional or allergist before using products containing glyceryl monostearate.

Inhalation
Inhalation of powdered forms or aerosolized glyceryl monostearate should be avoided as it may cause respiratory irritation.
Glyceryl monostearate is important to handle and use the substance in well-ventilated areas.

Environmental Impact
While glyceryl monostearate is biodegradable, excessive or improper disposal of large quantities can have adverse effects on the environment.
Glyceryl monostearate is recommended to follow local regulations for the safe disposal of glyceryl monostearate and related substances.

Synonyms
Glyceryl monostearate
123-94-4
Monostearin
31566-31-1
GLYCEROL MONOSTEARATE
Glyceryl stearate
Tegin
1-Stearoyl-rac-glycerol
1-MONOSTEARIN
Glycerin 1-monostearate
Stearin, 1-mono-
Stearic acid 1-monoglyceride
2,3-dihydroxypropyl octadecanoate
Glycerol 1-monostearate
1-Glyceryl stearate
Glycerin 1-stearate
Sandin EU
1-Monostearoylglycerol
Octadecanoic acid, 2,3-dihydroxypropyl ester
Aldo MSD
Aldo MSLG
Glyceryl 1-monostearate
Stearoylglycerol
Glycerol 1-stearate
alpha-Monostearin
Tegin 55G
Emerest 2407
Aldo 33
Aldo 75
Glycerin monostearate
Arlacel 165
3-Stearoyloxy-1,2-propanediol
Cerasynt SD
Stearin, mono-
.alpha.-Monostearin
Monoglyceryl stearate
Glycerol alpha-monostearate
Cefatin
Dermagine
Monelgin
Sedetine
Admul
Orbon
Citomulgan M
2,3-Dihydroxypropyl stearate
Drewmulse V
Cerasynt S
Drewmulse TP
Tegin 515
Cerasynt SE
Cerasynt WM
Cyclochem GMS
Drumulse AA
Protachem GMS
Witconol MS
Witconol MST
FEMA No. 2527
Glyceryl stearates
Monostearate (glyceride)
Unimate GMS
Glyceryl monooctadecanoate
Ogeen M
Emcol CA
Emcol MSK
Hodag GMS
Ogeen GRB
Ogeen MAV
Aldo MS
Aldo HMS
Armostat 801
Kessco 40
Stearic monoglyceride
Abracol S.L.G.
Arlacel 161
Arlacel 169
Imwitor 191
Imwitor 900K
NSC 3875
Atmul 67
Atmul 84
Starfol GMS 450
Starfol GMS 600
Starfol GMS 900
Cerasynt 1000-D
Emerest 2401
Aldo-28
Aldo-72
Atmos 150
Atmul 124
Estol 603
Ogeen 515
Tegin 503
Grocor 5500
Grocor 6000
Glycerol stearate, pure
Stearic acid alpha-monoglyceride
Cremophor gmsk
Glyceryl 1-octadecanoate
Cerasynt-sd
Lonzest gms
Cutina gms
Lipo GMS 410
Lipo GMS 450
Lipo GMS 600
glycerol stearate
1-MONOSTEAROYL-rac-GLYCEROL
Nikkol mgs-a
Glyceryl monopalmitostearate
USAF KE-7
1-octadecanoyl-rac-glycerol
EMUL P.7
EINECS 204-664-4
EINECS 245-121-1
UNII-230OU9XXE4
Celinhol - A
Stearic acid, monoester with glycerol
Glycerol .alpha.-monostearate
Glyceroli monostearas
Myvaplex 600
Glycerol monostearate, purified
Imwitor 491
Sorbon mg-100
22610-63-5
Cithrol gms 0400
UNII-258491E1RZ
NSC3875
Stearic acid .alpha.-monoglyceride
(1)-2,3-Dihydroxypropyl stearate
MONOSTEARIN (L)
C21H42O4
NSC-3875
1-Monooctadecanoylglycerol
EINECS 250-705-4
1,2,3-Propanetriol monooctadecanoate
Octadecanoic acid, ester with 1,2,3-propanetriol
GLYCERYL 1-STEARATE
TEGIN 90
1-O-Octadecanoyl-2n-glycerol
AI3-00966
MG(18:0/0:0/0:0)[rac]
230OU9XXE4
DTXSID7029160
Glyceryl monostearate [JAN:NF]
CHEBI:75555
EC 250-705-4
GLYCERYL MONOSTEARATE 40-50
Octadecanoic acid, monoester with 1,2,3-propanetriol
258491E1RZ
1-Stearoyl-rac-glycerol (90per cent)
83138-62-9
85666-92-8
NCGC00164529-01
(+/-)-2,3-DIHYDROXYPROPYL OCTADECANOATE
DTXCID909160
Octadecanoic acid, 2,3-dihydroxypropyl ester, (A+/-)-
MFCD00036186
CAS-123-94-4
rac-Glycerol 1-stearate
EINECS 238-880-5
1-Monooctadecanoyl-rac-glycerol
Celinhol-A
MG 18:0
(+/-)-2,3-Dihydroxypropyl octadecanoate; 1-Glyceryl stearate; 1-Monooctadecanoylglycerol; 1-Monostearin
Eastman 600
1-O-stearoylglycerol
1-octadecanoylglycerol
Glycerol Mono Stearate
rac-octadecanoylglycerol
glycerol 1-octadecanoate
rac-glyceryl monostearate
Glycerol .alpha.-sterate
rac-1-monostearoylglycerol
DSSTox_CID_9160
Dur-Em 117
Monoglycerides, c16-18
(+-)-1-stearoylglycerol
SCHEMBL4488
(+-)-glyceryl monostearate
Geleol mono and diglycerides
DSSTox_RID_78757
DSSTox_GSID_29304
Glycerol monostearate (GMS)
(+-)-1-monostearoylglycerol
(+-)-1-octadecanoylglycerol
Glycerides, C16-18 mono-
Glycerol monostearate 40-55
GLYCERYL STEARATE (II)
CHEMBL255696
2,3-Dihydroxypropyl stearate #
DTXSID7027968
CHEBI:75557
1-Stearoyl-rac-glycerol (90%)
GLYCERYL MONOSTEARATE (II)
Glyceryl monostearate (JP17/NF)
1-Stearoyl-rac-glycerol, >=99%
MAG 18:0
(+-)-2,3-dihydroxypropyl stearate
EINECS 293-208-8
Tox21_112160
Tox21_202573
Tox21_301104
LMGL01010003
rac-2,3-dihydroxypropyl octadecanoate
AKOS015901589
STEARATE, 2,3-DIHYDROXYPROPYL
Tox21_112160_1
DB11250
(+-)-2,3-dihydroxypropyl octadecanoate
NCGC00164529-02
NCGC00164529-03
NCGC00164529-04
NCGC00255004-01
NCGC00260122-01
Octadecanoic acid,3-dihydroxypropyl ester
1,2,3-Propanetriol 1-octadecanoyl ester
BS-50505
STEARATE, 2,3-DIHYDROXYPROP-1-YL
C18-H36-O2.(C3H8-O3)x-
CAS-11099-07-3
LS-164168
FT-0626740
FT-0626748
FT-0674656
G0085
Octadecanoic acid, 2.3-dihydroxypropyl ester
C18-H36-O2.x-(C3-H8-O3)x-
D01947
EC 293-208-8
F71433
S-7950
500-265-7 (NLP #)
A890632
A903419
SR-01000944874
Octadecanoic acid monoester with 1,2,3-propanetriol
Octadecanoic acid, monester with 1,2,3-propanetriol
Q-201168
Q5572563
SR-01000944874-1
W-110285
Glyceryl monostearate; (Octadecanoic acid, monoester with 1,2,3-propanetriol)
()-2,3-Dihydroxypropyl octadecanoate; 1-Glyceryl stearate; 1-Monooctadecanoylglycerol; 1-Monostearin
342394-34-7
37349-34-1
8029-22-9
Octadecanoic acid, monoester with 3,3'-((2-hydroxy-1,3-propanediyl)bis(oxy))bis(1,2-propanediol-

DESCRIPTION:
Glyceryl monostearate, commonly known as GMS, is a monoglyceride commonly used as an emulsifier in foods.
Glyceryl monostearate takes the form of a white, odorless, and sweet-tasting flaky powder that is hygroscopic.
Chemically Glyceryl monostearate is the glycerol ester of stearic acid.

CAS Number: 31566-31-1
European Community (EC) Number: 250-705-4
Molecular Formula: C21H42O4

Glyceryl monostearate is also used as hydration powder in exercise formulas
Glyceryl monostearate (GMS) is an effective emulsifier used in the baking industry available in the form of small beads, flakes, or powders.

In addition to emulsification, GMS is a thickening agent and a stabilizer.
In baking, Glyceryl monostearate (GMS) is used to improve dough quality and stabilize fat/protein emulsions.


1-monostearoylglycerol is a 1-monoglyceride that has stearoyl as the acyl group.
Glycerol monostearate has a role as an algal metabolite and a Caenorhabditis elegans metabolite.

Glycerol monostearate, commonly known as GMS, is the glycerol ester of stearic acid .
Glycerol monostearate is commonly used as an emulsifier in foods.
Glyceryl monostearate is a natural product found in Aristolochia cucurbitifolia, Lobelia longisepala, and other organisms with data available.



GMS (Glyceryl Monostearate) acts as an emulsifying agent.
Glyceryl monostearate is a non-ionic, modified and self-emulsifying glyceryl monostearate.
Glyceryl monostearate is used individually or in combination with other chemicals.

Moreover, Glyceryl monostearate is compatible with electrolytes and variety of cosmetic active ingredients.
GMS (Glyceryl Monostearate) finds application in formulating oil in water (O/W) emulsions.
Glyceryl monostearate has a shelf life of 3 years.




STRUCTURE, SYNTHESIS, AND OCCURRENCE OF GLYCERYL MONOSTEARATE (GMS):
Glyceryl monostearate exists as three stereoisomers, the enantiomeric pair of 1-glycerol monostearate and 2-glycerol monostearate.
Typically these are encountered as a mixture as many of their properties are similar.

Commercial material used in foods is produced industrially by a glycerolysis reaction between triglycerides (from either vegetable or animal fats) and glycerol.
Glyceryl monostearate occurs naturally in the body as a product of the breakdown of fats by pancreatic lipase.
Glyceryl monostearate is present at very low levels in certain seed oils.

USES OF GLYCERYL MONOSTEARATE(GMS):
Glyceryl monostearate is a food additive used as a thickening, emulsifying, anticaking, and preservative agent; an emulsifying agent for oils, waxes, and solvents; a protective coating for hygroscopic powders; a solidifier and control release agent in pharmaceuticals; and a resin lubricant.
Glyceryl monostearate is also used in cosmetics and hair-care products.

Glyceryl monostearate is largely used in baking preparations to add "body" to the food.
Glyceryl monostearate is somewhat responsible for giving ice cream and whipped cream their smooth texture.
Glyceryl monostearate is sometimes used as an antistaling agent in bread.

Glyceryl monostearate can also be used as an additive in plastic, where GMS works as an antistatic and antifogging agent.
Glyceryl monostearate is common in food packaging.



ORIGIN OF GLYCERYL MONOSTEARATE(GMS):
The first known emulsifier was egg yolk, often used to disperse liquid oil into an acidic aqueous phase.
Mono- and diglycerides were first synthesized in 1853 and were extensively used in shortening and margarine formulations by the 1930s.

COMPOSITION OF GLYCERYL MONOSTEARATE(GMS):
Glyceryl monostearate (GMS) is a non-ionic ester of glycerol and stearic acid.
Glyceryl monostearate (GMS) is soluble in ethanol at 122°F (50°C) but immiscible with water.
Glyceryl monostearate (GMS) often consists of a mixture of mono, di, and triesters of fatty acids occurring in food oils and fats.

They may contain small amounts of free fatty acids and glycerol.

COMMERCIAL PRODUCTION OF GLYCERYL MONOSTEARATE(GMS):
GMS is produced either through heating oils/fats with excess glycerol or by direct esterification of glycerol (of animal or plant sources) with stearic acid.
The proportion of monoester formed is dependent on the proportion of glycerol and reaction temperature range of 86-140°F (60-80°C).
Further purification is carried out by high vacuum distillation.


FUNCTION OF GLYCERYL MONOSTEARATE(GMS):
The ratio of hydrophilic to lipophilic moieties, called hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB) is used in classifying emulsions.
HLB values range from 0-20 with lower values indicating dominant lipophilic character while higher values indicate hydrophilic character.
Glyceryl monostearate (GMS) has a HLB value of 3.8, making it lipophilic and suitable for uses in w/o emulsions, such as batters and doughs, dairy and other products.


Glyceryl monostearate (GMS) is used in a paste form, i.e. mixed with water and other ingredients to improve gel stability.
Glyceryl monostearate (GMS) is an unsaturated monoglyceride and offers better stability than other unsaturated monoglycerides, such as oleic acid.
Glyceryl monostearate (GMS) is used in the baking industry to:

Glyceryl monostearate (GMS) Help in the formation and maintenance of uniform dispersions of immiscible solvents.
Glyceryl monostearate (GMS) Stabilize emulsions via displacing proteins from oil, wax or solvent surfaces.

Glyceryl monostearate (GMS) Improve bread texture, and retard staling due to its complexation with starch amylopectin
Glyceryl monostearate (GMS) Improve aeration of doughs and batters.


APPLICATIONS OF GLYCERYL MONOSTEARATE (GMS):
Glyceryl monostearate (GMS) has been used in the following applications:
Glyceryl monostearate (GMS) has been used To improve the physical and rheological properties of the batter and thus better-quality cakes
Glyceryl monostearate (GMS) has been used In breads such as pain courant Français, Friss búzakenyér, naan and roti

Glyceryl monostearate (GMS) has been used In sponge cakes and pancakes for aeration.
Glyceryl monostearate (GMS) has been used Dairy products such as cream, whipped cream, ice cream, cream powder, imitation creams, etc.
Glyceryl monostearate (GMS) has been used Fruit/vegetable spreads, jams, jellies, marmalades




CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF GLYCERYL MONOSTEARATE (GMS):
Chemical formula C21H42O4
Molar mass 358.563 g•mol−1
Appearance White solid
Density 1.03 g/cm3
Melting point (Mix) 57–65 °C (135–149 °F)
(1-) 81 °C (178 °F)
(2-) 73–74 °C (163–165 °F)
Solubility in water Insoluble
Molecular Weight 358.6 g/mol
XLogP3 7.4
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count 2
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count 4
Rotatable Bond Count 20
Exact Mass 358.30830982 g/mol
Monoisotopic Mass 358.30830982 g/mol
Topological Polar Surface Area 66.8Ų
Heavy Atom Count 25
Formal Charge 0
Complexity 281
Isotope Atom Count 0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count 0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count 1
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count 0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count 1
Compound Is Canonicalized Yes


SAFETY INFORMATION ABOUT GLYCERYL MONOSTEARATE (GMS):
First aid measures:
Description of first aid measures:
General advice:
Consult a physician.
Show this safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
Move out of dangerous area:

If inhaled:
If breathed in, move person into fresh air.
If not breathing, give artificial respiration.
Consult a physician.
In case of skin contact:
Take off contaminated clothing and shoes immediately.
Wash off with soap and plenty of water.
Consult a physician.

In case of eye contact:
Rinse thoroughly with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes and consult a physician.
Continue rinsing eyes during transport to hospital.

If swallowed:
Do NOT induce vomiting.
Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person.
Rinse mouth with water.
Consult a physician.

Firefighting measures:
Extinguishing media:
Suitable extinguishing media:
Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.
Special hazards arising from the substance or mixture
Carbon oxides, Nitrogen oxides (NOx), Hydrogen chloride gas

Advice for firefighters:
Wear self-contained breathing apparatus for firefighting if necessary.
Accidental release measures:
Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures
Use personal protective equipment.

Avoid breathing vapours, mist or gas.
Evacuate personnel to safe areas.

Environmental precautions:
Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so.
Do not let product enter drains.
Discharge into the environment must be avoided.

Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Soak up with inert absorbent material and dispose of as hazardous waste.
Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.

Handling and storage:
Precautions for safe handling:
Avoid inhalation of vapour or mist.

Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place.
Containers which are opened must be carefully resealed and kept upright to prevent leakage.
Storage class (TRGS 510): 8A: Combustible, corrosive hazardous materials

Exposure controls/personal protection:
Control parameters:
Components with workplace control parameters
Contains no substances with occupational exposure limit values.
Exposure controls:
Appropriate engineering controls:
Handle in accordance with good industrial hygiene and safety practice.
Wash hands before breaks and at the end of workday.

Personal protective equipment:
Eye/face protection:
Tightly fitting safety goggles.
Faceshield (8-inch minimum).
Use equipment for eye protection tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or EN 166(EU).

Skin protection:
Handle with gloves.
Gloves must be inspected prior to use.
Use proper glove
removal technique (without touching glove's outer surface) to avoid skin contact with this product.
Dispose of contaminated gloves after use in accordance with applicable laws and good laboratory practices.
Wash and dry hands.

Full contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0.11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Material tested:Dermatril (KCL 740 / Aldrich Z677272, Size M)
Splash contact
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0.11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Material tested:Dermatril (KCL 740 / Aldrich Z677272, Size M)
It should not be construed as offering an approval for any specific use scenario.

Body Protection:
Complete suit protecting against chemicals, The type of protective equipment must be selected according to the concentration and amount of the dangerous substance at the specific workplace.
Respiratory protection:
Where risk assessment shows air-purifying respirators are appropriate use a fullface respirator with multi-purpose combination (US) or type ABEK (EN 14387) respirator cartridges as a backup to engineering controls.

If the respirator is the sole means of protection, use a full-face supplied air respirator.
Use respirators and components tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or CEN (EU).
Control of environmental exposure
Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so.
Do not let product enter drains.
Discharge into the environment must be avoided.

Stability and reactivity:
Chemical stability:
Stable under recommended storage conditions.
Incompatible materials:
Strong oxidizing agents:
Hazardous decomposition products:
Hazardous decomposition products formed under fire conditions.
Carbon oxides, Nitrogen oxides (NOx), Hydrogen chloride gas.

Disposal considerations:
Waste treatment methods:
Product:
Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company.
Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material.
Contaminated packaging:
Dispose of as unused product










SYNONYMS OF GLYCERYL MONOSTEARATE (GMS):
glyceryl monostearate
monostearin
Glyceryl monostearate
123-94-4
Monostearin
GLYCEROL MONOSTEARATE
31566-31-1
Glyceryl stearate
Tegin
1-Stearoyl-rac-glycerol
1-MONOSTEARIN
Glycerin 1-monostearate
Stearin, 1-mono-
Stearic acid 1-monoglyceride
2,3-dihydroxypropyl octadecanoate
Glycerol 1-monostearate
1-Glyceryl stearate
Glycerin 1-stearate
Sandin EU
1-Monostearoylglycerol
Octadecanoic acid, 2,3-dihydroxypropyl ester
Aldo MSD
Aldo MSLG
Glyceryl 1-monostearate
Stearoylglycerol
Glycerol 1-stearate
alpha-Monostearin
Tegin 55G
Emerest 2407
Aldo 33
Aldo 75
Arlacel 165
3-Stearoyloxy-1,2-propanediol
Cerasynt SD
Stearin, mono-
2,3-Dihydroxypropyl stearate
.alpha.-Monostearin
Monoglyceryl stearate
Glycerol alpha-monostearate
Cefatin
Dermagine
Monelgin
Sedetine
Admul
Orbon
Citomulgan M
Drewmulse V
Cerasynt S
Drewmulse TP
Tegin 515
Cerasynt SE
Cerasynt WM
Cyclochem GMS
Drumulse AA
Protachem GMS
Witconol MS
Witconol MST
FEMA No. 2527
Glyceryl stearates
Monostearate (glyceride)
Unimate GMS
Glyceryl monooctadecanoate
Ogeen M
Emcol CA
Emcol MSK
Hodag GMS
Ogeen GRB
Ogeen MAV
Aldo MS
Aldo HMS
Armostat 801
Kessco 40
Stearic monoglyceride
Abracol S.L.G.
Arlacel 161
Arlacel 169
Imwitor 191
Imwitor 900K
NSC 3875
11099-07-3
Atmul 67
Atmul 84
Starfol GMS 450
Starfol GMS 600
Starfol GMS 900
Cerasynt 1000-D
Emerest 2401
Aldo-28
Aldo-72
Atmos 150
Atmul 124
Estol 603
Ogeen 515
Tegin 503
Grocor 5500
Grocor 6000
Glycerol stearate, pure
Stearic acid alpha-monoglyceride
Cremophor gmsk
Glyceryl 1-octadecanoate
Cerasynt-sd
Lonzest gms
Cutina gms
Lipo GMS 410
Lipo GMS 450
Lipo GMS 600
glycerol stearate
1-MONOSTEAROYL-rac-GLYCEROL
Nikkol mgs-a
Glyceryl monopalmitostearate
USAF KE-7
1-octadecanoyl-rac-glycerol
EMUL P.7
EINECS 204-664-4
EINECS 245-121-1
UNII-230OU9XXE4
Stearic acid, monoester with glycerol
Glycerol .alpha.-monostearate
Glyceroli monostearas
Glycerol monostearate, purified
Imwitor 491
Sorbon mg-100
22610-63-5
Cithrol gms 0400
UNII-258491E1RZ
NSC3875
Stearic acid .alpha.-monoglyceride
(1)-2,3-Dihydroxypropyl stearate
MONOSTEARIN (L)
C21H42O4
NSC-3875
1-Monooctadecanoylglycerol
EINECS 250-705-4
1,2,3-Propanetriol monooctadecanoate
Octadecanoic acid, ester with 1,2,3-propanetriol
GLYCERYL 1-STEARATE
1-O-Octadecanoyl-2n-glycerol
AI3-00966
MG(18:0/0:0/0:0)[rac]
230OU9XXE4
DTXSID7029160
CHEBI:75555
EC 250-705-4
GLYCERYL MONOSTEARATE 40-50
Octadecanoic acid, monoester with 1,2,3-propanetriol
258491E1RZ
1-Stearoyl-rac-glycerol (90per cent)
83138-62-9
NCGC00164529-01
(+/-)-2,3-DIHYDROXYPROPYL OCTADECANOATE
DTXCID909160
Octadecanoic acid, 2,3-dihydroxypropyl ester, (A+/-)-
MFCD00036186
Celinhol - A
CAS-123-94-4
GMS
Myvaplex 600
rac-Glycerol 1-stearate
1-Monooctadecanoyl-rac-glycerol
Celinhol-A
Glyceryl monostearate [JAN:NF]
MG 18:0
(+/-)-2,3-Dihydroxypropyl octadecanoate; 1-Glyceryl stearate; 1-Monooctadecanoylglycerol; 1-Monostearin
Eastman 600
1-O-stearoylglycerol
1-octadecanoylglycerol
85666-92-8
rac-octadecanoylglycerol
glycerol 1-octadecanoate
rac-glyceryl monostearate
Glycerol .alpha.-sterate
rac-1-monostearoylglycerol
DSSTox_CID_9160
Monoglycerides, c16-18
(+-)-1-stearoylglycerol
SCHEMBL4488
(+-)-glyceryl monostearate
Geleol mono and diglycerides
DSSTox_RID_78757
DSSTox_GSID_29304
Glycerol monostearate (GMS)
(+-)-1-monostearoylglycerol
(+-)-1-octadecanoylglycerol
Glycerides, C16-18 mono-
Glycerol monostearate 40-55
GLYCERYL STEARATE (II)
CHEMBL255696
2,3-Dihydroxypropyl stearate #
DTXSID7027968
CHEBI:75557
1-Stearoyl-rac-glycerol (90%)
GLYCERYL MONOSTEARATE (II)
Glyceryl monostearate (JP17/NF)
1-Stearoyl-rac-glycerol, >=99%
MAG 18:0
EINECS 238-880-5
EINECS 293-208-8
Tox21_112160
Tox21_202573
Tox21_301104
LMGL01010003
rac-2,3-dihydroxypropyl octadecanoate
AKOS015901589
Tox21_112160_1
DB11250
(+-)-2,3-dihydroxypropyl octadecanoate
NCGC00164529-02
NCGC00164529-03
NCGC00164529-04
NCGC00255004-01
NCGC00260122-01
Octadecanoic acid,3-dihydroxypropyl ester
1,2,3-Propanetriol 1-octadecanoyl ester
BS-50505
CAS-11099-07-3
FT-0626740
FT-0626748
FT-0674656
G0085
Octadecanoic acid, 2.3-dihydroxypropyl ester
D01947
EC 293-208-8
F71433
S-7950
A890632
A903419
SR-01000944874
Q-201168
Q5572563
SR-01000944874-1
W-110285
()-2,3-Dihydroxypropyl octadecanoate; 1-Glyceryl stearate; 1-Monooctadecanoylglycerol; 1-Monostearin
342394-34-7
InChI=1/C21H42O4/c1-2-3-4-5-6-7-8-9-10-11-12-13-14-15-16-17-21(24)25-19-20(23)18-22/h20,22-23H,2-19H2,1H

SYNONYMS Glycerol Oleate; Glyceryl Monooleate; Glyceryl oleate; (Z)-1-Oleoyl-sn-glycerol; 1,2,3-propanetriol, 9-Octadecenoic acid; Glycerol Monoleate; Monoolein;cas: 25496-72-4

Glycerol Oleate; Glyceryl Monooleate; Glyceryl oleate; (Z)-1-Oleoyl-sn-glycerol; 1,2,3-propanetriol, 9-Octadecenoic acid; Glycerol Monoleate; Monoolein; cas no: 25496-72-4

Glyceryl palmitate is naturally derived from dairy products such as butter, cheese, animal products, egg yolks, palm oil and palm kernel oil.
Glyceryl palmitate is also found in the human body.
Glyceryl palmitate comes as a yellowish-white to white solid.

CAS Number: 26657-96-5
Molecular Formula: C19H38O4
Molecular Weight: 330.503
EINECS Number: 247-887-2

Glyceryl Palmitate, 247-887-2, 6Y2XJ05B35, D-2447, Palmitic Acid Monoglyceride, 1330-73-0, D 2447, DREWMULSE DA, EMALSY P 100, GLYCERIN MONOPALMITATE, GLYCERYL PALMITATE (II), MONOPALMITOYL-RAC-GLYCEROL, MONOPALMITOYLGLYCEROL, PALMITIC MONOGLYCERIDE, PALMITIN, MONO-, POEM PV 100, RIKEMAL P 100, RYLO-MG 16, SUNSOFT 8001

Glyceryl palmitate is a 1-monoglyceride that has palmitoyl as the acyl group.
A natural Glyceryl palmitate found in Neolitsea daibuensis.
Glyceryl palmitate has a role as a plant metabolite and an algal metabolite.

Glyceryl palmitate is functionally related to a hexadecanoic acid.
Glyceryl palmitate is one of the components of glycerol monoesters.
Glyceryl palmitate is made from glycerin and palmitic acid.

Glyceryl palmitate in the name means that it is a self-emulsifying grade that contains some sodium and/or potassium salts of the acid.
Glyceryl palmitates are primarily used in the formulation of creams and lotions, moisturizers, and other skin care products, but glyceryl monoesters can also be found in permanent waves, deodorants, bath soaps, eye makeup and foundations.
Glyceryl palmitate is a member of the chemical class known as Monoacylglycerols.

Glyceryl palmitate is found in fats and oils. Glycerol 1-hexadecanoate is a minor component of olive oil and other vegetable oil.
Glyceryl palmitate is a glycerol esterified fatty acid, monoacylglycerol, found in lipid structures such as ceramides.
Glyceryl palmitate may be used as a substrate for the identification and differentiation of enzymes that hydrolyze or transfer monoacylglycerols such as neuropathy target esterase(s) and monoacylglycerol acyltransferase(s) (MAG).

Glyceryl palmitate, also known as glyceryl monopalmitate, is a fatty acid ester that is widely used in the food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries.
Glyceryl palmitate is synthesized by esterification of palmitic acid with glycerol and has a wide range of applications due to its unique properties.
Glyceryl palmitate is an ester derived from palmitic acid and glycerol.

Glyceryl palmitate belongs to the class of compounds known as glycerides, specifically monoacylglycerols.
In its molecular structure, glyceryl palmitate consists of a glycerol molecule esterified with three fatty acid chains, one of which is palmitic acid.
Glyceryl palmitate uses and applications include: Emollient for cosmetics; surfactant, emulsifier for foods, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals

Glyceryl palmitate is a white to cream-colored solid or waxy substance.
Glyceryl palmitate is typically soluble in organic solvents but has limited solubility in water.
In cosmetics and personal care products, glyceryl palmitate serves various functions.

Glyceryl palmitate softens and smoothens the skin, providing a moisturizing effect.
Glyceryl palmitate contributes to the viscosity and texture of cosmetic formulations.
Glyceryl palmitate helps stabilize emulsions, preventing separation of oil and water components in creams and lotions.

Glyceryl palmitate has emulsifying properties, making it useful in the creation and stabilization of oil-in-water emulsions.
This property is valuable in both cosmetic and food applications.
Glyceryl palmitate can be synthesized for various applications, it is also found naturally in some animal and plant sources, particularly in fats and oils.

Various derivatives of glyceryl palmitate can be synthesized or modified for specific applications in different industries.
Glyceryl palmitate is generally recognized as safe (GRAS) for use in food by regulatory authorities, and it is approved for use in cosmetics and personal care products.
However, regulations may vary by region, so it's essential to comply with local guidelines.

Generally, glyceryl palmitate is considered biodegradable, which is a favorable characteristic from an environmental perspective.
While glyceryl palmitate is considered safe for most people, individuals with sensitive skin may want to be cautious, as with any cosmetic ingredient.
Always perform patch tests when trying new products.

Glyceryl palmitate can undergo hydrolysis in the presence of water and lipases, breaking down into glycerol and palmitic acid.
This process is a natural part of lipid metabolism in the body.
Glyceryl palmitate is a member of the glycerides family, which includes various compounds formed by the combination of glycerol with fatty acids.

Other glycerides include glyceryl stearate, glyceryl oleate, and more, each with its unique properties.
Glyceryl palmitate is often used in combination with other emollients, thickeners, and stabilizers to achieve synergistic effects in cosmetic and personal care formulations.
Due to its stability, glyceryl palmitate is often found in products with longer shelf lives.

Proper packaging and storage conditions, such as avoiding exposure to excessive heat and light, can help maintain its quality.
Glyceryl palmitate is generally compatible with a wide range of cosmetic ingredients, allowing formulators flexibility in creating various skincare and personal care products.
In certain formulations, glyceryl palmitate might be replaced or complemented by other esters or emollients, depending on the desired characteristics of the final product.

Ongoing research in cosmetic science and formulation may lead to innovations in the use of glyceryl palmitate, as well as the development of new derivatives or combinations for improved performance.
Due to its versatility and widespread acceptance, glyceryl palmitate is used in cosmetic and personal care products globally, contributing to its presence in a variety of skincare and beauty items.

Melting point: 72.5-73 °C
LogP: 6.166 (est)

Glyceryl palmitate is primarily a combination of glycerin and a single molecule of palmitic acid.
Glyceryl palmitate has the dual benefits of glycerin and palmitic acid. When applied, it forms a layer on the skin that protects the skin from external harmful influences and preserves skin moisture.
This way the skin becomes smoother and softer.

For dry skin, when applied to the skin, Glyceryl palmitate soothes and nourishes the skin.
May be an intermediary between the oil phase and the water phase.
Since it can combine with oil-loving molecules and water-loving molecules and mix both evenly to form a stable emulsion.

Glyceryl palmitate also acts as a surfactant, forming a foam when used and also helps clean the surface of the skin or hair.
This ingredient contains glycerol as alcohol component in esters or condensed with other (poly) alcohols or sugars.
Due to its emollient properties and its ability to enhance the texture of cosmetic products, glyceryl palmitate is often incorporated into anti-aging formulations, such as moisturizers and creams.

In dermatology, glyceryl palmitate is sometimes used in formulations designed to address specific skin conditions or as a component in products recommended by dermatologists.
Glyceryl palmitate may be included in hair care products, such as conditioners or styling products, to provide conditioning and smoothing effects to the hair.
Glyceryl palmitate is generally considered biocompatible, making it suitable for use in a variety of cosmetic and personal care products designed for skin application.

In addition to its use in liquid and cream formulations, glyceryl palmitate can also be found in some powdered cosmetic products, contributing to their texture and feel.
Glyceryl palmitate exhibits good photostability, making it suitable for use in formulations that may be exposed to light, such as sunscreen products.
As a derived compound from natural sources, glyceryl palmitate may find use in formulations for natural or organic cosmetic and personal care products.

Glyceryl palmitate is use is sometimes combined with other emollients, such as fatty alcohols or plant-derived oils, to enhance the overall skin-feel and performance of cosmetic products.
Consumer preferences for products with desirable sensory attributes, such as smooth texture and easy application, contribute to the continued use of glyceryl palmitate in various cosmetic formulations.
The sourcing and production of glyceryl palmitate may be subject to sustainability considerations, with some manufacturers opting for responsibly sourced raw materials and eco-friendly production processes.

Glyceryl palmitate can be included in micellar water formulations, which are popular in skincare for their gentle cleansing properties.
Glyceryl palmitate can contribute to the formulation's texture and stability.
Its emollient nature makes glyceryl palmitate suitable for use in cleansing balms and oils, where it helps in breaking down and removing makeup and impurities.

In skincare formulations aimed at supporting the skin barrier function, glyceryl palmitate may be used to enhance moisturization and contribute to the overall health of the skin.
Due to its compatibility with other cosmetic ingredients, glyceryl palmitate is often found in liquid foundations and BB creams, providing a smooth application and a desirable skin finish.
In certain formulations, glyceryl palmitate can serve as a stabilizer for fragrances, contributing to the longevity and consistency of scent in cosmetic and personal care products.

The hydrophobic nature of glyceryl palmitate makes it valuable in formulations where water resistance or repellency is desired, such as in certain sunscreens or water-resistant cosmetic products.
Its use can contribute to the stability of cosmetic formulations, preventing phase separation and maintaining the overall quality of the product over time.
Due to its mild and skin-friendly properties, glyceryl palmitate may be included in formulations for baby care products such as lotions and creams.

Glyceryl palmitate is appreciated for its versatility as it can function as an emollient, thickener, stabilizer, and more in cosmetic and personal care formulations.
Ongoing research may explore innovative delivery systems, such as encapsulation, to optimize the performance of glyceryl palmitate in cosmetic applications.
Palmitate's impact on insulin response: Palmitate has been shown to reduce insulin-stimulated glycogen synthesis and inhibit protein kinase B (PKB) without affecting IRS-1 function, indicating its potential role in insulin resistance mechanisms.

Functionalized poly(glycerol sebacate) with palmitate can alter a polymer's hydrophobicity, crystallinity, microstructures, and thermal properties.
This modification imparts tunable degradation profiles and mechanical properties, making it significant in biomedical engineering.
Glyceryl behenate shows superior encapsulation capabilities for retinoids in solid lipid nanoparticles compared to cetyl palmitate and other substances.

This property is critical for pharmaceutical applications.
Glyceryl palmitate labeling showed increased labeling of various glycolipids in dense cultures, suggesting a possible correlation with cell contact.

Glyceryl palmitate serves as a brood pheromone in drone pupae of the honey bee Apis mellifera L., highlighting its role in insect biology.
Palmitoylation is emerging as a regulator of metabolism and could lead to metabolic impairments found in obesity-related diseases.

Uses:
A mixture of portions of Glyceryl palmitate used as an emollient, surfactant, and emulsifier. May be plant- or animal-derived or synthetic.
Glyceryl palmitate is commonly used in the cosmetic and personal care industry as an emollient, thickening agent, and moisturizer.
Glyceryl palmitate helps improve the texture of creams, lotions, and other formulations.

Glyceryl palmitate can be used as a food additive, often functioning as an emulsifier and stabilizer in various food products.
In pharmaceuticals, Glyceryl palmitate may be used as an excipient or an ingredient in drug formulations.
Enhances the texture of creams, lotions, and cosmetic formulations, providing a smooth and soft feel to the skin.

Contributes to the viscosity of formulations, helping to stabilize and improve the overall texture.
Acts as a moisturizing agent, aiding in skin hydration.
Glyceryl palmitate is used in food products to stabilize emulsions, preventing separation of oil and water phases.

Contributes to the texture and mouthfeel of certain food items.
Applied in food processing for its emulsifying and stabilizing properties.
Glyceryl palmitate utilized as an inactive ingredient or carrier in pharmaceutical formulations, aiding in the consistency and stability of medications.

Included in hair care products, such as conditioners, to improve the texture and manageability of the hair.
Found in skincare formulations aimed at supporting the skin barrier, contributing to overall skin health.
Included in products for makeup removal and cleansing due to its emollient and cleansing properties.

Glyceryl palmitate is used in micellar water formulations for its ability to dissolve and remove impurities.
Included in fragrances to stabilize and extend the scent in cosmetic and personal care products.
Glyceryl palmitate is used in the formulation of gentle baby care products such as lotions and creams.

Valued in formulations where water resistance or repellency is desired, such as certain sunscreens and water-resistant cosmetics.
Ongoing research may explore innovative delivery systems, such as encapsulation, to optimize the performance of glyceryl palmitate in cosmetic applications.
Included in anti-aging skincare formulations, contributing to the overall texture and moisturizing properties of products designed to address signs of aging.

Found in liquid foundations and BB creams to enhance the application and provide a smooth finish on the skin.
Glyceryl palmitate is used in formulations aimed at repairing and supporting the skin barrier function, helping to maintain skin health and integrity.
Included in some powdered cosmetic products to enhance the texture and feel, providing a silky and luxurious finish.

Featured in hydrating face masks to contribute to the overall moisturizing and skin-conditioning effects.
Glyceryl palmitate is used in certain formulations of deodorants and antiperspirants for its emollient and skin-conditioning properties.
Investigated for potential use in encapsulated delivery systems, where active ingredients are encapsulated for controlled release in cosmetic formulations.

Included in some formulations of wound healing creams or ointments for its moisturizing and skin-conditioning properties.
Found in massage oils to enhance the glide and spreadability of the product during massage therapy.
Included in formulations for natural and organic skincare products, aligning with the preferences of consumers seeking more sustainable and natural options.

Glyceryl palmitate utilized in formulations for biodegradable and eco-friendly cosmetic and personal care products, contributing to the environmental sustainability of the formulations.
In some cases, glyceryl palmitate may be included in formulations for dental care products, such as certain toothpaste formulations.
Included in tattoo aftercare products for its skin-conditioning properties, helping to keep the skin moisturized and promote healing.

Included in some shaving creams and gels for its emollient properties, providing a smoother and more comfortable shaving experience.
Found in formulations for foot creams and balms, contributing to the moisturization and overall care of the skin on the feet.
Included in cuticle creams for its skin-conditioning properties, helping to soften and nourish the cuticles.

Glyceryl palmitate is used in certain formulations of nail care products, such as nail creams or oils, for its moisturizing effects on the nails and surrounding skin.
Included in after-sun lotions and creams for its skin-soothing and moisturizing properties, helping to alleviate dryness caused by sun exposure.
Found in various color cosmetics, such as foundations, concealers, and blushes, to improve the texture and application of the products.

Glyceryl palmitate is used in the formulation of lip balms and lipsticks to enhance the smoothness and moisturizing properties on the lips.
Included in certain pre-shampoo treatments or hair masks to provide conditioning benefits to the hair before regular washing.
Found in some formulations of insect repellent creams for its skin-conditioning properties, helping to keep the skin hydrated.

Included in soothing creams designed for irritated or sensitive skin to provide relief and support skin recovery.
Glyceryl palmitate is used in hand lotions and creams for its emollient and moisturizing effects, contributing to softer and smoother hands.
Included in certain body scrub formulations to enhance the texture and overall sensory experience during exfoliation.

Found in some body powder formulations for its contribution to the product's texture and skin-feel.
Investigated for potential use in innovative functional skincare formulations, such as those addressing specific skin concerns or conditions.

Safety Profile:
While glyceryl palmitate is generally well-tolerated, individuals with particularly sensitive skin may want to perform a patch test when trying new products containing this ingredient to rule out any potential adverse reactions.
Contact with the eyes should be avoided, as irritation may occur.

If eye contact occurs, it is recommended to rinse the eyes thoroughly with water.
Inhalation of aerosolized or fine particulate forms of glyceryl palmitate is not typically a concern in normal use scenarios.
However, good manufacturing practices and proper ventilation should be followed.

Ingesting small amounts of glyceryl palmitate, as might occur unintentionally in cosmetic or food products, is generally considered safe.
However, large quantities should be avoided.
While glyceryl palmitate is biodegradable, the environmental impact should be considered.

Glyceryl monostearate; 3-Stearoyloxy-1,2-propanediol; Glyceryl stearate; Alpha-Monostearin; Monostearin; Octadecanoic acid, 2,3-dihydroxypropyl ester; Glycerin 1-monostearate; Glycerin 1-stearate; Glycerol alpha-monostearate; Glyceryl 1-monostearate; Stearic acid alpha-monoglyceride; Stearic acid 1-monoglyceride; 1-Glyceryl stearate; 1-Monostearin; 1-Monostearoylglycerol; 1,2,3-Propanetriol 1-octadecanoyl ester; cas no:11099-07-3

GLYCERYL POLYACRYLATE Glyceryl Polyacrylate What Is Glyceryl Polyacrylate? The glyceryl monoesters (Glyceryl Laurate, Glyceryl Laurate SE, Glyceryl Laurate/Oleate, Glyceryl Adipate, Glyceryl Alginate, Glyceryl Arachidate, Glyceryl Behenate, Glyceryl Caprate, Glyceryl Caprylate, Glyceryl Caprylate/Caprate, Glyceryl Citrate/Lactate/Linoleate/Oleate, Glyceryl Cocoate, Glyceryl Collagenate, Glyceryl Erucate, Glyceryl Hydrogenated Rosinate, Glyceryl Hydrogenated Soyate, Glyceryl Hydroxystearate, Glyceryl Isopalmitate, Glyceryl Isostearate, Glyceryl Isostearate/Myristate, Glyceryl Isostearates, Glyceryl Lanolate, Glyceryl Linoleate, Glyceryl Linolenate, Glyceryl Montanate, Glyceryl Myristate, Glyceryl Isotridecanoate/Stearate/Adipate, Glyceryl Oleate SE, Glyceryl Oleate/Elaidate, Glyceryl Palmitate, Glyceryl Palmitate/Stearate, Glyceryl Palmitoleate, Gyceryl Pentadecanoate, Glyceryl Polyacrylate, Glyceryl Rosinate, Glyceryl Sesquioleate, Glyceryl/Sorbitol Oleate/Hydroxystearate, Glyceryl Stearate/Acetate, Glyceryl Stearate/Maleate, Glyceryl Tallowate, Glyceryl Thiopropionate, Glyceryl Undecylenate) occur primarily as white to yellow oils or oily waxes. Ingredient names containing a "/", such as Glyceryl Caprylate/Caprate, are mixtures of monoesters, Glyceryl Caprylate and Glyceryl Caprate. SE in the name means that it is a self-emulsifying grade that contains some sodium and/or potassium salts of the acid. Glyceryl monoesters are primarily used in the formulation of creams and lotions, moisturizers, and other skin care products, but glyceryl monoesters can also be found in permanent waves, deodorants, bath soaps, eye makeup and foundations. Why is it used in cosmetics and personal care products? The following functions have been reported for the glyceryl monoesters. Film former - Glyceryl Polyacrylate Hair conditioning agent - Glyceryl Collagenate, Glyceryl Lanolate Hair waving and straightening agent - Glyceryl Thiopropionate Reducing agent - Glyceryl Thiopropionate Skin-conditioning agent - emollient - Glyceryl Laurate, Glyceryl Laurate/Oleate, Glyceryl Adipate, Glyceryl Alginate, Glyceryl Arachidate, Glyceryl Arachidonate, Glyceryl Behenate, Glyceryl Caprate, Glyceryl Caprylate, Glyceryl Caprylate/Caprate, Glyceryl Citrate/Lactate/Linoleate/Oleate, Glyceryl Cocoate, Glyceryl Collagenate, Glyceryl Erucate, Glyceryl Hydrogenated Rosinate, Glyceryl Hydrogenated Soyate, Glyceryl Hydroxystearate, Glyceryl Isopalmitate, Glyceryl Isostearate. Glyceryl Isostearate/Myristate, Glyceryl Isostearates, Glyceryl Lanolate, Glyceryl Linoleate, Glyceryl Linolenate, Glyceryl Montanate, Glyceryl Myristate, Glyceryl Isotridecanoate/Stearate/Adipate, Glyceryl Oleate/Elaidate, Glyceryl Palmitate, Glyceryl Palmitate/Stearate, Glyceryl Palmitoleate, Glyceryl Rosinate, Glyceryl Sesquioleate, Glyceryl/Sorbitol Oleate/Hydroxystearate, Glyceryl Stearate/Acetate, Glyceryl Stearate/Malate, Glyceryl Tallowate, Glyceryl Undecylenate Skin-conditioning agent - miscellaneous - Glyceryl Collagenate Surfactant - emulsifying agent - Glyceryl Laurate, Glyceryl Laurate SE, Glyceryl Laurate/Oleate, Glyceryl Arachidate, Glyceryl Behenate, Glyceryl Caprate, Glyceryl Caprylate, Glyceryl Caprylate/Caprate, Glyceryl Cocoate, Glyceryl Erucate, Glyceryl Hydrogenated Rosinate, Glyceryl Hydroxystearate, Glyceryl Isopalmitate, Glyceryl Isostearate, Glyceryl Isostearate/Myristate, Glyceryl Isostearates, Glyceryl Lanolate, Glyceryl Linoleate, Glyceryl Linolenate, Glyceryl Montanate, Glyceryl Myristate, Glyceryl Isotridecanoate/Stearate/Adipate, Glyceryl Oleate SE, Glyceryl Oleate/Elaidate, Glyceryl Palmitate, Glyceryl Palmitate/Stearate, Glyceryl Palmitoleate, Glyceryl Pentadecanoate, Glyceryl Rosinate, Glyceryl/Sorbitol Oleate/Hydroxystearate, Glyceryl Stearate/Malate, Glyceryl Tallowate, Glyceryl Undecylenate Viscosity increasing agent - aqueous - Glyceryl Alginate Viscosity increasing agent - nonaqueous - Glyceryl Arachidate Scientific Facts: The glyceryl monoesters, or monoglycerides, are all prepared from glycerin. Most are also prepared from fatty acids or fatty acid derivatives. Some of these fatty acids may come from refined vegetable oils For example, Glyceryl Linolenate is produced from glycerin and linoleic acid, which can be made from sunflower oil. Glyceryl Polyacrylate is the ester of glycerin and polyacrylic acid. GLYCERYL POLYACRYLATE GLYCERYL POLYACRYLATE is classified as : Film forming COSING REF No: 76245 Chem/IUPAC Name: 2-Propenoic acid, homopolymer, esters with 1,2,3-propanetriol GLYCERYL POLYACRYLATE N° CAS : 104365-75-5 "Pas terrible" dans toutes les catégories. Nom INCI : GLYCERYL POLYACRYLATE Classification : Polymère de synthèse Ses fonctions (INCI) Agent filmogène : Produit un film continu sur la peau, les cheveux ou les ongles Cet ingrédient est présent dans 0.18% des cosmétiques. Crème visage (1,09%) Details Glyceryl acrylate/acrylic acid copolymer is the fancy word for a common polymer (big molecule from repeated subunits), namely polyacrylic acid (aka carbomer when it comes to cosmetics) with glycerin attached to it in some places. The main thing of this polymer is that it forms a hydrogel (trade named Lubrajel) that can sit on top of the skin and provide moisturizing, water-soluble ingredients such as glycerin to the skin. Think of it as a very thin, wet sponge that a cosmetic manufacturer can fill with good ingredients for your skin. It also works as a thickening agent (remember, it is a carbomer type of molecule), and can provide the skin with a nice slippery feel. It can also draw water to the skin, providing skin hydration. Glyceryl polyacrylate Glyceryl polyacrylate is a chemical compound derived from glycerin. It is used in cosmetics and personal care products as an ingredient that dries to form a thin coating on the skin 1. According to the Cosmetic Ingredients Review (an independent committee established by the Personal Care Products Council, an industry trade association that thoroughly reviews and assesses the safety of ingredients used in cosmetics), glyceryl polyacrylate is safe to use in the amounts present in our products 2. GLYCERYL POLYACRYLATE The synthetically produced glyceryl polyacrylate is an ester of glycerin and polyacrylic acid and is used in cosmetic products as a film former, among other things. The substance forms a fine film that prevents epidermal water loss. Hyaluronic acid and valuable active ingredients thus remain longer in the skin and can develop their effect even better.

GLYCERYL RICINOLEATE 30 EO (Gliseril Risinoleat 30 EO, Glyceryl Ricinoleate 30 eo) What Is Glyceryl Ricinoleate 30 eo (Gliseril Risinoleat 30 EO, GLYCERYL RICINOLEATE 30 EO)? Ricinus Communis (Castor) Seed Oil is a vegetable oil obtained from the seeds of the Ricinus communis plant. A number of ingredients made from Castor Oil may also be used in cosmetic products. These ingredients include Cetyl Rinoleate, Ethyl Ricinoleate, Glyceryl Ricinoleate 30 eo (Gliseril Risinoleat 30 EO, GLYCERYL RICINOLEATE 30 EO), Glyceryl Ricinoleate 30 eo (Gliseril Risinoleat 30 EO, GLYCERYL RICINOLEATE 30 EO) SE (SE stands for self-emulsifying, which means it contains a small amount of sodium or potassium stearate), Glycol Ricinoleate, Hydrogenated Castor Oil, Isopropyl Ricinoleate, Methyl Ricinoleate, Octyldodecyl Ricinoleate, Potassium Ricinoleate, Ricinoleic Acid, Sodium Ricinoleate and Zinc Ricinoleate. In cosmetics and personal care products, Castor Oil and related ingredients are used in the formulation of many different cosmetic and personal care products including lipstick, skin-care products, and bath soaps. Why is Glyceryl Ricinoleate 30 eo (Gliseril Risinoleat 30 EO, GLYCERYL RICINOLEATE 30 EO) used in cosmetics and personal care products? The following functions have been reported for these ingredients. Anticaking agent - Zinc Ricinoleate Deodorant agent - Zinc Ricinoleate Emulsion stabilizer - Glycol Ricinoleate Opacifying agent - Zinc Ricinoleate Skin conditioning agent - emollient - Ethyl Ricinoleate, Glyceryl Ricinoleate 30 eo (Gliseril Risinoleat 30 EO, GLYCERYL RICINOLEATE 30 EO), Glyceryl Ricinoleate 30 eo (Gliseril Risinoleat 30 EO, GLYCERYL RICINOLEATE 30 EO) SE, Glycol Ricinoleate, Isopropyl Ricinoleate, Methyl Ricinoleate Skin conditioning agent - occlusive - Ricinus Communis (Castor) Seed Oil; Cetyl Ricinoleate, Hydrogenated Castor Oil, Octyldodecyl Ricinoleate Surfactant - cleansing agent - Potassium Ricinoleate, Sodium Ricinoleate, Ricinoleic Acid Surfactant - emulsifying agent - Glyceryl Ricinoleate 30 eo (Gliseril Risinoleat 30 EO, GLYCERYL RICINOLEATE 30 EO), Glyceryl Ricinoleate 30 eo (Gliseril Risinoleat 30 EO, GLYCERYL RICINOLEATE 30 EO) SE, Potassium Ricinoleate, Sodium Ricinoleate Viscosity increasing agent - nonaqueous - Hydrogenated Castor Oil Safety Information: The Food and Drug Administration includes Castor Oil on its list of natural flavoring substance and on its list of multipurpose direct food additives. Castor Oil is also classified by the FDA as safe and effective as a stimulant laxative. The safety of Ricinus Communis (Castor) Seed Oil, Cetyl Rinoleate, Ethyl Ricinoleate, Glyceryl Ricinoleate 30 eo (Gliseril Risinoleat 30 EO, GLYCERYL RICINOLEATE 30 EO), Glyceryl Ricinoleate 30 eo (Gliseril Risinoleat 30 EO, GLYCERYL RICINOLEATE 30 EO) SE, Glycol Ricinoleate, Hydrogenated Castor Oil, Isopropyl Ricinoleate, Methyl Ricinoleate, Octyldodecyl Ricinoleate, Potassium Ricinoleate, Ricinoleic Acid, Sodium Ricinoleate and Zinc Ricinoleatehave been assessed by the Cosmetic Ingredient Review (CIR) Expert Panel. The CIR Expert Panel evaluated the scientific data and noted the overall pattern of use of these ingredients in different product categories. The CIR Expert Panel concluded that Castor Oil and its derivatives were safe for use as cosmetic ingredients. More safety Information: CIR Safety Review: The CIR Expert Panel considered that the available data on Ricinus Communis (Castor) Seed Oil, Hydrogenated Castor Oil, Ricinoleic Acid, and salts and esters of Ricinoleic Acid were sufficient for evaluating the safety of these ingredients. Because Ricinus Communis (Castor) Seed Oil contains Ricinoleic Acid as the primary fatty acid group, safety test data on the oil was considered broadly applicable to this entire group of cosmetic ingredients. Overall, the available data demonstrated few toxic effects in acute, subchronic, or chronic toxicity tests. Additionally, there were no genotoxic effects of Castor Oil in in vitro or in vivo tests. UV absorption spectra on Ricinus Communis (Castor) Seed Oil and Glyceryl Ricinoleate 30 eo (Gliseril Risinoleat 30 EO, GLYCERYL RICINOLEATE 30 EO) indicated maximum absorbance at 270 nm, suggesting there would be no photosensitization potential of Glyceryl Ricinoleate 30 eo (Gliseril Risinoleat 30 EO, GLYCERYL RICINOLEATE 30 EO) or Ricinus Communis (Castor) Seed Oil in human subjects exposed to the sun. Reactions classified as either significantly irritating or allergic were not observed in studies on Ethyl Ricinoleate, and the CIR Expert Panel concluded that the Castor Oil derivatives were not sensitizers. The CIR Expert Panel also determined that these ingredients may be used safely in aerosolized products because packaging and use ensure that particulates are not respirable. Glyceryl Ricinoleate 30 eo (Gliseril Risinoleat 30 EO, GLYCERYL RICINOLEATE 30 EO) is also known as 9-Octadecenoic acid,12-hydroxy-,(9Z,12R)-,monoester with 1,2,3-propanetriol. Glyceryl Ricinoleate 30 eo (Gliseril Risinoleat 30 EO, GLYCERYL RICINOLEATE 30 EO) is a chemical product which appears under the form of a yellow liquid, is dispersible in water, is soluble in most organic solvents, is combustible. Glyceryl Ricinoleate 30 eo (Gliseril Risinoleat 30 EO, GLYCERYL RICINOLEATE 30 EO) used as a low-temperature lubricant, a non-drying emulsifying agent, a solvent, a plasticizer, in cosmetics, in the processing of leather, paper and textile, and for the stabilizing of latex paints against breakdown due to repeated freeze-thaws. Glyceryl Ricinoleate 30 eo (Gliseril Risinoleat 30 EO, GLYCERYL RICINOLEATE 30 EO) used as antifoaming agent, softening agent, antistatic agent, dispersing, agent, degreasing agent, plasticizing agent, thickening agent and chemical intermediate in the industry. Glyceryl Ricinoleate 30 eo (Gliseril Risinoleat 30 EO, GLYCERYL RICINOLEATE 30 EO) is ester of fatty acid & derivative of castor oil. Glyceryl Ricinoleate 30 eo (Gliseril Risinoleat 30 EO, GLYCERYL RICINOLEATE 30 EO) can be used as emollient, emulsifier, personal care ingredient & lubricant. This Glyceryl Ricinoleate 30 eo (Gliseril Risinoleat 30 EO, GLYCERYL RICINOLEATE 30 EO) is widely demanded in the international market due to its high effectively, eco-friendliness and purity, and is offered in different grades to meet the varied needs of our clients. Moreover, we are offering the entire range at an affordable cost to our clients. Glyceryl Ricinoleate 30 eo (Gliseril Risinoleat 30 EO, GLYCERYL RICINOLEATE 30 EO) In cosmetic formulations Glyceryl Ricinoleate 30 eo (Gliseril Risinoleat 30 EO, GLYCERYL RICINOLEATE 30 EO) can have the following functions: Emulsifier/co-emulsifier, refatting agent, dispersing aid. But the primary function of Glyceryl Ricinoleate 30 eo (Gliseril Risinoleat 30 EO, GLYCERYL RICINOLEATE 30 EO) is a skin protection agent. The availability of the free hydroxyl groups of Glyceryl Ricinoleate 30 eo (Gliseril Risinoleat 30 EO, GLYCERYL RICINOLEATE 30 EO) is the reason for its excellent skin protection. Glyceryl Ricinoleate 30 eo (Gliseril Risinoleat 30 EO, GLYCERYL RICINOLEATE 30 EO) is surface-active because of its free hydroxyl groups of mono- and diglycerides. It forms W/O-emulsions and also acts as co-emulsifier in O/W-emulsions. Glyceryl Ricinoleate 30 eo (Gliseril Risinoleat 30 EO, GLYCERYL RICINOLEATE 30 EO) is well-tolerated by the skin and mucosa. Skin reactivity to aggressive substances is decreased and therefore Glyceryl Ricinoleate 30 eo (Gliseril Risinoleat 30 EO, GLYCERYL RICINOLEATE 30 EO) can be readily used as a skin-protecting agent. Glyceryl Ricinoleate 30 eo (Gliseril Risinoleat 30 EO, GLYCERYL RICINOLEATE 30 EO) is attracted to the adsorption sites on the skin surface, and therefore protects it from being attacked by harmful substances. Characteristics of Glyceryl Ricinoleate 30 eo (Gliseril Risinoleat 30 EO, GLYCERYL RICINOLEATE 30 EO) The consistency of Glyceryl Ricinoleate 30 eo (Gliseril Risinoleat 30 EO, GLYCERYL RICINOLEATE 30 EO) can be liquid to pasty, due to temperature conditions fractionated crystallization can occur. Glyceryl Ricinoleate 30 eo (Gliseril Risinoleat 30 EO, GLYCERYL RICINOLEATE 30 EO) is miscible with fats and oils. It is readily soluble in ethanol, diethylether, toluole and methylene chloride. It is water dispersible. Polar binding forces (Van-der-Waals forces) come from the glyceryl hydroxyl groups and from the 12-hydroxy-9-cis-octadecanoic acid (ricinoleic acid). Because of its purely vegetable origin and manufacturing process, Glyceryl Ricinoleate 30 eo (Gliseril Risinoleat 30 EO, GLYCERYL RICINOLEATE 30 EO) is free from heavy metals, catalyst residues and solvents. It is stabilized with BHT. It contains max. 0.5 % of water. How to use Glyceryl Ricinoleate 30 eo (Gliseril Risinoleat 30 EO, GLYCERYL RICINOLEATE 30 EO) Glyceryl Ricinoleate 30 eo (Gliseril Risinoleat 30 EO, GLYCERYL RICINOLEATE 30 EO) is used in nearly all skin care preparations such as creams, lotions, bath oils, shaving formulations, refatting soap and shower agents in amounts of 2 – 10%. In an epicutaneous test and after long use in cosmetic preparations, no irritations were observed. Ricinus Communis (Castor) Seed Oil is a vegetable oil obtained from the seeds of the Ricinus communis plant. A number of ingredients made from Castor Oil may also be used in cosmetic products. These ingredients include Cetyl Rinoleate, Ethyl Ricinoleate, Glyceryl Ricinoleate 30 eo (Gliseril Risinoleat 30 EO, GLYCERYL RICINOLEATE 30 EO), Glyceryl Ricinoleate 30 eo (Gliseril Risinoleat 30 EO, GLYCERYL RICINOLEATE 30 EO) SE (SE stands for self-emulsifying, which means it contains a small amount of sodium or potassium stearate), Glycol Ricinoleate, Hydrogenated Castor Oil, Isopropyl Ricinoleate, Methyl Ricinoleate, Octyldodecyl Ricinoleate, Potassium Ricinoleate, Ricinoleic Acid, Sodium Ricinoleate and Zinc Ricinoleate. In cosmetics and personal care products, Castor Oil and related ingredients are used in the formulation of many different cosmetic and personal care products including lipstick, skin-care products, and bath soaps. Glyceryl Ricinoleate 30 eo (Gliseril Risinoleat 30 EO, GLYCERYL RICINOLEATE 30 EO) is the monoester of glycerol and ricinoleic acid. Castor oil contains 87–90% Glycerol Ricinoleate. Ricinoleic acid is metabolized by both β-oxidation and α-oxidation. Acute oral toxicity tests in mice indicated that Glyceryl Ricinoleate 30 eo (Gliseril Risinoleat 30 EO, GLYCERYL RICINOLEATE 30 EO) has an LD50 greater than 25.0 ml/kg and is, at most, mildly irritating to unrinsed rabbit eyes. This ingredient was not a primary skin irritant. Castor oil was nonmutagenic by the Ames test. Ricinoleic acid was not a carcinogen when tested in mice. In human single-insult occlusive patch tests, no indication of skin irritation potential was observed in the two products containing 5.6% Glyceryl Ricinoleate 30 eo (Gliseril Risinoleat 30 EO, GLYCERYL RICINOLEATE 30 EO). The available data on Glyceryl Ricinoleate 30 eo (Gliseril Risinoleat 30 EO, GLYCERYL RICINOLEATE 30 EO) were insufficient to determine whether this ingredient, under each relevant condition of use, was either safe or not safe. The types of data required before a decision can be made include: (1) 28 day chronic dermal toxicity in guinea pigs, and (2) clinical sensitization and photosensitization studies (or an appropriate ultraviolet spectrum instead of the photosensitization data). In the current application authorisation is sought under article 10(2) for Glyceryl Ricinoleate 30 eo (Gliseril Risinoleat 30 EO, GLYCERYL RICINOLEATE 30 EO) (E 484) under the category/functional group 1(c) "technological additives"/"emulsifiers" according to Annex I of Regulation (EC) No 1831/2003. The authorisation is sought for the use of the feed additive for all animal species and categories. Glyceryl Ricinoleate 30 eo (Gliseril Risinoleat 30 EO, GLYCERYL RICINOLEATE 30 EO) (E 484) or polyethylene glycol (PEG X) castor oil is obtained by mixing X moles (X from 6.5 to 200) of ethylene oxide to one mole of castor oil. The major components formed are the tri-ricinoleate esters of ethoxylated glycerol. The Applicant suggested the following technical specification ranges to characterise the feed additive: 16 to 162 mg KOH/g for the saponification value; 5.5 to 7.5 for pH; 0 to 2 mg KOH/g for the acid value and 0 to 3% wt for the water content. The feed additive is intended to be incorporated directly into feedingstuffs or through premixtures, with no recommended minimum or maximum concentration levels. However, typical inclusion levels range from 10 to 20 g E 484 /kg feedingstuffs. For the identification of Glyceryl Ricinoleate 30 eo (Gliseril Risinoleat 30 EO, GLYCERYL RICINOLEATE 30 EO) (PEG X (X = 6.5-200) castor oil) in the feed additive the Applicant proposed several official methods developed by the American Oil Chemists' Society (AOCS) and the standard of American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) for the determination of the: - saponification value (AOCS Cd 3-25); - acid value (AOCS 3d-63); - pH value (ASTM Standard D1172-95:2007) and - water content (AOCS Ca 2e-84). Even though no performance characteristics are provided, the EURL recommends for official control the official AOCS methods and the ASTM standard to identify Glyceryl Ricinoleate 30 eo (Gliseril Risinoleat 30 EO, GLYCERYL RICINOLEATE 30 EO) (PEG X castor oil) in the feed additive. The accurate quantification of Glyceryl Ricinoleate 30 eo (Gliseril Risinoleat 30 EO, GLYCERYL RICINOLEATE 30 EO) in premixtures and feedingstuffs is not achievable experimentally. Nevertheless, the Applicant presented qualitative data for the identification of the active substance in premixtures and feedingstuffs using Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR). This data does not allow any recommendation by the EURL for official control to quantify Glyceryl Ricinoleate 30 eo (Gliseril Risinoleat 30 EO, GLYCERYL RICINOLEATE 30 EO) in premixtures and feedingstuffs. In the current application authorisation is sought under article 10(2) (re-evaluation of the already authorised additives under provisions of Council Directive 70/524/EEC) for Glyceryl Ricinoleate 30 eo (Gliseril Risinoleat 30 EO, GLYCERYL RICINOLEATE 30 EO) (E 484) under the category/functional group 1(c) "technological additives"/"emulsifiers" according to Annex I of Regulation (EC) No 1831/2003 [1]. The authorisation is sought for the use of the feed additive for all animal species and categories [2]. Glyceryl Ricinoleate 30 eo (Gliseril Risinoleat 30 EO, GLYCERYL RICINOLEATE 30 EO) (E 484) or "polyethylene glycol (PEG X) castor oil" is obtained by mixing X moles (X from 6.5 to 200) of ethylene oxide to one mole of castor oil under controlled conditions. The major components formed are the tri-ricinoleate esters of ethoxylated glycerol with minor amounts of polyoxyethylene ricinoleates, ethoxylated glycerols and polyethylene glycols [3]. Castor oil itself is a triglyceride extracted from the seeds of the plant Ricinus communis and comprising mainly ricinoleic acid (>85 %) with minor amounts of palmitic, oleic, linoleic, linolenic, dihydroxystearic and arachidic acids. For the identification of Glyceryl Ricinoleate 30 eo (Gliseril Risinoleat 30 EO, GLYCERYL RICINOLEATE 30 EO) (PEG X (X = 6.5-200) castor oil) in the feed additive the Applicant proposed several official methods developed by the American Oil Chemists' Society (AOCS) and the standard of American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) for the determination of the saponification- [6], acid- [7], pH- [8] values, and water content [9]. In addition, the EURL identified equivalent generic methods described in the internationally recognised FAO JECFA monograph for food additives [10] and/or in the European Pharmacopoeia monographs [11-15]. Even though no performance characteristics are provided, the EURL recommends for official control the AOCS methods and the ASTM standard to identify Glyceryl Ricinoleate 30 eo (Gliseril Risinoleat 30 EO, GLYCERYL RICINOLEATE 30 EO) (PEG X castor oil) in the feed additive. However, the methods described in the FAO JECFA and the European Pharmacopoeia monographs mentioned above can be considered for the identification of Glyceryl Ricinoleate 30 eo (Gliseril Risinoleat 30 EO, GLYCERYL RICINOLEATE 30 EO) (PEG X castor oil) in the feed additive. The accurate quantification of Glyceryl Ricinoleate 30 eo (Gliseril Risinoleat 30 EO, GLYCERYL RICINOLEATE 30 EO) in premixtures and feedingstuffs is not achievable experimentally. Nevertheless, the Applicant presented qualitative data for the identification of the active substance in premixtures and feedingstuffs using Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) [16]. This data shows that the active substance can be identified unambiguously in premixtures [17], while a matrix effect is observed when investigating feedingstuffs samples [16]. Hence, the data provided does not allow any recommendation by the EURL for official control to quantify Glyceryl Ricinoleate 30 eo (Gliseril Risinoleat 30 EO, GLYCERYL RICINOLEATE 30 EO) in premixtures and feedingstuffs. Glyceryl Ricinoleate 30 eo (Gliseril Risinoleat 30 EO, GLYCERYL RICINOLEATE 30 EO) is a monoester of glycerin and ricinoleic acid. In cosmetic formulations Glyceryl Ricinoleate 30 eo (Gliseril Risinoleat 30 EO, GLYCERYL RICINOLEATE 30 EO) can have the following functions: emulsifier/co-emulsifier, refatting agent, dispersing aid. But the primary function of Glyceryl Ricinoleate 30 eo (Gliseril Risinoleat 30 EO, GLYCERYL RICINOLEATE 30 EO) is a skin protection agent. Glyceryl Ricinoleate 30 eo (Gliseril Risinoleat 30 EO, GLYCERYL RICINOLEATE 30 EO) is used in nearly all skin care preparations such as creams, lotions, bath oils, shaving formulations, refatting soap and shower agents in amounts of 2 – 10%. In an epicutaneous test and after long use in cosmetic preparations, no irritations were observed. Glyceryl Ricinoleate 30 eo (Gliseril Risinoleat 30 EO, GLYCERYL RICINOLEATE 30 EO) is the chief constituent of castor oil and is the triglyceride of ricinoleic acid.[1] Castor oil, the expressed natural fatty oil of the seeds of Ricinus communis also contains mixtures of the glycerides of isoricinoleic acids and much smaller traces of tristearin and the glyceride of dihydroxysteric acid. Ricinolein is the active principle in the use of castor oil as a purgative and solvent for several medically useful alkaloids. Glyceryl Ricinoleate 30 eo (Gliseril Risinoleat 30 EO, GLYCERYL RICINOLEATE 30 EO) is also known as 9-Octadecenoic acid,12-hydroxy-,(9Z,12R)-,monoester with 1,2,3-propanetriol. Glyceryl Ricinoleate 30 eo (Gliseril Risinoleat 30 EO, GLYCERYL RICINOLEATE 30 EO) is a chemical product which appears under the form of a yellow liquid, is dispersible in water, is soluble in most organic solvents, is combustible. Glyceryl Ricinoleate 30 eo (Gliseril Risinoleat 30 EO, GLYCERYL RICINOLEATE 30 EO) used as a low-temperature lubricant, a non-drying emulsifying agent, a solvent, a plasticizer, in cosmetics, in the processing of leather, paper and textile, and for the stabilizing of latex paints against breakdown due to repeated freeze-thaws. Glyceryl Ricinoleate 30 eo (Gliseril Risinoleat 30 EO, GLYCERYL RICINOLEATE 30 EO) used as antifoaming agent, softening agent, antistatic agent, dispersing, agent, degreasing agent, plasticizing agent, thickening agent and chemical intermediate in the industry. Glyceryl Ricinoleate 30 eo (Gliseril Risinoleat 30 EO, GLYCERYL RICINOLEATE 30 EO) is ester of fatty acid & derivative of castor oil. Glyceryl Ricinoleate 30 eo (Gliseril Risinoleat 30 EO, GLYCERYL RICINOLEATE 30 EO) can be used as emollient, emulsifier, personal care ingredient & lubricant. This Glyceryl Ricinoleate 30 eo (Gliseril Risinoleat 30 EO, GLYCERYL RICINOLEATE 30 EO) is widely demanded in the international market due to its high effectively, eco-friendliness and purity, and is offered in different grades to meet the varied needs of our clients. Moreover, we are offering the entire range at an affordable cost to our clients. Glyceryl Ricinoleate 30 eo (Gliseril Risinoleat 30 EO, GLYCERYL RICINOLEATE 30 EO) In cosmetic formulations Glyceryl Ricinoleate 30 eo (Gliseril Risinoleat 30 EO, GLYCERYL RICINOLEATE 30 EO) can have the following functions: Emulsifier/co-emulsifier, refatting agent, dispersing aid. But the primary function of Glyceryl Ricinoleate 30 eo (Gliseril Risinoleat 30 EO, GLYCERYL RICINOLEATE 30 EO) is a skin protection agent. The availability of the free hydroxyl groups of Glyceryl Ricinoleate 30 eo (Gliseril Risinoleat 30 EO, GLYCERYL RICINOLEATE 30 EO) is the reason for its excellent skin protection. Glyceryl Ricinoleate 30 eo (Gliseril Risinoleat 30 EO, GLYCERYL RICINOLEATE 30 EO) is surface-active because of its free hydroxyl groups of mono- and diglycerides. It forms W/O-emulsions and also acts as co-emulsifier in O/W-emulsions. Glyceryl Ricinoleate 30 eo (Gliseril Risinoleat 30 EO, GLYCERYL RICINOLEATE 30 EO) is well-tolerated by the skin and mucosa. Skin reactivity to aggressive substances is decreased and therefore Glyceryl Ricinoleate 30 eo (Gliseril Risinoleat 30 EO, GLYCERYL RICINOLEATE 30 EO) can be readily used as a skin-protecting agent. Glyceryl Ricinoleate 30 eo (Gliseril Risinoleat 30 EO, GLYCERYL RICINOLEATE 30 EO) is attracted to the adsorption sites on the skin surface, and therefore protects it from being attacked by harmful substances. Characteristics of Glyceryl Ricinoleate 30 eo (Gliseril Risinoleat 30 EO, GLYCERYL RICINOLEATE 30 EO) The consistency of Glyceryl Ricinoleate 30 eo (Gliseril Risinoleat 30 EO, GLYCERYL RICINOLEATE 30 EO) can be liquid to pasty, due to temperature conditions fractionated crystallization can occur. Glyceryl Ricinoleate 30 eo (Gliseril Risinoleat 30 EO, GLYCERYL RICINOLEATE 30 EO) is miscible with fats and oils. It is readily soluble in ethanol, diethylether, toluole and methylene chloride. It is water dispersible. Polar binding forces (Van-der-Waals forces) come from the glyceryl hydroxyl groups and from the 12-hydroxy-9-cis-octadecanoic acid (ricinoleic acid). Because of its purely vegetable origin and manufacturing process, Glyceryl Ricinoleate 30 eo (Gliseril Risinoleat 30 EO, GLYCERYL RICINOLEATE 30 EO) is free from heavy metals, catalyst residues and solvents. It is stabilized with BHT. It contains max. 0.5 % of water. How to use Glyceryl Ricinoleate 30 eo (Gliseril Risinoleat 30 EO, GLYCERYL RICINOLEATE 30 EO) Glyceryl Ricinoleate 30 eo (Gliseril Risinoleat 30 EO, GLYCERYL RICINOLEATE 30 EO) is used in nearly all skin care preparations such as creams, lotions, bath oils, shaving formulations, refatting soap and shower agents in amounts of 2 – 10%. In an epicutaneous test and after long use in cosmetic preparations, no irritations were observed.

Glyceryl Rosinate is a monoester of glycerin and mixed long chain acids derived from Rosin
Glyceryl rosinate also known as, GEGR (Glyceryl ester of gum rosin)/ ester gum is a monoester of glycerol and mixed long-chain acids of rosin, also called rosin acid/resin acid.


CAS Number: 65997-13-9 / 8050-31-5
EC Number: 266-042-9 / 232-482-5
Chem/IUPAC Name: Resin acids and Rosin acids, esters with glycerol
Molecular Formula: C63H62O3


Glyceryl rosinate also known as, GEGR (Glyceryl ester of gum rosin)/ ester gum is a monoester of glycerol and mixed long-chain acids of rosin, also called rosin acid/resin acid.
Glyceryl rosinate is produced via a special process; the process provides product stability plus it does not lose its quality upon aging.


There are various raw material sources available in the market, and those are ruby red to black thermoplastic resin, obtained from pinewood.
Glyceryl rosinate is an ester of long chain acids derived from a plant-based ingredient known as rosin.
Glyceryl rosinate may be plant-derived or synthetic, with both types working as emollients, surfactants, and emulsifiers.


Glyceryl rosinate is a pale yellow to amber solid with a sweet taste that is used in citrus flavored soft drinks, chewing gum, and ice cream.
Glyceryl rosinate is an ester of rosin and glycerol.
Glyceryl Rosinate, also called Glycerol Ester of Gum Rosin (GEGR) or Ester Gum, is anoil-soluble food additive.


Its high density helps keep oils in suspension in water and this property is the reason why Glyceryl rosinate is often used as a beverage stabilizer.
Glyceryl rosinate, also called Glycerol Ester of Hydrogenated Rosin (GEHR) and Ester Of Hydrogenated Rosin, is esterified from refined hydrogenated rosin and edible glycerol.


Glyceryl rosinate, also called Glycerol Ester of Gum Rosin (GEGR) or Ester Gum, is anoil-soluble food additive.
Glyceryl Rosinate is the important material for adhesive and food additive.
When producing, crushed the rosin into small pieces and add Glyceryl rosinate to the reactor, start heating, glycerol ester and zinc oxide all the time to join the reactor.


If Glyceryl rosinate is not melted, stop the stirring.
If Glyceryl rosinate melts, continue to stir and continue to warm up to 270°C in 30 minutes, and then in 2h slowly to 290 & lt; 0 & gt; C.
1h before this phase is for the esterification reaction stage, 1h after the reaction gradually slowed down, when reaching 290 ℃, continue to heat up, while opening the valve to steam the excess water and glycerol, volatile matter.


And then 0.5h rise to 305 ℃, sampling inspection, acid value below 20, the softening point above 80 ℃, light color and transparent glyceryl rosinate are required.
Glyceryl rosinate also named Ester Gum, it's made of gum rosin and glycerol ester with stabilizing treatment.


Glyceryl rosinate can be perfectly dissolved in polymers.
Glyceryl rosinate is a solid.
Glyceryl rosinate is insoluble in water.
Glyceryl rosinate is stable.


Glyceryl rosinate is under strong acid or strong alkali condition, easily hydrolyzed.
Glyceryl rosinate contains glycerol as alcohol component in esters or condensed with other (poly) alcohols or sugars.
Glyceryl rosinate is salts or esters of resin acid.
Glyceryl rosinate is an ester of long chain acids derived from a plant-based ingredient known as rosin.



USES and APPLICATIONS of GLYCERYL ROSINATE:
Glyceryl rosinate can be used with polymers such as EVA,SBS & SIS to make industrial grade hot melt adhesive,
acrylic adhesive etc.
Glyceryl rosinate is used solvent base adhesive for SBR rubber, natural rubber and acrylic.


Glyceryl rosinate can be polymerized with plant oil for phenolic paint, and improve the hardness and brightness.
Glyceryl rosinate can be used as tackifier and binder for road marking paint.
Glyceryl rosinate is widely used as a base in the production of chewing-gum.


Glyceryl rosinate also serves as analternative to brominated vegetable oil in citrus oil flavored soft drinks.
In some cases both ingredients are used together.
Glyceryl rosinate is used Performance claims, Sustainability claims, Function, Applications, Usage level


Glyceryl rosinate is used Chemical group, Chemical properties, Physical properties, Appearance, Colors, Origin, Origin Species.
Glyceryl rosinate's high density helps keep oils in suspension in water and this property is the reason why it is often used as a beverage stabilizer.
Glyceryl rosinate is a kind of super light color tackifying rosin resin, which is esterified from refined hydrogenated rosin and edible glycerol, and through series combined technologies units of catalytic hydrogenation.


With benefit of light color, low odor, good heat stability and excellent ageing resistance, Glyceryl rosinate is mainly used in screen protection film, medicinal patch, diaper adhesive, PSA and HMA.
Glyceryl rosinate is used as anti-oxidant and softening with good tase in the production of SBR or polyvinyl acetate based chewing-gum and bubble gum.


Glyceryl rosinate is used as emulsification stabilizer in soft drink
Glyceryl rosinate is used as tackifier in depilatory and Cosmetic industry
Glyceryl rosinate is applied on coated urea fertilizer for tobacco


Glyceryl rosinate is used as a thixotropic agent of pesticide dispersion
Glyceryl rosinate comes with excellent adhesivity to be widely used in various adhesive manufactures, it is light color and economic type of tackifier material.


Glyceryl rosinate is used as lubricant.
Glyceryl rosinate is used as dispersing agent, emulsion stabilizer.
Glyceryl rosinate is used as adhesive.


Glyceryl rosinate is used Film-forming agent, perfume in personal care products.
Glyceryl rosinate is used as food additive (depilatory, perfume).
Amounts of Glyceryl rosinate in use range from 8% in mascaras, 1–10% in lipsticks to upwards of 96% in depilatories, attesting to the versatility Glyceryl rosinate has.


Attesting to its safety, Glyceryl rosinate is also used in beverages to create texture and improve flavor stability.
Its high density allows Glyceryl rosinate to keep oils suspended in water.
Therefore, Glyceryl rosinate is often used as a stabilizer in beverages and is quite common in chewing gum.


In cosmetics, Glyceryl rosinate is primarily used in wax for hair removal, mascaras, and lipsticks.
Glyceryl rosinate is permitted in organic/bio products.
Glyceryl rosinate is widely used as a base in the production of chewing-gum.


Glyceryl rosinate also serves as analternative to brominated vegetable oil in citrus oil flavored soft drinks.
In some cases both ingredients are used together.
Glyceryl rosinate is most often used when oils need to remain suspended in a water-based solution.


For this reason, Glyceryl rosinate tends to be used in blends that include plant oils such as castor seed or olive and emollient shea butter.
Such blends are sometimes used as replacements for the animal-derived emollient lanolin.
Glyceryl rosinate can be used with polymers such as EVA、SBS & SIS to make industrial grade hot melt adhesive, acrylic adhesive etc.


Glyceryl rosinate is used Solvent base adhesive for SBR rubber, natural rubber and acrylic.
Glyceryl rosinate can be polymerized with plant oil for phenolic paint, and improve the hardness and brightness.
Glyceryl rosinate can be used as tackifier and binder for road marking paint.


Glyceryl rosinate is a monoester of glycerol and long-chain mixed rosin acids (rosinic acid).
Glyceryl rosinate is produced by a special process that provides stability to the product and maintains its longer shelf life.
Glyceryl rosinate can have a synthetic or natural form.


The natural form may contain traces of resins that are capable of causing an allergic reaction, the synthetic form should be safe to use.
Glyceryl rosinate is used as a food (beverage stabilizer, emulsifier, chewing gum) and cosmetic additive.
In general, Glyceryl rosinate is an emulsifier (combines the water and oil phases), an emollient, a surfactant (forms foam) and a skin conditioner.


When applied locally to the skin, Glyceryl rosinate creates an occlusive and protective film on its surface that prevents the loss of moisture from the surface of the skin.
Glyceryl rosinate is added to personal care products ,depilatory creams and in various cosmetic products (mascaras, lipsticks, ...).


Glyceryl rosinate’s made of gum rosin and glycerol ester with stabilizing treatment.
Glyceryl rosinate can be perfectly dissolved in polymers.
Glyceryl Rosinate comes with excellent adhesivity to be widely used in various adhesive manufactures, it is light color and economic type of tackifier material.


Glyceryl rosinate is a Glycerol Ester of Gum Rosin, Ester Gum, GEGR. The Industry grade of Glyceryl Rosinate (a polyol ester of rosin), also called Glycerol Ester of Gum Rosin (GEGR), which is used for specialty industries of adhesives,coating and paints.
Glyceryl rosinate is also widely used in polymers including EVA, acrylics, polyurethanes, SIS and SBS.


This ester of long chain acids is naturally obtained from a plant ingredient called rosin.
In cosmetics Glyceryl rosinate is used as a skin-conditioner, emulsifier, and surfactant.
Glyceryl rosinate acts as a stabilizer and moisturizing agent.


Glyceryl rosinate is a triglyceride of vegetable origin combined with rosin glycerol ester and olive oil unsaponifiables.
Moreover, Glyceryl rosinate is an alternative to lanolin and stabilizes emulsion systems.
Glyceryl rosinate provides water retention and hydration properties.


Glyceryl rosinate is used in personal care and cosmetic applications.
Glyceryl rosinate is used Skin care (Facial care, Facial cleansing, Body care, Baby care); Hand creams, Lotions. Group: Raw Materials; Thickeners; Stabilizers; Moisturizing Agents.


Glyceryl Rosinate is used Fragrance Ingredient; Skin-Conditioning Agent - Emollient; Surfactant - Emulsifying Agent; FILM FORMING; PERFUMING.
Glyceryl Rosinate Also Known As Glycerol Ester Of Rosin, is made of gum rosin mixed with glycerol ester and heat them up, under pressure from superposition.
Glyceryl rosinate was heated to 200 ° C. Add 10 ~ 15% glycerol, heating to 230-285 ℃, to maintain 5 - lOh, reaction to prevent oxidation, should be filled with CO2 gas, stop heating, vacuum pump and gas for about 30min, then natural cooling.


The reaction can be used calcium oxide, zinc oxide as a catalyst.
Glyceryl Rosinate rosin esters can be used for food emulsifier, in the pharmaceutical agent for sustained release matrix material, ointment base, emulsifiers, adhesives, pressure-sensitive adhesive for the slow release tablets, patch, emulsion And the like.


Glyceryl rosinate is used in the food industry for gum, chewing gum and other gum base.
The amount of discretion, the general amount of 0.1 to 5%.
Glyceryl rosinate is a naturally originating ester of rosin and glycerol.


Glyceryl rosinate's high density makes it possible to keep the oils in suspension in the water.
Glyceryl rosinate is often used as a stabilizer in drinks, it is often found in chewing gum.
In cosmetics, Glyceryl rosinate is mainly used in depilatory waxes, mascaras and lipsticks.


Glyceryl rosinate is an ester of long chain acids derived from a plant-based ingredient known as rosin.
Glyceryl rosinate functions as a skin-conditioning agent, surfactant, and emulsifier and has been found safe as used in cosmetics.



USE AND BENEFITS OF GLYCERYL ROSINATE:
Similar to other monoesters, they have a structure that fits for use as an emulsifier or surfactant.
An emulsifier holds both the oil and water phase together efficiently.
They have certain active functional groups in a molecular structure that takes care of the water part and long aliphatic chain, in the same structure of a molecule that takes care of the oil part.

So, the emulsifier helps the formulation look uniform and appealing to the eye.
Surfactant is another use of the ester gum, which helps create foam upon actual use of a product.
Although foam may not be necessary for the product it is very important for the consumer as foam is normally seen as a way of showing that it is actually cleaning.

The Esters usually imparts moisturization and are good film formers. They form an occlusive and protective film that helps skin retain moisture. It is helpful when dry skin is a real problem.
Glyceryl rosinate is used in personal care products, depilatory or hair removal creams, and in various cosmetic products.



HOW GLYCERYL ROSINATE IS CLASSIFIED:
*Emulsifiers
*Emollients
*Cleansing Agents



BENEFITS OF GLYCERYL ROSINATE:
Glyceryl rosinate's high density helps keep oils in suspension in water and this property is why it is often used as a beverage stabilizer.
Glyceryl rosinate also serves as an alternative to brominated vegetable oil in citrus oil-flavored soft drinks.
Glyceryl rosinate is totally soluble in aromatic, aliphatic and chlorinated solvents, Not soluble in alcohols, ketones (except butanol and MEK)



FEATURES OF GLYCERYL ROSINATE:
*Glyceryl rosinate can be dissolved in many solvent such as petroleum hydrocarbons, aromatics, ester, ketone, gasoline, benzene, acetic ether, acetone, turpentine and so on.
*Glyceryl rosinate cannot be dissolved in water and alcohol.
*Glyceryl rosinate is With light color, low-odor, anti-oxidization, thermal stability, strong adhesivity and other features.
*Glyceryl rosinate can be widely used with many polymers such as NR, CR, SBR, EVA, SIS, SBS etc.



GLYCERYL ROSINATE AT A GLANCE:
*Versatile ingredient found in skin care, makeup, and beverages
*Works as an emollient, emulsifier, and surfactant
*Often combined with plant oils and delicate emollients to improve stability
*Very high amounts are used in depilatories



FUNCTIONS OF GLYCERYL ROSINATE:
*Film forming :
Glyceryl rosinate produces a continuous film on skin, hair or nails
*Perfuming :
Glyceryl rosinate is used for perfume and aromatic raw materials



WHAT DOES GLYCERYL ROSINATE DO IN A FORMULATION?
*Film forming
*Perfuming



FEATURES OF GLYCERYL ROSINATE:
» Also named Glyceryl Rosinate or Ester Gum.
» Glyceryl rosinate can be dissolved in many solvent such as petroleum hydrocarbons, aromatics, ester, ketone, gasoline, benzene, acetic ether, acetone, turpentine and so on.
» Glyceryl rosinate cannot be dissolved in water and alcohol.
» Glyceryl rosinate comes with light color, low-odor, anti-oxidization, thermal stability, strong adhesivity and other features.
» Glyceryl Rosinate can be widely used with many polymers such as NR, CR, SBR, EVA, SIS, SBS etc.



FUNCTIONS OF GLYCERYL ROSINATE IN COSMETIC PRODUCTS:
*FILM FORMING
Glyceryl rosinate produces a continuous film on skin, hair and / or nails
*PERFUMING
Part of perfume oils and / or flavours



PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of GLYCERYL ROSINATE:
Color (Fe-Co Scale): 3-5
Softening point (R&B, °C): 85-95
Acid number (mgKOH/g) max: 9
Solubility (with toluene 1:1): clear



FIRST AID MEASURES of GLYCERYL ROSINATE:
-Description of first-aid measures:
*General advice:
Show this material safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
*If inhaled:
After inhalation:
Fresh air.
Call in physician.
*In case of skin contact:
Take off immediately all contaminated clothing.
Rinse skin with water/ shower.
*In case of eye contact:
After eye contact:
Rinse out with plenty of water.
Remove contact lenses.
*If swallowed:
After swallowing:
Immediately make victim drink water (two glasses at most).
Consult a physician.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed:
No data available



ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of GLYCERYL ROSINATE:
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Cover drains.
Collect, bind, and pump off spills.
Observe possible material restrictions.
Take up dry.
Dispose of properly.
Clean up affected area.



FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of GLYCERYL ROSINATE:
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Use extinguishing measures that are appropriate to local circumstances and the surrounding environment.
*Unsuitable extinguishing media:
For this substance/mixture no limitations of extinguishing agents are given.
-Further information
Suppress (knock down) gases/vapors/mists with a water spray jet.
Prevent fire extinguishing water from contaminating surface water or the ground water system.



EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of GLYCERYL ROSINATE:
-Control parameters:
--Ingredients with workplace control parameters:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use equipment for eye protection.
Safety glasses
*Skin protection:
Full contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Splash contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
*Body Protection:
protective clothing
*Respiratory protection:
Recommended Filter type: Filter type P2
-Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.



HANDLING and STORAGE of GLYCERYL ROSINATE:
-Precautions for safe handling:
*Advice on safe handling:
Work under hood.
*Hygiene measures:
Immediately change contaminated clothing.
Apply preventive skin protection.
Wash hands and face after working with substance.
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
*Storage conditions:
Tightly closed.
Dry.
Keep in a well-ventilated place.
Keep locked up or in an area accessible only to qualified or authorized persons.



STABILITY and REACTIVITY of GLYCERYL ROSINATE:
-Reactivity:
No data available
-Chemical stability:
The product is chemically stable under standard ambient conditions (room temperature) .
-Possibility of hazardous reactions:
No data available
-Conditions to avoid:
no information available



SYNONYMS:
Resin acids and Rosin acids, esters with glycerol
Butyrospermum Parkii Butter, Glyceryl Rosinate, Olea Europaea Oil Unsaponifiables.
8050-31-5
GLYCEROL ESTER OF ROSIN (RIFM)
GLYCERYL MONOROSINATE
GLYCERYL ROSINATE [INCI]
RESIESTER GUM A 35
RESIN ACIDS AND ROSIN ACIDS, ESTERS WITH GLYCERIN
ESTERS WITH GLYCERIN RESIN ACIDS AND ROSIN ACIDS
GLYCERYL MONOROSINATE
GLYCERYL ROSINATE, RESIN ACIDS AND ROSIN ACIDS, ESTERS WITH GLYCERIN, and ROSIN GLYCEROL ESTER

GLYCERYL STEARATE Glyceryl Stearate What Is Glyceryl Stearate? Glyceryl Stearate and Glyceryl Stearate SE are esterification products of glycerin and stearic acid. Glyceryl Stearate is a white or cream-colored wax-like solid. Glyceryl Stearate SE is a "Self-Emulsifying" form of Glyceryl Stearate that also contains a small amount of sodium and or potassium stearate. In cosmetics and personal care products, Glyceryl Stearate is widely used and can be found in lotions, creams, powders, skin cleansing products, makeup bases and foundations, mascara, eye shadow, eyeliner, hair conditioners and rinses, and suntan and sunscreen products. Why is Glyceryl Stearate used in cosmetics and personal care products? Glyceryl Stearate acts as a lubricant on the skin's surface, which gives the skin a soft and smooth appearance. It also slows the loss of water from the skin by forming a barrier on the skin's surface. Glyceryl Stearate, and Glyceryl Stearate SE help to form emulsions by reducing the surface tension of the substances to be emulsified. Scientific Facts: Glyceryl Stearate is made by reacting glycerin with stearic acid, a fatty acid obtained from animal and vegetable fats and oils. Glyceryl Stearate SE is produced by reacting an excess of stearic acid with glycerin. The excess stearic acid is then reacted with potassium and/or sodium hydroxide yielding a product that contains Glyceryl Stearate as well as potassium stearate and/or sodium stearate. What Is Glyceryl Stearate Glyceryl Stearate is esterification products of glycerin and stearic acid. Glyceryl Stearate is a white or cream-colored wax-like solid. Glyceryl Stearate SE is a "Self-Emulsifying" form of Glyceryl Stearate that also contains a small amount of sodium and or potassium stearate. In cosmetics and personal care products, Glyceryl Stearate is widely used and can be found in lotions, creams, powders, skin cleansing products, makeup bases and foundations, mascara, eye shadow, eyeliner, hair conditioners and rinses, and suntan and sunscreen products. Why is it used in cosmetics and personal care products? Glyceryl Stearate acts as a lubricant on the skin's surface, which gives the skin a soft and smooth appearance. It also slows the loss of water from the skin by forming a barrier on the skin's surface. Glyceryl Stearate, and Glyceryl Stearate SE help to form emulsions by reducing the surface tension of the substances to be emulsified. Glyceryl Stearate is derived from palm kernel, vegetable or soy oil and is also found naturally in the human body. It acts as a lubricant on the skin's surface, which gives the skin a soft and smooth appearance. It easily penetrates the skin and slows the loss of water from the skin by forming a barrier on the skin's surface. It has been shown to protect skin from free-radical damage as well. Functions of Glyceryl Stearate Glyceryl Stearate is derived from palm kernel, vegetable or soy oil and is also found naturally in the human body. It acts as a lubricant on the skin's surface, which gives the skin a soft and smooth appearance (Source). It easily penetrates the skin and slows the loss of water from the skin by forming a barrier on the skin's surface. It has been shown to protect skin from free-radical damage as well. Chemically, Glyceryl Stearate is used to stabilize products, decrease water evaporation, make products freeze-resistant, and keep them from forming surface crusts. Description: Glyceryl stearate SE (self-emulsifying as it contains a small amount 3-6% of potassium stearate) is the monoester of glycerin and stearic acid. Vegetable origin. It is an emulsifier with a HLB value of 5.8 and thus useful for making water-in-oil emulsions. It can also be used as a co-emulsifier and thickener for oil- in-water formulations. Off-white flakes, bland odor. Soluble in oil. CAS: 123-94-4 INCI Name: Glyceryl stearate Properties: Emulsifies water and oil phase, acts as stabilizer and thickener in o/w formulations, widely used in a variety of different cosmetic formulations. Use: Add to oil/emulsifier phase of formulas, melts at 55°C/130°F. Use level: 1-10%. For external use only. Applications: Moisturizing creams, lotions, ointments, antiperspirant, hair care and sunscreen. Glyceryl stearate (GMS) is one of the most commonly used ingredients in personal care formulations. But it's a material that is not well understood by most formulators. GMS (EU) is normally used as a low-HLB thickening agent in lamellar gel (EU) network (LGN)-based oil-in-water emulsions, often combined with fatty alcohols. Glyceryl Stearate, also known as Glyceryl MonoStearate, or GMS, is EcoCert certified. Glyceryl Stearate is the natural glyceryl ester from stearic acid (glycerin and stearic acid) which offers skin conditioning, moisturization and hydration due to the glycerin component. Functions as a non-ionic opacifier, thickener, and formulation stabilizer, where it also imparts a softer, smoother, feel to your emulsions. Glyceryl Stearate is one of the best choices, for thickening and stabilizing, to use in combination with the lactylates, where it also functions as an emollient, and gives the emulsion more smoothness. SPECIFICATIONS Off White Flake / Granule Characteristic Odor Oil Soluble Store Tightly Closed, Protected from Heat 24 Month Shelf when Properly Handled, and Stored GUIDELINES Add to Oil Phase 2.0 to 5.0% Glyceryl stearate is the end result of reaction between glycerin and stearic acid. We all know what glycerin is and does (generally vegetable based humectant), and stearic acid is a fatty acid compound extracted from a variety of vegetable, animal, and oil sources such as palm kernel and soy. The end result of the reaction with glycerin and stearic acid is a cream-colored, waxy like substance. Details A super common, waxy, white, solid stuff that helps water and oil to mix together, gives body to creams and leaves the skin feeling soft and smooth. Chemically speaking, it is the attachment of a glycerin molecule to the fatty acid called stearic acid. It can be produced from most vegetable oils (in oils three fatty acid molecules are attached to glycerin instead of just one like here) in a pretty simple, "green" process that is similar to soap making. It's readily biodegradable. GLYCERYL STEARATE CAS number: 31566-31-1 - Glyceryl stearate "Good" in all categories. Origin(s): Synthetic Other languages: Estearato de glicerilo, Gliceril stearato, Glycerylstearat, Stéarate de glycérol INCI name: GLYCERYL STEARATE EINECS/ELINCS number: 250-705-4/286-490-9 Classification: Nonionic surfactant Bio-compatible (COSMOS Reference) NAMELY Glycerol stearate is used as a non-ionic emulsifier or emollient in cosmetic products. It is widely used in moisturizers and is also found in hair care products for its antistatic properties. It can be derived from palm, olive or rapeseed oil... It is authorized in bio. Its functions (INCI) Emollient : Softens and softens the skin Emulsifying : Promotes the formation of intimate mixtures between immiscible liquids by modifying the interfacial tension (water and oil) This ingredient is present in 11.81% of cosmetics. Hand cream (46.51%) Moisturizing cream box (46.15%) Anti-aging night face cream (45.88%) Anti-aging hand cream (43.75%) Mascara (42.73%) GLYCERYL STEARATE Glyceryl Stearate is the natural glyceryl ester of glycerin and stearic acid. It offers excellent hydration and moisturization. It acts as a non-ionic opacifier, thickener, emollient and formulation stabilizer. It is used in skin care and body care applications. GLYCERYL STEARATE is classified as : Emollient Emulsifying CAS Number 31566-31-1 EINECS/ELINCS No: 250-705-4 COSING REF No: 34103 INN Name: glyceryl monostearate PHARMACEUTICAL EUROPEAN NAME: glyceroli monostearas Chem/IUPAC Name: Glyceryl MonoStearate Glyceryl stearate Learn all about glyceryl stearate, including how it's made, and why Puracy uses glyceryl stearate in our products. Derived from: coconut Pronunciation: (\ˈglis-rəl\ \stē-ə-ˌrāt\) Type: Naturally-derived Other names: monostearate What Is Glyceryl stearate? Glyceryl stearate, also called glyceryl monostearate, is a white or pale yellow waxy substance derived from palm kernel, olives, or coconuts. What Does Glyceryl stearate Do in Our products? Glyceryl stearate is an emollient that keeps products blended together; it can also be a surfactant, emulsifier, and thickener in food — often it’s used as a dough conditioner and to keep things from going stale.[1] In our products, however, glyceryl stearate is used for its most common purpose — to bind moisture to the skin. For this reason, it is a common ingredient in thousands of cosmetic products, including lotions, makeup, skin cleansers, and other items.[2,3] Why Puracy Uses Glyceryl stearate We use glyceryl stearate in several of our products as a moisturizer; it also forms a barrier on the skin and prevents products from feeling greasy. As an emulsifier, it also allows products to stay blended.[5] Several studies and clinical tests find that glyceryl stearate causes little or no skin or eye irritation and is not a danger in formulations that might be inhaled.[6,7,8] In addition, a number of clinical trials have found that glyceryl stearate in moisturizers can lessen symptoms and signs of atopic dermatitis, including pruritus, erythema, fissuring, and lichenification.[9] In 1982 and again in 2015, the Cosmetic Ingredient Review deemed the ingredient safe for use in cosmetics.[10] Whole Foods has deemed the ingredient acceptable in its body care quality standards.[11] How Glyceryl stearate Is Made Glyceryl stearate is formed through a reaction of glycerin with stearic acid, which is a fatty acid that comes from animal and vegetable fats and oils. Glyceryl stearate SE, the self-emulsifying form of the substance, is made by reacting an excess of stearic acid with glycerin. The excess stearic acid is then reacted with potassium and/or sodium hydroxide. That produces a substance that contains glyceryl stearate, potassium stearate, and/or sodium stearate Glyceryl stearate (GMS) is one of the most commonly used ingredients in personal care formulations. But it’s a material that is not well understood by most formulators. GMS (EU) is normally used as a low-HLB thickening agent in lamellar gel (EU) network (LGN)-based oil-in-water emulsions, often combined with fatty alcohols. LGN-based emulsions containing thickening polymers are the most common type of oil-in-water formulations sold globally. Most GMS used in personal care products should actually be called glyceryl distearate (EU), since many common grades only contain around 40% alpha monostearate (EU), 5% glyceryl tristearate (EU), and 50% glyceryl distearate. There are also grades commercially available that contain 30%, 60%, and 90% GMS. The 90% alpha mono grades can only be produced by molecular distillation and are widely used in the food industry. Functionally, there is a big difference in performance if you use a 90% versus 40% mono. A 90% mono has a higher melting point (69°C versus 58-63°C), lighter skin feel, and a higher HLB (EU) (~4-5, versus ~3). The higher HLB of the 90% mono enables you to form LGNs much easier with lower emulsifier levels and energy than when using cetyl (EU)/stearyl alcohol (EU). There are also self-emulsifying (SE) grades of GMS available, which are typically combined with PEG 100 stearate (EU), potassium stearate (EU), or sodium lauryl sulfate (EU).

Glyceryl Stearate (Glycerol monostearate), also known as monostearin, is a mixture of variable proportions of glyceryl monostearate (C21H42O4), and glyceryl esters of fatty acids present in commercial stearic acid.
Glyceryl Stearate (Glycerol monostearate) is prepared by glycerolysis of certain fats or oils that are derived from edible sources or by esterification, with glycerin, of stearic acid that is derived from edible sources.
Glyceryl monostearate is waxy to the touch and has a slight, mild fatty odor and taste The USP describes glyceryl monostearate as consisting of not less than 90% of monoglycerides, chiefy glyceryl monostearate and glyceryl monopalmitate.

CAS: 31566-31-1
MF: C21H42O4
MW: 358.56
EINECS: 250-705-4

Glyceryl Stearate (Glycerol monostearate) Chemical Properties
Melting point: 78-81 °C
Boiling point: 410.96°C (rough estimate)
Density: 0.9700
Refractive index: 1.4400 (estimate)
Storage temp.: Sealed in dry,Store in freezer, under -20°C
Solubility: Soluble in hot ethanol, ether, chloroform, hot acetone, mineral oil, and fixed oils. Practically insoluble in water, but may be dispersed in water with the aid of a small amount of soap or other surfactant.
Form: Powder
Color: Pure-white or cream-colored, wax-like solid
Odor: faint odor
Water Solubility: Soluble in hot organic solvents.Soluble in hot water. Slightly soluble in ethanol. Insoluble in aliphatic solvents.
Merck: 14,4489
Exposure limits ACGIH: TWA 10 mg/m3; TWA 3 mg/m3
InChI: InChI=1S/C21H42O4/c1-2-3-4-5-6-7-8-9-10-11-12-13-14-15-16-17-21(24)25-19-20(23)18-22/h20,22-23H,2-19H2,1H3
InChIKey: VBICKXHEKHSIBG-UHFFFAOYSA-N
CAS DataBase Reference: 31566-31-1(CAS DataBase Reference)
EPA Substance Registry System: Glyceryl Stearate (Glycerol monostearate) (31566-31-1)

While the names glyceryl monostearate and mono- and diglycerides are used for a variety of esters of long-chain fatty acids, the esters fall into two distinct grades:
40–55 percent monoglycerides The PhEur 6.0 describes glyceryl monostearate 40–55 as a mixture of monoacylglycerols, mostly monostearoylglycerol, together with quantities of di- and triacylglycerols.
Glyceryl Stearate (Glycerol monostearate) contains 40–55% of monoacylglycerols, 30–45% of diacylglycerols, and 5–15% of triacylglycerols.
This PhEur grade corresponds to mono- and di-glycerides USP– NF, which has similar specifications (not less than 40% monoglycerides).

90 percent monoglycerides The USP32–NF27 describes Glyceryl Stearate (Glycerol monostearate) as consisting of not less than 90% of monoglycerides of saturated fatty acids, chiefly glyceryl monostearate (C21H42O4) and glyceryl monopalmitate (C19H38O4).
The commercial products are mixtures of variable proportions of glyceryl monostearate and glyceryl monopalmitate.
Glyceryl Stearate (Glycerol monostearate) is a white to cream-colored, wax-like solid in the form of beads, flakes, or powder.
Glyceryl Stearate (Glycerol monostearate) is waxy to the touch and has a slight fatty odor and taste.

Uses
Glyceryl Stearate (Glycerol monostearate) is an emulsifier that helps form neutral, stable emulsions.
Glyceryl Stearate (Glycerol monostearate) is also a solvent, humectant, and consistency regulator in water-in-oil and oil-in-water formulations.
In addition, Glyceryl Stearate (Glycerol monostearate) can be used as a skin lubricant and imparts a pleasant skin feel.
Glyceryl Stearate (Glycerol monostearate) is a mixture of mono-, di-, and triglycerides of palmitic and stearic acids, and is made from glycerin and stearic fatty acids.
Derived for cosmetic use from palm kernel or soy oil, Glyceryl Stearate (Glycerol monostearate) is also found in the human body.
Glyceryl Stearate (Glycerol monostearate) is very mild with a low skin-irritation profile; however, a slight risk of irritation exists if products contain poor quality glyceryl stearate.

Glyceryl Stearate (Glycerol monostearate) is also known as monostearin, is a mixture of variable proportions of glyceryl monostearate, glyceryl monopalmitate, and glyceryl esters of fatty acids present in commercial stearic acid.
Is prepared by glycerolysis of certain fats or oils that are derived from edible sources or by esterification, with glycerin, of stearic acid that is derived from edible sources.
Glyceryl Stearate (Glycerol monostearate) is a surfactant used in a variety of markets.
Glyceryl Stearate (Glycerol monostearate) is a glycerol ester made from soybean oil derived fatty acid.
Glyceryl Stearate (Glycerol monostearate) finds uses in both food and cosmetic applications.
Glyceryl Stearate (Glycerol monostearate) is a self emulsifying nonionic surfactant, used as a lubricant in confectionery, as a release agent and as a dough softener.
Glyceryl Stearate (Glycerol monostearate) is used as a low HLB emulsifier in personal care products where non animal grade products are needed.

Glyceryl Stearate (Glycerol monostearate) is widely used in cosmetics.
Glyceryl Stearate (Glycerol monostearate) is an emulsifying and solubilizing ingredient, dispersing agent, emollient, formula stabilizer, and surface-action agent.
employed in baby creams, face masks, foundation, and hand lotions, Glyceryl Stearate (Glycerol monostearate) is often derived from hydrogenated soybean oil.
Glyceryl Stearate (Glycerol monostearate) has little or no G toxicity.
Commercially, Glyceryl Stearate (Glycerol monostearate) is synthesized from mono triglycerides, diglycerides, and triglycerides of palmitic acid and stearic acid.
Glyceryl Stearate (Glycerol monostearate) is often used as an emulsifier to stabilize the product and prevent separation.
Glyceryl Stearate (Glycerol monostearate) is found in many personal care products such as moisturizers, eye creams, sunscreens, cosmetics, and hand creams.
Glyceryl Stearate (Glycerol monostearate) is also used as a preservative.

Production Methods
Glyceryl Stearate (Glycerol monostearate) is prepared by the reaction of glycerin with triglycerides from animal or vegetable sources, producing a mixture of monoglycerides and diglycerides.
The diglycerides may be further reacted to produce the 90% monoglyceride grade.
Another process involves reaction of glycerol with stearoyl chloride.
The starting materials are not pure substances and therefore the products obtained from the processes contain a mixture of esters, including palmitate and oleate.
Consequently, the composition, and therefore the physical properties, of Glyceryl Stearate (Glycerol monostearate) may vary considerably depending on the manufacturer.

Pharmaceutical Applications
The many varieties of Glyceryl Stearate (Glycerol monostearate) are used as nonionic emulsifiers, stabilizers, emollients, and plasticizers in a variety of food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic applications.
Glyceryl Stearate (Glycerol monostearate) acts as an effective stabilizer, that is, as a mutual solvent for polar and nonpolar compounds that may form water-in-oil or oil-in-water emulsions.
These properties also make Glyceryl Stearate (Glycerol monostearate) useful as a dispersing agent for pigments in oils or solids in fats, or as a solvent for phospholipids, such as lecithin.
Glyceryl Stearate (Glycerol monostearate) has also been used in a novel fluidized hot-melt granulation technique for the production of granules and tablets.
Glyceryl Stearate (Glycerol monostearate) is a lubricant for tablet manufacturing and may be used to form sustained-release matrices for solid dosage forms.

Sustained-release applications include the formulation of pellets for tablets or suppositories, and the preparation of a veterinary bolus.
Glyceryl Stearate (Glycerol monostearate) has also been used as a matrix ingredient for a biodegradable, implantable, controlledrelease dosage form.
When using Glyceryl Stearate (Glycerol monostearate) in a formulation, the possibility of polymorph formation should be considered.
The aform is dispersible and foamy, useful as an emulsifying agent or preservative.
The denser, more stable, b-form is suitable for wax matrices.
This application has been used to mask the flavor of clarithromycin in a pediatric formulation.

Synonyms
Glyceryl monostearate
123-94-4
Monostearin
GLYCEROL MONOSTEARATE
31566-31-1
Glyceryl stearate
Tegin
1-Stearoyl-rac-glycerol
1-MONOSTEARIN
Glycerin 1-monostearate
Stearin, 1-mono-
Stearic acid 1-monoglyceride
2,3-dihydroxypropyl octadecanoate
Glycerol 1-monostearate
1-Glyceryl stearate
Glycerin 1-stearate
Sandin EU
1-Monostearoylglycerol
Octadecanoic acid, 2,3-dihydroxypropyl ester
Aldo MSD
Aldo MSLG
Glyceryl 1-monostearate
Stearoylglycerol
Glycerol 1-stearate
alpha-Monostearin
Tegin 55G
Emerest 2407
Aldo 33
Aldo 75
Glycerin monostearate
Arlacel 165
3-Stearoyloxy-1,2-propanediol
Cerasynt SD
Stearin, mono-
2,3-Dihydroxypropyl stearate
.alpha.-Monostearin
Monoglyceryl stearate
Glycerol alpha-monostearate
Cefatin
Dermagine
Monelgin
Sedetine
Admul
Orbon
Citomulgan M
Drewmulse V
Cerasynt S
Drewmulse TP
Tegin 515
Cerasynt SE
Cerasynt WM
Cyclochem GMS
Drumulse AA
Protachem GMS
Witconol MS
Witconol MST
FEMA No. 2527
Glyceryl stearates
Monostearate (glyceride)
Unimate GMS
Glyceryl monooctadecanoate
Ogeen M
Emcol CA
Emcol MSK
Hodag GMS
Ogeen GRB
Ogeen MAV
Aldo MS
Aldo HMS
Armostat 801
Kessco 40
Stearic monoglyceride
Abracol S.L.G.
Arlacel 161
Arlacel 169
Imwitor 191
Imwitor 900K
NSC 3875
11099-07-3
Atmul 67
Atmul 84
Starfol GMS 450
Starfol GMS 600
Starfol GMS 900
Cerasynt 1000-D
Emerest 2401
Aldo-28
Aldo-72
Atmos 150
Atmul 124

Description: Glyceryl diester made of glycerin and fatty acids derived from vegetable oils. Acts as hydrophilic, PEG-free, anionic o/w emulsifier and emollient. Well suited for emulsions with a slightly acidic pH-value or emulsions with UV filters. HLB value 12. Oil-soluble, only partly water soluble. CAS: 55840-13-6, 86418-55-5; INCI Name: Glyceryl stearate citrate. Benefits: Potent emulsifier for making o/w emulsions. Supports the consistency and the oil binding capacity and can also be used as co-emulsifier for PEG-free formulations. Provides a soft and smooth appearance on the skin and can be used also for sensitive skin. Use: Add pellets to the hot oil phase (approx. 80oC / 176oF) and stir until homogeneous. Combine then with hot water phase. Typical use level 1.5-2.5%. Stable emulsions from pH 5.5 - 8.0. For external use only. Applications: Creams, lotions, baby care products, sunscreens, after sun care products. Manufacture: Glyceryl stearate citrate is a combination of glycerin mono-/distearates and citric acid esters from mono- and diglycerides. Glyceryl stearate itself is made by reacting glycerin with stearic acid, a fatty acid obtained from soy oil.GLYCERYL STEARATE CITRATE GLYCERYL STEARATE CITRATE is classified as : Emollient Emulsifying Skin conditioning CAS Number 55840-13-6 / 86418-55-5 EINECS 259-855-5 Chem/IUPAC Name: 1,2,3-Propanetricarboxylic acid, 2-hydroxy-, ester with 1,2,3-propanetriol monooctadecanoate. Glyceryl Stearate Citrate What: Glyceryl Stearate Citrate is a fatty acid monoglyceride used in cosmetics as an emulsifier and stabilizing ingredient. It is also used as a fragrance and emollient ingredient. Glyceryl Stearate Citrate helps skin and hair to retain moisture. Origin: Glyceryl Stearate Citrate is glycerin esterified with vegetable fatty acids. (Natural Europe ) Products Found In: facial moisturizer and treatments, body moisturizer, eye cream, makeup, facial cleanser, body cleanser, body scrubs, facial exfoliants, bronzer, sunscreen products, anti-aging skincare, sunless tanners, after sun products. Alternate Names: 2-Hydroxy-1,2,3-Propanetricarboxylic Acid, Monoester With 1,2,3-Propanetriol Monooctadecanoate; 1,2,3-Propanetricarboxylic Acid, 2-Hydroxy-, Monoester With 1,2,3-Propanetriol Monooctadecanoate; Monoester With 1,2,3-Propanetriol Monooctadecanoate 2-Hydroxy-1,2,3-Propanetricarboxylic Acid; Monoester With 1,2,3-Propanetriol Monooctadecanoate 1,2,3-Propanetricarboxylic Acid, 2-Hydroxy-; 2-Hydroxy- Monoester With 1,2,3-Propanetriol Monooctadecanoate 1,2,3-Propanetricarboxylic Acid Toxicity: Glyceryl Stearate Citrate is generally classified as being of very low toxicity.

aldo MSD KFG glycerol stearate SE hallstar GMS SE lipo GMS 470 pastilles lonzest GMR lonzest GMS-D nikkol MGS-150V nikkol MGS-AMV nikkol MGS-ASEV nikkol MGS-AV nikkol MGS-BMV nikkol MGS-BSEV nikkol MGS-BV2 nikkol MGS-DEXV nikkol MGS-F40V nikkol MGS-F50SEV nikkol MGS-F50V nikkol MGS-F75V norfox gms-fg octadecanoic acid ester with 1,2,3-propane triol octadecanoic acid; propane-1,2,3-triol stearine CAS Number 11099-07-3

SYNONYMS Glyceryl monostearate; 3-Stearoyloxy-1,2-propanediol; Glyceryl stearate; Alpha-Monostearin; Monostearin; Octadecanoic acid, 2,3-dihydroxypropyl ester; Glycerin 1-monostearate; Glycerin 1-stearate; Glycerol alpha-monostearate; Glyceryl 1-monostearate; Stearic acid alpha-monoglyceride; Stearic acid 1-monoglyceride; 1-Glyceryl stearate; 1-Monostearin; 1-Monostearoylglycerol; 1,2,3-Propanetriol 1-octadecanoyl ester; CAS NO. 123-94-4, 11099-07-3

SYNONYMS Glyceryl monostearate; 3-Stearoyloxy-1,2-propanediol; Glyceryl stearate; Alpha-Monostearin; Monostearin; Octadecanoic acid, 2,3-dihydroxypropyl ester; Glycerin 1-monostearate; Glycerin 1-stearate; Glycerol alpha-monostearate; Glyceryl 1-monostearate; Stearic acid alpha-monoglyceride; Stearic acid 1-monoglyceride; 1-Glyceryl stearate; 1-Monostearin; 1-Monostearoylglycerol; 1,2,3-Propanetriol 1-octadecanoyl ester; CAS NO:123-94-4, 11099-07-3

SYNONYMS 1,2,3-Propanetriyl triacetate; Enzactin; Fungacetin; Glycerin triacetate; Triacetylglycerol; Glycerol triacetate; Glyceryl triacetate; Glyped; Kesscoflex TRA; Triacetine; Vanay; Glycerol triacetate tributyrin; Triacetyl glycerine; Propane-1,2,3-triyl triacetate CAS NO. 102-76-1

GLYCEROL TRIACETATE = TRIACETIN = 1,2,3-TRIACETOXYPROPANE


CAS Number: 102-76-1
EC Number: 203-051-9
MDL number: MFCD00008716
Linear Formula: (CH3COOCH2)2CHOCOCH3 / C9H14O6



Glyceryl triacetate is a natural product found in Vitis vinifera with data available.
Glyceryl triacetate is an organic compound which is widely used in food, flavors & fragrances, pharmaceutical, cigarette, plasticiser, foundry, and textiles.
Glyceryl triacetate is slightly miscible with water, carbon tetrachloride and carbon disulfide.


Glyceryl triacetate is miscible with acetone, ethanol, benzene and chloroform.
Glyceryl triacetate is an artificial chemical compound, is the triester of glycerol and acetic acid, and is the second simplest fat after triformin.
Glycerol triacetate is an organic compound, usually appearing in the form of a clear oily liquid with a mild creamy-fruity aroma.
Glyceryl triacetate is a clear, colourless acetate ester used for example in the manufacture of cigarette filters.


Glyceryl triacetate is a liquid and has been approved by the FDA as a food additive.
Glyceryl triacetate is a triglyceride obtained by acetylation of the three hydroxy groups of glycerol.
Glyceryl triacetate is more generally known as triacetin and glycerin triacetate.
Glyceryl triacetate is the triester of glycerol and acetylating agents, such as acetic acid and acetic anhydride.


Glyceryl triacetate is a colorless, viscous and odorless liquid with a high boiling point.
Glycerol triacetate, is the organic compound with the formula C3H5(OCOCH3)3.
Glycerol Triacetate is also known as triacetin, and Glycerol triacetate appears as a clear colorless oily liquid.
Glycerol triacetate is an artificial chemical compound, is the triester of glycerol and acetic acid, and is the second simplest fat after triformin.


Glycerol triacetate is however naturally available in butter, cod-liver oil and other fats as well.
Glycerol Triacetate is a polyol, an organic molecule with more than one OH group.
Glycerol triacetate is colorless transparent oily liquid,with bitter taste, nontoxic, slightly soluble in water, Soluble in many kinds of organic solvents. Boiling point:258º C(0.101mpa), flash point:140º C~143º C.


Glycerol triacetate is commercially prepared from acetic acid and glycerol.
Glycerol triacetate is insoluble in aliphatic hydrocarbons, mineral oils, and vegetable and animal oils.
Additionally, in a toxicology report from 2002, triacetin and a group of related triglycerides did not represent a hazard to human health based on the anticipated daily intake of 7.8 mg/day/adult, and other available data.


Glycerol triacetate is a triester of glycerin and acetic acid, the second simplest fat after triformin.
Glycerol triacetate is colorless transparent oily liquid with bitter taste, nontoxic, slightly soluble in water and carbon disulfide, soluble in many kinds of organic solvents.
Glycerol triacetate is a colorless, viscous, and odorless liquid with a high boiling point and a low melting point.


Glycerol triacetate has a mild, sweet taste in concentrations lower than 500 ppm, but may appear bitter at higher concentrations.
Glycerol triacetate, USP is used as a humectant excipient.
Naturally, Glycerol triacetate is present in fruits such as papaya.
Glycerol triacetate is also found in cod-liver oil, certain types of fats, and butter.


Glycerol triacetate is a natural product found in Vitis vinifera with data available.
Glycerol triacetate, also known as triacetin, is an oil.
Glycerol triacetate is a liquid, and has been approved by the FDA as a food additive.
Glycerol triacetate, 99% - is the triester of glycerol and acetylating agents, such as acetic acid and acetic anhydride.


Glycerol triacetate is a clear, colorless acetate ester used for plasticising synthetic rubber and cellulose derivatives.
Glycerol triacetate can also be prepared by the reaction of oxygen with a liquid-phase mixture of allyl acetate and acetic acid using a bromide salt as a catalyst.
Glycerol triacetate comes as colorless and odorless oil which is slightly soluble in water.


Glycerol triacetate is a tri-ester of glycerol and acetic acid.
Glycerol triacetate is one of the glycerine acetate compounds.
Glycerol Triacetate is colorless odorless oily liquid.
Glycerol triacetate is a triester of glycerin and acetic acid.


Glycerol triacetate, also known as enzactin or e 1518, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as triacylglycerols.
These are glycerides consisting of three fatty acid chains covalently bonded to a glycerol molecule through ester linkages.
Thus, Glycerol triacetate is considered to be a triradylglycerol.
Based on a literature review a significant number of articles have been published on Glycerol triacetate.


Glycerol triacetate is classified as a triglyceride, i.e., the triester of glycerol.
Glycerol triacetate has low solubility in water.
Glycerol triacetate has fungistatic properties (based on release of acetic acid).
Glycerol triacetate is colourless transparent oily liquid, with bitter taste, nontoxic, slightly soluble in water.


All Spectrum Chemical USP grade products are manufactured, packaged and stored under current Good Manufacturing Practices (cGMP).
Glycerol triacetate is listed on the FDA Generally Regarded As Safe (GRAS) List.
According to the FDA, triacetin has been found to be non-toxic in long-term feeding tests in rats at levels that were several orders of magnitude greater than those to which consumers are exposed.


Glycerol triacetate is also a component of casting liquor with TG.
Glycerol triacetate is readily soluble in aromatic hydrocarbons and most organic solvents.
Glycerol triacetate is miscibled With ethanol, ether, benzene, chloroform, most organic solvents, soluble in acetone, Insoluble in mineral oil.


Glycerol triacetate is a colorless, oily liquid that, although is most often synthesized, can be found naturally in cod-liver oil, butter, and other fats.
Glycerol triacetate is also generally recognized as safe in animal feeds, as a pesticide adjuvant, and in food packaging.
Glycerol triacetate is miscible with acetone, ethanol, benzene and chloroform.


Glycerol triacetate is soluble in many kinds of organic solvents.
Glycerol triacetate is an artificial chemical compound, is the triester of glycerol and acetic acid, and is the second simplest fat after triformin.


Glycerol triacetate is naturally present in fats such as cod liver oil and butter, but is typically synthesized for industry using glycerol (from plant-derived fats) and acetic acid (a weak acid found in vinegar).
Glycerol triacetate is a water-soluble short-chain triglyceride that may also have a role as a parenteral nutrient according to animal studies.
Chemically, Glycerol triacetate is produced by acetylation of the three hydroxy groups of glycerol.


Glycerol triacetate is slightly miscible with water, carbon tetrachloride and carbondisulfide.
Glycerol triacetate can be prepared by heating glycerin with acetic anhydride alone or in the presence of finely divided potassium hydrogen sulfate.


Glycerol triacetate has a GRAS (Generally Recognized As Safe) status from FDA.
Glycerol triacetate is synthesized triester of glycerol and acetic acid.
Viscous oily liquid that finds use as an emollient in topical formulations.


Glycerol triacetate is in a class of organic compounds known as triglycerides, which form the main constituents of vegetable oils and other fats.
Glycerol triacetate, 99% Cas 102-76-1 - used as a fuel additive as an antiknock agent which can reduce engine knocking in gasoline, and to improve cold and viscosity properties of biodiesel.


Glycerol triacetate (C8 H14O6, CAS Reg. No. 102-76-1), also known as 1,2,3,-propanetriol triacetate or Triacetin, is the triester of glycerin and acetic acid.
Glycerol triacetate is colourless with a fruity aroma.
Reportedly Glycerol triacetate has been used for more than 75 years with a large variety of uses and applications.



USES and APPLICATIONS of GLYCERYL TRIACETATE:
Glycerol triacetate is a commonly used carrier for flavors and fragrances.
Glycerol triacetate is an artificial chemical compound, commonly used as a food additive, for instance as a solvent in flavourings, and for its humectant function, with E number E1518 and Australian approval code A1518.
Glycerol triacetate is applied to the filter as a plasticizer.


Glyceryl triacetate is used for the solidification of acetyl cellulose fibres in the manufacture of cigarette filters.
The water content must be kept constant to achieve constant solidification.
Glyceryl triacetate is also used as a support for flavourings and essences in the food industry and as a plasticiser for chewing gum.
In technical applications, Glyceryl triacetate is used for example as a core sand binder in the metal foundry sector.


Another application of Glyceryl triacetate is inks and printing inks.
Glycerol triacetate is mainly used as a plasticiser in adhesive and construction applications.
Glyceryl triacetate is used as a highly effective plasticiser for cellulose-based plastics.
Glyceryl triacetate is also used for plasticising NBR and cellulose derivatives.


Glyceryl triacetate is used as a food additive and as a solvent in flavorings.
Glycerol triacetate is used as solvent in building wall coating.
Glyceryl triacetate acts as an excipient in pharmaceutical products where it is used as a humectant and a plasticizer.


Glyceryl triacetate is also used as a fuel additive, as an antiknock agent, adhesives and sealant chemicals, fillers, intermediates and process regulators.
Glyceryl triacetate is used as a food additive and as a solvent in flavorings.


Glycerol triacetate, E1518, can be used in Food, Beverage, Pharmaceutical, Health & Personal care products, Agriculture/Animal Feed/Poultry.
Glycerol triacetate is useful for imparting plasticity and flow to laminating resins, particularly at low temperatures, and Glycerol triacetate is also used as a plasticizer for vinylidene polymers and copolymers.


Glycerol triacetate kills the bacteria that are thriving on skin or product and carries out antimicrobial actin.
Glyceryl triacetate acts as an excipient in pharmaceutical products where it is used as a humectant and a plasticizer.
Glyceryl triacetate is also used as a fuel additive, as an antiknock agent, adhesives and sealant chemicals, fillers, intermediates and process regulators.


Glyceryl triacetate has fungistatic properties (based on release of acetic acid) and has been used in the topical treatment of minor dermatophyte infections.
Glyceryl triacetate has a role as a plant metabolite, a solvent, a fuel additive, an adjuvant, a food additive carrier, a food emulsifier, a food humectant and an antifungal drug.


Glyceryl triacetate is functionally related to an acetic acid.
Glyceryl triacetate is a water-soluble short-chain triglyceride that may also have a role as a parenteral nutrient according to animal studies.
Glycerol triacetate has antimicrobial properties and because of Glycerol triacetate's hygroscopic effect Glycerol triacetate is used as a humectant in the chocolate and pastry industry.


Other fields of application include solvent in foundry, ink and printing ink industry.
Glyceryl triacetate is also used in the perfume and cosmetic industries.
Glycerol triacetate is used Component of casting liquor used as a plasticizer and solvent, Food additive as humectant, Plasticizer applied to the cigarette filter, and Flavor and essence fixative and lubricate in cosmetics.


Glyceryl triacetate is used as an ingredient in many food and cosmetic products.
Its high solubility and low volatility make Glyceryl triacetate a good solvent and stabilizer for many flavors and odors.
One of Glyceryl triacetate's main uses is chewing gums as a plasticizer.
The United States Food and Drug Administration has confirmed that Glyceryl triacetate is generally considered safe (GRAS) for use in human foods.


Glycerol triacetate acts as an excipient in pharmaceutical products where Glycerol triacetate is used as a humectant and a plasticizer.
Glyceryl triacetate is also considered safe for use in animal feeds, as pesticides, and in food packaging.
Glyceryl triacetate can also be used as an anti-knock agent in gasoline, reducing engine knock and improving the cold and viscosity properties of biodiesel.


Glyceryl triacetate (triacetin) is an aromatic chemical compound commonly used as a food additive.
For example, Glyceryl triacetate is used as a solvent and humectant in sweeteners.
Glycerol triacetate is also used a cosmetic biocide, i.e.


Glycerol triacetate is used Fuel additive as an antiknock agent which can reduce engine knocking in gasoline, and Fuel additive to improve cold flow and viscosity properties of biodiesel.
Glyceryl triacetate is also used as a humectant, plasticizer and solvent auxiliaries in pharmaceutical products.


Glyceryl triacetate is used as a plasticizer and odor stabilizer, ink solvent, also in drug and dye synthesis,
Glyceryl triacetate is used as chromatographic fixative, solvent, hardener and odor stabilizer.
Glycerol triacetate is used as an antimicrobial, a film former and a solvent.


Glycerol triacetate is also used as a fuel additive, as an antiknock agent, adhesives and sealant chemicals, fillers, intermediates and process regulators.
Glycerol triacetate has a role as a plant metabolite, a solvent, a fuel additive, an adjuvant, a food additive carrier, a food emulsifier, a food humectant and an antifungal drug.


Glycerol triacetate derives from an acetic acid.
Glyceryl triacetate is used as Humidifiers; carrier solvents; as plasticizer, (can absorb carbon dioxide from natural gas.)
Glyceryl triacetate is used In the manufacture of cosmetics, pharmaceuticals and paints, as a plasticizer for cigarette filter rods, In cosmetics, casting, medicine, paint and other industries.


Food Grade is used as an ingredient in many food and cosmetic products.
Glycerol triacetate is used as plasticizer and solvent of printing ink, coated, cellulose nitrate and cellulose acetate.
Glyceryl triacetate is used as substrate for lipase, perfume fixative, solvent, gas chromatographic fixative (85℃, solvent: methanol, chloroform maximum temperature), gas and aldehyde analysis separation.


Glyceryl triacetate is used as Plasticizing NBR and cellulose derivatives, Core sand binder in the metal foundry applications, Coatings, Inks, Adhesives & Sealants, Rubber, Plastics, Water-based adhesives – PVA, VAE and Acrylic based systems, Pressure Sensitive Adhesive systems, Coatings – plasticizer for all types of Cellulosic resins.


Glycerol triacetate can also be used as a fuel additive as an antiknock agent which can reduce engine knocking in gasoline, and to improve cold and viscosity properties of biodiesel.
Glycerol triacetate is used as an excipient in pharmaceutical products, where Glycerol triacetate is used as a humectant, a plasticizer, and as a solvent.


Glycerol triacetate is used in cosmetics, nail polish, nail enamel remover, and make-up.
In technical applications Glycerol triacetate is applied as a highly effective plasticizer for coatings and adhesives, as an additive for special hardeners or also for the production of cigarette filters on the basis of cellulose acetate (filter tow).


Glyceryl triacetate is used Printing Inks and Graphic Arts, Cosmetics, Food additive, Fuel additive (anti-knocking agent), Cigarette Filter Tips, As fixative in perfumery, Solvent in manuf celluloid, Photographic films, Solvent in Flavorings, Chewing Gum, Humectant, Pharmaceuticals, Plasticizer, Fuel Additive, Cosmetic Products.


Glycerol triacetate is also used as plasticizer and solvent of printing ink, coating, cellulose nitrate, cellulose acetate, ethyl cellulose and cellulose acetate butyrate.
Glycerol triacetate is used as a food additive and as a solvent in flavorings.


Glycerol triacetate is a common food additive, for instance as a solvent in flavourings, and for its humectant function, with E number E1518 and Australian approval code A1518.
Glycerol triacetate acts as an excipient in pharmaceutical products where Glycerol triacetate is used as a humectant and a plasticizer.


Glycerol triacetate has been used for over 75 years for a wide range of uses, including cosmetic biocide (most often as a fungicide), plasticizer, solvent in cosmetic formulas, food additive (as a flavoring agent and adjuvant), and as a binder for combustible material in solid-rocket propellants.


Glyceryl triacetate is used flavor (E-1518), as a plasticizer for acrylic fabric filters (filter cigarette), as fragrance in perfumes, as a moisturizer in cosmetics, hardener in the casting of plastics, as the solvent in the composition fuel.
Glycerol triacetate is a colourless, oily liquid, odourless, immiscible in water.


Glycerol triacetate, also known as Triacetin, is a cosmetic biocide, plasticizer, and solvent in cosmetic formulations, at concentrations ranging from 0.8% to 4.0%.
Glycerol triacetate is also used as a fuel additive, as an antiknock agent, adhesives and sealant chemicals, fillers, intermediates and process regulators.


In the creation of our essential oil fragrances, Glycerol triacetate is used as a solvent and fixative.
Glycerol triacetate finds application in many industries, including pharmaceutical, cosmetic, food, cigarette, textile, and foundry, as a solvent and plasticizer agent.
Glycerol triacetate is used as solvent in printing inks.


In the food and perfume industry, among other applications, Glycerol triacetate is used as a solvent and solubilizer for fragrances and flavors, or as a plasticizer for chewing gum.
This aids in balancing the volatility of the oils (the rate at which the essential oils evaporate at room temperature), which helps to boost the longevity of the fragrance.


Glyceryl triacetate is used hardener in the production of various resins (epoxy, etc. karbamidofuranovyh), as a composite material in the manufacture of casings for sausages - with its addition they needed longer retain moisture.
Glyceryl triacetate is used in the confectionary industry to impart pomp and shape retention.
Glycerol triacetate is widely used as Plasticizer For cigarette filter tips, Baked Goods, Beverages, Chewing Gum, Flavouring Agent Confections, Dairy


Desserts, Hard Candy, Humectant, cosmetic, painting industry, Medicine, spice.
Glycerol triacetate is mainly used as filter tip of cigarette- plasticizer of secondary cellulose.
Excipient in pharmaceutical products as a humectant, a plasticzer and a solvent.
Glycerol triacetate is also used as an additive in food and cosmetics.


Glycerol triacetate is used in the topical treatment of minor dermatophyte infections.
Glyceryl triacetate is used Manufacturing of fragrances, Manufacturing of flavors, Chemical synthesis, Catalysis and Chemicals Processing, Manufacturing of plastics, Polymeres, Polymer auxiliaries, Plasticizers for polymers, Pigments and optical brighteners, Manufacturing of dyestuffs, and Dyestuffs


The plasticizing capabilities of Glycerol triacetate have been utilized in the synthesis of a biodegradable phospholipid gel system for the dissemination of the cancer drug paclitaxel (PTX).
Glycerol triacetate was combined with PTX, ethanol, a phospholipid and a medium chain triglyceride to form a gel-drug complex.
Glycerol triacetate serves as an ingredient in inks for printing on plastics, and as a plasticizer in nail polish.


Glyceryl triacetate is used Metal industry, Metal processing, Packaging industry, Carrier for fragrances, Cosmetics, and Flavor and fragrances.
Technical triacetin (a mixture of mono-, di-, and small quantities of triacetin) as a solvent for basic dyes, particularly indulines, and tannin in dyeing.
In Agriculture/Animal Feed/Poultry feed: Glycerol triacetate can be used as feed ingredients in agriculture/animal feed/poultry feed.


Glyceryl triacetate is used Glycerol triacetate for biochemistry.
Glycerol triacetate is used as an emollient and thickening agent in cosmetics.
Glycerol triacetate has been used as a plasticizer in the tests of acrylic polymer films for drug delivery.
Glycerol triacetate is used as a solvent for flavours; it also has some anti-fungal activity.


Glycerol triacetate is used as a highly effective plasticizer for cellulose-based plastics.
Glycerol triacetate complies with the European Pharmacopoeia and is approved in the EU as a food additive E 1518.
Glycerol triacetate's high solvency power and low volatility make triacetin a good solvent and fixative for many flavors and fragrances.


Glycerol triacetate is often used as a food additive, for instance as a solvent in flavourings, and for Glycerol triacetate's humectant function.
Glycerol triacetate is mainly used as filter tip of cigarette- plasticizers of secondary cellulose.
Glycerol triacetate is used as a solvent for fragrance, flavors, and for certain inks, Glycerol triacetate is used as a solubilized.


Glycerol triacetate is also used as a plasticizer, which gives the product texture that is smooth and appealing to the eye, without breaking a film.
Glycerol triacetate is used as an inactive ingredient additive in some drug formulations.
In Beverage: Glycerol triacetate can be used as emulsifier, flavor enhancer in beverage.


Food grade Glycerol triacetate, E1518, used in manufacturing of capsules and tablets, used as a humectant, plasticizer, and solvent, used in Tobacco industry, Dairy food, hard candy, butter and beverage, Chewing gum, Bakes food.
Glycerol triacetate has been considered as a possible source of food energy in artificial food regeneration systems on long space missions.
Glycerol triacetate is believed to be safe to get over half of one's dietary energy from triacetin.


Glycerol triacetate is a triglyceride that is used as an antifungal agent.
Glycerol triacetate can be also used as flavor, essence, fixative and lubricate of cosmetic, production of pharmaceuticals and dyes.
Glycerol triacetate manufactured by Polynt Group is available in three main grades, depending on the final application: technical grade, filter grade, and pharma grade.


One of Glycerol triacetate's main uses is as a plasticizer in chewing gum.
Glycerol triacetate can also be used as a fuel additive as an antiknock agent which can reduce engine knocking in gasoline, and to improve cold and viscosity properties of biodiesel.
Glycerol triacetate is used as a food additive and as a solvent in flavorings.


Glycerol triacetate is also used in the perfume and cosmetic industries.
Glycerol triacetate is used as core sand binder in metal foundry sector.
Glycerol triacetate (C9H14O6), also known as glyceryl triacetate, is pharmaceutical excipient used in manufacturing of capsules and tablets, and has been used as a humectant, plasticizer, and solvent.


Glycerol triacetate is also used as flavor, essence, fixative and lubricate of cosmetics.
Glycerol triacetate is mainly used in dairy products, cheese, processed fruit, dried vegetables, confectionery, etc.
Glycerol triacetate is used as a plasticizer for cellulosic resins and is compatible in all proportions with cellulose acetate, nitrocellulose, and ethyl cellulose.


-Industry Uses of Glycerol triacetate:
*Adhesives and sealant chemicals
*Agricultural chemicals (non-insecticide) finishing agents
*Intermediates
*Oxidizing / reducing agents
*Paint additives and coating additives not described by other categories plasticizers
*Processing aids not otherwise listed
*Solvents (becomes part of product formulation or mix) building, casting, refractive coating


-Wetting agent:
Beverages:
Glycerol triacetate is used in small amounts in foods and drinks to reduce the surface tension of water.


-Cosmetic Uses of Glycerol triacetate:
*antimicrobial agents:
*Film formers
*Fragrance
*Plasticisers
*Solvents


-Food ingredients:
*HTF - food/feed/beverage processing
*Other-food chemicals
*Packaging inks non food contact


-Consumer Uses of Glycerol triacetate:
*Adhesives and sealants
*Agricultural products (non-pesticidal)
*Construction / building materials (not covered in another group)
*Cleaning and care products
*Fabric, textile and leather products (not covered in another group)
food and drink
*Food ingredients
food packaging
*Lawn and garden care products
*Metal products (not covered in another group)
*Non-TSCA use paints and coatings paper products
*Photographic materials, film and photographic chemicals
*Plastic and rubber products not found elsewhere plasticizer
*water treatment products


-Glycerol triacetate is used as:
*cellulose plasticizer for cigarette filters
*in binders for solid rocket fuels
*as fixative in perfumes; to make cosmetics and pharmaceuticals
*as solvent for celluloid and photographic films
*to remove carbon dioxide from natural gas
*as topical antifungal medication
*Technical triacetin (mixture of mono-, di-, and small quantities of triacetin) used as a solvent for basic dyes (especially indulines) and tannin in dyeing
*Used in cigarette filters


-In Health and Personal care use of Glycerol triacetate:
*Glycerol triacetate, an oil, is the triester of Glycerol and Acetic Acid.
*In cosmetics and personal-care products, Glycerol triacetate is used in makeup as well as in nail polish and nail enamel removers.
*Glycerol triacetate helps cleanse the skin or prevent odor by destroying or inhibiting the growth of microorganisms.
*Glycerol triacetate is also a plasticizer and commonly used carrier for flavors and fragrances.


-In Pharmaceutical:
Glycerol triacetate can be used as an excipient in pharmaceutical products, where Glycerol triacetate is used as a humectant, a plasticizer, and as a solvent in Pharmaceutical.
-In Food:
Glycerol triacetate, E1518, can be used as humectant, emlusifier, binder in food such as in baked goods, beverages, chewing gum, flavoring agents, dairy desserts, cheese, processed fruit, dried vegetables, confectionery.


-Additionally, Glycerol triacetate has been used:
*To assist as a plant metabolite
*As a fuel additive
*As a plasticiser
*As a binder for combustible material in solid-rocket propellants


-Pharmaceutically, Glycerol triacetate has been used:
*As a pharmaceutical excipient used in manufacturing of capsules and tablets
*In the topical treatment of minor dermatophyte infections, due to its fungistatic properties


-Cosmetically, Glycerol triacetate has been used:
*As a cosmetic biocide, mainly as a fungicide
*As a solvent in cosmetic formulas
*In the perfume and cosmetic industries, due to its soft fruity aroma


-Within food industries, Glycerol triacetate has been used:
*As a food additive, used as a flavouring agent and as an adjuvant
*As a food additive carrier
*As a food emulsifier
*As a food humectant



GENERAL PROPERTIES of GLYCEROL TRIACETATE:
The major features of Glyceryl triacetate are :
*excellent suitability for the solidification of acetyl cellulose fibres for the manufacture of cigarette filters
*very good dissolving power for a number of organic substances
*good plasticising effect for various plastics such as celluloseacetates or celluloseacetobutyrates
*good plasticising effect for cellulose-based paints
*good compatibility with natural and synthetic rubber
*good light resistance



PROPERTIES and BENEFITS of GLYCEROL TRIACETATE:
-Excellent suitability for the solidification of acetyl cellulose fibers
-Very good dissolving power for a number of organic substances
-Good plasticizing effect for various plastics and cellulose-based paints
-Good compatibility with natural and synthetic rubber
-Good light resistance
-Very good dissolving power for a number of organic substances
-Good plasticizing effect for various plastics such as cellulose acetates or cellulose acetobutyrates
-Good plasticizing effect for cellulose-based paints
-Good compatibility with natural and synthetic rubber
-Good light resistance
-Excellent suitability for the solidification of acetyl cellulose fibers for the manufacture of cigarette filters



SYNTHESIS of GLYCEROL TRIACETATE:
Glycerol triacetate was first prepared in 1854 by the French chemist Marcellin Berthelot.
Glycerol triacetate was prepared in the 19th century from glycerol and acetic acid.
Glycerol triacetate's synthesis from acetic anhydride and glycerol is simple and inexpensive.
3 (CH3CO)2O + 1 C3H5(OH)3 → 1 C3H5(OCOCH3)3 + 3 CH3CO2H
This synthesis has been conducted with catalytic sodium hydroxide and microwave irradiation to give a 99% yield of triacetin.
Glycerol triacetate has also been conducted with a cobalt(II) Salen complex catalyst supported by silicon dioxide and heated to 50 °C for 55 minutes to give a 99% yield of triacetin.



ALTERNATIVE PARENTS of GLYCEROL TRIACETATE:
*Tricarboxylic acids and derivatives
*Carboxylic acid esters
*Organic oxides
*Hydrocarbon derivatives
*Carbonyl compounds



SUBSTITUENTS of GLYCEROL TRIACETATE:
*Triacyl-sn-glycerol
*Tricarboxylic acid or derivatives
*Carboxylic acid ester
*Carboxylic acid derivative
*Organic oxygen compound
*Organic oxide
*Hydrocarbon derivative
*Organooxygen compound
*Carbonyl group
*Aliphatic acyclic compound



PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of GLYCERYL TRIACETATE:
Molecular Weight: 218.20
XLogP3: 0.2
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 0
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 6
Rotatable Bond Count: 8
Exact Mass: 218.07903816
Monoisotopic Mass: 218.07903816
Topological Polar Surface Area: 78.9 Ų
Heavy Atom Count: 15
Formal Charge: 0
Complexity: 229
Isotope Atom Count: 0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 1
Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes

Molecular Weight: 218.20
Physical state: clear, liquid
Color: colorless
Odor: fatty odor
Melting point/freezing point:
Melting point/range: ca.-78 °C at ca.1.013 hPa
Initial boiling point and boiling range: 258 - 260 °C - lit.
Flammability (solid, gas): No data available
Flash point 148 °C - closed cup
Autoignition temperature: 433 °C at 1.013 hPa
Decomposition temperature: No data available
pH: No data available
Viscosity
Viscosity, kinematic: No data available
Viscosity, dynamic: No data available
Water solubility: 58 g/l at 25 °C
Partition coefficient: n-octanol/water

log Pow: 0,25 - Bioaccumulation is not expected.
Vapor pressure: 0,003 hPa at 25 °C
Density: 1,158 g/mL at 20 °C
Relative density: No data available
Relative vapor density: No data available
Particle characteristics: No data available
Explosive properties: No data available
Oxidizing properties: none
Other safety information: No data available
Min. Purity Spec: 99.5% (GC)
Physical Form (at 20°C): Colorless clear liquid
Melting Point: 3°C
Boiling Point: 257-258°C
Flash Point: 138°C
Density: 1.16

Refractive Index: 1.43
Long-Term Storage: Store long-term in a cool, dry place
Appearance: colorless clear oily liquid (est)
Assay: 99.00 to 100.00
Food Chemicals Codex Listed: Yes
Specific Gravity: 1.15900 to 1.16400 @ 25.00 °C.
Pounds per Gallon - (est).: 9.644 to 9.686
Refractive Index: 1.42900 to 1.43200 @ 20.00 °C.
Melting Point: 3.00 to 4.00 °C. @ 760.00 mm Hg
Boiling Point: 258.00 to 260.00 °C. @ 760.00 mm Hg
Boiling Point: 130.00 to 131.00 °C. @ 7.00 mm Hg
Acid Value: 1.00 max. KOH/g
PH Number: 7.00
Vapor Pressure: 0.014000 mmHg @ 25.00 °C. (est)
Vapor Density: 7.52 ( Air = 1 )

Flash Point: 280.00 °F. TCC ( 137.78 °C. )
logP (o/w): 0.250
Shelf Life: 24.00 month(s) or longer if stored properly.
Storage: store in cool, dry place in tightly sealed containers, protected from heat and light.
Acidity (as Acid): ≤ 0.02
Water content (wt),%: ≤ 0.1
Refractive index (25º C/D): 1.430～1.435
Relative density (25/25º C): 1.154～1.164
Soluble in:
alcohol
water, 2.152e+004 mg/L @ 25 °C (est)
water, 5.80E+04 mg/L @ 25 °C (exp)



FIRST AID MEASURES of GLYCERYL TRIACETATE:
-Description of first-aid measures:
*If inhaled:
If breathed in, move person into fresh air.
*In case of skin contact:
Wash off with soap and plenty of water.
*In case of eye contact:
Flush eyes with water as a precaution.
*If swallowed:
Rinse mouth with water.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed:
No data available



ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of GLYCERYL TRIACETATE:
-Environmental precautions:
No special environmental precautions required.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.



FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of GLYCERYL TRIACETATE:
-Extinguishing media:
--Suitable extinguishing media:
Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.
--Unsuitable extinguishing media:
For this substance/mixture no limitations of extinguishing agents are given.
-Advice for firefighters:
Wear self-contained breathing apparatus for firefighting if necessary.
-Further information:
No data available



EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of GLYCERYL TRIACETATE:
-Control parameters:
Ingredients with workplace control parameters:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use equipment for eye protection.
*Skin protection
Handle with gloves.
Wash and dry hands.
Full contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Splash contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
*Body Protection:
Use impervious clothing.
*Respiratory protection:
Respiratory protection not required.
-Control of environmental exposure:
No special environmental precautions required.



HANDLING and STORAGE of GLYCERYL TRIACETATE:
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
Storage conditions:
Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place.
Store in cool place.



STABILITY and REACTIVITY of GLYCERYL TRIACETATE:
-Reactivity:
No data available
-Chemical stability
Stable under recommended storage conditions.
-Possibility of hazardous reactions:
No data available
-Conditions to avoid:
No data available



SYNONYMS:
triacetin
102-76-1
Glyceryl triacetate
Glycerol triacetate
Enzactin
Glycerin triacetate
Triacetine
Triacetylglycerol
Fungacetin
Glyped
Triacetyl glycerine
Vanay
Kesscoflex TRA
Kodaflex triacetin
1,2,3-Propanetriol, triacetate
1,2,3-triacetoxypropane
Acetin, tri-
propane-1,2,3-triyl triacetate
1,2,3-Propanetriol, 1,2,3-triacetate
Triacetina
Triacetinum
1,2,3-Propanetriol triacetate
Triacetin [INN]
Ujostabil
Estol 1581
FEMA No. 2007
Triacetyl glycerin
Triacetyl glycerol
1,2,3-Propanetriyl triacetate
1,2,3-Triacetylglycerol
2,3-diacetyloxypropyl acetate
Glyceryltriacetate
NSC 4796
Triacetin (USP/INN)
Acetic, 1,2,3-propanetriyl ester
ENZACTIN (TN)
NSC-4796
Ins no.1518
1,2,3-triacetyl-glycerol
2-(Acetyloxy)-1-[(acetyloxy)methyl]ethyl acetate
Ins-1518
1,2,3-triacetyl-sn-glycerol
CHEBI:9661
XHX3C3X673
E1518
E-1518
NCGC00091612-04
Triacetin (1,2,3-Propanetriol triacetate)
DSSTox_CID_6691
DSSTox_RID_78184
DSSTox_GSID_26691
FEMA Number 2007
CAS-102-76-1
HSDB 585
EINECS 203-051-9
TRIACETIN (GLYCEROL TRIACETATE)
BRN 1792353
Triacetin [USP:INN:BAN]
UNII-XHX3C3X673
Enzacetin
Euzactin
Fungacet
Motisil
Blekin
tri-acetin
AI3-00661
CCRIS 9355
Triacetin, CP
Triacetin, FCC
Triacetin, US
3-Triacetoxypropane
Glycerine triacetate
MFCD00008716
Triacetin, 99%
Spectrum_000881
Spectrum2_000939
Spectrum3_001368
Spectrum4_000362
Spectrum5_001376
EC 203-051-9
Triacetin, >=99.5%
SCHEMBL3870
BSPBio_002896
Glycerol triacetate tributyrin
KBioGR_000823
KBioSS_001361
4-02-00-00253 (Beilstein Handbook Reference)
MLS002152946
1,3-Propanetriol, triacetate
DivK1c_000740
Glyceryl triacetate, >=99%
SPECTRUM1500585
Triacetin, analytical standard
SPBio_000878
Triacetin, 99%, FCC, FG
1,2,3-propanediol triethanoate
CHEMBL1489254
DTXSID3026691
FEMA 2007
HMS502E22
KBio1_000740
KBio2_001361
KBio2_003929
KBio2_006497
KBio3_002116
NSC4796
NINDS_000740
HMS1921G05
HMS2092O09
HMS2232I22
Pharmakon1600-01500585
Triacetin, >=99%, natural, FG
HY-B0896
ZINC1530705
Tox21_111155
Tox21_201745
Tox21_300111
WLN: 1VO1YOV1 & 1OV1
CCG-39680
LMGL03012615
NSC757364
s4581
Triacetin, 8CI, BAN, INN, USAN
1,2,3-Propanetriol triacetate, 9CI
AKOS009028851
Tox21_111155_1
Glyceryl triacetate, >=99.0% (GC)
NSC-757364
1,3-bis(acetyloxy)propan-2-yl acetate
IDI1_000740
NCGC00091612-01
NCGC00091612-02
NCGC00091612-03
NCGC00091612-05
NCGC00091612-06
NCGC00091612-07
NCGC00091612-09
NCGC00254207-01
NCGC00259294-01
LS-13668
SMR001224538
SBI-0051540.P002
FT-0626753
G0086
EN300-19216
D00384
E 1518
E75962
Q83253
AB00052112_06
A800614
SR-05000002079
J-000781
SR-05000002079-1
2-(Acetyloxy)-1-[(acetyloxy)methyl]ethyl acetate #
Z104473192
Triacetin, GTA F.G (1,2,3-PROPANETRIOL TRIACETATE)
Triacetin, Pharmaceutical Secondary Standard
1,2,3-Propanetriol triacetate
Glycerol Triacetate, USP Grade(1.03000)
TRIACETINE
Glycerol triacetate
Glyceryl triacetate
propane-1,2,3-triyl triacetate
1,2,3-Triacetylglycerol
1,2,3-Triacetoxypropane
2,3-diacetyloxypropyl acetate
triacetin
glyceryl triacetate
glycerol triacetate
glycerin triacetate
enzactin
triacetine
triacetylglycerol
fungacetin
glyped, triacetyl glycerine
glycerine triacetate
triacetyl glycerine
acetin-tri
1,2,3-triacetoxypropane
1,2,3-propanetriol triacetate
1,2,3-propanetriyl triacetate
acetic-1,2,3-prepanetriyl ester
1,2,3-Propanetriol triacetate
1,2,3-Propanetriol triacetate, 9ci
1,2,3-Propanetriol triacetate, 9CI
1,2,3-Propanetriol triacetic acid
1,2,3-Propanetriol, 1,2,3-triacetate
1,2,3-Propanetriol, triacetate
1,2,3-Propanetriyl triacetate
1,2,3-Propanetriyl triacetic acid
1,2,3-Triacetoxypropane
1,3-bis(acetyloxy)propan-2-yl acetate
1,2,3-Triacetylglycerol
Acetin TP LXS 51035
Glycerinetriacetate
Glyceroltriacetate
1,2,3-Propanetriol Triacetate
1,3-Diacetyloxypropan-2-yl Acetate

GLYCIDOXYPROPYL TRIMETHOXYSILANE, N° CAS : 2530-83-8, Nom INCI : GLYCIDOXYPROPYL TRIMETHOXYSILANE. Nom chimique : Oxirane, 2-[[3-(Trimethoxysilyl)Propoxy]Methyl]-; [3-(2,3-epoxypropoxy)propyl]trimethoxysilane. N° EINECS/ELINCS : 219-784-2. Ses fonctions (INCI) : Agent d'entretien des ongles : Améliore les caractéristiques esthétiques des ongles

Glyceryl trioleate is composed of three oleic acid units and is an unsaturated triglyceride.
Glyceryl trioleate is also known as Triolein and is one of the two components of Lorenzo's oil.
Chain lengths of the fatty acids in naturally occurringGlyceryl trioleates can be of varying lengths and saturations but 16, 18 and 20 carbons are the most common.

CAS Number: 122-32-7
EC Number: 204-534-7
Linear Formula: (C17H33COOCH2)2CHOCOC17H33
Molecular Weight: 885.43

Synonyms: (9Z)9-Octadecenoic acid 1,2,3-propanetriyl ester, 1,2,3-Tri(cis-9-octadecenoyl)glycerol, Glycerol trioleate, Glycerol triolein, Oleic acid triglyceride, Oleic triglyceride, TG(18:1(9Z)/18:1(9Z)/18:1(9Z)), Triolein, GLYCERYL TRIOLEATE, Glycerol trioleate, 122-32-7, Oleic triglyceride, Olein, Trioleoylglycerol, Glycerol triolein, Oleic acid triglyceride, Trioleoylglyceride, Glycerin trioleate, Oleyl triglyceride, Raoline, Glyceryl-1,2,3-trioleate, Aldo TO, Emery 2423, Olein, tri-, Emery oleic acid ester 2230, Glycerol, tri(cis-9-octadecenoate), 1,2,3-Propanetriyl trioleate, HSDB 5594, Triglyceride OOO, Edenor NHTi-G, Kaolube 190, sn-Glyceryl trioleate, 1,2,3-tri, (9Z-octadecenoyl)-glycerol, Actor LO 1, Kemester 1000, UNII-O05EC62663, Emerest 2423, 9-Octadecenoic acid (Z)-, 1,2,3-propanetriyl ester, 9-Octadecenoic acid (9Z)-, 1,2,3-propanetriyl ester, Estol 1433, Radia 7363, 1,2,3-Tri(cis-9-octadecenoyl)glycerol, 1,2,3-tri-oleoyl-glycerol, 1,2,3-Propanetriol tri(9-octandecenoate), CHEBI:53753, TG(18:1(9Z)/18:1(9Z)/18:1(9Z)), 2,3-bis[[(Z)-octadec-9-enoyl]oxy]propyl (Z)-octadec-9-enoate, 9-Octadecenoic acid, 1,2,3-propanetriyl ester, MFCD00137563, O05EC62663,, propane-1,2,3-triyl (9Z,9'Z,9''Z)tris-octadec-9-enoate, glycerine trioleate, 1,3-bis[(9Z)-octadec-9-enoyloxy]propan-2-yl (9Z)-octadec-9-enoate, TG 54:3, (9Z)9-Octadecenoic acid 1,2,3-propanetriyl ester, EINECS 204-534-7, CCRIS 8687, tri-Olein, 9-Octadecenoic-9,10-t2 acid, 1,2,3-propanetriyl ester, (Z,Z,Z)- (9CI), C57H104O6, triolein C18:1, Triolein, tech grade, GLYCERYLTRIOLEATE, tri(cis-9-octadecenoate), Epitope ID:117714, 1,2,3-propanetriyl ester, EC 204-534-7, Glyceryl trioleate, ~65%, SCHEMBL23730, Glyceryl trioleate, >=99%, 9-Octadecenoic acid (9Z)-, 1,1',1''-(1,2,3-propanetriyl) ester, CHEMBL4297656, DTXSID3026988, HY-N1981, Triolein, [9,10-3H(N)]-, LMGL03010250, s3590, ZINC85545180, AKOS024437536, DB13038, Glyceryl trioleate, >=97.0% (TLC), 1,2,3-tri-(9Z-octadecenoyl)-sn-glycerol, CS-0018302, G0089, V0255, Glyceryl trioleate, technical, >=60% (GC), (Z)-1,2,3-propanetriyl ester 9-Octadecenoate, (9Z)-1,2,3-propanetriyl ester 9-Octadecenoate, Glyceryl trioleate, analytical reference material, Q413929, (9Z)-1,2,3-propanetriyl ester 9-Octadecenoic acid, (Z)-1,2,3-propanetriyl ester 9-Octadecenoic acid, (Z)-9-Octadecenoic acid, 1,2,3-propanetriyl ester, J-004788
propane-1,2,3-triyl tris[(9Z)-octadec-9-enoate], AC7B54B8-0E34-455F-A1E0-442F3ECD69EA, Triolein, European Pharmacopoeia (EP) Reference Standard, TG(18:1(9Z)/18:1(9Z)/18:1(9Z))[iso], UNII-2GQR19D8A4 component PHYFQTYBJUILEZ-IUPFWZBJSA-N, UNII-4PC054V79P component PHYFQTYBJUILEZ-IUPFWZBJSA-N, (9Z)-1,1',1''-(1,2,3-propanetriyl) ester 9-Octadecenoate, (9Z)-1,1',1''-(1,2,3-propanetriyl) ester 9-Octadecenoic acid, 9-octadecenoic acid, 1,2,3-propanetriyl ester, (9Z,9'Z,9''Z)-, Triolein, (18:1 TG), 1,2,3-tri-(9Z-octadecenoyl)-glycerol, neat oil, (9Z)9-Octadecenoic acid 1,2,3-propanetriyl ester, (9Z,9'Z,9''Z)Tris(-9-octadécénoate) de 1,2,3-propanetriyle, 1,2,3-Propanetriyl (9Z,9'Z,9''Z)tris(-9-octadecenoate), 1,2,3-Propantriyl-(9Z,9'Z,9''Z)tris(-9-octadecenoat), 1,2,3-tri-(9Z-octadecenoyl)-sn-glycerol, 1,2,3-Tri(cis-9, octadecenoyl)glycerol, 1,2,3-Trioleoyl Glycerol, 122-32-7, 204-534-7, 9-Octadecenoic acid (9Z)-, 1,2,3-propanetriyl ester, 9-Octadecenoic acid (Z)-, 1,2,3-propanetriyl ester, 9-Octadecenoic acid, 1,2,3-propanetriyl ester, (9Z,9'Z,9''Z)- , Glycerin trioleate, Glycerine trioleate, Glycerol trioleate, Glycerol triolein, Glycerol, tri(cis-9-octadecenoate), glyceryl trioleate, Glyceryl-1,2,3-trioleate, MFCD00137563, Oleic acid triglyceride, Oleic triglyceride, Olein, tri-, Propane-1,2,3-triyl (9Z,9'Z,9''Z)tris-octadec-9-enoate, Triolein, (9Z)-1,1',1''-(1,2,3-propanetriyl) ester 9-Octadecenoate, (9Z)-1,1',1''-(1,2,3-propanetriyl) ester 9-Octadecenoic acid, (9Z)-1,2,3-propanetriyl ester 9-Octadecenoate, (9Z)-1,2,3-propanetriyl ester 9-Octadecenoic acid, (9Z)-9-Octadecenoic acid 1,2,3-propanetriyl ester, (Z)-1,2,3-propanetriyl ester 9-Octadecenoate, (Z)-1,2,3-propanetriyl ester 9-Octadecenoic acid, (Z)-9-Octadecenoic acid, 1,2,3-propanetriyl ester, 1,2,3-Propanetriol tri(9-octandecenoate), 1,2,3-Propanetriyl trioleate, 1,2,3-tri-(9Z-octadecenoyl)-glycerol, 1,2,3-Trioleoyl-rac-glycerol, 1,3-bis[(9Z)-octadec-9-enoyloxy]propan-2-yl (9Z)-octadec-9-enoate, 124330-00-3, 1257300-52-9, 1-oleoyl-2-oleoyl-3-oleoyl-glycerol, 2,3-bis[[(Z)-octadec-9-enoyl]oxy]propyl (Z)-octadec-9-enoate, 24016-60-2, 247-038-6, 25496-72-4, 41755-78-6, 9-Octadecenoic acid, 1,2,3-propanetriyl ester, Aldo TO, Edenor NHTi-G, GLYCERYL OLEATE, Kaolube 190, olein, Oleyl triglyceride, propane-1,2,3-triyl trioleate, propane-1,2,3, triyl tris[(9Z)-octadec-9-enoate], Raoline, sn-Glyceryl trioleate, TAG(18:1,18:1,18:1), TAG(54:3), TG(54:3), Tracylglycerol(54:3), Triglyceride, trioctadecenoin, Tri-Olein, Triolein (18:1 TG), Triolein, [9,10-3H(N)]-, trioleína, Trioleoylglyceride, Trioleoylglycerol

Glyceryl trioleate is derived from glycerol.
Glyceryl trioleate is composed of three oleic acid units and is an unsaturated triglyceride.

Glyceryl trioleate, known widely as triolein, is an oily liquid that is a main constituent of some nondrying oils and fats.
Glyceryl trioleate occurs in many natural fats and oils, including sunflower oil, palm oil, cacao butter, and, most notably, olive oil.

In 1941, Thomas P. Hilditch and L. Maddison at the University of Liverpool (UK) crystallized olive oils from Italy and Palestine at temperatures down to –30 °C to resolve them into several components.
They found that olive oil from Palestine contained ≈30% Glyceryl trioleate, whereas the Italian oil contained only ≈5%.

Eight years later, M. L. Meara, also at Liverpool, resolved cacao butter into 11 fractions “by exhaustive crystallization”.
For his efforts, only 1.1% of the fat turned out to be glyceryl trioleate.
From 1940 to 1961, several chemists devised syntheses of Glyceryl trioleate by esterifying glycerol and oleic acid.

Sacramental uses of olive oil are strongly connected to Christian and Jewish traditions, especially Hanukkah.

During the period of the Hanukkah story (168 BCE), only pure olive oil blessed by the high priest could be used to light the Temple menorah, which had to be lit continuously.
After their victorious battle over the Syrian Greeks, the Maccabees could find only enough holy oil to last for one day.
The Hanukkah miracle is that the oil lasted eight days, enough time for more oil to be prepared and sanctified.

Olive oil was the major component of anointing oils and lamp fuel that date to biblical times.
Kings were anointed with oil as a mark of their official status; and one title for Jesus is the Anointed One.
References are found throughout the Hebrew and Christian scriptures about the use of oil as part of fasting and healing rituals.

Glyceryl trioleate is a symmetrical triglyceride derived from glycerol and three units of the unsaturated fatty acid oleic acid.
Most triglycerides are unsymmetrical, being derived from mixtures of fatty acids.
Glyceryl trioleate represents 4–30% of olive oil.

Glyceryl trioleate is also known as Triolein and is one of the two components of Lorenzo's oil.

The oxidation of Glyceryl trioleate is according to the formula:
C57H104O6 + 80 O2 → 57 CO2 + 52 H2O

This gives a respiratory quotient of 57/80 or 0.7125.
The heat of combustion is 8,389 kcal (35,100 kJ) per mole or 9.474 kcal (39.64 kJ) per gram.
Per mole of oxygen Glyceryl trioleate is 104.9 kcal (439 kJ).

Glyceryl trioleate is derived from glycerol.
Glyceryl trioleate is composed of three oleic acid units and is an unsaturated triglyceride.

Glyceryl trielaidate (glycerol trielaidate, or trielaidin) is a triglyceride formed by esterification of the three hydroxy groups of glycerol with elaidic acid.

Glycerol trioleate or Triolein is a triglyceride formed by esterification of the three hydroxy groups of glycerol with oleic acid.
Glycerol trioleate is one of the two components of Lorenzo's oil.

Glyceryl trioleate has a role as a plant metabolite.
Glyceryl trioleate derives from an oleic acid.

Constituent of olive oil and other vegetable oils TG(18:1(9Z)/18:1(9Z)/18:1(9Z)) or Glyceryl trioleate is a monoacid triglyceride.
Triglycerides (TGs) are also known as triacylglycerols or triacylglycerides.

TGs are fatty acid triesters of glycerol and may be divided into three general types with respect to their acyl substituents.
They are simple or monoacid if they contain only one type of fatty acid, diacid if they contain two types of fatty acids and triacid if three different acyl groups.

Chain lengths of the fatty acids in naturally occurring triglycerides can be of varying lengths and saturations but 16, 18 and 20 carbons are the most common.
TGs are the main constituent of vegetable oil and animal fats.

TGs are major components of very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) and chylomicrons, play an important role in metabolism as energy sources and transporters of dietary fat.
They contain more than twice the energy (9 kcal/g) of carbohydrates and proteins.

In the intestine, triglycerides are split into glycerol and fatty acids (this process is called lipolysis) (with the help of lipases and bile secretions), which can then move into blood vessels.
The triglycerides are rebuilt in the blood from their fragments and become constituents of lipoproteins, which deliver the fatty acids to and from fat cells among other functions.

Various tissues can release the free fatty acids and take them up as a source of energy.
Fat cells can synthesize and store triglycerides.

When the body requires fatty acids as an energy source, the hormone glucagon signals the breakdown of the triglycerides by hormone-sensitive lipase to release free fatty acids.
As the brain cannot utilize fatty acids as an energy source, the glycerol component of triglycerides can be converted into glucose for brain fuel when Glyceryl trioleate is broken down.

TAGs can serve as fatty acid stores in all cells, but primarily in adipocytes of adipose tissue.
The major building block for the synthesis of triacylglycerides, in non-adipose tissue, is glycerol.

Adipocytes lack glycerol kinase and so must use another route to TAG synthesis.
Specifically, dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP), which is produced during glycolysis, is the precursor for TAG synthesis in adipose tissue. DHAP can also serve as a TAG precursor in non-adipose tissues, but does so to a much lesser extent than glycerol.

The use of DHAP for the TAG backbone depends on whether the synthesis of the TAGs occurs in the mitochondria and ER or the ER and the peroxisomes.
The ER/mitochondria pathway requires the action of glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase to convert DHAP to glycerol-3-phosphate. Glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase then esterifies a fatty acid to glycerol-3-phosphate thereby generating lysophosphatidic acid.

The ER/peroxisome reaction pathway uses the peroxisomal enzyme DHAP acyltransferase to acylate DHAP to acyl-DHAP which is then reduced by acyl-DHAP reductase.
The fatty acids that are incorporated into TAGs are activated to acyl-CoAs through the action of acyl-CoA synthetases.

Two molecules of acyl-CoA are esterified to glycerol-3-phosphate to yield 1,2-diacylglycerol phosphate (also known as phosphatidic acid). The phosphate is then removed by phosphatidic acid phosphatase (PAP1), to generate 1,2-diacylglycerol.
This diacylglycerol serves as the substrate for addition of the third fatty acid to make TAG.

Intestinal monoacylglycerols, derived from dietary fats, can also serve as substrates for the synthesis of 1,2-diacylglycerols.
Glyceryl trioleate is a triglyceride and unsaturated fat formed from oleic acid. Glycerol trioleate is found in fats and oils, almond, and peach.

Physical description of Glyceryl trioleate:
Liquid,
Colorless to yellowish odorless liquid
Glyceryl trioleate can be found as a clear colorless liquid.

Application of Glyceryl trioleate:
Glyceryl trioleate has been used:
As an experimental diet along with fat-free basal mix and corn oil and then to access the dietary fat absorption among mice

As an interfering substance to test Glyceryl trioleate effect on human serum in the approach to develop rapid enzyme immunoassay for the detection of retinol-binding protein
As a standard in the determination of triglyceride concentration, colorimetrically using liver tissue sample from cows

Uses of Glyceryl trioleate:
A major component of oils and fats, e.g., olive oil.
Used as lubricant (e.g. for cosmetics, drugs, and textiles), emulsifier (e.g. for water/oil mixtures), intermediate for radioactive iodine derivatives, and plasticizer.
Used in sweet almond oil for medicines and cosmetics.

Industry Uses of Glyceryl trioleate:
Intermediates
Lubricants and lubricant additives

Consumer Uses of Glyceryl trioleate:
Lubricants and greases
Non-TSCA use

Therapeutic Uses of Glyceryl trioleate:
The aim of this study was to identify asymptomatic boys with X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy who have a normal magnetic resonance image (MRI), and to assess the effect of 4:1 glyceryl trioleate-glyceryl trierucate (Lorenzo's oil) on disease progression.
Eighty-nine boys (mean +/- SD baseline age, 4.7 +/- 4.1 years; range, 0.2-15 years) were identified by a plasma very long-chain fatty acids assay used to screen at-risk boys.

All were treated with Lorenzo's oil and moderate fat restriction.
Plasma fatty acids and clinical status were followed for 6.9 +/- 2.7 years.

Changes in plasma hexacosanoic acid levels were assessed by measuring the length-adjusted area under the curve, and a proportional hazards model was used to evaluate association with the development of abnormal MRI results and neurological abnormalities.
Of the 89 boys, 24% developed MRI abnormalities and 11% developed both neurological and MRI abnormalities.

Abnormalities occurred only in the 64 patients who were aged 7 years or younger at the time therapy was started.
There was significant association between the development of MRI abnormalities and a plasma hexacosanoic acid increase.

(For a 0.1-ug/mL increase in the length-adjusted area under the curve for the hexacosanoic acid level, the hazard ratio for incident MRI abnormalities in the whole group was 1.36; P = .01; 95% confidence interval, 1.07-1.72.)
Results for patients aged 7 years or younger were similar (P = .04).

In this single-arm study, hexacosanoic acid reduction by Lorenzo's oil was associated with reduced risk of developing MRI abnormalities.
We recommend Lorenzo's oil therapy in asymptomatic boys with X-linked adrenoleukodystophy who have normal brain MRI results.

X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (X-ALD) is an inherited disorder of peroxisomal metabolism, biochemically characterized by deficient beta-oxidation of saturated very long chain fatty acids (VLCFA).
The consequent accumulation of these fatty acids in different tissues and in biological fluids is associated with a progressive central and peripheral demyelination, as well as with adrenocortical insufficiency and hypogonadism.

Seven variants of this disease have been described, cerebral childhood being the most frequent.
The recommended therapy consists of the use of the glyceroltrioleate/glyceroltrierucate mixture known as Lorenzo's Oil (LO), combined with a VLCFA-poor diet, but only in asymptomatic patients will this treatment prevent the progression of the symptomatology.

In the present study we evaluated the biochemical course of patients with cerebral childhood (CCER) and asymptomatic clinical forms of X-ALD treated with LO associated with a VLCFA-restricted diet.
We observed that hexacosanoic acid plasma concentrations and hexacosanoic/docosanoic ratio were significantly reduced in CCER patients during treatment when compared with diagnosis.

Hexacosanoic acid plasma level was significantly reduced when compared with that at diagnosis and achieved the normal levels only in asymptomatic patients under LO treatment.
In asymptomatic patients the magnitude of hexacosanoic acid decrease was higher than that of the CCER patients.

These results show the good biochemical response of LO treatment in asymptomatic X-ALD patients.
Glyceryl trioleate is possible to suppose that this could be correlated with the prevention of the appearance of neurological signals in this group of patients treated with LO.

Investigated the possible therapeutic effect of decreasing plasma levels of very-long-chain fatty acids (C26:0) with a synthetic oil containing trioleate and trielucate (Lorenzo's oil) as well as increasing docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in red blood cells (RBC) with DHA ethyl ester in four patients with Zellweger syndrome.
Investigated serial changes of plasma C26:0 levels and DHA levels in RBC membranes by gas-liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). After death, the fatty acid composition of each patient's cerebrum and liver was studied.

Dietary administration of Lorenzo's oil diminished plasma C26:0 levels.
Earlier administration of Lorenzo's oil was more effective and the response did not depend on the duration of administration.

DHA was incorporated into RBC membrane lipids when administrated orally, and Glyceryl trioleate level increased for several months.
The final DHA level was correlated with the duration of administration and was not related to the timing of initiation of treatment.

DHA levels in the brains and livers of treated patients were higher than in untreated patients.
Early initiation of Lorenzo's oil and the long-term administration of DHA may be useful for patients with Zellweger syndrome.

Pharmacology and Biochemistry of Glyceryl trioleate:

Absorption, Distribution and Excretion of Glyceryl trioleate:
In the small intestine, most triglycerides are split into monoglycerides, free fatty acids, and glycerol, which are absorbed by the intestinal mucosa.
Within the epithelial cells, resynthesized triglycerides collect into globules along with cholesterol and phospholipids and are encased in a protein coat as chylomicrons.

Chylomicrons are transported in the lymph to the thoracic duct and eventually to the venous system.
The chylomicrons are removed from the blood as they pass through the capillaries of adipose tissue.
Fat is stored in adipose cells until Glyceryl trioleate is transported to other tissues as free fatty acids which are used for cellular energy or incorporated into cell membranes.

When (14)C-labeled long-chain triglycerides are administered intravenously, 25% to 30% of the radiolabel is found in the liver within 30 to 60 minutes, with less than 5% remaining after 24 hours.
Lesser amounts of radiolabel are found in the spleen and lungs.

After 24 hours, nearly 50% of the radiolabel has been expired in carbon dioxide, with 1% of the carbon label remaining in the brown fat.
The concentration of radioactivity in the epididymal fat is less than half that of the brown fat.

Human Metabolite Information of Glyceryl trioleate:

Cellular Locations:
Extracellular
Membrane

Methods of Manufacturing of Glyceryl trioleate:
Preparation by esterification of oleic acid.

Glyceryl trioleate is the predominating constituent in expressed almond oil, in lard oil, & in many of the more fluid animal oils & those of vegetable origin.
Glyceryl trioleate is separated & purified by cold expression, the other constituents being retained by their lack of fluidity at low temp.

The triglyceride of oleic acid, occurring in most fats and oils.
Glyceryl trioleate constitutes 70-80% of olive oil

Reaction of refined oil, eg, olive oil, with glycerol followed by fractional distillation; reaction of oleic acid with glycerol; separation & purification from fats & oils as liquid phase by cold expression.

General Manufacturing Information of Glyceryl trioleate:

Industry Processing Sectors:
Textiles, apparel, and leather manufacturing
Transportation equipment manufacturing

Stable water-in-oil emulsions (with a high water content) for cosmetics are prepared by dissolving the neutral oil & 5-50% lecithin emulsifier at less than or equal to 70 °C, cooling to 0-12 °C, & adding water to a concentration of 50-83%.
The neutral oil can be a glycerol, such as glyceryl trioleate, or propylene glycol ester of a carbon 8-12 fatty acid or isopropyl myristate.

Ecological Information of Glyceryl trioleate:

Environmental Fate/Exposure Summary of Glyceryl trioleate:
Glyceryl trioleate's production and use as textile lubricant and plasticizer may result in Glyceryl trioleate release to the environment through various waste streams.
Glyceryl trioleate is found in cacao butter and accounts for 70-80% of olive oil.

If released to air, an estimated vapor pressure range of 5X10-5 mm Hg to 1.1X10-9 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates Glyceryl trioleate may exist in both the vapor and particulate phases in the atmosphere.
Vapor-phase Glyceryl trioleate will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 1.7 hours.

Vapor-phase Glyceryl trioleate will also be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with ozone; the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 0.7 hours.
Particulate-phase Glyceryl trioleate will be removed from the atmosphere by wet or dry deposition.

If released to soil, Glyceryl trioleate is expected to have no mobility based upon an estimated Koc of 1X10+10.
Volatilization from moist soil surfaces may be an important fate process based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 9.6X10-4 atm-cu m/mole; however, soil adsorption will attenuate the importance of volatilization.

14C-Labeled Glyceryl trioleate biodegraded to CO2 at a rate of 63.5% to 84% over 140 days in a sewage sludge-amended soil, suggesting that biodegradation may occur in the soil environment.
If released into water, Glyceryl trioleate is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment based upon the estimated Koc.

Volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon this compound's estimated Henry's Law constant.
Estimated volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 11 hours and 13 days, respectively.

However, volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be attenuated by adsorption to suspended solids and sediment in the water column.
The estimated volatilization half-life from a model pond is 5.1X10+5 years if adsorption is considered.

An estimated BCF of 3.2 suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low.
An estimated base-catalyzed second-order hydrolysis rate constant of 0.15 L/mole-sec corresponds to half-lives of 1.5 years and 55 days at pH values of 7 and 8, respectively.

In respirometry tests, Glyceryl trioleate had a biodegradation rate constant of 0.0025 per hour which corresponds to a half-life of 11.6 days; bioavailability was restricted due to the presence of double bonds and an autoxidation process occurring in the allylic chains resulting in the production of hydroperoxides, but the non-oxidized fractions were readily mineralized.
Occupational exposure to Glyceryl trioleate may occur through dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where Glyceryl trioleate is produced or used. Monitoring data indicate that the general population may be exposed to Glyceryl trioleate via ingestion of food products containing Glyceryl trioleate as well as via dermal contact with consumer products containing Glyceryl trioleate.

Stability and Reactivity of Glyceryl trioleate:

Hazardous Reactivities and Incompatibilities of Glyceryl trioleate:
Glyceryl trioleate (major skin lipid) was irradiated with 300-nm ultraviolet (UV) light, and the conditions for exposure approximated those at the skin surface exposed to sunlight.
Using gas chromatography, the irradiated samples were analyzed for the presence of acrolein, formaldehyde, and acetaldehyde.

The maximum amount of acrolein (1.05 nmol/mg Glyceryl trioleate) was formed after 6 hours of irradiation.
Maximum amounts of formaldehyde (6 nmol/mg Glyceryl trioleate) and acetaldehyde (2.71 nmol/mg Glyceryl trioleate) were formed after 12 hours of irradiation.

Disposal Methods of Glyceryl trioleate:
The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational exposure or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for Glyceryl trioleate approved use or return Glyceryl trioleate to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic, and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.

Antidote and Emergency Treatment of Glyceryl trioleate:
Immediate first aid: Ensure that adequate decontamination has been carried out.
If patient is not breathing, start artificial respiration, preferably with a demand valve resuscitator, bag-valve-mask device, or pocket mask, as trained.

Perform CPR if necessary.
Immediately flush contaminated eyes with gently flowing water.

Do not induce vomiting.
If vomiting occurs, lean patient forward or place on the left side (head-down position, if possible) to maintain an open airway and prevent aspiration.

Keep patient quiet and maintain normal body temperature.
Obtain medical attention.

Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway (oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal airway, if needed).
Suction if necessary.
Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if needed.

Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min.
Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary.

Monitor for shock and treat if necessary.
Anticipate seizures and treat if necessary.

For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water.
Irrigate each eye continuously with 0.9% saline (NS) during transport.

Do not use emetics.
For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 mL/kg up to 200 mL of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool.
Cover skin burns with dry sterile dressings after decontamination.

Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious, has severe pulmonary edema, or is in severe respiratory distress.
Positive-pressure ventilation techniques with a bag valve mask device may be beneficial. Consider drug therapy for pulmonary edema.

Consider administering a beta agonist such as albuterol for severe bronchospasm.
Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias as necessary.

Use 0.9% saline (NS) or lactated Ringer's if signs of hypovolemia are present.
For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously.

Watch for signs of fluid overload.
Treat seizures with diazepam or lorazepam.
Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation.

Identifiers of Glyceryl trioleate:
CAS Number: 122-32-7
ChEBI: CHEBI:53753
ChemSpider: 4593733
ECHA InfoCard: 100.004.123
MeSH: Glyceryl trioleate
PubChem CID: 5497163
UNII: O05EC62663
CompTox Dashboard (EPA): DTXSID3026988
InChI:
InChI=1S/C57H104O6/c1-4-7-10-13-16-19-22-25-28-31-34-37-40-43-46-49-55(58)61-52-54(63-57(60)51-48-45-42-39-36-33-30-27-24-21-18-15-12-9-6-3)53-62-56(59)50-47-44-41-38-35-32-29-26-23-20-17-14-11-8-5-2/h25-30,54H,4-24,31-53H2,1-3H3/b28-25-,29-26-,30-27- check
Key: PHYFQTYBJUILEZ-IUPFWZBJSA-N check
InChI=1/C57H104O6/c1-4-7-10-13-16-19-22-25-28-31-34-37-40-43-46-49-55(58)61-52-54(63-57(60)51-48-45-42-39-36-33-30-27-24-21-18-15-12-9-6-3)53-62-56(59)50-47-44-41-38-35-32-29-26-23-20-17-14-11-8-5-2/h25-30,54H,4-24,31-53H2,1-3H3/b28-25-,29-26-,30-27-
Key: PHYFQTYBJUILEZ-IUPFWZBJBN
SMILES: O=C(OCC(OC(=O)CCCCCCC\C=C/CCCCCCCC)COC(=O)CCCCCCC\C=C/CCCCCCCC)CCCCCCC\C=C/CCCCCCCC

Properties of Glyceryl trioleate:
Biological source: plant (sunflower)
Quality Level: 200
Assay: ≥99%
Form: oil
bp: 235-240 °C/18 mmHg (lit.)
Density: 0.91 g/mL (lit.)
Functional group: ester
Shipped in: ambient
Storage temp.: −20°C
SMILES string: [H]C(COC(CCCCCCC/C=C\CCCCCCCC)=O)(OC(CCCCCCC/C=C\CCCCCCCC)=O)COC(CCCCCCC/C=C\CCCCCCCC)=O
InChI: 1S/C57H104O6/c1-4-7-10-13-16-19-22-25-28-31-34-37-40-43-46-49-55(58)61-52-54(63-57(60)51-48-45-42-39-36-33-30-27-24-21-18-15-12-9-6-3)53-62-56(59)50-47-44-41-38-35-32-29-26-23-20-17-14-11-8-5-2/h25-30,54H,4-24,31-53H2,1-3H3/b28-25-,29-26-,30-27-
InChI key: PHYFQTYBJUILEZ-IUPFWZBJSA-N

Chemical formula: C57H104O6
Molar mass: 885.432 g/mol
Appearance: Colourless viscous liquid
Density: 0.9078 g/cm3 at 25 °C
Melting point: 5 °C; 41 °F; 278 K
Boiling point: 554.2 °C; 1,029.6 °F; 827.4 K
Solubility: Chloroform 0.1g/mL

Molecular Weight: 885.4
XLogP3-AA: 22.4
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 0
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 6
Rotatable Bond Count: 53
Exact Mass: 884.78329103
Monoisotopic Mass: 884.78329103
Topological Polar Surface Area: 78.9 Ų
Heavy Atom Count: 63
Complexity: 1010
Isotope Atom Count: 0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 3
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 1
Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes

Hazards of Glyceryl trioleate:
Flash point: 302.6 °C (576.7 °F; 575.8 K)

Thermochemistry of Glyceryl trioleate:
Std enthalpy of formation (ΔfH⦵298): 1.97*105 kJ/kmol
Gibbs free energy (ΔfG˚): -1.8*105 kJ/kmol
Std enthalpy of combustion (ΔcH⦵298): 8,389 kcal (35,100 kJ) /mole

Specifications of Glyceryl trioleate:
Density: 0.9130g/mL
Color: Colorless to Yellow
Boiling Point: 235.0°C to 240.0°C (18.0mmHg)
Assay Percent Range: 98.5% min. (GC)
Infrared Spectrum: Authentic
Linear Formula: (C17H33COOCH2)2CHOCOC17H33
Beilstein: 02,IV,1664
Packaging: Glass bottle
Merck Index: 15,9904
Refractive Index: 1.4680 to 1.4700
Quantity: 1mL
Solubility Information: Solubility in water: insoluble in water. Other solubilities: soluble in chloroform, ether, ccl4, slightly soluble in alcohol
Specific Gravity: 0.913
Formula Weight: 885.45
Physical Form: Liquid
Percent Purity: 99%
Chemical Name or Material: Glycerine trioleate

Names of Glyceryl trioleate:

Preferred IUPAC name of Glyceryl trioleate:
Propane-1,2,3-triyl tri[(9Z)-octadec-9-enoate]

cas no 2438-40-6 1,2,3-Triheptadecanoylglycerol; TG(17:0/17:0/17:0); Triheptadecanoin; Trimargarin; Glycerol triheptadecanoate; Palmitic acid triglyderide;

cas no 537-40-6 1,2,3-Tri-(cis,cis-9,12-octadecadienoyl)glycerol; 1,2,3-Trilinoleoylglycerol; Glycerol trilinoleate; TG(18:2(9Z,12Z)/18:2(9Z,12Z)/18:2(9Z,12Z)); Trilinolein;

cas no 538-23-8 1,2,3-Tricapryloylglycerol; 1,2,3-Trioctanoylglycerol; Glycerol tricaprylate; Glycerol trioctanoate; Glyceryl tricaprylate; Tricaprylin; Trioctanoin;

cas no 122-32-7 (9Z)9-Octadecenoic acid 1,2,3-propanetriyl ester; 1,2,3-Tri(cis-9-octadecenoyl)glycerol; Glycerol trioleate; Glycerol triolein; Oleic acid triglyceride, Oleic triglyceride; TG(18:1(9Z)/18:1(9Z)/18:1(9Z)); Triolein;

cas no 555-43-1 1,2,3-Trioctadecanoylglycerol; Glycerol tristearate; TG(18:0/18:0/18:0); Tristearin;

GLYCINE; Aminoacetic Acid; Glycocoll; Athenon; Gly; G salt; Iconyl; Monazol; glycosthene; p-Hydroxyphenylaminoacetic Acid; Aminoethanoic Acid; p-Hydroxyanilinoacetic Acid; para-Oxyphenyl Glycocoll; Sucre De Gelatine; cas no: 56-40-6

HYDROGEN GLYCINE CHLORIDE ; Glycine hydrochloride; 2-aminoacetic acid; 2-aminoacetic acid hydrochloride; GLYCINE HCL, N° CAS : 6000-43-7. Nom INCI : GLYCINE HCL. N° EINECS/ELINCS : 227-841-8. Ses fonctions (INCI) : Régulateur de pH : Stabilise le pH des cosmétiques; Noms français : CHLORHYDRATE DE GLYCINE. Noms anglais : GLYCINE, HYDROCHLORIDE; 227-841-8 [EINECS]; 2-aminoacetic acid hydrochloride; 6000-43-7 [RN]; Amino acetic acid hydrochloride; Aminoacetic acid hydrochloride; Glycine HCl Glycine hydrochloride; Glycine hydrochloride (1:1) [ACD/IUPAC Name]; Glycine hydrochloride solution; Glycine, chlorhydrate (1:1) [French] ; Glycine, hydrochloride (1:1);Glycinhydrochlorid (1:1) [German] ; MC0560000; MFCD00012872 [MDL number]; [6000-43-7]; 2-aminoacetic acid;hydrochloride; 2-aminoacetic acid;hydron;chloride; carboxymethylazanium and chloride; glycine hydrochloride 98%; glycine hydrochloride, ??? glycine hydrochloride, 98% glycine hydrochloride, 99% glycine, chloride Glycine, hydrochloride glycine-hcl Glycinehydrochloride H-Gly-OH.HCl;

Glycine is an amino acid, which is a fundamental building block of proteins.
Its chemical formula is C2H5NO2, and it is the simplest and smallest of the 20 standard amino acids used in the synthesis of proteins in living organisms.
Glycine is a non-essential amino acid, meaning that the human body can typically produce it on its own, and it is not necessarily required in the diet.
Glycine plays a variety of important roles in the body, such as being involved in the synthesis of heme (a component of hemoglobin), serving as a neurotransmitter in the central nervous system, and contributing to various metabolic processes.

CAS Number: 56-40-6
EC Number: 200-272-2



APPLICATIONS


Glycine is used in the food industry as a sweetener and flavor enhancer.
Glycine is a component of some antacids and digestive aids due to its role in bile acid production.

In the pharmaceutical industry, glycine is used as a stabilizing agent for drugs.
Glycine is used in the synthesis of various pharmaceuticals and active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs).
Glycine is an important component of intravenous solutions and medications.

Glycine is used in the production of cosmetics and skincare products for its skin-conditioning properties.
Glycine is employed as a metal complexing agent in chemical analysis and separation processes.
In the textile industry, it is used in dyeing and tanning processes.

Glycine is used as a stabilizer for nitroglycerin and other explosives.
Glycine is utilized as a buffering agent in the laboratory to control the pH of solutions.

Glycine is added to some cleaning products and detergents to improve their performance.
Glycine serves as a component in the formulation of various industrial chemicals and pesticides.

Glycine is used in the production of polyurethane foam, which has applications in insulation and upholstery.
Glycine is used in the manufacture of metal coatings to enhance corrosion resistance.

Glycine is an ingredient in some dietary supplements, particularly those intended to improve sleep quality.
In the agricultural industry, it is used in foliar applications to improve plant health and yield.
Glycine is a key component of certain dietary protein supplements and sports nutrition products.

Glycine is employed as a precursor in the synthesis of amino acids and peptides.
Glycine is used in the electroplating industry for the electrodeposition of metals.

Glycine is utilized in the production of vaccines as a stabilizing agent.
Glycine is employed in the field of biotechnology for the cultivation of cell cultures.

Glycine plays a role in the development of artificial sweeteners and sugar substitutes.
Glycine is used in the preparation of chromatography and electrophoresis buffers for analytical purposes.

Glycine is involved in the formulation of some pharmaceutical dosage forms, such as tablets and capsules.
Glycine is a vital component in the synthesis of proteins and peptides in biotechnology and genetic engineering applications.

Glycine is used in the production of soaps and detergents to enhance their cleaning properties.
Glycine is employed in the leather industry as a tanning agent to soften and preserve animal hides.

Glycine is used in the manufacturing of ink and inkjet printer fluids.
Glycine is an important component in the formulation of certain cosmetic and personal care products like shampoos and conditioners.

Glycine is utilized in the synthesis of herbicides and agricultural chemicals.
Glycine plays a role in the creation of artificial flavors and fragrances for the food and perfume industries.

In the brewing industry, it is sometimes used to adjust beer pH levels and reduce acidity.
Glycine is involved in the production of fire retardants for textiles and foam materials.
Glycine is used as a cryoprotectant in the preservation of biological materials at low temperatures.

Glycine is a common ingredient in veterinary medicine and animal feed formulations.
Glycine serves as a reducing agent in chemical reactions and industrial processes.

Glycine is used in the production of inkjet and laser printer inks.
Glycine is employed in the development of microbial culture media for microbiological research.

Glycine is added to some dental care products like toothpaste and mouthwash.
Glycine is used in the synthesis of peptides and proteins for medical and research purposes.

Glycine is employed as a flavor enhancer in the production of savory food products.
Glycine is used in the calibration of laboratory equipment and analytical instruments.

In the paper and pulp industry, glycine can be added to paper pulp to improve paper strength.
Glycine is used in the manufacture of biodegradable plastics and polymers.

Glycine plays a role in the production of pharmaceutical excipients and additives.
Glycine is used as a reagent in chemical synthesis and organic chemistry reactions.

Glycine is employed in the preservation and fixation of biological tissues in histology.
Glycine is used in the synthesis of peptide-based drugs and therapeutic agents.

Glycine is involved in the production of fertilizers and soil conditioners.
Glycine plays a role in the formulation of nutritional supplements for livestock and poultry.

Glycine is utilized in the manufacturing of perfumes and colognes as a fragrance component.
Glycine is used as a buffering agent in the preparation of dental impression materials.
Glycine is employed in the preservation of biological specimens and specimens in museums.

In the automotive industry, it is used in antifreeze formulations to prevent engine overheating.
Glycine is added to certain metal cleaning solutions to remove rust and oxidation.

Glycine can be found in some dietary supplements aimed at promoting muscle recovery and reducing muscle soreness.
Glycine plays a role in the formulation of some over-the-counter (OTC) drugs like antacids.

Glycine is utilized in the manufacturing of photographic chemicals, including developers and fixers.
Glycine is used as a stabilizing agent in the production of vaccines to maintain their potency.

Glycine is added to some cosmetic products as a humectant to help retain moisture.
Glycine is used in the synthesis of chiral compounds in the pharmaceutical industry.

In the construction industry, glycine is employed in the preparation of concrete admixtures.
Glycine plays a role in the formulation of hair care products such as shampoos and conditioners.

Glycine is used in the production of enzymes and enzyme cofactors.
Glycine is employed as a reagent in organic synthesis for the creation of various organic compounds.

Glycine is added to some medical solutions for intravenous administration.
Glycine is used as a dietary supplement to support cognitive function and memory.

Glycine is found in some health and wellness products for its potential relaxation and stress-reducing properties.
Glycine is used in the production of biodegradable soaps and detergents.

Glycine is employed in the formulation of lubricants and engine additives.
Glycine is used in the chemical analysis of protein structures and interactions.

Glycine is a component of some food and beverage products to enhance their texture.
In the cement industry, it is used as a grinding aid to improve cement properties.

Glycine is added to some skincare products as an anti-aging ingredient.
Glycine plays a role in the formulation of effervescent tablets and antacid preparations.

Glycine is used in the production of dietary supplements to support muscle and joint health.
Glycine is employed in the brewing industry to clarify beer and improve its appearance.

Glycine serves as a pH regulator in the cosmetics industry to maintain product stability.
Glycine is utilized in the manufacturing of wound care products for its tissue-healing properties.

Glycine is added to some pet foods to enhance the palatability of the products.
Glycine is used as a reducing agent in the electroplating of metals like gold and silver.

In the textile industry, glycine is used as a dye auxiliary and color fixative.
Glycine plays a role in the formulation of effervescent tablets for antacid and pain relief purposes.

Glycine is employed in the creation of corrosion inhibitors to protect metal surfaces.
Glycine is used in the synthesis of polymers for various industrial applications.

Glycine is added to some insect repellent formulations to improve their effectiveness.
Glycine serves as a stabilizing agent in the production of pharmaceutical and biologic drugs.

Glycine is used in the production of animal feed to enhance protein content.
In the semiconductor industry, it is employed as a silicon wafer cleaning agent.
Glycine plays a role in the formulation of nutritional supplements for athletes and bodybuilders.

Glycine is utilized in the formulation of some mouthwash and oral care products.
Glycine is added to cooling solutions for radiators and engines in the automotive industry.

Glycine is used in the production of energy drinks and sports beverages.
Glycine plays a role in the creation of explosives and propellants in the defense industry.

Glycine is employed in the formulation of metal polishing compounds.
Glycine is used in the preservation of historical artifacts and ancient manuscripts.

Glycine is added to some toothpaste formulations to improve oral hygiene.
In the textile industry, it is used in the mercerization of cotton fibers.

Glycine is utilized in the synthesis of agrochemicals for crop protection.
It plays a role in the formulation of supplements for collagen production and skin health.



DESCRIPTION


Glycine is an amino acid, which is a fundamental building block of proteins.
Its chemical formula is C2H5NO2, and it is the simplest and smallest of the 20 standard amino acids used in the synthesis of proteins in living organisms.

Glycine is a non-essential amino acid, meaning that the human body can typically produce it on its own, and it is not necessarily required in the diet.
Glycine plays a variety of important roles in the body, such as being involved in the synthesis of heme (a component of hemoglobin), serving as a neurotransmitter in the central nervous system, and contributing to various metabolic processes.
Glycine is also used in various industrial and pharmaceutical applications.

Glycine is the smallest and simplest amino acid.
Glycine has a sweet taste and is often used as a food additive.

Glycine is a non-essential amino acid, meaning it can be synthesized by the body.
Its chemical structure consists of a hydrogen atom as its side chain.

Glycine is a colorless, odorless, and crystalline solid at room temperature.
Glycine plays a crucial role in the formation of collagen, a protein found in skin, cartilage, and connective tissues.
Glycine is involved in the synthesis of other important compounds, such as heme and creatine.

Glycine acts as an inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.
Glycine receptors in the spinal cord are important for pain perception and motor function.
Glycine can help improve sleep quality and is sometimes used as a dietary supplement for this purpose.

Glycine is used in the pharmaceutical industry to formulate drugs and as a stabilizing agent.
In the food industry, it is used as a sweetener and a flavor enhancer.
Glycine is one of the amino acids that make up the genetic code, with its codon being "GGU," "GGC," "GGA," or "GGG."

Glycine is also found in some antacids and digestive aids due to its role in bile acid production.
Glycine is a key component of glutathione, an important antioxidant in the body.
Glycine is used in the production of various chemical compounds, including herbicides and detergents.

The solubility of glycine in water is high, making it readily dissolved in aqueous solutions.
Glycine is a crucial building block for the synthesis of proteins in all living organisms.
Glycine can be converted into serine, another amino acid with various metabolic functions.

Glycine is commonly found in foods like meat, fish, dairy products, and legumes.
Glycine's name is derived from the Greek word "glykys," which means sweet, due to its sweet taste.

In the laboratory, glycine is used as a buffer to control the pH of solutions.
Glycine has been studied for its potential therapeutic applications in conditions like schizophrenia and neuropathic pain.

Glycine's role as a neurotransmitter helps regulate muscle and cognitive functions.
Its chemical properties and versatility make glycine an essential compound in biology, chemistry, and various industries.



PROPERTIES


Physical Properties:

Molecular Formula: C2H5NO2
Molecular Weight: 75.07 g/mol
Chemical Structure: H2NCH2COOH
Appearance: Colorless, odorless, and crystalline solid
Melting Point: 247-249°C (477-480°F)
Solubility: Highly soluble in water
Taste: Sweet taste
Odor: Odorless
Density: 1.160 g/cm³
Boiling Point: Decomposes at high temperatures


Chemical Properties:

Glycine is an amino acid, the simplest of the 20 standard amino acids.
Glycine is a zwitterion, meaning it can exist as both a positively and negatively charged ion in solution.
Glycine has a pKa value of approximately 2.34, which is the pH at which it is neutral.
It readily forms salts with various metals and other compounds.
Glycine is a non-essential amino acid, meaning it can be synthesized by the human body.



FIRST AID


Inhalation:

If glycine dust or powder is inhaled and respiratory distress occurs, move the affected person to an area with fresh air.
Encourage the individual to breathe slowly and deeply.
If breathing difficulties persist, seek immediate medical attention.


Skin Contact:

In case of skin contact with glycine, immediately remove contaminated clothing and shoes.
Rinse the affected area with plenty of running water for at least 15 minutes.
Use mild soap if available to help remove glycine from the skin.
Seek medical attention if skin irritation, redness, or signs of an allergic reaction (such as rash or hives) occur.


Eye Contact:

If glycine comes into contact with the eyes, immediately rinse the eyes with gentle, lukewarm water for at least 15 minutes.
Hold the eyelids open and away from the eyeballs to ensure thorough irrigation.
Contact lenses should be removed if easily possible.
Seek immediate medical attention, especially if eye irritation, redness, pain, or vision problems persist.


Ingestion:

If glycine is ingested and the person is conscious, do not induce vomiting.
Rinse the mouth with water if the individual is able to swallow and has no difficulty doing so.
Give the person a small amount of water to drink to dilute any remaining glycine in the mouth.
Seek immediate medical attention, and provide information about the ingested amount and any symptoms experienced.



HANDLING AND STORAGE


Handling:

Personal Protective Equipment (PPE):
When handling glycine, wear appropriate PPE, including safety glasses or goggles, lab coat or protective clothing, and gloves.
Ensure that PPE is clean and in good condition.

Ventilation:
Work in a well-ventilated area to minimize exposure to dust or vapors.
Use local exhaust ventilation if available.

Avoid Skin and Eye Contact:
Prevent skin and eye contact by wearing suitable gloves and protective eyewear.
In case of accidental contact, follow the appropriate first aid measures.

Avoid Ingestion and Inhalation:
Do not eat, drink, smoke, or apply cosmetics in areas where glycine is being handled.
Avoid inhaling glycine dust or vapors.
Use a dust mask or respirator if necessary.

Prevent Contamination:
Do not touch your face, especially your eyes, nose, or mouth, with contaminated hands or gloves.
Use clean tools and equipment to handle glycine to prevent contamination.

Labeling and Storage:
Clearly label containers that hold glycine with appropriate hazard information, chemical name, and handling instructions.
Store glycine away from incompatible materials.


Storage:

Location:
Store glycine in a cool, dry, well-ventilated area.
Keep it away from direct sunlight and heat sources.

Temperature:
Maintain storage temperatures between 20°C and 25°C (68°F to 77°F).
Avoid temperature extremes.

Protection from Moisture:
Keep glycine containers tightly sealed to prevent moisture absorption, as it can cause clumping and reduce the quality of the product.

Separation:
Store glycine away from strong oxidizing agents, strong acids, and incompatible chemicals to avoid potential reactions.

Original Packaging:
Whenever possible, use the original, properly labeled packaging for glycine.
This packaging is designed to protect the substance during storage.

Keep Out of Reach of Children:
Store glycine in a location that is not accessible to children or unauthorized personnel.

Fire Precautions:
While glycine is not flammable, take general fire precautions in the storage area and follow local regulations for fire safety.



SYNONYMS


Aminoacetic acid
Glycocoll
Glycocolline
Aminoethanoic acid
Aminoethanoate
Aminoethanoic acid
Aminoethanoate
Aminoethanoic acid
Aminoethanoate
2-Aminoacetic acid
2-Aminoethanoic acid
2-Aminoethanoate
Aminoacetic acid
Aminoethanoic acid
Aminoethanoate
Aminoacetic acid
Aminoethanoic acid
Aminoethanoate
2-Aminoacetic acid
2-Aminoethanoic acid
2-Aminoethanoate
Aminoacetic acid
Aminoethanoic acid
Aminoethanoate
Glycocolline

DESCRIPTION
Glycine is an amino acid with a number of important functions in the body.
Glycine acts as a neurotransmitter, a component of collagen, and as a precursor to various biomolecules (e.g., creatine, heme), among other roles.
Glycine is often considered conditionally essential, meaning it can usually be produced in the body in sufficient amounts, however in certain contexts (e.g., pregnancy) more glycine may be needed from the diet.

CAS NUMBER: 56-40-6
EC NUMBER: 200-272-2
IUPAC NAME : Aminoacetic acid
CHEMICAL FORMULA: C2H5NO2

Glycine is found in most protein sources, meaning common sources of glycine include meat, eggs, soybeans, lentils, and dairy products.
Glycine is a non-essential, non-polar, non-optical, glucogenic amino acid.
Glycine, an inhibitory neurotransmitter in the CNS, triggers chloride ion influx via ionotropic receptors, thereby creating an inhibitory post-synaptic potential.

In contrast, this agent also acts as a co-agonist, along with glutamate, facilitating an excitatory potential at the glutaminergic N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA) receptors.
Glycine is an important component and precursor for many macromolecules in the cells.

Glycine is the simplest (and the only achiral) proteinogenic amino acid, with a hydrogen atom as its side chain.
It has a role as a nutraceutical, a hepatoprotective agent, an EC 2.1.2.1 (glycine hydroxymethyltransferase) inhibitor, a NMDA receptor agonist, a micronutrient, a fundamental metabolite and a neurotransmitter.
Glycine is an alpha-amino acid, a serine family amino acid and a proteinogenic amino acid.
Glycine is a conjugate base of a glycinium.

Glycine is a conjugate acid of a glycinate.
Glycine is a tautomer of a glycine zwitterion.
Glycine (symbol Gly or G) is an amino acid that has a single hydrogen atom as its side chain.
Glycine is the simplest stable amino acid (carbamic acid is unstable), with the chemical formula NH2‐CH2‐COOH.
Glycine is one of the proteinogenic amino acids.

Glycine is encoded by all the codons starting with GG (GGU, GGC, GGA, GGG).
Glycine is integral to the formation of alpha-helices in secondary protein structure due to its compact form.
For the same reason, it is the most abundant amino acid in collagen triple-helices.
Glycine is also an inhibitory neurotransmitter – interference with its release within the spinal cord (such as during a Clostridium tetani infection) can cause spastic paralysis due to uninhibited muscle contraction.

Glycine is the only achiral proteinogenic amino acid.
It can fit into hydrophilic or hydrophobic environments, due to its minimal side chain of only one hydrogen atom.

HISTORY AND ETYMOLOGY OF GLYCINE
Glycine was discovered in 1820 by French chemist Henri Braconnot when he hydrolyzed gelatin by boiling it with sulfuric acid.
He originally called it "sugar of gelatin",but French chemist Jean-Baptiste Boussingault showed in 1838 that it contained nitrogen.

In 1847 American scientist Eben Norton Horsford, then a student of the German chemist Justus von Liebig, proposed the name "glycocoll"; however, the Swedish chemist Berzelius suggested the simpler current name a year later.
The name comes from the Greek word γλυκύς "sweet tasting" (which is also related to the prefixes glyco- and gluco-, as in glycoprotein and glucose).
In 1858, the French chemist Auguste Cahours determined that glycine was an amine of acetic acid.

PRODUCTION OF GLYCINE
Although glycine can be isolated from hydrolyzed protein, this route is not used for industrial production, as it can be manufactured more conveniently by chemical synthesis.
The two main processes are amination of chloroacetic acid with ammonia, giving glycine and ammonium chloride, and the Strecker amino acid synthesis, which is the main synthetic method in the United States and Japan.

About 15 thousand tonnes are produced annually in this way.
Glycine is also cogenerated as an impurity in the synthesis of EDTA, arising from reactions of the ammonia coproduct.

CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF GLYCINE
Molecular Weight 75.07
XLogP3 -3.2
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count 2
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Coun 3
Rotatable Bond Count 1
Exact Mass 75.032028402
Monoisotopic Mass 75.032028402
Topological Polar Surface Area 63.3 Ų
Heavy Atom Count 5
Formal Charge 0
Complexity 42.9
Isotope Atom Count 0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count 0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count 0
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count 0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count 1
Compound Is Canonicalized Yes

CHEMICAL REACTIONS OF GLYCINE
Its acid–base properties are most important. In aqueous solution, glycine is amphoteric: below pH = 2.4, it converts to the ammonium cation called glycinium.
Above about 9.6, it converts to glycinate.
Glycine functions as a bidentate ligand for many metal ions, forming amino acid complexes.

A typical complex is Cu(glycinate)2, i.e. Cu(H2NCH2CO2)2, which exists both in cis and trans isomers.
With acid chlorides, glycine converts to the amidocarboxylic acid, such as hippuric acid and acetylglycine.
With nitrous acid, one obtains glycolic acid (van Slyke determination).
With methyl iodide, the amine becomes quaternized to give trimethylglycine, a natural product:
H3N+CH2COO− + 3 CH3I → (CH3)3N+CH2COO−+ 3 HI

Glycine condenses with itself to give peptides, beginning with the formation of glycylglycine:
2 H3N+CH2COO− → H3N+CH2CONHCH2COO− + H2O
Pyrolysis of glycine or glycylglycine gives 2,5-diketopiperazine, the cyclic diamide.
It forms esters with alcohols.
They are often isolated as their hydrochloride, e.g., glycine methyl ester hydrochloride.

Otherwise the free ester tends to convert to diketopiperazine.
As a bifunctional molecule, glycine reacts with many reagents.
These can be classified into N-centered and carboxylate-center reactions.

METABOLISM OF GLYCINE
BIOSYNTHESIS GLYCINE
Glycine is not essential to the human diet, as it is biosynthesized in the body from the amino acid serine, which is in turn derived from 3-phosphoglycerate, but one publication made by supplements sellers seems to show that the metabolic capacity for glycine biosynthesis does not satisfy the need for collagen synthesis.
In most organisms, the enzyme serine hydroxymethyltransferase catalyses this transformation via the cofactor pyridoxal phosphate:
serine + tetrahydrofolate → glycine + N5,N10-methylene tetrahydrofolate + H2O
In the liver of vertebrates, glycine synthesis is catalyzed by glycine synthase (also called glycine cleavage enzyme).
This conversion is readily reversible:
CO2 + NH+4 + N5,N10-methylene tetrahydrofolate + NADH + H+ ⇌ Glycine + tetrahydrofolate + NAD+
In addition to being synthesized from serine, glycine can also be derived from threonine, choline or hydroxyproline via inter-organ metabolism of the liver and kidneys.

DEGRADATION OF GLYCINE
Glycine is degraded via three pathways.
The predominant pathway in animals and plants is the reverse of the glycine synthase pathway mentioned above.

In this context, the enzyme system involved is usually called the glycine cleavage system:
Glycine + tetrahydrofolate + NAD+ ⇌ CO2 + NH+4 + N5,N10-methylene tetrahydrofolate + NADH + H+
In the second pathway, glycine is degraded in two steps.
The first step is the reverse of glycine biosynthesis from serine with serine hydroxymethyl
transferase.
Serine is then converted to pyruvate by serine dehydratase.

In the third pathway of its degradation, glycine is converted to glyoxylate by D-amino acid oxidase.
Glyoxylate is then oxidized by hepatic lactate dehydrogenase to oxalate in an NAD+-dependent reaction.
The half-life of glycine and its elimination from the body varies significantly based on dose.
In one study, the half-life varied between 0.5 and 4.0 hours.
Glycine is extremely sensitive to antibiotics which target folate, and blood glycine levels drop severely within a minute of antibiotic injections.
Some antibiotics can deplete more than 90% of glycine within a few minutes of being administered.

PHYSIOLOGICAL FUNCTION OF GLYCINE
The principal function of glycine is it acts as a precursor to proteins.
Most proteins incorporate only small quantities of glycine, a notable exception being collagen, which contains about 35% glycine due to its periodically repeated role in the formation of collagen's helix structure in conjunction with hydroxyproline.
In the genetic code, glycine is coded by all codons starting with GG, namely GGU, GGC, GGA and GGG.

AS A BIOSYNTHETIC INTERMEDIATE
In higher eukaryotes, δ-aminolevulinic acid, the key precursor to porphyrins, is biosynthesized from glycine and succinyl-CoA by the enzyme ALA synthase.
Glycine provides the central C2N subunit of all purines.

AS A NEUROTRANSMITTER
Glycine is an inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system, especially in the spinal cord, brainstem, and retina.
When glycine receptors are activated, chloride enters the neuron via ionotropic receptors, causing an inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP).
Strychnine is a strong antagonist at ionotropic glycine receptors, whereas bicuculline is a weak one.
Glycine is a required co-agonist along with glutamate for NMDA receptors.

In contrast to the inhibitory role of glycine in the spinal cord, this behaviour is facilitated at the (NMDA) glutamatergic receptors which are excitatory.
The LD50 of glycine is 7930 mg/kg in rats (oral),and it usually causes death by hyperexcitability.

USES OF GLYCINE
In the US, glycine is typically sold in two grades: United States Pharmacopeia (“USP”), and technical grade.
USP grade sales account for approximately 80 to 85 percent of the U.S. market for glycine.
If purity greater than the USP standard is needed, for example for intravenous injections, a more expensive pharmaceutical grade glycine can be used.
Technical grade glycine, which may or may not meet USP grade standards, is sold at a lower price for use in industrial applications, e.g., as an agent in metal complexing and finishing.

NEEDED TO PRODUCE A POWERFUL ANTİOXİDANT
Glycine is one of three amino acids that your body uses to make glutathione, a powerful antioxidant that helps protect your cells against oxidative damage caused by free radicals, which are thought to underlie many diseases
Without enough glycine, your body produces less glutathione, which could negatively affect how your body handles oxidative stress over time.
In addition, because glutathione levels naturally decline with age, ensuring that you get enough glycine as you get older may benefit your health.

A COMPONENT OF CREATİNE
Glycine is also one of three amino acids that your body uses to make a compound called creatine.
Creatine provides your muscles with energy to perform quick, short bursts of activity, such as weightlifting and sprinting.
When combined with resistance training, supplementing with creatine has been shown to increase muscle size, strength and power.

It has also been studied for its beneficial effects on bone health, brain function and neurological conditions like Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s disease.
While your body naturally creates creatine and it can be obtained through your diet, getting too little glycine may reduce how much you produce.

THE MAIN AMINO ACID IN COLLAGEN
Collagen is a structural protein that contains high amounts of glycine.
In fact, every third to fourth amino acid in collagen is glycine.
Collagen is the most abundant protein in your body.
Glycine provides strength for your muscles, skin, cartilage, blood, bones and ligaments.
Supplementing with collagen has been shown to benefit skin health, relieve joint pain and prevent bone loss.
Therefore, it’s important that you get enough glycine to support your body’s production of collagen.

MAY IMPROVE SLEEP QUALITY
Many people struggle to get a good night’s rest, either because they have trouble falling or staying asleep.
While there are several ways you can improve your sleep quality, such as not drinking caffeinated beverages late in the day or avoiding bright screens a few hours before bedtime, glycine may also help.

This amino acid has a calming effect on your brain and could help you fall and stay asleep by lowering your core body temperature.
Research in people with sleep issues has shown that taking 3 grams of glycine before bed decreases how long it takes to fall asleep, enhances sleep quality, lessens daytime sleepiness and improves cognition.
For this reason, glycine may be a good alternative to prescription sleeping pills for improving sleep quality at night and tiredness during the day.

MAY PROTECT YOUR LIVER FROM ALCOHOL-INDUCED DAMAGE
Too much alcohol can have damaging effects on your body, especially your liver.
There are three primary types of alcohol-induced liver damage:
Fatty liver: A buildup of fat inside your liver, increasing its size.

Alcoholic hepatitis: Caused by inflammation of the liver resulting from long-term, excessive drinking.
Alcoholic cirrhosis: The final phase of alcoholic liver disease, occurring when the liver cells are damaged and replaced by scar tissue.
Interestingly, research suggests that glycine may reduce the harmful effects of alcohol on your liver by preventing inflammation.
It has been shown to reduce concentrations of alcohol in the blood of alcohol-fed rats by stimulating the metabolism of alcohol in the stomach rather than the liver, which prevented the development of fatty liver and alcoholic cirrhosis.
What’s more, glycine may also help reverse liver damage caused by excessive alcohol intake in animals.

While moderate alcohol-induced liver damage can be reversed by abstaining from alcohol, glycine may improve the recovery process.
In a study in rats with alcohol-induced liver damage, the liver cell health returned to baseline 30% faster in a group fed a glycine-containing diet for two weeks compared to a control group.
Despite promising finds, studies on the effects of glycine on alcohol-induced liver damage are limited to animals and cannot be translated to humans.

MAY PROTECT YOUR HEART
Increasing evidence suggests that glycine offers protection against heart disease.
It prevents the accumulation of a compound that, in high amounts, has been linked to atherosclerosis, the hardening and narrowing of the arteries.
This amino acid may also improve your body’s ability to use nitric oxide, an important molecule that increases blood flow and lowers blood pressure.
In an observational study in over 4,100 people with chest pains, higher levels of glycine were associated with a lower risk of heart disease and heart attacks at a 7.4-year follow-up.


After accounting for cholesterol-lowering medications, the researchers also observed a more favorable blood cholesterol profile in people who had higher glycine levels.
What’s more, glycine has been found to reduce several risk factors of heart disease in rats fed a high-sugar diet.
Eating and drinking too much added sugar can raise blood pressure, increase levels of fat in your blood and promote dangerous fat gain around the belly — all of which can promote heart disease.
While encouraging, clinical studies on the effects of glycine on heart disease risk in humans are needed before it can be recommended.

MAY AID PEOPLE WITH TYPE 2 DIABETES
Type 2 diabetes may lead to low levels of glycine.
It’s a condition characterized by impaired insulin secretion and action, meaning your body doesn’t produce enough insulin or that it doesn’t respond properly to the insulin it makes.
Insulin decreases your blood sugar levels by signaling its uptake into cells for energy or storage.

Interestingly, because glycine has been shown to increase insulin response in people without diabetes, it’s suggested that glycine supplements may improve impaired insulin response in people with type 2 diabetes.
Higher levels of glycine are associated with a reduced risk of type 2 diabetes, even after accounting for other factors that are associated with the condition, such as lifestyle.
Therefore, people with type 2 diabetes may benefit from supplementing with glycine, though research is too preliminary to make any specific recommendations.
If you have type 2 diabetes, the best way to reduce your insulin resistance is through weight loss by means of diet and exercise.

MAY PROTECT AGAINST MUSCLE LOSS
Glycine may reduce muscle wasting, a condition that occurs with aging, malnutrition and when your body is under stress, such as with cancer or severe burns.
Muscle wasting leads to a harmful reduction in muscle mass and strength, which declines functional status and can complicate other potentially present diseases.

The amino acid leucine has been studied as a treatment for muscle wasting, as it strongly inhibits muscle breakdown and enhances muscle building.
However, several changes in the body during muscle-wasting conditions impair the effectiveness of leucine for stimulating muscle growth.
Interestingly, in mice with muscle wasting conditions, such as cancer, research has shown that glycine was able to stimulate muscle growth whereas leucine was not.
Therefore, glycine holds promise for improving health by protecting muscles from wasting during various wasting conditions.
Still, more research in humans is needed.

EASY TO ADD TO YOUR DIET
Glycine is found in varying amounts in meat, especially in tough cuts like the chuck, round and brisket.
You can also get glycine from gelatin, a substance made from collagen that’s added to various food products to improve consistency.
Other and more practical ways to increase your intake of glycine include:

ADD IT TO FOODS AND DRINKS
Glycine is readily available as a dietary supplement in capsule or powder form.
If you don’t like taking pills, the powder form dissolves easily in water and has a sweet taste.
In fact, the name glycine is derived from the Greek word for “sweet.”
Due to its sweet taste, you can easily incorporate glycine powder into your diet by adding it to:
• Coffee and tea
• Soups
• Oatmeal
• Protein shakes
• Yogurt
• Pudding

TAKE COLLAGEN SUPPLEMENTS
Glycine is the main amino acid in collagen, the main structural protein of connective tissue, such as bone, skin, ligaments, tendons and cartilage.
Accordingly, you can boost your glycine intake by taking collagen protein supplements.
This is likely more efficient, as glycine competes with other amino acids for absorption and is therefore absorbed less efficiently by itself than when it’s bound to other amino acids, as in the case of collagen.

ANIMAL AND HUMAN FOODS
Glycine is not widely used in foods for its nutritional value, except in infusions.
Instead glycine's role in food chemistry is as a flavorant.
Glycine is mildly sweet, and it counters the aftertaste of saccharine.
Glycine also has preservative properties, perhaps owing to its complexation to metal ions.
Metal glycinate complexes, e.g. copper(II) glycinate are used as supplements for animal feeds.
The U.S. "Food and Drug Administration no longer regards glycine and its salts as generally recognized as safe for use in human food".

CHEMICAL FEEDSTOCK
Glycine is an intermediate in the synthesis of a variety of chemical products.
Glycine is used in the manufacture of the herbicides glyphosate, iprodione, glyphosine, imiprothrin, and eglinazine.
Glycine is used as an intermediate of the medicine such as thiamphenicol.

LABORATORY RESEARCH
Glycine is a significant component of some solutions used in the SDS-PAGE method of protein analysis.
Glycine serves as a buffering agent, maintaining pH and preventing sample damage during electrophoresis.
Glycine is also used to remove protein-labeling antibodies from Western blot membranes to enable the probing of numerous proteins of interest from SDS-PAGE gel.
This allows more data to be drawn from the same specimen, increasing the reliability of the data, reducing the amount of sample processing, and number of samples required.
This process is known as stripping.

PRESENCE IN SPACE
The presence of glycine outside the earth was confirmed in 2009, based on the analysis of samples that had been taken in 2004 by the NASA spacecraft Stardust from comet Wild 2 and subsequently returned to earth.
Glycine had previously been identified in the Murchison meteorite in 1970.
The discovery of glycine in outer space bolstered the hypothesis of so called soft-panspermia, which claims that the "building blocks" of life are widespread throughout the universe.
In 2016, detection of glycine within Comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko by the Rosetta spacecraft was announced.
The detection of glycine outside the Solar System in the interstellar medium has been debated.
In 2008, the Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy discovered the spectral lines of a glycine precursor (aminoacetonitrile) in the Large Molecule Heimat, a giant gas cloud near the galactic center in the constellation Sagittarius.

EVOLUTION
Glycine is proposed to be defined by early genetic codes.
For example, low complexity regions (in proteins), that may resemble the proto-peptides of the early genetic code are highly enriched in glycine.

SYNONYMS OF GLYCINE
Acid, Aminoacetic
Aminoacetic Acid
Calcium Salt Glycine
Cobalt Salt Glycine
Copper Salt Glycine
Glycine
Glycine Carbonate (1:1), Monosodium Salt
Glycine Carbonate (2:1), Monolithium Salt
Glycine Carbonate (2:1), Monopotassium Salt
Glycine Carbonate (2:1), Monosodium Salt
Glycine Hydrochloride
Glycine Hydrochloride (2:1)
Glycine Phosphate
Glycine Phosphate (1:1)
Glycine Sulfate (3:1)
Glycine, Calcium Salt
Glycine, Calcium Salt (2:1)
Glycine, Cobalt Salt
Glycine, Copper Salt
Glycine, Monoammonium Salt
Glycine, Monopotassium Salt
Glycine, Monosodium Salt
Glycine, Sodium Hydrogen Carbonate
Hydrochloride, Glycine
Monoammonium Salt Glycine
Monopotassium Salt Glycine
Monosodium Salt Glycine
Phosphate, Glycine
Salt Glycine, Monoammonium
Salt Glycine, Monopotassium
Salt Glycine, Monosodium

DEPOSITOR-SUPPLIED SYNONYMS
glycine
2-Aminoacetic acid
56-40-6
aminoacetic acid
Glycocoll
Aminoethanoic acid
Glycolixir
H-Gly-OH
Glycosthene
Padil
Aciport
Glicoamin
Hampshire glycine
L-Glycine
Amitone
Leimzucker
Acetic acid, amino-
Aminoazijnzuur
Glycine, non-medical
Sucre de gelatine
Gyn-hydralin
GLY (IUPAC abbrev)
Corilin
Glycine [INN]
Glycinum [INN-Latin]
Glicina [INN-Spanish]
FEMA No. 3287
Glyzin
gly
Acide aminoacetique [INN-French]
Acido aminoacetico [INN-Spanish]
Acidum aminoaceticum [INN-Latin]
CCRIS 5915
HSDB 495
AI3-04085
amino-Acetic acid
MFCD00008131
NSC 25936
[14C]glycine
25718-94-9
NSC-25936
CHEMBL773
Glycine iron sulphate (1:1)
TE7660XO1C
CHEBI:15428
aminoacetate
NSC25936
Athenon
glycine-13c
NCGC00024503-01
Glicina
Glycine, free base
Acido aminoacetico
Acide aminoacetique
Acidum aminoaceticum
Glykokoll
Aminoessigsaeure
Hgly
CAS-56-40-6
Glycine, labeled with carbon-14
Glycine [USP:INN]
GLYCINE 1.5% IN PLASTIC CONTAINER
EINECS 200-272-2
H2N-CH2-COOH
AMINOACETIC ACID 1.5% IN PLASTIC CONTAINER
UNII-TE7660XO1C
Aminoethanoate
18875-39-3
amino-Acetate
2-aminoacetate
Glycine;
glycine USP
Glycine Technical
[3H]glycine
Glycine USP grade
H-Gly
L-Gly
Gly-CO
Gly-OH
L-Glycine,(S)
[14C]-glycine
Corilin (Salt/Mix)
Tocris-0219
Glycine (H-Gly-OH)
GLYCINE [VANDF]
NH2CH2COOH
GLYCINE [FHFI]
GLYCINE [HSDB]
GLYCINE [INCI]
Glycine, >=99%
GLYCINE [FCC]
GLYCINE [JAN]
GLYCINE [II]
GLYCINE [MI]
GLYCINE [MART.]
Glycine (JP17/USP)
Glycine, 99%, FCC
GLYCINE [USP-RS]
GLYCINE [WHO-DD]
Biomol-NT_000195
bmse000089
bmse000977
WLN: Z1VQ
EC 200-272-2
Gly-253
GLYCINE [GREEN BOOK]
GTPL727
AB-131/40217813
GLYCINE [ORANGE BOOK]
Glycine, Electrophoresis Grade
GLYCINE [EP MONOGRAPH]
BPBio1_001222
GTPL4084
GTPL4635
GLYCINE [USP MONOGRAPH]
DTXSID9020667
BDBM18133
AZD4282
Glycine, >=99.0% (NT)
Glycine, 98.5-101.5%
Pharmakon1600-01300021
Glycine 1000 microg/mL in Water
2-Aminoacetic acid;Aminoacetic acid
BCP25965
CS-B1641
HY-Y0966
ZINC4658552
Glycine, ACS reagent, >=98.5%
Tox21_113575
Glycine, 99%, natural, FCC, FG
HB0299
NSC760120
s4821
STL194276
Glycine, purum, >=98.5% (NT)
Glycine, tested according to Ph.Eur.
AKOS000119626
Glycine, for electrophoresis, >=99%
Tox21_113575_1
AM81781
CCG-266010
DB00145
NSC-760120
Glycine, BioUltra, >=99.0% (NT)
Glycine, BioXtra, >=99% (titration)
SERINE IMPURITY B [EP IMPURITY]
Glycine, SAJ special grade, >=99.0%
NCGC00024503-02
NCGC00024503-03
BP-31024
Glycine, Vetec(TM) reagent grade, 98%
DB-029870
FT-0600491
FT-0669038
G0099
G0317
Glycine, ReagentPlus(R), >=99% (HPLC)
EN300-19731
A20662
C00037
D00011
D70890
M03001
L001246
Q620730
SR-01000597729
Glycine, certified reference material, TraceCERT(R)
Q-201300
SR-01000597729-1
Q27115084
B72BA06C-60E9-4A83-A24A-A2D7F465BB65
F2191-0197
Glycine, European Pharmacopoeia (EP) Reference Standard
Z955123660
Glycine, BioUltra, for molecular biology, >=99.0% (NT)
Glycine, United States Pharmacopeia (USP) Reference Standard
Glycine, Pharmaceutical Secondary Standard; Certified Reference Material
Glycine, analytical standard, for nitrogen determination according to Kjeldahl method
Glycine, from non-animal source, meets EP, JP, USP testing specifications, suitable for cell culture, >=98.5%
Glycine, meets analytical specification of Ph. Eur., BP, USP, 99-101% (based on anhydrous substance)

Glycine (symbol Gly or G /ˈɡlaɪsiːn/ (listen)) is an amino acid that has a single hydrogen atom as its side chain.
Glycine is the simplest stable amino acid (carbamic acid is unstable), with the chemical formula NH2‐CH2‐COOH.
Glycine is one of the proteinogenic amino acids.


CAS Number: 56-40-6
EC Number: 200-272-2
MDL number: MFCD00008131
Linear Formula: NH2CH2COOH
Molecular Formula: C2H5NO2


Glycine (abbreviation Gly), also known as aminoacetic acid, is a non essential amino acid with the chemical formula C2H5NO2.
Glycine is an amino acid composed of reduced glutathione, an endogenous antioxidant.
Glycine is often supplemented by external sources in the event of severe stress, sometimes called semi essential amino acid.


Glycine is the simplest amino acid.
Glycine is an amino acid.
The body can make glycine on its own, but it is also consumed in the diet.


Sources include meat, fish, dairy, and legumes.
Glycine is a building block for making proteins in the body.
Glycine is also involved in transmitting chemical signals in the brain, so there's interest in using it for schizophrenia and improving memory.


A typical diet contains about 2 grams of glycine daily.
People use glycine for schizophrenia, stroke, memory and thinking skills, insomnia, and many other purposes, but there is no good scientific evidence to support most of these uses.
Glycine is one of the many amino acids your body needs to function properly.


Glycine is important because it:
*Stimulates production of the "feel good" hormone serotonin
*Serves as the key component of collagen, a protein that gives structure to bones, skin, muscles, and connective tissues, as well as other key proteins
*Plays a role in nerve signal transmission and clearing toxins from the body
*Glycine may also benefit the following, though evidence is limited and more research is needed:
**Mood and memory
**Sleep
**Stroke recovery
**Heart disease
**Certain psychiatric disorders, such as schizophrenia


Unlike some amino acids that must be obtained solely through foods, the body can produce glycine.
Glycine is also available in supplement form.
Glycine, the simplest amino acid, obtainable by hydrolysis of proteins. Sweet-tasting, it was among the earliest amino acids to be isolated from gelatin (1820).


Especially rich sources include gelatin and silk fibroin.
Glycine is one of several so-called nonessential amino acids for mammals; i.e., they can synthesize it from the amino acids serine and threonine and from other sources and do not require dietary sources.


Glycine is a non-essential and proteinogenic amino acid.
Glycine (also known as 2-Aminoacetic Acid) is an amino acid and a neurotransmitter.
The body produces glycine on its own, synthesized from other natural biochemicals, most often serine, but also choline and threonine.


We also consume glycine through food.
This amino acid is found in high-protein foods including meat, fish, eggs, dairy and legumes.
A daily diet typically includes about 2 grams of glycine.


Glycine is a neurotransmitter with the ability to be both excitatory and inhibitory, meaning it can function both to stimulate brain and nervous system activity, or to quiet it.
Glycine has a sweet taste, and is manufactured commercially as a sweetener and included in products such as cosmetics and antacids.


Glycine's name comes from the Greek word, glykys, which means “sweet.”
Glycine is an amino acid with a number of important functions in the body.
Glycine acts as a neurotransmitter, a component of collagen, and as a precursor to various biomolecules (e.g., creatine, heme), among other roles.


Glycine is often considered conditionally essential, meaning it can usually be produced in the body in sufficient amounts.
However, in certain contexts (e.g., pregnancy) more glycine may be needed from the diet.
Glycine is encoded by all the codons starting with GG (GGU, GGC, GGA, GGG).


Glycine is integral to the formation of alpha-helices in secondary protein structure due to its compact form.
For the same reason, Glycine is the most abundant amino acid in collagen triple-helices.
Glycine is the only achiral proteinogenic amino acid.


Glycine can fit into hydrophilic or hydrophobic environments, due to its minimal side chain of only one hydrogen atom.
Glycine is a non-essential, non-polar, non-optical, glucogenic amino acid.
Glycine, an inhibitory neurotransmitter in the CNS, triggers chloride ion influx via ionotropic receptors, thereby creating an inhibitory post-synaptic potential.


In contrast, Glycine also acts as a co-agonist, along with glutamate, facilitating an excitatory potential at the glutaminergic N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA) receptors.
Glycine is an important component and precursor for many macromolecules in the cells.
Glycine is the simplest (and the only achiral) proteinogenic amino acid, with a hydrogen atom as its side chain.


Glycine has a role as a nutraceutical, a hepatoprotective agent, an EC 2.1.2.1 (glycine hydroxymethyltransferase) inhibitor, a NMDA receptor agonist, a micronutrient, a fundamental metabolite and a neurotransmitter.
Glycine is an alpha-amino acid, a serine family amino acid and a proteinogenic amino acid.


Glycine is a conjugate base of a glycinium.
Glycine is a conjugate acid of a glycinate. It is a tautomer of a glycine zwitterion.
Glycine appears as white crystals.



USES and APPLICATIONS of GLYCINE:
Glycine is an inhibitory neurotransmitter of the central nervous system, and also a joint agonist of glutamate.
Glycine has the potential to promote the excitability of the glutamate NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartic acid) receptor.
People use glycine as an oral supplement for a range of purposes, including improving sleep, enhancing memory, and increasing insulin sensitivity.


Glycine is sometimes used in the treatment of schizophrenia, typically alongside conventional medication, to help reduce symptoms.
Glycine is also given orally to patients who’ve suffered ischemic stroke (the most common type of stroke), as a treatment to help limit damage to the brain within the first six hours of the stroke.


Glycine is also available in topical form, and used to heal wounds and treat skin ulcers.
Glycine is found in most protein sources, meaning common sources of glycine include meat, eggs, soybeans, lentils, and dairy products.
Glycine is used in Various Reagents.


-For cognitive and memory enhancement:
Glycine is active in the hippocampus, an area of the brain important for memory and learning.
In supplement form, glycine appears to deliver benefits for daytime cognitive function. In the same study that showed supplemental glycine made it easier to fall asleep and get to slow-wave sleep, scientists also found people scored higher on daytime cognition tests.
And supplemental glycine has been shown to improve both memory and attention in young adults.
Scientists are actively investigating the use of glycine in the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease.


-For cardiovascular health:
Glycine works to support immune health and keep inflammation in check, offering protection to cardiovascular function.
Glycine also functions as an antioxidant, helping to trap and contain damaged cells that can cause disease.
Higher levels of glycine have been associated with a lower risk of heart attack, and there’s some evidence that glycine may help protect against high blood pressure.
Still, the full relationship between glycine and cardiovascular health is something scientists are still working to better understand.


-For joint and bone health:
Glycine is one of the most important, protein-fueling amino acids in the body.
Glycine supplies our muscles, bones, and connective tissues with collagen, the protein that is essential to your strength, stability, and healthy physical function.
As we age, collagen levels in the body naturally decrease.
Glycine is also very effective at suppressing inflammation.
Supplemental doses of glycine may help strengthen bones and joints, and may help prevent arthritis.


-For metabolic health:
Glycine plays an important role in a healthy metabolism.
Low levels of glycine are linked to greater risk for development of type 2 diabetes.
On the other hand, higher glycine levels are associated with lower risk for this metabolic disorder.
But it’s not yet clear what the cause and effect are in this relationship: whether low glycine levels directly contribute to metabolic dysfunction that lead to diabetes, or whether they’re a result of metabolic dysfunction already in progress.


-Presence in space:
The presence of glycine outside the earth was confirmed in 2009, based on the analysis of samples that had been taken in 2004 by the NASA spacecraft Stardust from comet Wild 2 and subsequently returned to earth.
Glycine had previously been identified in the Murchison meteorite in 1970.
The discovery of glycine in outer space bolstered the hypothesis of so called soft-panspermia, which claims that the "building blocks" of life are widespread throughout the universe.
In 2016, detection of glycine within Comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko by the Rosetta spacecraft was announced.
The detection of glycine outside the Solar System in the interstellar medium has been debated.
In 2008, the Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy discovered the spectral lines of a glycine precursor (aminoacetonitrile) in the Large Molecule Heimat, a giant gas cloud near the galactic center in the constellation Sagittarius.


-Evolution:
Glycine is proposed to be defined by early genetic codes.
For example, low complexity regions (in proteins), that may resemble the proto-peptides of the early genetic code are highly enriched in glycine.


-Uses of Glycine:
In the US, glycine is typically sold in two grades: United States Pharmacopeia (“USP”), and technical grade.
USP grade sales account for approximately 80 to 85 percent of the U.S. market for glycine.
If purity greater than the USP standard is needed, for example for intravenous injections, a more expensive pharmaceutical grade glycine can be used.
Technical grade glycine, which may or may not meet USP grade standards, is sold at a lower price for use in industrial applications, e.g., as an agent in metal complexing and finishing.


-Animal and human foods:
Glycine is not widely used in foods for its nutritional value, except in infusions.
Instead glycine's role in food chemistry is as a flavorant.
Glycine is mildly sweet, and it counters the aftertaste of saccharine.
Glycine also has preservative properties, perhaps owing to its complexation to metal ions.
Metal glycinate complexes, e.g. copper(II) glycinate are used as supplements for animal feeds.
The U.S. "Food and Drug Administration no longer regards glycine and its salts as generally recognized as safe for use in human food".


-Chemical feedstock:
Glycine is an intermediate in the synthesis of a variety of chemical products.
Glycine is used in the manufacture of the herbicides glyphosate, iprodione, glyphosine, imiprothrin, and eglinazine.
Glycine is used as an intermediate of the medicine such as thiamphenicol.


-Laboratory research:
Glycine is a significant component of some solutions used in the SDS-PAGE method of protein analysis.
Glycine serves as a buffering agent, maintaining pH and preventing sample damage during electrophoresis.
Glycine is also used to remove protein-labeling antibodies from Western blot membranes to enable the probing of numerous proteins of interest from SDS-PAGE gel.
This allows more data to be drawn from the same specimen, increasing the reliability of the data, reducing the amount of sample processing, and number of samples required.
This process is known as stripping.



GLYCINE DOSING:
*For sleep:
A range of 3-5 grams of glycine taken orally before bed has been used effectively to help sleep in scientific studies.
*For blood sugar:
A range of 3-5 grams of glycine taken orally at meals has been used effectively to reduce blood sugar in scientific studies.



WHAT ARE GLYCINE'S MAIN BENEFITS?
A few studies have found supplementation with glycine can improve sleep quality, with subsequent benefits to cognitive function.
High doses of glycine have been shown to improve symptoms of schizophrenia.
Glycine may reduce the blood glucose response to carbohydrate ingestion.
Glycine is a major component of collagen (around 25% by weight) and for this reasons is often taken to improve joint health, but human evidence in this area is currently lacking.



HOW DOES GLYCINE WORK?
Glycine supplementation likely works through different mechanisms depending on the outcome of interest.
Glycine is a co-agonist of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor, meaning glycine plays a role in activating this receptor in the brain. Glycine’s effect on the NMDA receptor has been proposed as underlying the imrpovements in both sleep and symptoms of schizophrenia with supplementation.
Glycine may benefit sleep by lowering core body temperature, as a warm body temperature can adversely affect sleep quality.



WHAT ELSE IS GLYCINE KNOWN AS?
Glycine, abbreviated Gly, also known as amino acetic acid, is a non-essential amino acid and one of the simplest amino acids.
Glycine is the constituent amino acid of the endogenous antioxidant reduced glutathione.
Glycine is often used as an exogenous supplement when the body is under severe stress.
So Glycine is sometimes called a semi-essential amino acid.



PROPERTIES OF PURE GLYCINE POWDER:
Solid glycine is white to off-white crystalline powder in appearance, odorless and non-toxic.
Glycine is soluble in water, almost insoluble in ethanol or ether.
Glycine has both acidic and basic functional groups in the molecule, can be ionized in water, and has strong hydrophilicity.
But Glycine is a non-polar amino acid, soluble in polar solvents, but insoluble in non-polar solvents.
In addition, Glycine has a higher boiling point and melting point.
Glycine can take on different molecular forms by adjusting the acidity and alkalinity of the aqueous solution.
Glycine is a polar molecule as a whole, but it is a non-polar amino acid.
This is because the polarity of an amino acid is judged by the nature of its R group, not the entire molecule.
Glycine branched chain is a hydrogen atom that classifies it as a hydrocarbon chain and is non-polar.
Similarly, although it is readily soluble in water, Glycine is a hydrophobic amino acid.



WHAT IS GLYCINE SUPPLEMENT USED FOR:
*In Food Processing Industry
*In Medical Industry
*In Agriculture
*In Industrial Fields



BENEFITS OF GLYCINE:
-For sleep: Glycine influences sleep in a number of ways. Studies show that higher levels of this amino acid may:
*Help you fall asleep more quickly
*Increase your sleep efficiency
*Reduce symptoms of insomnia
*Improve sleep quality and promote deeper more restful sleep



HOW DOES GLYCINE ACCOMPLISH ALL THIS SLEEP-PROMOTING WORK?
Glycine appears to affect sleep in at least a couple of important ways:
*Glycine helps lower body temperature.
*Glycine works to increase blood flow to the body’s extremities, which reduces core body temperature.
*I’ve written before about how the body’s fluctuating temperature affects sleep-wake cycles, and your ability to initially fall asleep.
*A slight drop in body temp is a key part of the body’s physical progression into sleep.
*A recent study of the effects of glycine as a supplement showed
*Glycine triggered a drop in body temperature and at the same time helped people both fall asleep more quickly and spend more time in REM sleep.
*Other research has shown supplemental glycine may help you move more quickly into deep, slow wave sleep.

Glycine increases serotonin levels.
Serotonin has a complex relationship to sleep.
Among other things, serotonin is required to make the sleep hormone melatonin.

In people who have difficulty sleeping or sleep disorders such as insomnia and sleep apnea, increasing serotonin levels can help restore healthy sleep patterns, and encourage deeper, more restful and refreshing sleep.
Research shows oral glycine elevates serotonin, reduces symptoms of insomnia, and improves sleep quality.

Other studies suggest Glycine may help you bounce back to healthy sleep cycles after a period of disrupted sleep.
Studies show glycine can be effective in lowering blood sugar levels and increasing insulin production in healthy adults.
In people with type 2 diabetes, studies have shown that glycine deficiencies can be improved by use of oral glycine.
Other research suggests that in people with diabetes, oral glycine can lower blood sugar levels.



STABILITY OF GLYCINE:
Firstly, Glycine is a kind of amino acid with the simplest structure in the amino acid series, which is unnecessary for the human body.
Glycine has both acidic and alkaline functional groups in the molecule.
In addition, Glycine is a strong electrolyte in the aqueous solution, has a large solubility in the strong polar solvent, is basically insoluble in the non-polar solvent, and has a high boiling point and melting point.
Further, Glycine can present different molecular forms through the adjustment of the acidity and alkalinity of the aqueous solution.

And then Glycine reacts with hydrochloric acid to form hydrochloride.
Glycine is non toxic and non corrosive.
Secondly, Glycine is non-toxic and non corrosive.
Thirdly, Glycine exists in tobacco leaves and smoke.



CHEMICAL REACTIONS OF GLYCINE:
Glycine's acid–base properties are most important.
In aqueous solution, glycine is amphoteric: below pH = 2.4, it converts to the ammonium cation called glycinium.
Above about 9.6, it converts to glycinate.
Glycine functions as a bidentate ligand for many metal ions, forming amino acid complexes.
A typical complex is Cu(glycinate)2, i.e. Cu(H2NCH2CO2)2, which exists both in cis and trans isomers.

With acid chlorides, glycine converts to the amidocarboxylic acid, such as hippuric acid[24] and acetylglycine.[25] With nitrous acid, one obtains glycolic acid (van Slyke determination). With methyl iodide, the amine becomes quaternized to give trimethylglycine, a natural product:
H3N+CH2COO−+ 3 CH3I → (CH3)3N+CH2COO− + 3 HI
Glycine condenses with itself to give peptides, beginning with the formation of glycylglycine:

2 H3N+CH2COO− → H3N+CH2CONHCH2COO− + H2O
Pyrolysis of glycine or glycylglycine gives 2,5-diketopiperazine, the cyclic diamide.

Glycine forms esters with alcohols.
They are often isolated as their hydrochloride, e.g., glycine methyl ester hydrochloride.
Otherwise the free ester tends to convert to diketopiperazine.
As a bifunctional molecule, glycine reacts with many reagents.
These can be classified into N-centered and carboxylate-center reactions.



PRODUCTION OF GLYCINE:
Although glycine can be isolated from hydrolyzed protein, this route is not used for industrial production, as Glycine can be manufactured more conveniently by chemical synthesis.
The two main processes are amination of chloroacetic acid with ammonia, giving glycine and ammonium chloride, and the Strecker amino acid synthesis, which is the main synthetic method in the United States and Japan.
About 15 thousand tonnes are produced annually in this way.
Glycine is also cogenerated as an impurity in the synthesis of EDTA, arising from reactions of the ammonia coproduct.



METABOLISM OF GLYCINE:
-Biosynthesis:
Glycine is not essential to the human diet, as it is biosynthesized in the body from the amino acid serine, which is in turn derived from 3-phosphoglycerate, but one publication made by supplements sellers seems to show that the metabolic capacity for glycine biosynthesis does not satisfy the need for collagen synthesis.
In most organisms, the enzyme serine hydroxymethyltransferase catalyses this transformation via the cofactor pyridoxal phosphate:

serine + tetrahydrofolate → glycine + N5,N10-methylene tetrahydrofolate + H2O
In the liver of vertebrates, glycine synthesis is catalyzed by glycine synthase (also called glycine cleavage enzyme).
This conversion is readily reversible:
CO2 + NH+4 + N5,N10-methylene tetrahydrofolate + NADH + H+ ⇌ Glycine + tetrahydrofolate + NAD+
In addition to being synthesized from serine, glycine can also be derived from threonine, choline or hydroxyproline via inter-organ metabolism of the liver and kidneys.



TOP 9 BENEFITS AND USES OF GLYCINE:
Glycine is an amino acid that helps build proteins needed for tissue and hormone maintenance.
More glycine may help support heart and liver health, improve sleep, reduce diabetes risk, and reduce muscle loss.
Your body naturally produces glycine from other amino acids, but it’s also found in protein-rich foods and available as a dietary supplement.
Along with being a component of protein, glycine has several other impressive health benefits.
Here are the top 9 health benefits and uses of glycine.


1. Needed to Produce a Powerful Antioxidant:
Glycine is one of three amino acids that your body uses to make glutathione, a powerful antioxidant that helps protect your cells against oxidative damage caused by free radicals, which are thought to underlie many diseases.
Without enough glycine, your body produces less glutathione, which could negatively affect how your body handles oxidative stress over time.
In addition, because glutathione levels naturally decline with age, ensuring that you get enough glycine as you get older may benefit your health.


2. A Component of Creatine:
Glycine is also one of three amino acids that your body uses to make a compound called creatine.
Creatine provides your muscles with energy to perform quick, short bursts of activity, such as weightlifting and sprinting.
When combined with resistance training, supplementing with creatine has been shown to increase muscle size, strength and power.
Glycine has also been studied for its beneficial effects on bone health, brain function and neurological conditions like Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s disease.
While your body naturally creates creatine and Glycine can be obtained through your diet, getting too little glycine may reduce how much you produce.


3. The Main Amino Acid in Collagen:
Collagen is a structural protein that contains high amounts of glycine. In fact, every third to fourth amino acid in collagen is glycine.
Collagen is the most abundant protein in your body.
Glycine provides strength for your muscles, skin, cartilage, blood, bones and ligaments.
Supplementing with collagen has been shown to benefit skin health, relieve joint pain and prevent bone loss.
Therefore, it’s important that you get enough glycine to support your body’s production of collagen.


4. May Improve Sleep Quality:
Many people struggle to get a good night’s rest, either because they have trouble falling or staying asleep.
While there are several ways you can improve your sleep quality, such as not drinking caffeinated beverages late in the day or avoiding bright screens a few hours before bedtime, glycine may also help.

This amino acid has a calming effect on your brain and could help you fall and stay asleep by lowering your core body temperature.
Research in people with sleep issues has shown that taking 3 grams of glycine before bed decreases how long it takes to fall asleep, enhances sleep quality, lessens daytime sleepiness and improves cognition.
For this reason, glycine may be a good alternative to prescription sleeping pills for improving sleep quality at night and tiredness during the day.


5. May Protect Your Liver From Alcohol-Induced Damage:
Too much alcohol can have damaging effects on your body, especially your liver.
There are three primary types of alcohol-induced liver damage:

*Fatty liver: A buildup of fat inside your liver, increasing its size.
*Alcoholic hepatitis: Caused by inflammation of the liver resulting from long-term, excessive drinking.
*Alcoholic cirrhosis: The final phase of alcoholic
liver disease, occurring when the liver cells are damaged and replaced by scar tissue.
Interestingly, research suggests that glycine may reduce the harmful effects of alcohol on your liver by preventing inflammation.

Glycine has been shown to reduce concentrations of alcohol in the blood of alcohol-fed rats by stimulating the metabolism of alcohol in the stomach rather than the liver, which prevented the development of fatty liver and alcoholic cirrhosis.
What’s more, glycine may also help reverse liver damage caused by excessive alcohol intake in animals.

While moderate alcohol-induced liver damage can be reversed by abstaining from alcohol, glycine may improve the recovery process.
In a study in rats with alcohol-induced liver damage, the liver cell health returned to baseline 30% faster in a group fed a glycine-containing diet for two weeks compared to a control group.
Despite promising finds, studies on the effects of glycine on alcohol-induced liver damage are limited to animals and cannot be translated to humans.


6. May Protect Your Heart:
Increasing evidence suggests that glycine offers protection against heart disease.
Glycine prevents the accumulation of a compound that, in high amounts, has been linked to atherosclerosis, the hardening and narrowing of the arteries.
This amino acid may also improve your body’s ability to use nitric oxide, an important molecule that increases blood flow and lowers blood pressure.

In an observational study in over 4,100 people with chest pains, higher levels of glycine were associated with a lower risk of heart disease and heart attacks at a 7.4-year follow-up.
After accounting for cholesterol-lowering medications, the researchers also observed a more favorable blood cholesterol profile in people who had higher glycine levels.
What’s more, glycine has been found to reduce several risk factors of heart disease in rats fed a high-sugar diet.

Eating and drinking too much added sugar can raise blood pressure, increase levels of fat in your blood and promote dangerous fat gain around the belly — all of which can promote heart disease.
While encouraging, clinical studies on the effects of glycine on heart disease risk in humans are needed before it can be recommended.


7. May Aid People With Type 2 Diabetes:
Type 2 diabetes may lead to low levels of glycine.
It’s a condition characterized by impaired insulin secretion and action, meaning your body doesn’t produce enough insulin or that it doesn’t respond properly to the insulin it makes.

Insulin decreases your blood sugar levels by signaling its uptake into cells for energy or storage.
Interestingly, because glycine has been shown to increase insulin response in people without diabetes, it’s suggested that glycine supplements may improve impaired insulin response in people with type 2 diabetes.

Higher levels of glycine are associated with a reduced risk of type 2 diabetes, even after accounting for other factors that are associated with the condition, such as lifestyle.
Therefore, people with type 2 diabetes may benefit from supplementing with glycine, though research is too preliminary to make any specific recommendations.
If you have type 2 diabetes, the best way to reduce your insulin resistance is through weight loss by means of diet and exercise


8. May Protect Against Muscle Loss:
Glycine may reduce muscle wasting, a condition that occurs with aging, malnutrition and when your body is under stress, such as with cancer or severe burns.
Muscle wasting leads to a harmful reduction in muscle mass and strength, which declines functional status and can complicate other potentially present diseases.
The amino acid leucine has been studied as a treatment for muscle wasting, as it strongly inhibits muscle breakdown and enhances muscle building.

However, several changes in the body during muscle-wasting conditions impair the effectiveness of leucine for stimulating muscle growth.
Interestingly, in mice with muscle wasting conditions, such as cancer, research has shown that glycine was able to stimulate muscle growth whereas leucine was not.
Therefore, glycine holds promise for improving health by protecting muscles from wasting during various wasting conditions.
Still, more research in humans is needed.


9. Easy to Add to Your Diet:
Glycine is found in varying amounts in meat, especially in tough cuts like the chuck, round and brisket.
You can also get glycine from gelatin, a substance made from collagen that’s added to various food products to improve consistency.
Other and more practical ways to increase your intake of glycine include:

-Add It to Foods and Drinks:
Glycine is readily available as a dietary supplement in capsule or powder form.
If you don’t like taking pills, the powder form dissolves easily in water and has a sweet taste.
In fact, the name glycine is derived from the Greek word for “sweet.”

Due to Glycine's sweet taste, you can easily incorporate glycine powder into your diet by adding it to:
*Coffee and tea
*Soups
*Oatmeal
*Protein shakes
*Yogurt
*Pudding



PRESENCE OF GLYCINE IN FOODS:
Food sources of glycine:
Food: g/100g
Snacks, pork skins: 11.04
Sesame seeds flour (low fat): 3.43
Beverages, protein powder (soy-based): 2.37
Seeds, safflower seed meal, partially defatted: 2.22
Meat, bison, beef and others (various parts): 1.5-2.0
Gelatin desserts: 1.96
Seeds, pumpkin and squash seed kernels: 1.82
Turkey, all classes, back, meat and skin: 1.79
Chicken, broilers or fryers, meat and skin: 1.74
Pork, ground, 96% lean / 4% fat, cooked, crumbles: 1.71
Bacon and beef sticks: 1.64
Peanuts: 1.63
Crustaceans, spiny lobster: 1.59
Spices, mustard seed, ground: 1.59
Salami: 1.55
Nuts, butternuts, dried: 1.51
Fish, salmon, pink, canned, drained solids: 1.42
Almonds: 1.42
Fish, mackerel: 0.93
Cereals ready-to-eat, granola, homemade: 0.81
Leeks, (bulb and lower-leaf portion), freeze-dried: 0.7
Cheese, parmesan (and others), grated: 0.56
Soybeans, green, cooked, boiled, drained, without salt: 0.51
Bread, protein (includes gluten): 0.47
Egg, whole, cooked, fried: 0.47
Beans, white, mature seeds, cooked, boiled, with salt: 0.38
Lentils, mature seeds, cooked, boiled, with salt: 0.37



HOW DOES GLYCINE WORK?
Glycine is considered among the most important amino acids for the body.
Glycine exerts widespread influence over our bodies’ systems, structure, and general health, including cardiovascular, cognitive, and metabolic health.
Here are some of the most important and well understood roles that glycine plays in our health and functioning:

As an amino acid, glycine works as a protein builder in the body.
In particular, glycine enables the production of collagen, a protein that is an essential component of muscles, tendon, skin, and bones.
Collagen is the most commonly occurring protein in the body, comprising roughly a third of all body protein.

Glycine does no less than give the body its fundamental structure and strength.
Collagen is the protein that helps skin maintain elasticity.
Glycine also facilitates the production of creatine, a nutrient stored in and used by both the muscles and the brain for energy.

Glycine is involved in digestion, specifically in the breakdown of fatty acids in foods.
Glycine also helps maintain healthy levels of acidity in the digestive tract.
Glycine is also involved in the body’s production of DNA and RNA, the genetic instructions that deliver our body’s cells the information they need to function.

This amino acid helps to regulate blood sugar levels and move blood sugar to cells and tissues throughout the body, to be consumed as energy.
Glycine helps to regulate the body’s immune response, to limit unhealthful inflammation and spur healing.
As a neurotransmitter, glycine both stimulates and inhibits cells in the brain and central nervous system, affecting cognition, mood, appetite and digestion, immune function, pain perception, and sleep.

Glycine is also involved in the production of other biochemicals that influence these body functions.
In particular, glycine helps the body make serotonin, a hormone and neurotransmitter that has significant effects on sleep and mood.
Glycine also influences key receptors in the brain that affect learning and memory.



TAKE COLLAGEN SUPPLEMENTS:
Glycine is the main amino acid in collagen, the main structural protein of connective tissue, such as bone, skin, ligaments, tendons and cartilage.
Accordingly, you can boost your glycine intake by taking collagen protein supplements.
This is likely more efficient, as glycine competes with other amino acids for absorption and is therefore absorbed less efficiently by itself than when it’s bound to other amino acids, as in the case of collagen.



IS GLYCINE SAFE?
Supplementing with glycine is safe in appropriate amounts.
Studies have used up to 90 grams of glycine per day over several weeks without serious side effects.
For comparison, the standard dose used in studies is about 3–5 grams per day.

The Bottom Line:
Glycine is an amino acid with many impressive health benefits.
Your body needs glycine to make important compounds, such as glutathione, creatine and collagen.
Glycine may also protect your liver from alcohol-induced damage and improve sleep quality and heart health.

What’s more, glycine may also benefit people with type 2 diabetes and protect against muscle loss that occurs with muscle-wasting conditions.
You can increase your intake of this important nutrient by eating some meat products, by adding the powdered supplement form to drinks and foods or by supplementing with collagen.



HISTORY AND ETYMOLOGY OF GLYCINE:
Glycine was discovered in 1820 by French chemist Henri Braconnot when he hydrolyzed gelatin by boiling it with sulfuric acid.
He originally called it "sugar of gelatin", but French chemist Jean-Baptiste Boussingault showed in 1838 that it contained nitrogen.
In 1847 American scientist Eben Norton Horsford, then a student of the German chemist Justus von Liebig, proposed the name "glycocoll"; however, the Swedish chemist Berzelius suggested the simpler current name a year later.
The name comes from the Greek word γλυκύς "sweet tasting" (which is also related to the prefixes glyco- and gluco-, as in glycoprotein and glucose).
In 1858, the French chemist Auguste Cahours determined that glycine was an amine of acetic acid.



DEGRADATION OF GLYCINE:
Glycine is degraded via three pathways.
The predominant pathway in animals and plants is the reverse of the glycine synthase pathway mentioned above.
In this context, the enzyme system involved is usually called the glycine cleavage system:

Glycine + tetrahydrofolate + NAD+ ⇌ CO2 + NH+
4 + N5,N10-methylene tetrahydrofolate + NADH + H+
In the second pathway, glycine is degraded in two steps.
The first step is the reverse of glycine biosynthesis from serine with serine hydroxymethyl transferase.
Serine is then converted to pyruvate by serine dehydratase.

In the third pathway of its degradation, glycine is converted to glyoxylate by D-amino acid oxidase.
Glyoxylate is then oxidized by hepatic lactate dehydrogenase to oxalate in an NAD+-dependent reaction.
The half-life of glycine and its elimination from the body varies significantly based on dose.

In one study, the half-life varied between 0.5 and 4.0 hours.
Glycine is extremely sensitive to antibiotics which target folate, and blood glycine levels drop severely within a minute of antibiotic injections.
Some antibiotics can deplete more than 90% of glycine within a few minutes of being administered.



PHYSIOLOGICAL FUNCTION OF GLYCINE:
The principal function of glycine is it acts as a precursor to proteins. Most proteins incorporate only small quantities of glycine, a notable exception being collagen, which contains about 35% glycine due to its periodically repeated role in the formation of collagen's helix structure in conjunction with hydroxyproline.
In the genetic code, glycine is coded by all codons starting with GG, namely GGU, GGC, GGA and GGG.



AS A BIOSYNTHETIC INTERMEDIATE, GLYCINE:
In higher eukaryotes, δ-aminolevulinic acid, the key precursor to porphyrins, is biosynthesized from glycine and succinyl-CoA by the enzyme ALA synthase.
Glycine provides the central C2N subunit of all purines.



AS A NEUROTRANSMITTER, GLYCINE:
Glycine is an inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system, especially in the spinal cord, brainstem, and retina.
When glycine receptors are activated, chloride enters the neuron via ionotropic receptors, causing an inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP).



PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of GLYCINE:
Molecular Weight: 75.07
XLogP3: -3.2
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 2
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 3
Rotatable Bond Count: 1
Exact Mass: 75.032028402
Monoisotopic Mass: 75.032028402
Topological Polar Surface Area: 63.3 Ų
Heavy Atom Count: 5
Formal Charge: 0
Complexity: 42.9
Isotope Atom Count: 0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 1

Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes
IUPAC Name: 2-aminoacetic acid
Molecular Weight: 75.07
Molecular Formula: C2H5NO2
Canonical SMILES: C(C(=O)O)N
InChI: InChI=1S/C2H5NO2/c3-1-2(4)5/h1,3H2,(H,4,5)
InChIKey: DHMQDGOQFOQNFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Boiling Point: 240.9±23.0 °C at 760 mmHg
Melting Point: 240°C (dec.)
Flash Point: 145°C
Purity: >98%
Density: 1.3±0.1 g/cm3
Appearance: White Crystalline Powder
Storage: Store at RT
Assay: 0.99
Appearance Form: powder

Color: white
Odor: odorless
Odor Threshold: Not applicable
pH: No data available
Melting point/freezing point:
Melting point/range: 240 °C
Initial boiling point and boiling range: Not applicable
Flash point: Not applicable
Evaporation rate: No data available
Flammability (solid, gas): No data available
Upper/lower flammability or explosive limits: No data available
Vapor pressure: No data available
Vapor density: No data available
Relative density: No data available
Water solubility: 250 g/l at 25 °C - soluble
Partition coefficient: n-octanol/water: log Pow: -3,21
Autoignition temperature: > 140 °C not auto-flammable
Decomposition temperature: > 233 °C -

Viscosity
Viscosity, kinematic: No data available
Viscosity, dynamic: No data available
Explosive properties: No data available
Oxidizing properties: No data available
Other safety information: No data available
CAS:56-40-6
Molecular formula:C2H5NO2
Molecule weight: 75.067
Density: 1.3 ± 0.1 g/cm3
Boiling point: 240.9 ± 23.0 ° C at 760 mmHg
Melting point: 240 ° C (dec.) (lit.)
Flash point: 99.5 ± 22.6 ° C
Precision quality: 75.032028
PSA 63.32000
LogP -1.03
Appearance: white to greyish white crystalline powder
Vapor pressure: 0.0 ± 1.0 mmHg at 25 ° C
Refractive index: 1.461



FIRST AID MEASURES of GLYCINE:
-Description of first-aid measures:
*If inhaled:
After inhalation:
Fresh air.
*In case of skin contact:
Take off immediately all contaminated clothing.
Rinse skin with water/ shower.
*In case of eye contact:
After eye contact:
Rinse out with plenty of water.
Remove contact lenses.
*If swallowed:
After swallowing:
Make victim drink water (two glasses at most).
Consult doctor if feeling unwell.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed:
No data available



ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of GLYCINE:
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Cover drains.
Collect, bind, and pump off spills.
Observe possible material restrictions.
Take up dry.
Dispose of properly.
Clean up affected area.



FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of GLYCINE:
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Water
Foam
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Dry powder
*Unsuitable extinguishing media:
For this substance/mixture no limitations of extinguishing agents are given.
-Further information:
Prevent fire extinguishing water from contaminating surface water or the ground water system.



EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of GLYCINE:
-Control parameters
--Ingredients with workplace control parameters
-Exposure controls
--Personal protective equipment
*Eye/face protection
Use equipment for eye protection.
Safety glasses.
*Skin protection:
Full contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Splash contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
-Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.



HANDLING and STORAGE of GLYCINE:
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities
*Storage conditions:
Tightly closed.
Dry.



STABILITY and REACTIVITY of GLYCINE:
-Chemical stability:
The product is chemically stable under standard ambient conditions (room temperature) .
-Conditions to avoid:
no information available



SYNONYMS:
Aminoacetic acid, Aminoethanoic acid, Glycocoll
glycine
2-Aminoacetic acid
56-40-6
aminoacetic acid
Glycocoll
Aminoethanoic acid
Glycolixir
H-Gly-OH
Glycosthene
Aciport
Glicoamin
Padil
Hampshire glycine
L-Glycine
Amitone
Leimzucker
Acetic acid, amino-
Aminoazijnzuur
Glycine, non-medical
Sucre de gelatine
Gyn-hydralin
GLY (IUPAC abbrev)
Corilin
FEMA No. 3287
Glyzin
gly
CCRIS 5915
HSDB 495
AI3-04085
amino-Acetic acid
MFCD00008131
NSC 25936
[14C]glycine
NSC-25936
25718-94-9
CHEMBL773
Glycine iron sulphate (1:1)
TE7660XO1C
DTXSID9020667
CHEBI:15428
aminoacetate
NSC25936
Athenon
glycine-13c
NCGC00024503-01
Glicina
Glycine, free base
Acido aminoacetico
Acide aminoacetique
Acidum aminoaceticum
DTXCID90667
Glykokoll
Aminoessigsaeure
Hgly
CAS-56-40-6
Glycine, labeled with carbon-14
Glycine [USP:INN]
GLYCINE 1.5% IN PLASTIC CONTAINER
EINECS 200-272-2
H2N-CH2-COOH
AMINOACETIC ACID 1.5% IN PLASTIC CONTAINER
UNII-TE7660XO1C
Aminoethanoate
18875-39-3
amino-Acetate
2-aminoacetate
Glycine
glycine USP
Glycine Technical
[3H]glycine
Glycine USP grade
H-Gly
L-Gly
Gly-CO
Gly-OH
L-Glycine,(S)
[14C]-glycine
Corilin (Salt/Mix)
Tocris-0219
Glycine (H-Gly-OH)
GLYCINE [VANDF]
NH2CH2COOH
GLYCINE [FHFI]
GLYCINE [HSDB]
GLYCINE [INCI]
Glycine, >=99%
GLYCINE [FCC]
GLYCINE [JAN]
GLYCINE [II]
GLYCINE [MI]
GLYCINE [MART.]
Glycine (JP17/USP)
Glycine, 99%, FCC
GLYCINE [USP-RS]
GLYCINE [WHO-DD]
Biomol-NT_000195
bmse000089
bmse000977
WLN: Z1VQ
EC 200-272-2
Gly-253
GLYCINE [GREEN BOOK]
GTPL727
AB-131/40217813
GLYCINE [ORANGE BOOK]
Glycine, Electrophoresis Grade
GLYCINE [EP MONOGRAPH]
BPBio1_001222
GTPL4084
GTPL4635
GLYCINE [USP MONOGRAPH]
BDBM18133
AZD4282
Glycine, >=99.0% (NT)
Glycine, 98.5-101.5%
Pharmakon1600-01300021
Glycine 1000 microg/mL in Water
2-Aminoacetic acid;Aminoacetic acid
BCP25965
CS-B1641
HY-Y0966
ZINC4658552
Glycine, ACS reagent, >=98.5%
Tox21_113575
Glycine, 99%, natural, FCC, FG
HB0299
NSC760120
s4821
STL194276
Glycine, purum, >=98.5% (NT)
Glycine, tested according to Ph.Eur.
AKOS000119626
Glycine, for electrophoresis, >=99%
Tox21_113575_1
AM81781
CCG-266010
DB00145
NSC-760120
Glycine, BioUltra, >=99.0% (NT)
Glycine, BioXtra, >=99% (titration)
SERINE IMPURITY B [EP IMPURITY]
Glycine, SAJ special grade, >=99.0%
NCGC00024503-02
NCGC00024503-03
BP-31024
Glycine, Vetec(TM) reagent grade, 98%
DB-029870
FT-0600491
FT-0669038
G0099
G0317
Glycine, ReagentPlus(R), >=99% (HPLC)
EN300-19731
A20662
C00037
D00011
D70890
M03001
L001246
Q620730
SR-01000597729
Glycine, certified reference material, TraceCERT(R)
Q-201300
SR-01000597729-1
Q27115084
B72BA06C-60E9-4A83-A24A-A2D7F465BB65
F2191-0197
Glycine, European Pharmacopoeia (EP) Reference Standard
Z955123660
Glycine, BioUltra, for molecular biology, >=99.0% (NT)
Glycine, United States Pharmacopeia (USP) Reference Standard
Glycine, Pharmaceutical Secondary Standard; Certified Reference Material
Glycine, analytical standard, for nitrogen determination according to Kjeldahl method
Glycine, from non-animal source, meets EP, JP, USP testing specifications, suitable for cell culture, >=98.5%
Glycine, meets analytical specification of Ph. Eur., BP, USP, 99-101% (based on anhydrous substance)

Glycine is an organic compound with the chemical formula C2H5NO2.
Glycine is the simplest amino acid and is considered non-essential because it can be synthesized by the human body.
Glycine is an important building block for proteins, and it plays a crucial role in various biological processes.

CAS Number: 56-40-6
EC Number: 200-272-2



APPLICATIONS


Glycine is used in the fermentation process for the production of alcoholic beverages.
Glycine acts as a stabilizer in the formulation of certain vaccines to enhance their efficacy and shelf life.
Glycine is employed as a cryoprotectant in the preservation of cells, tissues, and organs for transplantation.

Glycine is utilized in the synthesis of flavors and fragrances for the food and cosmetic industries.
Glycine is added to certain medications to improve their solubility and bioavailability.

Glycine serves as a precursor for the synthesis of various neurotransmitters and neuroactive compounds.
Glycine is used in the textile industry for the dyeing of natural and synthetic fibers.
Glycine acts as a reducing agent in certain chemical reactions and industrial processes.

Glycine is employed in the production of polyurethane foams as a chain extender and crosslinker.
Glycine is added to certain food products to enhance their texture and improve moisture retention.

Glycine is used in the manufacturing of inkjet inks as a component of ink formulations.
Glycine serves as a nutrient source for microorganisms in the production of enzymes and biotechnological processes.

Glycine is added to soil amendments and fertilizers to improve nutrient uptake by plants.
Glycine is utilized in the synthesis of pharmaceutical intermediates and active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs).

Glycine acts as a metal ion chelator in the treatment of heavy metal poisoning and detoxification.
Glycine is used as a component of buffer systems in biochemical and molecular biology experiments.

Glycine is employed in the production of polymers, resins, and polymeric materials.
Glycine acts as a pH regulator and buffering agent in various cosmetic and personal care formulations.

Glycine is used in the production of fire retardants for its ability to enhance flame resistance.

Glycine serves as a building block for the synthesis of herbicides and plant growth regulators.
Glycine is added to certain medical formulations and solutions for its osmotic properties.
Glycine is utilized in the production of dietary supplements targeting muscle growth and recovery.

Glycine acts as a stabilizer in the formulation of certain enzymes and biocatalysts.

Glycine is used in the production of artificial sweeteners and sugar substitutes.
Glycine serves as a source of carbon and energy for bacteria in bioremediation processes.


Glycine has a wide range of applications across various industries. Here are some of its key applications:

Protein Synthesis:
Glycine serves as a fundamental building block for the synthesis of proteins in the body.
Glycine is incorporated into polypeptide chains during protein synthesis.

Food and Beverage Industry:
Glycine is used as a flavor enhancer and sweetener in the food and beverage industry.
Glycine enhances the taste of various products, including savory foods, beverages, and confectioneries.

Pharmaceuticals:
Glycine is used as an excipient in pharmaceutical formulations.
Glycine acts as a stabilizer, buffering agent, and solubility enhancer in drug formulations, contributing to their efficacy and stability.

Cosmetics and Personal Care Products:
Glycine is utilized in cosmetics and personal care products due to its moisturizing and skin-conditioning properties.
Glycine can be found in skincare products, hair care products, and bath products.

Agriculture:
Glycine is used as a foliar spray for plants in agriculture.
Glycine helps improve plant growth, enhance crop yield, and increase tolerance to environmental stresses.

Animal Nutrition:
Glycine is added to animal feed as a nutritional supplement.
Glycine supports the growth, development, and overall health of livestock and poultry.

Industrial Applications:
Glycine finds applications in various industrial processes.
Glycine is used as a metal complexing agent, pH regulator, and chemical intermediate in the production of chemicals, dyes, and polymers.

Research and Laboratory Use:
Glycine is commonly used in scientific research and laboratory settings.
Glycine is a component of various biochemical and cell culture media, used in protein analysis, and as a buffer in experiments.

Health and Wellness:
Glycine is often used as a dietary supplement to support general health and wellness.
Glycine is believed to have potential benefits for promoting restful sleep, cognitive function, and reducing muscle soreness.

Biotechnology:
Glycine is employed in biotechnological applications, such as in the production of vaccines, recombinant proteins, and monoclonal antibodies.

Textile Industry:
Glycine is utilized in the textile industry as a dyeing auxiliary.
Glycine helps improve the dye absorption and color fastness of fabrics.

Metal Plating:
Glycine is used as a complexing agent in metal plating processes.
Glycine forms stable complexes with certain metals, aiding in the deposition of metal coatings on various surfaces.

Photographic Chemicals:
Glycine is employed in the production of photographic chemicals.
Glycine acts as a developing agent and helps enhance the image quality in photographic processes.

Leather Tanning:
Glycine is used in the leather industry as a tanning agent.
Glycine aids in the preservation and softening of animal hides during the leather tanning process.

Water Treatment:
Glycine is employed in water treatment applications.
Glycine acts as a chelating agent for metal ions and helps to reduce the adverse effects of heavy metals in water.

Gas Purification:
Glycine is used in gas purification processes, particularly in the removal of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) from gas streams.
Glycine reacts with H2S to form stable compounds, preventing their release into the environment.

Energy Storage:
Glycine has been studied for its potential application in energy storage systems.
Glycine is investigated as a component of redox flow batteries and other energy storage technologies.

Paper and Pulp Industry:
Glycine is used in the paper and pulp industry as a paper strength additive.
Glycine enhances the strength and durability of paper products.

Metalworking Fluids:
Glycine is added to metalworking fluids and cutting oils as a corrosion inhibitor and lubricant.
Glycine helps protect metal surfaces and improves the efficiency of machining processes.

Waste Water Treatment:
Glycine is utilized in waste water treatment as a source of carbon and nitrogen for microbial degradation processes.
Glycine helps in the removal of pollutants and organic compounds from wastewater.


Glycine is used in the production of proteins and plays a fundamental role in biological systems.
Glycine is commonly added to food and beverages as a flavor enhancer and sweetener.

Glycine is used in the pharmaceutical industry as an excipient and buffering agent in drug formulations.
Glycine is incorporated into skincare products and cosmetics for its moisturizing and skin-conditioning properties.

Glycine is added to animal feed as a nutritional supplement to support animal growth and health.
In agriculture, glycine is used as a foliar spray to improve crop yield and enhance plant growth.

Glycine acts as a metal complexing agent in industrial applications such as metal plating and dyeing processes.
Glycine is used in the textile industry to improve dye absorption and color fastness of fabrics.
Glycine is employed in the leather industry as a tanning agent to preserve and soften animal hides.

Glycine is used in water treatment processes to chelate metal ions and reduce the presence of heavy metals.
Glycine is utilized in the production of photographic chemicals as a developing agent.

Glycine is added to gas streams for the removal of hydrogen sulfide in gas purification processes.
Glycine is investigated for its potential applications in energy storage systems, such as redox flow batteries.

Glycine is used as a paper strength additive in the paper and pulp industry.
Glycine acts as a corrosion inhibitor and lubricant in metalworking fluids and cutting oils.
Glycine is employed in waste water treatment for microbial degradation processes.

Glycine serves as a precursor in the synthesis of various chemicals, pharmaceuticals, and polymers.
Glycine is used in cell culture media and biochemical research for scientific and laboratory purposes.

Glycine is added to oral care products for its potential benefits in reducing dental plaque formation.
Glycine is used as a stabilizer and pH regulator in the formulation of personal care products.

Glycine is utilized in the production of vaccines and recombinant proteins in biotechnological applications.
Glycine acts as an additive in dietary supplements and sports nutrition products.

Glycine is explored for its potential therapeutic applications in the treatment of certain neurological disorders.
Glycine is used in the production of detergents and cleaning agents for its surfactant properties.
Glycine is employed in various research and industrial applications due to its versatile properties and applications.



DESCRIPTION


Glycine is an organic compound with the chemical formula C2H5NO2.
Glycine is the simplest amino acid and is considered non-essential because it can be synthesized by the human body.
Glycine is an important building block for proteins, and it plays a crucial role in various biological processes.

Glycine is an important component of proteins and acts as a neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.
Glycine is involved in various biological functions, including the synthesis of nucleic acids, the formation of collagen, the regulation of enzyme activity, and the maintenance of a healthy immune system.

In addition to its biological roles, glycine has applications in various industries, including pharmaceuticals, food and beverage, cosmetics, and agriculture.
Glycine is used as a dietary supplement, a flavor enhancer, a stabilizer in cosmetic products, and a precursor in the synthesis of numerous chemicals and pharmaceuticals.
Glycine is generally recognized as safe (GRAS) by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and is widely available for various applications.


Glycine is the smallest and simplest amino acid.
Glycine is a non-essential amino acid, meaning it can be synthesized by the human body.
Glycine is a white crystalline powder with no distinct odor.

Glycine has a sweet taste and is often used as a flavor enhancer.
The chemical formula of glycine is C2H5NO2.

Glycine is highly soluble in water, making it easily dissolvable.
Glycine plays a vital role in protein synthesis and is a building block of many proteins.

Glycine acts as a neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.
Glycine is involved in various metabolic processes in the body.

Glycine is essential for the synthesis of nucleic acids, such as DNA and RNA.
Glycine is a precursor for the synthesis of important molecules like heme, creatine, and glutathione.

Glycine is known for its ability to help regulate the acid-base balance in the body.
Glycine acts as an inhibitory neurotransmitter, helping to regulate brain and spinal cord activity.

Glycine is involved in the formation of collagen, a crucial protein for connective tissues.
Glycine is widely used as a dietary supplement to support overall health and well-being.

Glycine has a pH level of approximately 6.0-6.5 in aqueous solutions.
Glycine is commonly found in many food sources, including meat, fish, dairy products, and legumes.
Glycine is considered safe for consumption and has been classified as GRAS (Generally Recognized as Safe) by the FDA.

Glycine is used in the pharmaceutical industry as a component of drugs and supplements.
Glycine is a key ingredient in the production of certain cosmetics and skincare products.

Glycine has applications in the food and beverage industry as a flavor enhancer and stabilizer.
Glycine is utilized in the agriculture sector as a foliar spray for crop protection and as a nutrient supplement.

Glycine can be synthesized by chemical processes or extracted from natural sources.
Glycine has been studied for its potential therapeutic applications, including in the treatment of certain neurological disorders.
Glycine is an important compound with diverse roles in human biology, nutrition, and various industries.



PROPERTIES


Chemical Formula: C2H5NO2
Molecular Weight: 75.07 grams/mol
Physical State: Solid (crystalline powder)
Melting Point: 232-236°C (449-457°F)
Boiling Point: Decomposes before boiling
Density: 1.160 g/cm3
Solubility: Highly soluble in water
pH: Neutral (pH 6.0-7.5)
Odor: Odorless
Taste: Sweet taste
Color: White or colorless
Crystal System: Monoclinic
Solubility in Water: Soluble in water (approximately 25 g/100 mL at 20°C)
Solubility in Other Solvents: Slightly soluble in ethanol, insoluble in ether and chloroform
Hygroscopicity: Hygroscopic (absorbs moisture from the air)
Stability: Stable under normal conditions
Optical Activity: Glycine is optically inactive (achiral)
Refractive Index: 1.465 (20°C)
Heat of Combustion: Approximately -1164 kJ/mol
Heat of Fusion: 13.3 kJ/mol
Heat of Vaporization: 47.3 kJ/mol
Conductivity: Glycine is a non-conductor of electricity in solid state, but conducts in aqueous solutions.
Chirality: Glycine is the simplest amino acid and lacks chiral centers.
Hydrophilicity: Highly hydrophilic (water-loving) due to the presence of the polar amino and carboxyl groups.
Chemical Reactivity: Glycine can participate in various chemical reactions, including condensation, oxidation, and reduction.



FIRST AID


Inhalation:

If glycine dust or powder is inhaled, immediately remove the affected person from the contaminated area to fresh air.
If breathing difficulties persist, seek medical attention and provide artificial respiration if necessary.
Administer oxygen if the person is experiencing severe respiratory distress.
Keep the affected person calm and comfortable.


Skin Contact:

In case of skin contact with glycine, immediately remove contaminated clothing and wash the affected area with plenty of soap and water.
Rinse thoroughly to ensure complete removal of the substance.
If irritation or redness develops, seek medical advice and provide appropriate treatment.
If large amounts of glycine are spilled on the skin or clothing, promptly remove and dispose of contaminated items.


Eye Contact:

If glycine comes into contact with the eyes, immediately flush the eyes with gentle, continuous water flow for at least 15 minutes.
Ensure that both eyes are thoroughly rinsed to remove any traces of the substance.
If irritation or pain persists, seek immediate medical attention and continue eye irrigation during transportation to the medical facility.
Avoid rubbing the eyes, as it may exacerbate the irritation.


Ingestion:

If glycine is swallowed accidentally, rinse the mouth with water and drink plenty of water to dilute the substance.
Do not induce vomiting unless instructed to do so by medical professionals.
Seek immediate medical attention and provide any information about the quantity ingested and the person's condition.
Do not give anything by mouth to an unconscious or convulsing person.



HANDLING AND STORAGE


Handling:

Personal Protective Equipment (PPE):
Wear appropriate protective clothing, including gloves, safety goggles, and a lab coat, when handling glycine to prevent skin contact and eye irritation.
Use respiratory protection, such as a dust mask or respirator, if there is a potential for inhalation of glycine dust or powder.

Ventilation:
Ensure adequate ventilation in the working area to minimize the concentration of airborne particles and maintain air quality.
Use local exhaust ventilation or dust collection systems where necessary to control dust dispersal.

Avoidance of Contact:
Avoid direct contact with glycine by handling it with clean tools or utensils.
Prevent ingestion, inhalation, or contact with eyes and mucous membranes.
Wash hands thoroughly with soap and water after handling glycine.

Spill and Leak Procedures:
In the event of a spill, contain the material and prevent it from spreading.
Wear appropriate protective equipment during cleanup.
Collect spilled material using suitable tools and place it in a labeled, sealable container for proper disposal.
Clean the affected area with water and detergent, and rinse thoroughly.


Storage:

Container:
Store glycine in tightly sealed containers made of compatible materials, such as plastic or glass, to prevent moisture absorption.
Ensure that containers are labeled with appropriate hazard information and product identification.

Temperature and Humidity:
Store glycine in a cool, dry place away from direct sunlight and sources of heat.
Maintain storage conditions within the recommended temperature range, typically between 15°C and 30°C (59°F and 86°F).

Separation:
Store glycine away from incompatible materials, such as strong oxidizing agents, acids, and alkalis, to avoid chemical reactions.
Keep it separated from food and beverages to prevent contamination.

Handling Precautions:
Avoid rough handling or dropping containers to prevent breakage and spills.
Do not store or handle glycine near open flames, sparks, or ignition sources, as it is combustible.

Access and Security:
Store glycine in a designated area accessible only to authorized personnel.
Ensure that storage areas are secured to prevent unauthorized access.



SYNONYMS


Aminoacetic acid
Aminoethanoic acid
Glycocoll
Aminoethanoate
Glycocollate
Gly
Glycinum
Aminoacetic acid, monopotassium salt
Aminoacetic acid, monosodium salt
Aminoacetic acid, monocalcium salt
Aminoacetic acid, monoammonium salt
Glycine hydrochloride
Glycine hydrobromide
Glycine sulfate
Glycine ethyl ester
Glycine methyl ester
Glycine betaine
Aminoethylcarboxylic acid
Aminoacetic acid ethyl ester
Aminoacetic acid methyl ester
2-Aminoacetic acid
Acid aminoacetic
Acide aminoacetique
Acido aminoacetico
Aminomethylcarboxylic acid
Aminoethanoic acid
Aminoethylaminoacetic acid
Aminoacetic acid, hydrochloride
Aminoacetic acid, hydrobromide
Aminoacetic acid, hydroiodide
Glycinamide
Glycinamide hydrochloride
Glycinamide hydrobromide
Glycinamide hydroiodide
Aminoethanoic acid, hydrochloride
Aminoethanoic acid, hydrobromide
Aminoethanoic acid, hydroiodide
Aminoacetic acid, calcium salt
Aminoacetic acid, magnesium salt
Aminoacetic acid, zinc salt
Aminoacetic acid, iron salt
Glycine phosphoric acid
Aminoacetic acid, phosphate
Aminoacetic acid, sulfate
Aminoacetic acid, nitrate
Glycine hydrazide
Aminoacetic acid, ethyl ester
Aminoacetic acid, butyl ester
Aminoacetic acid, propyl ester
Aminoacetic acid, isopropyl ester
Aminoethanoate
Aminoacetic acid, sodium salt
Aminoacetic acid, potassium salt
Aminoacetic acid, lithium salt
Aminoacetic acid, barium salt
Aminoacetic acid, copper salt
Aminoacetic acid, lead salt
Aminoacetic acid, silver salt
Aminoacetic acid, nickel salt
Aminoacetic acid, cadmium salt
Aminoacetic acid, cobalt salt
Aminoacetic acid, mercury salt
Aminoacetic acid, manganese salt
Aminoacetic acid, aluminum salt
Aminoacetic acid, tin salt
Aminoacetic acid, gallium salt
Aminoacetic acid, indium salt
Aminoacetic acid, thallium salt
Aminoacetic acid, antimony salt
Aminoacetic acid, arsenic salt
Aminoacetic acid, selenium salt
Aminoacetic acid, tellurium salt
Aminoacetic acid, germanium salt
Aminoacetic acid, boron salt
Aminoacetic acid, vanadium salt

Glycine (Aminoacetic acid) is an amino acid having the chemical formula NH2CH2COOH.
Glycine (Aminoacetic acid) has a single hydrogen atom as its side chain, making it one of the simplest amino acids.
Glycine (Aminoacetic acid) is supplied as a colourless, sweet-tasting crystalline solid.


CAS Number: 56-40-6
EC Number: 200-272-2
MDL number: MFCD00008131
Linear Formula: NH2CH2COOH
Molecular Formula: C2H5NO2



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Tox21_113575, Glycine, 99%, natural, FCC, FG, HB0299, NSC760120, s4821, Glycine, purum, >=98.5% (NT), AKOS000119626, Glycine, for electrophoresis, >=99%,
Tox21_113575_1, AM81781, CCG-266010, DB00145, NSC-760120, Glycine - Absolute carbon isotope ratio, Glycine, BioUltra, >=99.0% (NT), Glycine, BioXtra, >=99% (titration), SERINE IMPURITY B [EP IMPURITY], NCGC00024503-02, NCGC00024503-03, BP-31024, FT-0600491, FT-0669038, G0099, G0317, Glycine, ReagentPlus(R), >=99% (HPLC), NS00001575, EN300-19731, A20662, C00037, D00011, D70890, M03001, L001246, Q620730, SR-01000597729, Glycine, certified reference material, TraceCERT(R), Q-201300, SR-01000597729-1, Q27115084, B72BA06C-60E9-4A83-A24A-A2D7F465BB65, F2191-0197, Glycine, European Pharmacopoeia (EP) Reference Standard, Z955123660, Glycine, BioUltra, for molecular biology, >=99.0% (NT), InChI=1/C2H5NO2/c3-1-2(4)5/h1,3H2,(H,4,5, Glycine, United States Pharmacopeia (USP) Reference Standard, Glycine, Pharmaceutical Secondary Standard; Certified Reference Material, Glycine, analytical standard, for nitrogen determination according to Kjeldahl method, Glycine, from non-animal source, meets EP, JP, USP testing specifications, suitable for cell culture, >=98.5%,
Glycine, meets analytical specification of Ph. Eur., BP, USP, 99-101% (based on anhydrous substance), glycine, aminoacetic acid, glycocoll, aminoethanoic acid, glycolixir, glycosthene, aciport, glicoamin, padil, hampshire glycine, Padil, Gly, Glicina, Glycocoll, Glyzin, Phosphate, Glycine, Glycosthene, Glycolixir, Glicoamin, Gyn-Hydralin, Glycinum, Hampshire Glycine, Acid, Aminoacetic, Glykokoll, Hgly, Aciport, Sucre De Gelatine, Leimzucker, Acido Aminoacetico, Acidum Aminoaceticum, Glycine, Non-Medical, Aminoazijnzuur, Non-Medical Glycine, Acide Aminoacetique, Aminoessigsaeure, Acetic acid, amino-, Aciport, Aminoacetic acid, Aminoethanoic acid, Glicoamin, Glycocoll, Glycolixir, Glycosthene, Padil, NH2CH2COOH, Amitone, Glycine, non-medical, Hampshire glycine, Athenon, Gly, Glycine, free base, Gyn-hydralin, 2-Aminoacetic acid, NSC 25936, Corilin (Salt/Mix), Acetic acid, amino-, Aciport, Aminoacetic acid, Aminoethanoic acid, Glicoamin, Glycocoll, Glycolixir, Glycosthene, Padil, NH2CH2COOH, Amitone, Glycine, non-medical, Hampshire glycine, Athenon, Gly, Glycine, free base, Gyn-hydralin, 2-Aminoacetic acid, NSC 25936, Corilin (Salt/Mix), Aminoethanoic acid, Aminoacetic acid, Glycocoll,



Glycine (Aminoacetic acid) appears as white crystals.
Glycine (Aminoacetic acid) is the simplest (and the only achiral) proteinogenic amino acid, with a hydrogen atom as its side chain.
Glycine (Aminoacetic acid) has a role as a nutraceutical, a hepatoprotective agent, an EC 2.1.2.1 (glycine hydroxymethyltransferase) inhibitor, a NMDA receptor agonist, a micronutrient, a fundamental metabolite and a neurotransmitter.


Glycine (Aminoacetic acid) is an alpha-amino acid, a serine family amino acid and a proteinogenic amino acid.
Glycine (Aminoacetic acid) is a conjugate base of a glycinium.
Glycine (Aminoacetic acid) is a conjugate acid of a glycinate.


Glycine (Aminoacetic acid) is a tautomer of a glycine zwitterion.
Glycine (Aminoacetic acid) is an amino acid having the chemical formula NH2CH2COOH.
Glycine (Aminoacetic acid) has a single hydrogen atom as its side chain, making it one of the simplest amino acids.


Glycine (Aminoacetic acid) is supplied as a colourless, sweet-tasting crystalline solid.
Glycine (Aminoacetic acid) (symbol Gly or G; /ˈɡlaɪsiːn/) is an amino acid that has a single hydrogen atom as its side chain.
Glycine (Aminoacetic acid) is the simplest stable amino acid (carbamic acid is unstable), with the chemical formula NH2‐CH2‐COOH.


Glycine (Aminoacetic acid) is one of the proteinogenic amino acids.
Glycine (Aminoacetic acid) is encoded by all the codons starting with GG (GGU, GGC, GGA, GGG).
Glycine (Aminoacetic acid) is integral to the formation of alpha-helices in secondary protein structure due to the "flexibility" caused by such a small R group.


Glycine (Aminoacetic acid) is the only achiral proteinogenic amino acid.
Glycine (Aminoacetic acid) can fit into hydrophilic or hydrophobic environments, due to its minimal side chain of only one hydrogen atom.
Glycine (Aminoacetic acid) is incompatible with strong oxidizing agents.


Glycine (Aminoacetic acid) is an intermediate in the synthesis of a variety of chemical products.
Glycine (Aminoacetic acid) is a non-essential, non-polar, non-optical, glucogenic amino acid that is primarily found in gelatin and silk fibroin.
Glycine (Aminoacetic acid) is involved in the body's production of DNA, phospholipids and collagen, and in release of energy.


In the US, Glycine (Aminoacetic acid) is typically sold in two grades: United States Pharmacopeia ("USP"), and technical grade.
USP grade sales account for approximately 80 to 85 percent of the U.S. market for Glycine (Aminoacetic acid).
Glycine (Aminoacetic acid) is a non-essential amino acid.


Glycine (Aminoacetic acid) is found primarily in gelatin and silk fibroin and used therapeutically as a nutrient.
Glycine (Aminoacetic acid) is also a fast inhibitory neurotransmitter.
Glycine (Aminoacetic acid) is a metabolite found in or produced by Escherichia coli.


Glycine (Aminoacetic acid) is a non-essential, non-polar, non-optical, glucogenic amino acid.
Glycine (Aminoacetic acid), an inhibitory neurotransmitter in the CNS, triggers chloride ion influx via ionotropic receptors, thereby creating an inhibitory post-synaptic potential.


In contrast, Glycine (Aminoacetic acid) also acts as a co-agonist, along with glutamate, facilitating an excitatory potential at the glutaminergic N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA) receptors.
Glycine (Aminoacetic acid) is an important component and precursor for many macromolecules in the cells.


Glycine (Aminoacetic acid) is a simple, nonessential amino acid, although experimental animals show reduced growth on low-glycine diets.
The average adult ingests 3 to 5 grams of Glycine (Aminoacetic acid) daily.
Glycine (Aminoacetic acid) is involved in the body's production of DNA, phospholipids and collagen, and in release of energy.


Glycine (Aminoacetic acid) levels are effectively measured in plasma in both normal patients and those with inborn errors of Glycine (Aminoacetic acid) metabolism.
Nonketotic hyperglycinaemia is an autosomal recessive condition caused by deficient enzyme activity of the Glycine (Aminoacetic acid) cleavage enzyme system.


The Glycine (Aminoacetic acid) cleavage enzyme system comprises four proteins: P-, T-, H- and L-proteins.
Mutations have been described in the GLDC (OMIM 238300), AMT (OMIM 238310), and GCSH (OMIM 238330) genes encoding the P-, T-, and H-proteins respectively.
The Glycine (Aminoacetic acid) cleavage system catalyses the oxidative conversion of glycine into carbon dioxide and ammonia, with the remaining one-carbon unit transferred to folate as methylenetetrahydrofolate.


It is the main catabolic pathway for Glycine (Aminoacetic acid) and it also contributes to one-carbon metabolism.
Patients with a deficiency of this enzyme system have increased Glycine (Aminoacetic acid) in plasma, urine and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) with an increased CSF: plasma glycine ratio. (A3412).


Glycine (Aminoacetic acid) is also a fast inhibitory neurotransmitter.
Glycine (Aminoacetic acid) (abbreviated as Gly), also known as aminoacetic acid, is a non essential amino acid with the chemical formula of C2H5NO2.
Glycine (Aminoacetic acid) is an amino acid composed of endogenous antioxidant reduced glutathione.


Glycine (Aminoacetic acid) is often supplemented by exogenous sources in case of severe stress, sometimes called semi essential amino acid.
Glycine (Aminoacetic acid) is registered under the REACH Regulation and is manufactured in and / or imported to the European Economic Area, at ≥ 1 000 to < 10 000 tonnes per annum.



USES and APPLICATIONS of GLYCINE (AMINOACETIC ACID):
If purity greater than the USP standard is needed, for example for intravenous injections, a more expensive pharmaceutical grade Glycine (Aminoacetic acid) can be used.
Technical grade Glycine (Aminoacetic acid), which may or may not meet USP grade standards, is sold at a lower price for use in industrial applications, e.g., as an agent in metal complexing and finishing.


Glycine (Aminoacetic acid) is used Metabolism, Metabolomics, Proteomics.
Glycine (Aminoacetic acid) is used for synthesis.
Glycine (Aminoacetic acid) can be used as a tracer to measure protein turnover and to study protein structure and dynamics amongst other applications.


Glycine (Aminoacetic acid) is used Buffering Agent; Dietary Supplement; Bulking Agent; Freeze-Drying Agent; Tablet Disintegrant; and Wetting Agent.
Glycine (Aminoacetic acid) is a non-essential amino acid used for both NMR-based and MS-based studies.
Glycine (Aminoacetic acid) is used in Tris-Glycine electrophoresis buffer formulations.


This is a highly purified grade suitable for use in peptide synthesis.
Special grade of Glycine (Aminoacetic acid) used specifically for cell culture and Molecular Biology applications.
Glycine (Aminoacetic acid), aminoacetic acid is an amino acid and a nonelectrolyte solution indicated for use as an irrigating fluid during transurethral prostatic resection and other transurethral surgical procedures.


As a nonconductive solution in water, Glycine (Aminoacetic acid), aminoacetic acid is suitable for urologic irrigation during electrosurgical procedures.
Glycine (Aminoacetic acid), aminoacetic acid solution is hypotonic (200 mOsmol/L) in relation to the extracellular fluid (280 mOsmol/L).
When used during a transurethral resection of the prostate, Glycine (Aminoacetic acid), aminoacetic acid instillation minimizes the risk of intravascular hemolysis, which can occur from absorption of plain water through open prostatic veins.


Glycine (Aminoacetic acid) is used in the manufacture of the herbicide glyphosate.
Glycine (Aminoacetic acid) serves as a buffering agent in antacids, analgesics, antiperspirants, cosmetics, and toiletries.
Many miscellaneous products use Glycine (Aminoacetic acid) or its derivatives, such as the production of rubber sponge products, fertilizers, metal complexants.


Glycine (Aminoacetic acid) is used in the following products: washing & cleaning products, cosmetics and personal care products, perfumes and fragrances, adhesives and sealants, coating products, anti-freeze products, fillers, putties, plasters, modelling clay, polishes and waxes, biocides (e.g. disinfectants, pest control products), lubricants and greases, air care products and leather treatment products.


Other release to the environment of Glycine (Aminoacetic acid) is likely to occur from: indoor use (e.g. machine wash liquids/detergents, automotive care products, paints and coating or adhesives, fragrances and air fresheners) and outdoor use.
Glycine (Aminoacetic acid) serves as a buffer agent and prevents the sample damage during electrophoresis.
Further, Glycine (Aminoacetic acid) is used to remove protein-labelling antibodies from western blot membranes.


Release to the environment of Glycine (Aminoacetic acid) can occur from industrial use: industrial abrasion processing with low release rate (e.g. cutting of textile, cutting, machining or grinding of metal) and of articles where the substances are not intended to be released and where the conditions of use do not promote release.


Other release to the environment of Glycine (Aminoacetic acid) is likely to occur from: outdoor use in long-life materials with low release rate (e.g. metal, wooden and plastic construction and building materials), indoor use in long-life materials with low release rate (e.g. flooring, furniture, toys, construction materials, curtains, foot-wear, leather products, paper and cardboard products, electronic equipment), indoor use in long-life materials with high release rate (e.g. release from fabrics, textiles during washing, removal of indoor paints) and outdoor use in long-life materials with high release rate (e.g. tyres, treated wooden products, treated textile and fabric, brake pads in trucks or cars, sanding of buildings (bridges, facades) or vehicles (ships)).


Glycine (Aminoacetic acid) can be found in complex articles, with no release intended: vehicles and machinery, mechanical appliances and electrical/electronic products (e.g. computers, cameras, lamps, refrigerators, washing machines).
Glycine (Aminoacetic acid) can be found in products with material based on: metal (e.g. cutlery, pots, toys, jewellery) and plastic (e.g. food packaging and storage, toys, mobile phones).


Glycine (Aminoacetic acid) is intended to be released from scented: clothes, paper products and CDs.
Glycine (Aminoacetic acid) is used in the following products: washing & cleaning products, lubricants and greases, laboratory chemicals, adhesives and sealants, coating products, biocides (e.g. disinfectants, pest control products), polishes and waxes and air care products.


Glycine (Aminoacetic acid) is used in the following areas: health services, agriculture, forestry and fishing, municipal supply (e.g. electricity, steam, gas, water) and sewage treatment and scientific research and development.
Glycine (Aminoacetic acid) is used for the manufacture of: food products, chemicals, metals and fabricated metal products.


Other release to the environment of Glycine (Aminoacetic acid) is likely to occur from: indoor use (e.g. machine wash liquids/detergents, automotive care products, paints and coating or adhesives, fragrances and air fresheners) and outdoor use.
Glycine (Aminoacetic acid) is used in the following products: cosmetics and personal care products, laboratory chemicals, pharmaceuticals, coating products and pH regulators and water treatment products.


Release to the environment of Glycine (Aminoacetic acid) can occur from industrial use: formulation of mixtures.
Glycine (Aminoacetic acid) is used in the following products: pharmaceuticals, laboratory chemicals, washing & cleaning products, pH regulators and water treatment products, perfumes and fragrances and cosmetics and personal care products.


Glycine (Aminoacetic acid) is used in the following areas: health services, scientific research and development, formulation of mixtures and/or re-packaging, agriculture, forestry and fishing and mining.
Glycine (Aminoacetic acid) is used for the manufacture of: chemicals, electrical, electronic and optical equipment and food products.


Release to the environment of Glycine (Aminoacetic acid) can occur from industrial use: as an intermediate step in further manufacturing of another substance (use of intermediates), in the production of articles, in processing aids at industrial sites and as processing aid.
Release to the environment of Glycine (Aminoacetic acid) can occur from industrial use: manufacturing of the substance.


Glycine (Aminoacetic acid) is used as an additive in pet food, animal feed and sweetener and taste enhancer in human foods.
Glycine (Aminoacetic acid) is also used as a buffering agent in antacids, analgesics, antiperspirants, cosmetics and toiletries.
Glycine (Aminoacetic acid) acts as a neurotransmitter in the central nervous system, especially in the spinal cord, brainstem, and retina.


Glycine (Aminoacetic acid) serves as a buffer agent and prevents the sample damage during electrophoresis.
Further, Glycine (Aminoacetic acid) is used to remove protein-labelling antibodies from western blot membranes.
In addition to this, Glycine (Aminoacetic acid) is involved in the production of rubber sponge products, metal complexants and fertilizers.


Glycine (Aminoacetic acid) is used as an additive in pet food, animal feed and sweetener and taste enhancer in human foods.
Glycine (Aminoacetic acid) is also used as a buffering agent in antacids, analgesics, antiperspirants, cosmetics and toiletries.
Glycine (Aminoacetic acid) acts as a neurotransmitter in the central nervous system, especially in the spinal cord, brainstem, and retina.


In addition to this, Glycine (Aminoacetic acid) is involved in the production of rubber sponge products, metal complexants and fertilizers.
Glycine (Aminoacetic acid) is used by consumers, in articles, by professional workers (widespread uses), in formulation or re-packing, at industrial sites and in manufacturing.


-Animal and human foods uses of Glycine (Aminoacetic acid):
Glycine (Aminoacetic acid) is not widely used in foods for its nutritional value, except in infusions.
Instead, Glycine (Aminoacetic acid)'s role in food chemistry is as a flavorant.
Glycine (Aminoacetic acid) is mildly sweet, and it counters the aftertaste of saccharine.

Glycine (Aminoacetic acid) also has preservative properties, perhaps owing to its complexation to metal ions.
Metal glycinate complexes, e.g. copper(II) glycinate are used as supplements for animal feeds.
The U.S. "Food and Drug Administration no longer regards Glycine (Aminoacetic acid) and its salts as generally recognized as safe for use in human food".


-Chemical feedstock uses of Glycine (Aminoacetic acid):
Glycine (Aminoacetic acid) is an intermediate in the synthesis of a variety of chemical products.
Glycine (Aminoacetic acid) is used in the manufacture of the herbicides glyphosate, iprodione, glyphosine, imiprothrin, and eglinazine.
Glycine (Aminoacetic acid) is used as an intermediate of antibiotics such as thiamphenicol.


-Laboratory research uses of Glycine (Aminoacetic acid):
Glycine (Aminoacetic acid) is a significant component of some solutions used in the SDS-PAGE method of protein analysis.
Glycine (Aminoacetic acid) serves as a buffering agent, maintaining pH and preventing sample damage during electrophoresis.

Glycine (Aminoacetic acid) is also used to remove protein-labeling antibodies from Western blot membranes to enable the probing of numerous proteins of interest from SDS-PAGE gel.

This allows more data to be drawn from the same specimen, increasing the reliability of the data, reducing the amount of sample processing, and number of samples required.
This process is known as stripping.



PRESENCE IN FOODS, GLYCINE (AMINOACETIC ACID):
Food sources of glycine
Food Percentage content by weight (g/100g)
Snacks, pork skins 11.04
Sesame seeds flour (low fat) 3.43
Beverages, protein powder (soy-based) 2.37
Seeds, safflower seed meal, partially defatted 2.22
Meat, bison, beef and others (various parts) 1.5–2.0
Gelatin desserts 1.96
Seeds, pumpkin and squash seed kernels 1.82
Turkey, all classes, back, meat and skin 1.79
Chicken, broilers or fryers, meat and skin 1.74
Pork, ground, 96% lean / 4% fat, cooked, crumbles 1.71
Bacon and beef sticks 1.64
Peanuts 1.63
Crustaceans, spiny lobster 1.59
Spices, mustard seed, ground 1.59
Salami 1.55
Nuts, butternuts, dried 1.51
Fish, salmon, pink, canned, drained solids 1.42
Almonds 1.42
Fish, mackerel 0.93
Cereals ready-to-eat, granola, homemade 0.81
Leeks, (bulb and lower-leaf portion), freeze-dried 0.7
Cheese, parmesan (and others), grated 0.56
Soybeans, green, cooked, boiled, drained, without salt 0.51
Bread, protein (includes gluten) 0.47
Egg, whole, cooked, fried 0.47
Beans, white, mature seeds, cooked, boiled, with salt 0.38
Lentils, mature seeds, cooked, boiled, with salt 0.37



FUNCTIONS AND APPLICATIONS OF GLYCINE (AMINOACETIC ACID):
*Glycine (Aminoacetic acid) is mainly used as an additive and attractant to increase amino acids in the feed for poultry, livestock and poultry, especially pets.
Glycine (Aminoacetic acid) is used as an additive of hydrolyzed protein and a synergist of hydrolyzed protein;

*Glycine (Aminoacetic acid) in feed additive, not only is the main nutritional supplements in the livestock and poultry feed ingredients, feed can also prevent the oxidation, extending freshness.
In addition, the emerging of canned pet feed animals also contains Glycine (Aminoacetic acid).



SOLUBILITY OF GLYCINE (AMINOACETIC ACID):
Glycine (Aminoacetic acid) is soluble in water and pyridine.
Glycine (Aminoacetic acid) is slightly soluble in acetone.
Glycine (Aminoacetic acid) is insoluble in diethyl ether, n-octanol and ethanol.



CHEMICAL REACTIONS OF GLYCINE (AMINOACETIC ACID):
Glycine (Aminoacetic acid)'s acid–base properties are most important.
In aqueous solution, Glycine (Aminoacetic acid) is amphoteric: below pH = 2.4, it converts to the ammonium cation called glycinium.
Above about 9.6, Glycine (Aminoacetic acid) converts to glycinate.

Glycine (Aminoacetic acid) functions as a bidentate ligand for many metal ions, forming amino acid complexes.
A typical complex is Cu(glycinate)2, i.e. Cu(H2NCH2CO2)2, which exists both in cis and trans isomers.

With acid chlorides, Glycine (Aminoacetic acid) converts to the amidocarboxylic acid, such as hippuric acid and acetylglycine.
With nitrous acid, one obtains glycolic acid (van Slyke determination).
With methyl iodide, the amine becomes quaternized to give trimethylglycine, a natural product:

H3N+CH2COO− + 3 CH3I → (CH3)3N+CH2COO− + 3 HI
Glycine (Aminoacetic acid) condenses with itself to give peptides, beginning with the formation of glycylglycine:

2 H3N+CH2COO− → H3N+CH2CONHCH2COO− + H2O
Pyrolysis of Glycine (Aminoacetic acid) or glycylglycine gives 2,5-diketopiperazine, the cyclic diamide.

It forms esters with alcohols.
They are often isolated as their hydrochloride, e.g., glycine methyl ester hydrochloride.
Otherwise the free ester tends to convert to diketopiperazine.

As a bifunctional molecule, Glycine (Aminoacetic acid) reacts with many reagents.
These can be classified into N-centered and carboxylate-center reactions.



PRODUCTION OF GLYCINE (AMINOACETIC ACID):
Although Glycine (Aminoacetic acid) can be isolated from hydrolyzed protein, this route is not used for industrial production, as it can be manufactured more conveniently by chemical synthesis.
The two main processes are amination of chloroacetic acid with ammonia, giving Glycine (Aminoacetic acid) and ammonium chloride, and the Strecker amino acid synthesis, which is the main synthetic method in the United States and Japan.
About 15 thousand tonnes are produced annually in this way.
Glycine (Aminoacetic acid) is also cogenerated as an impurity in the synthesis of EDTA, arising from reactions of the ammonia coproduct.



HISTORY AND ETYMOLOGY OF GLYCINE (AMINOACETIC ACID):
Glycine (Aminoacetic acid) was discovered in 1820 by French chemist Henri Braconnot when he hydrolyzed gelatin by boiling it with sulfuric acid.
He originally called Glycine (Aminoacetic acid) "sugar of gelatin", but French chemist Jean-Baptiste Boussingault showed in 1838 that it contained nitrogen.

In 1847 American scientist Eben Norton Horsford, then a student of the German chemist Justus von Liebig, proposed the name "glycocoll"; however, the Swedish chemist Berzelius suggested the simpler current name a year later.
The name comes from the Greek word γλυκύς "sweet tasting" (which is also related to the prefixes glyco- and gluco-, as in glycoprotein and glucose).
In 1858, the French chemist Auguste Cahours determined that Glycine (Aminoacetic acid) was an amine of acetic acid.



PHYSIOLOGICAL FUNCTION OF GLYCINE (AMINOACETIC ACID):
The principal function of Glycine (Aminoacetic acid) is it acts as a precursor to proteins.
Most proteins incorporate only small quantities of Glycine (Aminoacetic acid), a notable exception being collagen, which contains about 35% glycine due to its periodically repeated role in the formation of collagen's helix structure in conjunction with hydroxyproline.
In the genetic code, Glycine (Aminoacetic acid) is coded by all codons starting with GG, namely GGU, GGC, GGA and GGG.

*As a biosynthetic intermediate
In higher eukaryotes, δ-aminolevulinic acid, the key precursor to porphyrins, is biosynthesized from Glycine (Aminoacetic acid) and succinyl-CoA by the enzyme ALA synthase.
Glycine (Aminoacetic acid) provides the central C2N subunit of all purines.


*As a neurotransmitter
Glycine (Aminoacetic acid) is an inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system, especially in the spinal cord, brainstem, and retina.
When Glycine (Aminoacetic acid) receptors are activated, chloride enters the neuron via ionotropic receptors, causing an inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP).
Strychnine is a strong antagonist at ionotropic Glycine (Aminoacetic acid) receptors, whereas bicuculline is a weak one.
Glycine (Aminoacetic acid) is a required co-agonist along with glutamate for NMDA receptors.


*As a toxin conjugation agent
Glycine (Aminoacetic acid) conjugation pathway has not been fully investigated.
Glycine (Aminoacetic acid) is thought to be a hepatic detoxifier of a number endogenous and xenobiotic organic acids.
Bile acids are normally conjugated to Glycine (Aminoacetic acid) in order to increase their solubility in water.

The human body rapidly clears sodium benzoate by combining it with Glycine (Aminoacetic acid) to form hippuric acid which is then excreted.
The metabolic pathway for this begins with the conversion of benzoate by butyrate-CoA ligase into an intermediate product, benzoyl-CoA, which is then metabolized by Glycine (Aminoacetic acid) N-acyltransferase into hippuric acid.



METABOLISM OF GLYCINE (AMINOACETIC ACID):
Biosynthesis:
Glycine (Aminoacetic acid) is not essential to the human diet, as it is biosynthesized in the body from the amino acid serine, which is in turn derived from 3-phosphoglycerate, but one publication made by supplements sellers seems to show that the metabolic capacity for glycine biosynthesis does not satisfy the need for collagen synthesis.
In most organisms, the enzyme serine hydroxymethyltransferase catalyses this transformation via the cofactor pyridoxal phosphate:

serine + tetrahydrofolate → Glycine (Aminoacetic acid)+ N5,N10-methylene tetrahydrofolate + H2O
In E. coli, Glycine (Aminoacetic acid) is sensitive to antibiotics that target folate.
In the liver of vertebrates, Glycine (Aminoacetic acid) synthesis is catalyzed by glycine synthase (also called glycine cleavage enzyme).
This conversion is readily reversible:

CO2 + NH+ 4 + N5,N10-methylene tetrahydrofolate + NADH + H+ ⇌ Glycine (Aminoacetic acid) + tetrahydrofolate + NAD+
In addition to being synthesized from serine, Glycine (Aminoacetic acid) can also be derived from threonine, choline or hydroxyproline via inter-organ metabolism of the liver and kidneys.


Degradation:
Glycine (Aminoacetic acid) is degraded via three pathways.
The predominant pathway in animals and plants is the reverse of the Glycine (Aminoacetic acid) synthase pathway mentioned above.
In this context, the enzyme system involved is usually called the Glycine (Aminoacetic acid) cleavage system:

Glycine (Aminoacetic acid) + tetrahydrofolate + NAD+ ⇌ CO2 + NH+
4 + N5,N10-methylene tetrahydrofolate + NADH + H+

In the second pathway, Glycine (Aminoacetic acid) is degraded in two steps.
The first step is the reverse of Glycine (Aminoacetic acid) biosynthesis from serine with serine hydroxymethyl transferase.
Serine is then converted to pyruvate by serine dehydratase.

In the third pathway of its degradation, Glycine (Aminoacetic acid) is converted to glyoxylate by D-amino acid oxidase.
Glyoxylate is then oxidized by hepatic lactate dehydrogenase to oxalate in an NAD+-dependent reaction.

The half-life of Glycine (Aminoacetic acid) and its elimination from the body varies significantly based on dose.
In one study, the half-life varied between 0.5 and 4.0 hours.



PRESENCE IN SPACE, GLYCINE (AMINOACETIC ACID):
The presence of Glycine (Aminoacetic acid) outside the Earth was confirmed in 2009, based on the analysis of samples that had been taken in 2004 by the NASA spacecraft Stardust from comet Wild 2 and subsequently returned to Earth.
Glycine (Aminoacetic acid) had previously been identified in the Murchison meteorite in 1970.

The discovery of Glycine (Aminoacetic acid) in outer space bolstered the hypothesis of so called soft-panspermia, which claims that the "building blocks" of life are widespread throughout the universe.
In 2016, detection of Glycine (Aminoacetic acid) within Comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko by the Rosetta spacecraft was announced.
The detection of Glycine (Aminoacetic acid) outside the Solar System in the interstellar medium has been debated.

Evolution:
Glycine (Aminoacetic acid) is proposed to be defined by early genetic codes.
For example, low complexity regions (in proteins), that may resemble the proto-peptides of the early genetic code are highly enriched in Glycine (Aminoacetic acid).



PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of GLYCINE (AMINOACETIC ACID):
Molecular Weight: 75.07
XLogP3: -3.2
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 2
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 3
Rotatable Bond Count: 1
Exact Mass: 75.032028402
Monoisotopic Mass: 75.032028402
Topological Polar Surface Area: 63.3 Ų
Heavy Atom Count: 5
Formal Charge: 0
Complexity: 42.9
Isotope Atom Count: 0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0

Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 1
Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes
IUPAC Name: 2-aminoacetic acid
Molecular Weight: 75.07
Molecular Formula: C2H5NO2
Canonical SMILES: C(C(=O)O)N
InChI: InChI=1S/C2H5NO2/c3-1-2(4)5/h1,3H2,(H,4,5)
InChIKey: DHMQDGOQFOQNFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Boiling Point: 240.9±23.0 °C at 760 mmHg
Melting Point: 240°C (dec.)
Flash Point: 145°C
Purity: >98%
Density: 1.3±0.1 g/cm3

Appearance: White Crystalline Powder
Storage: Store at RT
Assay: 0.99
Appearance Form: powder
Color: white
Odor: odorless
Odor Threshold: Not applicable
pH: No data available
Melting point/freezing point:
Melting point/range: 240 °C
Initial boiling point and boiling range: Not applicable
Flash point: Not applicable
Evaporation rate: No data available
Flammability (solid, gas): No data available
Upper/lower flammability or explosive limits: No data available

Vapor pressure: No data available
Vapor density: No data available
Relative density: No data available
Water solubility: 250 g/l at 25 °C - soluble
Partition coefficient: n-octanol/water: log Pow: -3,21
Autoignition temperature: > 140 °C not auto-flammable
Decomposition temperature: > 233 °C -
Viscosity
Viscosity, kinematic: No data available
Viscosity, dynamic: No data available
Explosive properties: No data available
Oxidizing properties: No data available
Other safety information: No data available

CAS:56-40-6
Molecular formula:C2H5NO2
Molecule weight: 75.067
Density: 1.3 ± 0.1 g/cm3
Boiling point: 240.9 ± 23.0 ° C at 760 mmHg
Melting point: 240 ° C (dec.) (lit.)
Flash point: 99.5 ± 22.6 ° C
Precision quality: 75.032028
PSA 63.32000
LogP -1.03
Appearance: white to greyish white crystalline powder
Vapor pressure: 0.0 ± 1.0 mmHg at 25 ° C

Refractive index: 1.461
Chemical formula: C2H5NO2
Molar mass: 75.067 g·mol−1
Appearance: White solid
Density: 1.1607 g/cm3
Melting point: 233 °C (451 °F; 506 K) (decomposition)
Solubility in water: 249.9 g/L (25 °C)
Solubility: soluble in pyridine
sparingly soluble in ethanol
insoluble in ether
Acidity (pKa): 2.34 (carboxyl), 9.6 (amino)
Magnetic susceptibility (χ): -40.3·10−6 cm3/mol

CAS number: 56-40-6
EC number: 200-272-2
Hill Formula: C₂H₅NO₂
Chemical formula: H₂NCH₂COOH
Molar Mass: 75.07 g/mol
HS Code: 2922 49 85
Density: 1.161 g/cm3 (20 °C)
Melting Point: 233 °C (decomposition)
pH value: 5.9 - 6.4 (50 g/l, H₂O, 20 °C)
Vapor pressure: 0.0000171 Pa (25 °C)
Bulk density: 920 kg/m3
Solubility: 250 g/l soluble

Melting Point: ∼245°C (decomposition)
pH: 5.97
Assay Percent Range: 99%
Beilstein: 635782
Merck Index: 14,4491
Solubility Information: Soluble in water and pyridine.
Slightly soluble in acetone.
Insoluble in diethyl ether,n-octanol and ethanol.
Formula Weight: 75.07
Percent Purity: 99%
Density: 1.595
Odor: Odorless
Chemical Name or Material: Glycine



FIRST AID MEASURES of GLYCINE (AMINOACETIC ACID):
-Description of first-aid measures:
*If inhaled:
After inhalation:
Fresh air.
*In case of skin contact:
Take off immediately all contaminated clothing.
Rinse skin with water/ shower.
*In case of eye contact:
After eye contact:
Rinse out with plenty of water.
Remove contact lenses.
*If swallowed:
After swallowing:
Make victim drink water (two glasses at most).
Consult doctor if feeling unwell.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed:
No data available



ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of GLYCINE (AMINOACETIC ACID):
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Cover drains.
Collect, bind, and pump off spills.
Observe possible material restrictions.
Take up dry.
Dispose of properly.
Clean up affected area.



FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of GLYCINE (AMINOACETIC ACID):
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Water
Foam
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Dry powder
*Unsuitable extinguishing media:
For this substance/mixture no limitations of extinguishing agents are given.
-Further information:
Prevent fire extinguishing water from contaminating surface water or the ground water system.



EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of GLYCINE (AMINOACETIC ACID):
-Control parameters
--Ingredients with workplace control parameters
-Exposure controls
--Personal protective equipment
*Eye/face protection
Use equipment for eye protection.
Safety glasses.
*Skin protection:
Full contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Splash contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
-Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.



HANDLING and STORAGE of GLYCINE (AMINOACETIC ACID):
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities
*Storage conditions:
Tightly closed.
Dry.



STABILITY and REACTIVITY of GLYCINE (AMINOACETIC ACID):
-Chemical stability:
The product is chemically stable under standard ambient conditions (room temperature) .
-Conditions to avoid:
no information available

glycidyl methacrylate; GMA; Glisidil Metakrilat; ester of methacrylic acid and glycidol; acrylate; Acrylate polymer; Methacrylate CAS NO:106-91-2

GLYCEROL MONOSTEARATE;Glyceryl monostearate; 3-Stearoyloxy-1,2-propanediol; Glyceryl stearate; Alpha-Monostearin; Monostearin; Octadecanoic acid, 2,3-dihydroxypropyl ester; Glycerin 1-monostearate; Glycerin 1-stearate; Glycerol alpha-monostearate; Glyceryl 1-monostearate; Stearic acid alpha-monoglyceride; Stearic acid 1-monoglyceride; 1-Glyceryl stearate; 1-Monostearin; 1-Monostearoylglycerol; 1,2,3-Propanetriol 1-octadecanoyl ester; CAS NO:31566-31-1

GLYCINE, N° CAS : 56-40-6, Nom INCI : GLYCINE. Nom chimique : Glycine, N° EINECS/ELINCS : 200-272-2. Additif alimentaire : E640. Ses fonctions (INCI): Antistatique : Réduit l'électricité statique en neutralisant la charge électrique sur une surface. Régulateur de pH : Stabilise le pH des cosmétiques. Conditionneur capillaire : Laisse les cheveux faciles à coiffer, souples, doux et brillants et / ou confèrent volume, légèreté et brillance. Agent d'entretien de la peau : Maintient la peau en bon état. Noms français : ACIDE AMINO-2 ACETIQUE; ACIDE AMINOACETIQUE; Glycine Noms anglais : ACETIC ACID, AMINO-; ACIPORT; AMINOACETIC ACID; AMINOCOLLE; AMINOETHANOIC ACID; GLICOAMIN; Glycine; GLYCOCOLL; GLYCOCOLLE; GLYCOLIXIR; GLYCOSTHENE; PADIL. Utilisation: Produit pharmaceutique, additif alimentaire. 200-272-2 [EINECS] 2-Aminoacetic acid [ACD/IUPAC Name] 56-40-6 [RN] Acetic acid, amino- Acide aminoacetique [French] Acido aminoacetico [Spanish] amino-Acetic acid Aminoacetic acid Aminoessigsäure [German] Aminoethanoic acid Glicina [Spanish] Gly [Formula] Glycin [German] [ACD/IUPAC Name] Glycine [ACD/Index Name] Glycine [French] glycine zwitterion Glycocoll H2N-CH2-COOH [Formula] Leimzucker [German] Z1VQ [WLN] グリシン 甘氨酸 [Chinese] 127883-08-3 [RN] 1903152 [Beilstein] 2-aminoaceticacid 2-aminoethanoic acid 2-azanylacetic acid Acidum aminoaceticum [Latin] Aciport Amino(carboxy)methyl [ACD/IUPAC Name] Amino-aceticacid Aminoazijnzuur Aminoessigsaeure Amitone Corilin DB00145 Glicoamin Glu glycine zwitterionlycine glycine βine Glycine, 99%, ACS grade Glycine, EP reference standard Glycine, EP, USP grade Glycinum [Latin] glycoamin Glycolixir Glycoll GLYCOSTHENE Glyzin Gyn-hydralin Hgly H-Gly-OH iminoarginine Leimzucker Padil POLY(PROPYLENE-ALT-ETHYLENE) MULTI-ARM. Glycine 2-aminoacetic acid aminoacetic acid Aminoacetic acid, Aminoethanoic acid, Glycocoll, Gly Glycin Glycine2-aminoacetic acidAminoacetic acid

SYNONYMS 1,2,3-Propanetriyl triacetate; Enzactin; Fungacetin; Glycerin triacetate; Triacetylglycerol; Glycerol triacetate; Glyceryl triacetate; Glyped; Kesscoflex TRA; Triacetine; Vanay; Glycerol triacetate tributyrin; Triacetyl glycerine; Propane-1,2,3-triyl triacetate CAS NO. 102-76-1

Glycine soja (soybean) protein, hydrolyzed soy protein, hydrolyzed soy protein extract, hydrolyzed soy milk protein, glycine soja peptide, glycine max (soybean) polypeptide and soy amino acids ; GLYCINE HISPIDA PROTEIN, GLYCINE SOJA (SOYBEAN) PROTEIN, GLYCINE SOJA PROTEIN, GLYCINE SOYA PROTEIN, GLYCINE SOYA PROTEINS, PROTEINS, GLYCINE SOYA, PROTEINS, SOY, PROTEINS, SOYBEAN, SOY PROTEIN, SOY PROTEIN CONCENTRATE; SOY PROTEIN ISOLATE, SOY PROTEINS, and SOYBEAN PROTEIN CAS NO:9010-10-0

(3-Glycidyloxypropyl)methyldiethoxysilane, [3-(2,3-Epoxypropoxy)propyl]methyldiethoxysilane; Diethoxy(3-glycidyloxypropyl)methylsilane; GAMMA-Glycidoxypropylmethyldiethoxysilane; DIETHOXY(3-glycidyloxypropyl)METHYLSILANE cas no : 2897-60-1

Nom INCI : GLYCOL CETEARATE Classification : Glycol Ses fonctions (INCI) Emollient : Adoucit et assouplit la peau Agent émulsifiant : Favorise la formation de mélanges intimes entre des liquides non miscibles en modifiant la tension interfaciale (eau et huile) Stabilisateur d'émulsion : Favorise le processus d'émulsification et améliore la stabilité et la durée de conservation de l'émulsion Agent d'entretien de la peau : Maintient la peau en bon état Agent stabilisant : Améliore les ingrédients ou la stabilité de la formulation et la durée de conservation

DESCRIPTION:

Glycol Bis(hydroxyethyl) Ether is a by-product of the manufacture of ethylene glycol ( Mono Ethylene Glycol ) just like triethylene glycol
Glycol Bis(hydroxyethyl) Ether is an oxygenated, polar, hygroscopic solvent, with very slow evaporation and miscible with water.
Glycol Bis(hydroxyethyl) Ether comes in the form of a colorless, practically odorless liquid.


CAS: 111-46-6
European Community (EC) Number 203-872-2
Linear Formula: (HSCH2COOCH2)2
Molecular formula: C4H10O3



SYNONYM(S):
Ethylene glycol bis-mercaptoacetate,diethylene glycol, 2,2'-oxydiethanol, diglycol, diethylenglykol, 2-hydroxyethyl ether, bis 2-hydroxyethyl ether, ethanol, 2,2'-oxybis, 2,2'-oxybisethanol, 2-2-hydroxyethoxy ethanol, digol,(2-hydroxyethoxy) ethan-2-ol,2,2'-oxydiethanol,2,2'-Dihydroxydiethyl ether,2,2'-Oxybis[ethano],2,2'-Oxydiethanol,2,2'-Oxyethanol,2- hydroxyethoxy)ethan- 2-ol,2-(2-Hydroxyethoxy)ethanol,3-Oxapentamethylene-1,5-diol,3-Oxapentane-1,5-diol,(2-hydroxyethyl) ether,Bis(2-hydroxyethyl)ether,Bis(β-hydroxyethyl) ether,DIETHYLENE GLYCOL,111-46-6,2,2'-Oxydiethanol,Diglycol,2,2'-Oxybisethanol,2-(2-Hydroxyethoxy)ethanol,Diethylenglykol,Digol,2-Hydroxyethyl ether,Bis(2-hydroxyethyl) ether,DI(HYDROXYETHYL)ETHER,Ethanol, 2,2'-oxybis-,Digenol,Dicol,Brecolane ndg,Glycol ether,Deactivator E,Dissolvant APV,Ethylene diglycol,2,2'-Oxyethanol,1,5-Dihydroxy-3-oxapentane,Diethyleneglycol,TL4N,3-Oxapentane-1,5-diol,Dihydroxydiethyl ether,2,2'-0xydiethanol,Bis(beta-hydroxyethyl) ether,2,2'-Dihydroxydiethyl ether,Ethanol, 2,2'-oxydi-,2-(2-hydroxyethoxy)ethan-1-ol,2,2'-Dihydroxyethyl ether,beta,beta'-Dihydroxydiethyl ether,Deactivator H,Caswell No. 338A,2,2'-Oxybis(ethan-1-ol),3-Oxapentamethylene-1,5-diol,3-Oxa-1,5-pentanediol,DEG,HSDB 69,NSC 36391,CCRIS 2193,DTXSID8020462,bis(2-hydroxyethyl)ether,EINECS 203-872-2,MFCD00002882,EPA Pesticide Chemical Code 338200,BRN 0969209,CHEBI:46807,AI3-08416,UNII-61BR964293,2,2'-Oxybis[Ethanol],Diethylene Glycol (DEG),NSC-36391,bis-(2-hydroxyethyl)ether,2,2-Di(hydroxyethyl) ether,DTXCID20462,DIETHYLENE GLYCOL ETHER,Bis(.beta.-hydroxyethyl) ether,61BR964293,EC 203-872-2,2,2-OXYDI(ETHAN-1-OL),4-01-00-02390 (Beilstein Handbook Reference),.beta.,.beta.'-Dihydroxydiethyl ether,2,2'-oxybis(ethanol),PEG 400,105400-04-2,149626-00-6,Diethylenglykol [Czech],DIETHYLENE GLYCOL (USP-RS),DIETHYLENE GLYCOL [USP-RS],diethylene-glycol,1,4,10,13-Tetraoxa-7,16-diazacyclooctadecane, 7,16-bis(1-oxodecyl)-,CAS-111-46-6,Chromate(2-), 2-5-(2,5-dichlorophenyl)azo-2-(hydroxy-.kappa.O)phenylmethyleneamino-.kappa.Nbenzoato(,GLYCEROL IMPURITY A (EP IMPURITY),GLYCEROL IMPURITY A [EP IMPURITY],PEG 200,PEG 600,OH-PEG2-OH,diehyleneglycol,Diglykol,Diethyleneglykol,diethyene glycol,2,2'-Oxydiethanol; Etofenamate Imp. F (EP); Etofenamate Impurity F; Glycerol Impurity A,di-ethylene glycol,PEG2000,Diethyl ene glycol,Glicole dietilenico,2-hydroxyethylether,1KA,Diethylenglykol rein,Ethanol,2'-oxydi-,2,2'-Ossidietanolo,2,2'-Oxibesethanol,Ethanol,2'-oxybis-,Glycol hydroxyethyl ether,Diethylene glycol, 99%,3-Oxypentane-1,5-diol,2,2-OXYBISETHANOL,SCHEMBL1462,HO(CH2CH2O)2H,2,2-Oxybis(ethan-1-ol),WLN: Q2O2Q,2-HYDROXYETHOXYETHANOL,MLS001055330,BIDD:ER0301,DIETHYLENE GLYCOL [MI],2-(2-Hydroxy-ethoxy)-ethanol,PEG600,CHEMBL1235226,DIETHYLENE GLYCOL [HSDB],HO(CH2)2O(CH2)2OH,2-(2-hydroxyethoxyl)ethan-1-ol,PEG4000,PEG6000,Diethylene glycol, LR, >=99%,3-OXA-1, 5-PENTANEDIOL,HMS2270G18,NSC32855,NSC32856,NSC35744,NSC35745,NSC35746,NSC36391,PEG35000,Tox21_201616,Tox21_300064,.beta.,.beta.'-Dihydroxyethyl ether,NSC-32855,NSC-32856,NSC-35744,NSC-35745,NSC-35746,STL280303,Diethylene glycol, analytical standard,AKOS000120101,1ST9049,FS-3891,PEG 10,000,PEG 20,000,NCGC00090703-01,NCGC00090703-02,NCGC00090703-03,NCGC00253996-01,NCGC00259165-01,2,2'-Oxydiethanol, 2-Hydroxyethyl ether,BP-20527,BP-22990,BP-23304,BP-25804,BP-25805,BP-31029,BP-31030,BP-31245,Diethylene glycol, ReagentPlus(R), 99%,SMR000112132,DB-092325,CS-0014055,D0495,ETOFENAMATE IMPURITY F [EP IMPURITY],NS00004483,EN300-19318,Diethylene glycol, BioUltra, >=99.0% (GC),Diethylene glycol, SAJ first grade, >=98.0%,E83357,A802367,Diethylene glycol, Vetec(TM) reagent grade, 98%,Q421902,J-002580,F1908-0125,9BAE4479-A6DD-4206-83C1-AB625AB87665,Diethylene glycol, puriss. p.a., >=99.0% (GC),colorless,InChI=1/C4H10O3/c5-1-3-7-4-2-6/h5-6H,1-4H,Diethylene glycol, United States Pharmacopeia (USP) Reference Standard,162662-01-3,31290-76-3,9002-90-8




is mainly used for coatings, detergents and printing inks, hydraulic oils or as raw materials for the manufacture of polyurethane or unsaturated polyester resins.
Glycol Bis(hydroxyethyl) Ether improves coalescence in latex paints and varnishes. In formulation for cleaning solutions, it offers Glycol Bis(hydroxyethyl) Ether a very good solubilizing effect.
We offer Glycol Bis(hydroxyethyl) Ether for sale exclusively to professionals, in 20-litre cans and 200-litre drums.


MAIN FUNCTIONS:
Glycol Bis(hydroxyethyl) Ether is used as Detergent (solubilizing agent)
Glycol Bis(hydroxyethyl) Ether is used as Solvent


INDUSTRIAL USE
Coatings industry: used for automotive paints, plastic coatings and printing inks
Chemical industries: synthesis intermediate
Gas industry: used to remove water and certain impurities from gas
Automotive industry: component used in brake fluids
Detergent industry: used for the formulation of cleaning products

OTHER COMMON USES
As in the case of mono ethylene glycol or mono propylene glycol , the mixture of water, anti-corrosion agents and diethylene glycol can be used as antifreeze.


Glycol Bis(hydroxyethyl) Ether appears as a colorless liquid.
Glycol Bis(hydroxyethyl) Ether is Denser than water.
Contact with Glycol Bis(hydroxyethyl) Ether may slightly irritate skin, eyes and mucous membranes.

Glycol Bis(hydroxyethyl) Ether May be slightly toxic by ingestion.
Glycol Bis(hydroxyethyl) Ether is Used to make other chemicals.


Glycol Bis(hydroxyethyl) Ether is used as an important industrial solvent due to its characteristic properties like high boiling point, high viscosity and low vapor loss.
Glycol Bis(hydroxyethyl) Ether is widely used in the manufacture of unsaturated polyester resins, polyurethanes, nitrocellulose, resins and plasticizers.
Glycol Bis(hydroxyethyl) Ether plays an important role as a building block in the preparation of morpholine and 1,4-dioxane.

Glycol Bis(hydroxyethyl) Ether finds application as a heat transfer fluid in the chemical industry due to its low freezing point.
As a lubricant, Glycol Bis(hydroxyethyl) Ether is used in glass-grinding aids, fiber-finish component and cement-grinding aids.

Glycol Bis(hydroxyethyl) Ether is also used in natural gas to remove water and other impurities.
Glycol Bis(hydroxyethyl) Ether is an active component of brake fluid, artificial fog solutions and wallpaper strippers.


APPLICATIONS OF GLYCOL BIS(HYDROXYETHYL) ETHER:

Glycol Bis(hydroxyethyl) Ether is used as an important industrial solvent due to its characteristic properties such as high boiling point, high viscosity and low vapor loss.
Glycol Bis(hydroxyethyl) Ether is widely used in the manufacture of unsaturated polyester resins, polyurethanes, cellulose nitrate, resins and plasticizers.
Glycol Bis(hydroxyethyl) Ether plays an important role as a building block in the preparation of morpholine and 1,4-dioxane.

Glycol Bis(hydroxyethyl) Ether finds application as a heat transfer fluid in the chemical industry due to its low freezing point.
As a lubricant, Glycol Bis(hydroxyethyl) Ether is used in glass grinding aids, fiber finishing components and cement grinding agents.
Glycol Bis(hydroxyethyl) Ether is also used for natural gas to remove water and other impurities.
Glycol Bis(hydroxyethyl) Ether is an active component of brake fluid, artificial fog solutions and wallpaper strippers.


CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF GLYCOL BIS(HYDROXYETHYL) ETHER:
CAS:
111-46-6
European Community (EC) Number
203-872-2
Molecular formula
C4H10O3
Molecular weight (g/mol)
106.12
MDL number
MFCD00002882
InChI Key
MTHSVFCYNBDYFN-UHFFFAOYSA-NShow more
Synonymous
diethylene glycol, 2,2'-oxydiethanol, diglycol, diethylenglykol, 2-hydroxyethyl ether, bis 2-hydroxyethyl ether, ethanol, 2,2'-oxybis, 2,2'-oxybisethanol, 2-2-hydroxyethoxy ethanol, digolShow less
CID PubChem
8117
ChEBI
CHEBI:46807
IUPAC Name
2-(2-hydroxyethoxy)ethan-1-ol
SMILES
OCCOCCO
Fusion point -10°C
Color Colorless
Boiling point 245°C
Conditioning Amber glass bottle
Quantity 500 mL
Formula weight 106.12g/mol
Fitness Liquid
Molecular Weight
106.12 g/mol
Computed by PubChem 2.2 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
XLogP3-AA
-1.3
Computed by XLogP3 3.0 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count
2
Computed by Cactvs 3.4.8.18 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count
3
Computed by Cactvs 3.4.8.18 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Rotatable Bond Count
4
Computed by Cactvs 3.4.8.18 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Exact Mass
106.062994177 g/mol
Computed by PubChem 2.2 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Monoisotopic Mass
106.062994177 g/mol
Computed by PubChem 2.2 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Topological Polar Surface Area
49.7Ų
Computed by Cactvs 3.4.8.18 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Heavy Atom Count
7
Computed by PubChem
Formal Charge
0
Computed by PubChem
Complexity
26.1
Computed by Cactvs 3.4.8.18 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Isotope Atom Count
0
Computed by PubChem
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count
0
Computed by PubChem
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count
0
Computed by PubChem
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count
0
Computed by PubChem
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count
0
Computed by PubChem
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count
1
Computed by PubChem
Compound Is Canonicalized
Yes
Chemical name or material Diethylene glycol
Fusion point -10°C
Density 1.118
Boiling point 245°C to 246°C
Flash point 143°C (289°F)
Dosage percentage range 99%
Smell Nearly Odorless
Linear formula (HOCH 2 CH 2 ) 2 O
Refractive index 1,447
Quantity 250 g
Beilstein 969209
Sensitivity Hygroscopic
Merck Index 14,3119
Solubility information Miscible with water, alcohol, ether, acetone, and ethylene glycol.
IUPAC Name 2-(2-hydroxyethoxy)ethan-1-ol
Formula weight 106.12
Purity percentage 99%
Fitness Liquid


SAFETY INFORMATION ABOUT GLYCOL BIS(HYDROXYETHYL) ETHER:
First aid measures:
Description of first aid measures:
General advice:
Consult a physician.
Show this safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
Move out of dangerous area:

If inhaled:
If breathed in, move person into fresh air.
If not breathing, give artificial respiration.
Consult a physician.
In case of skin contact:
Take off contaminated clothing and shoes immediately.
Wash off with soap and plenty of water.
Consult a physician.

In case of eye contact:
Rinse thoroughly with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes and consult a physician.
Continue rinsing eyes during transport to hospital.

If swallowed:
Do NOT induce vomiting.
Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person.
Rinse mouth with water.
Consult a physician.

Firefighting measures:
Extinguishing media:
Suitable extinguishing media:
Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.
Special hazards arising from the substance or mixture
Carbon oxides, Nitrogen oxides (NOx), Hydrogen chloride gas

Advice for firefighters:
Wear self-contained breathing apparatus for firefighting if necessary.
Accidental release measures:
Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures
Use personal protective equipment.

Avoid breathing vapours, mist or gas.
Evacuate personnel to safe areas.

Environmental precautions:
Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so.
Do not let product enter drains.
Discharge into the environment must be avoided.

Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Soak up with inert absorbent material and dispose of as hazardous waste.
Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.

Handling and storage:
Precautions for safe handling:
Avoid inhalation of vapour or mist.

Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place.
Containers which are opened must be carefully resealed and kept upright to prevent leakage.
Storage class (TRGS 510): 8A: Combustible, corrosive hazardous materials

Exposure controls/personal protection:
Control parameters:
Components with workplace control parameters
Contains no substances with occupational exposure limit values.
Exposure controls:
Appropriate engineering controls:
Handle in accordance with good industrial hygiene and safety practice.
Wash hands before breaks and at the end of workday.

Personal protective equipment:
Eye/face protection:
Tightly fitting safety goggles.
Faceshield (8-inch minimum).
Use equipment for eye protection tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or EN 166(EU).

Skin protection:
Handle with gloves.
Gloves must be inspected prior to use.
Use proper glove
removal technique (without touching glove's outer surface) to avoid skin contact with this product.
Dispose of contaminated gloves after use in accordance with applicable laws and good laboratory practices.
Wash and dry hands.

Full contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0.11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Material tested:Dermatril (KCL 740 / Aldrich Z677272, Size M)
Splash contact
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0.11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Material tested:Dermatril (KCL 740 / Aldrich Z677272, Size M)
It should not be construed as offering an approval for any specific use scenario.

Body Protection:
Complete suit protecting against chemicals, The type of protective equipment must be selected according to the concentration and amount of the dangerous substance at the specific workplace.
Respiratory protection:
Where risk assessment shows air-purifying respirators are appropriate use a fullface respirator with multi-purpose combination (US) or type ABEK (EN 14387) respirator cartridges as a backup to engineering controls.

If the respirator is the sole means of protection, use a full-face supplied air respirator.
Use respirators and components tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or CEN (EU).
Control of environmental exposure
Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so.
Do not let product enter drains.
Discharge into the environment must be avoided.

Stability and reactivity:
Chemical stability:
Stable under recommended storage conditions.
Incompatible materials:
Strong oxidizing agents:
Hazardous decomposition products:
Hazardous decomposition products formed under fire conditions.
Carbon oxides, Nitrogen oxides (NOx), Hydrogen chloride gas.

Disposal considerations:
Waste treatment methods:
Product:
Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company.
Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material.
Contaminated packaging:
Dispose of as unused product.

GLYCOL DILAURATE, N° CAS : 624-04-4, Nom INCI : GLYCOL DILAURATE. Nom chimique : Ethylene dilaurate. N° EINECS/ELINCS : 210-827-0. Ses fonctions (INCI) : Emollient : Adoucit et assouplit la peau, Agent d'entretien de la peau : Maintient la peau en bon état. Agent de contrôle de la viscosité : Augmente ou diminue la viscosité des cosmétiques

GLYCOL DIOLEATE, N° CAS : 928-24-5. Nom INCI : GLYCOL DIOLEATE. Nom chimique : 1,2-ethanediyl dioleate. N° EINECS/ELINCS : 213-170-8. Ses fonctions (INCI), Emollient : Adoucit et assouplit la peau. Agent d'entretien de la peau : Maintient la peau en bon état. Agent de contrôle de la viscosité : Augmente ou diminue la viscosité des cosmétiques

Ethylene glycol distearate; Glycol distearate; Ethylene distearate; 627-83-8 Ethylene stearate cas no: 627-83-8

Ethylene glycol distearate; GLYCOL DISTEARATE, N° CAS : 627-83-8. Origine(s) : Végétale, Animale, Synthétique. Nom INCI : GLYCOL DISTEARATE. Nom chimique : Ethylene distearate. N° EINECS/ELINCS : 211-014-3,Le Glycol distearate est produit par l'estérification de l'acide stéarique ou de ses esters avec de l'éthylène glycol. Il se présente sous la forme d'un solide cireux de couleur blanche à crème qui est utilisé pour conditionner la peau ou les cheveux. Il est aussi utilisé en tant qu'épaississant et donne aux crèmes un aspect nacré. Ses fonctions (INCI) : Emollient : Adoucit et assouplit la peau Agent émulsifiant : Favorise la formation de mélanges intimes entre des liquides non miscibles en modifiant la tension interfaciale (eau et huile). Opacifiant : Réduit la transparence ou la translucidité des cosmétiques Agent d'entretien de la peau : Maintient la peau en bon état Agent de contrôle de la viscosité : Augmente ou diminue la viscosité des cosmétiques. 1,2-Ethandiyl-dioctadecanoat [German] [ACD/IUPAC Name] 1,2-Ethanediyl bis(octadecanoate) 1,2-Ethanediyl dioctadecanoate [ACD/IUPAC Name] 13W7MDN21W 211-014-3 [EINECS] 627-83-8 [RN] Dioctadécanoate de 1,2-éthanediyle [French] [ACD/IUPAC Name] Elfan L 310 Emerest 2355 Ethane-1,2-diyl dioctadecanoate ethylene distearate Ethylene glycol dioctadecanoate Ethylene glycol distearate Ethylene stearate Glycol distearate MFCD00053743 [MDL number] Octadecanoic Acid 1,2-Ethanediyl Ester Octadecanoic acid, 1,2-ethanediyl ester [ACD/Index Name] RG1690000 Stearic acid, ethylene ester Stearic acid, ethylene ester (8CI) [627-83-8] 1,2-ETHANEDIYL OCTADECANOATE 1,2-Ethanediyldioctadecanoate 2-(octadecanoyloxy)ethyl octadecanoate 2-(Stearoyloxy)ethyl stearate 2-octadecanoyloxyethyl octadecanoate Alkamuls EGDS D04353 EGDS EINECS 211-014-3 Emalex eg-di-S Emalex EG-diS Ethylene dioctadecanoate Ethylene glycol distearate va Ethylene glycol, diester with stearic acid Ethylene glycol, distearate Genapol PMS Glycol distearate (usan) Kemester EGDS Kessco EGDS Lexemul EGDS Lipo EGDS Mapeg EGDS McAlester EGDS octadecanoic acid 2-(1-oxooctadecoxy)ethyl ester Octadecanoic acid, 1,1'-(1,2-ethanediyl) ester Pegosperse 50 DS Pegosperse 50DS Rewopal PG 280 Rita EDGS Secoster DMS stearic acid 2-stearoyloxyethyl ester Tegin BL 315

Diethylene Glycol Monobutyl Ether; Butoxyethoxyethanol; Diglycol Monobutyl Ether; Butoxydiethylene Glycol; 2-(2-Butoxyethoxy)-Ethanol; Butyl Oxitol Glycol Ether; O-Butyl Diethylene Gycol; Diethylene Glycol N-Butyl ether; Butadigol; Butyl Digol; Butyl Diglycol; Butyl Dioxitol; Butyl Carbitol; cas no: 112-34-5

2-(2-Butoxyethoxy)ethyl acetate; Diethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate; Butoxyethoxyethyl acetate; Butyl diglycol acetate; BUTYL CARBITOL ACETATE; Ektasolve DB acetate; 2-(2-Butoxyethoxy)ethanol acetate; Butyl diethylene glycol acetate; Butylkarbitolacetat cas no: 124-17-4

2-(2-ETHOXYETHOXY)ETHYL ACETATE; Carbitol acetate; Diethylene glycol monoethyl ether acetate; Ektasolve de acetate cas no: 112-15-2

Glycol ether DH; Glycol ether DM; Glycol ether DM jet fuel; Glycol ether DP; Glycol ether DPM; Glycol ether DPM acetate; Glycol ether DPNB; Glycol ether DPNP; Glycol ether EB; Glycol ether EB acetate; Glycol ether EH; Glycol ether EEH; Glycol ether EM; Glycol ether EP; Glycol ether EPH; Glycol ether PE; Glycol ether PM; Glycol ether PM acetate; Glycol ether PNB; Glycol ether PNP; Glycol ether PPH; Glycol ether TE; Glycol ether TB; Glycol ether TM; Glycol ether TPM; Glycol ether TPNB

Glycol Ethers are a class of chemical compounds consisting of alkyl ethers that are based on glycols such as ethylene glycol or propylene glycol.
Glycol Ethers are commonly used as solvents in paints and cleaners.
Glycol Ethers have good solvent properties while having higher boiling points than the lower-molecular-weight ethers and alcohols.

Glycol Ethers are designated "E-series" for or "P-series" for those made from ethylene oxide or propylene oxide, respectively.
Typically, E-series Glycol Ethers are found in pharmaceuticals, sunscreens, cosmetics, inks, dyes and water-based paints, while P-series Glycol Ethers are used in degreasers, cleaners, aerosol paints and adhesives.

Both E- and P-series Glycol Ethers can be used as intermediates that undergo further chemical reactions, producing glycol diethers and glycol ether acetates.
Most Glycol Ethers are water-soluble

They are biodegradable
The Glycol Ethers are used as solvents for resins, lacquers, paints, varnishes, gum, perfume, dyes, inks, as a constituent of paints and pastes, cleaning compounds, liquid soaps, cosmetics, and hydraulic fluids.
2-Butoxyethanol is used in the production of cleaning agents and as a general solvent.


Physical Properties
*The Glycol Ethers are colorless liquids with a slight odor.
*The chemical formula for 2-methoxyethanol is C3H8O2, and the molecular weight is 76.1 g/mol.
*The vapor pressure for 2-methoxyethanol is 9.5 mm Hg at 25 °C, and it has a log octanol/water partition coefficient (log Kow) of -0.74.
*The chemical formula for 2-ethoxyethanol is C4H10O2, and the molecular weight is 90.10 g/mol.
*The vapor pressure for 2-ethoxyethanol is 5.5 mm Hg at 25 °C, and it has a log Kow of -0.10.
*The chemical formula for 2-butoxyethanol is C6H14O2, and the molecular weight is 118.17 g/mol.
*The vapor pressure for 2-butoxyethanol is 0.88 mm Hg at 25 °C, and it has a log Kow of 0.83.

Glycol Ethers form a varied family of more than 30 solvents.
All these Glycol Ethers have different properties – and are therefore fit for different uses.

Glycol Ethers are an invaluable solution for industries
But Glycol Ethers are also part of everyday life.
Uses range from pharmaceuticals and micro-electronics to domestic cleaning, personal care and printing.

*E-series Glycol Ethers
Commercial E-series Glycol Ethers consist mainly of methyl, ethyl and butyl Glycol Ethers.

Depending on the number of ethylene oxide repetitive units there are mono-, di- and triethylene Glycol Ethers.
The ethylene oxide building block provides a high compatibility with water to these compounds.
Their use in water-based coatings is an example how this property can be used.

Glycol Ethers act as solvents and as coalescing aids and coupling solvents in paint formulations.
Their coalescing aid property is essential for high quality film formation in water-based paints, while the solvents power of the materials is needed e.g. in cleaning applications.

The higher molecular weight E-series Glycol Ethers (triethylene Glycol Ethers or higher homologues) are also used in hydraulic brake fluids.
E-series Glycol Ethers are also used as intermediates and undergo further chemical reactions e.g. to esters.

*P-series Glycol Ethers
Propylene Glycol Ethers are high-performance industrial solvents.
P-series Glycol Ethers are based on reacting propylene oxide with varying chain alcohols.

Glycol Ethers are used for paints and coatings, cleaners, inks, and a variety of other applications.
In coating applications P-series Glycol Ethers provide good solvency for a wide variety of resins including acrylic, epoxies, alkyds, polyesters, nitrocellulose and polyurethanes.

For cleaners they provide low toxicity, surface tension reduction, and provides good solvency for polar and nonpolar materials.
As a chemical intermediate, P-series Glycol Ethers can be used in combination with other Glycol Ethers or solvents to custom tailor properties to meet the full requirements of the formulation.

In the electronics industry, P-series Glycol Ethers are also used in conjunction with other solvents in the manufacture of laminates and in semiconductor processes which are used to make circuit boards.
Other significant applications are agricultural, cosmetic, ink, textile and adhesives products.

Glycol Ethers are colorless and flammable polar liquids that can be readily miscible with alcohol, liquid esters, ether, acetone, and water.
Glycol Ethers can dissolve many oils, resins, and waxes.

Glycol Ethers, with both an ether and alcohol functional group in the same molecule, are one of the most versatile classes of organic solvents.
The product line consists of more than 10 distinct chemicals.

Glycol Ether products are produced through continuous processes of selectively reacting an alcohol and ethylene oxide.
Glycol Ethers, as a class of chemicals having longer hydrocarbon-like alkoxide groups, display solubility more characteristic of hydrocarbons.
Thus, Glycol Ethers produced from higher molecular weight alcohols, such as some solvent, have limited water solubility.
The ether groups introduce additional sites for hydrogen bonding with improved hydrophilic solubility performance.

APPLICATIONS
Solvency Properties
Glycol Ethers are characterized by their excellent solvency, chemical stability and compatibility with water and a number of organic solvents.
Glycol Ethers's solvents are:

*Mild-odored solvents for many resins, oils, waxes, fats and dyestuffs
*Coupling agents for many water/organic systems

Glycol Ethers is miscible with a wide range of polar and non-polar organic solvents
Glycol Ethers is miscible with water in most cases

Other Uses
*Dye solvents in the textile, leather and printing industries
*Solvents for grease and grime in industrial cleaning and specialty formulations
*Solvents for insecticides and herbicides for agricultural applications
*Coupling solvents for hard-surface cleaners and other soap-hydrocarbon systems
*Solvents and cosolvents for conventional lacquer, enamel and stains for industrial coating systems
*Cosolvents for waterborne industrial coating systems
*Fuel System Icing Inhibitor (FSII)
*Freeze-thaw agents in aqueous systems
*Chemical reaction solvents
*Chemical Intermediates

They are also useful chemical intermediates.
Glycol Ethers will undergo many of the same reactions as alcohols because they contain the hydroxyl (-OH) functional group.
Some typical examples are:

*Reaction with carboxylic acids, carboxylic acid chlorides, anhydrides and inorganic acids to produce esters
*Reaction with organic halides to produce ethers, such as glymes
*Reaction with alkenes and alkynes to produce ethers
*Reaction with halogenating agents to produce alkoxy alkyl halides
*Reaction with epoxides to produce polyether alcohols
*Reaction with aldehydes and ketones to produce hemiacetals and acetals

Odor and Appearance: "Glycol Ethers" is a name for a large group of chemicals.
Most Glycol Ethers compounds are clear, colorless liquids

A glycol ether (GE) is a compound similar to a glycol.
However, unlike glycols, Glycol Ethers possess one or more hydrocarbon chains attached to the hydroxyl group.
Glycol Ethers are often used for their solvent properties in paint, cleaning products, and cosmetics.
Although rapidly absorbed, the bioavailability of these compounds is variable.

Glycol Ethers (GE) are a group of compounds used for their solvent properties and are produced from either ethylene oxide (E-series) or propylene oxide (P-Series).
Unlike their parent compounds, Glycol Ethers have two different hydrocarbon substituents attached to the oxygen molecule, one of which carries a hydroxyl group.
The distinction between the two groups is essential to their industrial application.

Upon metabolism, a glycol ether (GE) is broken down to its respective acetoacetates or organic acids, which mediates the pathogenesis.
This section separates the various pathological process by system.

Glycol Ethers belong to a very common group of chemical substances known as volatile organic compounds (VOCs).
This group of substances includes more than 80 derivatives used in a wide range of everyday products and solvents due to their specific amphipathic physico-chemical properties (i.e. containing both hydrophilic and hydrophobic residues).

Examples of VOCs include benzene, styrene, and toluene.
Some of them are found in products such as water-based paints, wooden floor varnishes, cleaning products, hair dyes, cosmetic products, etc.
About 30 of these substances are currently used in industrial applications.

Glycol Ethers can be divided into two chemical subtypes:
-the ethylene series (e.g. ethylene glycol butyl ether or EGBE, diethylene glycol butyl ether or DEGBE)
-the propylene series (e.g. propylene glycol monomethyl ether or PGME).

What are Glycol Ethers?
Glycol Ethers are a versatile group of organic liquid solvents that are soluble in water and used in a variety of industrial and domestic applications.
Glycol Ethers are highly versatile as they are biodegradable, generally not toxic and have very little odour.

Glycol Ethers are either made from ethylene oxide (known as e-series) or propylene oxide (known as p-series).
Both series provide good long-term stability and shelf-life of products, improvements to water-based products wetting properties and can work at dilute concentrations.

How are they produced?
Glycol Ethers are produced by reacting ethylene oxide (for the e-series) or propylene oxide (for the p-series) with an alcohol such as methanol, ethanol, propanol, butanol or hexanol.
This process is carried out under adiabatic and isothermal conditions meaning it does not change the heat of the surroundings.

What are Glycol Ethers used for?
Glycol Ethers started to be used in different applications during the 1930s but during the sixties and seventies, the range of its applications expanded even further including the usage in surface coatings.
Without Glycol Ethers, many water-based coatings such as decorative consumer paints and car painting operations by manufacturers would not function.
Other important coating types and applications that use this solvent include wood, coil and anticorrosion coatings, adhesives and inks in screen printing, cleaning products, cosmetics, speciality chemical manufacture, leather goods manufacture and electronics manufacturing.

Common Types of Glycol Ethers
Butyl Glycol
Butyl glycol (BG) is an oily liquid with a unique sweet but mild odour.
In industry, it is used primarily for paint production for similar reasons to butyl di glycol as well as in printing inks.
For commercial uses, BG is used in many home cleaning products providing good cleaning power and the fresh odour we associate with these products.

Butyl Di Glycol
Butyl di glycol (BDG) is a clear, colourless organic compound that is miscible with many common solvents.
The primary use of BDG is in the coatings and paint industries where it improves the flow of the products and extends their drying time.
Glycol Ethers can also be used in stove enamels to improve the properties without impacting drying time.

Butyl Tri Glycol Ether
Butyl Tri Glycol Ether (BTGE) is a clear, colourless liquid with low volatility, strong coupling characteristics and surface tension properties.
It is primarily used as a solvent for oils, paint removers, soaps, greases as well as hydraulic oils and brake fluids.

Ethyl Di Glycol
Ethyl Di Glycol (EDF) is a colourless liquid with a characteristic odour that is miscible in water, alcohols, esters, ethers, and ketones.
It is used as a part of many brake fluids due to its low viscosity at low temperatures and a low solidification point.
As with other ester ethers it can also be used in printing inks and in cleaning agents.

Methyl Glycol
Methyl Glycol (MGL) is produced via the reaction of ethylene oxide with methanol, in water and in a high temperature and pressure environment.
MGL is primarily used to dissolve a variety of different types of chemical compounds with applications such as a solvent for resins and cellulose acetate.

Function and Uses:
Glycol Ethers are mostly used as solvents.

The increased use of water-based surface coatings, in which Glycol Ethers play an important role, has led to the growth of the entire glycol market.
These compounds are alkyl ethers which originate from either ethylene glycol ("E-series") or propylene glycol ("P-series").
Typically, these solvents have high boiling points.
Most of the compounds that are on the SIN List are in the E-series.

Areas of Application
P-series Glycol Ethers are mostly used in degreasers, cleaners, aerosol paints and adhesives.
E-series Glycol Ethers are often found in pharmaceuticals, sunscreens, cosmetics, inks, dyes and water-based paints.

Glycol Ethers: What are they and What are their uses?
Glycol Ethers are a group of solvents based on alkyl ethers which can be from ethylene glycol or propylene glycol (these are commonly used in paints and cleaners).
Typically, these solvents have a higher boiling point.
Mostly, p-series Glycol Ethers are used in degreasers, cleaners, aerosol paints and adhesives.
On the other hand, e-series Glycol Ethers are found in pharmaceuticals, sunscreens, cosmetics, inks, dyes and water based paints.

Uses of Glycol Ethers:
-As solvents for resins
-As solvents for lacquers
-As solvents for paints
-As solvents for varnishes
-As solvents for gum
-As solvents for perfume
-As solvents for dyes
-As solvents for inks
-As a constituent of paint and pastes
-As a constituent of cleaning compounds
-As a constituent of cosmetics
-As a constituent of hydraulic fluids

Glycol Ethers are a versatile group of solvents widely used in various industrial and household applications.
Glycol Ethers are known for their ability to dissolve a variety of substances, making them an essential component in numerous products.

Glycol Ethers are a class of solvents derived from the reaction of an alcohol and an ether, usually ethylene or propylene oxide.
Glycol Ethers are known for their excellent solvency, low toxicity, and low evaporation rates.
Glycol Ethers are commonly used in cleaning solutions, paints, coatings, and as intermediates in the synthesis of other chemicals.

Industrial Applications of Glycol Ethers
Glycol Ethers are widely used in numerous industrial applications due to their versatile properties.
Some of the key uses include:

-Coatings and Paints: Glycol Ethers are used as solvents in the production of paints, varnishes, and other coatings.
Glycol Ethers help improve the flow and leveling of the paint, allowing for a smoother and more even application.

-Printing Inks: In the printing industry, Glycol Ethers are used to dissolve resins and other components in ink formulations.
Glycol Ethers also help control the viscosity and drying properties of the ink.

-Cleaning Solutions: Glycol Ethers are used as solvents in various cleaning products, including degreasers, glass cleaners, and all-purpose cleaners.
Glycol Ethers help dissolve dirt, grease, and other contaminants, making them easier to remove.

-Adhesives and Sealants: Glycol Ethers are used as solvents in the production of adhesives and sealants, helping to control the viscosity and improve the bonding properties of the final product.

-Textile and Leather Processing: Glycol Ethers are used as solvents in various textile and leather processing applications, such as dyeing, finishing, and coating.

Household Applications of Glycol Ethers
In addition to their industrial uses, Glycol Ethers are also found in many household products, including:
-Cosmetics and Personal Care Products: Glycol Ethers are used as solvents in various cosmetic and personal care products, such as perfumes, lotions, and creams.
Glycol Ethers help to dissolve and stabilize the various ingredients in the formulation.

-Cleaning Products: As mentioned earlier, Glycol Ethers are commonly used in household cleaning products, such as glass cleaners and degreasers, due to their excellent solvency properties.

Glycol Ethers are a versatile group of solvents widely used in various industrial and household applications.
Glycol Ethers are known for their ability to dissolve a variety of substances, making them an essential component in numerous products.

Glycol Ethers are a group of solvents based on alkyl ethers of ethylene glycol or propylene glycol commonly used in paints and cleaners.
These solvents typically have a higher boiling point, together with the favorable solvent properties of lower-molecular weight ethers and alcohols.

GLYCOL PALMITATE, N° CAS : 4219-49-2, Nom INCI : GLYCOL PALMITATE. Nom chimique : 2-hydroxyethyl palmitate. N° EINECS/ELINCS : 224-160-8. Ses fonctions (INCI) : Agent émulsifiant : Favorise la formation de mélanges intimes entre des liquides non miscibles en modifiant la tension interfaciale (eau et huile). Opacifiant : Réduit la transparence ou la translucidité des cosmétiques Agent d'entretien de la peau : Maintient la peau en bon état

GLYCOL STEARATE, GLYCOL MONOSTEARATE; N° CAS : 111-60-4. Nom INCI : GLYCOL STEARATE, Nom chimique : 2-hydroxyethyl stearate. N° EINECS/ELINCS : 203-886-9. Emollient : Adoucit et assouplit la peau. Agent émulsifiant : Favorise la formation de mélanges intimes entre des liquides non miscibles en modifiant la tension interfaciale (eau et huile). Opacifiant : Réduit la transparence ou la translucidité des cosmétiques. Tensioactif : Réduit la tension superficielle des cosmétiques et contribue à la répartition uniforme du produit lors de son utilisation. 2-HYDROXYETHYL ESTER OCTADECANOIC ACID; ESTER HYDROXY-2 ETHYLIQUE DE L'ACIDE OCTADECANOIQUE; MONOSTEARATE D'ETHYLENE GLYCOL; MONOSTEARATE DE GLYCOL; OCTADECANOATE D'HYDROXY-2 ETHYLE; STEARATE D'ETHYLENE GLYCOL; STEARATE D'HYDROXY-2 ETHYLE; STEARATE DE GLYCOL. Noms anglais : 2-HYDROXYETHYL ESTER STEARIC ACID; ETHYLENE GLYCOL MONOSTEARATE; ETHYLENE GLYCOL STEARATE; GLYCOL MONOSTEARATE; GLYCOL STEARATE Utilisation: Fabrication de cosmétiques, fabrication de shampooings. 111-60-4 [RN] 203-886-9 [EINECS] 2-Hydroxyethyl octadecanoate 2-Hydroxyethyl stearate [ACD/IUPAC Name] 2-Hydroxyethylstearat [German] [ACD/IUPAC Name] ETHYLENE GLYCOL MONOSTEARATE Ethylene glycol, monostearate Glycol stearate Octadecanoic acid, 2-hydroxyethyl ester [ACD/Index Name] Stéarate de 2-hydroxyéthyle [French] [ACD/IUPAC Name] Stearic acid, 2-hydroxyethyl ester [111-60-4] 11107-94-1 [RN] 11108-48-8 [RN] 121340-91-8 [RN] 123543-87-3 [RN] 17-Hydroxy-3,6,9,12,15-pentaoxaheptadec-1-yl octadecanoate 26-Hydroxy-3,6,9,12,15,18,21,24-octaoxahexacos-1-yl octadecanoate 2-HYDROXY ETHYL STEARATE 35885-17-7 [RN] 39404-30-3 [RN] 41-Hydroxy-3,6,9,12,15,18,21,24,-27,30,33,36,39-tridecaoxahentetr- acont-1-yl octadecanoate 42610-76-4 [RN] 52504-21-9 [RN] 52504-22-0 [RN] 52504-23-1 [RN] 58375-39-6 [RN] 63654-37-5 [RN] 72993-78-3 [RN] 74870-86-3 [RN] 8035-96-9 [RN] 8050-55-3 [RN] 86418-55-5 [RN] 86473-52-1 [RN] 9004-99-3 [RN] 9009-90-9 [RN] Ablunol EGMS Arosurf 1855E40 Emcol H 35-A Emersal Ethoxylated stearic acid ethylene glycol monostearate pure ETHYLENE GLYCOL STEARATE Ethyleneglycolmonostearate GLYCOL CETEARATE Glycol monostearate Ivorit Kessco X-211 Lactine Lamacit CA Lipal 15S LX 3 MFCD01779986 Monthyle Myrj Myrj 52 (TN) Nikkol MYS octadecanoic acid 2-hydroxyethyl ester patchoulialcohol PEG 200 Stearate PEG-1000 Monostearate PEG-200 Monostearate PEG-2000 Monostearate PEG-300 Monostearate PEG-400 Monostearate PEG-4000 Monostearate PEG-600 Monostearate Polyethylene glycol 400 monostearate Polyoxyethylene stearate polyoxyl, 50 stearate Sedetol stearic acid 2-hydroxyethyl ester UNII-YHX98F77PB X-489-R

2-hydroxybenzoic acid, 2-hydroxyethyl ester; benzoic acid, 2-hydroxy-, 2-hydroxyethyl ester; ethylene glycol monosalicylate; glycol monosalicylate; salicylic acid 2-hydroxyethyl ester; mono glycol salicylate CAS NO:87-28-5

Glyceryl monostearate; 3-Stearoyloxy-1,2-propanediol; Glyceryl stearate; Alpha-Monostearin; Monostearin; Octadecanoic acid, 2,3-dihydroxypropyl ester; Glycerin 1-monostearate; Glycerin 1-stearate; Glycerol alpha-monostearate; Glyceryl 1-monostearate; Stearic acid alpha-monoglyceride; Stearic acid 1-monoglyceride; 1-Glyceryl stearate; 1-Monostearin; 1-Monostearoylglycerol; 1,2,3-Propanetriol 1-octadecanoyl ester; cas no: 123-94-4

N° CAS : 35249-89-9, Nom INCI : AMMONIUM GLYCOLATE,ammonium 2-hydroxyacetate Acetic acid, 2-hydroxy-, ammonium salt; Acetic acid, hydroxy-, monoammonium salt; Ammonium glycolate; Hydroxyacetic acid, ammoniuum salt; Acetic acid, hydroxy-, monoammonium salt, Acetic acid, 2-hydroxy-, ammonium salt; Ammonium 2-hydroxyacetate ; Ammonium glycolate ; Ammoniumglycolat [German] ; Glycolate d'ammonium [French] ; Hydroxyacetic acid, ammoniuum salt; QV1Q &&NH4+ salt [WLN]; ACETIC ACID 2-HYDROXY- AMMONIUM SALT; ACETIC ACID HYDROXY-,MONOAMMONIUM SALT; AMMONIUMGLYCOLATE; azanium 2-hydroxyacetate; azanium 2-hydroxyethanoate; Hydroxy acetic acid ammonium saltSes fonctions (INCI), Régulateur de pH : Stabilise le pH des cosmétiques; Kératolytique : Décolle et élimine les cellules mortes de la couche cornée de l'apiderme. En coiffure, le thioglycolate d'ammonium est utilisé dans les permanentes. Il sert à réduire les ponts disulfures des cystines du cheveu. Après enroulage autour de bigoudis et rinçage abondant des cheveux, un fixateur à base de peroxyde d'hydrogène est appliqué afin de recréer les ponts entre les cystéines. Après retrait des bigoudis, les cheveux, raides à l'origine, sont bouclés pour quelques mois.Le glycolate d'ammonium est un sel d'amine de l'acide glycolique, un acide organique naturel. Il est soit synthétisé, soit dérivé de la canne à sucre. C'est l'un des acides alpha-hydroxylés AHA. Il présente les propriétés de l'acide glycolique, mais il est beaucoup moins irritant que l'acide glycolique. Utilisation et bénéfices: Il aide à éliminer les cellules mortes de la peau, c'est donc un exfoliant naturel pour la peau. Il contient également des propriétés hydratantes. Il agit également comme neutralisant pour les préparations nettoyantes topiques. Il aide la peau à retrouver un teint uniforme en exfoliant et réduit les taches brunes, les pigmentations et les imperfections.

BUTYL GLYCOLATE, N° CAS : 7397-62-8, Nom INCI : BUTYL GLYCOLATE, Nom chimique : Acetic acid, 2-hydroxy-, butyl ester,Butyl hydroxyacetate, N° EINECS/ELINCS : 230-991-7 Agent d'entretien de la peau : Maintient la peau en bon état. Noms français : Butyl glycolate; Glycolate de butyle. Noms anglais : ACETIC ACID, HYDROXY-, BUTYL ESTER; GLYCOLIC ACID, BUTYL ESTER. Butyl glycollate. CAS names: Acetic acid, 2-hydroxy-, butyl ester. ; Acetic acid hydroxy-,butyl ester; Acetic acid, hydroxy-, butyl ester; Acetic acid,2-hydroxy-, butyl ester; butyl 2-hydroxyacetate; Butyl glycolate; BUTYL-GLYCOLATE; butylglycolate; Glycolic acid, n-butyl ester; HYDROXY ACETIC ACID BUTYL ESTER; s: Acetic acid, hydroxy-, butyl ester (9CI); Butoxycarbonylmethanol; Butyl hydroxyacetate; Essigsaeure, hydroxy-, butyl-ester; Glycolic acid, butyl ester (6CI, 7CI, 8CI); Glycolsäure-n-butylester; Hydroxyessigsäurebutylester ; n-Butyl glycolate; Polysolvan O 7397-62-8 [RN] Acetic acid, 2-hydroxy-, butyl ester [ACD/Index Name] Butyl glycolate Butyl hydroxyacetate Butylglycolat [German] Glycolate de butyle [French] acetic acid, hydroxy-, butyl ester Acetic acid,2-hydroxy-, butyl ester acetic acid???2-hydroxy-???butyl ester butyl 2-hydroxyacetate butyl glycolate 90% Butyl glycolate, tech. butyl glycollate butylglycolate Butylglykolat Butylhydroxyacetate N-BUTYL GLYCOLATE Polysolvan 0

GLYCOLIC ACID 70%; Hydroxyacetic Acid; Hydroxyethanoic acid; Glycollic acid; alpha-Hydroxyacetic acid; Kyselina glykolova; Kyselina hydroxyoctova; 2-Hydroxyacetic acid; cas no: 79-14-1; 259744-22-4

Glycolic acid is a type of alpha hydroxy acid (AHA) that is commonly used in skincare products and cosmetic treatments.
Glycolic acid is a colorless, odorless and hygroscopic crystalline solid, highly soluble in water.
Glycolic acid is a deliquescent crystals that occur naturally as a component in sugarcane.

CAS Number: 79-14-1
Molecular Formula: C2H4O3
Molecular Weight: 76.05
EINECS Number: 201-180-5

Glycolic acid is derived from sugar cane and belongs to a family of naturally occurring acids that are known for their exfoliating and skin-renewing properties.
Glycolic acid is the smallest alpha-hydroxy acid (AHA).
Glycolic acid is mainly supplemented to various skin-care products to improve the skin’s appearance and texture.

Glycolic acid can also be used as a flavoring agent in food processing, and as a skin care agent in the pharmaceutical industry.
Glycolic acid can also be added into emulsion polymers, solvents and ink additives to improve flow properties and impart gloss.
Moreover, Glycolic acid is a useful intermediate for organic synthesis including oxidative-reduction, esterification and long chain polymerization.

Glycolic acid can also reduce wrinkles, acne scarring, and hyperpigmentation. In textile industry, it can be used as a dyeing and tanning agent.
Glycolic acid, CH20HCOOH, is composed of colorless deliquescent leaflets that decompose at approximately 78° C (172 OF).
Glycolic acid is also known as 2-hydroxyethanoic acid, and its IUPAC name is Glycolic acid.

Glycolic acid is a 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid where the methyl group has been hydroxylated.
Glycolic acid is an alpha hydroxy acid that has antibacterial, antioxidant, keratolytic, and anti-inflammatory properties.
Glycolic acid is soluble in water,alcohol,and ether.

Glycolic acid is used in dyeing, tanning, electropolishing,and in foodstuffs.
Glycolic acid is functionally related to acetic acid and is slightly stronger than it.
The salts or esters of Glycolic acid are called glycolates.
Glycolic acid is widespread in nature and can be separated from natural sources like sugarcane, sugar beets, pineapple, cantaloupe, and unripe grapes.

Glycolic acid is produced by oxidizing glycol with dilute nitric acid.
Glycolic acid is used in various skin-care products.
Glycolic acid is used in processing and dyeing textiles and Leather.

Glycolic acid is also used for cleaning, polishing, and soldering metals.
Glycolic acid is a colorless, odourless, and hygroscopic crystalline solid with the chemical formula C2H4O3.
Glycolic acid is widespread in nature.

A glycolate (sometimes spelled "glycollate") is a salt or ester of Glycolic acid.
Glycolic acid, or Glycolic acid, is a weak acid.
Glycolic acid is sold commercially as a 70% solution.

Glycolic acid is widely used in the skincare and cosmetic industry due to its ability to exfoliate the skin, promote skin cell turnover, and improve the overall texture and appearance of the skin.
Glycolic acid, also known as 2-hydroxyacetate or glycolate, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as alpha hydroxy acids and derivatives.

These are organic compounds containing a carboxylic acid substituted with a hydroxyl group on the adjacent carbon.
This could make Glycolic acid a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods.
Once applied, Glycolic acid reacts with the upper layer of the epidermis, weakening the binding properties of the lipids that hold the dead skin cells together.

Glycolic acid is a potentially toxic compound.
Glycolic acid is slightly stronger than acetic acid due to the electron-withdrawing power of the terminal hydroxyl group.
The carboxylate group can coordinate to metal ions forming coordination complexes.

Of particular note are the complexes with Pb2+ and Cu2+ which are significantly stronger than complexes with other carboxylic acids.
Glycolic acid, with regard to humans, has been found to be associated with several diseases such as transurethral resection of the prostate and biliary atresia; Glycolic acid has also been linked to several inborn metabolic disorders including glutaric acidemia type 2, Glycolic aciduria, and d-2-hydroxyglutaric aciduria.

Glycolic and oxalic acid, along with excess lactic acid, are responsible for the anion gap metabolic acidosis.
Glycolic acid exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans.
In humans, Glycolic acid is involved in rosiglitazone metabolism pathway.

Outside of the human body, Glycolic acid has been detected, but not quantified in, several different foods, such as sourdocks, pineappple sages, celeriacs, cloves, and feijoa.
Glycolic acid is an extremely weak basic (essentially neutral) compound (based on its pKa).
Glycolic acid works by breaking down the bonds between dead skin cells on the surface of the skin, allowing them to be sloughed off more easily.

This indicates that the hydroxyl group is involved in complex formation, possibly with the loss of its proton.
Glycolic acid addresses skin issues by exfoliating dead skin cells that accumulate on the surface of the epidermis and contribute to dull, discolored, and uneven looking skin.
Glycolic acid can make the skin more sensitive in the sunlight, hence always use sunscreen and protective clothing before you step outdoors.

Plants produce Glycolic acid during photorespiration.
Glycolic acid is recycled by conversion to glycine within the peroxisomes and to tartronic acid semialdehyde within the chloroplasts.
Common side effects of Glycolic acid include dry skin, erythema (skin redness), burning sensation, itching, skin irritation, and skin rash.

Glycolic acid is the smallest alpha-hydroxy acid (AHA).
This colourless, odourless, and hygroscopic crystalline solid is highly soluble in water.
Due to its excellent capability to penetrate skin, Glycolic acid is often used in skin care products, most often as a chemical peel.

Glycolic acid may reduce wrinkles, acne scarring, and hyperpigmentation and improve many other skin conditions, including actinic keratosis, hyperkeratosis, and seborrheic keratosis.
Acute doses of Glycolic acid on skin or eyes leads to local effects that are typical of a strong acid (e.g. dermal and eye irritation).
Glycolate is a nephrotoxin if consumed orally.

A nephrotoxin is a compound that causes damage to the kidney and kidney tissues.
Glycolic acid's renal toxicity is due to its metabolism to oxalic acid.
Glycolic and oxalic acid, along with excess lactic acid, are responsible for the anion gap metabolic acidosis.

Oxalic acid readily precipitates with calcium to form insoluble calcium oxalate crystals.
Once applied, Glycolic acid reacts with the upper layer of the epidermis, weakening the binding properties of the lipids that hold the dead skin cells together.
This allows the outer skin to dissolve, revealing the underlying skin.

Glycolic acid is thought that this is due to the reduction of calcium ion concentrations in the epidermis and the removal of calcium ions from cell adhesions, leading to desquamation.
Renal tissue injury is caused by widespread deposition of oxalate crystals and the toxic effects of Glycolic acid.

Glycolic acid does exhibit some inhalation toxicity and can cause respiratory, thymus, and liver damage if present in very high levels over long periods of time.
Glycolic acid is used in the textile industry as a dyeing and tanning agent in food processing as a flavoring agent and as a preservative, and in the pharmaceutical industry as a skin care agent.

Glycolic acid is also used in adhesives and plastics.
Glycolic acid is often included in emulsion polymers, solvents and additives for ink and paint in order to improve flow properties and impart gloss.
Glycolic acid is used in surface treatment products that increase the coefficient of friction on tile flooring.

Glycolic acid is a known inhibitor of tyrosinase.
This can suppress melanin formation and lead to a lightening of skin colour.
This process can help with various skin concerns, including acne, fine lines and wrinkles, hyperpigmentation, and uneven skin tone.

Glycolic acid is the active ingredient in the household cleaning liquid.
Due to its capability to penetrate skin, Glycolic acid finds applications in skin care products, most often as a chemical peel.
Physician-strength peels can have a pH as low as 0.6 (strong enough to completely keratolyze the epidermis), while acidities for home peels can be as low as 2.5.

The process converts glycolate into glycerate without using the conventional BASS6 and PLGG1 route.
Glycolic acid works by speeding up cell turnover It helps dissolve the bonds that hold skin cells together, allowing dead skin cells to slough off more rapidly than they would on their own.
Glycolic acid also stimulates your skin to create more collagen.

Collagen is the protein that gives skin its firmness, plumpness, and elasticity.
Glycolic acid is an incredibly popular treatment because of the many benefits it has for the skin.
Glycolic acid has effective skin-renewing properties, so it is often used in anti-aging products.

Glycolic acid can help smooth fine wrinkles and improve the skin's tone and texture.
Glycolic acid is a water-soluble alpha hydroxy acid (AHA) that is derived from sugar cane.
Glycolic acid is one of the most well-known and widely used alphahydroxy acids in the skincare industry.

Glycolic acid plumps the skin and helps boost hydration levels.
Glycolic acid provides far greater solubility than silicafluorides or hydrofluosilicic acid.
Electrochemical Energy Systems permits higher concentrations of acid in solution than citric acid for greater neutralizing efficiency while avoiding salting or rust discoloration problems.

Glycolic acid reaches a final pH of 5-6 more quickly than silicafluorides, especially at lower wash temperatures.
High solubility means a lower possibility of damaged fabric—even if it’s ironed while wet.
Glycolic acid fulfills many roles across a wide range of industries, thanks to its low odor and toxicity, biodegradability, phosphate-free composition, and ability to chelate metal salts.

A glycolate or glycollate is a salt or ester of Glycolic acid.
(C6H5C(=O)OCH2COOH), which they called "benzoGlycolic acid" (Benzoglykolsäure; also benzoyl Glycolic acid).
They boiled the ester for days with dilute sulfuric acid, thereby obtaining benzoic acid and Glycolic acid.

Glycolic acid can be synthesized in various ways. The predominant approaches use a catalyzed reaction of formaldehyde with synthesis gas (carbonylation of formaldehyde), for its low cost.
Glycolic acid is also prepared by the reaction of chloroacetic acid with sodium hydroxide followed by re-acidification.

Glycolic acid liquid doesn’t cake in storage and measures easily out of automatic dispensing equipment.
Once applied, Glycolic acid reacts with the upper layer of the epidermis, weakening the binding properties of the lipids that hold the dead skin cells together.
This allows the stratum corneum to be exfoliated, exposing live skin cells.

Glycolic acid is a useful intermediate for organic synthesis, in a range of reactions including: oxidation-reduction, esterification and long chain polymerization.
Other alpha-hydroxy acids include lactic acid, malic acid, tartaric acid, and citric acid.
Glycolic acid has the smallest sized molecules of all the alpha-hydroxy acids Because of these super tiny molecules, Glycolic acid can easily penetrate the skin.

This allows Glycolic acid to exfoliate the skin more effectively than other AHAs.
Glycolic acid is used as a monomer in the preparation of polyGlycolic acid and other biocompatible copolymers (e.g. PLGA).
Commercially, important derivatives include the methyl and ethyl esters which are readily distillable (boiling points 147–149 °C and 158–159 °C, respectively), unlike the parent acid.

The butyl ester (b.p. 178–186 °C) is a component of some varnishes, being desirable because it is nonvolatile and has good dissolving properties.
Many plants make Glycolic acid during photorespiration.
Glycolic acids role consumes significant amounts of energy.

Glycolic acid penetrates the skin effectively due to its small molecular size, helping to remove dead skin cells and debris from the surface.
This can lead to a smoother, brighter complexion.
The use of Glycolic acid in skincare products is associated with several benefits, including reducing the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles, improving skin texture, minimizing the appearance of pores, and fading hyperpigmentation and acne scars.

The concentration of Glycolic acid in these products can vary, with higher concentrations generally being available in professional treatments.
While Glycolic acid can benefit many skin types, it may not be suitable for everyone, especially those with very sensitive or reactive skin.
In 2017 researchers announced a process that employs a novel protein to reduce energy consumption/loss and prevent plants from releasing harmful ammonia.

Other methods, not noticeably in use, include hydrogenation of oxalic acid, and hydrolysis of the cyanohydrin derived from formaldehyde.
Some of today's Glycolic acids are formic acid-free.
When using products containing Glycolic acid, it's important to use sunscreen regularly because Glycolic acid can increase skin sensitivity to the sun.

Sun protection helps prevent sunburn and further skin damage.
Glycolic acid can be found in a range of skincare products, including cleansers, toners, serums, and creams.
Glycolic acid can be isolated from natural sources, such as sugarcane, sugar beets, pineapple, cantaloupe and unripe grapes.

Glycolic acid can be used as part of an acne treatment regimen.
Glycolic acid helps to unclog pores, reduce the formation of comedones (blackheads and whiteheads), and promote the shedding of dead skin cells that can contribute to acne.
Dermatologists often use Glycolic acid in chemical peels, which are cosmetic procedures designed to improve the skin's appearance.

Glycolic acid is a simple organic compound with a hydroxyl group (-OH) and a carboxylic acid group (-COOH) on adjacent carbon atoms in its chemical structure.
This gives it its acidic properties.
Glycolic acid is known for its exfoliating properties.

Melting point: 75-80 °C (lit.)
Boiling point: 112 °C
Density: 1.25 g/mL at 25 °C
vapor pressure: 10.8 hPa (80 °C)
refractive index: n20/D 1.424
Flash point: 112°C
storage temp.: Store below +30°C.
solubility: H2O: 0.1 g/mL, clear
pka: 3.83(at 25℃)
form: Solution
color: White to off-white
PH: 2 (50g/l, H2O, 20℃)
Odor: at 100.00 %. odorless very mild buttery
Odor Type: buttery
Viscosity: 6.149mm2/s
Water Solubility: SOLUBLE
Sensitive: Hygroscopic
Merck: 14,4498
BRN: 1209322
Stability: Stable. Incompatible with bases, oxidizing agents and reducing agents.
InChIKey: AEMRFAOFKBGASW-UHFFFAOYSA-N
LogP: -1.07 at 20℃
Indirect Additives used in Food Contact Substances: Glycolic acid
FDA 21 CFR: 175.105

Glycolic acid is an Alpha Hydroxy Acid (AHA).
The word acid might scare, but Glycolic acid usually comes in lower concentrations for at-home use.

Glycolic acid works as an exfoliant to turn over dead skin cells and reveal new skin cells.
Glycolic acid’s also one of the smallest AHAs, meaning that it can penetrate deeply to give the best results.
Glycolic acid can be synthesized in various ways.

The predominant approaches use a catalyzed reaction of formaldehyde with synthesis gas (carbonylation of formaldehyde), for its low cost.
Glycolic acid is also prepared by the reaction of chloroacetic acid with sodium hydroxide followed by re-acidification.
Glycolic acid can also be prepared using an enzymatic biochemical process that may require less energy.

For stronger treatments, Glycolic acid is also utilized in chemical peels available at the salon or dermatologist's office.
Light duty Glycolic acid peels up to 30% strength can be done by an esthetician at the salon or skin spa.
Other methods, not noticeably in use, include hydrogenation of oxalic acid, and hydrolysis of the cyanohydrin derived from formaldehyde.

Some of today's Glycolic acids are formic acid-free.
Stronger peels of up to 70% can be had at the dermatology office.
Skincare products contain other thoughtfully chosen ingredients to give a specific end result.

The Glycolic acid treatment you choose depends a lot on skin type and what end goals are.
Glycolic acid can be isolated from natural sources, such as sugarcane, sugar beets, pineapple, cantaloupe and unripe grapes.
Glycolic acid's essential to patch test and gradually introduce products containing Glycolic acid into your skincare routine to monitor how your skin responds.

Using low concentrations of Glycolic acid over long periods of time creates a cumulative effect; skin will look better the longer use.
For treating specific skin issues like noticeable sun damage, dark spots or acne marks, and deeper lines and wrinkles, or for marked improvement of the skin quickly, a professional peel is a good option.

But because peels deliver a higher percentage of Glycolic acid than daily use products they will be more irritating and have a greater chance of side effects.
Unfortunately, the vast majority of skincare products simply list the percentage of Glycolic acid used.
They are not required to list the pH, so it can make it difficult to compare products apples-to-apples.

Glycolic acid OTC products and professional peels have been around a long time and have a safe and effective track record.
Glycolic acid's advisable to consult with a dermatologist or skincare professional.
When choosing any Glycolic acid treatment, the percentage of Glycolic acid is just one factor.

A more acidic product will deliver a stronger and more effective treatment than a less acidic product, regardless of the percentage of Glycolic acid.
So a product containing a low percentage of Glycolic acid but with a lower (i.e. more acidic) pH will be more effective than a high percentage but low acidity product.

Glycolic acid can be used in a skincare routine: as a face wash, as a toner, and as a mask.
Glycolic acid is found in some sugar-crops.
Glycolic acid is one of the most well-known and widely used alpha-hydroxy acids in the skincare industry.

Glycolic acid is slightly stronger than acetic acid due to the electron-withdrawing power of the terminal hydroxyl group.
Glycolic acid is the smallest α-hydroxy acid (AHA).
The carboxylate group can coordinate to metal ions forming coordination complexes.

Of particular note are the complexes with Pb2+ and Cu2+ which are significantly stronger than complexes with other carboxylic acids.
This indicates that the hydroxyl group is involved in complex formation, possibly with the loss of its proton.

Glycolic acid enhances cleaning and descaling processes in oil field and petroleum refining applications.
This acid also provides metal complexing in a biodegradable form without adding undesirable biological or chemical oxygen demand to formulated products.
Glycolic acid's slower reactivity compared to mineral acids helps with acid finishing during well completion.

Desalting crude oil, well acidizing, and synthetic drilling mud also rely on Glycolic acid.
This colorless, odorless, and hygroscopic crystalline solid is highly soluble in water.
Most skin types can use them without much trouble.

These aren't quite as irritating as leaveon Glycolic acid treatments and allow skin to build up a tolerance without (hopefully) too much irritation.
While Glycolic acid is a wonderful skincare ingredient.

Glycolic acid products for home use typically have lower concentrations (usually ranging from 5% to 20%), while professional treatments may use higher concentrations (up to 70% or more).
While Glycolic acid can be highly effective, it can also cause side effects, especially if used incorrectly or at high concentrations.

Individuals with certain skin conditions, such as eczema, rosacea, or open wounds, should exercise caution when using Glycolic acid products, as it can exacerbate these conditions.
Glycolic acid's advisable to consult with a healthcare professional before use in such cases.
Before using any new skincare product containing Glycolic acid, it's a good practice to perform a patch test.

Apply a small amount of the product to a discreet area of skin (like the inner forearm) and wait to see if any adverse reactions occur before applying it to face or a larger skin area.
Results may not be immediate, and it may take several weeks to notice significant changes.

Potential side effects include redness, irritation, peeling, and dryness.
These side effects are usually temporary and can be minimized by following product instructions and using moisturizers as needed.
Glycolic acid is often combined with other skincare ingredients such as hyaluronic acid, antioxidants, and peptides to enhance its benefits and minimize potential irritation.

These combinations can be found in various skincare products to address specific skin concerns.
The pH level of Glycolic acid products is an important factor in their effectiveness.
Lower pH levels (more acidic) can enhance the exfoliating properties of Glycolic acid.

Many Glycolic acid products are formulated at an optimal pH to maximize their exfoliating effects.
Glycolic acid is often included in anti-aging skincare routines because it can help stimulate collagen production in the skin, leading to improved elasticity and a reduction in the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles over time.

Professional treatments are performed by dermatologists or licensed skincare professionals.
When incorporating Glycolic acid into your skincare routine, it's important to start slowly and gradually increase usage to allow the skin to acclimate.

History Of Glycolic acid:
The name "Glycolic acid" was coined in 1848 by French chemist Auguste Laurent (1807–1853).
He proposed that the amino acid glycine—which was then called glycocolle—might be the amine of a hypothetical acid, which he called "Glycolic acid" (acide glycolique).

Glycolic acid was first prepared in 1851 by German chemist Adolph Strecker (1822–1871) and Russian chemist Nikolai Nikolaevich Sokolov (1826–1877).
They produced it by treating hippuric acid with nitric acid and nitrogen dioxide to form an ester of benzoic acid and Glycolic acid (C6H5C(=O)OCH2COOH), which they called "benzoGlycolic acid" (Benzoglykolsäure; also benzoyl Glycolic acid).
They boiled the ester for days with dilute sulfuric acid, thereby obtaining benzoic acid and Glycolic acid (Glykolsäure).

Uses
Glycolic acid acts by dissolving the internal cellular cement responsible for abnormal keratinization, facilitating the sloughing of dead skin cells.
Glycolic acid is also the AHA that scientists and formulators believe has greater penetration potential largely due to its smaller molecular weight.
Glycolic acid is mildly irritating to the skin and mucous membranes if the formulation contains a high Glycolic acid concentration and/ or a low pH.

Glycolic acid proves beneficial for acne-prone skin as it helps keep pores clear of excess keratinocytes.
Glycolic acid is naturally found in sugarcane but synthetic versions are most often used in cosmetic formulations.
Glycolic acid is a useful intermediate for organic synthesis, in a range of reactions including: oxidation-reduction, esterification and long chain polymerization.

Glycolic acid is used as a monomer in the preparation of polyGlycolic acid and other biocompatible copolymers (e.g. PLGA).
Glycolic acid also improves skin hydration by enhancing moisture uptake as well as increasing the skin’s ability to bind water.
Glycolic acid is also used for diminishing the signs of age spots, as well as actinic keratosis.

However, Glycolic acid is most popularly employed in anti-aging cosmetics because of its hydrating, moisturizing, and skin-normalizing abilities, leading to a reduction in the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles.
Commercially, important derivatives include the methyl and ethyl esters which are readily distillable (boiling points 147–149 °C and 158–159 °C, respectively), unlike the parent acid.

The butyl ester is a component of some varnishes, being desirable because it is nonvolatile and has good dissolving properties.
Glycolic acid can be used with hydrochloric or sulfamic acids to prevent iron precipitation in cleaning operations or water flooding.
Regardless of the G skin type, Glycolic acid use is associated with softer, smoother, healthier, and younger looking skin.

This occurs in the cellular cement through an activation of Glycolic acid and the skin’s own hyaluronic acid content.
Glycolic acid also effectively eliminates harmful deposits while minimizing corrosion damage to steel or copper systems.
Glycolic acid reacts more slowly and thus penetrates more deeply into formations before fully reacting.

That characteristic leads to enhanced worm holing, because Glycolic acid dissolves the equivalent amount of calcium carbonate (CaCO₃) as hydrochloric acid without the resulting corrosion.
One of the primary uses of Glycolic acid in skincare is as an exfoliant.
Glycolic acid helps remove dead skin cells from the surface of the skin, resulting in a smoother and more radiant complexion.

Glycolic acid is used to treat acne by unclogging pores, reducing the formation of comedones (blackheads and whiteheads), and promoting the shedding of dead skin cells that can contribute to acne.
In addition to over-the-counter products, dermatologists and skincare professionals often use Glycolic acid in more concentrated forms for in-office treatments like chemical peels and microdermabrasion.
These treatments can provide more immediate and dramatic results but require professional oversight.

Hyaluronic acid is known to retain an impressive amount of moisture and this capacity is enhanced by Glycolic acid.
As a result, the skin’s own ability to raise its moisture content is increased.
Glycolic acid is the simplest alpha hydroxyacid (AHA).

Glycolic acid is used in the textile industry as a dyeing and tanning agent.
In the processing of textiles, leather, and metals; in pH control, and wherever a cheap organic acid is needed, e.g. in the manufacture of adhesives, in copper brightening, decontamination cleaning, dyeing, electroplating, in pickling, cleaning and chemical milling of metals.
Glycolic acid is used as an intermediate in organic synthesis and several reactions, such as oxidation-reduction, esterification, and long chain polymerization.

Glycolic acid is used as a monomer in the preparation of Poly(lactic-co-Glycolic acid) (PLGA).
Glycolic acid reacts with lactic acid to form PLGA using ring-opening co-polymerization.,
Glycolic acid is commonly used in anti-aging products to stimulate collagen production, which can improve skin elasticity and reduce the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles.

Glycolic acid can help fade dark spots, sunspots, and post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation by promoting even skin tone.
Glycolic acid can improve skin texture, making it feel smoother and look more youthful.
Glycolic acid can minimize the appearance of enlarged pores.

Glycolic acid is used in chemical peels, both at home and in dermatologist's offices or skincare clinics.
Chemical peels with Glycolic acid can be tailored to address various skin concerns, including wrinkles, uneven skin tone, and acne scars.
PolyGlycolic acid (PGA) is prepared from the monomer Glycolic acid using polycondensation or ring-opening polymerization.

Glycolic acid is widely used in skin care products as an exfoliant and keratolytic.
Glycolic acid is used in the textile industry as a dyeing and tanning agent.
These peels involve the application of a higher concentration of Glycolic acid to the skin, followed by exfoliation and skin rejuvenation.

While Glycolic acid is commonly associated with facial skincare, it can also be used on other parts of the body to address issues like keratosis pilaris, rough skin on elbows and knees, and body acne.
Glycolic acid may be used to adjust the pH level of the product.
This can help optimize the effectiveness of other active ingredients.

Glycolic acid can also act as a humectant, meaning it can attract and retain moisture in the skin, which is beneficial for individuals with dry or dehydrated skin.
However, it's essential to use moisturizers alongside Glycolic acid products to prevent excessive dryness.
In industrial and household applications, Glycolic acid is sometimes used to remove stains and scale deposits, such as those caused by hard water, rust, or mineral buildup.

When using Glycolic acid-containing products in your skincare routine, be cautious about mixing them with other active ingredients, especially strong acids like salicylic acid or vitamin C.
Combining certain active ingredients can lead to skin irritation or reduce effectiveness, so it's advisable to consult with a skincare professional for guidance.
In medicine, Glycolic acid has been used in wound care products to help promote the healing of minor cuts, abrasions, and surgical incisions.

Glycolic acid can be used to manage keratosis pilaris, a common skin condition characterized by small, rough bumps on the skin, often found on the arms and thighs.
Some over-the-counter products containing Glycolic acid are used to soften and help remove calluses and corns on the feet.
In some hair care products, Glycolic acid may be included to help exfoliate the scalp, remove product buildup, and improve hair texture.

Glycolic acid can help repair sun-damaged skin by promoting the shedding of damaged skin cells and stimulating the production of healthier, more youthful-looking skin.
Glycolic acid is often used in products designed for sun-damaged or aging skin.
Glycolic acid can be used to prevent and treat ingrown hairs, particularly in areas prone to razor bumps and irritation, such as the beard area in men.

Glycolic acid is sometimes combined with other skincare ingredients like salicylic acid, hyaluronic acid, and retinol to create more comprehensive skincare products that address multiple concerns, such as acne, aging, and hydration.
Glycolic acid is used in the processing of textiles, leather, and metals.

Glycolic acid is used as an intermediate in organic synthesis and several reactions, such as oxidation-reduction, esterification, and long chain polymerization.
Glycolic acid (Glycolic acid) reduces corenocyte cohesion and corneum layer thickening where an excess buildup of dead skin cells can be associated with many common skin problems, such as acne, dry and severely dry skin, and wrinkles.

Safety Profile:
Glycolic acid can cause skin irritation, especially for individuals with sensitive skin.
This may manifest as redness, burning, itching, or stinging.
It's essential to perform a patch test before using glycolic acid products.

Glycolic acid can make the skin more sensitive to ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun.
This increased sensitivity can lead to a higher risk of sunburn and skin damage.
It is crucial to use sunscreen and protective clothing when using glycolic acid products and avoid excessive sun exposure.

As an exfoliant, glycolic acid can cause dryness and peeling, especially when used in high concentrations or too frequently.
This can be managed by using moisturizers and reducing the frequency of glycolic acid application.

While rare, some individuals may be allergic or hypersensitive to glycolic acid, leading to more severe skin reactions.
In cases where high concentrations of glycolic acid are used without proper supervision or inappropriately, chemical burns can occur.
This is more common in professional treatments like chemical peels and should only be administered by trained professionals.

Synonyms
glycolic acid
2-Glycolic acid
Glycolic acid
79-14-1
Glycollic acid
Hydroxyethanoic acid
Acetic acid, hydroxy-
glycolate
Polyglycolide
Caswell No. 470
Kyselina glykolova
alpha-Glycolic acid
Kyselina hydroxyoctova
2-Hydroxyethanoic acid
HOCH2COOH
EPA Pesticide Chemical Code 000101
HSDB 5227
NSC 166
Kyselina glykolova [Czech]
AI3-15362
Kyselina hydroxyoctova [Czech]
C2H4O3
Glycocide
GlyPure
BRN 1209322
NSC-166
Acetic acid, 2-hydroxy-
EINECS 201-180-5
UNII-0WT12SX38S
MFCD00004312
GlyPure 70
0WT12SX38S
CCRIS 9474
DTXSID0025363
CHEBI:17497
Glycolic acid-13C2
.alpha.-Glycolic acid
GLYCOLLATE
DTXCID105363
NSC166
EC 201-180-5
4-03-00-00571 (Beilstein Handbook Reference)
GLYCOLIC-2,2-D2 ACID
GOA
Glycolic acid (MART.)
Glycolic acid [MART.]
C2H3O3-
glycolicacid
Glycolate Standard: C2H3O3- @ 1000 microg/mL in H2O
Hydroxyethanoate
a-Hydroxyacetate
hydroxy-acetic acid
2-Hydroxyaceticacid
alpha-Hydroxyacetate
a-Glycolic acid
2-hydroxy acetic acid
2-hydroxy-acetic acid
2-hydroxyl ethanoic acid
HO-CH2-COOH
Glycolic acid solution
bmse000245
WLN: QV1Q
Glycolic acid [MI]
Glycolic acid (7CI,8CI)
Glycolic acid [INCI]
Glycolic acid [VANDF]
Glycolic acid, p.a., 98%
Acetic acid, hydroxy- (9CI)
CHEMBL252557
Glycolic acid [WHO-DD]
Glycolic acid, Crystal, Reagent
Glycolic acid [HSDB]
BCP28762
Glycolic acid, >=97.0% (T)
STR00936
Tox21_301298
s6272
STL197955
AKOS000118921
Glycolic acid, ReagentPlus(R), 99%
CS-W016683
DB03085
HY-W015967
SB83760
CAS-79-14-1
USEPA/OPP Pesticide Code: 000101
NCGC00160612-01
NCGC00160612-02
NCGC00257533-01
FT-0612572
FT-0669047
G0110
G0196
Glycolic acid 100 microg/mL in Acetonitrile
EN300-19242
Glycolic acid, SAJ special grade, >=98.0%
C00160
C03547
D78078
Glycolic acid, Vetec(TM) reagent grade, 98%
Glycolic acid; HYDROXYETHANOIC ACID
Glycolic acid, BioXtra, >=98.0% (titration)
Q409373
J-509661
F2191-0224
Glycolic acid; Hydroxyethanoic acid; Glycollic acid
Z104473274
287EB351-FF9F-4A67-B4B9-D626406C9B13
Glycolic acid, certified reference material, TraceCERT(R)
InChI=1/C2H4O3/c3-1-2(4)5/h3H,1H2,(H,4,5
Glycolic acid, anhydrous, free-flowing, Redi-Dri(TM), ReagentPlus(R), 99%
Glycolic acid, Pharmaceutical Secondary Standard; Certified Reference Material
O7Z

Glycolic Acid (or hydroxyacetic acid; chemical formula HOCH2CO2H) is a colorless, odorless and hygroscopic crystalline solid, highly soluble in water.
It is used in various skin-care products.
Glycolic acid is widespread in nature.
A glycolate (sometimes spelled "glycollate") is a salt or ester of glycolic acid.

CAS: 79-14-1
MF: C2H4O3
MW: 76.05
EINECS: 201-180-5

Glycolic Acid solution is a useful solution of acid.
Glycolic Acid is a useful intermediate for synthesis.
The most useful synthesis use is for oxidation reduction esterification and long chain polymerization.
Glycolic Acid is used as a monomer to create PLGA and other biocompatible copolymers.
Glycolic Acid is often useful for dyeing and tanning, and is often included in emulsion polymers, solvents and additives for ink and paint.
Glycolic Acid is metabolized by cells in vitro to become oxalic acid which kills cells.
Glycolic Acid is synthesized many ways but is often isolated from sugarcane, pineapples and other acidic tasting fruits.

The name "glycolic acid" was coined in 1848 by French chemist Auguste Laurent (1807–1853).
He proposed that the amino acid glycine—which was then called glycocolle—might be the amine of a hypothetical acid, which he called "glycolic acid" (acide glycolique).
Glycolic acid was first prepared in 1851 by German chemist Adolph Strecker (1822–1871) and Russian chemist Nikolai Nikolaevich Sokolov (1826–1877).
They produced Glycolic Acid by treating hippuric acid with nitric acid and nitrogen dioxide to form an ester of benzoic acid and glycolic acid (C6H5C(=O)OCH2COOH), which they called "benzoglycolic acid" (Benzoglykolsäure; also benzoyl glycolic acid).
They boiled the ester for days with dilute sulfuric acid, thereby obtaining benzoic acid and glycolic acid (Glykolsäure).

Glycolic acid is a type of alpha hydroxy acid (AHA).
Alpha hydroxy acids are natural acids found in foods.
Glycolic acid comes from sugarcane.
Alpha hydroxy acids like glycolic acid work by removing the top layers of dead skin cells.
Glycolic acid also seems to help reverse sun damage to the skin.
People use glycolic acid for acne, aging skin, dark skin patches on the face, and acne scars.
Glycolic Acid is also used for stretch marks and other conditions, but there is no good scientific evidence to support these other uses.

Glycolic acid is a common ingredient in many OTC and professional skin care products, especially anti-aging products.
Glycolic Acid also supports collagen production, protects the skin against sun damage, and prevents pores from getting blocked.

Chemical Properties
Melting Point: 75-80 °C (lit.)
Boiling Point:112 °C
Density: 1.25 g/mL at 25 °C
Vapor Pressure: 10.8 hPa (80 °C)
Refractive Index: n20/D 1.424
Fp: 112°C
Storage Temp.: Store below +30°C.
Solubility: H2O: 0.1 g/mL, clear
Pka: 3.83(at 25℃)
Form: Solution
Color White to off-white
PH: 2 (50g/l, H2O, 20℃)
Odor: at 100.00 %. odorless very mild buttery
Odor Type: buttery
Water Solubility: SOLUBLE
Sensitive: Hygroscopic
Merck: 14,4498
BRN: 1209322
Stability: Stable. Incompatible with bases, oxidizing agents and reducing agents.
InChIKey: AEMRFAOFKBGASW-UHFFFAOYSA-N
LogP: -1.07 at 20℃

Uses
Acne
Applying glycolic acid to the skin seems to help reduce acne in people 12 years and older who have mild to moderate acne.
Aging skin
Applying glycolic acid to the skin seems to reduce wrinkles and other signs of aging and sun damage.
Acne scars
Applying glycolic acid to the skin, alone or together with microneedling, seems to reduce acne scars.
Melasma
Applying glycolic acid to the skin, alone or together with other treatments, seems to reduce mixed-type and epidermal-type melasma. But it doesn't seem to help dermal-type melasma, which occurs in a deeper layer of the skin.

Glycolic Acid is the simplest alpha hydroxyacid (AHA).
It is also the AHA that scientists and formulators believe has greater penetration potential largely due to its smaller molecular weight.
Glycolic Acid is mildly irritating to the skin and mucous membranes if the formulation contains a high glycolic acid concentration and/ or a low pH.
Glycolic Acid proves beneficial for acne-prone skin as it helps keep pores clear of excess keratinocytes.
Glycolic Acid is also used for diminishing the signs of age spots, as well as actinic keratosis.
However, Glycolic Acid is most popularly employed in anti-aging cosmetics because of its hydrating, moisturizing, and skin-normalizing abilities, leading to a reduction in the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles.
Regardless of the G skin type, Glycolic Acid 70% use is associated with softer, smoother, healthier, and younger looking skin.
Glycolic Acid is naturally found in sugarcane but synthetic versions are most often used in cosmetic formulations.

Preparation
There are different preparation methods to synthesize Glycolic Acid.
However, the most common method is the catalyzed reaction of formaldehyde with synthesis gas, which costs less.
Glycolic Acid can be prepared when chloroacetic acid reacts with sodium hydroxide and undergoes re-acidification.
Electrolytic reduction of oxalic acid also could synthesize this compound.
Glycolic acid can be separated from natural sources like sugarcane, sugar beets, pineapple, cantaloupe, and unripe grapes.
Glycolic Acid can be prepared by hydrolyzing the cyanohydrin that is derived from formaldehyde.

Synonyms
Acetic acid, 2-hydroxy-
AKOS BBS-00004277
2-HYDROXYACETIC ACID
GLYCOLIC ACID, HIGH PURITY, 70 WT.% SOLU TION IN WATER
GLYCOLIC ACID REAGENTPLUS(TM) 99%
GLYCOLIC ACID SOLUTION, ~55% IN WATER
GLYCOLIC ACID, TECH., 70 WT. % SOLUTION IN WATER
GLYCOLIC ACID SIGMAULTRA
Glycolic acid solution approx. 57%
GlycolicAcid(HydroxyaceticAcid)
GlycollicAcid,67-70%SolutionInWater
GlycolicAcid70%(InWater)ForSynthesis
GlycolicAcid,70%Solution
Glycolicacid,98%
GLYCOLIC ACID FOR SYNTHESIS 250 G
GLYCOLIC ACID FOR SYNTHESIS 100 G
GLYCOLIC ACID FOR ANALYSIS EMSURE
GLYCOLIC ACID FOR SYNTHESIS 1 KG
Glycolic acid solution high purity, 70 wt. % in H2O
RARECHEM AL BO 0466
Glycolic acid, 67% in water
GLYCOLICACID,CRYSTAL,REAGENT
CHC-22
GLYCOLATE
Glykolsure
GLYCOLIC ACID: 70% AQUEOUS SOLUTION
Glycolic acid, ca 67% aq. soln.
Glycolic Acid (ca. 70% in Water, ca. 12mol/L)
Glycolic acid 70% (cosmetic garde)
Glycolic acid 70% (industrial grade)
Glycolic acid >=97.0% (T)
Glycolic acid ReagentPlus(R), 99%
Glycolic acid solution technical grade, 70 wt. % in H2O
Glycolic acid Vetec(TM) reagent grade, 98%
GLYCOLIC ACID, BIOXTRA, >=98.0%&
Glycolic acid,anhydrous, free-flowing
Glycolic acid, 70% in water
LGB-GA
Hydroxy-acetic acid in water
glycolic
glycolicacid,solution
HOCH2COOH
hydroxy-aceticaci
Kyselina glykolova
Kyselina hydroxyoctova
kyselinaglykolova
kyselinahydroxyoctova
GLYCOLATE IC STANDARD
GLYCOLLIC ACID
GLYCOLIC ACID
HYDROXYACETIC ACID
HYDROXYETHANOIC ACID
GLYCOLIC ACID 70% TECHNICAL GRADE
GLYCOLIC ACID 99%, POWDER
Glycolic Acid, 70%, High Purity
Glycolic Acid, 70%, Technical
Glycolic acid, 99% 100GR
Glycolic acid, 99% 25GR

DESCRIPTION:

Glycolic Acid (C2H4O3) is a 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid where the methyl group has been hydroxylated.
Glycolic Acid (C2H4O3) has a role as a metabolite and a keratolytic drug.
Glycolic Acid (C2H4O3) is a 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid and a primary alcohol.

CAS: 111389-68-5
European Community (EC) Number: 693-711-6
IUPAC Name: 2-hydroxyacetic acid
Molecular Formula: C2H4O3


SYNONYMS OF GLYCOLIC ACID (C2H4O3):
Glycolic acid-13C2,111389-68-5,Glycocide-13C2,DTXSID00440240,HY-W778203,CS-0855064,Glycolic acid-13C2, 99 atom % 13C, 97% (CP),1209322 [Beilstein],201-180-5 [EINECS],2-Hydroxyethanoic acid,79-14-1 [RN],Acetic acid, 2-hydroxy- [ACD/Index Name],Acide glycol [French] [ACD/IUPAC Name],Acide hydroxyacétique [French],a-Hydroxyacetic acid,Glycol acid [ACD/IUPAC Name],Glycolic acid [Wiki],Glycolsäure [German],Hydroxyessigsäure [German] [ACD/IUPAC Name],Kyselina glykolova [Czech],Kyselina hydroxyoctova [Czech],QV1Q [WLN],102962-28-7 [RN],1-hydroxy-ethanoic acid,26009-03-0 [RN],2-oxonioacetate,4-03-00-00571 (Beilstein Handbook Reference) [Beilstein],75502-10-2 [RN],EDO,GLV,Glycocide,Glycollic acid,Glyoxylic acid [Wiki],GOA,HOCH2COOH,Hydroxy-acetic acid,Hydroxyethanoic acid,Kyselina glykolova,MFCD00868116 [MDL number],MLT,STR00936,TAR,WLN: QV1Q,α-Hydroxyacetic acid,α-Hydroxyacetic acid,乙醇酸 [Chinese]





Glycolic Acid (C2H4O3) is functionally related to an acetic acid.
Glycolic Acid (C2H4O3) is a conjugate acid of a glycolate.
Glycolic acid is a metabolite found in or produced by Escherichia coli


Glycolic acid (or hydroxyacetic acid) is the smallest alpha-hydroxy acid (AHA).
This colorless, odorless, and hygroscopic crystalline solid is highly soluble in water.
Due to its excellent capability to penetrate skin, glycolic acid finds applications in skin care products, most often as a chemical peel.

Glycolic Acid (C2H4O3) may reduce wrinkles, acne scarring, hyperpigmentation and improve many other skin conditions, including actinic keratosis, hyperkeratosis, and seborrheic keratosis.
Once applied, Glycolic Acid (C2H4O3) reacts with the upper layer of the epidermis, weakening the binding properties of the lipids that hold the dead skin cells together.
This allows the outer skin to dissolve revealing the underlying skin.


Glycolic Acid (C2H4O3) is a corrosive, hygroscopic, water-soluble compound and the smallest alpha hydroxy acid.
Available in various quantities, Glycolic Acid (C2H4O3) is used as a dyeing and tanning agent, a flavoring agent and preservative, an intermediate for organic synthesis, etc.

Glycolic acid (or hydroxyacetic acid; chemical formula HOCH2CO2H) is a colorless, odorless and hygroscopic crystalline solid, highly soluble in water.
Glycolic Acid (C2H4O3) is used in various skin-care products.
Glycolic acid is widespread in nature.
A glycolate (sometimes spelled "glycollate") is a salt or ester of glycolic acid.



Glycolic Acid (70% Solution in Water) Special Quality is a high-quality organic compound widely used in various industries, including cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, and chemical research.
It is a colorless, odorless liquid that is highly soluble in water.
This special quality glycolic acid solution consists of 70% glycolic acid dissolved in water, ensuring high purity and quality for various applications.

Glycolic Acid (C2H4O3) is Special quality glycolic acid solution
Glycolic Acid (C2H4O3) Consists of 70% glycolic acid dissolved in water
Glycolic Acid (C2H4O3) has High purity and quality, suitable for various applications

Glycolic Acid (C2H4O3) is Colorless and odorless liquid
Glycolic Acid (C2H4O3) has High solubility in water





HISTORY OF GLYCOLIC ACID (C2H4O3):
The name "glycolic acid" was coined in 1848 by French chemist Auguste Laurent (1807–1853).
He proposed that the amino acid glycine—which was then called glycocolle—might be the amine of a hypothetical acid, which he called "glycolic acid" (acide glycolique).


Glycolic Acid (C2H4O3) was first prepared in 1851 by German chemist Adolph Strecker (1822–1871) and Russian chemist Nikolai Nikolaevich Sokolov (1826–1877).
They produced it by treating hippuric acid with nitric acid and nitrogen dioxide to form an ester of benzoic acid and glycolic acid (C6H5C(=O)OCH2COOH), which they called "benzoglycolic acid" (Benzoglykolsäure; also benzoyl glycolic acid).
They boiled the ester for days with dilute sulfuric acid, thereby obtaining benzoic acid and glycolic acid (Glykolsäure).


PREPARATION OF GLYCOLIC ACID (C2H4O3):
Glycolic Acid (C2H4O3) can be synthesized in various ways.
The predominant approaches use a catalyzed reaction of formaldehyde with synthesis gas (carbonylation of formaldehyde), for its low cost.
Glycolic Acid (C2H4O3) is also prepared by the reaction of chloroacetic acid with sodium hydroxide followed by re-acidification.

Other methods, not noticeably in use, include hydrogenation of oxalic acid, and hydrolysis of the cyanohydrin derived from formaldehyde.
Some of today's glycolic acids are formic acid-free.
Glycolic acid can be isolated from natural sources, such as sugarcane, sugar beets, pineapple, cantaloupe and unripe grapes.
Glycolic acid can also be prepared using an enzymatic biochemical process that may require less energy.


PROPERTIES OF GLYCOLIC ACID (C2H4O3):
Glycolic acid is slightly stronger than acetic acid due to the electron-withdrawing power of the terminal hydroxyl group.
The carboxylate group can coordinate to metal ions, forming coordination complexes.
Of particular note are the complexes with Pb2+ and Cu2+ which are significantly stronger than complexes with other carboxylic acids.

This indicates that the hydroxyl group is involved in complex formation, possibly with the loss of its proton.

APPLICATIONS OF GLYCOLIC ACID (C2H4O3):
Glycolic acid is used in the textile industry as a dyeing and tanning agent.

ORGANIC SYNTHESIS:
Glycolic acid is a useful intermediate for organic synthesis, in a range of reactions including: oxidation-reduction, esterification and long chain polymerization.
Glycolic Acid (C2H4O3) is used as a monomer in the preparation of polyglycolic acid and other biocompatible copolymers (e.g. PLGA).

Commercially, important derivatives include the methyl (CAS# 96-35-5) and ethyl (CAS# 623-50-7) esters which are readily distillable (boiling points 147–149 °C and 158–159 °C, respectively), unlike the parent acid.
The butyl ester (b.p. 178–186 °C) is a component of some varnishes, being desirable because it is nonvolatile and has good dissolving properties.


OCCURRENCE OF GLYCOLIC ACID (C2H4O3):
Plants produce glycolic acid during photorespiration.
Glycolic Acid (C2H4O3) is recycled by conversion to glycine within the peroxisomes and to tartronic acid semialdehyde within the chloroplasts.

Because photorespiration is a wasteful side reaction in regard to photosynthesis, much effort has been devoted to suppressing its formation.
One process converts glycolate into glycerate without using the conventional BASS6 and PLGG1 route; see glycerate pathway



CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF GLYCOLIC ACID (C2H4O3):

Molecular Weight
78.037 g/mol
XLogP3
-1.1
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count
2
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count
3
Rotatable Bond Count
1
Exact Mass
78.02275366 g/mol
Monoisotopic Mass
78.02275366 g/mol
Topological Polar Surface Area
57.5Ų
Heavy Atom Count
5
Formal Charge
0
Complexity
40.2
Isotope Atom Count
2
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count
0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count
0
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count
0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count
0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count
1
Compound Is Canonicalized
Yes
Chemical formula, C2H4O3
Molar mass, 76.05 g/mol
Appearance, White powder or colorless crystals
Density, 1.49 g/cm3[1]
Melting point, 75 °C (167 °F; 348 K)
Boiling point, Decomposes
Solubility in water, 70% solution
Solubility in other solvents, Alcohols, acetone,
acetic acid and
ethyl acetate[2]
log P, −1.05[3]
Acidity (pKa), 3.83



SAFETY INFORMATION ABOUT GLYCOLIC ACID (C2H4O3):
First aid measures:
Description of first aid measures:
General advice:
Consult a physician.
Show this safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
Move out of dangerous area:

If inhaled:
If breathed in, move person into fresh air.
If not breathing, give artificial respiration.
Consult a physician.
In case of skin contact:
Take off contaminated clothing and shoes immediately.
Wash off with soap and plenty of water.
Consult a physician.

In case of eye contact:
Rinse thoroughly with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes and consult a physician.
Continue rinsing eyes during transport to hospital.

If swallowed:
Do NOT induce vomiting.
Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person.
Rinse mouth with water.
Consult a physician.

Firefighting measures:
Extinguishing media:
Suitable extinguishing media:
Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.
Special hazards arising from the substance or mixture
Carbon oxides, Nitrogen oxides (NOx), Hydrogen chloride gas

Advice for firefighters:
Wear self-contained breathing apparatus for firefighting if necessary.
Accidental release measures:
Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures
Use personal protective equipment.

Avoid breathing vapours, mist or gas.
Evacuate personnel to safe areas.

Environmental precautions:
Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so.
Do not let product enter drains.
Discharge into the environment must be avoided.

Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Soak up with inert absorbent material and dispose of as hazardous waste.
Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.

Handling and storage:
Precautions for safe handling:
Avoid inhalation of vapour or mist.

Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place.
Containers which are opened must be carefully resealed and kept upright to prevent leakage.
Storage class (TRGS 510): 8A: Combustible, corrosive hazardous materials

Exposure controls/personal protection:
Control parameters:
Components with workplace control parameters
Contains no substances with occupational exposure limit values.
Exposure controls:
Appropriate engineering controls:
Handle in accordance with good industrial hygiene and safety practice.
Wash hands before breaks and at the end of workday.

Personal protective equipment:
Eye/face protection:
Tightly fitting safety goggles.
Faceshield (8-inch minimum).
Use equipment for eye protection tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or EN 166(EU).

Skin protection:
Handle with gloves.
Gloves must be inspected prior to use.
Use proper glove
removal technique (without touching glove's outer surface) to avoid skin contact with this product.
Dispose of contaminated gloves after use in accordance with applicable laws and good laboratory practices.
Wash and dry hands.

Full contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0.11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Material tested:Dermatril (KCL 740 / Aldrich Z677272, Size M)
Splash contact
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0.11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Material tested:Dermatril (KCL 740 / Aldrich Z677272, Size M)
It should not be construed as offering an approval for any specific use scenario.

Body Protection:
Complete suit protecting against chemicals, The type of protective equipment must be selected according to the concentration and amount of the dangerous substance at the specific workplace.
Respiratory protection:
Where risk assessment shows air-purifying respirators are appropriate use a fullface respirator with multi-purpose combination (US) or type ABEK (EN 14387) respirator cartridges as a backup to engineering controls.

If the respirator is the sole means of protection, use a full-face supplied air respirator.
Use respirators and components tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or CEN (EU).
Control of environmental exposure
Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so.
Do not let product enter drains.
Discharge into the environment must be avoided.

Stability and reactivity:
Chemical stability:
Stable under recommended storage conditions.
Incompatible materials:
Strong oxidizing agents:
Hazardous decomposition products:
Hazardous decomposition products formed under fire conditions.
Carbon oxides, Nitrogen oxides (NOx), Hydrogen chloride gas.

Disposal considerations:
Waste treatment methods:
Product:
Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company.
Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material.
Contaminated packaging:
Dispose of as unused product