DESCRIPTION:
Beeswax (also known as cera alba) is a natural wax produced by honey bees of the genus Apis.
The wax is formed into scales by eight wax-producing glands in the abdominal segments of worker bees, which discard it in or at the hive.
The hive workers collect and use it to form cells for honey storage and larval and pupal protection within the beehive.


Beeswax is a natural wax that worker bees secrete from glands under their abdomen.
The substance is produced as waxy scales that form thin sheets.
Beeswax can be chewed up by the worker bee and molded into any shape they choose.

Bees produce beeswax mainly to create honeycomb cells for storing honey and protecting eggs and larvae.
The wax acts as a valuable barrier to water and keeps out cold.
Beeswax has a chemical makeup comprising various long-chain alcohols and fatty acid esters.

Beeswax is a product made from the honeycomb of the honeybee and other bees.
The mixing of pollen oils into honeycomb wax turns the white wax into a yellow or brown color.
Beeswax is used for high cholesterol, pain, fungal skin infections, and other conditions.

But there is no good scientific research to support these uses.
In foods and beverages, white beeswax and beeswax absolute (yellow beeswax treated with alcohol) are used as stiffening agents.
In manufacturing, yellow and white beeswax are used as thickeners, emulsifiers, and as stiffening agents in cosmetics.

Beeswax absolute is used as a fragrance in soaps and perfumes.
White beeswax and beeswax absolute are also used to polish pills.


Beeswax is a substance made by honeybees.
Beeswax has many useful properties, not only for the success of the hive but also as a natural ingredient for consumer products.
Beeswax can be used for household items, but there are also biological benefits.

Bees play an important role in keeping our world functioning.
With the amount of pollination that they do, they contribute to various animal and plant species' survival, including our own.
Not only that, bee products are now an integral part of consumer products.
These products are growing in popularity, and help bring attention to all the work honeybees do for nature and people.

Besides growing in demand as a natural alternative to plastics and synthetic chemicals, beeswax is an important material used for building the beehive.
It is made to store food and house the young bee larvae.
Beeswax is made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, which are formed into long carbon chains.
This structure makes beeswax easy to sculpt once it’s been harvested and cleaned.

Worker bees make beeswax by turning their nectar and honey stores into compounds.
They work together and use their small bodies to make the product.
Those compounds are secreted from special glands on the bee's abdomen.

A lot of work goes into making beeswax.
Young worker bees spend most of their time making beeswax.
Bees use six pounds of honey to make one pound of wax.
The young worker bees cluster together to raise their body temperatures, which helps to make the wax easier to work with.


Beeswax is one of the natural waxes that have been used as a support ingredient in cosmetic and pharmaceutical formulations.
Although Beeswax has well-known healing properties, Beeswax remains a secondary and poorly valued product, particularly in South American countries' apiarian production.
In Latin America, for example, the apiarian activity can be traced back to stingless bees in pre-Columbian times.

Then, with the arrival of the Spaniards in the 16th century, honey bees (Apis mellifera iberian and A. m. mellifera) were introduced, which were joined afterward by other breeds such as A. m. ligustica and A. m. scutellata.
Over the years, honey has been the main product from the apiarian farmers, being beeswax a secondary product, mainly used for the regular renewal procedure of the hives.
Nowadays, beeswax's cosmetic and pharmaceutical use is found at the level of small laboratories and small businesses.

Unlike other hive products, beeswax is a substance produced 100% by worker bees.
They produce what are called wax scales thanks to specific glands located on their abdomen.
Mixed with saliva, the wax scales take on a more homogeneous and smoother appearance, which then serves as a polishing, protective and softening agent.
Like propolis or royal jelly, beeswax plays an important role in maintaining the good health of the hive and protecting it from external aggression.


Chemically, beeswax consists mainly of esters of fatty acids and various long-chain alcohols.
Beeswax has been used since prehistory as the first plastic, as a lubricant and waterproofing agent, in lost wax casting of metals and glass, as a polish for wood and leather, for making candles, as an ingredient in cosmetics and as an artistic medium in encaustic painting.

Beeswax is edible, having similarly negligible toxicity to plant waxes, and is approved for food use in most countries and in the European Union under the E number E901.
However, due to its inability to be broken down by the human digestive system, Beeswax has insignificant nutritional value

PRODUCTION OF BEESWAX:
Beeswax is formed by worker bees, which secrete it from eight wax-producing mirror glands on the inner sides of the sternites (the ventral shield or plate of each segment of the body) on abdominal segments 4 to 7.
The sizes of these wax glands depend on the age of the worker, and after many daily flights, these glands gradually begin to atrophy.

The new wax is initially glass-clear and colorless, becoming opaque after chewing and being contaminated with pollen by the hive worker bees, becoming progressively yellower or browner by incorporation of pollen oils and propolis.
The wax scales are about three millimetres (0.12 in) across and 0.1 mm (0.0039 in) thick, and about 1100 are needed to make a gram of wax.
Worker bees use the beeswax to build honeycomb cells.
For the wax-making bees to secrete wax, the ambient temperature in the hive must be 33 to 36 °C (91 to 97 °F).

The book Beeswax Production, Harvesting, Processing and Products suggests one kilogram (2.2 lb) of beeswax is sufficient to store 22 kg (49 lb) of honey.
Another study estimated that one kilogram (2.2 lb) of wax can store 24 to 30 kg (53 to 66 lb) of honey.

Sugars from honey are metabolized into beeswax in wax-gland-associated fat cells.
The amount of honey used by bees to produce wax has not been accurately determined, but according to Whitcomb's 1946 experiment, 6.66 to 8.80 kg (14.7 to 19.4 lb) of honey yields one kilogram (2.2 lb) of wax.

PROCESSING OF BEESWAX:
Beeswax as a product for human use may come from cappings cut off the cells in the process of extraction, from old comb that is scrapped, or from unwanted burr comb and brace comb removed from a hive.
Its color varies from nearly white to brownish, but most often is a shade of yellow, depending on purity, the region, and the type of flowers gathered by the bees.
The wax from the brood comb of the honey bee hive tends to be darker than wax from the honeycomb because impurities accumulate more quickly in the brood comb.

Due to the impurities, the wax must be rendered before further use.
The leftovers are called slumgum, and is derived from old breeding rubbish (pupa casings, cocoons, shed larva skins, etc.), bee droppings, propolis, and general rubbish.
The wax may be clarified further by heating in water.
As with petroleum waxes, it may be softened by dilution with mineral oil or vegetable oil to make it more workable at room temperature.


HISTORY OF BEESWAX:
While we discovered the benefits and properties of beehive products relatively recently, they were commonly used across the different civilisations which preceded us.
The first traces of the use of beeswax have been found in Turkey, where it was discovered on pottery shards dating to seven thousand years ago.
Other discoveries also lead us to believe that beeswax was used traditionally during pre-Neolithic then Neolithic periods.


In the present day, beeswax has many uses.
Beeswax is often found in the cosmetics sector, where it serves as a protective and softening agent. Beeswax is also used to make candles, as well as being used as a food additive.
Zero waste proponents also use Beeswax to create “bee-wrap”, an alternative to plastic containers for preserving food in a more ecological way.

CHARACTERISTICS OF BEESWAX:
Beeswax has a very rich composition: Beeswax contains over 300 different molecules!
Beeswax mainly contains alcohol esters, fatty acids and sugars, as well as a significant quantity of vitamin A.
Produced at the heart of the hive, Beeswax also contains traces of propolis, pollen and other elements.


When Beeswax is produced by bees, beeswax is white, but it progressively takes on a darker tint from contact with the pollen and propolis found in the hive.
Beeswax is a valued substance in industry, as Beeswax is very easy to work with.
Malleable at room temperature, Beeswax becomes liquid when it is melted.
Beeswax can also be kept for a long time, and its different properties make it a popular ingredient.

BENEFITS OF BEESWAX FOR THE SKIN AND HAIR:
The softening, emulsifying and protective properties of beeswax are particularly valuable for helping to nourish the skin and contribute to naturally maintaining its elasticity and flexibility.

Rich in fatty acids, Beeswax is widely found in the formulation of cosmetic treatments intended for dry skin and mature skin.
Beeswax is also a key ingredient in lip balms and hand creams.
Applied on the skin, Beeswax gives instant comfort thanks to its softening action and provides lasting protection against external aggression such as the cold or wind.

In addition to being recommended in facial and body treatments, beeswax can also be used on the hair to nourish ends and facilitate styling, in association with other ingredients.
To enjoy the benefits of beeswax, we have integrated it in some of our cosmetic products.
You can therefore find Beeswax alongside other hive products in our hand cream, our lip balm and even our moisturising day cream for normal skin.















PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF BEESWAX:
Beeswax is a fragrant solid at room temperature.
The colors are light yellow, medium yellow, or dark brown and white.
Beeswax is a tough wax formed from a mixture of several chemical compounds.

Beeswax has a relatively low melting point range of 62 to 64 °C (144 to 147 °F).
If beeswax is heated above 85 °C (185 °F) discoloration occurs.
The flash point of beeswax is 204.4 °C (400 °F).


Triacontanyl palmitate, a wax ester, is a major component of beeswax.
When natural beeswax is cold, it is brittle, and its fracture is dry and granular.
At room temperature (conventionally taken as about 20 °C (68 °F)), it is tenacious and it softens further at human body temperature (37 °C (99 °F)).

Beeswax is an inert material with high plasticity at a relatively low temperature (around 32ºC).
Its melting point is not constant since the composition varies slightly depending on its origin.
Typical values are between (62 °C to 65 °C).

Its relative density at 15 ºC is reported between 0.958 g/cm3 to 0.970 g/cm3, while its thermal conductivity is approximately 0.25 W/m.K.
Beeswax is also known that the viscosity at 100 °C is less than 20 mPa.
The boiling point is unknown and has a flash point at temperatures higher than 180 °C.

PHARMACEUTICAL PROPERTIES OF BEESWAX:
Sterols present in beeswax are therapeutically beneficial compounds effective in lowering cholesterol levels.
The incorporation of sterols into different foods may be convenient.
Beeswax is used for delicate skin care in cosmetology, especially when it is dry.
Beeswax cleans the epidermis and softens and nourishes the dermis, thus preventing skin aging.

Products that contain beeswax soften the skin.
White wax typically enters the composition of nourishing, astringent, cleansing creams and skin masks.
The therapeutic properties of beeswax were already known in antiquity.

In his famous "Canon of medicine," Avicenna cites several medicine formulas whose composition includes beeswax.
In addition, archeological evidence of beeswax ointments has been found from as early as the 16th century.

Nowadays, beeswax continues to occupy a prominent place in medicine preparations.
According to Pharmacopoeia, plasters, ointments and creams should be prepared in pharmacies with a beeswax base.
In addition, the white wax is included in the composition of creams, astringents, cleaning, whitening, and facial masks.

In the United States, chewing gum (combs wax) is attributed to have specific valuable properties, among others, to activate the secretion of saliva and gastric juice, eliminate dental stones, and reduce nicotine concentrations in smokers.
Recently, beeswax has been used to encapsulate drugs and flavors.


BEESWAX PURIFICATION:
As found in combs, beeswax is yellow and has a particular smell similar to honey.
Its purification is carried out through several procedures reported in the literature.
The purification procedure consists in melting beeswax in a water bath at a temperature higher than 60 ºC.

Then beeswax is bleached through a variety of methods, among them: exposition to the sun, through diatomaceous earth and activated carbon, or with sulfuric acid.
The molten beeswax is then poured on a vessel and partially submerged in temperate water while slowly mixing, and the impurities are scraped off the surface.
The purified beeswax is white and translucent and has thin edges.

BEESWAX FORMULATION FOR CREAMS AND OINTMENTS:

In general, to obtain a dermo-cosmetic cream, the components of each phase must be mixed separately at a temperature close to 60 ºC, then incorporated one phase into the other under mixing, cool, and homogenize.
However, the preparation is more straightforward for ointments as a single phase.
The procedure consists basically in melting the beeswax at a temperature higher than 65 ºC and adding the formulation components.

In this sense, the cream or ointment components must be chosen according to the objective pursued with the application on the skin.
Thus, beeswax can be used as a component in moisturizing creams for burns, stretch marks, wrinkles, cellulite, lip balms, and even sunscreen formulations


CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF BEESWAX:
An approximate chemical formula for beeswax is C15H31COOC30H61.
Its main constituents are palmitate, palmitoleate, and oleate esters of long-chain (30–32 carbons) aliphatic alcohols, with the ratio of triacontanyl palmitate CH3(CH2)29O-CO-(CH2)14CH3 to cerotic acid CH3(CH2)24COOH, the two principal constituents, being 6:1.
Beeswax can be classified generally into European and Oriental types.

The saponification value is lower (3–5) for European beeswax, and higher (8–9) for Oriental types.
The analytical characterization can be done by high-temperature gas chromatography.





Production of Beeswax:
In 2020, world production of beeswax was 62,116 tonnes, led by India with 38% of the total.

USES OF BEESWAX:
Beeswax has numerous uses.
The wax has over 300 natural compounds in it, and has a pleasant scent.
This makes it a popular material to use in human goods.

Candles:
Beeswax burns more beautifully than any other wax.
It exudes a faint, natural fragrance of honey and pollen.
When candles are made with the proper size of wicking, they are smokeless, dripless, and burn with a bright flame.
The aroma can be accentuated when mixed with essential oils.

Pure beeswax candles can clean the air by releasing negative ions into the air.
These negative ions can bind with toxins and help remove them from the air.
Beeswax candles are often especially helpful for those with asthma or allergies and they are effective at removing common allergens like dust and dander from the air.

Whilst beeswax candles are more expensive than paraffin wax ones, they burn more slowly so they last much longer.

Prevents Rust:
Coat things like hand tools, cast iron pieces and shovels to prevent them from rusting out.
You can even rub the wax on the wooden handle of your shovel to help protect against wear and tear.
Beeswax also prevents bronze items from getting tarnished.

Cheese Waxing:
Beeswax is the best natural cover for cheeses.
It works well for sealing because it has a low melting point.

Waxed Thread:
Plain thread can be rubbed against a cube of wax, coating the thread in the wax.
The wax on the thread provides lubrication that can make sewing easier.

Coating Nails & Screws:
Nails and screws coated with beeswax help not splinter the wood.

Wood Lubricant:
Rub the wax on sliding glass doors, windows or drawers that tend to stick to restore smooth movement.
Beeswax is also a fantastic lubricant for oiling very old furniture joints.

Envelope Seal:
Traditionally beeswax was used as an envelope seal.
This use would be great for an invitation to traditional events such as weddings.

Waterproof Shoes and Boots:
Rub the beeswax over the entire shoe.
Next, use a blow dryer to melt the wax all over the shoe then let set for about 5 minutes before wearing!

DIY Shoe Polish:
Restore leather products such as boots, shoes, wallets, bags, and more with this basic shoe polish formula.

Beeswax For Hair:
Beeswax is used as a remedy for dry hair, to help start and maintain dreadlocks and as a wax for a man’s beard or mustache.

Grease Cookie Sheets:
If you have a block of wax, you can simply rub it over your pans and use it in place of butter or oil. (Beeswax is edible so this is perfectly safe.)
It works best if you warm the sheet a bit first.
Over time the pan will take on a permanent coat of wax, eliminating the need to grease every time.

Furniture Polish:
To make beeswax furniture polish melt 1 T. of grated beeswax, stir in 3 T. of coconut oil until melted.
When this cools and hardens, use a clean cloth to rub it onto your wood furniture.
Then using another cloth, buff the furniture until all residue is removed.

Reusable Food Wrap:
An alternative to plastic wrap…..make your own beeswax coated cotton material.
The warmth of your hands allows you to mould the beeswax to whatever shape you want and it stays there.
When refrigerated it forms a firm cover to protect your leftovers.

Care For Wooden Utensils:
Make spoon (or board) butter out of mineral oil and natural beeswax.
Smooth it into your spoons, spatulas, boards and bowls.
Let them sit for a couple of hours, then rub down with a clean cloth and return them to normal use.

Cosmetics:
Beeswax is often added to creams, lotions, soaps, and lipstick.
This is because it can improve skin's softness and hydration, and has antibiotic properties.
This ingredient is increasingly seen in skincare items, as a natural alternative that is safe for sensitive skin.

Food coverings:
Beeswax has become an alternative coating to other kinds of wax for candies, fruits, nuts, and coffee beans to name a few.
You can find natural beeswax covers in the grocery store, which are reusable alternatives to plastic wrap.
Beeswax is thus becoming more popular among people who are switching to sustainable lifestyles.

Polish:
Beeswax has been used in furniture and shoe polish, but there are many technical uses for beeswax.
Beeswax is also been used to care for leather products.
The different types of compounds found in beeswax make it a versatile product.

Candles:
Beeswax can be used as candle wax.
Beeswax is naturally scented and makes for nice, natural candles.
Candles made with beeswax were once popular.
Now people have moved on to easier, more sustainable waves for candles.

Honeybees are powerhouses capable of making all sorts of wonderful things.
Buying local is a great way to support your area's bees.
You can also check to see that your bee products are sustainably sourced.
These actions may benefit both your surrounding environment and local economy.


Candle-making has long involved the use of beeswax, which burns readily and cleanly, and this material was traditionally prescribed for the making of the Paschal candle or "Easter candle".
Beeswax candles are purported to be superior to other wax candles, because they burn brighter and longer, do not bend, and burn cleaner.
Beeswax is further recommended for the making of other candles used in the liturgy of the Roman Catholic Church.
Beeswax is also the candle constituent of choice in the Eastern Orthodox Church.

Refined beeswax plays a prominent role in art materials both as a binder in encaustic paint and as a stabilizer in oil paint to add body.

Beeswax is an ingredient in surgical bone wax, which is used during surgery to control bleeding from bone surfaces; shoe polish and furniture polish can both use beeswax as a component, dissolved in turpentine or sometimes blended with linseed oil or tung oil; modeling waxes can also use beeswax as a component; pure beeswax can also be used as an organic surfboard wax.
Beeswax blended with pine rosin is used for waxing, and can serve as an adhesive to attach reed plates to the structure inside a squeezebox.
Beeswax can also be used to make Cutler's resin, an adhesive used to glue handles onto cutlery knives.

Beeswax is used in Eastern Europe in egg decoration; it is used for writing, via resist dyeing, on batik eggs (as in pysanky) and for making beaded eggs.
Beeswax is used by percussionists to make a surface on tambourines for thumb rolls.
Beeswax can also be used as a metal injection moulding binder component along with other polymeric binder materials.


Beeswax was formerly used in the manufacture of phonograph cylinders.
Beeswax may still be used to seal formal legal or royal decree and academic parchments such as placing an awarding stamp imprimatur of the university upon completion of postgraduate degrees.

Purified and bleached beeswax is used in the production of food, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals.
The three main types of beeswax products are yellow, white, and beeswax absolute.
Yellow beeswax is the crude product obtained from the honeycomb, white beeswax is bleached or filtered yellow beeswax, and beeswax absolute is yellow beeswax treated with alcohol.

In food preparation, Beeswax is used as a coating for cheese; by sealing out the air, protection is given against spoilage (mold growth).
Beeswax may also be used as a food additive E901, in small quantities acting as a glazing agent, which serves to prevent water loss, or used to provide surface protection for some fruits.

Soft gelatin capsules and tablet coatings may also use E901.
Beeswax is also a common ingredient of natural chewing gum.
The wax monoesters in beeswax are poorly hydrolysed in the guts of humans and other mammals, so they have insignificant nutritional value.
Some birds, such as honeyguides, can digest beeswax.
Beeswax is the main diet of wax moth larvae.

The use of beeswax in skin care and cosmetics has been increasing.
A German study found beeswax to be superior to similar barrier creams (usually mineral oil-based creams such as petroleum jelly), when used according to its protocol.
Beeswax is used in lip balm, lip gloss, hand creams, salves, and moisturizers; and in cosmetics such as eye shadow, blush, and eye liner.
Beeswax is also an important ingredient in moustache wax and hair pomades, which make hair look sleek and shiny.

In oil spill control, beeswax is processed to create Petroleum Remediation Product (PRP).
Beeswax is used to absorb oil or petroleum-based pollutants from water.



Beeswax has played an essential role in history and popular tradition for many years.
Historically, beeswax has been used for candle manufacture; beeswax also was used in letter envelopes seals, sculpture making, and sealing coffins, among other applications.
Due to beeswax characteristics, properties and benefits, beeswax is used in both handcrafted and industrial products.
Industry uses beeswax as an insulating and hydrophobic component of numerous products.
For example, beeswax is used in electrical cables to isolate copper from moisture, in electronic circuits, to protect leather, in the preparation of varnishes, inks, matches, and protective waxes for cuttings.

Beeswax goes into the composition of ointments and creams as a fat base and thickener.
The major use in this field is depilating wax, a mixture of beeswax and resins.
Beeswax has anti-inflammatory and healing properties and is thus widely used in cosmetic and pharmaceutical products.

Beeswax is used to cover sewing cords in shoe production, paperboards, and even in some cultures to produce dried meat.
Beeswax is also used in shoe polishes and creams to protect cans from acidic attacks from fruit juices and other corrosive agents.
Beeswax is used to make models for pieces in jewelry and sculpture modeling due to its malleability.

Beeswax in some Asia and African countries is used to create batik fabrics and manufacture small metal ornaments through the molten wax method.
Companies such as Stockmar and Filana use beeswax to make wax crayons.
Additionally, candelilla wax has been proposed in beeswax crayon formulations.
Stockmar also manufactures modeling beeswax.







HISTORICAL USES OF BEESWAX:
Beeswax was among the first plastics to be used, alongside other natural polymers such as gutta-percha, horn, tortoiseshell, and shellac.
For thousands of years, beeswax has had a wide variety of applications; it has been found in the tombs of Egypt, in wrecked Viking ships, and in Roman ruins.
Beeswax never goes bad and can be heated and reused.

Historically, it has been used:
• As candles - the oldest intact beeswax candles north of the Alps were found in the Alamannic graveyard of Oberflacht, Germany, dating to 6th/7th century AD
• In the manufacture of cosmetics
• As a modelling material in the lost-wax casting process, or cire perdue
• For wax tablets used for a variety of writing purposes
• In encaustic paintings such as the Fayum mummy portraits
• In bow making
• To strengthen and preserve sewing thread, cordage, shoe laces, etc.
• As a component of sealing wax
• To strengthen and to forestall splitting and cracking of wind instrument reeds
• To form the mouthpieces of a didgeridoo, and the frets on the Philippine kutiyapi – a type of boat lute
• As a sealant or lubricant for bullets in cap and ball firearms
• To stabilize the military explosive Torpex – before being replaced by a petroleum-based product
• In producing Javanese batik
• As an ancient form of dental tooth filling
• As the joint filler in the slate bed of pool and billiard tables.





BENEFITS OF BEESWAX:
Beeswax has numerous benefits for honeybees and their hives.
This material plays an important role in the honeybee colony's function and health.

The good news is that it's also useful to humans.
Beeswax has been shown to have multiple therapeutic properties.
The natural components of beeswax also give it healing properties.

Beeswax products are used on the exterior of your skin.
Unlike honey, it's not meant to be consumed.
Some of these include:

• Healing bruises
• Reducing inflammation
• Treating burns
There is a long history in European and Asian usage of beeswax in traditional medicine.
More modern researchers are studying the antimicrobial properties of beeswax, and some studies have shown a reduction of the effect of salmonella and staphylococcus.

Another benefit of beeswax is its low irritant content.
This makes it popular in cosmetics and makeup.
Because of beeswax's softening and protective properties, it's safe for many skin types.

All natural:
Coming from the honeycomb of the honeybee, beeswax is a completely all-natural substance straight from Mother Nature.
Honeybees consume honey and pollen to produce the wax.
Beeswax takes about eight pounds of honey to produce just one pound of beeswax.

Antibacterial:
Like honey, beeswax has antibacterial properties helping keep things clean and reducing risks of contamination.
This makes Beeswax a common ingredient in skin treatments, salves, and more.

Antifungal:
Beeswax is also thought to have antifungal properties preventing the growth of yeasts and other fungi.

Edible:
While it wouldn’t provide you with many nutrients, beeswax is non-toxic and safe if ingested which is one of the reasons Beeswax makes an excellent lip balm.

Better even when burned:
Unlike candles made from other wax, beeswax candles burn brighter and cleaner as they emit negative ions that are known to help purify the air.
Beeswax also smells great when burned without any added chemicals or scents, as it’s naturally aromatic from the honey and flower nectar that’s found in the honeycomb.


Waterproof:
Beeswax has been used throughout history as a sealant and waterproofing agent for items like belts, tents, and shoes.
By rubbing beeswax onto a surface like leather or canvas and then heating it, the wax seeps into the materials’ fibers and blocks water from passing through.

Moisturising:
A common ingredient in lotions, salves, and balms, beeswax helps lock in moisture making it a great defense against dry skin, lips, or hair.


Eco-friendly:
Since beeswax comes directly from bees and is non-toxic, beeswax is completely environmentally friendly and an important ingredient in a range of eco-friendly products.
Also, we use beeswax to make our beeswax wraps and beeswax food bags.

Never goes bad:
Propolis in Beeswax:
Beeswax contains a natural, powerful protective substance called propolis, which shields beeswax from ever going bad.
Made by the bees by combining tree resin with wax flakes and pollen, propolis is used to used fix and strengthen the beehive while protecting the hive with an antiseptic barrier – the name propolis comes from the Greek meaning “defense of the city.”
These protective qualities are so effective that unspoiled beeswax has even been found in ancient tombs.
That said, it is possible for commercial or homemade beeswax products that also include other ingredients to go bad.

Beeswax and its beneficial properties:
With so many beneficial properties, beeswax is a healthy and harmless alternative to plastic for storing food.
Beeswax wraps use the natural power of beeswax to protect and store your food in a safe way as a plastic wrap alternative.
Since beeswax is waterproof, it keeps unwanted moisture out of food while trapping the food’s natural moisture in.

Meanwhile, its antibacterial and antifungal properties keep bacteria and germs at bay while the fact that it’s all-natural and nontoxic means that, unlike chemical-filled plastics, it’s safe to have close to your food.
Many people even use beeswax to seal fresh cheeses for aging – you can’t get much closer than that.




COLLECTION OF BEESWAX
To make good beeswax candles, it is important to ensure that the best beeswax is obtained.
The beekeepers collect honey and beeswax simultaneously.
They first begin by emptying the frames of the beehive that are covered with beeswax in the form of cappings and then they scratch off all the beeswax to collect the sweet old honey and move on to the next step.

The wax obtained from the beehive is first boiled and then filtered to eliminate any sort of impurities.
After ensuring that the best batch of beeswax has been obtained, the candle-making process begins.


COMMONLY ASKED QUESTIONS ABOUT BEESWAX:
Does harvesting beeswax harm the bees?:
Bees work hard to make beeswax for their colony, not for humans.
When we take it without concern for sustainability, this heavily impacts the bee colony.
They may not be able to create enough food for winter if the honeycomb is plundered.

It is possible to harvest surplus beeswax without overworking the bees.
Excess wax collection allows the bees to build fresh honeycomb that is free from disease and best for nurturing future bee generations.

What is beeswax used for?:
Beeswax has a wide range of uses, including candle-making, environmentally-friendly food wrap, and skincare products.
Beeswax is also good for conditioning wood, rust prevention, and unsticking zippers.

Are bees killed for beeswax?:
Beeswax removal from a hive does not kill any bees.
When beekeepers use sustainable practices, they only take excess wax that won’t strain the colony.

Is beeswax the same as honey?:
Beeswax and honey are not the same, but they often go hand in hand.
Bees produce honey as a food source for the colony, while beeswax is used to construct honeycomb and other parts of the hive, like queen cells.
To extract honey from a beehive, you’ll also need to take the honeycomb.


WHAT IS BEESWAX AND WHY DO BEES MAKE IT?
Whether you’re a beekeeper or simply a curious person, you may wonder about honeybees and their intricate and remarkable behaviors.
You’re probably familiar with honey, but that doesn’t mean you understand other bee products.
Beeswax is an incredible substance, and it serves a few different purposes within a beehive.
Although you may not understand much about it at the moment, it’s beneficial to know what beeswax is and why bees make it.

WHAT IS BEESWAX?
Many people wonder what beeswax actually is—in simple terms, it’s what bees use to build the insides of their hives.
Because bees love to build nice homes for themselves, you can think of beeswax as bricks and concrete for bees.

There are many more things to learn about beeswax, from its purposes to how bees make it.
Explore everything you need to know about this spectacular bee product.

WHERE DOES IT COME FROM?
You may or may not be familiar with the honey-making process; either way, you might not know that beeswax comes directly from bees.
That’s right—they make the substance with their bodies and use it for various purposes and tasks around their homes inside the hives.
Whether you know quite a bit or only a little about bees, you’re probably interested in how exactly bees make beeswax; discover the intriguing process of making beeswax.

HOW AND WHY DO BEES MAKE IT?
The process begins in a field full of nectar-rich trees, plants, or flowers.
Bees forage local plants for nectar and pollen to make a few different products for their hives.
With that said, a bee’s diet consists mostly of honey, which is why the colony makes as much as it possibly can during the spring, summer, and early fall seasons.

However, the colony can’t possibly eat all of the honey they make right away.
Therefore, the bees need a place to put their surplus and save it for later.
Because honey never spoils, it’s the perfect substance to save throughout the winter so the colony can survive.

This leads to the need for beeswax.
Believe it or not, bees use honey to create beeswax, which they then use to build combs to store their surplus honey.

Interestingly, honeybees have special wax-producing glands on their abdomens, which converts the honey they eat into wax.
The wax exits their bodies through small pores, and it appears as small transparent flakes on their abdomens.
You may be wondering why beeswax has a yellowish color—it’s because the wax must go through another process before it becomes usable.

Bees transfer these wax flakes to their mouths and chew on them.
Their saliva helps soften the wax, and it’s also responsible for the color change you see in the finished product.
Once they have soft, flexible wax, the bees can use it to build the honeycombs you see within their hives.





CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF BEESWAX:
Wax content type Percentage
Hydrocarbons 14%
Monoesters 35%
Diesters 14%
Triesters 3%
Hydroxy monoesters 4%
Hydroxy polyesters 8%
Acid esters 1%
Acid polyesters 2%
Free fatty acids 12%
Free fatty alcohols 1%
Unidentified 6%

Wax white in pastilles;raworbleached(whiteoryellow);Beeswax, refined, yellow, pure;WAX,BEES,BEADS;WAX,BEES,YELLOW,CAKE,FCC;WAX,WHITE,BEES,CAKE,FCC;WHITEWAX,BEES,CAKE,NF;WHITEWAX,PASTILLES,NF CAS NO:8012-89-3

SYNONYMS Beeswax, White;Wax, White;White Beeswax CAS NO:8012-89-3

SYNONYMS Beeswax;Beeswax absolute;Beeswax, yellow;Beeswax,yellow;Wax, yellow;Wax,yellow;Yellow beeswax;Yellow wax CAS NO:8012-89-3

EINECS 275-286-5; beeswax synthetic CAS NO:71243-51-1

Synonyms: yellow beeswax, raworbleached(whiteoryellow);Beeswax, refined, yellow, pure;WAX,BEES,BEADS;WAX,BEES,YELLOW, CAS Number: 8012-89-3

BEHENALKONIUM CHLORIDE, N° CAS : 16841-14-8, Nom INCI : BEHENALKONIUM CHLORIDE, Nom chimique : Benzyldocosyldimethylammonium chloride N° EINECS/ELINCS : 240-865-3. Antistatique : Réduit l'électricité statique en neutralisant la charge électrique sur une surface. Conditionneur capillaire : Laisse les cheveux faciles à coiffer, souples, doux et brillants et / ou confèrent volume, légèreté et brillance. Tensioactif : Réduit la tension superficielle des cosmétiques et contribue à la répartition uniforme du produit lors de son utilisation

Nom INCI : BEHENAMIDOETHYL DIETHYLAMINE. Conditionneur capillaire : Laisse les cheveux faciles à coiffer, souples, doux et brillants et / ou confèrent volume, légèreté et brillance

BEHENAMIDOPROPYL DIMETHYLAMINE, N° CAS : 60270-33-9, Nom INCI : BEHENAMIDOPROPYL DIMETHYLAMINE. Nom chimique : N-[3-(Dimethylamino)propyl]docosanamide N° EINECS/ELINCS : 262-134-8. Classification : Tensioactif cationique, Tensioactif non ionique. Antistatique : Réduit l'électricité statique en neutralisant la charge électrique sur une surface Agent émulsifiant : Favorise la formation de mélanges intimes entre des liquides non miscibles en modifiant la tension interfaciale (eau et huile)

BEHENAMIDOPROPYL ETHYLDIMONIUM ETHOSULFATE, N° CAS : 68797-65-9, Nom INCI : BEHENAMIDOPROPYL ETHYLDIMONIUM ETHOSULFATE. Nom chimique : 1-Propanaminium, N,N-dimethyl-N-ethyl-3-[(1-oxodocosanyl)amino]-, ethyl sulfate. Classification : Sulfate, Ammonium quaternaire. Antistatique : Réduit l'électricité statique en neutralisant la charge électrique sur une surface. Conditionneur capillaire : Laisse les cheveux faciles à coiffer, souples, doux et brillants et / ou confèrent volume, légèreté et brillance

BEHENETH-10, Behenylalkohol 10 EO; Docosanol, ethoxylated, 10 mol EO (average molar ratio) N° CAS : 26636-40-8, Nom INCI : BEHENETH-10. Agent émulsifiant : Favorise la formation de mélanges intimes entre des liquides non miscibles en modifiant la tension interfaciale (eau et huile). Tensioactif : Réduit la tension superficielle des cosmétiques et contribue à la répartition uniforme du produit lors de son utilisation. 2-docosoxyethanol

docosanol; ethoxylated, 10 mol EO (average molar ratio); nikkol BB-10 cas no: 26636-40-8

BEHENETH-20, Behenylalkohol 20 EO; Docosanol, ethoxylated, 20 mol EO (average molar ratio),BEHENETH-20, N° CAS : 26636-40-8, Nom INCI : BEHENETH-20, Classification : Composé éthoxylé. Agent émulsifiant : Favorise la formation de mélanges intimes entre des liquides non miscibles en modifiant la tension interfaciale (eau et huile).Tensioactif : Réduit la tension superficielle des cosmétiques et contribue à la répartition uniforme du produit lors de son utilisation

BEHENETH-25, Behenylalkohol 25 EO; Docosanol, ethoxylated, 25 mol EO (average molar ratio); BEHENETH-25; BEHENETH-25, N° CAS : 26636-40-8, Nom INCI : BEHENETH-25, Classification : Composé éthoxylé, Ses fonctions (INCI) Agent nettoyant : Aide à garder une surface propre. Agent émulsifiant : Favorise la formation de mélanges intimes entre des liquides non miscibles en modifiant la tension interfaciale (eau et huile) Tensioactif : Réduit la tension superficielle des cosmétiques et contribue à la répartition uniforme du produit lors de son utilisation

Beheneth-25 methacrylate; UNII-108R05PWG6; Polyethylene glycol (25) behenyl ether methacrylate cas no:115047-92-2

BEHENETH-5, Behenylalkohol 5 EO; Docosanol, ethoxylated, 5 mol EO (average molar ratio) BEHENETH-5; BEHENETH-5; BEHENETH-5, N° CAS : 26636-40-8, Nom INCI : BEHENETH-5, Classification : Composé éthoxylé. Agent émulsifiant : Favorise la formation de mélanges intimes entre des liquides non miscibles en modifiant la tension interfaciale (eau et huile)

BEHENIC ACID, N° CAS : 112-85-6, Nom INCI : BEHENIC ACID, Nom chimique : Docosanoic acid, N° EINECS/ELINCS : 204-010-8. Agent nettoyant : Aide à garder une surface propre Agent émulsifiant : Favorise la formation de mélanges intimes entre des liquides non miscibles en modifiant la tension interfaciale (eau et huile). Opacifiant : Réduit la transparence ou la translucidité des cosmétiques. Tensioactif : Réduit la tension superficielle des cosmétiques et contribue à la répartition uniforme du produit lors de son utilisation

BEHENOXY DIMETHICONE. N° CAS : 193892-43-2, Nom INCI : BEHENOXY DIMETHICONE, Classification : Silicone, Emollient : Adoucit et assouplit la peau, Agent d'entretien de la peau : Maintient la peau en bon état

Behenic acid is a major component of ben oil (or behen oil), which is extracted from the seeds of the drumstick tree (Moringa oleifera).
Behenic acid is so named from the Persian month Bahman, when the roots of this tree were harvested.
Behenic acid is also present in some other oils and oil-bearing plants, including rapeseed (canola) and peanut oil and skins.

CAS Number: 112-85-6
Molecular Formula: C22H44O2
Molecular Weight: 340.58
EINECS Number: 204-010-8

Synonyms: Docosanoic acid, Behenic acid, 112-85-6, 1-Docosanoic acid, N-DOCOSANOIC ACID, Hydrofol Acid 560, Hydrofol 2022-55, Glycon B-70, Docosoic acid, Hystrene 5522, Hystrene 9022, Glycon B 70, Prifrac 2989, Behensaeure, Docosansaeure, Dokosansaeure, Docosanic acid, CHEBI:28941, HSDB 5578, Edenor C 22-85R, EINECS 204-010-8, NSC 32364, UNII-H390488X0A, CRODACID B, ORISTAR BA, AI3-52709, C22:0, NSC-32364, H390488X0A, EXL 5, PRIFRAC 2987, NAA 22S, NAA 222S, DTXSID3026930, Docosanoic acid (Chunks or pellets or flakes), EC 204-010-8, NSC32364, MFCD00002807, FA 22:0, B 95, CH3-(CH2)20-COOH, CH3-[CH2]20-COOH, n-Docosanoate, 1-Docosanoate, docosanoyl alcohol, fatty acid 22:0, Behenic acid, 99%, Prifac 2987, Behenic Acid, Technical, Docosanoic acid, ?99%, BEHENIC ACID [MI], SCHEMBL6579, EXL-5, Behenic acid; Docosanoic acid, DOCOSANOIC ACID [HSDB], DTXCID306930, CHEMBL1173474, AGP-103, Behenic acid, analytical standard, BBL025601, BDBM50488776, LMFA01010022, s5381, STL146320, AKOS005720830, CCG-267927, CS-W013765, HY-W013049, NCGC00475914-02, AS-54401, B-95, B1248, B1747, D0963, FT-0745232, NS00005465, C08281, P50011, A854667, Q422590, W-108636, BEHENIC ACID (CONSTITUENT OF BORAGE SEED OIL), E2AAC59F-4B8D-460C-9C6E-E4E82C905122, 08O

Monomolecular films of stearic and behenic acid were formed on substrates 0.1M in sodium chloride, sodium bicarbonate or sodium phosphate and were investigated by IR analysis.
Behenic acid (also docosanoic acid) is a carboxylic acid, the saturated fatty acid with formula C21H43COOH.
In appearance, Behenic acid consists of white solid although impure samples appear yellowish.

Behenic acid is estimated that one ton of peanut skins contains 13 pounds (5.9 kg) of behenic acid.
As a dietary oil, behenic acid is poorly absorbed.
In spite of its low bioavailability compared with oleic acid, behenic acid is a cholesterol-raising saturated fatty acid in humans.

Behenic acid is a saturated fatty acid used as a chemical intermediate in the synthesis of various compounds.
Monomolecular films of stearic and behenic acid were formed on substrates 0.1M in sodium chloride, sodium bicarbonate or sodium phosphate and were investigated by IR analysis.
Behenic acid was used to investigate the phase behavior of long-chain acids in supercritical propane.

Behenic acid was also used in fabrication of metallic Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) films.
Behenic acid, also docosanoic acid, is a normal carboxylic acid, a fatty acid with formula C21H43COOH.
Behenic acid is an important constituent of the behen oil extracted from the seeds of the Ben-oil tree, and it is so named from the Persian month Bahman when the roots of this tree were harvested.

Behenic acid has been identified in the human placenta (PMID:32033212 ).
Behenic acid is a fatty acid that is used as a thickener, cleansing agent, and opacifier in cosmetics.
Also known as Behenic acid, this ingredient may be plant-derived or synthetic.

Behenic acid’s a major component of moringa oil and is also found in peanut oil.
The saturated nature of this long-chain (more than 20 carbon molecules) wax-like fatty acid is what gives it opacifying and texture-enhancing properties.
Behenic acid is sometimes used as an alternative to stearic acid, a decision dependent on desired aesthetics.

Despite this being a saturated fatty acid, its lower molecular weight and affinity for skin enable it to enhance the penetration of other ingredients without posing a risk of irritation.
Although also categorized as a surfactant (cleansing agent) behenic acid is typically used with pure surfactants to create fatty acid-enhanced oil-gel textures that can capably yet gently remove excess oil and long-wearing, more tenacious ingredients.
Usage levels of behenic acid in cosmetics range from 0.024–22%.

Products like lipstick that may lead to incidental ingestion may contain up to 14% behenic acid.
All of these amounts are considered safe for skin.
Behenic acid, also known as docosanoate, C22:0 or 1-docosanoic acid, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as very long-chain fatty acids.

These are fatty acids with an aliphatic tail that contains at least 22 carbon atoms.
Behenic acid is a very hydrophobic molecule, practically insoluble in water, and relatively neutral.
In appearance, it consists of white to cream color crystals or powder with a melting point of 80 °C and boiling point of 306 °C.

Behenic acid is a major component of Ben oil (or behen oil), which is extracted from the seeds of the Ben-oil tree (Moringa oleifera).
Behenic acid is also found in canola oil and peanut oil.
As a dietary oil, behenic acid is poorly absorbed.

In spite of its low bioavailability compared with oleic acid, behenic acid is a cholesterol-raising (LDL) saturated fatty acid in humans and is therefore not a suitable substitute for palmitic acid in manufactured triacylglycerols.
Behenic acid is often used to give hair conditioners and moisturizers their smoothing properties.
Behenic acid is also used in lubricating oils, and as a solvent evaporation retarder in paint removers.

Behenic acid amide is used as an anti-foaming agent in detergents, floor polishes and dripless candles.
Behenic acid is a saturated fatty acid that is derived from the oil extracts of plants and used as a component of conditioning agents.
Behenic acid is also a part of a novel complex of lipophilic ingredients developed for the treatment of dry skin.

The properties of behenic acid were studied in comparison to others fatty acids and it was found that behenic acid does not inhibit the UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) 1A1 enzyme.
The high levels of behenic acid in patients with low-grade glial tumors is an important indicator of the persistence of tissue integrity and tissue resistance.
Therefore, behenic acid levels can be a prognostic factor in glial tumors.

Behenic acid is a fatty acid that has been used as a fluorescence probe for the detection of water vapor.
Behenic acid has shown to have antibacterial efficacy against bacteria including Acinetobacter baumannii, Staphylococcus aureus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
Behenic acid is also known to inhibit the synthesis of fatty acids in rat liver microsomes and to have biological properties such as the ability to induce hepatic steatosis.

This fatty acid is found in some lichens and can be purified from them using an analytical method involving constant-pressure liquid chromatography.
Behenic acid is also found in behen oil, which is produced by pressing nuts from the seed of the beech tree.
Behenic acid is used to give hair conditioners and moisturizers their smoothing properties.

Behenic acid is also used to investigate the phase behavior of long-chain acids in supercritical propane.
Behenic acid is poorly absorbed, and a cholesterol-raising saturated fatty acid in humans.
Behenic acid is made of white free flowing flakes with a characteristic odor.

Behenic acid is ideal for use in personal care products.
Behenic acid is a major component of ben oil (Moringa oleifera) and can also be found in peanut oil, rapeseed oil, and cottonseed oil.
Present in various animal fats, though in smaller quantities compared to vegetable oils.

Behenic acid is used in moisturizers, lotions, and creams for its emollient properties.
Behenic acid helps to soften and smooth the skin by forming a protective barrier that reduces water loss.
Commonly found in conditioners and hair treatments, behenic acid helps to improve hair texture, making it smoother and more manageable.

Included in facial and body cleansers for its ability to enhance the product's texture and provide a smooth application.
Behenic acid is used as an emulsifier in pharmaceutical formulations to ensure the even distribution of active ingredients in creams, ointments, and lotions.
Helps to increase the viscosity of topical formulations, providing a desirable consistency.

Behenic acid and its derivatives are used in the formulation of industrial lubricants and greases due to their high melting point and stability.
Utilized in the production of surfactants and detergents for their ability to reduce surface tension and improve cleaning efficiency.
Behenic acid is used as a plasticizer in the manufacturing of plastics to improve their flexibility and durability.

Employed as a food additive and preservative due to its anti-oxidative properties, though its use in this industry is limited compared to other applications.
Behenic acid is highly effective at providing long-lasting moisture to the skin and hair.
Helps to smooth rough skin and improve the texture of hair.

Enhances the stability of emulsions in cosmetic and pharmaceutical formulations.
Generally considered safe for use in cosmetics and personal care products.

However, as with any ingredient, Behenic acid should be used within recommended concentrations to avoid skin irritation.
Behenic acid is biodegradable and does not pose significant environmental risks when used in household and personal care products.

Melting point: 72-80 °C(lit.)
Boiling point: 306°C 60mm
Density d4100: 0.8221
vapor pressure: 0Pa at 25℃
refractive index: nD100 1.4270
Flash point: 306°C/60mm
storage temp.: Sealed in dry,Room Temperature
solubility: chloroform: soluble50mg/mL, clear
form: Crystalline Powder
pka: 4.78±0.10(Predicted)
color: White to slightly yellow
Odor: faint odor
Water Solubility: Soluble in DMF (~3 mg/ml), hot methanol, water (0.15 mg/ml at 25°C), chloroform, and ethanol (2.18 mg/ml at 25°C).
Merck: 14,1023
BRN: 1792887
Stability: Stable. Combustible. Incompatible with bases, oxidizing agents, reducing agents.
InChIKey: UKMSUNONTOPOIO-UHFFFAOYSA-N
LogP: 4.121-9.91 at 25℃

Behenic acid, also known as docosanoic acid, is a long-chain saturated fatty acid with 22 carbon atoms.
Behenic acid has the chemical formula CH3(CH2)20COOH and is commonly found in various natural sources such as vegetable oils and animal fats.
Behenic acid is used in anti-aging creams and serums to help reduce the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles by providing deep hydration and improving skin elasticity.

Included in lip balms and lipsticks for its ability to create a smooth, protective layer that prevents moisture loss and protects lips from environmental damage.
Found in shaving creams and gels to provide a smooth glide, reducing irritation and leaving the skin feeling soft and moisturized.
Behenic acid is used in medicated creams and ointments to treat conditions such as eczema, psoriasis, and dry skin by providing a moisturizing barrier and reducing inflammation.

Employed in the coating of pharmaceutical capsules to improve their stability and control the release of active ingredients.
Behenic acid is used in metalworking fluids to enhance lubrication and cooling during machining processes, extending the life of tools and improving the quality of finished products.
Behenic acid is used in the production of textile finishes and softeners to improve the feel and durability of fabrics.

Acts as a processing aid in the manufacture of plastics and rubber, improving their flexibility, smoothness, and overall performance.
Behenic acid is sometimes included in nutraceutical products for its potential health benefits, including improving cardiovascular health and providing energy.
Behenic acid is used in some food preservation applications due to its antioxidant properties, which help to extend the shelf life of food products.

Behenic acid's long hydrocarbon chain makes it hydrophobic, which contributes to its excellent emollient properties.
The carboxyl group (-COOH) at one end of the molecule allows it to interact with other ingredients in formulations, enhancing stability and texture.
Behenic acid can be derived from natural sources through extraction and purification processes, or it can be synthesized through chemical reactions involving hydrocarbons and carboxylation.

Various derivatives of behenic acid, such as behenyl alcohol and behenamide, are used in formulations to provide similar benefits with different physical and chemical properties tailored to specific applications.
Behenic acid is often sourced from renewable vegetable oils, such as moringa oil and peanut oil, making it a sustainable choice for formulators focused on eco-friendly ingredients.
As a naturally occurring fatty acid, behenic acid is biodegradable and breaks down into harmless components in the environment, minimizing its ecological impact.

Advances in green chemistry are enabling more sustainable and efficient methods for extracting and synthesizing behenic acid, reducing the environmental footprint of its production.
Ongoing research is focused on enhancing the properties of behenic acid through novel formulation techniques, such as encapsulation and nano-emulsion, to improve its delivery and efficacy in cosmetic and pharmaceutical applications.
Studies are exploring the potential health benefits of behenic acid, particularly its role in improving skin barrier function, reducing inflammation, and providing long-lasting hydration.

Behenic acid is a carboxylic acid, the saturated fatty acid with formula C21H43COOH.
In appearance, it consists of white solid although impure samples appear yellowish.
Behenic acid is a saturated fatty acid having 22 carbon atoms.

Thus, Behenic acid is an SOS TAG and is analogous to POP, POSt, and StOSt.
However, Behenic acid has a melting point of 56°C and can act as a seed for the crystallization of the cocoa butter TAG into the beta (V) form.
With such a high melting point, Behenic acid crystals survive melting of the chocolate and provide seeds for subsequent crystallization into the stable form.

Behenic acid is used to synthesize behenyl behenate, a hydrating agent present in many skin and hair care formulations.
Diet rich in behenic acid was found to increase serum LDL cholesterol levels in human participants.
On the contrary, structured triacylglycerols containing behenic acid tend to reduce fat deposition in rats.

Capranin, a behenic acid-containing triacylglycerol, is a low-calorie fat substitute used for candy making.
Behenic acid is a linear straight-chain 22 carbon saturated fatty acid.
Behenic acid occurs naturally in behen oil which is extracted from seeds of the drumstick tree (Moringa oleifera).

Behenic acid, also docosanoic acid, is a normal carboxylic acid, a fatty acid with formula C21H43COOH.
In appearance, Behenic acid consists of white to cream color crystals or powder with a melting point of 74-78°C and boiling point of 306°C.
Behenic acid is a major component of Ben oil, also known as behen oil or Moringa oil, which is extracted from the seeds of Moringa oleifera and is used in cosmetics.

The name “behenic” derives from the Persian mount Bahman, where the seeds of this tree were harvested.
Behenic acid belongs to the group of saturated fatty acids (no double bond, so its shorthand notation is 22:0).
Behenic acid is also a member of the group called very long chain fatty acids (VLCFA), from 20 carbon atoms onwards.

Uses:
Behenic acid is a long-chain fatty acid used in product formulations to form a viscous emulsion.
Behenic acid is considered a non-comedogenic raw material.
Behenic acid is used to give hair conditioners and moisturizers their smoothing properties.

Behenic acid is also used to investigate the phase behavior of long-chain acids in supercritical propane.
Behenic acid is a long-chain fatty acid,it has the following purposes: Waxes, textiles, pharmaceuticals, emulsifiers, and personal care products, lubricants, esters, chemical synthesis, and specialties.
Commercially, behenic acid is often used to give hair conditioners and moisturizers their smoothing properties.

Behenic acid is also used in lubricating oils, and as a solvent evaporation retarder in paint removers.
Its amide is used as an anti-foaming agent in detergents, floor polishes and dripless candles. Reduction of behenic acid yields behenyl alcohol.
Behenic acid is a natural product with one of the highest concentrations of behenic acid, and is used in hair conditioners.

Behenic acid is used to give hair conditioners and moisturizers their smoothing properties.
Behenic acid is also used to investigate the phase behavior of long-chain acids in supercritical propane.
Acts as an emollient, providing long-lasting moisture and improving skin softness and smoothness.

Helps reduce the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles by providing deep hydration and improving skin elasticity.
Forms a protective barrier to prevent moisture loss and protect lips from environmental damage.
Provides a smooth glide, reducing irritation and leaving the skin feeling soft and moisturized.

Improves hair texture, making it smoother and more manageable.
Adds shine and reduces frizz by coating the hair shaft and locking in moisture.
Behenic acid enhances the texture, making the product easier to apply and leaving the skin feeling smooth.

Behenic acid s used in treatments for conditions like eczema and psoriasis due to its moisturizing and anti-inflammatory properties.
Enhances the efficacy and application of topical anesthetics.
Improves the stability of pharmaceutical capsules and controls the release of active ingredients.

Behenic acid enhances lubrication and cooling during machining processes, improving tool life and product quality.
Provides stability and high melting point, making it suitable for high-temperature applications.
Improves the feel and durability of fabrics.

Behenic acid enhances the flexibility, smoothness, and overall performance of plastics and rubber.
Behenic acid is used in the production of detergents and cleaning agents to reduce surface tension and improve cleaning efficiency.
Used in some food preservation applications due to its antioxidant properties, extending the shelf life of food products.

Behenic acid included in health supplements for its potential cardiovascular benefits and energy-providing properties.
Enhancing the delivery and efficacy of behenic acid in various applications.
Exploring more eco-friendly extraction and synthesis methods to reduce environmental impact.

Behenic acid is used in moisturizers, creams, and lotions to provide deep hydration and improve skin texture.
Behenic acid forms a protective barrier on the skin, preventing moisture loss and enhancing softness.
Found in anti-aging products for its ability to smooth fine lines and wrinkles by improving skin elasticity and firmness.

Supports the skin's natural barrier function, making it suitable for products aimed at repairing dry or damaged skin.
Adds moisture and improves the manageability of hair by smoothing the cuticles and reducing frizz.
Provides intensive hydration and helps strengthen hair shafts, reducing breakage and improving overall hair health.

Behenic acid acts as a conditioning agent to soften and protect lips from chapping and environmental damage.
Enhances the texture and feel of lipsticks, providing a smooth application and long-lasting color.
Provides a lubricating effect for a smooth shave, while moisturizing the skin and reducing irritation.

Behenic acid's soothing properties make it suitable for topical treatments of inflammatory skin conditions like eczema and psoriasis.
Included in formulations for wound healing, dermatitis treatments, and medicated ointments.
Enhances the stability and shelf life of pharmaceutical capsules, ensuring the controlled release of active ingredients.

Behenic acid is used as a lubricant additive to improve cutting and machining processes by reducing friction and heat buildup.
Provides viscosity and stability, enhancing the performance of industrial machinery in various operating conditions.
Softens fabrics and reduces static electricity, improving the feel and comfort of textiles.

Behenic acid acts as a plasticizer in plastics and rubber manufacturing, enhancing flexibility, durability, and processing efficiency.
Behenic acid is used in formulations for detergents and cleaning products to improve solubility and dispersal of active ingredients, enhancing cleaning performance.
Behenic acid is used as an antioxidant to preserve food products and extend shelf life.

Included in dietary supplements for its potential health benefits, such as supporting cardiovascular health and energy metabolism.
Research is exploring the use of behenic acid in advanced materials such as bio-based polymers, coatings, and biomedical applications due to its biocompatibility and functional properties.
Focus on sustainable sourcing and production methods to reduce environmental impact and promote eco-friendly formulations.

Safety Profile:
Behenic acid, especially in its pure form, can potentially cause skin irritation or sensitization in individuals with sensitive skin or allergies.
Behenic acid is recommended to use products containing behenic acid within recommended concentrations and discontinue use if irritation occurs.
Direct contact with behenic acid may cause eye irritation.

In case of accidental contact, flush eyes thoroughly with water and seek medical attention if irritation persists.
Inhalation of behenic acid dust or aerosols may cause respiratory irritation, particularly in high concentrations or prolonged exposure.
Adequate ventilation should be ensured when handling powders or aerosolized forms of behenic acid.

While not typically a concern in normal use scenarios, ingestion of large quantities of behenic acid may cause gastrointestinal irritation.
Behenic acid is important to handle behenic acid-containing products according to safety guidelines to prevent accidental ingestion.

Behenic acid is biodegradable and not considered hazardous to the environment under normal use conditions.
However, as with any chemical substance, spills or large-scale releases into the environment should be avoided to prevent potential ecological impact.

cas no 112-85-6 Docosanoic acid; n-docosanoate; 1-Docosanoic acid; Hydrofol Acid 560; N-DOCOSANOIC ACID; Docosanoic acid, 85%, technical;

Behenic Acid (Docosanoic acid) is a fatty acid that has been used as a fluorescence probe for the detection of water vapor.
Behenic Acid (Docosanoic acid) has shown to have antibacterial efficacy against bacteria including Acinetobacter baumannii, Staphylococcus aureus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
Behenic Acid (Docosanoic acid) is also known to inhibit the synthesis of fatty acids in rat liver microsomes and to have biological properties such as the ability to induce hepatic steatosis.

CAS: 112-85-6
MF: C22H44O2
MW: 340.58
EINECS: 204-010-8

Synonyms
N-DOCOSANOIC ACID;BEHENIC ACID;CARBOXYLIC ACID C22;Hydrofol acid;Iron(III) arsenite, pentahydrate;Iron(III) o-arsenite, pentahydrate;Docosanoic acid, 85%, tech.;1-Docosanoic acid;Docosanoic acid;Behenic acid;112-85-6;1-Docosanoic acid;N-DOCOSANOIC ACID;Hydrofol Acid 560;Hydrofol 2022-55;Glycon B-70;Docosoic acid;Hystrene 5522;Hystrene 9022;Glycon B 70;Prifrac 2989;Behensaeure;Docosansaeure;Dokosansaeure;Docosanic acid;CHEBI:28941;HSDB 5578;Edenor C 22-85R;EINECS 204-010-8;NSC 32364;UNII-H390488X0A;CRODACID B;ORISTAR BA;AI3-52709;C22:0;NSC-32364;1219804-98-4;H390488X0A;Docosanoic-12,12,13,13-d4 Acid;EXL 5;PRIFRAC 2987;NAA 22S;NAA 222S;DTXSID3026930;Docosanoic acid (Chunks or pellets or flakes);EC 204-010-8;1193721-65-1;1193721-67-3;NSC32364;MFCD00002807;FA 22:0;B 95;DOCOSANOIC-7,7,8,8-D4 ACID;DOCOSANOIC-22,22,22-D3 ACID;CH3-(CH2)20-COOH;CH3-[CH2]20-COOH;n-Docosanoate;1-Docosanoate;docosanoyl alcohol;fatty acid 22:0;Behenic acid, 99%;Prifac 2987;Behenic Acid, Technical;Docosanoic acid, ?99%;BEHENIC ACID [MI];SCHEMBL6579;BEHENIC ACID [INCI];EXL-5;Behenic acid; Docosanoic acid;DOCOSANOIC ACID [HSDB];DTXCID306930;CHEMBL1173474;AGP-103;Behenic acid, analytical standard;BDBM50488776;LMFA01010022;s5381;AKOS005720830;CCG-267927;CS-W013765;HY-W013049;NCGC00475914-02;AS-54401;B-95;B1248;B1747;D0963;FT-0745232;NS00005465;C08281;P50011;A854667;Q422590;W-108636;BEHENIC ACID (CONSTITUENT OF BORAGE SEED OIL);E2AAC59F-4B8D-460C-9C6E-E4E82C905122;08O

Behenic Acid (Docosanoic acid) is found in some lichens and can be purified from them using an analytical method involving constant-pressure liquid chromatography.
Behenic Acid (Docosanoic acid) is also found in behen oil, which is produced by pressing nuts from the seed of the beech tree.
A straight-chain, C22, long-chain saturated fatty acid.
Monomolecular films of stearic and behenic acid were formed on substrates 0.1M in sodium chloride, sodium bicarbonate or sodium phosphate and were investigated by IR analysis.
Behenic Acid (Docosanoic acid) is a carboxylic acid, the saturated fatty acid with formula C21H43COOH.
In appearance, Behenic Acid (Docosanoic acid) consists of white solid although impure samples appear yellowish.

At 9%, Behenic Acid (Docosanoic acid) is a major component of ben oil (or behen oil), which is extracted from the seeds of the drumstick tree (Moringa oleifera).
Behenic Acid (Docosanoic acid) is so named from the Persian month Bahman, when the roots of this tree were harvested.
Behenic Acid (Docosanoic acid) is also present in some other oils and oil-bearing plants, including rapeseed (canola) and peanut oil and skins.
Behenic Acid (Docosanoic acid) is estimated that one ton of peanut skins contains 13 pounds (5.9 kg) of behenic acid.

Behenic Acid (Docosanoic acid) is a fatty acid that is used as a thickener, cleansing agent, and opacifier in cosmetics.
Also known as Behenic Acid (Docosanoic acid), this ingredient may be plant-derived or synthetic.
Behenic Acid (Docosanoic acid)’s a major component of moringa oil and is also found in peanut oil.
The saturated nature of this long-chain (more than 20 carbon molecules) wax-like fatty acid is what gives Behenic Acid (Docosanoic acid) opacifying and texture-enhancing properties.
Behenic Acid (Docosanoic acid) is sometimes used as an alternative to stearic acid, a decision dependent on desired aesthetics.

Despite this being a saturated fatty acid, its lower molecular weight and affinity for skin enable Behenic Acid (Docosanoic acid) to enhance the penetration of other ingredients without posing a risk of irritation.
Although also categorized as a surfactant (cleansing agent) behenic acid is typically used with pure surfactants to create fatty acid-enhanced oil-gel textures that can capably yet gently remove excess oil and long-wearing, more tenacious ingredients.
Usage levels of behenic acid in cosmetics range from 0.024–22%.
Products like lipstick that may lead to incidental ingestion may contain up to 14% behenic acid. All of these amounts are considered safe for skin.

Docosanoic acidBehenic Acid (Docosanoic acid) has a role as a plant metabolite.
Behenic Acid (Docosanoic acid) is a straight-chain saturated fatty acid and a long-chain fatty acid.
Behenic Acid (Docosanoic acid) is a conjugate acid of a behenate.
Behenic acid, also known as docosanoic acid, is a saturated fatty acid that belongs to the group of oleochemicals.
This versatile fatty acid distinguishes itself by its unique chemical structure, exceptional stability, and its resistance to oxidation.
These properties make behenic acid a sought-after raw material in various industries.
The fatty acid is often extracted from plant oils and animal fats.

Behenic Acid (Docosanoic acid) Chemical Properties
Melting point: 72-80 °C(lit.)
Boiling point: 306°C 60mm
Density: d4100 0.8221
Vapor pressure: 0Pa at 25℃
Refractive index: nD100 1.4270
Fp: 306°C/60mm
Storage temp.: Sealed in dry,Room Temperature
Solubility: chloroform: soluble50mg/mL, clear
Form: Crystalline Powder
Pka: 4.78±0.10(Predicted)
Color: White to slightly yellow
Odor: faint odor
Water Solubility: Soluble in DMF (~3 mg/ml), hot methanol, water (0.15 mg/ml at 25°C), chloroform, and ethanol (2.18 mg/ml at 25°C).
Merck: 14,1023
BRN: 1792887
Stability: Stable. Combustible. Incompatible with bases, oxidizing agents, reducing agents.
InChIKey: UKMSUNONTOPOIO-UHFFFAOYSA-N
LogP: 4.121-9.91 at 25℃
CAS DataBase Reference: 112-85-6(CAS DataBase Reference)
NIST Chemistry Reference: Behenic Acid (Docosanoic acid) (112-85-6)
EPA Substance Registry System: Behenic Acid (Docosanoic acid) (112-85-6)

As a dietary oil, Behenic Acid (Docosanoic acid) is poorly absorbed.
In spite of its low bioavailability compared with oleic acid, Behenic Acid (Docosanoic acid) is a cholesterol-raising saturated fatty acid in humans.

Uses
Behenic Acid (Docosanoic acid) is a long-chain fatty acid,it has the following purposes: Waxes, textiles, pharmaceuticals, emulsifiers, and personal care products, lubricants, esters, chemical synthesis, and specialties.
Behenic Acid (Docosanoic acid) is a long-chain fatty acid used in product formulations to form a viscous emulsion.
Behenic Acid (Docosanoic acid) is considered a non-comedogenic raw material.
Behenic Acid (Docosanoic acid) is used to give hair conditioners and moisturizers their smoothing properties.
Behenic Acid (Docosanoic acid) is also used to investigate the phase behavior of long-chain acids in supercritical propane.

Commercially, Behenic Acid (Docosanoic acid) is often used to give hair conditioners and moisturizers their smoothing properties.
Behenic Acid (Docosanoic acid) is also used in lubricating oils, and as a solvent evaporation retarder in paint removers.
Behenic Acid (Docosanoic acid)'s amide is used as an anti-foaming agent in detergents, floor polishes and dripless candles.
Reduction of behenic acid yields behenyl alcohol.
Pracaxi oil (from the seeds of Pentaclethra macroloba) is a natural product with one of the highest concentrations of behenic acid, and is used in hair conditioners.

Production
Behenic Acid (Docosanoic acid) is produced through a process known as hydrogenation.
In this process, unsaturated fatty acids, such as oleic acid, are converted into saturated fatty acids, including behenic acid.
This process is crucial because Behenic Acid (Docosanoic acid) ensures that behenic acid has the correct chemical composition and properties expected in various industries.
The final product can be either a white powder or a liquid, depending on how pure Behenic Acid (Docosanoic acid) is and its intended use.
The powdered form is often used in the cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries, while the liquid variant is preferred for industrial applications.

Behenic Acid (Docosanoic acid) in Various Branches
Behenic Acid (Docosanoic acid) is a versatile fatty acid that finds application across various industries due to its unique chemical properties.
In the cosmetic industry, Behenic Acid (Docosanoic acid) is primarily utilized for its moisturizing properties and stability.
Behenic Acid (Docosanoic acid) is added to skincare products such as creams, lotions, and lip balms.
Behenic Acid (Docosanoic acid) helps keep the skin hydrated and contributes to the texture and consistency of the products.

In the pharmaceutical industry, Behenic Acid (Docosanoic acid) is commonly used as an ingredient in the formulation of medications and ointments.
The stability of this fatty acid ensures that medicinal products have a longer shelf life without spoilage or loss of efficacy.
Behenic Acid (Docosanoic acid) enhances the effectiveness of topical preparations and can aid in the treatment of skin conditions.

Lastly, Behenic Acid (Docosanoic acid) is also widely employed in industrial sectors, such as the production of coatings and inks.
Behenic Acid (Docosanoic acid) serves as a lubricant and can improve the viscosity of these materials, optimizing performance.
Furthermore, Behenic Acid (Docosanoic acid) is used in the textile industry to soften fibers and enhance the texture of fabrics.

Nom INCI : BEHENOYL STEARIC ACID, Nom chimique : 12-Docosanoyl octadecanoic acid, Agent émulsifiant : Favorise la formation de mélanges intimes entre des liquides non miscibles en modifiant la tension interfaciale (eau et huile), Tensioactif : Réduit la tension superficielle des cosmétiques et contribue à la répartition uniforme du produit lors de son utilisation

behenoyl PG-trimonium chloride; 1-propanaminium, 2-hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethyl-3-[(1-oxodocosyl)oxy]-, chloride (1:1); (3- behenoyloxy-2-hydroxypropyl)trimethyl ammonium chloride CAS NO:69537-38-8

Docosanyl Trimethylammonium Chloride Behentrimonium Chloride n,n,n-Trimethyl-Behenyl aminium chloride Behenyl Trimethyl Ammonium Chloride Behentrimonium Chloride; FENTACARE 2231;BEHENTRIMONIUM CHLORIDE;Trimethyldocosylaminium·chloride;Docosyltrimethylaminium·chloride;BehenylTrimethylAmmoniumChloride;docosyltrimethylammonium chloride;docosyl(trimethyl)azanium,chloride;Bihenyl trimethyl ammonium chloride;Docosane-1-yltrimethylaminium·chloride;1-Docosanaminum, N,N,N-trimethyl chloride CAS NO:17301-53-0

Docosanyl Trimethylammonium Chloride; Behentrimonium Chloride ; n,n,n-Trimethyl-Behenyl aminium chloride; Behenyl Trimethyl Ammonium Chloride; Behentrimonium Chloride; Varisoft BT 85 cas no: 17301-53-0

Docosanyl Trimethylammonium Chloride; Docosyltrimethylammonium chloride, BTAC-228, docosyl-trimethylazanium chloride; N,N,N-trimethyldocosan-1-aminium chloride Behentrimonium Chloride n,n,n-Trimethyl-Behenyl aminium chloride Behenyl Trimethyl Ammonium Chloride Behentrimonium Chloride CAS NO:17301-53-0

Behenyl alcohol also referred to as 1-docosanol, is a 22-carbon aliphatic alcohol, that works as a thickening, opacifying, emollient, and emulsifying agent that can be made synthetically or from plants.
Behenyl alcohol is a saturated fatty alcohol as an emollient, emulsifier, and thickener.


CAS Number: 661-19-8
EC Number: 211-546-6
MDL Number: MFCD00002939
Chem/IUPAC Name: Docosan-1-ol
Chemical formula: C22H46O


Behenyl Alcohol is a saturated fatty alcohol containing 22 carbon atoms, used traditionally as an emollient, emulsifier, and thickener in cosmetics.
In July 2000, Behenyl Alcohol was approved for medical use in the United States as an antiviral agent for reducing the duration of cold sores.
Behenyl Alcohol is an over-the-counter medication (OTC).


Behenyl Alcohol functions as a hydrating component as well.
Behenyl Alcohol is a fatty alcohol that is unlike the drying alcohols.


Behenyl Alcohol is a waxy, white solid in its unprocessed state.
Behenyl alcohol is produced via a high-temperature, high-pressure, catalytic hydrogenation of fatty acids, and can also be produced via the Ziegler process.
Alternatively, Behenyl Alcohol can also be obtained from vegetable sources.


Behenyl Alcohol is registered under the REACH Regulation and is manufactured in and / or imported to the European Economic Area, at ≥ 10 000 to < 100 000 tonnes per annum.
Behenyl Alcohol, also known as docosanol, is a colorless, waxy solid.


Behenyl Alcohol’s usually found naturally from vegetables, in their long-chain fatty acid mixture.
A fatty alcohol (the non-drying type with a long oil loving chain of 22 carbon atoms) that is used to increase the viscosity of the formula and Behenyl Alcohol also helps the oily and the watery parts to stay nicely mixed together (called emulsion stabilizing).


Behenyl alcohol or Docosanol is a fatty alcohol.
Behenyl alcohol, also known as docosanol, is a large fatty straight-chain alcohol.
Behenyl alcohol, also known as 1-docosanol, is a synthetic or plant-derived thickening agent and emulsifier used in cosmetics.


Behenyl Alcohol also serves as a hydrating ingredient.
Behenyl Alcohol’s considered a fatty alcohol not related to drying forms of alcohol.
In its raw form Behenyl Alcohol is a white, waxy solid.


Behenyl alcohol also referred to as 1-docosanol, is a 22-carbon aliphatic alcohol, that works as a thickening, opacifying, emollient, and emulsifying agent that can be made synthetically or from plants.
Behenyl alcohol is a saturated fatty alcohol of vegetable origin, used to regulate viscosity in formulations.


Behenyl Alcohol is a natural, vegetable source long chain fatty alcohol used to regulate viscosity in formulations.
Behenyl Alcohol is produced from vegetable sources and is derived from non-genetically modified plants.
Behenyl Alcohol is GMO-free (not containing genetically modified DNA).


Production of Behenyl Alcohol is by chemical reaction typical of the industrial process of fatty alcohol production.
Behenyl Alcohol is a natural vegetable source saturated fatty alcohol used to regulate viscosity in formulations.
Behenyl alcohol, also known as docosanol, is saturated fatty alcohol with 22 carbons.


Fatty alcohols are a group of ingredients that are often misunderstood, mostly due to their name.
Despite having alcohol in their name, fatty alcohols actually help to effectively condition and soften the skin and hair.
Fatty alcohols have a high molecular weight, straight-chain primary alcohols derived from natural fats and oils.


Behenyl alcohol is derived from vegetable sources such as corn, but it can also be synthetically produced.
Behenyl alcohol is primarily used in face moisturizers and body lotions, but can also be found in deodorant, lipstick, foundation, and hair care products.
In addition to use in the cosmetic industry, behenyl alcohol is available as a nutritional supplement and a pharmaceutical antiviral agent.


In the OTC cold sore medication, docosanol has been shown to reduce the duration of cold sores caused by the herpes simplex virus.
Behenyl alcohol, also known as 1-docosanol, is a synthetic or plant-derived thickening agent and emulsifier used in cosmetics.
Behenyl Alcohol also serves as a hydrating ingredient.


Behenyl Alcohol’s considered a fatty alcohol not related to drying forms of alcohol.
In its raw form Behenyl Alcohol is a white, waxy solid.
The Cosmetic Ingredient Review panel has deemed behenyl alcohol to be safe for topical application as used in cosmetics.


Behenyl Alcohol (BA) is a consistency giving agent.
Behenyl Alcohol is a hydrophilic wax.
Behenyl alcohol is a plant-based emulsifier and thickening agent.


Behenyl Alcohol is considered a fatty alcohol which is by far the best type of alcohol for skin care and cosmetics.
However, the greatest thing about fatty alcohols is they aren't drying or irritating on your skin, as some other alcohols might be.
Instead, because of the "fatty" part of the molecule, they also act as an emollient.


Behenyl alcohol is actually a really common ingredient, and unfortunately can be made synthetically as well.
Behenyl Alcohol is important to look out for natural behenyl alcohol in your products, but all in all, this is one of the best fatty alcohols and is healthy for your skin.


This means that they protect your skin and keep the moisture in your skin.
Behenyl alcohol is an opacifying ingredient which gives excellent spreadability to cosmetic products as well as being an emulsifier and antimicrobal
Behenyl alcohol is a saturated fatty acid naturally derived from vegetable sources such as corn.


Behenyl has a very special thickening property to allow the final product to have a more desirable and spreadable texture.
Whilst opacity and thickness can be seen as a matter of persona preference, Behenyl alcohol enhances the spreadability of the final product and thus the effectiveness of the final cosmetic formulations.


In 2000 Docosanol was approved by the Food and Drug administration (FDA) in the the US as a pharmaceutical antiviral agent for reducing the duration of cold sores caused by the herpes simplex virus in some brands of OTC medication.
Behenyl alcohol helps to retain skin moisture, improving the hydrated look of the ski, forming a natural protective layer.


Behenyl alcohol does not leave a greasy feel after application in the way other emollients can, instead leaving the skin feeling soft and hydrated.
Behenyl alcohol acts as an emollient in hair care products, helping to increase the moisture content in the hair and improve manageability.
Behenyl alcohol is a vegan ingredient, derived from vegetable sources.


Behenyl Alcohol (BA) is a consistency giving agent.
Behenyl Alcohol is a hydrophilic wax.
Behenyl Alcohol is a vegan ingredient, derived from vegetable sources.


Behenyl Alcohol is biocompatible (COSMOS standard).
Behenyl Alcohol has a very special thickening property to allow the final product to have a more desirable and spreadable texture.
Behenyl alcohol has 22 carbons and is also known as Docosanol (the key ingredient in formulations for herpes).


Whilst opacity and thickness can be seen as a matter of persona preference, Behenyl alcohol enhances the spreadability of the final product and thus the effectiveness of the final cosmetic formulations.
Behenyl alcohol, also known as docosanol, is a large fatty straight-chain alcohol.


In cosmetic and skin care formulations, Behenyl Alcohol is used as an opacifying ingredient, thickener and emulsifier.
Behenyl alcohol also works as an emulsifier to prevent the oil and water phases of a product from separating.
Behenyl Alcohol is a white to light yellow wax pellets


Behenyl Alcohol contains stearyl alcohol (1-octadecanol) as alcoholic component.
Behenyl Alcohol contains behenyl alcohol (1-docosanol) as alcoholic component.
"Alcohol" refers generally to the alcohols R-OH derived from the corresponding hydrocarbons R-H.


Behenyl Alcohol is a white, waxy solid and functions as a thickener, binding agent, solubilizer and gellant.
Many Formulations incorporate Behenyl Alcohol because of its unique sensory properties and non-greasy feel
Behenyl Alcohol is usually derived from the fats in vegetable oils.


Behenyl alcohol is a long chain linear fatty alcohol (with 22 carn atoms) derived from natural raw materials such as rapeseed or coconut oils.
Behenyl Alcohol is a waxy solid at room temperature used in skin and hair care formulations as a thickener, emulsifier, binding agent, solubilizer, and gallant.


In addition, Behenyl Alcohol is a perfect base for dispersing abrasive particles in mechanical exfoliators.
Readily biodegradable and metabolized as regular fat, Behenyl alcohol is safe for the skin and the environment.
Behenyl alcohol is not a regular, drying ‘alcohol’.


Behenyl Alcohol's a ‘fatty’ alcohol that’s vegetable derived.
Behenyl Alcohol is a thickener or thickener in the cream and looks like flakes when mixed with Cream Maker Any kind will add texture to the cream.
Behenyl Alcohol has a heavier cream.


Behenyl Alcohol gives a thicker creamy texture
Behenyl Alcohol serves as a co-emulsifier in that it helps the main emulsifier to bind the oil and the water together to further stabilize the mix.
Behenyl alcohol adds a creaminess to the body of emulsions and increases viscosity.


Behenyl Alcohol can also improve or thicken the texture of whipped butters too.
Behenyl Alcohol is a long-chain primary fatty alcohol that is docosane substituted by a hydroxy group at position 1.
Behenyl Alcohol has a role as an antiviral agent.


Behenyl Alcohol is a long-chain primary fatty alcohol and a fatty alcohol 22:0.
Behenyl Alcohol derives from a hydride of a docosane.
Behenyl Alcohol is a natural product found in Populus tremula, Hypericum laricifolium, and other organisms with data available.


Behenyl Alcohol is a saturated 22-carbon aliphatic alcohol with antiviral activity.
Behenyl Alcohol has a distinct mechanism of action and inhibits fusion between the plasma membrane and the herpes simplex virus envelope, thereby preventing viral entry into cells and subsequent viral activity and replication.


Behenyl Alcohol is used topically in the treatment of recurrent herpes simplex labialis episodes and relieves associated pain and may help heal sores faster.
Behenyl Alcohol is a saturated fatty alcoholused traditionally as an emollient, emulsifier, and thickener in cosmetics, nutritional supplement.


In 2000, Behenyl Alcohol was approved by the US as medicine to reduce the duration of cold sores.
Behenyl Alcohol is easily soluble in methanol, diethyl ether, n-octanol.
Behenyl Alcohol is partially soluble in hot water, acetone.


Behenyl Alcohol is very slightly soluble in cold water.
Behenyl Alcohol is a binder and an emulsion stabilizer.
Behenyl Alcohol may be derived either synthetically or from plants.



USES and APPLICATIONS of BEHENYL ALCOHOL:
Behenyl Alcohol is used Consumer Products, Blends, Detergents, Ethoxylation, Household Cleaners, Sulfonation, Surfactants, Food & Pharma, Nutritional Supplements, Lubricants, Fluids & Oilfield, Industrial, Personal Care, Blends, Emollients, Emulsifiers, and Esters.
Cosmetic Uses of Behenyl Alcohol: binding agents, emulsion stabilisers, skin conditioning - emollient, and viscosity controlling agents


Behenyl Alcohol is used by consumers, in articles, by professional workers (widespread uses), in formulation or re-packing, at industrial sites and in manufacturing.
Behenyl Alcohol is used in the following products: washing & cleaning products, coating products, biocides (e.g. disinfectants, pest control products), anti-freeze products, finger paints, lubricants and greases and polishes and waxes.


Release to the environment of Behenyl Alcoholcan occur from industrial use: of articles where the substances are not intended to be released and where the conditions of use do not promote release and industrial abrasion processing with low release rate (e.g. cutting of textile, cutting, machining or grinding of metal).


Other release to the environment of Behenyl Alcohol is likely to occur from: indoor use in long-life materials with low release rate (e.g. flooring, furniture, toys, construction materials, curtains, foot-wear, leather products, paper and cardboard products, electronic equipment) and outdoor use in long-life materials with low release rate (e.g. metal, wooden and plastic construction and building materials).


Behenyl Alcohol can be found in products with material based on: stone, plaster, cement, glass or ceramic (e.g. dishes, pots/pans, food storage containers, construction and isolation material) and plastic (e.g. food packaging and storage, toys, mobile phones).
Behenyl Alcohol has an industrial use resulting in manufacture of another substance (use of intermediates).


Behenyl Alcohol is used in the following products: lubricants and greases, coating products, fillers, putties, plasters, modelling clay, biocides (e.g. disinfectants, pest control products), adhesives and sealants, non-metal-surface treatment products, air care products, anti-freeze products, washing & cleaning products and welding & soldering products.


Other release to the environment of Behenyl Alcohol is likely to occur from: indoor use (e.g. machine wash liquids/detergents, automotive care products, paints and coating or adhesives, fragrances and air fresheners) and outdoor use.
Behenyl Alcohol is used in the following areas: building & construction work.


Behenyl Alcohol is used for the manufacture of: , machinery and vehicles, mineral products (e.g. plasters, cement), furniture, rubber products and plastic products.
Other release to the environment of Behenyl Alcohol is likely to occur from: indoor use (e.g. machine wash liquids/detergents, automotive care products, paints and coating or adhesives, fragrances and air fresheners) and outdoor use.


Behenyl Alcohol is used in the following products: pH regulators and water treatment products, laboratory chemicals, cosmetics and personal care products, perfumes and fragrances and polymers.
Release to the environment of Behenyl Alcohol can occur from industrial use: formulation of mixtures, formulation in materials and as an intermediate step in further manufacturing of another substance (use of intermediates).


Behenyl Alcohol is used in the following products: lubricants and greases, fillers, putties, plasters, modelling clay, adhesives and sealants, coating products and non-metal-surface treatment products.
Behenyl Alcohol is used in the following areas: building & construction work.


Behenyl Alcohol is used for the manufacture of: chemicals, , mineral products (e.g. plasters, cement) and machinery and vehicles.
Release to the environment of Behenyl Alcohol can occur from industrial use: in processing aids at industrial sites, in the production of articles, as an intermediate step in further manufacturing of another substance (use of intermediates), as processing aid and of substances in closed systems with minimal release.


Behenyl Alcohol is a white, waxy pellets and functions as a thickener, binding agent, solubilizer and gellant.
Behenyl Alcohol is produced from Vegetable sources from Non-GMO plants.
Behenyl Alcohol can be used in color cosmetics, sunscreens, skin and hair care.


You will commonly find this product in formulations that include SPF products, mascaras, sticks, lip balms, emulsions, hair products and antiperspirants.
Behenyl Alcohol can also be used in anhydrous formulations such as scrubs and butters.
Thanks to excellent emulsifying properties, Behenyl alcohol produces stable emulsions which stay unchanged in temperature changes (including viscosity) while exhibiting superior mildness and safety for the skin.


In addition, Behenyl Alcohol thickens and improves the sensory profile of the application, imparting a velvety-soft feel to the skin.
Combined with the same length fatty acid, Behenic acid, it forms waxy oleo-gels with a pleasant feel that can dissolve and carry natural oils and active ingredients.


In decorative cosmetics, Behenyl alcohol is used as a pigment dispersing and wetting agent that helps ease spreading and sticking on the skin's surface.
Behenyl Alcohol is widely used in facial creams, masks, and lotions, as well as in hair, eye, and body care applications.
Behenyl alcohol is, in my opinion, a better thickener to use in comparison to cetyl alcohol.


Behenyl Alcohol, too, is used to make emulsions thick and creamy, but it adds what can be described as a “velvety” dry but moisturized feeling to the creams I’ve made.
Behenyl Alcohol is used to increase the stability of emulsion, increase the viscosity of creams or lotions, help add moisturizer to the formula, giving the formula a butter-like texture, giving it a smooth feel.


Behenyl Alcohol is an occlusive emollient or helps to coat the skin.
To reduce the chance of water loss of the skin, Behenyl Alcohol is a moisturizer in the body.
Behenyl Alcohol must be used with any type of Cream Maker because it cannot combine water and oil.


Behenyl Alcohol is used for lotion or cream products.
Behenyl Alcohol is used as an emulsifier that also keeps the oil and liquid parts of a solution from separating.
Behenyl Alcohol's other functions include altering the thickness of a liquid, increasing foaming capacity, and stabilizing foams.


When applied to the skin, Behenyl Alcohol gives it a smooth feel and helps prevent moisture loss.
Many products incorporate Behenyl Alcohol because of its unique sensory properties and non-greasy feel after application.
Behenyl Alcohol's mainly used in face/body lotions and creams, but can also be found in deodorant, lipstick and foundation


Behenyl Alcohol is used as raw material for surfactants, conditioners, disinfectants, for plasticizers.
Behenyl Alcohol is used oil base for lubricants of synthetic resin, and for emulsifiers of emulsion polymerization.
Behenyl Alcohol is used as Raw material for creams/ointment, metal rolling oil, etc.


Release to the environment of Behenyl Alcohol can occur from industrial use: manufacturing of the substance, formulation of mixtures, formulation in materials, in processing aids at industrial sites, in the production of articles, as an intermediate step in further manufacturing of another substance (use of intermediates), as processing aid, for thermoplastic manufacture, as processing aid and of substances in closed systems with minimal release.


Behenyl alcohol works as a texture enhancer to improve the appearance and feel of the product.
Behenyl Alcohol is also an opacifier and a thickener-cum-stabilizer which helps to regulate the viscosity of the product.
Behenyl Alcohol is also an emollient and an emulsifier for cosmetics and personal care products.


Behenyl Alcohol also works as a stabilizer and is used in personal care products like scrubs and body butters.
Behenyl Alcohol is used in cosmetics as an emulsifier to keep oily parts well mixed with other liquids.
Behenyl Alcohol is also used as a thickener, to increase the foaming capacity of a product or to improve the stability of a foam.


Behenyl Alcohol makes the skin soft and its touch remains non-greasy after application.
Behenyl Alcohol is authorized in organic.
In drugs, Behenyl Alcohol is used as an antiviral against herpes.


In cosmetic and skin care formulations, Behenyl Alcohol is used as an opacifying ingredient, thickener, and emulsifier.
As an opacifying agent, behenyl alcohol is used to reduce the clear or transparent appearance of cosmetic products.
Behenyl Alcohol's thickening property allows products to achieve a more desirable, spreadable texture.


Behenyl alcohol also works as an emulsifier to prevent the oil and water phases of a product from separating.
This works to improve the consistency of a product, which enables an even distribution of topical skincare benefits.
Behenyl Alcohol is used to thicken and stabilize formulations.


Behenyl Alcohol will produce elegant emulsions and impart a soft, velvety feel to the skin.
Behenyl Alcohol can be used in water-in-oil emulsions, oil-in-water emulsions, and anhydrous formulations-----cream, lotion, ointment, body butter, salt scrubs.


Behenyl Alcohol acts as a thickener and stabilizer and can be used as a co-emulsifier.
Behenyl Alcohol can be used in water-in-oil emulsions, oil-in-water emulsions and anhydrous formulations such as ointments, body butters and peelings.
Behenyl Alcohol produces elegant emulsions and gives the skin a soft, velvety feel.


Behenyl Alcohol functions as a thickener and stabilizer and may be used as a co-emulsifier.
Behenyl Alcohol may be used in anhydrous formulations such as ointments, body butters and scrubs.
Behenyl Alcohol functions as a thickener and stabilizer and may be used as a co-emulsifier.


Behenyl Alcohol will produce elegant emulsions and impart a soft, velvety feel to the skin.
Behenyl alcohol is a fatty alcohol used in skincare and cosmetic products to help soften the skin and improve the texture and consistency of the formulation.


Behenyl Alcohol's main four uses are as an opacifying ingredient, thickener, emollient, and emulsifier.
Behenyl Alcohol can also serve as a co-emulsifier in some formulations.
Behenyl Alcohol may be used in water-in-oil emulsions, oil-in-water emulsions, and anhydrous formulations such as ointments, body butters and scrubs.


Behenyl Alcohol is used in cosmetic O/W emulsions for viscosity regulation.
Behenyl Alcohol has used application in antiperspirants & deodorants, sun-care (after-sun, sun-protection, self-tanning), color-, body & face care and face cleansing formulations.


Also used in baby care & cleansing and conditioning formulations.
To achieve the correct texture with your formulation, the addition of just 0.5% Behenyl alcohol can help radically change the texture and feel of your cosmetic product.


Behenyl Alcohol adds texture and thickness without increasing greasiness.
Behenyl Alcohol is an opacifying ingredient which gives excellent spreadability to cosmetic products as well as being an emulsifier in cosmetics to aid skin feel and hydration, manage hair manageability, as an effective co-emulsifier, texture adjustment and improved spreadability of your cosmetic formulation.


Behenyl Alcohol helps to retain skin moisture, improving the hydrated look of the skin, forming a natural protective layer.
Behenyl Alcohol does not leave a greasy feel after application in the way other emollients can, instead leaving the skin feeling soft and hydrated.
Behenyl Alcohol is a vegan ingredient, derived from vegetable sources. Biocompatible (COSMOS standard).


Behenyl Alcohol has a very special thickening property to allow the final product to have a more desirable and spreadable texture.
Whilst opacity and thickness can be seen as a matter of persona preference, Behenyl alcohol enhances the spreadability of the final product and thus the effectiveness of the final cosmetic formulations.


Behenyl Alcohol is primarily used as an emulsifier, emollient, thickener and opacifying ingredient and is found mainly in face moisturisers and body lotions, it can however also be used in deodorant, lipstick, foundation and hair care products.
Behenyl Alcohol acts an emollient in hair care products, helping to increase the moisture content in the hair and improve manageability.


Behenyl Alcohol is compatible with most other cosmetic ingredients in cosmetic formulations and as such can be used as a co-emulsifier with other emulsifiers to increase stability and skin feel.
Behenyl alcohol tends to have a stabilising effect on emulsions.


Behenyl alcohol (Docosanol) has high antimicrobial activity and is used in cosmetics to aid skin feel and hydration hydration, manage hair manageability, as an effective co-emulsifier, texture adjustment and improved spreadability of your cosmetic formulation.
As an emulsifier, behenyl alcohol, holds the water and oils together in cosmetics.


Behenyl Alcohol is typically made from the fats in vegetable oils.
Behenyl alcohol is primarily used as an emulsifier, emollient, thickener and opacifying ingredient and is found mainly in face moisturisers and body lotions, it can however also be used in deodorant, lipstick, foundation and hair care products.


Behenyl alcohol has a very high antimicrobial activity, hence its use in herpes formulations.
When used in hair care formulas, Behenyl alcohol can be used to increase the slip of hair and thus Behenyl alcohol is useful in detangling hair care formulations.


Behenyl alcohol is compatible with most other cosmetic ingredients in cosmetic formulations and as such can be used as a co-emulsifier with other emulsifiers to increase stability and skin feel.
Behenyl alcohol tends to have a stabilising effect on emulsions.


Behenyl Alcohol is used in cosmetic O/W emulsions for viscosity regulation.
Behenyl Alcohol use application in antiperspirants & deodorants, sun-care (after-sun, sun-protection, self-tanning), color-, body & face care and face cleansing formulations.


Behenyl Alcohol is also used in baby care & cleansing and conditioning formulations.
To achieve the correct texture with your formulation, the addition of just 0.5% Behenyl alcohol can help radically change the texture and feel of your cosmetic product.


Behenyl Alcohol adds texture and thickness without increasing greasiness.
Behenyl Alcohol is an opacifying ingredient which gives excellent spreadability to cosmetic products as well as being an emulsifier in cosmetics to aid skin feel and hydration, manage hair manageability, as an effective co-emulsifier, texture adjustment and improved spreadability of your cosmetic formulation.


Behenyl Alcohol does not leave a greasy feel after application in the way other emollients can, instead leaving the skin feeling soft and hydrated.
Behenyl Alcohol is primarily used as an emulsifier, emollient, thickener and opacifying ingredient and is found mainly in face moisturisers and body lotions, it can however also be used in deodorant, lipstick, foundation and hair care products.


Behenyl Alcohol acts an emollient in hair care products, helping to increase the moisture content in the hair and improve manageability.
Behenyl Alcohol is compatible with most other cosmetic ingredients in cosmetic formulations and as such can be used as a co-emulsifier with other emulsifiers to increase stability and skin feel.


Behenyl alcohol tends to have a stabilising effect on emulsions.
Being a mixed form of fatty acids that is used to increase a formula's viscosity, to stabilize emulsions, as a binder while leaving a soft, smooth feel to the skin.


Behenyl Alcohol can be used in almost any formulation.
Behenyl Alcohol is a binder and an emulsion stabilizer.
Behenyl Alcohol is also used to increase a formulation’s viscosity.


Behenyl Alcohol may be used for any number of purposes in a cosmetic formulation, including as an emollient, a binder, an emulsion stabilizer, or to increase a product’s viscosity.
Behenyl Alcohol may be derived either synthetically or from plants.


Behenyl Alcohol works as a surfactant in cosmetics.
Behenyl Alcohol cream has also been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration as a safe and effective topical treatment for herpes labialis
Behenyl Alcohol is used as Anti Viral Agent in Topical Applications such as Cold Sore Treatment.


Behenyl Alcohol is also used as an Emollient, Emulsifier, and Thickener.
Behenyl Alcohol is a drug used for topical treatment for recurrent herpes simplex labialis episodes (episodes of cold sores or fever blisters).
A saturated 22-carbon aliphatic alcohol, Behenyl Alcohol exhibits antiviral activity against many lipid enveloped viruses including herpes simplex virus (HSV).


Behenyl Alcohol helps to retain skin moisture, improving the hydrated look of the ski, forming a natural protective layer.
Behenyl Alcohol inhibits fusion between the plasma membrane and the herpes simplex virus (HSV) envelope, thereby preventing viral entry into cells and subsequent viral replication.


Behenyl Alcohol is a saturated fatty acid, used in cosmetics as an emollient, emulsifier, surfactant and thickening agent, as well as a nutritional supplement, inhibits virus production, with an ED50 of 1.7 mg/ml.
Behenyl Alcohol is also used to increase a formulation’s viscosity.


This is a mixture of fatty alcohols.
Behenyl alcohol may be used for any number of purposes in a cosmetic formulation, including as an emollient, a binder, an emulsion stabilizer, or to increase a product’s viscosity.


-Skin care:
Behenyl Alcohol works as an emollient to soften and soothe the skin.
After topical application, Behenyl Alcohol forms a protective layer on the skin’s surface that prevents moisture loss and keeps the skin hydrated


-Hair care:
Behenyl Alcohol works as an emollient in hair products to increase the hair’s moisture content and makes it more manageable



FUNCTION OF BEHENYL ALCOHOL:
*Solid moisturizing and fatliquoring agent, moisturizing the skin, making the skin smooth and smooth.
*Behenyl Alcohol is a good viscosity stabilizer and can form a film on the hair, brightening the hair.
*Cosmetic products have the functions of moisturizing, solubilizing, and dispersing pigments.
*Behenyl Alcohol is used as a viscosity regulator.



USE AND BENEFITS OF BEHENYL ALCOHOL:
Behenyl Alcohol has one characteristic of making a layer over water to minimize evaporation.
This is particularly useful in hot weather.
Same way Behenyl Alcohol does not let moisture evaporate from skin or hair’s surface, thus act as emollient.

Behenyl Alcohol is similar to other members of the behenic group a good emulsion stabilizer.
Behenyl Alcohol is used as viscosity increasing agent.
Behenyl Alcohol is used in formulations such as ointments, scrubs, and body butter.



CHARACTERISTICS OF BEHENYL ALCOHOL:
Behenyl Alcohol is a long carbon chain Saturated fat alcohol, which is white solid crystal, particle or wax block, insoluble in water, soluble in mineral oil.
Melting point of Behenyl Alcohol is 68-72 ºC.
Boiling point of Behenyl Alcohol is 180 ° C/0.22 mmHg.

The raw material of Behenyl Alcohol for preparation comes from the seeds of Brassicaceae plants.
Behenyl has a very special thickening property to allow the final product to have a more desirable and spreadable texture.
Whilst opacity and thickness can be seen as a matter of persona preference, Behenyl alcohol enhances the spreadability of the final product and thus the effectiveness of the final cosmetic formulations.



FUNCTIONS OF BEHENYL ALCOHOL:
*Binding agent :
Behenyl Alcohol allows the cohesion of different cosmetic ingredients
*Emollient :
Behenyl Alcohol softens and smoothes the skin

*Emulsion stabilising :
Behenyl Alcohol promotes the emulsification process and improves the stability and shelf life of the emulsion
*Viscosity controlling :
Behenyl Alcohol increases or decreases the viscosity of cosmetics

*SURFACTANT - EMULSIFYING:
Behenyl Alcohol allows the formation of finely dispersed mixtures of oil and water (emulsions)
*Due to Behenyl Alcohol's consistency giving characteristics, the product is mainly used for viscosity regulation in cosmetic O/W emulsions.



BENEFITS OF BEHENYL ALCOHOL:
Behenyl Alcohol has the properties of an emulsifier, helping to keep the water and oil phases of the formula blended together.
Behenyl Alcohol also acts as an emollient, preventing moisture from evaporating from the surface of the skin, and providing a pleasant texture to the skin when the product is applied.



MIXING METHOD OF BEHENYL ALCOHOL:
Behenyl Alcohol melts with heat about 70 degrees to become liquid and mixed in oil (oil-phase)



IS BEHENYL ALCOHOL SAFE?
The safety of behenyl alcohol has been assessed by the Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel.
The CIR Expert Panel evaluated the scientific data and concluded that behenyl alcohol is safe for use in cosmetics and personal care products.
In 2005, the Expert Panel considered available new data on behenyl alcohol and the other fatty alcohols and reaffirmed the above conclusion.
Cosmetic formulations containing these fatty alcohols were not dermal irritants or sensitizers.



PRODUCTS TO USE BEHENYL ALCOHOL IN:
*Moisture Cream
*Moisture Lotion
*Body Butter
*Cleanser
*Face Mask
*Skin Peels
*Shower Gel
*Shampoo
*Conditioner



SAFETY PROFILE OF BEHENYL ALCOHOL:
The Cosmetic Ingredient Review (CIR) Expert Panel has examined the toxicity of long-chain aliphatic alcohols, including behenyl alcohol.
After reviewing the available research, the CIR Expert Panel came to the conclusion that these fatty alcohols were suitable for use as cosmetic ingredients.
Behenyl Alcohol does not cause skin irritation or sensitization.



ALTERNATIVES OF BEHENYL ALCOHOL:
*CETEARYL ALCOHOL
*CETYL ALCOHOL
*MYRISTYL ALCOHOL
*OLEYL ALCOHOL



WHAT DOES BEHENYL ALCOHOL DO IN A FORMULATION?
*Emollient
*Emulsifying
*Opacifying
*Viscosity controlling



HISTORY OF BEHENYL ALCOHOL:
The drug was approved as a cream for oral herpes after clinical trials by the FDA in July 2000.
It was shown to shorten the healing by 17.5 hours on average (95% confidence interval: 2 to 22 hours) in a placebo-controlled trial.
Another trial showed no effect when treating the infected backs of guinea pigs.



BEHENYL ALCOHOL AT A GLANCE:
*Is considered a fatty, non-drying form of alcohol
*Is used as a thickener and moisturising ingredient in cosmetics
*Also known as 1-docosanol
*Has been ruled safe as used in cosmetics



MECHANISM OF ACTION OF BEHENYL ALCOHOL:
Behenyl Alcohol is thought to act by inhibiting the fusion of the human host cell with the viral envelope of the herpes virus, thus preventing its replication.



IS BEHENYL ALCOHOL VEGAN?
Behenyl alcohol is a vegan ingredient.
Behenyl Alcohol is derived from vegetable sources, such as vegetable oils.



DOES BEHENYL ALCOHOL IRRITATE OR DRY OUT YOUR SKIN?
Due to its name, behenyl alcohol is often misunderstood.
Behenyl Alcohol is often lumped in with alcohol-based ingredients such as alcohol denat or ethanol which can be drying or irritating to some skin types.
However behenyl alcohol is actually a fatty alcohol which is a different class of ingredient altogether.
In fact, fatty alcohols, unlike traditional alcohol in skincare, are actually known to effectively condition and soften the skin and hair.



EMULSIFIER, BEHENYL ALCOHOL:
Another function of behenyl alcohol is as an emulsifier.
Emulsifiers are necessary for products that contain both water and oil components.
As an emulsifier, behenyl alcohol consists of a water-loving hydrophilic head and an oil-loving hydrophobic tail.
The hydrophilic head is directed to the water-based ingredients and the hydrophobic tail to the oil-based ingredients.
Behenyl alcohol reduces the surface tension by positioning itself at the oil/water or air/water interface, which has a stabilizing effect on the emulsion.



EMMOLIENT, BEHENYL ALCOHOL:
Behenyl alcohol is used as an emollient in cosmetic formulations because of its ability to soften and soothe the skin.
After topical application, behenyl alcohol forms a protective layer on the skin that helps to prevent moisture loss.
This helps to trap moisture in the skin, improving the hydrated appearance of the skin.

Plus, behenyl alcohol does not leave a greasy feel after application as other emollients can.
Similarly, behenyl alcohol functions as an emollient in hair care products, working to increase the hair’s moisture content and improve manageability.
Behenyl alcohol can also provide slip to hair conditioners which allows you to detangle your hair better.



TEXTURE, BEHENYL ALCOHOL:
The texture, appearance, and feel of a product can have a big impact on how pleasant the product is to use.
Elements such as opacity and thickness are an important part of the formulating process.
For the most part, these elements are purely sensory.

However, the thickness of a product can have a mild impact on how evenly key ingredients are spread across the skin.
As an opacifying agent and a thickener, behenyl alcohol can be added to clear or transparent cosmetic formulations to render them more resistant to visible light.

This results in a creamy-looking formulation, think your facial moisturizer with that rich- light texture and color.
Behenyl alcohol’s thickening property allows products to achieve a more desirable, spreadable texture.
Thus, manufacturers will add behenyl alcohol to formulations to create a thick, smooth, and creamy product.



COMPARISON BETWEEN BEHENYL ALCOHOL AND CETEARYL ALCOHOL:
1. Behenyl Alcohol has a melting point (Melting Point) higher than Cetearyl Alcohol in the mixing process will require higher heat by melting at 70 degrees
2. Behenyl Alcohol will give the formula texture.
That is hard, similar to Butter, when compared to Cetearyl Alcohol, it gives a softer texture.



BEHENYL ALCOHOL, THE GOOD:
Behenyl alcohol helps the skin to retain moisture, improving the hydrated look of the skin.
Behenyl Alcohol also has many benefits to the texture and sensory feel of products.



BEHENYL ALCOHOL, THE NOT SO GOOD:
Nothing to keep an eye on here.



WHO IS BEHENYL ALCOHOL FOR?
All skin types except those that have an identified allergy to Behenyl Alcohol.



SYNERGETIC INGREDIENTS, BEHENYL ALCOHOL:
Behenyl Alcohol works well with most ingredients



BEHENYL ALCOHOL, KEEP AN EYE ON:
Despite having alcohol in its name, behenyl alcohol is not a drying ingredient.
This is because Behenyl Alcohol is a fatty alcohol.
Keep an eye out for other fatty alcohols such as Cetearyl Alcohol, Stearyl Alcohol, and Cetyl Alcohol.



IS BEHENYL ALCOHOL GOOD FOR SKIN?
In cosmetic and skincare formulations, behenyl alcohol functions as an opacifying ingredient, thickener, emollient, and emulsifier.



PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of BEHENYL ALCOHOL:
Chemical formula: C22H46O
Molar mass: 326.609 g·mol−1
Melting point: 70 °C; 158 °F; 343 K
Boiling point: 180 °C; 356 °F; 453 K at 29 Pa
log P: 10.009
Chemical formula: C22H46O
Molar mass: 326.609 g·mol−1
Melting point: 70 °C; 158 °F; 343 K
Boiling point: 180 °C; 356 °F; 453 K at 29 Pa
log P: 10.009
Appearance Form: powder
Color: white
Odor: No data available
Odor Threshold: No data available
pH: No data available
Melting point/freezing point:
Melting point/range: 65 - 72 °C
Initial boiling point and boiling range: 180 °C at 0,29 hPa
Flash point: No data available
Evaporation rate: No data available
Beilstein Number: 1770470

MDL: MFCD00002939
XlogP3: 10.50 (est)
Molecular Weight: 326.60782000
Formula: C22 H46 O
Flammability (solid, gas): No data available
Upper/lower flammability or explosive limits: No data available
Vapor pressure: No data available
Vapor density: No data available
Relative density: 0,854 at 20 °C
Water solubility: 0,001 g/l at 23 °C
Partition coefficient:
n-octanol/water: log Pow: 8,3 at 20 °C
Autoignition temperature: 256 °C
Decomposition temperature: No data available
Viscosity
Viscosity, kinematic: No data available
Viscosity, dynamic: No data available
Explosive properties: No data available
Appearance: white solid (est)
Assay: 98.00 to 100.00
Food Chemicals Codex Listed: No
Melting Point: 72.00 to 73.00 °C. @ 760.00 mm Hg

Boiling Point: 375.00 to 376.00 °C. @ 760.00 mm Hg (est)
Boiling Point: 180.00 °C. @ 0.22 mm Hg
Flash Point: 289.00 °F. TCC ( 142.50 °C. ) (est)
logP (o/w): 10.009 (est)
Soluble in: water, 0.0001496 mg/L @ 25 °C (est)
Melting Point: 65-72 °C(lit.)
Boiling Point: 180 °C0.22 mm Hg(lit.)
Density: d75 0.8063 g/ml; d85 0.7986 g/ml; d95 0.7911 g/ml
Refractive Index: n75 1.4360
Storage Tem.: Store below +30°C.
Solubility: Chloroform (Slightly), Ethyl Acetate (Slightly)
Acidity Coefficient: 15.20±0.10(Predicted)
Form: Pellets or Tablets
Color: White
Water solubility: Insoluble
Stability: Stable.
IUPAC Name: docosan-1-ol
Category: Fatty Alcohols
Molecular Formula: C22H46O
Molecular Weight: 326.56
Boiling Point: 180 °C 0.22 mmHg (lit.)

Melting Point: 65-72 °C (lit.)
Density: 0.8063 g/ml at 75 °C; 0.7986 g/ml at 85 °C; 0.7911 g/ml at 95 °C
Solubility: Slightly soluble in ether; very soluble in ethanol, methanol, petroleum ether;
soluble in chloroform;Insoluble in water;In water, 7.5X10-5 mg/L at 25 °C 9 (est);1.96e-05 g/L
InChI: InChI=1S/C22H46O/c1-2-3-4-5-6-7-8-9-10-11-12-13-14-15-16-17-18-19-20-21-22-23/h23H,2-22H2,1H3
InChI Key: NOPFSRXAKWQILS-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Appearance: Solid
Storage: Room temperature
Oxidizing properties: No data available
Other safety information:
Surface tension 66,5 mN/m at 25 °C
Molecular Weight: 326.6
XLogP3: 10.5
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 1
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 1
Rotatable Bond Count: 20
Exact Mass: 326.354866087
Monoisotopic Mass: 326.354866087
Topological Polar Surface Area: 20.2 Ų
Heavy Atom Count: 23
Formal Charge: 0

Complexity: 190
Isotope Atom Count: 0
Molecular Formula / Molecular Weight: C22H46O = 326.61
Physical State (20 deg.C): Solid
CAS RN: 661-19-8
Reaxys Registry Number: 1770470
PubChem Substance ID: 87567551
SDBS (AIST Spectral DB): 7647
MDL Number: MFCD00002939
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 1
Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes
Appearance: white solid (est)
Assay: 98.00 to 100.00
Food Chemicals Codex Listed: No
CAS Number: 661-19-8
Molecular Formula: C₂₂H₄₆O
Appearance: White to Off-White Solid

Melting Point: 70-73°C
Molecular Weight: 326.6
Storage: 4°C
Solubility: Chloroform (Slightly), Ethyl Acetate (Slightly), Methanol (Slightly)
Melting Point: 72.00 to 73.00 °C. @ 760.00 mm Hg
Boiling Point: 375.00 to 376.00 °C. @ 760.00 mm Hg (est)
Boiling Point: 180.00 °C. @ 0.22 mm Hg
Flash Point: 289.00 °F. TCC ( 142.50 °C. ) (est)
logP (o/w): 10.009 (est)
Soluble in: water, 0.0001496 mg/L @ 25 °C (est)
Boiling Point: 375-376°C at 760 mm Hg
Melting Point: 65-72°C
Solubility: Insoluble in water
Soluble in ethanol, methanol, petroleum ether
Molecular Weight: 326.6 g/mol
XLogP3: 10.5
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 1
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 1
Rotatable Bond Count: 20
Exact Mass: 326.354866087 g/mol
Monoisotopic Mass: 326.354866087 g/mol
Topological Polar Surface Area: 20.2Ų

Heavy Atom Count: 23
Formal Charge: 0
Complexity: 190
Isotope Atom Count: 0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 1
Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes
CAS number: 661-19-8
EC number: 211-546-6
Hill Formula: C₂₂H₄₆O
Molar Mass: 326.61 g/mol
HS Code: 2905 19 00
Boiling point: 180 °C (0.29 hPa)
Flash point: 210 °C
Melting Point: 71 °C



FIRST AID MEASURES of BEHENYL ALCOHOL:
-Description of first-aid measures:
*General advice:
Consult a physician.
*If inhaled:
If breathed in, move person into fresh air.
Consult a physician.
*In case of skin contact:
Wash off with soap and plenty of water.
Consult a physician.
*In case of eye contact:
Flush eyes with water as a precaution.
*If swallowed:
Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person.
Rinse mouth with water.
Consult a physician.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed:
No data available



ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of BEHENYL ALCOHOL:
-Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures:
Use personal protective equipment.
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Sweep up and shovel.
Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.



FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of BEHENYL ALCOHOL:
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.
-Further information:
No data available



EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of BEHENYL ALCOHOL:
-Control parameters:
--Ingredients with workplace control parameters:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use equipment for eye protection.
*Skin protection:
Handle with gloves.
Wash and dry hands.
-Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.



HANDLING and STORAGE of BEHENYL ALCOHOL:
-Precautions for safe handling:
*Hygiene measures:
Handle in accordance with good industrial hygiene and safety practice.
Wash hands before breaks and at the end of workday.
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
*Storage conditions:
Store in cool place.
Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place.



STABILITY and REACTIVITY of BEHENYL ALCOHOL:
-Reactivity:
No data available
-Chemical stability:
Stable under recommended storage conditions.
-Possibility of hazardous reactions:
No data available
-Conditions to avoid:
No data available



SYNONYMS:
Docosan-1-ol
Behenic alcohol
Behenyl alcohol
Cachalot BE-22
1-Docosanol
n-Docosanol
Docosyl alcohol
Emery 3304
1-Docosanol
Behenyl alcohol
Docosan-1-ol
Other names
Behenic alcohol
Behenyl alcohol
Cachalot BE-22
1-Docosanol
n-Docosanol
Docosyl alcohol
Emery 3304
Loxiol VPG 1451
Abreva
Behenic alcohol
Behenyl alcohol
Cachalot BE-22
Docosan-1-ol
Docosanol-(1)
Docosyl alcohol
Lanette 22
Lidavol
n-Docosanol
NAA 422
Tadenan
IK 2
AI3-36489
BEHENYL ALCOHOL
AI3-36489
BEHENIC ALCOHOL
1-DOCOSANOL
DOCOSYL ALCOHOL
IK-2
TADENAN
BRN 1770470
EINECS 211-546-6
EMERY 3304
HSDB 5739
LOXIOL VPG 1451
NACOL 22-97
NSC 8407
STENOL 1822
STENOL 1822A
1-DOCOSANOL
Docosanol
docosan-1-ol
Behenyl alcohol
661-19-8
Behenic alcohol
n-Docosanol
Abreva
Docosyl alcohol
Tadenan
Lidavol
Stenol 1822
Lanette 22
Docosanol
Lidakol
Stenol 1822A
Nacol 22-97
IK 2
30303-65-2
NAA 422
NSC 8407
NSC-8407
9G1OE216XY
CHEBI:31000
NCGC00159370-02
Docosanol (VAN)
Erazaban
Herepair
IK.2
Healip
Cachalot BE-22
Abreva (TN)
HSDB 5739
Loxiol VPG 1451
EINECS 211-546-6
BRN 1770470
UNII-9G1OE216XY
AI3-36489
CCRIS 8943
n-Docosan-1-ol
C22 Alcohol
Docosanol-(1)
MFCD00002939
1-Docosanol, 98%
DSSTox_CID_7286
N-DOCOSANOL
DOCOSANOL
EC 211-546-6
DOCOSANOL
DSSTox_RID_78387
DSSTox_GSID_27286
SCHEMBL51925
4-01-00-01906
BEHENYL ALCOHOL
DOCOSANOL
CHEMBL1200453
DTXSID4027286
NSC8407
HMS2093P22
Pharmakon1600-01505729
HY-B0222
ZINC6920384
Tox21_111611
LMFA05000008
NSC759235
s1637
AKOS015902887
CCG-213539
DB00632
NSC-759235
NCGC00159370-03
NCGC00159370-04
NCGC00159370-05
1-Docosanol, purum, >=97.0% (GC)
AC-19852
CAS-661-19-8
SBI-0206938.P001
A8416
AM20100601
D0964
FT-0622609
D03884
D70615
AB01563123_01
AB01563123_02
SR-05000001915
Q3033497
SR-05000001915-1
A3D72D45-625E-49B5-B0FC-394010B3485D
Loxiol VPG 1451
1-Docosanol
Docosyl alcohol
Docosanol-(1)
Cachalot BE-22
Loxiol VPG 1451
Docosan-1-ol
Behenyl alcohol
n-Docosanol
Abreva
Docosanol
IK 2
Lanette 22
NAA 422
Nacol 22-97
NSC 8407
Stenol 1822
Stenol 1822A
Tadenan
Dehydag wax 22 (lanette)
Emery 3304
N-Eicosanol
1-DOCOSANOL
Docosanol
docosan-1-ol
Behenyl alcohol
661-19-8
Behenic alcohol
n-Docosanol
Abreva
Docosyl alcohol
Tadenan
Lidavol
Stenol 1822
Lanette 22
Docosanol [USAN]
Lidakol
Stenol 1822A
Nacol 22-97
IK 2
30303-65-2
C22H46O
NAA 422
NSC 8407
Docosanol (Abreva)
Docosanol (USAN)
NSC-8407
9G1OE216XY
DTXSID4027286
CHEBI:31000
NCGC00159370-02
Docosanol (VAN)
Erazaban
Herepair
IK.2
Healip
Docosanol (Abreua)
Cachalot BE-22
Abreva (TN)
HSDB 5739
Loxiol VPG 1451
EINECS 211-546-6
BRN 1770470
UNII-9G1OE216XY
AI3-36489
BEHENYL ALCOHOL, 98%
CCRIS 8943
n-Docosan-1-ol
Docosanol-(1)
MFCD00002939
1-Docosanol, 98%
DOCOSANOL [II]
DOCOSANOL [HSDB]
DOCOSANOL [VANDF]
N-DOCOSANOL [MI]
DOCOSANOL [MART.]
EC 211-546-6
DOCOSANOL [WHO-DD]
SCHEMBL51925
4-01-00-01906 (Beilstein Handbook Reference)
BEHENYL ALCOHOL [INCI]
DTXCID907286
DOCOSANOL [ORANGE BOOK]
CHEMBL1200453
NSC8407
HMS2093P22
Pharmakon1600-01505729
HY-B0222
Tox21_111611
LMFA05000008
NSC759235
s1637
AKOS015902887
CCG-213539
DB00632
NSC-759235
Behenyl alcohol
AI3-36489
Behenic alcohol
1-Docosanol
Docosyl alcohol
IK-2
Tadenan
NCGC00159370-03
NCGC00159370-04
NCGC00159370-05
1-Docosanol, purum, >=97.0% (GC)
AC-19852
CAS-661-19-8
SBI-0206938.P001
AM20100601
D0964
FT-0622609
D03884
D70615
AB01563123_01
AB01563123_02
EN300-6495479
SR-05000001915
Q3033497
SR-05000001915-1
A3D72D45-625E-49B5-B0FC-394010B3485D
InChI=1/C22H46O/c1-2-3-4-5-6-7-8-9-10-11-12-13-14-15-16-17-18-19-20-21-22-23/h23H,2-22H2,1H
1-DOCOSANOL
ALCOHOL C22
BEHENYL ALCOHOL
DOCOSANOL
DOCOSANOL, N-
JARCOL 22
N-DOCOSANOL
Behenic alcohol
behenicalcohol
Cachalot BE-22
Dehydag wax 22 (lanette)
Docosan-1-ol
Docosanol-(1)
Docosyl alcohol
docosylalcohol
Emery 3304
ik2
lidavol
Loxiol VPG 1451
tadenan
Behenyl alcohol
Docosyl alcohol
NSC 8407
1-Docosonol
n-Docosanol
Docosanol
Behenic alcohol
Behenic Alcohol
Behenyl Alcohol
Docosyl alcohol
Docosan-1-ol
Docosanol
1-Docosonol
Abreva
Behenic Alcohol
Behenyl 80 Alcohol
Behenyl Alc. 80
Behenyl Alcohol
Conol 2265
Conol 2280
Docosanol
Docosyl Alcohol
Hainol 22S
IK 2
IK 2 (alcohol)
Kalcohl 220
Kalcohl 22080
Kalcol 22080
Lanette 22
NAA 422
NSC 8407
Nacol 22-97
Nacol 22-98
Nacol C 22
Stenol 1822
Stenol 1822A
Tadenan
Toho BH 65
n-Docosanol

BEHENYL ALCOHOL = 1-DOCOSANOL


CAS Number: 661-19-8
EC Number: 211-546-6
Chem/IUPAC Name: Docosan-1-ol
Linear Formula: CH3(CH2)21OH / C22H46O


Behenyl Alcohol is a saturated fatty alcohol as an emollient, emulsifier, and thickener.
Behenyl Alcohol is a fatty alcohol (the non-drying type with a long oil loving chain of 22 carbon atoms) that is used to increase the viscosity of the formula and it also helps the oily and the watery parts to stay nicely mixed together (called emulsion stabilizing).
Behenyl Alcohol is a natural, vegetable source long chain fatty alcohol used to regulate viscosity in formulations.


Behenyl Alcohol is produced from vegetable sources and is derived from non-genetically modified plants.
Behenyl Alcohol is GMO-free (not containing genetically modified DNA).
Behenyl Alcohol is an opacifying ingredient which gives excellent spreadability to cosmetic products as well as being an emulsifier and antimicrobal


Behenyl alcohol is a saturated fatty acid naturally derived from vegetable sources such as corn.
Behenyl alcohol has 22 carbons and is also known as Docosanol (the key ingredient in formulations for herpes).
Behenyl has a very special thickening property to allow the final product to have a more desirable and spreadable texture.
Whilst opacity and thickness can be seen as a matter of persona preference, Behenyl alcohol enhances the spreadability of the final product and thus the effectiveness of the final cosmetic formulations.


Behenyl alcohol is a vegan ingredient, derived from vegetable sources.
Behenyl has a very special thickening property to allow the final product to have a more desirable and spreadable texture. Whilst opacity and thickness can be seen as a matter of persona preference, Behenyl alcohol enhances the spreadability of the final product and thus the effectiveness of the final cosmetic formulations.


Behenyl alcohol, also known as 1-docosanol, is a synthetic or plant-derived thickening agent and emulsifier used in cosmetics.
Behenyl Alcohol also serves as a hydrating ingredient.
Behenyl Alcohol’s considered a fatty alcohol not related to drying forms of alcohol.
In Behenyl Alcohol's raw form it is a white, waxy solid.


The Cosmetic Ingredient Review panel has deemed behenyl alcohol to be safe for topical application as used in cosmetics.
Behenyl Alcohol, which is a 22-carbon saturated fatty alcohol that inhibits intracellular penetration of lipid enveloped viruses, is approved as a cream for the treatment of herpes labialis.
Behenyl alcohol or Docosanol is a fatty alcohol.


Behenyl Alcohol makes the skin soft and its feel remains non-greasy after application.
Behenyl Alcohol is authorized in organic.
Behenyl alcohol is a saturated fatty alcohol of vegetable origin, used to regulate viscosity in formulations.
Behenyl Alcohol produces elegant emulsions and gives the skin a soft, velvety feel.


Behenyl Alcohol is considered a fatty, non-drying form of alcohol
Behenyl Alcohol is also known as 1-docosanol
Behenyl Alcohol has been ruled safe as used in cosmetics
The CIR (Cosmetic Ingredient Review) in an annual report published in 2008, concluded that fatty alcohols are safe.


Behenyl Alcohol is very safe; mild for skin; viscosity does not change much with temperature and thus forms a stable emulsion
Behenyl Alcohol is the largest fatty alcohol in this group with 22 carbons.
Behenyl Alcohol is a white, waxy solid with a minimum concentration of 70-80 percent of behenyl alcohol.
Behenyl Alcohol blend was produced to reduce the crystalline structure which enhances the functionality.


The Cosmetic Ingredient Review panel has deemed behenyl alcohol to be safe for topical application as used in cosmetics.
Behenyl Alcohol is a saturated fatty alcohol containing 22 carbon atoms, used traditionally as an emollient, emulsifier, and thickener in cosmetics.
Behenyl alcohol, also known as docosanol, is a large fatty straight-chain alcohol.


Behenyl Alcohol’s considered a fatty alcohol not related to drying forms of alcohol.
In it's raw form Behenyl Alcohol is a white, waxy solid.
Newly-released data on the Behenyl Alcohol Market shows that global sales are expected to reach around US$ 158.5 Mn by the end of 2022, registering a Y-o-Y growth of approximately 1.4 %.


Behenyl alcohol is a plant-based emulsifier and thickening agent.
Behenyl Alcohol is considered a fatty alcohol which is by far the best type of alcohol for skin care and cosmetics.
This is because Behenyl Alcohol acts as both an emulsifier and emollient.
As an emulsifier, behenyl alcohol, holds the water and oils together in cosmetics.


Behenyl Alcohol is typically made from the fats in vegetable oils.
Behenyl alcohol is actually a really common ingredient, and unfortunately can be made synthetically as well.
Behenyl Alcohol is important to look out for natural behenyl alcohol in your products, but all in all, this is one of the best fatty alcohols and is healthy for your skin.


Behenyl Alcohol is considered a fatty, non-drying form of alcohol
Behenyl Alcohol is also known as 1-docosanol
Has been ruled safe as used in cosmetics
Behenyl Alcohol helps to retain skin moisture, improving the hydrated look of the ski, forming a natural protective layer.


Behenyl Alcohol does not leave a greasy feel after application in the way other emollients can, instead leaving the skin feeling soft and hydrated.
Behenyl Alcohol is a vegan ingredient, derived from vegetable sources.
Behenyl Alcohol is biocompatible (COSMOS standard).


Behenyl Alcohol is a consistency giving agent.
Behenyl Alcohol is a hydrophilic wax.
Behenyl Alcohol is a saturated 22-carbon aliphatic alcohol with antiviral activity.
Behenyl Alcoholhas a distinct mechanism of action and inhibits fusion between the plasma membrane and the herpes simplex virus envelope, thereby preventing viral entry into cells and subsequent viral activity and replication.


Behenyl Alcohol is a natural product found in Populus tremula, Hypericum laricifolium, and other organisms with data available.
Behenyl Alcohol is an emulsifier that also keeps the oil and liquid parts of a solution from separating.
Behenyl alcohol, also known as docosanol, is a colorless, waxy solid.
Behenyl Alcohol’s usually found naturally from vegetables, in their long-chain fatty acid mixture.


Behenyl Alcohol has one characteristic of making a layer over water to minimize evaporation.
This is particularly useful in hot weather.
Same way it does not let moisture evaporate from skin or hair’s surface, thus act as emollient.
Behenyl Alcohol is similar to other members of the behenic group a good emulsion stabilizer.


Behenyl alcohol, or docosanol, is a saturated fatty alcohol usually obtained from vegetable sources and non-genetically modified plants.
Behenyl Alcohol is a natural vegetable source saturated fatty alcohol used to regulate viscosity in formulations.
Behenyl alcohol, also known as docosanol, is saturated fatty alcohol with 22 carbons.
Fatty alcohols are a group of ingredients that are often misunderstood, mostly due to their name.


Fatty alcohols have a high molecular weight, straight-chain primary alcohols derived from natural fats and oils.
Behenyl alcohol is derived from vegetable sources such as corn, but it can also be synthetically produced.
Behenyl Alcohol or behenyl alcohol is of natural origin and is part of the family of fatty alcohols.
The INCI names "alcohol" which are preceded by a term ending with the suffix "-yl" are fatty alcohols .
Example : Cetyl alcohol or myrstyl alcohol.


Behenyl alcohol is found in vegetables, in the mixture of long chain fatty acids.
Behenyl Alcohol is colorless and waxy.
Behenyl Alcohol is a long-chain primary fatty alcohol that is docosane substituted by a hydroxy group at position 1.
Behenyl Alcohol has a role as an antiviral agent.


Behenyl Alcohol is a long-chain primary fatty alcohol and a fatty alcohol 22:0.
Behenyl Alcohol derives from a hydride of a docosane.
Behenyl Alcohol, also known as docosanol, is a large fatty straight-chain alcohol.
Behenyl Alcohol is a white, waxy solid that functions as a thickener, binding agent, solubilizer and gellant for low viscosity fluids.
Behenyl Alcohol contains a small amount of fatty alcohols for unique properties while formulating.


Behenyl Alcohol has a heavier cream.
Behenyl Alcohol gives a thicker creamy texture
Behenyl Alcohol is a natural vegetable source saturated fatty alcohol used to regulate viscosity in formulations.
Behenyl alcohol is a long chain linear fatty alcohol (with 22 carn atoms) derived from natural raw materials such as rapeseed or coconut oils.
Readily biodegradable and metabolized as regular fat, Behenyl alcohol is safe for the skin and the environment.


Behenyl Alcohol is a saturated 22-carbon aliphatic alcohol with antiviral activity.
Behenyl Alcohol is a natural product found in Populus tremula, Hypericum laricifolium, and other organisms with data available.
Behenyl Alcohol is easily soluble in methanol, diethyl ether, n-octanol.
Behenyl Alcohol is partially soluble in hot water, acetone.


Behenyl Alcohol is very slightly soluble in cold water.
Behenyl Alcohol, also known as behenyl alcohol, is a saturated fatty alcohol containing 22 carbon atoms, used traditionally as an emollient, emulsifier, and thickener in cosmetics.
In July 2000, Behenyl Alcohol was approved for medical use in the United States as an antiviral agent for reducing the duration of cold sores.
Behenyl Alcohol is an over-the-counter medication.


Behenyl Alcohol is an aliphatic alcohol that inhibits fusion between the plasma membrane and the HSV envelope, thereby preventing viral entry into cells and viral replication.
Behenyl Alcohol is a unique chemical compound also known as behenyl alcohol.
Behenyl Alcohol is a saturated fatty alcoholused traditionally as an emollient, emulsifier, and thickener in cosmetics, nutritional supplement.


Behenyl Alcohol can reduce the duration of symptoms attributed to cold sores and fever blisters caused by HSV, however, Behenyl Alcohol is not virucidal.
A saturated 22-carbon aliphatic alcohol, Behenyl Alcohol exhibits antiviral activity against many lipid enveloped viruses including herpes simplex virus (HSV).
Behenyl Alcohol inhibits fusion between the plasma membrane and the herpes simplex virus (HSV) envelope, thereby preventing viral entry into cells and subsequent viral replication.



USES and APPLICATIONS of BEHENYL ALCOHOL:
Behenyl Alcohol functions as a thickener and stabilizer and may be used as a co-emulsifier.
Behenyl Alcohol may be used in anhydrous formulations such as ointments, body butters and scrubs.
Behenyl alcohol (Docosanol) has high antimicrobial activity and is used in cosmetics to aid skin feel and hydration hydration, manage hair manageability, as an effective co-emulsifier, texture adjustment and improved spreadability of your cosmetic formulation.


Behenyl alcohol is primarily used as an emulsifier, emollient, thickener and opacifying ingredient and is found mainly in face moisturisers and body lotions, it can however also be used in deodorant, lipstick, foundation and hair care products.
Behenyl alcohol has a very high antimicrobial activity, hence its use in herpes formulations.
Behenyl alcohol is compatible with most other cosmetic ingredients in cosmetic formulations and as such can be used as a co-emulsifier with other emulsifiers to increase stability and skin feel.


Behenyl alcohol tends to have a stabilising effect on emulsions.
Behenyl alcohol helps to retain skin moisture, improving the hydrated look of the ski, forming a natural protective layer.
Behenyl alcohol does not leave a greasy feel after application in the way other emollients can, instead leaving the skin feeling soft and hydrated.


Behenyl Alcohol is used as a thickener and moisturizing ingredient in cosmetics.
Behenyl alcohol acts an emollient in hair care products, helping to increase the moisture content in the hair and improve manageability.
When used in hair care formulas, Behenyl alcohol can be used to increase the slip of hair and thus Behenyl alcohol is useful in detangling hair care formulations.


Behenyl Alcohol is used improving texture, improve spreadability.
Behenyl Alcohol adds texture and thickness without increasing greasiness.
Behenyl Alcohol is used in cosmetics as an emulsifier to allow the oily parts to remain well mixed with other liquids.
Behenyl Alcohol is also used as a thickener, to increase the foaming capacity of a product or to improve the stability of a foam.


In medicines, Behenyl Alcohol is used as an antiviral against herpes.
Behenyl Alcohol is used as a thickener and moisturising ingredient in cosmetics.
Behenyl Alcohol acts as a thickener and stabilizer and can be used as a co-emulsifier.
Behenyl Alcohol can be used in water-in-oil emulsions, oil-in-water emulsions and anhydrous formulations such as ointments, body butters and peelings.


Behenyl Alcohol functions as a thickener, binding agent, solubilizer and gellant.
Behenyl Alcohol can be used in color cosmetics, sunscreens, skin and hair care.
Behenyl Alcohol uses include SPF products, mascaras, sticks, lip balms, emulsions, hair products and antiperspirants.
This highly desirable, long chain fatty alcohol, Behenyl Alcohol is used to thicken and stabilize formulations.


Behenyl Alcohol can also serve as a co-emulsifier in some formulations.
Behenyl Alcohol will produce elegant emulsions and impart a soft, velvety feel to the skin.
Behenyl Alcohol can be used in water-in-oil emulsions, oil-in-water emulsions, and anhydrous formulations-----cream, lotion, ointment, body butter, salt scrubs.


In cosmetic and skin care formulations, it is used as an opacifying ingredient, thickener, and emulsifier.
As an opacifying agent, behenyl alcohol is used to reduce the clear or transparent appearance of cosmetic products.
Behenyl Alcohol's thickening property allows products to achieve a more desirable, spreadable texture.
Behenyl alcohol also works as an emulsifier to prevent the oil and water phases of a product from separating.


This works to improve the consistency of a product, which enables an even distribution of topical skincare benefits.
Behenyl alcohol, also known as 1-docosanol, is a synthetic or plant-derived thickening agent and emulsifier used in cosmetics.
Behenyl Alcohol also serves as a hydrating ingredient.
Behenyl Alcoholis used topically in the treatment of recurrent herpes simplex labialis episodes and relieves associated pain and may help heal sores faster.


A saturated 22-carbon aliphatic alcohol, docosanol exhibits antiviral activity against many lipid enveloped viruses including herpes simplex virus (HSV).
Behenyl Alcoholinhibits fusion between the plasma membrane and the herpes simplex virus (HSV) envelope, thereby preventing viral entry into cells and subsequent viral replication.
Behenyl Alcohols other functions include altering the thickness of a liquid, increasing foaming capacity, and stabilizing foams.


When applied to the skin, it gives it a smooth feel and helps prevent moisture loss.
Many products incorporate this ingredient because of its unique sensory properties and non-greasy feel after application.
Behenyl Alcohol's mainly used in face/body lotions and creams, but can also be found in deodorant, lipstick and foundation.
Behenyl Alcohol is used as viscosity increasing agent.


Behenyl Alcohol is used in formulations such as ointments, scrubs, and body butter.
Behenyl alcohol is used to thicken and stabilize formulations.
Behenyl alcohol can also serve as a co-emulsifier in some formulations.
Behenyl Alcohol can be used in water-in-oil emulsions, oil-in-water emulsions, and anhydrous formulations cream, lotion, ointment, body butter, salt scrubs.


Behenyl Alcohol is widely used in cosmetic and skincare products, such as deodorants, lotions, lipsticks, foundations, ointments, body butter and scrubs, as a binding, thickening, emulsifying and opacifying agent.
Behenyl alcohol aids in reducing the transparency of the product and thickening the consistency to obtain a spreadable texture.
Behenyl Alcohol is applied to the face and body for nourishing the skin and preventing moisture loss.


Behenyl Alcohol is used in cosmetic O/W emulsions for viscosity regulation.
Behenyl Alcohol use application in antiperspirants & deodorants, sun-care (after-sun, sun-protection, self-tanning), color-, body & face care and face cleansing formulations.
Behenyl Alcohol is also used in baby care & cleansing and conditioning formulations.


To achieve the correct texture with your formulation, the addition of just 0.5% Behenyl alcohol can help radically change the texture and feel of your cosmetic product.
Behenyl Alcohol adds texture and thickness without increasing greasiness.
Behenyl Alcohol is an opacifying ingredient which gives excellent spreadability to cosmetic products as well as being an emulsifier in cosmetics to aid skin feel and hydration, manage hair manageability, as an effective co-emulsifier, texture adjustment and improved spreadability of your cosmetic formulation.


Behenyl alcohol is primarily used in face moisturizers and body lotions, but can also be found in deodorant, lipstick, foundation, and hair care products.
Behenyl alcohol helps the skin to retain moisture, improving the hydrated look of the skin.
Behenyl alcohol also has many benefits to the texture and sensory feel of products.
Behenyl alcohol functions as a thickener and stabilizer and may be used as a co-emulsifier.


Behenyl alcohol may be used in water-in-oil emulsions, oil-in-water emulsions, and anhydrous formulations such as ointments, body butters and scrubs.
Behenyl alcohol will produce elegant emulsions and impart a soft, velvety feel to the skin.
Despite having alcohol in their name, fatty alcohols actually help to effectively condition and soften the skin and hair.


Behenyl alcohol is a fatty alcohol used in skincare and cosmetic products to help soften the skin and improve the texture and consistency of the formulation.
Behenyl alcohol's main four uses are as an opacifying ingredient, thickener, emollient, and emulsifier.
Behenyl alcohol is present in many treatments, such as perfumes, body care or hair coloring.


Behenyl Alcohol is used as a preservative to protect the mixture from contamination.
Behenyl Alcohol also neutralizes bacteria, calms inflammation and deodorizes.
In cosmetic and skin care formulations, Behenyl Alcohol is used as an opacifying ingredient, thickener and emulsifier.
Behenyl alcohol also works as an emulsifier to prevent the oil and water phases of a product from separating.


Being a mixed form of fatty acids that is used to increase a formula's viscosity, to stabilize emulsions, as a binder while leaving a soft, smooth feel to the skin.
Behenyl Alcohol Can be used in almost any formulation.
A saturated fatty alcohol.
Behenyl Alcohol is used as an emollient, emulsifier, and thickener in cosmetics.


Behenyl Alcohol is used to increase the stability of emulsion, increase the viscosity of creams or lotions, help add moisturizer to the formula, giving the formula a butter-like texture, giving it a smooth feel.
Behenyl Alcohol is a thickener or thickener in the cream, looks like flakes when mixed with Cream Maker Any kind will add texture to the cream.
Behenyl Alcohol is occlusive emollient or helps to coat the skin.


To reduce the chance of water loss of the skin, Behenyl Alcohol is a moisturizer in the body.
Behenyl alcohol must be used with any type of Cream Maker because Behenyl alcohol cannot combine water and oil.
Behenyl Alcohol functions as a thickener and stabilizer and may be used as a co-emulsifier.
Behenyl Alcohol may be used in water-in-oil emulsions, oil-in-water emulsions, and anhydrous formulations such as ointments, body butters and scrubs.


Behenyl Alcohol will produce elegant emulsions and impart a soft, velvety feel to the skin.
Behenyl Alcohol is a waxy solid at room temperature used in skin and hair care formulations as a thickener, emulsifier, binding agent, solubilizer, and gallant.
Thanks to excellent emulsifying properties, Behenyl alcohol produces stable emulsions which stay unchanged in temperature changes (including viscosity) while exhibiting superior mildness and safety for the skin.


In addition, Behenyl Alcohol thickens and improves the sensory profile of the application, imparting a velvety-soft feel to the skin.
Combined with the same length fatty acid, Behenic acid, it forms waxy oleo-gels with a pleasant feel that can dissolve and carry natural oils and active ingredients.
In decorative cosmetics, Behenyl alcohol is used as a pigment dispersing and wetting agent that helps ease spreading and sticking on the skin's surface.


In addition, Behenyl Alcohol is a perfect base for dispersing abrasive particles in mechanical exfoliators.
Behenyl Alcohol is widely used in facial creams, masks, and lotions, as well as in hair, eye, and body care applications.
Behenyl Alcohol has a distinct mechanism of action and inhibits fusion between the plasma membrane and the herpes simplex virus envelope, thereby preventing viral entry into cells and subsequent viral activity and replication.


Behenyl Alcohol is used topically in the treatment of recurrent herpes simplex labialis episodes and relieves associated pain and may help heal sores faster.
Behenyl Alcohol is a drug used for topical treatment for recurrent herpes simplex labialis episodes (episodes of cold sores or fever blisters).
A saturated 22-carbon aliphatic alcohol, Behenyl Alcohol exhibits antiviral activity against many lipid enveloped viruses including herpes simplex virus (HSV).


Behenyl Alcohol inhibits fusion between the plasma membrane and the herpes simplex virus (HSV) envelope, thereby preventing viral entry into cells and subsequent viral replication.
Behenyl Alcohol is an antiviral used to treat orofacial herpes sores.
Behenyl Alcohol is used to treat the symptoms of herpes simplex virus infections around the mouth.


Although Behenyl Alcohol will not cure herpes simplex, it may help relieve the pain and discomfort and may help the sores (if any) heal faster.
Behenyl Alcohol is a generic over-the-counter topical drug used to treat cold sores and fever blisters due to herpes simplex infection.
Behenyl Alcohol is used to treat "cold sores/fever blisters" (herpes labialis).
Behenyl Alcohol can speed up healing of the sores and decrease symptoms (such as tingling, pain, burning, itching).


Behenyl Alcohol works by blocking the virus that causes the cold sores (herpes simplex) from entering the healthy skin cells and growing in number.
This medication does not cure herpes and does not prevent passing the infection to someone else.
Behenyl Alcohol does not prevent a future occurrence.


Treats fever blisters and cold sores caused by herpes simplex.
This medicine is an antiviral.
Behenyl Alcohol is used treats cold sores/fever blisters on the face or lips shortens healing time and duration of symptoms: tingling, pain, burning, and/or itching


Behenyl Alcohol prevents herpes simplex virus from entering cells by preventing viral particles from fusing with cell membranes.
Behenyl Alcohol treats cold sores/fever blisters, Shortens healing time.
Behenyl Alcohol is used healing cream for treating cold sores and fever blisters on the face or lips.
Behenyl Alcohol shortens the duration of tingling, pain, burning and itching symptoms


Delivers best results when treated at the first tingle.
Behenyl Alcohol is a drug used for topical treatment for recurrent herpes simplex labialis episodes (episodes of cold sores or fever blisters).
Behenyl Alcohol speeds the healing of cold sores and fever blisters on the face or lips.
Behenyl Alcohol also relieves the accompanying symptoms, including tingling, pain, burning, and itching.


Behenyl Alcohol works by inhibiting fusion between the human cell plasma membrane and the herpes simplex virus (HSV) envelope, thereby preventing viral entry into cells and subsequent viral replication.
Unlike other cold-sore antivirals, Behenyl Alcohol does not act directly on the virus, and as such it is unlikely it will produce drug resistant mutants of HSV.


Behenyl Alcohol is used for the topical treatment of recurrent oral-facial herpes simplex episodes (cold sores or fever blisters).
Behenyl Alcohol is a saturated fatty alcoholused traditionally as an emollient, emulsifier, and thickener in cosmetics, nutritional supplement.
Behenyl Alcohol is an over-the-counter medication used to treat cold sores and fever blisters.
Behenyl Alcohol belongs to a group of drugs called antivirals.


Behenyl Alcohol helps to protect healthy cells from the cold sore infection.
Behenyl Alcohol shortens healing time and duration of symptoms of cold sores/fever blisters.
Behenyl Alcohol treats cold sores and fever blisters in adults and children 12 years of age and older.
When used early, it could knock out your cold sore in 2½ days.


Behenyl Alcohol topical (for the skin) is used to treat cold sores on the face and lips.
Behenyl Alcohol is a saturated fatty alcohol used traditionally as an emollient, emulsifier, and thickener in cosmetics, and nutritional supplement; inhibitor of lipid-enveloped viruses including herpes simplex.


-Cosmetic effect of Behenyl Alcohol:
The so-called emollient fat.
When used in skin and hair care products, Behenyl Alcohol creates an occlusive layer (film) on their surface, which prevents excessive evaporation of water from the surface (this is an indirect moisturizing effect), thus conditioning the skin and hair.
Oils, softens, smoothes and tones the skin.
Behenyl Alcohol has an antiviral effect, which is why it is used during the treatment of herpes.
Behenyl Alcohol accelerates the healing of blisters.


-Behenyl Alcohol can be used neat or as derivatives in a wide range of cosmetic formulations for instance:
• Hair Care
• Skin Care
• Sun Care
• Colour Cosmetics
• Antitranspirants and Deodorants


-Applications of Behenyl Alcohol include but are not limited to:
*Lotions and creams
*Ointments
*Body butters
*Scrubs


-Consumer Products:
*Blends
*Detergents
*Ethoxylation


-Household Cleaners of Behenyl Alcohol:
*Sulfonation
*Surfactants
*Food & Pharma
*Nutritional Supplements
*Lubricants, Fluids & Oilfield
*Industrial


-Personal Care uses of Behenyl Alcohol:
*Blends
*Emollients
*Emulsifiers
*Esters


-Products to use Behenyl alcohol in:
*Moisture Cream
*Moisture Lotion
*Body Butter
*Cleanser
*Face Mask
*Skin Peels
*Shower Gel
*Shampoo
*Conditioner


-Cosmetic Uses of Behenyl Alcohol:
*binding agents
*emulsion stabilisers
*skin conditioning - emollient
*viscosity controlling agents


-Behenyl alcohol is used in treatments as:
*Emulsifying agent:
Behenyl Alcohol allows oily ingredients to be mixed with aqueous ingredients.
Behenyl Alcohol is also used as an emulsion stabilizer , that is to say, it promotes the emulsion while stabilizing it and improving its conservation;
*Thickening agent:
Behenyl Alcohol is used in treatments to increase the "foaming" capacity of the treatment or to improve the stability of the foam;
*Emollient agent:
Behenyl Alcohol softens and softens the skin;
*Verification Control Agent:
Behenyl Alcohol is used to increase or decrease care verification.



FEATURE IN THE BEHENYL ALCOHOL:
*Behenyl Alcohol is a binding component.
*Behenyl Alcohol stabilizes the emulsion, prevents its delamination, and as a result extends the shelf life of the product.
*Behenyl Alcohol affects the consistency of the cosmetic by increasing its viscosity.



FUNCTIONS OF BEHENYL ALCOHOL:
*Fixing agent:
Allows the cohesion of different cosmetic ingredients
*Emollient:
Softens and softens the skin
*Emulsion Stabilizer:
Aids the emulsification process and improves emulsion stability and shelf life
*Viscosity control agent:
Increases or decreases the viscosity of cosmetics



WHAT DOES BEHENYL ALCOHOL DO IN A FORMULATION?
*Binding
*Emollient
*Emulsion stabilising
*Viscosity controlling



CHARACTERISTICS of BEHENYL ALCOHOL:
*Emollient
*Viscosity modifier
*Skin conditioning agent
*Stabilizer



FEATURES of BEHENYL ALCOHOL:
• Co-emulsifier
• Viscosity controlling agent
• Emulsion stabilizer
• Feedstock for esters, amines and surfactants



COMPARISON BETWEEN BEHENYL ALCOHOL AND CETEARYL ALCOHOL:
1. Behenyl Alcohol has a melting point (Melting Point) higher than Cetearyl Alcohol in the mixing process will require higher heat by melting at 70 degrees
2. Behenyl Alcohol will give the formula texture.
That is hard, similar to Butter, when compared to Cetearyl Alcohol, it gives a softer texture.



PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of BEHENYL ALCOHOL:
Chemical formula: C22H46O
Molar mass: 326.609 g·mol−1
Melting point: 70 °C; 158 °F; 343 K
Boiling point: 180 °C; 356 °F; 453 K at 29 Pa
log P: 10.009
Appearance Form: powder
Color: white
Odor: No data available
Odor Threshold: No data available
pH: No data available
Melting point/freezing point:
Melting point/range: 65 - 72 °C
Initial boiling point and boiling range: 180 °C at 0,29 hPa
Flash point: No data available
Evaporation rate: No data available

Flammability (solid, gas): No data available
Upper/lower flammability or explosive limits: No data available
Vapor pressure: No data available
Vapor density: No data available
Relative density: 0,854 at 20 °C
Water solubility: 0,001 g/l at 23 °C
Partition coefficient:
n-octanol/water: log Pow: 8,3 at 20 °C
Autoignition temperature: 256 °C
Decomposition temperature: No data available
Viscosity
Viscosity, kinematic: No data available
Viscosity, dynamic: No data available
Explosive properties: No data available

Oxidizing properties: No data available
Other safety information:
Surface tension 66,5 mN/m at 25 °C
Molecular Weight: 326.6
XLogP3: 10.5
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 1
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 1
Rotatable Bond Count: 20
Exact Mass: 326.354866087
Monoisotopic Mass: 326.354866087
Topological Polar Surface Area: 20.2 Ų
Heavy Atom Count: 23
Formal Charge: 0
Complexity: 190
Isotope Atom Count: 0

Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 1
Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes
Appearance: white solid (est)
Assay: 98.00 to 100.00
Food Chemicals Codex Listed: No
Melting Point: 72.00 to 73.00 °C. @ 760.00 mm Hg
Boiling Point: 375.00 to 376.00 °C. @ 760.00 mm Hg (est)
Boiling Point: 180.00 °C. @ 0.22 mm Hg
Flash Point: 289.00 °F. TCC ( 142.50 °C. ) (est)
logP (o/w): 10.009 (est)
Soluble in: water, 0.0001496 mg/L @ 25 °C (est)



FIRST AID MEASURES of BEHENYL ALCOHOL:
-Description of first-aid measures:
*General advice:
Consult a physician.
Show this material safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
*If inhaled:
If breathed in, move person into fresh air.
Consult a physician.
*In case of skin contact:
Wash off with soap and plenty of water.
Consult a physician.
*In case of eye contact:
Flush eyes with water as a precaution.
*If swallowed:
Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person.
Rinse mouth with water.
Consult a physician.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed:
No data available



ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of BEHENYL ALCOHOL:
-Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures:
Use personal protective equipment.
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Sweep up and shovel.
Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.



FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of BEHENYL ALCOHOL:
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.
-Further information:
No data available



EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of BEHENYL ALCOHOL:
-Control parameters:
--Ingredients with workplace control parameters:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use equipment for eye protection.
*Skin protection:
Handle with gloves.
Wash and dry hands.
-Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.



HANDLING and STORAGE of BEHENYL ALCOHOL:
-Precautions for safe handling:
*Hygiene measures:
Handle in accordance with good industrial hygiene and safety practice.
Wash hands before breaks and at the end of workday.
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
*Storage conditions:
Store in cool place.
Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place.



STABILITY and REACTIVITY of BEHENYL ALCOHOL:
-Reactivity:
No data available
-Chemical stability:
Stable under recommended storage conditions.
-Possibility of hazardous reactions:
No data available
-Conditions to avoid:
No data available



SYNONYMS:
1-Docosanol
Behenyl alcohol
Docosan-1-ol
Other names
Behenic alcohol
Behenyl alcohol
Cachalot BE-22
1-Docosanol
n-Docosanol
Docosyl alcohol
Emery 3304
Loxiol VPG 1451
Abreva
Behenic alcohol
Behenyl alcohol
Cachalot BE-22
Docosan-1-ol
Docosanol-(1)
Docosyl alcohol
Lanette 22
Lidavol
n-Docosanol
NAA 422
Tadenan
IK 2
AI3-36489
BEHENYL ALCOHOL
AI3-36489
BEHENIC ALCOHOL
1-DOCOSANOL
DOCOSYL ALCOHOL
IK-2
TADENAN
BRN 1770470
EINECS 211-546-6
EMERY 3304
HSDB 5739
LOXIOL VPG 1451
NACOL 22-97
NSC 8407
STENOL 1822
STENOL 1822A
1-DOCOSANOL
Docosanol
docosan-1-ol
Behenyl alcohol
661-19-8
Behenic alcohol
n-Docosanol
Abreva
Docosyl alcohol
Tadenan
Lidavol
Stenol 1822
Lanette 22
Docosanol
Lidakol
Stenol 1822A
Nacol 22-97
IK 2
30303-65-2
NAA 422
NSC 8407
NSC-8407
9G1OE216XY
CHEBI:31000
NCGC00159370-02
Docosanol (VAN)
Erazaban
Herepair
IK.2
Healip
Cachalot BE-22
Abreva (TN)
HSDB 5739
Loxiol VPG 1451
EINECS 211-546-6
BRN 1770470
UNII-9G1OE216XY
AI3-36489
CCRIS 8943
n-Docosan-1-ol
C22 Alcohol
Docosanol-(1)
MFCD00002939
1-Docosanol, 98%
DSSTox_CID_7286
N-DOCOSANOL
DOCOSANOL
EC 211-546-6
DOCOSANOL
DSSTox_RID_78387
DSSTox_GSID_27286
SCHEMBL51925
4-01-00-01906
BEHENYL ALCOHOL
DOCOSANOL
CHEMBL1200453
DTXSID4027286
NSC8407
HMS2093P22
Pharmakon1600-01505729
HY-B0222
ZINC6920384
Tox21_111611
LMFA05000008
NSC759235
s1637
AKOS015902887
CCG-213539
DB00632
NSC-759235
NCGC00159370-03
NCGC00159370-04
NCGC00159370-05
1-Docosanol, purum, >=97.0% (GC)
AC-19852
CAS-661-19-8
SBI-0206938.P001
A8416
AM20100601
D0964
FT-0622609
D03884
D70615
AB01563123_01
AB01563123_02
SR-05000001915
Q3033497
SR-05000001915-1
A3D72D45-625E-49B5-B0FC-394010B3485D

Behenyl Alcohol (Docosanol) is a saturated fatty alcohol as an emollient, emulsifier, and thickener.



CAS Number: 661-19-8
EC Number: 211-546-6
MDL Number: MFCD00002939
Chem/IUPAC Name: Docosan-1-ol
Chemical formula: C22H46O



SYNONYMS:
1-Docosanol, Behenyl alcohol, Docosan-1-ol, Behenic alcohol, Behenyl alcohol, Cachalot BE-22, 1-Docosanol, n-Docosanol, Docosyl alcohol, Emery 3304, Loxiol VPG 1451, Abreva, Behenic alcohol, Behenyl alcohol, Cachalot BE-22, Docosan-1-ol, Docosanol-(1), Docosyl alcohol, Lanette 22, Lidavol, n-Docosanol, NAA 422, Tadenan, IK 2, AI3-36489, BEHENYL ALCOHOL, AI3-36489, BEHENIC ALCOHOL, 1-DOCOSANOL, DOCOSYL ALCOHOL, IK-2, TADENAN, BRN 1770470, EINECS 211-546-6, EMERY 3304, HSDB 5739, LOXIOL VPG 1451, NACOL 22-97, NSC 8407, STENOL 1822, STENOL 1822A, 1-DOCOSANOL, 1-Docosanol, Docosyl alcohol, Docosanol-(1), Cachalot BE-22, Loxiol VPG 1451, Docosan-1-ol, Behenyl alcohol, n-Docosanol, Abreva, Docosanol, IK 2, Lanette 22, NAA 422, Nacol 22-97, NSC 8407, Stenol 1822, Stenol 1822A, Tadenan, Dehydag wax 22 (lanette), Emery 3304, N-Eicosanol, Docosanol, docosan-1-ol, Behenyl alcohol, 661-19-8, Behenic alcohol, n-Docosanol, Abreva, Docosyl alcohol, Tadenan, Lidavol, Stenol 1822, Lanette 22, Docosanol, Lidakol, Stenol 1822A, Nacol 22-97, IK 2, 30303-65-2, NAA 422, NSC 8407, NSC-8407, 9G1OE216XY, CHEBI:31000, NCGC00159370-02, Docosanol (VAN), Erazaban, Herepair, IK.2, Healip, Cachalot BE-22, Abreva (TN), HSDB 5739, Loxiol VPG 1451, EINECS 211-546-6, BRN 1770470, UNII-9G1OE216XY, AI3-36489, CCRIS 8943, n-Docosan-1-ol, Docosanol-(1), MFCD00002939, 1-Docosanol, 98%, DSSTox_CID_7286, N-DOCOSANOL, DOCOSANOL, EC 211-546-6, DOCOSANOL, DSSTox_RID_78387, DSSTox_GSID_27286, SCHEMBL51925, 4-01-00-01906, BEHENYL ALCOHOL, DOCOSANOL, CHEMBL1200453, DTXSID4027286, NSC8407, HMS2093P22, Pharmakon1600-01505729, HY-B0222, ZINC6920384, Tox21_111611, LMFA05000008, NSC759235, s1637, AKOS015902887, CCG-213539, DB00632, NSC-759235, NCGC00159370-03, NCGC00159370-04, NCGC00159370-05, 1-Docosanol, purum, >=97.0% (GC), AC-19852, CAS-661-19-8, SBI-0206938.P001, A8416, AM20100601, D0964, FT-0622609, D03884, D70615, AB01563123_01, AB01563123_02, SR-05000001915, Q3033497, SR-05000001915-1, A3D72D45-625E-49B5-B0FC-394010B3485D, Loxiol VPG 1451, 1-Docosanol, Docosyl alcohol, Docosanol-(1), Cachalot BE-22, Loxiol VPG 1451, Docosan-1-ol, Behenyl alcohol, n-Docosanol, Abreva, Docosanol, IK 2, Lanette 22, NAA 422, Nacol 22-97, NSC 8407, Stenol 1822, Stenol 1822A, Tadenan, Dehydag wax 22 (lanette), Emery 3304, N-Eicosanol, 1-DOCOSANOL, Docosanol, docosan-1-ol, Behenyl alcohol, 661-19-8, Behenic alcohol, n-Docosanol, Abreva, Docosyl alcohol, Tadenan, Lidavol, Stenol 1822, Lanette 22, Docosanol [USAN], Lidakol, Stenol 1822A, Nacol 22-97, IK 2, 30303-65-2, C22H46O, NAA 422, NSC 8407, Docosanol (Abreva), Docosanol (USAN), NSC-8407, 9G1OE216XY, DTXSID4027286, CHEBI:31000, NCGC00159370-02, Docosanol (VAN), Erazaban, Herepair, IK.2, Healip, Docosanol (Abreua), Cachalot BE-22, Abreva (TN), HSDB 5739, Loxiol VPG 1451, EINECS 211-546-6, BRN 1770470, UNII-9G1OE216XY, AI3-36489, BEHENYL ALCOHOL, 98%, CCRIS 8943, n-Docosan-1-ol, Docosanol-(1), MFCD00002939, 1-Docosanol, 98%, DOCOSANOL [II], DOCOSANOL [HSDB], DOCOSANOL [VANDF], N-DOCOSANOL [MI], DOCOSANOL [MART.], EC 211-546-6, DOCOSANOL [WHO-DD], SCHEMBL51925, 4-01-00-01906 (Beilstein Handbook Reference), BEHENYL ALCOHOL [INCI], DTXCID907286, DOCOSANOL [ORANGE BOOK], CHEMBL1200453, NSC8407, HMS2093P22, Pharmakon1600-01505729, HY-B0222, Tox21_111611, LMFA05000008, NSC759235, s1637, AKOS015902887, CCG-213539, DB00632, NSC-759235, Behenyl alcohol, AI3-36489, Behenic alcohol, 1-Docosanol, Docosyl alcohol, IK-2, Tadenan, NCGC00159370-03, NCGC00159370-04, NCGC00159370-05, 1-Docosanol, purum, >=97.0% (GC), AC-19852, CAS-661-19-8, SBI-0206938.P001, AM20100601, D0964, FT-0622609, D03884, D70615, AB01563123_01, AB01563123_02, EN300-6495479, SR-05000001915, Q3033497, SR-05000001915-1, A3D72D45-625E-49B5-B0FC-394010B3485D, InChI=1/C22H46O/c1-2-3-4-5-6-7-8-9-10-11-12-13-14-15-16-17-18-19-20-21-22-23/h23H,2-22H2,1H, 1-DOCOSANOL, ALCOHOL C22, BEHENYL ALCOHOL, Abreva, Behenic alcohol, Behenyl alcohol, Cachalot BE-22, Docosan-1-ol, Docosanol-(1), Docosyl alcohol, Lanette 22, Lidavol, n-Docosanol, NAA 422, Tadenan, IK 2, AI3-36489, BEHENYL ALCOHOL, AI3-36489, BEHENIC ALCOHOL, 1-DOCOSANOL, DOCOSYL ALCOHOL, IK-2, TADENAN, BRN 1770470, EINECS 211-546-6, EMERY 3304, HSDB 5739, LOXIOL VPG 1451, NACOL 22-97, NSC 8407, STENOL 1822, STENOL 1822A



Behenyl Alcohol (Docosanol) is an opacifying ingredient which gives excellent spreadability to cosmetic products as well as being an emulsifier and antimicrobal
Behenyl Alcohol (Docosanol) is a saturated fatty acid naturally derived from vegetable sources such as corn.


Behenyl Alcohol (Docosanol) has 22 carbons and is also known as Docosanol (the key ingredient in formulations for herpes).
Behenyl has a very special thickening property to allow the final product to have a more desirable and spreadable texture.
Whilst opacity and thickness can be seen as a matter of persona preference, Behenyl Alcohol (Docosanol) enhances the spreadability of the final product and thus the effectiveness of the final cosmetic formulations.


Behenyl Alcohol (Docosanol) is a saturated 22-carbon aliphatic alcohol which exhibits antiviral activity against many lipid enveloped viruses including herpes simplex virus (HSV).
Behenyl Alcohol (Docosanol) speeds the healing of cold sores and fever blisters on the face or lips.


Behenyl Alcohol (Docosanol) also relieves the accompanying symptoms, including tingling, pain, burning, and itching.
Behenyl Alcohol (Docosanol) works by inhibiting fusion between the human cell plasma membrane and the herpes simplex virus (HSV) envelope, thereby preventing viral entry into cells and subsequent viral replication.


Unlike other cold-sore antivirals, Behenyl Alcohol (Docosanol) does not act directly on the virus, and as such it is unlikely it will produce drug resistant mutants of HSV.
Behenyl Alcohol (Docosanol), also known as 1-docosanol, is a synthetic or plant-derived thickening agent and emulsifier used in cosmetics.


Behenyl Alcohol (Docosanol) also serves as a hydrating ingredient.
Behenyl Alcohol (Docosanol)’s considered a fatty alcohol not related to drying forms of alcohol.
In its raw form Behenyl Alcohol (Docosanol) is a white, waxy solid.


The Cosmetic Ingredient Review panel has deemed Behenyl Alcohol (Docosanol) to be safe for topical application as used in cosmetics.
Behenyl Alcohol (Docosanol), also known as docosanol, is a large fatty straight-chain alcohol.
Behenyl Alcohol (Docosanol) is a saturated fatty alcohol used mainly as an antiviral agent, specifically for treatment of "cold sores" caused by the herpes simplex virus.


Behenyl Alcohol (Docosanol) is a long-chain primary fatty alcohol that is docosane substituted by a hydroxy group at position 1.
Behenyl Alcohol (Docosanol) is a non-prescription medicine approved by the FDA to shorten healing time of cold sores.
Behenyl Alcohol (Docosanol) has a role as a plant metabolite and an antiviral drug.


Behenyl Alcohol (Docosanol) is a long-chain primary fatty alcohol and a docosanol.
Behenyl Alcohol (Docosanol) is a natural product found in Mandragora autumnalis, Hibiscus cannabinus, and other organisms with data available.
Behenyl Alcohol (Docosanol) is a saturated 22-carbon aliphatic alcohol with antiviral activity.


Behenyl Alcohol (Docosanol) has a distinct mechanism of action and inhibits fusion between the plasma membrane and the herpes simplex virus envelope, thereby preventing viral entry into cells and subsequent viral activity and replication.
Behenyl Alcohol (Docosanol) is used topically in the treatment of recurrent herpes simplex labialis episodes and relieves associated pain and may help heal sores faster.


Behenyl Alcohol (Docosanol) is an excellent opacifying ingredient and enhances spreadability.
Behenyl Alcohol (Docosanol) could well be the ingredient your formulation and your skin is waiting for.
Behenyl Alcohol (Docosanol) is a plant derived thickening agent and emulsifier.


Behenyl Alcohol (Docosanol) is a saturated fatty alcohol with 22 carbons.
Behenyl Alcohol (Docosanol) also referred to as 1-docosanol, is a 22-carbon aliphatic alcohol, that works as a thickening, opacifying, emollient, and emulsifying agent that can be made synthetically or from plants.


Behenyl Alcohol (Docosanol) functions as a hydrating component as well.
Behenyl Alcohol (Docosanol) also works as a stabilizer and is used in personal care products like scrubs and body butters.
Behenyl Alcohol (Docosanol) is a fatty alcohol that is unlike the drying alcohols.


Behenyl Alcohol (Docosanol) is a waxy, white solid in its unprocessed state.
Behenyl Alcohol (Docosanol) is a saturated fatty alcohol with reported inhibitory activity against lipid-enveloped viruses, including herpes simplex virus (HSV).


Behenyl Alcohol (Docosanol) is a saturated fatty alcohol containing 22 carbon atoms, used traditionally as an emollient, emulsifier, and thickener in cosmetics.
In July 2000, Behenyl Alcohol (Docosanol) was approved for medical use in the United States as an antiviral agent for reducing the duration of cold sores.
Behenyl Alcohol (Docosanol) is an over-the-counter medication (OTC).



USES and APPLICATIONS of BEHENYL ALCOHOL (DOCOSANOL):
As a cosmetics company, we sell Behenyl Alcohol (Docosanol) for its cosmetic application and any use in a medical context would have to go through the appropriate regulatory mechanism as per your countries law.
When you are struggling to achieve the correct texture with your formulation, the addition of just 0.5% Behenyl Alcohol (Docosanol) can help radically change the texture and feel of your cosmetic product.


Behenyl Alcohol (Docosanol) adds texture and thickness without increasing greasiness.
Cosmetic Uses of Behenyl Alcohol (Docosanol): binding agents, emulsion stabilisers, skin conditioning - emollient, and viscosity controlling agents.
In cosmetic and skin care formulations, Behenyl Alcohol (Docosanol) is used as an opacifying ingredient, thickener, and emulsifier.


As an opacifying agent, Behenyl Alcohol (Docosanol) is used to reduce the clear or transparent appearance of cosmetic products.
Behenyl Alcohol (Docosanol)'s thickening property allows products to achieve a more desirable, spreadable texture.
Behenyl Alcohol (Docosanol) also works as an emulsifier to prevent the oil and water phases of a product from separating.


This works to improve the consistency of a product, which enables an even distribution of topical skincare benefits.
In cosmetic and skin care formulations, Behenyl Alcohol (Docosanol) is used as an opacifying ingredient, thickener and emulsifier.
Behenyl Alcohol (Docosanol) also works as an emulsifier to prevent the oil and water phases of a product from separating.


Being a mixed form of fatty acids that Behenyl Alcohol (Docosanol) is used to increase a formula's viscosity, to stabilize emulsions, as a binder while leaving a soft, smooth feel to the skin.
Behenyl Alcohol (Docosanol) can be used in almost any formulation.


Behenyl Alcohol (Docosanol) has high antimicrobial activity and is used in cosmetics to aid skin feel and hydration hydration, manage hair manageability, as an effective co-emulsifier, texture adjustment and improved spreadability of your cosmetic formulation.
Behenyl Alcohol (Docosanol) is normally administered topically in a cream containing a base and a 10% mix of the active ingredient.


Behenyl Alcohol (Docosanol) functions by inhibiting the fusion of the human host cell with the viral envelope of the herpes virus, thus preventing its replication.
Behenyl Alcohol (Docosanol) was approved for use after clinical trials by the FDA in July 2000.


Marketed by Avanir Pharmaceuticals under the brand name Abreva, Behenyl Alcohol (Docosanol) was the first over-the-counter antiviral drug approved for sale in the United States and Canada.
Behenyl Alcohol (Docosanol) is a drug used for topical treatment for recurrent herpes simplex labialis episodes (episodes of cold sores or fever blisters).


A saturated 22-carbon aliphatic alcohol, Behenyl Alcohol (Docosanol) exhibits antiviral activity against many lipid enveloped viruses including herpes simplex virus (HSV).
Behenyl Alcohol (Docosanol) inhibits fusion between the plasma membrane and the herpes simplex virus (HSV) envelope, thereby preventing viral entry into cells and subsequent viral replication.


Behenyl Alcohol (Docosanol) is used for the topical treatment of recurrent oral-facial herpes simplex episodes (cold sores or fever blisters).
Improving Spreadability of your cosmetic formulation
Behenyl Alcohol (Docosanol) has an excellent property of removing stickiness from products such as beeswax, whilst at the same time in can greasy products feel less greasy and improve the way they spread and absorb on the skin.


You will find Behenyl Alcohol (Docosanol) in many solid deodorant sticks, where the it takes the stickiness away from the product, whilst emulsifying the ingredients, including oils and providing antimicrobial properties.
Behenyl Alcohol (Docosanol) is a drug used for topical treatment for recurrent herpes simplex labialis episodes (episodes of cold sores or fever blisters).


A saturated 22-carbon aliphatic alcohol, Behenyl Alcohol (Docosanol) exhibits antiviral activity against many lipid enveloped viruses including herpes simplex virus (HSV).
Behenyl Alcohol (Docosanol) inhibits fusion between the plasma membrane and the herpes simplex virus (HSV) envelope, thereby preventing viral entry into cells and subsequent viral replication.



WHAT IS BEHENYL ALCOHOL (DOCOSANOL) USED FOR?
Behenyl Alcohol (Docosanol) works as a texture enhancer to improve the appearance and feel of the product.
Behenyl Alcohol (Docosanol) is also an opacifier and a thickener-cum-stabilizer which helps to regulate the viscosity of the product.
Behenyl Alcohol (Docosanol) is also an emollient and an emulsifier for cosmetics and personal care products.

*Skin care:
Behenyl Alcohol (Docosanol) works as an emollient to soften and soothe the skin.
After topical application, Behenyl Alcohol (Docosanol) forms a protective layer on the skin’s surface that prevents moisture loss and keeps the skin hydrated

*Hair care:
Behenyl Alcohol (Docosanol) works as an emollient in hair products to increase the hair’s moisture content and makes it more manageable



ORIGIN OF BEHENYL ALCOHOL (DOCOSANOL):
Behenyl Alcohol (Docosanol) is produced via a high-temperature, high-pressure, catalytic hydrogenation of fatty acids, and can also be produced via the Ziegler process.
Alternatively, Behenyl Alcohol (Docosanol) can also be obtained from vegetable sources.



WHAT DOES BEHENYL ALCOHOL (DOCOSANOL) DO IN A FORMULATION?
*Emollient
*Emulsifying
*Opacifying
*Viscosity controlling



ALTERNATIVES OF BEHENYL ALCOHOL (DOCOSANOL):
*CETEARYL ALCOHOL,
*CETYL ALCOHOL,
*MYRISTYL ALCOHOL,
*OLEYL ALCOHOL



BEHENYL ALCOHOL (DOCOSANOL) AT A GLANCE:
* Is considered a fatty, non-drying form of alcohol
* Is used as a thickener and moisturising ingredient in cosmetics
* Also known as 1-docosanol
* Has been ruled safe as used in cosmetics



WHAT PRODUCES IS BEHENYL ALCOHOL (DOCOSANOL) USED IN?
Behenyl Alcohol (Docosanol) can be used in anhydrous (products containing no water) and water based formulations.
Famously Behenyl Alcohol (Docosanol) is the main active ingredient in many cold sore and herpes products, where is used at 10%.
For this reason you will find Behenyl Alcohol (Docosanol) used in Balms and Creams, however it is also very useful in haircare products where it acts as an emollient increasing the moisture content in the hair.



WHERE TO USE BEHENYL ALCOHOL (DOCOSANOL):
Behenyl Alcohol (Docosanol) is primarily used as an emulsifier, emollient, thickener and opacifying ingredient and is found mainly in face moisturisers and body lotions, it can however also be used in deodorant, lipstick, foundation and hair care products.

Behenyl Alcohol (Docosanol) has a very high antimicrobial activity, hence its use in herpes formulations.
In 2000 Behenyl Alcohol (Docosanol) was approved by the Food and Drug administration (FDA) in the the US as a pharmaceutical antiviral agent for reducing the duration of cold sores caused by the herpes simplex virus in some brands of OTC medication.



MECHANISM OF ACTION OF BEHENYL ALCOHOL (DOCOSANOL):
Behenyl Alcohol (Docosanol) is thought to work by interfering with and stabilizing the host cell's surface phospholipids, preventing the fusion of the herpes virus's viral envelope with the human host cell.
This disrupted ability of the virus to fuse with the host cell membrane prevents entry and subsequent replication.



PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of BEHENYL ALCOHOL (DOCOSANOL):
Molecular Weight: 326.6
XLogP3: 10.5
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 1
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 1
Rotatable Bond Count: 20
Exact Mass: 326.354866087
Monoisotopic Mass: 326.354866087
Topological Polar Surface Area: 20.2 Ų
Heavy Atom Count: 23
Formal Charge: 0
CAS number: 661-19-8
EC number: 211-546-6
Hill Formula: C₂₂H₄₆O
Molar Mass: 326.61 g/mol
HS Code: 2905 19 00

Boiling point: 180 °C (0.29 hPa)
Flash point: 210 °C
Melting Point: 71 °C
Complexity: 190
Isotope Atom Count: 0
Molecular Formula / Molecular Weight: C22H46O = 326.61
Physical State (20 deg.C): Solid
CAS RN: 661-19-8
Reaxys Registry Number: 1770470
PubChem Substance ID: 87567551
SDBS (AIST Spectral DB): 7647
MDL Number: MFCD00002939
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0

Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 1
Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes
Appearance: white solid (est)
Assay: 98.00 to 100.00
Food Chemicals Codex Listed: No
CAS Number: 661-19-8
Molecular Formula: C₂₂H₄₆O
Appearance: White to Off-White Solid
Chemical formula: C22H46O
Molar mass: 326.609 g·mol−1
Melting point: 70 °C; 158 °F; 343 K
Boiling point: 180 °C; 356 °F; 453 K at 29 Pa
log P: 10.009
Chemical formula: C22H46O
Molar mass: 326.609 g·mol−1
Melting point: 70 °C; 158 °F; 343 K
Boiling point: 180 °C; 356 °F; 453 K at 29 Pa

log P: 10.009
Appearance Form: powder
Color: white
Odor: No data available
Odor Threshold: No data available
pH: No data available
Melting point/freezing point:
Melting point/range: 65 - 72 °C
Initial boiling point and boiling range: 180 °C at 0,29 hPa
Flash point: No data available
Evaporation rate: No data available
Beilstein Number: 1770470
MDL: MFCD00002939
XlogP3: 10.50 (est)
Molecular Weight: 326.60782000
Formula: C22 H46 O

Flammability (solid, gas): No data available
Upper/lower flammability or explosive limits: No data available
Vapor pressure: No data available
Vapor density: No data available
Relative density: 0,854 at 20 °C
Water solubility: 0,001 g/l at 23 °C
Partition coefficient:
n-octanol/water: log Pow: 8,3 at 20 °C
Autoignition temperature: 256 °C
Decomposition temperature: No data available
Viscosity
Viscosity, kinematic: No data available
Viscosity, dynamic: No data available
Explosive properties: No data available
Appearance: white solid (est)
Assay: 98.00 to 100.00
Food Chemicals Codex Listed: No
Melting Point: 72.00 to 73.00 °C. @ 760.00 mm Hg

Boiling Point: 375.00 to 376.00 °C. @ 760.00 mm Hg (est)
Boiling Point: 180.00 °C. @ 0.22 mm Hg
Flash Point: 289.00 °F. TCC ( 142.50 °C. ) (est)
logP (o/w): 10.009 (est)
Soluble in: water, 0.0001496 mg/L @ 25 °C (est)
Melting Point: 65-72 °C(lit.)
Boiling Point: 180 °C0.22 mm Hg(lit.)
Density: d75 0.8063 g/ml; d85 0.7986 g/ml; d95 0.7911 g/ml
Refractive Index: n75 1.4360
Storage Tem.: Store below +30°C.
Solubility: Chloroform (Slightly), Ethyl Acetate (Slightly)
Acidity Coefficient: 15.20±0.10(Predicted)
Form: Pellets or Tablets
Color: White
Water solubility: Insoluble
Stability: Stable.
IUPAC Name: docosan-1-ol

Category: Fatty Alcohols
Molecular Formula: C22H46O
Molecular Weight: 326.56
Boiling Point: 180 °C 0.22 mmHg (lit.)
Melting Point: 65-72 °C (lit.)
Density: 0.8063 g/ml at 75 °C; 0.7986 g/ml at 85 °C; 0.7911 g/ml at 95 °C
Solubility: Slightly soluble in ether; very soluble in ethanol, methanol, petroleum ether;
soluble in chloroform;Insoluble in water;In water, 7.5X10-5 mg/L at 25 °C 9 (est);1.96e-05 g/L
InChI: InChI=1S/C22H46O/c1-2-3-4-5-6-7-8-9-10-11-12-13-14-15-16-17-18-19-20-21-22-23/h23H,2-22H2,1H3
InChI Key: NOPFSRXAKWQILS-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Appearance: Solid
Storage: Room temperature
Oxidizing properties: No data available
Other safety information:
Surface tension 66,5 mN/m at 25 °C

Melting Point: 70-73°C
Molecular Weight: 326.6
Storage: 4°C
Solubility: Chloroform (Slightly), Ethyl Acetate (Slightly), Methanol (Slightly)
Melting Point: 72.00 to 73.00 °C. @ 760.00 mm Hg
Boiling Point: 375.00 to 376.00 °C. @ 760.00 mm Hg (est)
Boiling Point: 180.00 °C. @ 0.22 mm Hg
Flash Point: 289.00 °F. TCC ( 142.50 °C. ) (est)
logP (o/w): 10.009 (est)
Soluble in: water, 0.0001496 mg/L @ 25 °C (est)
Boiling Point: 375-376°C at 760 mm Hg
Melting Point: 65-72°C
Solubility: Insoluble in water
Soluble in ethanol, methanol, petroleum ether
Molecular Weight: 326.6 g/mol
XLogP3: 10.5
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 1
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 1
Rotatable Bond Count: 20
Exact Mass: 326.354866087 g/mol

Monoisotopic Mass: 326.354866087 g/mol
Topological Polar Surface Area: 20.2Ų
Heavy Atom Count: 23
Formal Charge: 0
Complexity: 190
Isotope Atom Count: 0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 1
Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes
CAS number: 661-19-8
EC number: 211-546-6
Hill Formula: C₂₂H₄₆O
Molar Mass: 326.61 g/mol
HS Code: 2905 19 00
Boiling point: 180 °C (0.29 hPa)
Flash point: 210 °C
Melting Point: 71 °C



FIRST AID MEASURES of BEHENYL ALCOHOL (DOCOSANOL):
-Description of first-aid measures:
*General advice:
Consult a physician.
*If inhaled:
If breathed in, move person into fresh air.
Consult a physician.
*In case of skin contact:
Wash off with soap and plenty of water.
Consult a physician.
*In case of eye contact:
Flush eyes with water as a precaution.
*If swallowed:
Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person.
Rinse mouth with water.
Consult a physician.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed:
No data available



ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of BEHENYL ALCOHOL (DOCOSANOL):
-Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures:
Use personal protective equipment.
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Sweep up and shovel.
Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.



FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of BEHENYL ALCOHOL (DOCOSANOL):
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.
-Further information:
No data available



EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of BEHENYL ALCOHOL (DOCOSANOL):
-Control parameters:
--Ingredients with workplace control parameters:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use equipment for eye protection.
*Skin protection:
Handle with gloves.
Wash and dry hands.
-Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.



HANDLING and STORAGE of BEHENYL ALCOHOL (DOCOSANOL):
-Precautions for safe handling:
*Hygiene measures:
Handle in accordance with good industrial hygiene and safety practice.
Wash hands before breaks and at the end of workday.
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
*Storage conditions:
Store in cool place.
Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place.



STABILITY and REACTIVITY of BEHENYL ALCOHOL (DOCOSANOL):
-Reactivity:
No data available
-Chemical stability:
Stable under recommended storage conditions.
-Possibility of hazardous reactions:
No data available
-Conditions to avoid:
No data available

BEHENYL BEHENATE, N° CAS : 17671-27-1, Nom INCI : BEHENYL BEHENATE, Nom chimique : Docosyl docosanoate, N° EINECS/ELINCS : 241-646-5. Emollient : Adoucit et assouplit la peau Agent d'entretien de la peau : Maintient la peau en bon état

BEHENYL BENZOATE, N° CAS : 103403-38-9, Nom INCI : BEHENYL BENZOATE. Nom chimique : 1-Docosanol, benzoate. Antimicrobien : Aide à ralentir la croissance de micro-organismes sur la peau et s'oppose au développement des microbes. Emollient : Adoucit et assouplit la peau. Agent d'entretien de la peau : Maintient la peau en bon état

Behenyl behenate, derived from behenic acid, serves as an emollient and thickening agent in cosmetics, contributing to hydration and lubrication of the skin and hair while enhancing formulation stability and texture.
With its non-comedogenic and occlusive properties, Behenyl behenate is a preferred ingredient in skincare products, offering effective moisturization without clogging pores and forming a protective barrier to prevent moisture loss and improve skin hydration.
Behenyl behenate is widely used in creams, lotions, and hair care products, Behenyl behenate's versatility and compatibility with other ingredients make it an essential component in skincare formulations aimed at maintaining softness, smoothness, and overall skin health.

CAS Number: 17671-27-1
EC Number: 241-646-5
Molecular Formula: C44H88O2
Molecular Weight: 649.17

Synonyms: Behenyl behenate, Docosyl docosanoate, 17671-27-1, Docosanoic acid, docosyl ester, docosanyl docosanoate, UNII-K8NU647RJ0, K8NU647RJ0, WE(22:0/22:0), docosyl behenate, Pelemol BB, Starfol BB, EINECS 241-646-5, Kester Wax 72, EC 241-646-5, DTXSID0066242, SCHEMBL21352453, BCP32488, LMFA07010063, ZINC62239048, AS-60040, CS-0333826, D92929, Docosyl docosanoate;Docosanoic acid, docosyl ester, W-110461, Q27282094, UNII-Q47ST02F58 component NJIMZDGGLTUCPX-UHFFFAOYSA-N, behenic acid behenyl ester, docosanoic acid, docosyl ester, docosyl docosanoate, kester beads K-72 exfoliant, Behenyl behenate, DOCOSANOIC ACID, DOCOSYL ESTER, DOCOSYL DOCOSANOATE, DOCOSYL ESTER DOCOSANOIC ACID, 17671-27-1, 241-646-5, Behenyl behenate, Docosanoate de docosyle, Docosanoic acid, docosyl ester, Docosyl docosanoate, Docosyl-docosanoat, [17671-27-1], 18013-23-5, Behenic acid behenyl ester, BehenylBehenate, docosanoic acid docosyl ester, Docosanoic acid,docosyl ester, Docosanyl docosanoate, Docosyl behenate, EINECS 241-646-5, Kester Wax 72, MFCD00053778, Pelemol BB, Starfol BB

Behenyl behenate is a compound primarily used in cosmetics and personal care products as an emollient and thickening agent.
Behenyl behenate is derived from behenic acid, a long-chain fatty acid found in natural sources such as rapeseed oil, peanut oil, and ben oil.
Behenyl behenate functions to provide hydration and lubrication to the skin and hair, helping to maintain their softness and smoothness.

Additionally, Behenyl behenate helps to stabilize formulations and improve their texture.
Due to Behenyl behenate's beneficial properties and low likelihood of causing irritation, Behenyl behenate is commonly used in a variety of skincare products such as moisturizers, creams, lotions, and hair care products.

Behenyl behenate is a high purity monoester wax made from naturally derived feedstock.
Behenyl behenate can be used as natural structuring and gelling agent in various skin care products and color cosmetics.

Natural structuring and gelling agent with good film forming properties and good thermal stability (a very narrow thermal phase change).
Behenyl behenate can be used as a vegan replacement for beeswax, especially together with

Behenyl behenate is the wax-like ester of the fatty acid behenic acid and fatty alcohol behenyl alcohol.
This plant-derived or synthetic ingredient (Paula’s Choice uses the former) hydrates skin and adds occlusive properties to emulsions like creams and lotions, which help to prevent moisture loss.

Behenyl behenate is considered safe as used in cosmetics, including products meant for application to lips.
Usage levels in cosmetics range from 1–20%.

Interestingly, behenic acid is one of the fatty acids that occurs naturally in human sebum (oil), so Behenyl behenate considered bio-compatible with skin.
Behenyl behenate is also one of the saturated main fatty acids found in fish oil.

Behenyl behenate is an ester of Behenic Acid (q.v.) and Behenyl Alcohol (q.v.).

Behenyl behenate is a naturally derived, high purity mono-ester wax.
Behenyl behenate has good thermal stability, very narrow thermal phase change, film forming properties, and wide compatibility in different solvents.

This is the wax-like ester of the fatty acid behenic acid and fatty alcohol behenyl alcohol.
Behenyl behenate can be either plant derived or made synthetically, and adds moisture to the skin.

Behenyl behenate is also used in cosmetics as an occlusive, helping to prevent the loss of moisture in lotions and creams.
Behenyl behenate is considered safe to use in cosmetics.

Behenyl behenate, a compound derived from behenic acid, is classified as a fatty acid ester.
Behenyl behenate's long hydrocarbon chain structure gives it emollient properties, making it effective in moisturizing and softening the skin.
Additionally, Behenyl behenate acts as a thickening agent, improving the consistency and stability of cosmetic formulations.

Behenyl behenate is often preferred in skincare products due to its non-comedogenic nature, meaning it is less likely to clog pores or cause acne.
Behenyl behenate is also known for its occlusive properties, forming a protective barrier on the skin to prevent moisture loss and enhance skin hydration.

Behenyl behenate is widely used in various cosmetic and personal care products, including creams, lotions, serums, and hair care products, contributing to their texture, spreadability, and overall performance.
Behenyl behenate's versatility and compatibility with other ingredients make it a valuable component in skincare formulations aimed at providing hydration and improving skin texture.

Uses of Behenyl behenate:
Behenyl behenate is the wax-like ester of the fatty acid behenic acid and fatty alcohol behenyl alcohol.
This plant-derived or synthetic ingredient hydrates skin and also adds occlusive properties to emulsions like creams and lotions, which help to prevent moisture loss.

Behenyl behenate is a wax ester.
Behenyl behenate has possible applications as a non-hazardous, biodegradable industrial wood coating.

Lip products primarily for protection of Behenyl behenate:
Emollient
Skin conditioning
Skin-conditioning agent - occlusive
Softener and conditioner

Industry Uses:
Pigments
Toner
Wax for toner

Consumer Uses:
Ink, toner, and colorant products

Properties of Behenyl behenate:

Physical State:
Behenyl behenate is typically a white to off-white waxy solid at room temperature.

Odor:
Behenyl behenate may have a characteristic odor, though this can vary depending on the purity and processing of the compound.

Melting Point:
The melting point of Behenyl behenate typically falls within the range of 65°C to 75°C.

Solubility:
Behenyl behenate is insoluble in water but is soluble in oils and organic solvents such as ethanol, ether, and chloroform.

Emollient:
Behenyl behenate acts as an effective emollient, helping to soften and smooth the skin by forming a protective barrier that prevents moisture loss.

Thickening Agent:
Behenyl behenate also serves as a thickening agent in cosmetic formulations, contributing to the desired texture and consistency of products such as creams and lotions.

Stability:
Behenyl behenate helps stabilize formulations, improving their shelf life and preventing separation or degradation of ingredients.

Non-Comedogenic:
Behenyl behenate is generally considered non-comedogenic, meaning Behenyl behenate is unlikely to clog pores or contribute to acne formation.

Occlusive:
Due to its occlusive properties, Behenyl behenate forms a barrier on the skin's surface, reducing moisture loss and enhancing hydration.

Functions of Behenyl behenate:

Emollient:
Softens and softens the skin

Skin conditioning agent:
Keeps the skin in good condition

General Manufacturing Information of Behenyl behenate:

Industry Processing Sectors:
All other chemical product and preparation manufacturing
Printing and related support activities

Handling and Storage of Behenyl behenate:

Storage of Behenyl behenate:
can be stored at room temperature But close the lid of the bottle tightly.
Protected from sunlight or heat, the product has a shelf life of at least 2 years

Precautions for safe handling of Behenyl behenate:
Read and follow the manufacturer's instructions.
Avoid spillage, inhalation and contact with eyes and skin.

Keep well closed.
The usual precautions for handling chemicals should be observed.

Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities
Store in dry and cool area.
Store in a ventilated space.

Stability and Reactivity of Behenyl behenate:

Reactivity of Behenyl behenate:
The product contains no substances which can lead to hazardous reactions at normal use.

Chemical stability of Behenyl behenate:
The product is stable at normal storage and handling conditions.

Possibility of hazardous reactions of Behenyl behenate:
Not indicated

Conditions to avoid of Behenyl behenate:
Not indicated

Incompatible materials of Behenyl behenate:
Avoid contact with oxidizers.

Hazardous decomposition products:
Carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2) and harmful and irritating substances.

First Aid Measures of Behenyl behenate:

Description of first aid measures:

Generally:
In case of concern, or if symptoms persist, call doctor/physician.

Upon breathing in:
Inhalation of fumes from heated product: let the injured rest at a warm place with fresh air.
Contact the doctor if symptoms persist.

Upon contact with the eyes:
As a precaution, rinse the eye thoroughly with water; If symptoms occur, call a doctor/physician.

Upon skin contact:
Normal washing of the skin is considered sufficient; If nevertheless symptoms do occur, contact a physician.
Remove contaminated clothes.

Upon ingestion:
Flush nose, mouth and throat with water.
Upon ingestion of larger amounts, consult a doctor/physician.

Most important symptoms and effects, both acute and delayed:
Ingestion of large amounts of Behenyl behenate may cause nausea and vomiting.

Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed:
Symptomatic treatment.

Fire-Fighting Measures of Behenyl behenate:

Recommended extinguishing agents:
Extinguish with materials intended for the surrounding fire.

Unsuitable extinguishing agents:
Among common extinguishing agents there are none that are overtly unsuitable.

Special hazards arising from the substance or mixture:
Produces fumes containing harmful gases (carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide) when burning.
Behenyl behenate is not hazardous in the flammable sense.

Advice for fire-fighters:
In case of fire use a respirator mask.
Wear full protective clothing.
Protective measures should be taken regarding other material at the site of the fire.

Accidental Release Measures of Behenyl behenate:

Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures
Note that there is a risk of slipping if product is leaking/spilling.

Environmental precautions:
At amounts considered in this case, the product may be released into the natural environment without serious environmental consequences.
Large emissions should however be reported to the emergency services and the Environment Agency.

Methods and material for containment and cleaning up:
Small spills can be wiped up with a cloth or similar.

Then flush the spill site with water.
Larger spills should first be covered with sand or earth and then be collected.

Identifiers of Behenyl behenate:
CAS Index Name: Docosanoic acid, docosyl ester
Molecular formula: C44H88O2
Molecular weight: 649.17
Lipid number: C (22:0/22:0)
Smiles: O=C(OCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC)CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC
Isomeric Smiles: O(C(CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC)=O)CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC
InChI: InChI=1S/C44H88O2/c1-3-5-7-9-11-13-15-17-19-21-23-25-27-29-31-33-35-37-39-41-43-46-44(45)42-40-38-36-34-32-30-28-26-24-22-20-18-16-14-12-10-8-6-4-2/h3-43H2,1-2H3
InChIKey: InChIKey=NJIMZDGGLTUCPX-UHFFFAOYSA-N

Storage temp.: −20°C
SMILES string: CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCOC(=O)CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC

Properties of Behenyl behenate:
Molecular Weight: 649.2
XLogP3-AA: 21.7
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 0
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 2
Rotatable Bond Count: 42
Exact Mass: 648.67843205
Monoisotopic Mass: 648.67843205
Topological Polar Surface Area: 26.3 Ų
Heavy Atom Count: 46
Complexity: 544
Isotope Atom Count: 0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 1
Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes

Melting point 70 - 74°C (158 - 165°F).
Acid value < 2 mg KOH/g.
Saponification value 79 - 89 mg KOH/g.

Assay: 95.00 to 100.00
Food Chemicals Codex Listed: No
Boiling Point: 627.10 °C. @ 760.00 mm Hg (est)
Flash Point: 657.00 °F. TCC ( 347.40 °C. ) (est)
logP (o/w): 21.960 (est)
Soluble in: water, 2.335e-016 mg/L @ 25 °C (est)

Specifications of Behenyl behenate:
Appearance: White to off-white waxy solid
Odor: Characteristic
Melting Point: Typically between 65°C to 75°C
Acid Value: Not more than 1 mg KOH/g
Saponification Value: Typically between 170 to 180 mg KOH/g
Iodine Value: Not more than 1 g I2/100g
Hydroxyl Value: Not more than 5 mg KOH/g
Heavy Metals: Not more than 20 ppm
Loss on Drying: Not more than 0.5%
Purity (by GC): Typically not less than 95%
Solubility: Insoluble in water, soluble in oils and organic solvents

BEHENYL BETAINE, N° CAS : 26920-62-7, Nom INCI : BEHENYL BETAINE, Nom chimique : (Carboxylatomethyl)docosyldimethylammonium, N° EINECS/ELINCS : 248-108-9 Classification : Ammonium quaternaire, Tensioactif amphotère. Antistatique : Réduit l'électricité statique en neutralisant la charge électrique sur une surface. Agent nettoyant : Aide à garder une surface propre. Sinergiste de mousse : Améliore la qualité de la mousse produite en augmentant une ou plusieurs des propriétés suivantes: volume, texture et / ou stabilité Conditionneur capillaire : Laisse les cheveux faciles à coiffer, souples, doux et brillants et / ou confèrent volume, légèreté et brillance. Agent d'entretien de la peau : Maintient la peau en bon état Tensioactif : Réduit la tension superficielle des cosmétiques et contribue à la répartition uniforme du produit lors de son utilisation. Agent de contrôle de la viscosité : Augmente ou diminue la viscosité des cosmétiques

Nom INCI : BEHENYL DIMETHICONE, Classification : Silicone. Agent d'entretien de la peau : Maintient la peau en bon état

Taylorite; Wilkinite; Alumino silicate; Sodium montmorillonite; KWK KRYSTAL KLEAR; southernbentonite; BENTONITE,CALCIUM-; volcalybentonitebc; MONTMORILLONITECLAY; BENTONITE,POWDER,NF; Bentonite812,organic; panthercreekbentonite; albagelpremiumusp4444; NANOCLAY, NANOMER PGV&; BENTONITE (SODIUM FORM); ACIDICACTIVATEDBENTONITE; ORGANICACTIVATEDBENTONITE; BENTONITE,POWDER,TECHNICAL; ALKALINEACTIVATEDBENTONITE; BENTONITE-SFRESEARCH GRADE; Montmorillonite, Tixogel VP; Montmorillonite, Optigel WM; Bentonite Clay, Fine Powder; bentonite,sodiummontmorillonite; Nanoclay, hydrophilic bentonite; SUPERFINE ACTIVE BENTONITE 30-80 NM; BentonitePowder(AluminiumSilicateHydrate); Dioxosilane oxo(oxoalumanyloxy)alumane hydrate; BENTONITE SELECTED FOR COAGULATION FACTORS ADSORPTION; Montmorillinite clay, bentonite, Nanomer(R) clay, Nanomer(R) PGV CAS NO:1302-78-9

Daisy, Bellis perennis L., Asteraceae; BELLIS PERENNIS (DAISY) FLOWER EXTRACT, BELLIS PERENNIS EXTRACT, BELLIS PERENNIS FLOWER EXTRACT, BELLIS PERENNIS, EXT., DAISY EXTRACT, DAISY FLOWER EXTRACT, EXTRACT OF BELLIS PERENNIS, and EXTRACT OF DAISY CAS NO:84776-11-4

Bentone 27 non-animal organoclay is an organically modified hectorite designed to impart rheological control and suspension.
Bentone 27 is a highly efficient rheological additive for intermediate to high polarity systems such as cyclomethicones, esters, triglycerides, vegetable oils, alcohols and ketones.


Bentone 27 rheological additive is an organic derivative of hectorite clay.
Bentone 27 is specifically designed to improve thickening efficiency in
synthetic and other organic fluids of medium- to high-polarity.


INCI name of Bentone 27 (formerly CTFA adopted name) is Stearalkonium Hectorite.
Typically 5 - 8 % Bentone 27 rheological additive is required.
Bentone 27 rheological additives are an organic derivative of a hectorite clay.


Bentone 27 is designed for moderate to high-polarity organic systems and for synthetic binders.
Bentone 27 is an effective gellant for esters, vegetable oils, polyalkylene glycols and certain silicone fluids.
Bentone 27 increases viscosity.


Bentone 27 provides thixotropy.
Bentone 27 acts as a rheology modifier for medium to high polarity systems and for synthetic binders.
Bentone 27 provides sag resistance on vertical surfaces and penetration on porous substrates.


Bentone 27 improves flow and levelling and prevents pigment settling during storage, and prevents syneresis in thixotropic systems.
Bentone 27 has a shelf life of 4 years.
Bentone 27 non-animal organoclay is an organically modified hectorite designed to impart rheological control and suspension.


Bentone 27 is a highly efficient rheological additive for intermediate to high polarity systems such as cyclomethicones, esters, triglycerides, vegetable oils, alcohols and ketones.
Bentone 27 is an organic derivative of hectorite clay.



USES and APPLICATIONS of BENTONE 27:
Bentone 27 is an effective gellant for esters, vegetable oils, polyalkylene glycols and certain silicone fluids.
Bentone 27 is used for anti-corrosive paints, anti-fouling paints, foundry moulds paints, gravure and flexographic printing inks, industrial finishes, and wash primers.


Bentone 27 rheological additive is a modified hectorite organoclay for use in high-polarity aromatic and oxygenated solvent-borne paint and coating systems.
Bentone 27 rheological additive is an organic derivative of hectorite clay.
Bentone 27 is specifically designed to improve thickening efficiency in synthetic and other organic fluids of medium- to high polarity.


Bentone 27 is an effective gellant for esters, vegetable oils, polyalkylene glycols and certain silicone fluids.
Bentone 27 rheological additives can be readily blended into oils and fluids using normal grease equipment.
Bentone 27 produced must be sheared through a colloid mill or homogenizer to obtain the maximum yield.


Bentone 27 is used in ORGANOPHILIC GELLANT PROVIDING SUSPENSION OF ACTIVE INGREDIENTS, HEAT STABILITY AND VISCOSITY CONTROL TO COSMETIC FORMULATIONS
Bentone 27 is used as a rheology modifier: increases viscosity, provides thixotropy, improves flow and levelling, prevents pigment settling during storage, and prevents syneresis in thixotropic systems.


Bentone 27 is designed for solvent-based systems with moderate to high polarity, as well as for synthetic binders, adhesives and mastic compounds.
Bentone 27 is used as a rheological additive for moderate to high-polarity organic solvents.


-Applications of Bentone 27:
*Antiperspirants
*Colour Cosmetics
*Creams & Lotions
*Sunscreens
*Lipsticks
*Eye Products
*Facial Makeup
*Haircare Products
*Nail Lacquer


-Application of Bentone 27:
· Adhesives and mastic compounds
· Anti-corrosive paints
· Anti-fouling paints
· Cosmetics
· Foundry mould paints·
· Gravure and flexographic printing inks
· Industrial finishes
· Plastisols, organosols
· Wash primers



KEY PROPERTIES OF BENTONE 27:
· Increases viscosity
· Provides thixotropy
· Prevents pigment settling during storage
· Improves flow and levelling
· Controls sagging on vertical surfaces and penetration on porous substrates
· Prevents syneresis in thixotropic systems



BENTONE 27 RHEOLOGICAL ADDITIVES:
• Ease of manufacturing
• Resistance to melting
• Resistance to oil separation
• Excellent work stability
• Wide range of temperature applications



KEY PROPERTIES OF BENTONE 27:
-Bentone 27 rheological additive:
• non-animal origin
-Rheological attributes:
• predictable, reproducible and stable
• viscosity control
• shear-thinning flow
• excellent suspension of pigments and actives
• controlled alignment of special-effect
-pigments:
• thermostable rheology
• reduced syneresis
• improved emulsion stability
• light in colour
• non-abrasive



USE LEVELS OF BENTONE 27:
In paints of intermediate or high polarity, typical levels range between 0.2 and 1.0 % Bentone 27 (dry) based on total system weight.
In synthetic resins (epoxy, polyester), quantities to be added are between 0.5 and 1.0 %.



KEY PROPERTIES - BENTONE 27:
*rheological additive
*increases viscosity
*provides thixotropy
*prevents pigment settling during storage
*improves flow and levelling
*controls sagging on vertical surfaces and penetration on porous substrates
*prevents syneresis in thixotropic systems



BENTONE 27 PROPERTIES:
Bentone 27 rheological additive is first dispersed thoroughly in an organic liquid using high-shear.
An activator is then added and high shear mixing continued.
A method for developing optimum performance would be:
1. Charge the vessel with a portion of the organic liquid and begin agitation
2. Add Bentone 27 additive under agitation and mix for 5 minutes.
3. Add the required amount of polar additive and mix for 5 minutes.
4. Pass the mixture through high-shear equipment (continue high-shear mixing to optimise dispersion)
5. Combine gel with rest of the formulation ingredients



KEY PROPERTIES OF BENTONE 27:
· Highly efficient development of rheological properties
· Designed for use with esters and polar-based fluids
· Excellent anti settling features of weighting agents and water-soluble polymers used in slurries
· Is not harmful to the environment



PROCESS OF BENTONE 27:
Grease is generally manufactured at room temperature and requires no heat for the gelation of the oil.
The normal process briefly is:
1. mix the Bentone 27 into a portion or all of the base fluid
2. add a suitable polar activator* such as propylene carbonate, methanol or acetone
3. mix until a significant increase in viscosity occurs
4. add the remaining base fluid (if less than the total amount was used initially) and any other desired additives
5. mill
*Polar Activators



PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of BENTONE 27:
Composition: organically modified hectorite clay
Color: creamy white
Form: finely divided powder
Density: 1.80 g/cm³
Moisture: 3% Maximum
Chemical Description: TRIALKYLARYLAMMONIUM HECTORITE
Classification: Polymer Additives= FLOW CONTROL AGENT
Density: 15.0 LB/GAL
(Specific Gravity)= 1.8
Composition: organically modified hectorite
Colour: creamy white
Form: finely divided powder
Density: 1.8 g/cm3
Moisture: 3.0% max



FIRST AID MEASURES of BENTONE 27:
-Description of first-aid measures:
*General advice:
Consult a physician.
Show this material safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
*If inhaled:
If breathed in, move person into fresh air.
Consult a physician.
*In case of skin contact:
Wash off with soap and plenty of water.
Consult a physician.
*In case of eye contact:
Rinse thoroughly with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes and consult a physician.
*If swallowed:
Rinse mouth with water.
Consult a physician.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed:
No data available



ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of BENTONE 27:
-Environmental precautions:
Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so.
Do not let product enter drains.
Discharge into the environment must be avoided.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Sweep up and shovel.
Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.



FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of BENTONE 27:
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.
-Further information:
No data available



EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of BENTONE 27:
-Control parameters:
--Ingredients with workplace control parameters:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Face shield and safety glasses.
*Skin protection:
Handle with gloves.
Wash and dry hands.
Full contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Splash contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
*Body Protection:
Complete suit protecting against chemicals.
-Control of environmental exposure:
Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so.
Do not let product enter drains.
Discharge into the environment must be avoided.



HANDLING and STORAGE of BENTONE 27:
-Advice on safe handling:
Wash thoroughly after handling.
-Conditions for safe storage:
Keep tightly closed.
Keep in a dry, cool and well-ventilated place.
Use only explosion-proof equipment.



STABILITY and REACTIVITY of BENTONE 27:
-Reactivity:
No data available
-Chemical stability:
Stable under recommended storage conditions.
-Possibility of hazardous reactions:
No data available
-Conditions to avoid:
No data available
-Incompatible materials:
No data available

BENTONE EW


CAS Number: 3794-83-0, 89382-86-5
EC Number: 618-268-8
Product Type: Rheology Modifiers / Viscosity Modifiers / Thickeners > Organoclays
Chemical Composition: Highly beneficiated smectite clay


Bentone EW is a rheological additive for waterborne system.
Bentone EW is a highly beneficiated, easily dispersible smectite clay.
Bentone EW provides thermostable aqueous phase viscosity control and promotes fast water release.
Bentone EW imparts thixotropy and enhances texturing and stippling effects.


Bentone EW prevents hard settlement of pigments/ fillers and reduces syneresis.
Bentone EW offers excellent sag stability & slump control, outstanding workability and high amount of elasticity.
Bentone EW minimizes floating and flooding of pigments.
Bentone EW is designed for adhesive applications.


Bentone EW has a shelf life of 4 years from the date of manufacture.
Bentone EW additive is stable within the range pH 6-11.
Levels of use typical addition levels are 0.1-1.0 % Bentone EW additive by weight of total formulation, depending upon the degree of suspension, the rheological properties or viscosity required.


Bentone EW additive is a highly beneficiated, easily dispersible powdered smectite clay.
Bentone EW additive is easy to process.
No increased temperature is required.
Add Bentone EW to a vessel containing only water, pH 7.0 - 8.0.


If necessary, adjust pH level.
pH can be adjusted with appropriate alkali but triethanolamine can cause degelling.
High or low pH during dispersion can lead to inhomogeneous gel formations and reduced efficiency.
Mix at highest practicable speed for 10 minutes.


After sufficient hydration time, introduce glycols, defoamers, biocides, dispersants etc. (mix)
Add pigments, fillers, and active ingredients and disperse.
Bentone EW additive is a highly beneficiated, easily dispersible powdered smectite clay.
Bentone EW is suitable for the formulation of acrylic sealants.


Recommended dosage level of Bentone EW is 0.1-1.0%.
Bentone EW imparts thixotropic viscosity and good suspension control to the water phase of cosmetics.
Bentone EW is in compliance with ECOCERT;
The ecological and organic cosmetics standards.



USES and APPLICATIONS of BENTONE EW:
Bentone EW rheological additive is easily processed as a powder or pre-gel increases the viscosity of the aqueous phase and stabilises viscosity on ageing, at varying temperatures and under different shear conditions non-abrasive is stable over the pH range 6-11 imparts thermostable thixotropy/pseudo plasticity provides excellent suspension control reduces phase separation and syneresis is non-abrasive and imparts smooth silky feel to cosmetics and personal care products.


Bentone EW rheological additive is a refined and beneficiated hectorite clay based thickener for waterborne paint and aqueous coating systems.
Bentone EW has outstanding sag and suspension control and can be incorporated in the pre-gel.
Bentone EW additive is a highly beneficiated, easily dispersible powdered smectite clay.
Bentone EW imparts thixotropic viscosity and good suspension control to the water phase.


Bentone EW is a superplastic additive used to modify rheolgy in many consumer products.
Bentone EW is made by refining Hectorite.
Bentone EW is very difficult to mix pure Bentone with water, it is just so sticky and the water content is so high, it takes a week to dry a sample and it cracks into pieces during drying.


Bentone EW additive is a highly beneficiated, easily dispersible powdered smectite clay.
Bentone EW provides thermostable aqueous phase viscosity control and imparts thixotropy.
Bentone EW is easy to sue and can be incorporated as a powder or as an aqueous 3-4% pregel.
Key Applications of Bentone EW: adhesives • ceramic compounds • ceramic glazes • corrosion-inhibitive primers • cosmetics • latex paints • oil-in-water emulsions • paper coatings • polishes and cleaners


-Key applications of Bentone EW:
*Hair care
*Coatings
*Welding
*Ceramics
*Corrosion inhibitor and anti-scaling agent
*Adhesives and Sealants
*Polishing and cleaning
*Skin care products
*Cosmetic products
*Foundry
*Paint and Coatings


-Applications/ Recommended for:
*Adhesives > Water-based
*Sealants
*Polymers > Acrylics & Acrylic Copolymers


-Application performance of Bentone EW:
• enhances texturing and stippling effects
• improves workability/application of plasters
• no throwing power loss in electrostatic systems
• promotes fast water releaseimparts thixotropy


-Applications of Bentone EW:
*Oil-in-water emulsions
*Water-in-oil emulsions
*Creams
*Lotions
*Anti-perspirants
*Deodorants
*Colour cosmetics
*Face packs
*Facial make-up
*Sun-care products
*Hair-care products


-Applications of Bentone EW:
*Adhesives
*Ceramic compounds
*Ceramic glazes
*Corrosion-inhibitive primers
*Cosmetics
*Crop protection agents
*Electrodeposition coatings
*Latex paints
*Foundry paints/foundry resins (washes)
*Oil-in-water emulsions
*Other water-borne paint systems
*Paper coatings
*Polishes and cleaners
*Welding electrodes



KEY PROPERTIES OF BENTONE EW:
BENTONE EW rheological additive rheological properties:
• provides thermostable aqueous phase viscosity control
• imparts thixotropy



STABILITY OF BENTONE EW:
• electrolyte emulsions
• stabilises emulsions
• provides good stability in electrostatic coating baths
• prevents hard settlement of pigments/fillers
• reduces syneresis
• minimises floating/flooding of pigments easy to use
• can be incorporated as powder or as an aqueous 3 - 4 wt % (EW solids) pregel.



PROPERTIES OF BENTONE EW:
*Is easily processed as a powder or pre-gel
*Is stable over the pH range 6-11
*Is a thickener, provides excellent suspension control
*Is a thickener, reduces phase separation and syneresis



PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of BENTONE EW:
Physical Form: Powder, Soft
Appearance: Milky-white
Composition: highly beneficiated smectite clay
Color / Form: milky-white, soft powder
density approx.: 0.4 g/cm3
Particle Siz: min 94% thru 200 mesh
Form: liquid
Colour: colourless
Odour: odourless
Odour Threshold: Not applicable
pH ca.: 13 at 20 °C
Melting point: No information available.
Boiling point: No information available.
Flash point: Not applicable

Evaporation rate: No information available.
Flammability (solid, gas): No information available.
Lower explosion limit: Not applicable
Upper explosion limit: Not applicable
Vapour pressure: No information available.
Relative vapour density: No information available.
Density ca.: 1,20 g/cm3 at 20 °C
Relative density: No information available.
Water solubility at 20 °C: soluble
Partition coefficient: noctanol/water: No information available.
Auto-ignition temperature: No information available.
Decomposition temperature: No information available.
Viscosity, dynamic: No information available.
Explosive properties: Not classified as explosive.
Oxidizing properties: none



FIRST AID MEASURES of BENTONE EW:
-Description of first aid measures:
*After inhalation:
Fresh air.
Call in physician.
*In case of skin contact:
Take off immediately all contaminated clothing.
Rinse skin with water/ shower.
Call a physician immediately.
*After eye contact:
Rinse out with plenty of water.
Immediately call in ophthalmologist.
Remove contact lenses.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed:
No information available.



ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of BENTONE EW:
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Cover drains.
Collect, bind, and pump off spills.
Take up with liquid-absorbent and neutralising material.
Dispose of properly.



FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of BENTONE EW:
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Use extinguishing measures that are appropriate to local circumstances and the surrounding environment.
*Unsuitable extinguishing media:
For this substance/mixture no limitations of extinguishing agents are given.
-Further information:
Prevent fire extinguishing water from contaminating surface water or the ground water system.



EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of BENTONE EW:
-Exposure controls:
--Individual protection measures:
*Eye/face protection
Tightly fitting safety goggles
*Hand protection
full contact:
Glove material: Nitrile rubber
Glove thickness: 0,11 mm
Break through time: > 480 min
splash contact:
Glove material: Nitrile rubber
Glove thickness: 0,11 mm
Break through time: > 480 min
-Environmental exposure controls
Do not let product enter drains.



HANDLING and STORAGE of BENTONE EW:
-Precautions for safe handling:
*Advice on safe handling:
Observe label precautions.
*Hygiene measures:
Immediately change contaminated clothing.
Wash hands and face after working with substance.
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
Requirements for storage areas and containers.
No metal containers.
*Storage conditions:
Tightly closed.
Recommended storage temperature see product label.



STABILITY and REACTIVITY of BENTONE EW:
-Chemical stability:
The product is chemically stable under standard ambient conditions (room temperature) .
-Conditions to avoid:
no information available



SYNONYMS:
Phosphonic acid, (1-hydroxyethylidine) bis-
Tetrasodium salt
Hectorite
Hectorite Clay
Smectite Clay

A type of clay that is used as an adsorbent in making paper.
The gelatinous suspension Bentonite forms with water is used to bind together the sand for making iron castings.
Chemically bentonite is an aluminosilicate of variable composition.

CAS: 1302-78-9
MF: Al2O3.4(SiO2).H2O
MW: 360.31
EINECS: 215-108-5

Bentonite is a very soft plastic clay consisting predominantly of montmorillonite, a fine particle-sized hydrous aluminum silicate and member of the smectite group.
Most bentonites are formed by the alteration of volcanic ash and rocks after intense contact with water.
Bentonite presents strong colloidal properties and increases its volume several times when coming into contact with water, creating a gelatinous and viscous substance.
Bentonite's specific properties include swelling, water absorption, viscosity, and thixotropy.
These properties are in demand in a huge range of industries served by Imerys, earning Bentonite the nickname ‘the mineral with a thousand uses’.

Bentonite is comprised primarily of the smectite group (montmorillonite) of clay minerals.
Bentonite is widely used in various industrial applications such as clarification of edible and mineral oils, paints, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals.
Bentonite is also used as an adsorbent for the elimination of pollutants from wastewater.
The swelling property of bentonite is used to produce viscous water suspensions for bonding, plasticizing, and suspending applications.
The presence of a large surface area of bentonite is due to the colloidal dispersion of the particles is the main reason for its application as an insecticide carrier, an emulsifier, and an emulsion stabilizer.

Bentonite is an absorbent swelling clay consisting mostly of montmorillonite (a type of smectite) which can either be Na-montmorillonite or Ca-montmorillonite.
Na-montmorillonite has a considerably greater swelling capacity than Ca-montmorillonite.

Bentonite usually forms from the weathering of volcanic ash in seawater, or by hydrothermal circulation through the porosity of volcanic ash beds, which converts (devitrification) the volcanic glass (obsidian, rhyolite, dacite) present in the ash into clay minerals.
In the mineral alteration process, a large fraction (up to 40-50 wt.%) of amorphous silica is dissolved and leached away, leaving the bentonite deposit in place.
Bentonite beds are white or pale blue or green (traces of reduced Fe2+) in fresh exposures, turning to a cream color and then yellow, red, or brown (traces of oxidized Fe3+) as the exposure is weathered further.

As a swelling clay, bentonite has the ability to absorb large quantities of water, which increases its volume by up to a factor of eight.
This makes bentonite beds unsuitable for building and road construction.
However, the swelling property is used to advantage in drilling mud and groundwater sealants.
The montmorillonite / smectite making up bentonite is an aluminium phyllosilicate mineral, which takes the form of microscopic platy grains.
These give the clay a very large total surface area, making bentonite a valuable adsorbent. The plates also adhere to each other when wet.
This gives the clay a cohesiveness that makes Bentonite useful as a binder and as an additive to improve the plasticity of kaolinite clay used for pottery.

One of the first findings of bentonite was in the Cretaceous Benton Shale near Rock River, Wyoming.
The Fort Benton Group, along with others in stratigraphic succession, was named after Fort Benton, Montana, in the mid-19th century by Fielding Bradford Meek and F. V. Hayden of the U.S. Geological Survey.
Bentonite has since been found in many other locations, including China and Greece (bentonite deposit of the Milos volcanic island in the Aegean Sea).
The total worldwide production of bentonite in 2018 was 20,400,000 metric tons.

Bentonite is a type of natural clay that is most famously used as an oil-absorbing agent in facial masks and other cosmetics.
While its absorbent properties are helpful for those with oily skin, Bentonite can be drying for other skin types (especially when used in very high amounts).
To overcome this, some formulators pair bentonite with hydrating/soothing ingredients.
These work to limit the absorbency of bentonite while still allowing skin to benefit without becoming dried out.

Bentonite Chemical Properties
Density: 2~3g/cm3
Solubility: Practically insoluble in water and in aqueous solutions. It swells with a little water forming a malleable mass.
Form: powder
Color: Light yellow or green, cream,pink, gray to black solid
Odor: odorless, sl. earthy taste
Water Solubility: Insoluble in water and forms a colloidal solution.
Merck: 14,1055
Dielectric constant: 8.1（Ambient）
Exposure limits ACGIH: TWA 1 mg/m3
Stability: Stable.
CAS DataBase Reference: 1302-78-9
EPA Substance Registry System: Bentonite (1302-78-9)

Bentonite is a crystalline, claylike mineral, and is available as an odorless, pale buff, or cream to grayish-colored fine powder, which is free from grit.
Bentonite consists of particles about 50–150 mm in size along with numerous particles about 1–2μm.
Microscopic examination of samples stained with alcoholic methylene blue solution reveals strongly stained blue particles.
Bentonite may have a slight earthy taste.
Bentonite is a light yellow, creamy, pale brown or gray to black powder or granules.

Uses
As of Fuller's earth; as emulsifier for oils; as a base for plasters.
Pharmaceutic aid (suspending agent).
Bentonite is used to regulate the viscosity and suspension properties of a cosmetic formulation.
Bentonite also acts as an overall formula stabilizer.
Bentonite’s water-absorption capabilities allow it to form a gelatinous mass.
Considered a noncomedogenic raw material, bentonite is a colloidal aluminum silicate clay.
Bentonite is a general purpose additive that is used as a pigment and colorant and to clarify and stabilize wine.

The main uses of bentonite are in drilling mud and as a binder, purifier, absorbent, and carrier for fertilizers or pesticides.
As of around 1990, almost half of the US production of bentonite was used as drilling mud.
Minor uses include filler, sealant, and catalyst in petroleum refining.
Calcium bentonite is sometimes marketed as fuller's earth, whose uses overlap with those of other forms of bentonite.

Agricultural Uses
Clays exist in many forms, of which montmorillonite is one form.
Kaolinite and montmorillonite, which are clay minerals, have different layer structures with differing abilities to absorb and retain water, and to adsorb and exchange cations.
Montmorillonites have an expanding structure (2: 1) and have high cation exchange capacity (80 to 120 mg per 100 g).
They have abundant black clay soils.
Other minerals in this group are biedellite and nontronite.

Bentonite, also known as montmorillonite, volcanic clay, soap clay and amargosite, is a soft, plastic, lightcolored, porous rock consisting largely of colloidal silica.
Composed essentially of clay minerals, Bentonite swells extensively when wet.
Bentonite belongs chiefly to the montmorillonite group and has two varieties: (a) sodium bentonite, with a high swelling capacity in water, and (b) calcium bentonite, with negligible swelling capacity.
Bentonite is used variously as a suspending aid, a gelatinous slurry to extinguish fire, a paint thickener, and as a sealant for earthen pots.
Bentonite is also widely used in metallurgy, soap manufacture, and in petroleum refining because of its high decolorizing power and strong adsorbing capacity.

Pharmaceutical Applications
Bentonite is a naturally occurring hydrated aluminum silicate used primarily in the formulation of suspensions, gels, and sols, for topical pharmaceutical applications.
Bentonite is also used to suspend powders in aqueous preparations and to prepare cream bases containing oil-in-water emulsifying agents.
Bentonite may also be used in oral pharmaceutical preparations, cosmetics, and food products.
In oral preparations, bentonite, and other similar silicate clays, can be used to adsorb cationic drugs and so retard their release.
Adsorbents are also used to mask the taste of certain drugs.
Bentonite has been investigated as a diagnostic agent for magnetic resonance imaging.
Therapeutically, bentonite has been investigated as an adsorbent for lithium poisoning.

Production Methods
Bentonite is a native, colloidal, hydrated aluminum silicate, found in regions of Canada and the USA.
The mined ore is processed to remove grit and nonswelling materials so that Bentonite is suitable for pharmaceutical applications.

Synonyms
MONTMORILLONITE
BENTONITE MAGMA
BENTONITE
BENTONITE (SODIUM FORM)
FULLERS EARTH
KWK KRYSTAL KLEAR
albagelpremiumusp4444
pengruntu

Bitter almond oil; Benzenecarboxaldehyde; Benzaldehyde; Benzoic aldehyde; Artificial Almond Oil; Benzenecarbonal; Phenylmethanal; Almond artificial essential oil; Phenylmethanal benzenecarboxaldehyde; Benzadehyde; Benzene carbaldehyde; Phenylmethanal CAS NO: 100-52-7

Benzaldehyde Jump to navigationJump to search Benzaldehyde Skeletal (structural) formula Ball-and-stick model Names Preferred IUPAC name Benzaldehyde[1] Systematic IUPAC name Benzenecarbaldehyde Other names Benzenecarboxaldehyde Phenylmethanal Benzoic aldehyde Identifiers CAS Number 100-52-7 check 3D model (JSmol) Interactive image Interactive image ChEBI CHEBI:17169 check ChEMBL ChEMBL15972 check ChemSpider 235 check ECHA InfoCard 100.002.601 Edit this at Wikidata EC Number 202-860-4 KEGG D02314 check PubChem CID 240 RTECS number CU437500 UNII TA269SD04T check UN number 1990 CompTox Dashboard (EPA) DTXSID8039241 Edit this at Wikidata InChI[show] SMILES[show] Properties Chemical formula C7H6O Molar mass 106.124 g·mol−1 Appearance colorless liquid strongly refractive Odor almond-like Density 1.044 g/mL, liquid Melting point −57.12[2] °C (−70.82 °F; 216.03 K) Boiling point 178.1 °C (352.6 °F; 451.2 K) Solubility in water 6.95 g/L (25 °C)[3] log P 1.64[4] Magnetic susceptibility (χ) -60.78·10−6 cm3/mol Refractive index (nD) 1.5456 Viscosity 1.321 cP (25 °C) Thermochemistry Std enthalpy of formation (ΔfH⦵298) −36.8 kJ/mol Std enthalpy of combustion (ΔcH⦵298) −3525.1 kJ/mol Hazards Safety data sheet J. T. Baker GHS pictograms GHS07: Harmful GHS Signal word Warning GHS hazard statements H302 GHS precautionary statements P264, P270, P301+312, P330, P501 NFPA 704 (fire diamond) NFPA 704 four-colored diamond 220 Flash point 64 °C (147 °F; 337 K) Autoignition temperature 192 °C (378 °F; 465 K) Explosive limits 1.4–8.5% Lethal dose or concentration (LD, LC): LD50 (median dose) 1300 mg/kg (rat, oral) Related compounds Related compounds Benzyl alcohol Benzoic acid Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa). check verify (what is check☒ ?) Infobox references Benzaldehyde (C6H5CHO) is an organic compound consisting of a benzene ring with a formyl substituent. It is the simplest aromatic aldehyde and one of the most industrially useful. It is a colorless liquid with a characteristic almond-like odor. The primary component of bitter almond oil, benzaldehyde can be extracted from a number of other natural sources.[5] Synthetic benzaldehyde is the flavoring agent in imitation almond extract, which is used to flavor cakes and other baked goods.[6] Contents 1 History 2 Production 3 Occurrence 4 Reactions 5 Uses 5.1 Niche uses 6 Safety 7 References 8 External links History Benzaldehyde was first extracted in 1803 by the French pharmacist Martrès. His experiments focused on elucidating the nature of amygdalin, the poisonous material found in bitter almonds, the fruit of Prunus dulcis.[7] Further work on the oil by Pierre Robiquet and Antoine Boutron-Charlard, two French chemists, produced benzaldehyde.[8] In 1832, Friedrich Wöhler and Justus von Liebig first synthesized benzaldehyde.[9] Production As of 1999, 7000 tonnes of synthetic and 100 tonnes of natural benzaldehyde were produced annually.[10] Liquid phase chlorination and oxidation of toluene are the main routes. Numerous other methods have been developed, such as the partial oxidation of benzyl alcohol, alkali hydrolysis of benzal chloride, and the carbonylation of benzene.[11] A significant quantity of natural benzaldehyde is produced from cinnamaldehyde obtained from cassia oil by the retro-aldol reaction:[10] the cinnamaldehyde is heated in an aqueous/alcoholic solution between 90 °C and 150 °C with a base (most commonly sodium carbonate or bicarbonate) for 5 to 80 hours,[12] followed by distillation of the formed benzaldehyde. This reaction also yields acetaldehyde. The natural status of benzaldehyde obtained in this way is controversial.[10] "Site-specific nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy", which evaluates 1H/2H isotope ratios, has been used to differentiate between naturally occurring and synthetic benzaldehyde.[13] Occurrence Benzaldehyde and similar chemicals occur naturally in many foods. Most of the benzaldehyde that people eat is from natural plant foods, such as almonds.[14] Almonds, apricots, apples, and cherry kernels contain significant amounts of amygdalin. This glycoside breaks up under enzyme catalysis into benzaldehyde, hydrogen cyanide and two equivalents of glucose. Amygdalin Amygdalin structure.svg 2 H 2O HCN Rightward reaction arrow with minor substrate(s) from top left and minor product(s) to top right benzaldehyde Benzaldehyde.png 2 × glucose 2 × Alpha-D-glucose-2D-skeletal-hexagon.png Benzaldehyde contributes to the scent of oyster mushrooms (Pleurotus ostreatus).[15] Reactions Benzaldehyde can be oxidized to benzoic acid; in fact "[B]enzaldehyde readily undergoes autoxidation to form benzoic acid on exposure to air at room temperature"[16] causing a common impurity in laboratory samples. Since the boiling point of benzoic acid is much higher than that of benzaldehyde, it may be purified by distillation. Benzyl alcohol can be formed from benzaldehyde by means of hydrogenation. Reaction of benzaldehyde with anhydrous sodium acetate and acetic anhydride yields cinnamic acid, while alcoholic potassium cyanide can be used to catalyze the condensation of benzaldehyde to benzoin. Benzaldehyde undergoes disproportionation upon treatment with concentrated alkali (Cannizzaro reaction): one molecule of the aldehyde is reduced to the benzyl alcohol and another molecule is simultaneously oxidized to benzoic acid. Cannizzaro reaction With diols, including many sugars, benzaldehyde condenses to form benzylidene acetals. Uses Benzaldehyde is commonly employed to confer almond flavor to foods and scented products. It is sometimes used in cosmetics products.[17] In industrial settings, benzaldehyde is used chiefly as a precursor to other organic compounds, ranging from pharmaceuticals to plastic additives. The aniline dye malachite green is prepared from benzaldehyde and dimethylaniline. Benzaldehyde is also a precursor to certain acridine dyes. Via aldol condensations, benzaldehyde is converted into derivatives of cinnamaldehyde and styrene. The synthesis of mandelic acid starts with the addition of hydrocyanic acid to benzaldehyde: mandelic acid synthesis The resulting cyanohydrin is hydrolysed to mandelic acid. (The scheme above depicts only one of the two formed enantiomers). Niche uses Benzaldehyde is used as a bee repellent.[18] A small amount of benzaldehyde solution is placed on a fume board near the honeycombs. The bees then move away from the honey combs to avoid the fumes.[19] The beekeeper can then remove the honey frames from the bee hive with less risk to both bees and beekeeper. Additionally, benzaldehyde is also used as a flavour chemical in JUUL e-cigarette pods, particularly the "Cool Mint", "Cool Cucumber", and "Fruit Medley" varieties. The concentration is relatively low, at ~1 μg/mL.[20] Safety As used in food, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, and soap, benzaldehyde is "generally regarded as safe" (GRAS) by the US FDA[21] and FEMA.[14] This status was reaffirmed after a review in 2005.[14] It is accepted in the European Union as a flavoring agent.[17] Toxicology studies indicate that it is safe and non-carcinogenic in the concentrations used for foods and cosmetics,[17] and may even have anti-carcinogenic (anti-cancer) properties.[17] For a 70 kg human, the lethal dose is estimated at 50 mL.[11] An acceptable daily intake of 15 mg/day has been identified for benzaldehyde by the United States Environmental Protection Agency.[22] Benzaldehyde does not accumulate in human tissues.[17] It is metabolized and then excreted in urine.[17] Benzaldehyde Chemical Properties,Uses,Production description Benzaldehyde is an organic compound, and is synthetized by the way that the hydrogen of benzene is substituted by aldehyde. It is the most simple, and also the most commonly used industrial aromatic aldehyde. It is a colorless liquid at room temperature and has a special almond odor. Benzaldehyde is a compound that aldehyde is directly linked to the phenyl group, because it has a similar bitter almond flavor. Benzaldehyde widely exists in plant, especially in the Rosaceae plants. It is mainly in the form of glycosides in plant stem bark, leaves or seeds, such as amygdalin, bitter almond, cherry, laurel, peach. Benzaldehyde is naturally in bitter almond oil, patchouli oil, hyacinth oil, cananga oil. The compound is also in the nutlets and nuts, and exists in the form of Amygdalin, which is combination of glycosides. The chemical properties of Benzaldehyde is similar to that of aliphatic aldehydes, but It is also different. Benzaldehyde cannot reduce fehling reagent. When the reducing fat is used to reduce the benzaldehyde, the main products are benzene methanol, four substituted for the ortho-glycol and two-phenyl ethylene glycol. In the presence of potassium cyanide, two molecules of benzaldehyde form benzoin by acceptance the hydrogen atom. The substitution reaction in aromatic nucleus of benzaldehyde is mainly the meta-position product. For example, the main product is the m-nitrobenzaldehyde , when benzaldehyde is nitrated. benzaldehyde structure benzaldehyde structure Chemical Properties Benzaldehyde is the main, characteristic component of bitter almond oil. It occurs in many other essential oils and is a colorless liquid with a bitter almond odor. In the absence of inhibitors, benzaldehyde undergoes autoxidation to perbenzoic acid, which reacts with a second molecule of benzaldehyde to yield benzoic acid. Hydrogenation of benzaldehyde yields benzyl alcohol, and condensation with aliphatic aldehydes leads to additional fragrance substances or their unsaturated intermediates.Unsaturated araliphatic acids are obtained through the Perkin reaction, for example, the reaction with acetic anhydride to give cinnamic acid. Benzaldehyde is used in aroma compositions for its bitter almond odor. It is the starting material for a large number of araliphatic fragrance and flavor materials. Uses 1. Benzaldehyde is an important raw material for medicine, dyestuff, perfume and resin industry. It also can be used as solvent, plasticizer and low temperature lubricant. In essence, it is mainly used for the deployment of food flavor. A small amount of benzaldehyde is daily use in flavor and flavor of tobacco. In spite of being widely used as commercial food condiment and industrial solvents, the main use of benzyl alcohol is still used to synthesize a variety of other compounds from pharmaceuticals to plastic additives. Benzyl alcohol is an important intermediate product in the production of perfumes, spices, and some aniline dyes. Mandelic acid was synthesized by benzaldehyde as the starting reagent: With the first hydrocyanic acid reacts with benzaldehyde, then mandelonitrile hydrolyzed to Racemic mandelic acid. Glacialist LaChepelle and Stillman reported Ice crystallization is inhibited by benzaldehyde and aldehydes ice in 1966, so as to prevent the thick frost formation (Depth Hoar). This process can prevent snowslide caused by the instability of the snow cover. However, this compound has not been used extensively, because of the destruction of vegetation and polluted water sources. 2.It is mainly used for the preparation of flavors, such as almond, cherry, peach, nuts, etc., the amount is up to 40%. As aromatizing agent canned cherry syrup, adding amount is sugar 3mL/kg. 3. Pharmaceutical, dyestuff, spice intermediates. For the production of oxygen based benzene formaldehyde, lauric acid, lauric aldehyde, malachite, benzyl benzoate, benzyl aniline and benzylidene acetone etc.. Used to tune the soap flavor, edible essence, etc. 4. As the head of the special aroma, it is used trace formula for fragrance, such as lilac, white, violet, jasmine, acacia, sunflower, sweet plum, orange flower, Tofu pudding etc.. Also it is used in soap. Also it can be used as edible spices for almond, coconut cream, berries, cherries, apricots, peaches, plums, walnuts, and vanilla bean, spicy flavor. Wine with flavors such as rum, brandy, etc. 5. Benzaldehyde is an intermediate of herbicide resistance, plant growth regulator, and anti-amine. 6. Used as a reagent for the determination of ozone, phenol, alkaloid and methylene. Used in the preparation of spices. Production Benzaldehyde can be prepared by a variety of ways. Obtained from natural essential oils by fractionation. Ozone oxidation and thiourea reduction reaction of natural cinnamon oil (containing cinnamaldehyde constituent 80% or more) Catalytic oxidation of Toluene Hydrolyze dichloromethane under alkaline conditions. reactions Benzaldehyde can be slowly oxidized to benzoic acid in air, so a small amount of hydroquinone is often added to prevent its oxidation. There is no α-H atom in the benzaldehyde molecule. Disproportionation reaction(Cannizarro reaction) may occur under the action of concentrated alkali: Heating benzaldehyde in the presence of catalyst of cyanide ion, it will occur bimolecular condensation: Chemical Properties Benzaldehyde is a colorless to yellow, oily liquid with an odor of bitter almonds. Benzaldehyde is commercially available in two grades: (i) pure benzaldehyde and (ii) and double-distilled benzaldehyde. The latter has applications in the pharmaceutical, perfume, and fl avor industries. Benzaldehyde may contain trace amounts of chlorine, water, benzoic acid, benzyl chloride, benzyl alcohol, and/or nitrobenzene. Benzaldehyde is ignited relatively easily on contact with hot surfaces. This has been attributed to the property of very low auto-ignition temperature. Benzaldehyde also undergoes autoxidation in air and is liable to self-heat. Benzaldehyde exists in nature, occurring in combined and uncombined forms in many plants. Benzaldehyde is also the main constituent of the essential oils obtained by pressing the kernels of peaches, cherries, apricots, and other fruits. Benzaldehyde is released into the environment in emissions from combustion processes, such as gasoline and diesel engines, incinerators, and wood burning. It is formed in the atmosphere through photochemical oxidation of toluene and other aromatic hydrocarbons. Benzaldehyde is corrosive to gray and ductile cast iron (10% solution), and all concentrations of lead. However, pure benzaldehyde is not corrosive to cast iron. Benzaldehyde does not attack most of the common metals, like stainless steels, aluminum, aluminum bronze, nickel and nickel-base alloys, bronze, naval brass, tantalum, titanium, and zirconium. On decomposition, benzaldehyde releases peroxybenzoic acid and benzoic acidBenzaldehyde is used in perfumes, soaps, foods, drinks, and other products; as a solvent for oils, resins, some cellulose ethers, cellulose acetate, and cellulose nitrate. The uses of benzaldehyde in industries are extensive. For instance, in the production of derivatives that are employed in the perfume and fl avor industries, like cinnamaldehyde, cinnamyl alcohol, cinnamic acid, benzylacetone, and benzyl benzoate, in the production of triphenylmethane dyes and the acridine dye, benzofl avin; as an intermediate in the pharmaceutical industry, for instance, to make chloramphenicol, ephedrin, and ampicillin, as an intermediate to make benzoin, benzylamine, benzyl alcohol, mandelic acid, and 4-phenyl-3-buten-2-one (benzylideneacetone), in photochemistry, as a corrosion inhibitor and dyeing auxiliary, in the electroplating industry, and in the production of agricultural chemicals Occurrence Present as cyanuric glucoside (amygdalin) in bitter almond, peach, apricot kernel and other Prunus species; amygdalin is also present in various parts of the following plants: Sambucus nigra, Chrysophyllum arlen, Anacyclus officinarnm, Anacyclus pedunculatus, Davallia brasiliensis, Lacuma deliciosa, Lacuma multiflora and others; free benzaldehyde has been reported found in several essential oils: hyacinth, citronella, orris, cinnamon, sassafras, labdanum and patchouli. Reported found in strawberry jam, leek (raw) (Allium porrum L.), crispbread, Camembert, Gruyere de Comte, provolone cheeses, black tea, salted and pickled plum, cooked trassi, Bantu beer, red sage (Texas sage) (S. coccinea Juss. Ex Murr.), arrack, scallop, hog plum (Spondias mombins L.), chekur (Alpinia sessilis Kon. = Kaemferia galanga) and other natural sources. Uses Benzaldehyde is used as an intermediatein the production of flavoring chemicals,such as cinnamaldehyde, cinnamalalcohol,and amyl- and hexylcinnamaldehyde for perfume,soap, and food flavor; synthetic penicillin,ampicillin, and ephedrine; and as araw material for the herbicide Avenge. Itoccurs in nature in the seeds of almonds,apricots, cherries, and peaches. It occurs intrace amounts in corn oil. Uses Manufacture of dyes, perfumery, cinnamic and mandelic acids, as solvent; in flavors. Uses Benzaldehyde is a flavoring agent which is liquid and colorless, and has an almond-like odor. it has a hot (burning) taste. it is oxidized to benzoic acid when exposed to air and deteriorates under light. it is miscible in volatile oils, fixed oils, ether, and alcohol; it is spar- ingly soluble in water. it is obtained by chemical synthesis and by natural occurrence in oils of bitter almond, peach, and apricot kernel. it is also termed benzoic aldehyde. Definition A yellow organic oil with a distinct almondlike odor. Benzenecarbaldehyde undergoes the reactions characteristic of aldehydes and may be synthesized in the laboratory by the usual methods of aldehyde synthesis. It is used as a food flavoring and in the manufacture of dyes and antibiotics, and can be readily manufactured by the chlorination of methylbenzene and the subsequent hydrolysis of (dichloromethyl) benzene: C6H5CH3 + Cl2 →C6H5CHCl2 C6H5CHCl2 + 2H2O →C6H5CH(OH)2+ 2HCl C6H5CH(OH)2 →C6H5CHO + H2O. Preparation Benzaldehyde is prepared by hydrolysis of benzal chloride, for example, in acidic media in the presence of a catalyst such as ferric chloride or in alkaline media with aqueous sodium carbonate. Part of the commercially available benzaldehyde originates from a technical process for phenol. In this process, benzaldehyde is a by-product in the oxidation, in air, of toluene to benzoic acid. Reactions Benzaldehyde reacts with many chemicals in a marked manner: (1) with ammonio-silver nitrate (“Tollen’s solution”) to form metallic silver, either as a black precipitate or as an adherent mirror film on glass (but does not reduce alkaline cupric solution, “Fehling’s solution”); (2) with rosaniline (fuchsine, magenta) that has been decolorized by sulfurous acid (“Schiff’s solution”), restoring the pink color of rosaniline; (3) with NaOH solution, yielding benzyl alcohol and sodium benzoate; (4) with NH4OH, yielding tribenzaldeamine (hydrobenzamide, (C6H5CH)3N2), white solid, mp 101 °C, (5) with aniline, yielding benzylideneaniline (“Schiff’s base” C6H5CH:NC6H5); (6) with sodium cyanide in alcohol, yielding benzoin C6H5·CHOHCOC6H5, white solid, mp 133 °C; (7) with hydroxylamine hydrochloride, yielding benzaldoximes C6H5CH:NOH, white solids, antioxime, mp 35 °C, syn-oxime, mp 130 °C; (8) with phenylhydrazine, yields benzaldehyde phenylhydrazone C6H5CH:NNHC6H5, pink solid, mp 156 °C; (9) with concentrated HNO3, yields metanitrobenzaldehyde NO2·C6H4CHO, white solid, mp 58 °C; (10) with concentrated H2SO4 yields metabenzaldehyde sulfonic acid C6H4CHO (SO3H)2, (11) with anhydrous sodium acetate and acetic anhydride at 180 °C, yielding sodium benzoate C6H5CHOONa (12) with sodium hydrogen sulfite, forming benzaldehyde sodium bisulfite C6H5CHOHSO3Na, a white solid, from which benzaldehyde is readily recoverable by treatment with sodium carbonate solution; (13) with acetaldehyde made slightly alkaline with NaOH, yielding cinnamic aldehyde C6H5CH:CHCHO, (14) with phosphorus pentachloride, yielding benzylidine chloride C6H5CHCl2. Aroma threshold values Detection: 100 ppb to 4.6 ppm; Recognition: 330 ppb to 4.1 ppm. Taste threshold values Taste characteristics at 50 ppm: sweet, oily, almond, cherry, nutty and woody Synthesis Reference(s) Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 12, p. 403, 1964 The Journal of Organic Chemistry, 58, p. 4732, 1993 DOI: 10.1021/jo00069a043 Synthetic Communications, 16, p. 43, 1986 DOI: 10.1080/00397918608057686 General Description A clear colorless to yellow liquid with a bitter almond odor. Flash point near 145°F. More denser than water and insoluble in water. Hence sinks in water. Vapors are heavier than air. The primary hazard is to the environment. Immediate steps should be taken to limit spread to the environment. Easily penetrates the soil to contaminate groundwater and nearby waterways. Used in flavoring and perfume making. Air & Water Reactions Oxidizes in air to form benzoic acid, which is moderately toxic by ingestion. Insoluble in water. Reactivity Profile A nontoxic, combustible liquid, reacts with oxidizing reagents. Benzaldehyde must be blanketed with an inert gas at all times since Benzaldehyde is oxidized readily by air to benzoic acid [Kirk-Othmer, 3rd ed., Vol. 3, 1978, p. 736]. In contact with strong acids or bases Benzaldehyde will undergo an exothermic condensation reaction [Sax, 9th ed., 1996, p. 327]. A violent reaction was observed on contact with peroxyacids (peroxyformic acid) [DiAns, J. et al., Ber., 1915, 48, p. 1136]. An explosion occurred when pyrrolidine, Benzaldehyde, and propionic acid were heated to form porphyrins. Hazard Highly toxic. Health Hazard Benzaldehyde exhibited low to moderate toxicityin test animals, the poisoning effectdepending on dosage. Ingestion of 50–60 mLmay be fatal to humans. Oral intake of a largedose can cause tremor, gastrointestinal pain,and kidney damage. Animal experimentsindicated that ingestion of this compoundby guinea pigs caused tremor, bleeding fromsmall intestine, and an increase in urine volume;in rats, ingestion resulted in somnolenceand coma. LD50 value, oral (guinea pigs): 1000 mg/kg LD50 value, oral (rats): 1300 mg/kg A 500-mg amount for a 24-hour periodresulted in moderate skin irritation in rabbits.Because of its low toxicity, high boilingpoint, and low vapor pressure, the healthhazard to humans from exposure to benzaldehydeis very low. Fire Hazard HIGHLY FLAMMABLE: Will be easily ignited by heat, sparks or flames. Vapors may form explosive mixtures with air. Vapors may travel to source of ignition and flash back. Most vapors are heavier than air. They will spread along ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks). Vapor explosion hazard indoors, outdoors or in sewers. Runoff to sewer may create fire or explosion hazard. Containers may explode when heated. Many liquids are lighter than water. Chemical Reactivity Reactivity with Water: No reaction; Reactivity with Common Materials: No reactions; Stability During Transport: Stable; Neutralizing Agents for Acids and Caustics: Not pertinent; Polymerization: Not pertinent; Inhibitor of Polymerization: Not pertinent. Pharmacology Benzaldehyde significantly inhibited peptic activity in artificial gastric juice in vitro (20-45% inhibition) and in vivo to the extent of 87% in normal healthy persons and ulcer patients (Kleeberg, 1959). As a freshly prepared 1:500 solution, it exerted a marked antispasmodic effect, relaxing the tonus and inhibiting contractions of various isolated smooth muscles of dog, cat, rat, rabbit, mouse, guinea-pig, pig and frog and of a few human tissues. Injected into rabbits and other animals it produced a marked relaxation of the intestines and urinary bladder and marked vasodilation of the splanchnic vessel. Injection of 4 ml of a 5% solution iv into a cat caused a fall in blood pressure and slowing of respiration. In dogs, 1 ml injected iv or sc or 2 ml/kg given orally produced only a slight slowing of respiration. Injection of larger doses iv produced only a drop in blood pressure, slight slowing of respiration and inhibition of intestinal contractions, with vasodilation of the splanchnic vessel. In rabbits, iv injection of 20 ml of a 0-2% solution did not produce dangerous results. Large injected doses of benzaldehyde exert their mosjt important toxic effects on the medulla, with slowing or paralysis of respiration. In the intact animal, the heart is very little affected; but benzaldehyde acts as a muscular depressant on isolated frog heart (Macht, 1922). Treatment of isolated rat striated muscle for 1-5 min with 30 mM-benzaldehyde increased the rate of propagation of contractures and the rate of structural breakdown of injured striated muscle fibres. After more prolonged application (for 30 min), the rapid propagation of contracture continued but the structural breakdown was inhibited (Busing, 1972). Benzaldehyde possessed definite local anaesthetic properties in the sciatic nerves of cats, dogs and frogs, in the eyes of rabbits and dogs (accompanied by irritation) and in the skin of frogs, but was considered unsuitable for practical use because of its rapid oxidation to benzoic acid (Macht, 1922). In a study of the toxic effects of cherry laurel water on mice and on isolated rat intestine, benzaldehyde was found to aid in the detoxication of HCN by the formation of C6H5?CH(OH)?CN (Lanza & Conte, 1964). Benzaldehyde did not act as a cross-linking (tanning) agent for corium and aorta, since in a 015 M solution it did not increase the observed in vitro hydrothermal shrinkage temperatures of goat skin and human, bovine and canine aortae (Milch, 1965). The intestinal absorption-rate coefficients of benzaldehyde and related compounds were determined by perfusion of aqueous solutions through the small intestines of anaesthetized rats (Nogami, Hanano & Yamada, 1968). No changes in gastric motor patterns, including gastric motility, were observed in rats after inhalation of "toxic levels" (not specified) of benzaldehyde from a liquid sample placed in a test chamber using recirculated air, or from a saturated paper applied to the trachea (Roth & Tansy, 1972). Benzaldehyde in a concentration of 0-1 mmol/litre caused a 16% depression of the frequency of electric-organ discharge in the mormyrid electric fish Gnathonemus moori (Walsh & Schopp, 1966). Safety Profile Poison by ingestion and intraperitoneal routes. Moderately toxic by subcutaneous route. An allergen. Acts as a feeble local anesthetic. Local contact may cause contact dermatitis. Causes central nervous system depression in small doses and convulsions in larger doses. A skin irritant. Questionable carcinogen with experimental tumorigenic data. Mutation data reported. Combustible liquid. To fight fire, use water (may be used as a blanket), alcohol, foam, dry chemical. A strong reducing agent. Reacts violently with peroxyformic acid and other oxidizers. See also ALDEHYDES. Chemical Synthesis Natural benzaldehyde is obtained by extraction and subsequent fractional distillation from botanical sources; synthetically, from benzyl chloride and lime or by oxidation of toluene Potential Exposure In manufacture of perfumes, dyes, and cinnamic acid; as solvent; in flavors. Metabolism Benzaldehyde was among 300 volatile constituents detected in the urine of ten adults . It is commonly converted to hippuric acid in vivo. In the rabbit and dog, hippuric acid appears to be the only metabolite there being practically no formation of benzoyl glucuronide. The conversion of benzaldehyde to benzoic acid in the rabbit follows first-order reaction kinetics storage Benzaldehyde should be kept stored in a tightly closed container and protected against physical damage. Storage of the chemical substance outside or in a detached area is preferred, whereas inside storage should be in a standard flammable liquids storage room or cabinet. Benzaldehyde should be kept separated from oxidizing materials. Also, storage and use areas should be no smoking areas. Containers of this material may be hazardous when empty since they retain product residues (vapors, liquid); observe all warnings and precautions listed for the product Shipping UN1990 Benzaldehyde, Hazard class: 9; Labels: 9—Miscellaneous hazardous material. Purification Methods To diminish its rate of oxidation, benzaldehyde usually contains additives such as hydroquinone or catechol. It can be purified via its bisulfite addition compound but usually distillation (under nitrogen at reduced pressure) is sufficient. Prior to distillation it is washed with NaOH or 10% Na2CO3 (until no more CO2 is evolved), then with saturated Na2SO3 and H2O, followed by drying with CaSO4, MgSO4 or CaCl2. [Beilstein 7 IV 505.] Incompatibilities The substance reacts with air, forming explosive peroxides. Reacts violently with performic acid, oxidants, aluminum, iron, bases, and phenol, causing fire and explosion hazard. May self-ignite if absorbed in combustible material with large surface area, or otherwise dispersed over large areas. Reacts with rust, amines, alkalies, strong bases, reducing agents such as hydrideds and active metals. Waste Disposal Incineration; add combustible solvent and spray into incinerator with afterburner. Precautions Workers should be careful when using benzaldehyde because there is a risk of spontaneous combustion. It may ignite spontaneously if it is absorbed onto rags, cleaning cloths, clothing, sawdust, diatomaceous earth (kieselguhr), activated charcoal, or other materials with large surface areas in workplaces. Workers should avoid handling the chemical substance and should not cut, puncture, or weld on or near the container. Exposure of benzaldehyde to air, light, heat, hot surfaces such as hot pipes, sparks, open flames, and other ignition sources should be avoided. Workers should wear proper personal protective clothing and equipment Benzaldehyde Preparation Products And Raw materials

SYNONYMS Alkylbenzyl-dimethylammonium chloride; Zephiran chloride; Ammonyx; Benirol; Bradophen; Cequartyl; Quaternary ammonium compounds, alkylbenzyldimethyl, chlorides; Zilkonium chloride; Alkyldimethylbenzylammonium chloride; Benzalconio cloruro; Benzalkonii chloridum; Benzalkonium A; Bio-quat; Chlorure de benzalkonium; Cloruro de benzalconio; Quaternium-1; Zephiral; Alkyl dimethyl ethylbenzyl ammonium chloride;Dodecyl Dimethyl Benzyl ammonium Chloride.CAS No. 8001-54-5, 63449-41-2, 139-07-1

SYNONYMS Alkylbenzyldimethylammonium chloride;Alkylbenzyldimethylammonium chlorides;alkyldimethylbenzylammonium chloride;Ammonium compounds, substituted, alkylbenzyldimethyl chlorides;Ammonium salts, alkylbenzyldimethyl, chlorides;Arquad CB 30;Benzalkon A;BENZALKONIUM CHLORIDE;BENZALKONIUMCHLORID;BTC;BTC 471;Culversan LC 80;Dimanin CAS NO:63449-41-2 , 8001-54-5

Le dodécylbenzènesulfonate de sodium représente une série de composés organiques de formule C12H25C6H4SO3Na. Il s'agit d'un sel doté de propriétés tensioactives. C'est un composant majeur de nombreux détergents.L'acide alkylbenzène sulfonique linéaire est le tensioactif synthétique le plus produit. Les isomères branchés (ramifiés) sont minoritaires et moins utilisés parce qu'ils se biodégradent trop lentement.Benzenesulfonate, besylate, benzensulfonate, benzenesulphonate, benzene sulfonate. Benzenesulfonate is the simplest of the class of benzenesulfonates, in which the benzene nucleus carries no substituents. It is a conjugate base of a benzenesulfonic acid.Benzenesulfonic acid, C10-13-alkyl derivs., sodium salts; Substance identity: EC / List no.: 270-115-0; CAS no.: 68411-30-3; Mol. formula: (CH)9-12C7H7NaO3S; Benzenesulfonic acid, C10-13-alkyl derivs., sodium salts : 0110 N-ALKYLBENZOLSULFONSÄURE, NA-SALZ C10-13; Alkylbenzene sulphonate sodium salt; Benzene sulfonic acid, C10-C13 alkyl derivatives, sodium salt; benzenesulfonic acid; Benzenesulfonic acid C10-C13- alkyl derivs sodium salts; benzenesulfonic acid, 4-C10-13-sec-alkylderivs, sodium salt; Benzenesulfonic acid, C1-13-alkyl derivs., sodium salts; Benzenesulfonic acid, C10-13-alkyl derivs., sodium salts, Sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate, NaLAS, LASNa C10-13, LAS Na Salt; Benzenesulfonic acid, C10-13-alkyl derivs., sodium salts; Benzenesulfonic acid, C10-C14-alkyl-, sodium salts; Benzenesulfonic acid,C10-13-alkyl derivs,sodium salts; Benzenesulphonic acid, C10-; C13 alkyl derivs., sodium salts; DDBSS; LABSNa; LAS Na; LAS Na Salt; LASNa C10-13: Benzenesulfonic acid, C10-13-alkyl derivs., sodium salts (270-115-0); Linear Alkyl benzene Sulphonic acid, sodium salt; sodium 4-undecan-3-ylbenzenesulfonate; Sodium 4-undecylbenzenesulfonate; Sodium alkylbenzene sulfonate; Sodium Alkylbenzene Sulphonate; Sodium C10-13 linear alkyl benzene sulfonate; Sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate; Sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate; Sodium LAS; Sodium Linear Alkyl Benzene Sulfonate; Sodium, alkyl-(C10-C13)-benzenesulfonate; Sodiumalkyl (C10-13)benzenesulfonate Benzenesulfonic acid, mono-C10-14-alkyl derivs., sodium salts; Substance identity: EC / List no.: 285-600-2; CAS no.: 85117-50-6; Benzenesulfonic acid, mono-C10-14-alkyl derivs., sodium salts EC Inventory, ; ; Benzenesulfonic acid, mono-C1-14-alkyl derivs., sodium salts; Benzenesulfonic acid, mono-C10-14-alkyl derivs., sodium salt ; sodium 4-dodecan-3-ylbenzenesulfonate; sodium 4-dodecylbenzenesulfonate; Sodium C10-14 Linear Alkyl Benzene Solfonate; Sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate; Sodium salt of dodecylbenzenesulphonic acid

Benzene is a chemical that is a colorless or light yellow liquid at room temperature.
Benzene is an organic chemical compound with the molecular formula C6H6.
Benzene has a sweet odor and is highly flammable.

CAS Number: 71-43-2
EC Number: 200-753-7
Chemical Formula: C6H6
Molar Mass: 77.81 grams/mole

Benzene is a colorless or light-yellow liquid chemical at room temperature.
Benzene is used primarily as a solvent in the chemical and pharmaceutical industries, as a starting material and an intermediate in the synthesis of numerous chemicals, and in gasoline.

Benzene is produced by both natural and man-made processes.
Benzene is a natural component of crude oil, which is the main source of benzene produced today.
Other natural sources include gas emissions from volcanoes and forest fires.

Benzene is the simplest organic, aromatic hydrocarbon.
Benzene is one of the elementary petrochemicals and a natural constituent of crude oil.

Benzene has a gasoline-like odour and is a colourless liquid. Benzene is highly toxic and carcinogenic in nature.
Benzene is primarily used in the production of polystyrene.

Benzene is a naturally occurring substance produced by volcanoes and forest fires and present in many plants and animals, but benzene is also a major industrial chemical made from coal and oil.
As a pure chemical, benzene is a clear, colourless liquid.

In industry, benzene is used to make other chemicals as well as some types of plastics, detergents, and pesticides.
Benzene is also a component of gasoline.

Benzene is a colorless, flammable liquid with a sweet odor.
Benzene evaporates quickly when exposed to air.
Benzene is formed from natural processes, such as volcanoes and forest fires, but most people are exposed to benzene through human activities.

Benzene is one of the 20 most widely used chemicals in the United States.
Benzene is used mainly to make other chemicals, including plastics, resins, lubricants, rubbers, dyes, detergents, drugs, and pesticides.
In the past Benzene was also commonly used as an industrial solvent (a substance that can dissolve or extract other substances) and as a gasoline additive, but these uses have been greatly reduced in recent decades.

Benzene is also a natural part of crude oil and gasoline (and therefore motor vehicle exhaust), as well as cigarette smoke.

Benzene is registered under the REACH Regulation and is manufactured in and / or imported to the European Economic Area, for intermediate use only.
Benzene is used in articles, in formulation or re-packing, at industrial sites and in manufacturing.

Benzene (C6H6), simplest organic, aromatic hydrocarbon and parent compound of numerous important aromatic compounds.
Benzene is a colourless liquid with a characteristic odour and is primarily used in the production of polystyrene.

Benzene is highly toxic and is a known carcinogen.
Exposure to Benzene may cause leukemia.
As a result, there are strict controls on benzene emissions.

Benzene evaporates into the air very quickly.
Benzene vapor is heavier than air and may sink into low-lying areas.
Benzene dissolves only slightly in water and will float on top of water.

The benzene molecule is composed of six carbon atoms joined in a planar ring with one hydrogen atom attached to each.
Because Benzene contains only carbon and hydrogen atoms, benzene is classed as a hydrocarbon.

Benzene is a natural constituent of petroleum and is one of the elementary petrochemicals.
Due to the cyclic continuous pi bonds between the carbon atoms, benzene is classed as an aromatic hydrocarbon.

Benzene is a colorless and highly flammable liquid with a sweet smell, and is partially responsible for the aroma of gasoline.
Benzene is used primarily as a precursor to the manufacture of chemicals with more complex structure, such as ethylbenzene and cumene, of which billions of kilograms are produced annually.
Although benzene is a major industrial chemical, Benzene finds limited use in consumer items because of Benzene toxicity.

Benzene is formed from both natural processes and human activities.
Natural sources of benzene include volcanoes and forest fires.

Benzene is also a natural part of crude oil, gasoline, and cigarette smoke.
Benzene is widely used in the United States.
Benzene ranks in the top 20 chemicals for production volume.

Some industries use benzene to make other chemicals that are used to make plastics, resins, and nylon and synthetic fibers.
Benzene is also used to make some types of lubricants, rubbers, dyes, detergents, drugs, and pesticides.

Benzene is a clear, colorless, highly flammable and volatile, liquid aromatic hydrocarbon with a gasoline-like odor.
Benzene is found in crude oils and as a by-product of oil-refining processes.

In industry benzene is used as a solvent, as a chemical intermediate, and is used in the synthesis of numerous chemicals.
Exposure to Benzene causes neurological symptoms and affects the bone marrow causing aplastic anemia, excessive bleeding and damage to the immune system.
Benzene is a known human carcinogen and is linked to an increased risk of developing lymphatic and hematopoietic cancers, acute myelogenous leukemia, as well as chronic lymphocytic leukemia.

Benzene is a colorless liquid with a sweet odor.
Benzene evaporates into the air very quickly and dissolves slightly in water.

Benzene is highly flammable and is formed from both natural processes and human activities.
Benzene is widely used in the United States; Benzene ranks in the top 20 chemicals for production volume.

Some industries use benzene to make other chemicals which are used to make plastics, resins, and nylon and synthetic fibers.
Benzene is also used to make some types of rubbers, lubricants, dyes, detergents, drugs, and pesticides.

Natural sources of benzene include volcanoes and forest fires.
Benzene is also a natural part of crude oil, gasoline, and cigarette smoke.

Benzene appears as a clear colorless liquid with a petroleum-like odor.

Flash point less than 0 °F.
Less dense than water and slightly soluble in water.
Hence floats on water.
Vapors heavier than air.
are
Outdoor air contains low levels of benzene from tobacco smoke, gas stations, motor vehicle exhaust, and industrial emissions.
Indoor air generally contains levels of benzene higher than those in outdoor air.

The benzene in indoor air comes from products that contain benzene such as glues, paints, furniture wax, and detergents.
The air around hazardous waste sites or gas stations can contain higher levels of benzene than in other areas.

Benzene leaks from underground storage tanks or from hazardous waste sites containing benzene can contaminate well water.
People working in industries that make or use benzene may be exposed to the highest levels of Benzene.
A major source of benzene exposure is tobacco smoke.

Benzene works by causing cells not to work correctly.
For example, Benzene can cause bone marrow not to produce enough red blood cells, which can lead to anemia.

Also, Benzene can damage the immune system by changing blood levels of antibodies and causing the loss of white blood cells.
The seriousness of poisoning caused by benzene depends on the amount, route, and length of time of exposure, as well as the age and preexisting medical condition of the exposed person.

Uses of Benzene:
At one time, benzene was obtained almost entirely from coal tar.
However, since about 1950, these methods have been replaced by petroleum-based processes.

More than half of the benzene produced each year is converted to ethylbenzene, then to styrene, and then to polystyrene.
The next largest use of benzene is in the preparation of phenol.
Other uses include the preparation of aniline (for dyes) and dodecylbenzene (for detergents).

Benzene is used as a constituent in motor fuels; as a solvent for fats, waxes, resins, oils, inks, paints, plastics, and rubber; in the extraction of oils from seeds and nuts; and in photogravure printing.
Benzene is also used as a chemical intermediate.
Benzene is also used in the manufacture of detergents, explosives, pharmaceuticals, and dyestuffs.

Benzene was used in the past as a solvent in inks, rubber, lacquers, and paint removers.
Today, Benzene is used mainly in closed processes to synthesize organic chemicals.

Gasoline in some countries contains a high concentration of benzene (as high as 30%); the U.S. average is 1-3%.
Workers who remove or clean underground storage tanks may be exposed to significant levels.

Gasoline in North America now contains about 1% benzene.
The European Union (EU) reduced in 2000 the maximum allowed benzene content in gasoline from 5% to 1% by volume.
Mean exposures in the Swedish petroleum industry are well below the Swedish occupational exposure limits.

EPA restricts benzene emission from specific point sources.
Maximum contaminant level in drinking water is 5 ppb.
FDA prohibits the use of benzene in food.

Benzene is used in manufacture of industrial chemicals such as polymers, detergents, pesticides pharmaceuticals, dyes, plastics, resins.
Benzene is used organic solvent for waxes, resins, oils, natural rubber, etc.

Benzene is used for printing and lithography, paint, rubber, dry cleaning, adhesives and coatings, detergents.

Benzene is used to make chemicals used in the manufacture of industrial products such as dyes, detergents, explosives, pesticides, synthetic rubber, plastics, and pharmaceuticals.
Benzene is found in gasoline and trace amounts are found in cigarette smoke.

Benzene has been banned as an ingredient in products intended for use in the home, including toys.
Benzene has a sweet, aromatic, gasoline-like odor.

Most individuals can begin to smell benzene in air at 1.5 to 4.7 ppm.
The odor threshold generally provides adequate warning for acutely hazardous exposure concentrations but is inadequate for more chronic exposures.

Benzene is often used as an intermediate to make chemicals needed for the production of plastics, resins, and nylon and other synthetic fibers.
Benzene is also used to make some types of rubbers, lubricants, dyes, detergents, drugs, and pesticides.
Natural sources of benzene include emissions from volcanoes, forest fires, crude oil, gasoline, and cigarette smoke.

Benzene is used mainly as an intermediate to make other chemicals, above all ethylbenzene (and other alkylbenzenes), cumene, cyclohexane, and nitrobenzene.
In 1988 Benzene was reported that two-thirds of all chemicals on the American Chemical Society's lists contained at least one benzene ring.

More than half of the entire benzene production is processed into ethylbenzene, a precursor to styrene, which is used to make polymers and plastics like polystyrene.
Some 20% of the benzene production is used to manufacture cumene, which is needed to produce phenol and acetone for resins and adhesives.

Cyclohexane consumes around 10% of the world's benzene production.
Benzene is primarily used in the manufacture of nylon fibers, which are processed into textiles and engineering plastics.
Smaller amounts of benzene are used to make some types of rubbers, lubricants, dyes, detergents, drugs, explosives, and pesticides.

In 2013, the biggest consumer country of benzene was China, followed by the USA.
Benzene production is currently expanding in the Middle East and in Africa, whereas production capacities in Western Europe and North America are stagnating.

Toluene is now often used as a substitute for benzene, for instance as a fuel additive.
The solvent-properties of the two are similar, but toluene is less toxic and has a wider liquid range.
Toluene is also processed into benzene.

Component of gasoline:
As a gasoline (petrol) additive, benzene increases the octane rating and reduces knocking.
As a consequence, gasoline often contained several percent benzene before the 1950s, when tetraethyl lead replaced Benzene as the most widely used antiknock additive.

With the global phaseout of leaded gasoline, benzene has made a comeback as a gasoline additive in some nations.
In the United States, concern over Benzene negative health effects and the possibility of benzene entering the groundwater has led to stringent regulation of gasoline's benzene content, with limits typically around 1%.

European petrol specifications now contain the same 1% limit on benzene content.
The United States Environmental Protection Agency introduced new regulations in 2011 that lowered the benzene content in gasoline to 0.62%.

In many European languages, the word for petroleum or gasoline is an exact cognate of "benzene".

Industrial Processes with risk of exposure:
Metal Preparation and Pouring
Petroleum Production and Refining
Working with Glues and Adhesives
Firefighting
Leather Tanning and Processing
Burning Synthetic Polymers

Activities with risk of exposure:
Smoking cigarettes
Preparing and mounting animal skins (taxidermy)

Uses at industrial sites:
Benzene is used in the following products: coating products, fillers, putties, plasters, modelling clay, non-metal-surface treatment products, laboratory chemicals and polymers.
Benzene has an industrial use resulting in manufacture of another substance (use of intermediates).
Benzene is used in the following areas: formulation of mixtures and/or re-packaging.
Benzene is used for the manufacture of: rubber products and chemicals.
Release to the environment of Benzene can occur from industrial use: in the production of articles, as an intermediate step in further manufacturing of another substance (use of intermediates), formulation of mixtures and as processing aid.
Other release to the environment of Benzene is likely to occur from: indoor use.

Industry Uses of Benzene:
Adhesives and sealant chemicals
Catalyst
Cleaning agent
Flame retardants
Fuel
Fuel agents
Fuels and fuel additives
Functional fluids (closed systems)
Intermediate
Intermediates
Laboratory chemicals
Monomers
Plasticizers
Processing aids, specific to petroleum production
Solvent
Solvents (which become part of product formulation or mixture)

Consumer Uses of Benzene:
Catalyst
Etching agent
Fuel
Fuel agents
Fuels and fuel additives
Intermediate
Intermediates
Laboratory chemicals
Paint additives and coating additives not described by other categories
Plasticizer
Processing aids, specific to petroleum production
Solvent

Applications of Benzene:

Early Applications:
In the 19th and early 20th centuries, benzene was used as an after-shave lotion because of Benzene pleasant smell.
Prior to the 1920s, benzene was frequently used as an industrial solvent, especially for degreasing metal.
As Benzene toxicity became obvious, benzene was supplanted by other solvents, especially toluene (methylbenzene), which has similar physical properties but is not as carcinogenic.

In 1903, Ludwig Roselius popularized the use of benzene to decaffeinate coffee.
This discovery led to the production of Sanka.

This process was later discontinued.
Benzene was historically used as a significant component in many consumer products such as liquid wrench, several paint strippers, rubber cements, spot removers, and other products.
Manufacture of some of these benzene-containing formulations ceased in about 1950, although Liquid Wrench continued to contain significant amounts of benzene until the late 1970s.

Benefits of Benzene:
As a building block chemical, benzene is reacted with other chemicals to produce a variety of other chemistries, materials and, ultimately, consumer goods.

Benzene is used to make other chemicals like ethylbenzene, cumene and cyclohexane, which are then reacted and used in the manufacture of a variety of materials and plastics such as polystyrene, ABS, and nylon.
There can be many steps in the process that starts with the benzene molecule and ends with a completed material or consumer product.
For example, benzene is a building block used to make ethylbenzene, which is then used to make styrene, which is used to make polystyrene.

The end material, polystyrene, is a completely different material chemically than benzene.

For consumer products where benzene is used as a building block or intermediate, the benzene is typically fully reacted in a closed system, with little to no benzene remaining in the finished consumer product.
Benzene also is used to make some types of lubricants, rubbers, dyes, detergents, drugs, explosives and pesticides.

Benzene is naturally found in crude oil.
Crude oil is refined into gasoline by using heat, pressure and chemicals in the refinery to separate the spectrum of petroleum products from crude oil.
The refining process yields gasoline and a number of other petroleum products, including diesel and jet fuels, solvents, lubricating oils, many of which include small amounts of benzene.

Characteristics of Benzene:
Modern bonding models (valence-bond and molecular orbital theories) explain the structure and stability of benzene in terms of delocalization of six of Benzene electrons, where delocalization in this case refers to the attraction of an electron by all six carbons of the ring instead of just one or two of them. This delocalization causes the electrons to be more strongly held, making benzene more stable and less reactive than expected for an unsaturated hydrocarbon.
As a result, the hydrogenation of benzene occurs somewhat more slowly than the hydrogenation of alkenes (other organic compounds that contain carbon-carbon double bonds), and benzene is much more difficult to oxidize than alkenes.

Most of the reactions of benzene belong to a class called electrophilic aromatic substitution that leave the ring itself intact but replace one of the attached hydrogens.
These reactions are versatile and widely used to prepare derivatives of benzene.

Experimental studies, especially those employing X-ray diffraction, show benzene to have a planar structure with each carbon-carbon bond distance equal to 1.40 angstroms (Å).
This value is exactly halfway between the C=C distance (1.34 Å) and C—C distance (1.46 Å) of a C=C—C=C unit, suggesting a bond type midway between a double bond and a single bond (all bond angles are 120°).
Benzene has a boiling point of 80.1 °C (176.2 °F) and a melting point of 5.5 °C (41.9 °F), and Benzene is freely soluble in organic solvents, but only slightly soluble in water.

Occurrence of Benzene:
Trace amounts of benzene are found in petroleum and coal.
Benzene is a byproduct of the incomplete combustion of many materials.

For commercial use, until World War II, much of benzene was obtained as a by-product of coke production (or "coke-oven light oil") for the steel industry.
However, in the 1950s, increased demand for benzene, especially from the growing polymers industry, necessitated the production of benzene from petroleum.

Today, most benzene comes from the petrochemical industry, with only a small fraction being produced from coal.
Benzene molecules have been detected on Mars.

Reactions of Benzene:
The most common reactions of benzene involve substitution of a proton by other groups.
Electrophilic aromatic substitution is a general method of derivatizing benzene.
Benzene is sufficiently nucleophilic that Benzene undergoes substitution by acylium ions and alkyl carbocations to give substituted derivatives.

The most widely practiced example of this reaction is the ethylation of benzene.

Approximately 24,700,000 tons were produced in 1999.
Highly instructive but of far less industrial significance is the Friedel-Crafts alkylation of benzene (and many other aromatic rings) using an alkyl halide in the presence of a strong Lewis acid catalyst.

Similarly, the Friedel-Crafts acylation is a related example of electrophilic aromatic substitution.
The reaction involves the acylation of benzene (or many other aromatic rings) with an acyl chloride using a strong Lewis acid catalyst such as aluminium chloride or Iron(III) chloride.

Sulfonation, chlorination, nitration:
Using electrophilic aromatic substitution, many functional groups are introduced onto the benzene framework.
Sulfonation of benzene involves the use of oleum, a mixture of sulfuric acid with sulfur trioxide.

Sulfonated benzene derivatives are useful detergents.
In nitration, benzene reacts with nitronium ions (NO2+), which is a strong electrophile produced by combining sulfuric and nitric acids.

Nitrobenzene is the precursor to aniline.
Chlorination is achieved with chlorine to give chlorobenzene in the presence of a Lewis acid catalyst such as aluminium tri-chloride.

Hydrogenation:
Via hydrogenation, benzene and Benzene derivatives convert to cyclohexane and derivatives.
This reaction is achieved by the use of high pressures of hydrogen in the presence of heterogeneous catalysts, such as finely divided nickel.

Whereas alkenes can be hydrogenated near room temperatures, benzene and related compounds are more reluctant substrates, requiring temperatures >100 °C.
This reaction is practiced on a large scale industrially. In the absence of the catalyst, benzene is impervious to hydrogen.

Hydrogenation cannot be stopped to give cyclohexene or cyclohexadienes as these are superior substrates.
Birch reduction, a non catalytic process, however selectively hydrogenates benzene to the diene.

Metal complexes:
Benzene is an excellent ligand in the organometallic chemistry of low-valent metals.
Important examples include the sandwich and half-sandwich complexes, respectively, Cr(C6H6)2 and [RuCl2(C6H6)]2.

Resonance of Benzene:
The oscillating double bonds in the benzene ring are explained with the help of resonance structures as per valence bond theory.
All the carbon atoms in the benzene ring are sp2 hybridized.

One of the two sp2 hybridized orbitals of one atom overlaps with the sp2 orbital of adjacent carbon atom forming six C-C sigma bonds.
Other left sp2 hybridized orbitals combine with s orbital of hydrogen to form six C-H sigma bonds. Remaining unhybridized p orbitals of carbon atoms form π bonds with adjacent carbon atoms by lateral overlap.

This explains an equal possibility for the formation of C1 –C2, C3 – C4, C5 – C6 π bonds or C2 – C3, C4 – C5, C6-C1 π bonds.
The hybrid structure is represented by inserting a circle in the ring as shown below in the figure.
Hence, Benzene explains the formation of two resonance structures proposed by Kekule.

Aromaticity of Benzene:
Benzene is an aromatic compound, as the C-C bonds formed in the ring are not exactly single or double, rather they are of intermediate length.
Aromatic compounds are divided into two categories: benzenoids (one containing benzene ring) and non-benzenoids (those not containing benzene ring), provided they follow Huckel rule.

According to Huckel rule, for a ring to be aromatic Benzene should have the following property:
Planarity
Complete delocalization of the π electrons in the ring
Presence of (4n + 2) π electrons in the ring where n is an integer (n = 0, 1, 2, . . .)

Structure of Benzene:
X-ray diffraction shows that all six carbon-carbon bonds in benzene are of the same length, at 140 picometres (pm).
The C–C bond lengths are greater than a double bond (135 pm) but shorter than a single bond (147 pm).

This intermediate distance is caused by electron delocalization: the electrons for C=C bonding are distributed equally between each of the six carbon atoms.
Benzene has 6 hydrogen atoms, fewer than the corresponding parent alkane, hexane, which has 14.

Benzene and cyclohexane have a similar structure, only the ring of delocalized electrons and the loss of one hydrogen per carbon distinguishes Benzene from cyclohexane.
The molecule is planar.

The molecular orbital description involves the formation of three delocalized π orbitals spanning all six carbon atoms, while the valence bond description involves a superposition of resonance structures.
Benzene is likely that this stability contributes to the peculiar molecular and chemical properties known as aromaticity.
To accurately reflect the nature of the bonding, benzene is often depicted with a circle inside a hexagonal arrangement of carbon atoms.

Derivatives of benzene occur sufficiently often as a component of organic molecules, so much so that the Unicode Consortium has allocated a symbol in the Miscellaneous Technical block with the code U+232C (⌬) to represent Benzene with three double bonds, and U+23E3 (⏣) for a delocalized version.

Benzene derivatives:
Many important chemical compounds are derived from benzene by replacing one or more of Benzene hydrogen atoms with another functional group.
Examples of simple benzene derivatives are phenol, toluene, and aniline, abbreviated PhOH, PhMe, and PhNH2, respectively.

Linking benzene rings gives biphenyl, C6H5–C6H5.
Further loss of hydrogen gives "fused" aromatic hydrocarbons, such as naphthalene, anthracene, phenanthrene, and pyrene.
The limit of the fusion process is the hydrogen-free allotrope of carbon, graphite.

In heterocycles, carbon atoms in the benzene ring are replaced with other elements.
The most important variations contain nitrogen.

Replacing one CH with N gives the compound pyridine, C5H5N.
Although benzene and pyridine are structurally related, benzene cannot be converted into pyridine.
Replacement of a second CH bond with N gives, depending on the location of the second N, pyridazine, pyrimidine, or pyrazine.

Human Metabolite Information of Benzene:

Tissue Locations:
Bone Marrow
Epidermis
Leukocyte
Liver

History of Benzene:

Discovery:
The word "benzene" derives from "gum benzoin" (benzoin resin), an aromatic resin known since ancient times in Southeast Asia; and later to European pharmacists and perfumers in the 16th century via trade routes.
An acidic material was derived from benzoin by sublimation, and named "flowers of benzoin", or benzoic acid.

The hydrocarbon derived from benzoic acid thus acquired the name benzin, benzol, or benzene.
Michael Faraday first isolated and identified benzene in 1825 from the oily residue derived from the production of illuminating gas, giving Benzene the name bicarburet of hydrogen.

In 1833, Eilhard Mitscherlich produced Benzene by distilling benzoic acid (from gum benzoin) and lime.
He gave the compound the name benzin.

In 1836, the French chemist Auguste Laurent named Benzene "phène".
This word has become the root of the English word "phenol", which is hydroxylated benzene, and "phenyl", the radical formed by abstraction of a hydrogen atom (free radical H•) from benzene.

In 1845, Charles Blachford Mansfield, working under August Wilhelm von Hofmann, isolated benzene from coal tar.
Four years later, Mansfield began the first industrial-scale production of benzene, based on the coal-tar method.

Gradually, the sense developed among chemists that a number of substances were chemically related to benzene, comprising a diverse chemical family.
In 1855, Hofmann used the word "aromatic" to designate this family relationship, after a characteristic property of many of Benzene members.
In 1997, benzene was detected in deep space.

Ring formula of Benzene:
The empirical formula for benzene was long known, but Benzene highly polyunsaturated structure, with just one hydrogen atom for each carbon atom, was challenging to determine.
Archibald Scott Couper in 1858 and Johann Josef Loschmidt in 1861 suggested possible structures that contained multiple double bonds or multiple rings, but too little evidence was then available to help chemists decide on any particular structure.

In 1865, the German chemist Friedrich August Kekulé published a paper in French (for he was then teaching in Francophone Belgium) suggesting that the structure contained a ring of six carbon atoms with alternating single and double bonds.
The next year he published a much longer paper in German on the same subject.

Kekulé used evidence that had accumulated in the intervening years—namely, that there always appeared to be only one isomer of any monoderivative of benzene, and that there always appeared to be exactly three isomers of every disubstituted derivative—now understood to correspond to the ortho, meta, and para patterns of arene substitution—to argue in support of his proposed structure.
Kekulé's symmetrical ring could explain these curious facts, as well as benzene's 1:1 carbon-hydrogen ratio.

The new understanding of benzene, and hence of all aromatic compounds, proved to be so important for both pure and applied chemistry that in 1890 the German Chemical Society organized an elaborate appreciation in Kekulé's honor, celebrating the twenty-fifth anniversary of his first benzene paper.
Here Kekulé spoke of the creation of the theory.
He said that he had discovered the ring shape of the benzene molecule after having a reverie or day-dream of a snake biting Benzene own tail (this is a common symbol in many ancient cultures known as the Ouroboros or endless knot).

This vision, he said, came to him after years of studying the nature of carbon-carbon bonds.
This was seven years after he had solved the problem of how carbon atoms could bond to up to four other atoms at the same time.

Curiously, a similar, humorous depiction of benzene had appeared in 1886 in a pamphlet entitled Berichte der Durstigen Chemischen Gesellschaft (Journal of the Thirsty Chemical Society), a parody of the Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft, only the parody had monkeys seizing each other in a circle, rather than snakes as in Kekulé's anecdote.
Some historians have suggested that the parody was a lampoon of the snake anecdote, possibly already well known through oral transmission even if Benzene had not yet appeared in print.

Kekulé's 1890 speech in which this anecdote appeared has been translated into English.
If the anecdote is the memory of a real event, circumstances mentioned in the story suggest that Benzene must have happened early in 1862.

In 1929, the cyclic nature of benzene was finally confirmed by the crystallographer Kathleen Lonsdale using X-ray diffraction methods.
Using large crystals of hexamethylbenzene, a benzene derivative with the same core of six carbon atoms, Lonsdale obtained diffraction patterns.
Through calculating more than thirty parameters, Lonsdale demonstrated that the benzene ring could not be anything but a flat hexagon, and provided accurate distances for all carbon-carbon bonds in the molecule.

Nomenclature:
The German chemist Wilhelm Körner suggested the prefixes ortho-, meta-, para- to distinguish di-substituted benzene derivatives in 1867.
However, he did not use the prefixes to distinguish the relative positions of the substituents on a benzene ring.

Benzene was the German chemist Carl Gräbe who, in 1869, first used the prefixes ortho-, meta-, para- to denote specific relative locations of the substituents on a di-substituted aromatic ring (viz, naphthalene).
In 1870, the German chemist Viktor Meyer first applied Gräbe's nomenclature to benzene.

Production of Benzene:
Four chemical processes contribute to industrial benzene production: catalytic reforming, toluene hydrodealkylation, toluene disproportionation, and steam cracking etc.
According to the ATSDR Toxicological Profile for benzene, between 1978 and 1981, catalytic reformates accounted for approximately 44–50% of the total U.S benzene production.

Catalytic reforming:
In catalytic reforming, a mixture of hydrocarbons with boiling points between 60 and 200 °C is blended with hydrogen gas and then exposed to a bifunctional platinum chloride or rhenium chloride catalyst at 500–525 °C and pressures ranging from 8–50 atm.
Under these conditions, aliphatic hydrocarbons form rings and lose hydrogen to become aromatic hydrocarbons.

The aromatic products of the reaction are then separated from the reaction mixture (or reformate) by extraction with any one of a number of solvents, including diethylene glycol or sulfolane, and benzene is then separated from the other aromatics by distillation.
The extraction step of aromatics from the reformate is designed to produce aromatics with lowest non-aromatic components.
Recovery of the aromatics, commonly referred to as BTX (benzene, toluene and xylene isomers), involves such extraction and distillation steps.

In similar fashion to this catalytic reforming, UOP and BP commercialized a method from LPG (mainly propane and butane) to aromatics.

Toluene hydrodealkylation:
Toluene hydrodealkylation converts toluene to benzene.
In this hydrogen-intensive process, toluene is mixed with hydrogen, then passed over a chromium, molybdenum, or platinum oxide catalyst at 500–650 °C and 20–60 atm pressure.
Sometimes, higher temperatures are used instead of a catalyst (at the similar reaction condition).

Under these conditions, toluene undergoes dealkylation to benzene and methane:
C6H5CH3+H2⟶C6H6+CH4

This irreversible reaction is accompanied by an equilibrium side reaction that produces biphenyl (aka diphenyl) at higher temperature:
2 C6H6 ⇌ H2 + C6H5–C6H5

If the raw material stream contains much non-aromatic components (paraffins or naphthenes), those are likely decomposed to lower hydrocarbons such as methane, which increases the consumption of hydrogen.

A typical reaction yield exceeds 95%. Sometimes, xylenes and heavier aromatics are used in place of toluene, with similar efficiency.
This is often called "on-purpose" methodology to produce benzene, compared to conventional BTX (benzene-toluene-xylene) extraction processes.

Toluene disproportionation:
Toluene disproportionation (TDP) is the conversion of toluene to benzene and xylene.

Given that demand for para-xylene (p-xylene) substantially exceeds demand for other xylene isomers, a refinement of the TDP process called Selective TDP (STDP) may be used.
In this process, the xylene stream exiting the TDP unit is approximately 90% p-xylene.
In some systems, even the benzene-to-xylenes ratio is modified to favor xylenes.

Steam cracking:
Steam cracking is the process for producing ethylene and other alkenes from aliphatic hydrocarbons.
Depending on the feedstock used to produce the olefins, steam cracking can produce a benzene-rich liquid by-product called pyrolysis gasoline.
Pyrolysis gasoline can be blended with other hydrocarbons as a gasoline additive, or routed through an extraction process to recover BTX aromatics (benzene, toluene and xylenes).

Other methods:
Although of no commercial significance, many other routes to benzene exist.
Phenol and halobenzenes can be reduced with metals.

Benzoic acid and Benzene salts undergo decarboxylation to benzene.
The reaction of the diazonium compound derived from aniline with hypophosphorus acid gives benzene.

Alkyne trimerisation of acetylene gives benzene.
Complete decarboxylation of mellitic acid gives benzene.

General Manufacturing Information of Benzene:

Industry Processing Sectors:
Adhesive Manufacturing
All Other Basic Organic Chemical Manufacturing
All Other Chemical Product and Preparation Manufacturing
All other Petroleum and Coal Products Manufacturing
Computer and Electronic Product Manufacturing
Construction
Cyclic Crude and Intermediate Manufacturing
Not Known or Reasonably Ascertainable
Oil and Gas Drilling, Extraction, and Support activities
Other (requires additional information)
Petrochemical Manufacturing
Petroleum Refineries
Plastics Material and Resin Manufacturing
Plastics Product Manufacturing
Rubber Product Manufacturing
Soap, Cleaning Compound, and Toilet Preparation Manufacturing
Transportation Equipment Manufacturing
Wholesale and Retail Trade

Health effects of Benzene:
Benzene is classified as a carcinogen, which increases the risk of cancer and other illnesses, and is also a notorious cause of bone marrow failure.
Substantial quantities of epidemiologic, clinical, and laboratory data link benzene to aplastic anemia, acute leukemia, bone marrow abnormalities and cardiovascular disease.

The specific hematologic malignancies that benzene is associated with include: acute myeloid leukemia (AML), aplastic anemia, myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS), acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), and chronic myeloid leukemia (CML).

The American Petroleum Institute (API) stated in 1948 that "Benzene is generally considered that the only absolutely safe concentration for benzene is zero".
There is no safe exposure level; even tiny amounts can cause harm.

The US Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) classifies benzene as a human carcinogen.
Long-term exposure to excessive levels of benzene in the air causes leukemia, a potentially fatal cancer of the blood-forming organs.

In particular, acute myeloid leukemia or acute nonlymphocytic leukemia (AML & ANLL) is caused by benzene.
IARC rated benzene as "known to be carcinogenic to humans".

As benzene is ubiquitous in gasoline and hydrocarbon fuels that are in use everywhere, human exposure to benzene is a global health problem.
Benzene targets the liver, kidney, lung, heart and brain and can cause DNA strand breaks and chromosomal damage.

Benzene causes cancer in animals including humans.
Benzene has been shown to cause cancer in both sexes of multiple species of laboratory animals exposed via various routes.

Handling and Storage of Benzene:

Nonfire Spill Response:
ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area.
All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded.

Do not touch or walk through spilled material.
Stop leak if you can do Benzene without risk.

Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.
A vapor-suppressing foam may be used to reduce vapors.

Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers.
Use clean, non-sparking tools to collect absorbed material.

LARGE SPILL:
Dike far ahead of liquid spill for later disposal.
Water spray may reduce vapor, but may not prevent ignition in closed spaces.

Storage Conditions of Benzene:
Keep in well closed containers in a cool place and away from fire.
Storage site should be as close as practicable to lab in which carcinogens are to be used, so that only small quantities required for expt need to be carried.

Carcinogens should be kept in only one section of cupboard, an explosion-proof refrigerator or freezer (depending on chemicophysical properties) that bears appropriate label.
An inventory should be kept, showing quantity of carcinogen & date Benzene was acquired.
Facilities for dispensing should be contiguous to storage area.

Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place.
Containers which are opened must be carefully resealed and kept upright to prevent leakage.

First Aid Measures of Benzene:

EYES:
First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present.
Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center.

Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician.
IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop.

SKIN:
IMMEDIATELY flood affected skin with water while removing and isolating all contaminated clothing.
Gently wash all affected skin areas thoroughly with soap and water.

IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop.
IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital for treatment after washing the affected areas.

INHALATION:
IMMEDIATELY leave the contaminated area.
Take deep breaths of fresh air.

IMMEDIATELY call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, or burning in the mouth, throat, or chest) develop.
Provide proper respiratory protection to rescuers entering an unknown atmosphere.

Whenever possible, Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) should be used.
If not available, use a level of protection greater than or equal to that advised under Protective Clothing.

INGESTION:
DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING.
Volatile chemicals have a high risk of being aspirated into the victim's lungs during vomiting which increases the medical problems.

If the victim is conscious and not convulsing, give 1 or 2 glasses of water to dilute the chemical and IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center.
IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital.

If the victim is convulsing or unconscious, do not give anything by mouth, ensure that the victim's airway is open and lay the victim on his/her side with the head lower than the body.
DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING.
IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital.

OTHER:
Since this chemical is a known or suspected carcinogen you should contact a physician for advice regarding the possible long term health effects and potential recommendation for medical monitoring.
Recommendations from the physician will depend upon the specific compound, Benzene, physical and toxicity properties, the exposure level, length of exposure, and the route of exposure.

Fire Fighting of Benzene:

CAUTION:
The majority of these products have a very low flash point.
Use of water spray when fighting fire may be inefficient.

SMALL FIRE:
Dry chemical, CO2, water spray or regular foam.

LARGE FIRE:
Water spray, fog or regular foam. Avoid aiming straight or solid streams directly onto the product.
If Benzene can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire.

FIRE INVOLVING TANKS OR CAR/TRAILER LOADS:
Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles.
Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.

Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.
ALWAYS stay away from tanks engulfed in fire.

For massive fire, use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles.
If this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn.

Fire Fighting Procedures of Benzene:
Approach fire from upwind to avoid hazardous vapors.
Use water spray, dry chemical, foam, or carbon dioxide.
Use water spray to keep fire-exposed containers cool.

If material on fire or involved in fire:
Do not extinguish fire unless flow can be stopped.

Use water in flooding quantities as fog.
Solid streams of water may spread fire.

Cool all affected containers with flooding quantities of water.
Apply water from as far a distance as possible.
Use foam, dry chemical, or carbon dioxide.

Suitable extinguishing media:
Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.

Advice for firefighters:
Wear self contained breathing apparatus for fire fighting if necessary.
Use water spray to cool unopened containers.

Accidental Release Measures of Benzene:

IMMEDIATE PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE:
Isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions.

LARGE SPILL:
Consider initial downwind evacuation for at least 300 meters (1000 feet).

FIRE:
If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.
Also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

Spillage Disposal of Benzene:
Remove all ignition sources.
Evacuate danger area! Consult an expert!

Personal protection:
complete protective clothing including self-contained breathing apparatus.
Do NOT wash away into sewer.

Do NOT let this chemical enter the environment.
Collect leaking and spilled liquid in sealable containers as far as possible.

Absorb remaining liquid in sand or inert absorbent.
Then store and dispose of according to local regulations.

Cleanup Methods of Benzene:
For spills on water, contain with booms or barriers, use surface acting agents to thicken spilled materials.
Remove trapped materials with suction hoses.

Small spills of benzene can be taken up by sorption on carbon or synthetic sorbent resins.
Flush area with water.

For large quantities, if response is rapid, benzene can be skimmed off the surface.
Straw may be used to mop slicks.

A high-efficiency particulate arrestor (HEPA) or charcoal filters can be used to minimize amt of carcinogen in exhausted air ventilated safety cabinets, lab hoods, glove boxes or animal rooms.
Filter housing that is designed so that used filters can be transferred into plastic bag without contaminating maintenance staff is avail commercially.

Filters should be placed in plastic bags immediately after removal.
The plastic bag should be sealed immediately.

The sealed bag should be labelled properly.
Waste liquids should be placed or collected in proper containers for disposal.

The lid should be secured & the bottles properly labelled.
Once filled, bottles should be placed in plastic bag, so that outer surface is not contaminated.

The plastic bag should also be sealed & labelled.
Broken glassware should be decontaminated by solvent extraction, by chemical destruction, or in specially designed incinerators.

Identifiers of Benzene:
CAS Number: 71-43-2
ChEBI: CHEBI:16716
ChEMBL: ChEMBL277500
ChemSpider: 236
ECHA InfoCard: 100.000.685
EC Number: 200-753-7
KEGG: C01407
PubChem CID: 241
RTECS number: CY1400000
UNII: J64922108F
CompTox Dashboard (EPA): DTXSID3039242
InChIInChI=1S/C6H6/c1-2-4-6-5-3-1/h1-6H
Key: UHOVQNZJYSORNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N
SMILES: c1ccccc1

Chemical formula: C6H6
Molar mass: 77.81 grams/mole
Melting point: 5.5oC
Boiling point: 80.1oC

Properties of Benzene:
Chemical formula: C6H6
Molar mass: 78.114 g·mol−1
Appearance: Colorless liquid
Odor: sweet aromatic
Density: 0.8765(20) g/cm3
Melting point: 5.53 °C (41.95 °F; 278.68 K)
Boiling point: 80.1 °C (176.2 °F; 353.2 K)

Solubility in water:
1.53 g/L (0 °C)
1.81 g/L (9 °C)
1.79 g/L (15 °C)
1.84 g/L (30 °C)
2.26 g/L (61 °C)
3.94 g/L (100 °C)
21.7 g/kg (200 °C, 6.5 MPa)
17.8 g/kg (200 °C, 40 MPa)

Solubility: Soluble in alcohol, CHCl3, CCl4, diethyl ether, acetone, acetic acid

Solubility in ethanediol:
5.83 g/100 g (20 °C)
6.61 g/100 g (40 °C)
7.61 g/100 g (60 °C)

Solubility in ethanol:
20 °C, solution in ethanol: 1.2 mL/L (20% v/v)

Solubility in acetone:

20 °C, solution in aceton:
7.69 mL/L (38.46% v/v)
49.4 mL/L (62.5% v/v)
Solubility in diethylene glycol: 52 g/100 g (20 °C)
log P: 2.13

Vapor pressure:
12.7 kPa (25 °C)
24.4 kPa (40 °C)
181 kPa (100 °C)[8]

Conjugate acid: Benzenium
Conjugate base: Benzenide
UV-vis (λmax): 255 nm
Magnetic susceptibility (χ): −54.8·10−6 cm3/mol

Refractive index (nD):
1.5011 (20 °C)
1.4948 (30 °C)

Viscosity:
0.7528 cP (10 °C)
0.6076 cP (25 °C)
0.4965 cP (40 °C)
0.3075 cP (80 °C)

Molecular Weight: 78.11
XLogP3: 2.1
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 0
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 0
Rotatable Bond Count: 0
Exact Mass: 78.0469501914
Monoisotopic Mass: 78.0469501914
Topological Polar Surface Area: 0 Ų
Heavy Atom Count: 6
Complexity: 15.5
Isotope Atom Count: 0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 1
Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes

Structure of Benzene:
Molecular shape: Trigonal planar
Dipole moment: 0 D

Thermochemistry of Benzene:
Heat capacity (C): 134.8 J/mol·K
Std molar entropy (S⦵298): 173.26 J/mol·K[8]
Std enthalpy of formation (ΔfH⦵298): 48.7 kJ/mol
Std enthalpy of combustion (ΔcH⦵298): -3267.6 kJ/mol[8]

Related Compounds of Benzene:
Toluene
Borazine

Names of Benzene:

Regulatory process names:
Benzene
BENZENE
Benzene (Cyclohexatriene)
Benzène

Translated names:
benceno (es)
Benseen (et)
Bentseeni (fi)
benzeen (nl)
benzen (cs)
benzen (da)
benzen (hr)
benzen (no)
benzen (pl)
benzen (ro)
benzen (sl)
benzen (sv)
benzenas (lt)
benzene (it)
benzeno (pt)
Benzol (de)
benzol (hu)
benzols (lv)
benzène (fr)
benzén (sk)
βενζόλιο (el)
бензен (bg)

CAS name:
Benzene

IUPAC names:
BENZENE
Benzene
benzene
BENZENE
Benzene
benzene
Benzene / EC: 200-753-7
Benzene-1,3-diamine
Benzol
Benzol
Petroleum benzene

Trade names:
Annülene
Benceno
Benzen ropný
Benzene
benzene
Benzene (8CI, 9CI)
Benzene - E
Benzene SP
Benzol
Benzole
Coal naphtha
Cyclohexatriene
Petrobenzene
Petroleum benzene
Phene
Phenyl hydride
Pur Benzene
Pure benzene
Pyrobenzol
Pyrobenzole
Reinbenzol

Other names:
Benzol (historic/German)
Phenane
Phenylene hydride
Cyclohexa-1,3,5-triene; 1,3,5-Cyclohexatriene (theoretical resonance isomers)
Annulene
Phene (historic)

Synonyms of Benzene:
benzene
benzol
71-43-2
Cyclohexatriene
benzole
Pyrobenzole
Benzine
Benzen
Phenyl hydride
Coal naphtha
Pyrobenzol
Phene
Mineral naphtha
Bicarburet of hydrogen
Benzolene
Benzin
[6]Annulene
Motor benzol
Benzeen
Benzolo
Fenzen
Nitration benzene
(6)Annulene
Benzol 90
NCI-C55276
Rcra waste number U019
Benzinum
1,3,5-cyclohexatriene
NSC 67315
UN 1114
CHEBI:16716
phenylmanganese iodide
CHEMBL277500
MFCD00003009
NSC-67315
J64922108F
Benzeen [Dutch]
Benzen [Polish]
Fenzen [Czech]
Benzolo [Italian]
BNZ
Benzine (Obs.)
Benzin (Obs.)
Caswell No. 077
Benzene 100 microg/mL in Methanol
Benzene, ACS reagent, >=99.0%
Benzene, pure
CCRIS 70
54682-86-9
HSDB 35
62485-97-6
EINECS 200-753-7
UN1114
benzene,iodomanganese(1+)
EPA Pesticide Chemical Code 008801
Benzolum
Benzene (including benzene from gasoline)
p-benzene
benzene-
AI3-00808
C6H6
26181-88-4
1hyz
1swi
UNII-J64922108F
[6]-annulene
Benzene ACS Grade
Benzene, for HPLC
{[6]Annulene}
Ph-H
Phenyl; Phenyl Radical
2z9g
4i7j
BENZENE [VANDF]
BENZINUM [HPUS]
Benzene + aniline combo
BENZENE [HSDB]
BENZENE [IARC]
BENZENE (BENZOL)
BENZENE [MI]
BENZENE [MART.]
Benzene, labeled with carbon-14 and tritium
WLN: RH
BENZENE [USP-RS]
BENZENE [WHO-DD]
Epitope ID:116867
Benzene, purification grade
EC 200-753-7
Benzene, analytical standard
Benzene, LR, >=99%
ghl.PD_Mitscher_leg0.503
Benzene, anhydrous, 99.8%
Benzene, AR, >=99.5%
DTXSID3039242
3,4-DNH
1l83
220l
223l
Benzene 10 microg/mL in Methanol
ZINC967532
trans-N-Methylphenylcyclopropylamine
ACT02832
BCP26158
Benzene 20 microg/mL in Triacetin
Benzene, for HPLC, >=99.8%
Benzene, for HPLC, >=99.9%
NSC67315
Tox21_202487
1,3-Cyclohexadiene-5,6-diylradical
BDBM50167939
BM 613
STL264205
Benzene 5000 microg/mL in Methanol
Benzene, purum, >=99.0% (GC)
AKOS008967253
Benzene, SAJ first grade, >=99.0%
CAS-71-43-2
ACETONE IMPURITY C [EP IMPURITY]
Benzene [UN1114] [Flammable liquid]
Benzene, JIS special grade, >=99.5%
erythro-Phenyl-2-piperidyl-carbinol,(-)
NCGC00090744-01
NCGC00090744-02
NCGC00163890-01
NCGC00163890-02
NCGC00260036-01
trans-N, N-Dimethylphenylcyclopropylamine
Cc-34,(+/-)
RNG
DS-002542
B0020
FT-0622636
FT-0622637
FT-0622667
FT-0627856
FT-0657604
Q0038
Q2270
Benzene 30 microg/mL in N,N-Dimethylacetamide
Benzene, ACS spectrophotometric grade, >=99%
C01407
Benzene, ReagentPlus(R), thiophene free, >=99%
Benzene, puriss. p.a., Reag. Ph. Eur., >=99.7%
Q26841227
BIPERIDEN HYDROCHLORIDE IMPURITY F [EP IMPURITY]
Benzene, Pharmaceutical Secondary Standard; Certified Reference Material
Benzene, puriss., absolute, over molecular sieve (H2O <=0.005%), >=99.5% (GC)
25053-22-9
200-753-7 [EINECS]
71-43-2 [RN]
benzeen [Dutch]
Benzen [Czech]
Benzen [German]
Benzen [Turkish]
Benzene [ACD/Index Name] [ACD/IUPAC Name] [Wiki]
Benzène [French] [ACD/IUPAC Name]
Benzeno [Portuguese]
Benzine
Benzol [German] [ACD/IUPAC Name]
Benzolo [Italian]
MFCD00003009 [MDL number]
MFCD00198116 [MDL number]
Annulene
Benceno [Spanish] [ACD/IUPAC Name]
Benzinum
Benzolum
Bnz
(1,2,3,5-2H4)Benzene [ACD/IUPAC Name]
(2H)Benzene
(6)annulene
14941-52-7 [RN]
14941-53-8 [RN]
1684-46-4 [RN]
19467-24-4 [RN]
200-753-7MFCD00003009
462-80-6 [RN]
BENZENE (1,3,5-D3)
Benzene, anhydrous, ACS
Benzene-1,2,4,5-d4
Benzene-1,2,4-d3
Benzene-1,2-d2
Benzene-1,3-d2
Benzene-1,4-d2
Benzene-d2-1
Benzin
benzole
Benzolene
Phene
phenyl hydride
Pyrobenzol
Pyrobenzole
WLN: RH

N° CAS : 85536-14-7; LAB sulpohonic acid, Alkylbenzene sulfonic acid; LABSA; LABSA (Linear Alkylbenzene Sulphonic Acid); Linear alkyl benzene sulfonic acid; Linear Alkyl benzene Sulphonic acid;Linear alkylbenzene sulfonate; Linear Alkylbenzene Sulfonic Acid; Linear alkylbenzene sulphonic acid; Linear alkylbenzenesulphonic acidBENZENESULFONIC ACID, 4-C10-13-SEC-ALKYL DERIVS., Benzenesulfonic acid, 4-C10-13-sec-alkyl derivs.2-Dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid ; 248-289-4 [EINECS]; 2-Dodecylbenzolsulfonsäure [German] ; 47221-31-8 [RN]; Acide 2-dodécylbenzènesulfonique [French] ; Benzenesulfonic acid, 2-dodecyl- ; benzenesulfonic acid, dodecyl-; dodecyl benzene sulfonic acid; dodecyl benzenesulfonic acid; dodecylbenzene sulfonic acid Dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid; Dodecylbenzenesulphonic acid; LAURYLBENZENESULFONIC ACID; laurylbenzenesulphonic acid; n-dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid; O-DODECYLBENZENESULFONIC ACID; 2-dodecylbenzene-1-sulfonic acid; 2-dodecylbenzenesulfonicacid; 2-dodecylbenzenesulphonic acid; 2-laurylbenzenesulfonic acid; LABSA; : 2-Dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid; 4-(tridecan-3-yl)benzene-1-sulfonic acid; 4-Alkylbenzenesulfonic acid; Alkylbenzene C10-C13 sec , sulfonation product with sulphur trioxide; Benzenesulfonic acid Benzenesulfonic acid, 4-C1-13-sec-alkyl derivs. Benzenesulfonic Acid, 4-C10-13-Sec-Alkyl Derivatives Benzenesulfonic acid, 4-C10-13-sec-alkyl derivs Benzenesulfonic acid, 4-C10-13-sec-alkyl derivs.. Benzenesulfonic acid, 4-C10-13-sec-alkyl derivs.H Benzesulfonic acid, 4-C10-13-sec-alkyl derivs. Dodecylbenzene sulfonic acid, mixture of C10-C13 isomers Dodecylbenzene sulphonic acid

Benzenemonosulfonic acid; Phenylsulfonic acid; Benzolsulfonsäure; ácido bencenosulfónico; Acide benzenesulfonique; Benzene Sulphonic acid; Besylic acid; BENZENESULPHONIC ACID; BL70; 17-120a; acidebenzenesulfonique; Benzenemonosulfonic acid; benzenemonosulfonicacid; Benzenesulfonicacid(40%solu; Besylic acid; besylicacid; Kyselina benzensulfonova; kyselinabenzensulfonova; BENZENESULFONIC ACID 90% TECHNICAL GRADE; BENZENE SULFONIC ACID TECHNICAL GRADE; BENZOLSULFONSAEURE; BENZENESULFONIC ACID SOLUTION 70% IN WA; BENZENESULFONIC ACID, TECH., 90%; BENZENESULFONIC ACID SOLUTION 30-35%; BENZENESULFONIC ACID, 98+%; BENZENESULFONIC ACID,PRACTICAL GRADE 90-95% CAS NO:98-11-3

Benzene-1,4-diol = Hydroquinone = 1,4-Benzenediol = HQ = 1,4-Dihydroxybenzene

CAS Number: 123-31-9
EC Number: 204-617-8
Chemical formula: C6H6O2
Molar mass: 110.112 g·mol−1

Benzene-1,4-diol, also known as Hydroquinone or quinol, is an aromatic organic compound that is a type of phenol, a derivative of benzene, having the chemical formula C6H4(OH)2.
Benzene-1,4-diol has two hydroxyl groups bonded to a benzene ring in a para position.
Benzene-1,4-diol is a white granular solid.
Substituted derivatives of this parent compound are also referred to as Benzene-1,4-diols.
The name "Benzene-1,4-diol" was coined by Friedrich Wöhler in 1843

Benzene-1,4-diol is applied to the the skin to lighten areas that have darkened.
Benzene-1,4-diol also contain sunscreens.
Benzene-1,4-diol is an organic chemical that is normally produced industrially and has a very similar structure to the precursors of Melanin.
The most common use of Benzene-1,4-diol is in skin lightening products, although it can also be used in a technique for developing black and white photos.
Benzene-1,4-diol is the most commonly prescribed depigmenting agent worldwide.

Benzene-1,4-diol is a topical skin-bleaching agent used in the cosmetic treatment of hyperpigmented skin conditions.
The effect of skin lightening caused by hydroquinone is reversible when exposed to sunlight and therefore requires regular use until desired results are achieved.
Various preparations of Benzene-1,4-diol is available including creams, emulsions, gels, lotions and solutions.
Benzene-1,4-diol is available over the counter in a 2% cream and can be prescribed by your dermatologist in higher concentrations.

Mechanism of Benzene-1,4-diol:
Benzene-1,4-diol produces reversible lightening of the skin by interfering with melanin production by the melanocytes.
Specifically, inhibition of the enzymatic conversion of tyrosine to DOPA (dihydroxyphenylalanine) results in the desired chemical reduction of pigment.
Ultimately, this causes a decrease in the number of melanocytes and decreased transfer of melanin leading to lighter skin.

Uses of Benzene-1,4-diol:
Popularized by Benzene-1,4-diols usage as a photo-developer, hydroquinone can be used in any condition causing hyperpigmentation.
Common conditions of Benzene-1,4-diol include melasma, freckles, lentigines, age spots and acne scars.
Skin sensitivity to Benzene-1,4-diol may be determined before treatment by applying a small amount of cream to the hyperpigmented area and noting any redness or itching.
If no reaction occurs, initiate treatment.
As a general rule, always ensure the area is clean and dry then apply a thin film to the lesion and rub it into the skin well.
Hands should be washed after the application to avoid unwanted lightening of the fingers.

To maintain the desired affect, Benzene-1,4-diol should be used concurrently with a strong sunscreen.
Many preparations of Benzene-1,4-diol is available as a combination product.
Lightening of the skin should be noticed within 4 weeks of initiation, if no change is seen in 3 months, contact your dermatologist for further recommendations.

Benzene-1,4-diol is a chemical that a person can use to lighten their skin tone.
Benzene-1,4-diol is available as a cream, gel, lotion, or emulsion.
Benzene-1,4-diol is generally safe to use, but some people may experience side effects, such as dry skin.

Benzene-1,4-diol is a chemical that bleaches the skin.
Benzene-1,4-diol can come as a cream, emulsion, gel, or lotion.
A person can apply Benzene-1,4-diol directly to the skin.
Creams that contain 2% Benzene-1,4-diol are available to buy over the counter in most drugstores.
Stronger creams are available with a prescription from a doctor.
People may use Benzene-1,4-diol as a form of treatment for hyperpigmentation skin conditions, wherein some areas of skin grow darker than surrounding areas.

Some conditions that people may use Benzene-1,4-diol for include:
-Benzene-1,4-diol and Melasma
-People with melasma have brown or gray-brown patches on their skin.
-These patches tend to develop on the face, such as the cheeks or nose.
-They can also appear on areas of skin with high sun exposure, such as the forearms and neck.

Benzene-1,4-diol and Freckles:
Freckles are darker spots or patches that usually occur in fair skin.
Benzene-1,4-diol can become more noticeable with exposure to sunlight.

Benzene-1,4-diol and Lentigines:
Lentigines, or age spots, develop on areas of skin with the highest sun exposure.
For example, Benzene-1,4-diol can appear on the face or the backs of the hands.
They tend to be flat, dark, and between 0.2 centimeters (cm) and 2 cm in width.

Benzene-1,4-diol and acne scars:
Excess oil, dead skin cells, and bacteria can build up in skin pores and cause acne.
The body tries to repair the damage, but sometimes, it leaves scars.

Other uses of Benzene-1,4-diol:
Some people may want to lighten their skin for cosmetic reasons.
Benzene-1,4-diol can have benefits for confidence and self-esteem.
Benzene-1,4-diol is important to note that the above conditions are all harmless.

How does Benzene-1,4-diol work?
Melanin is a pigment that gives the skin and hair their color.
Benzene-1,4-diol is responsible for freckles and other dark patches on the skin.
Melanin is made by melanocytes, which are cells present in the skin and other parts of the body.
When a person applies Benzene-1,4-diol to the skin, it reduces the number of melanocytes.
Fewer melanocytes means that the body produces less melanin in the treated area.
The skin usually appears lighter within about 4 weeks.
Exposure to sunlight reverses the effects of hydroquinone.
Doctors recommend that people who use this product also use a strong sunscreen.

Benzene-1,4-diol is known to inhibit melanogenesis both in vitro and in vivo.
In this study, 2% and 5% Benzene-1,4-diol creams were topically applied to the hyperpigmented skin of 56 patients.
Benzene-1,4-diol was a moderately effective depigmenting agent in 80% of cases.
The 2% cream appeared to be as effective therapeutically as the 5% cream and to evoke untoward side effects (primary irritation) much less often.
Therapy with topically applied Benzene-1,4-diol did not lead to complete disappearance of pathological hypermelanosis, but results were satisfactory enough to help most patients become less self-conscious about their pigmentary abnormalities.

Benzene-1,4-diol production:
Benzene-1,4-diol is produced industrially by two main routes.
The most widely use of Benzene-1,4-diol route is similar to the cumene process in reaction mechanism and involves the dialkylation of benzene with propene to give 1,4-diisopropylbenzene.
This compound reacts with air to afford the bis(hydroperoxide), which is structurally similar to cumene hydroperoxide and rearranges in acid to give acetone and hydroquinone.
A second route involves hydroxylation of phenol over a catalyst.

Benzene-1,4-diol topical (for the skin) is used to lighten areas of darkened skin such as freckles, age spots, melasma (sun damage), or chloasma (darkened skin caused by hormonal changes).
Benzene-1,4-diol topical may also be used for purposes not listed in this medication guide.

The conversion uses hydrogen peroxide and affords a mixture of hydroquinone and catechol (benzene-1,2-diol):
C6H5OH + H2O2 → C6H4(OH)2 + H2O

Other, less common methods include:
A potentially significant synthesis of hydroquinone from acetylene and iron pentacarbonyl has been proposed.
Iron pentacarbonyl serves as a catalyst, rather than as a reagent, in the presence of free carbon monoxide gas.
Rhodium or ruthenium can substitute for iron as the catalyst with favorable chemical yields but are not typically used due to their cost of recovery from the reaction mixture.
Benzene-1,4-diol and its derivatives can also be prepared by oxidation of various phenols.

Examples include Elbs persulfate oxidation and Dakin oxidation:
Benzene-1,4-diol was first obtained in 1820 by the French chemists Pelletier and Caventou via the dry distillation of quinic acid.

Benzene-1,4-diol Reactions:
The reactivity of Benzene-1,4-diol's hydroxyl groups resembles that of other phenols, being weakly acidic.
The resulting conjugate base undergoes easy O-alkylation to give mono- and diethers.
Similarly, Benzene-1,4-diol is highly susceptible to ring substitution by Friedel–Crafts reactions such as alkylation.
This reaction is exploited en route to popular antioxidants such as 2-tert-butyl-4-methoxyphenol (BHA).
The useful dye quinizarin is produced by diacylation of Benzene-1,4-diol with phthalic anhydride.

Redox:
Benzene-1,4-diol undergoes oxidation under mild conditions to give benzoquinone.
This process of Benzene-1,4-diol can be reversed.
Some naturally occurring Benzene-1,4-diol derivatives exhibit this sort of reactivity, one example being coenzyme Q.
Industrially this reaction is exploited both with Benzene-1,4-diol itself but more often with its derivatives where one OH has been replaced by an amine.
When colorless Benzene-1,4-diol and benzoquinone, a bright yellow solid, are cocrystallized in a 1:1 ratio, a dark-green crystalline charge-transfer complex (melting point 171 °C) called quinhydrone (C6H6O2·C6H4O2) is formed.
Benzene-1,4-diol dissolves in hot water, where the two molecules dissociate in solution.

Amination:
An important reaction is the conversion of Benzene-1,4-diol to the mono- and diamine derivatives.
Methylaminophenol, used in photography, is produced in this way:
C6H4(OH)2 + CH3NH2 → HOC6H4NHCH3 + H2O
Similarly diamines, useful in the rubber industry as antiozone agents, are produced similarly from aniline:
C6H4(OH)2 + 2 C6H5NH2 → C6H4(N(H)C6H5)2 + 2 H2O

Benzene-1,4-diol uses:
Benzene-1,4-diol has a variety of uses principally associated with its action as a reducing agent that is soluble in water.
Benzene-1,4-diol is a major component in most black and white photographic developers for film and paper where, with the compound metol, it reduces silver halides to elemental silver.
There are various other uses associated with its reducing power.
As a polymerisation inhibitor, exploiting its antioxidant properties, Benzene-1,4-diol prevents polymerization of acrylic acid, methyl methacrylate, cyanoacrylate, and other monomers that are susceptible to radical-initiated polymerization.
By acting as a free radical scavenger, Benzene-1,4-diol serves to prolong the shelflife of light-sensitive resins such as preceramic polymers.
Benzene-1,4-diol can lose a hydrogen cation from both hydroxyl groups to form a diphenolate ion.
The disodium diphenolate salt of Benzene-1,4-diol is used as an alternating comonomer unit in the production of the polymer PEEK.

Skin depigmentation:
Benzene-1,4-diol is used as a topical application in skin whitening to reduce the color of skin.
Benzene-1,4-diol does not have the same predisposition to cause dermatitis as metol does.

While using Benzene-1,4-diol as a lightening agent can be effective with proper use, it can also cause skin sensitivity.
Using Benzene-1,4-diol a daily sunscreen with a high PPD (persistent pigment darkening) rating reduces the risk of further damage.
Benzene-1,4-diol is sometimes combined with alpha-hydroxy acids that exfoliate the skin to quicken the lightening process.
In the United States, topical treatments usually contain up to 2% in Benzene-1,4-diol.
Otherwise, higher concentrations (up to 4%) should be prescribed and used with caution.
While Benzene-1,4-diol remains widely prescribed for treatment of hyperpigmentation, questions raised about its safety profile by regulatory agencies in the EU, Japan, and USA encourage the search for other agents with comparable efficacy.
Several such agents are already available or under research, including azelaic acid, kojic acid, retinoids, cysteamine, topical steroids, glycolic acid, and other substances.
One of these, 4-butylresorcinol, has been proven to be more effective at treating melanin-related skin disorders by a wide margin, as well as safe enough to be made available over the counter.

What Is Benzene-1,4-diol?
Benzene-1,4-diol is the common name for the ingredient 1,4-dihydroxybenzene, and may be used safely in a variety of cosmetics.

Why is Benzene-1,4-diol used in cosmetics and personal care products?
Benzene-1,4-diol is used in cosmetics as an antioxidant, fragrance ingredient and oxidizing agent in hair dyes.
Benzene-1,4-diol may also be used as a stabilizer that inhibits the polymerization of the adhesive in artificial nails.

Natural occurrences:
Benzene-1,4-diols are one of the two primary reagents in the defensive glands of bombardier beetles, along with hydrogen peroxide (and perhaps other compounds, depending on the species), which collect in a reservoir.
The reservoir opens through a muscle-controlled valve onto a thick-walled reaction chamber.
This chamber is lined with cells that secrete catalases and peroxidases.
When the contents of the reservoir are forced into the reaction chamber, the catalases and peroxidases rapidly break down the hydrogen peroxide and catalyze the oxidation of the hydroquinones into p-quinones.
These reactions release free oxygen and generate enough heat to bring the mixture to the boiling point and vaporize about a fifth of it, producing a hot spray from the beetle's abdomen.
Farnesyl Benzene-1,4-diol derivatives are the principal irritants exuded by the poodle-dog bush, which can cause severe contact dermatitis in humans.
Benzene-1,4-diol is thought to be the active toxin in Agaricus hondensis mushrooms.
Benzene-1,4-diol has been shown to be one of the chemical constituents of the natural product propolis.
Benzene-1,4-diol is also one of the chemical compounds found in castoreum.
This compound is gathered from the beaver's castor sacs.
In bearberry (Arctostaphylos uva-ursi), arbutin is converted to Benzene-1,4-diol.

What is Benzene-1,4-diol?
Benzene-1,4-diol is an organic compound that can be found naturally in different fungi, plants and animals but was first synthetically produced in the 1800s for the purposes of developing black and white photography.
Later on, in the beginning of the 20th century, the effects of Benzene-1,4-diol on the skin as a melanin inhibitor, and antioxidant were discovered and the ingredient was put to use in topical skincare.
For the last 50+ years, Benzene-1,4-diol has been the gold standard for dark spot correcting and recommended by a number of board-certified dermatologists including SLMD founder, Dr. Sandra Lee, for reducing the appearance of pigmentation resulting from acne, melasma, and sun exposure.
Misinformation and confusion has caused Benzene-1,4-diol to become a controversial ingredient, but we’re here to set the record straight and share the right info with you!

IS Benzene-1,4-diol DANGEROUS?
The first misconception that Benzene-1,4-diol is dangerous stemmed from a controversy in South Africa, in 1980, after they identified products containing Hydroquinone to be hazardous.
As a result, South Africa placed a ban on the ingredient, and Japan, EU and Australia followed suit.
However, further research uncovered that these products they identified as hazardous also contained mercury and other illegal contaminants.
Therefore, there was no substantial evidence that the reason for this toxicity was due to the Benzene-1,4-diol, and plenty more research upholds Hydroquinone to be safe and effective when used topically!
A skin disorder known as exogenous ochronosis, which causes skin to darken with blue-black pigmentation, has been linked to the use of prescription strength Hydroquinone chronically (long-term) and at very high percentages.
Benzene-1,4-diol is important to note that this occurrence is very rare — there have been less than 40 cases recorded in the US.
For this reason, when using prescription strength HQs, dermatologists will recommend that after a couple months of use you take a break from the product before continuing your treatment.
Similarly, there has been no evidence or study that indicates that use of a topical Benzene-1,4-diol causes cancer in humans.
It is true that Benzene-1,4-diol should not be ingested orally in high doses, but as it's manufactured in its powdered form for topical skincare, it's a very stable, safe ingredient!

HOW DOES Benzene-1,4-diol WORK?
Benzene-1,4-diol works to reduce the appearance of dark spots over time by decreasing the production of melanin (the protein that gives your skin pigment) and increasing the breakdown of melanocytes (the cells that create melanin).
This works because Benzene-1,4-diol prevents the activity of tyrosinase, the enzyme needed to make melanin.
Melanin is a natural function of our skin — it’s how we get the pigment in our skin, eyes, and hair, but it becomes problematic when Melanocytes (which sit in the Dermis layer of our skin) are stimulated to release extra melanin that form dark spots on the top layer of our skin.
This process can be triggered by UV exposure and trauma (from picking at your skin).
Benzene-1,4-diol also has some antioxidant properties that help protect the skin from UV damage and brighten complexion.
Because Benzene-1,4-diol functions on the cell-level, it requires consistent use to see results — it is not bleaching your skin over time, just making the melanin production of your skin more even.

Benzene-1,4-diol’s safety has been assessed by the Cosmetic Ingredient Review (CIR) Expert Panel on four separate occasions since 1986.
CIR concluded that Benzene-1,4-diol is safe at concentrations of ≤ 1% in cosmetic formulations designed for discontinuous, brief use followed by rinsing from the skin and hair.
In addition, Benzene-1,4-diol is safe for use as a polymerization inhibitor in nail adhesives and in artificial nail coatings that are cured by LED light.
However, Benzene-1,4-diol is not safe for use in other leave-on cosmetic products.

What is Benzene-1,4-diol?
Benzene-1,4-diol is a skin-lightening agent.
Benzene-1,4-diol bleaches the skin, which can be helpful when treating different forms of hyperpigmentation.
Historically, there’s been some back-and-forth on the safety of Benzene-1,4-diol.
In 1982, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration recognized the ingredient as safe and effectiveTrusted Source.
Several years later, concerns about safety prompted retailers to pull Benzene-1,4-diol from the market.
The FDA went on to discover that many of the products in question contained contaminants like mercury.
They established that these contaminants were behind reports of adverse effects.
Since then, the FDA has confirmed that Benzene-1,4-diol can be safely sold over the counter (OTC) in 2 percent concentrations.
Read on to learn more about how it works, who might benefit from use, products to try, and more.

How does Benzene-1,4-diol work?
Benzene-1,4-diol bleaches your skin by decreasing the number of melanocytes present.
Melanocytes make melanin, which is what produces your skin tone.
In cases of hyperpigmentation, more melanin is present due to an increase in melanocyte production.
By controlling these melanocytes, your skin will become more evenly toned over time.
Benzene-1,4-diol takes about four weeks on average for the ingredient to take effect.
Benzene-1,4-diol may take several months of consistent use before you see full results.
If you don’t see any improvements within three months of OTC use, talk to your dermatologist.
They may be able to recommend a prescription-strength formula better suited to your needs.

What is Benzene-1,4-diol topical?
Benzene-1,4-diol decreases the formation of melanin in the skin.
Melanin is the pigment in skin that gives it a brown color.
Benzene-1,4-diol topical is used to lighten areas of darkened skin such as freckles, age spots, Chloasma, and Melasma.
Benzene-1,4-diol works by inhibiting an enzyme reaction in skin cells.

How should I use Benzene-1,4-diol topical?
Do not use Benzene-1,4-diol topical on skin that is sunburned, dry, chapped, or irritated, or on an open wound.
Benzene-1,4-diol could make these conditions worse.
Discontinue use if excessive irritation develops.
Apply the medication to clean, dry skin.
Dispense a pea size amount on the back of your hand, apply to cheeks, forehead and then to chin.
Blend in the product to cover face.
Avoid the corners of the mouth and nose; these areas can be irritated easily.
Apply to the affected area(s) morning and night.
For Melasma, once the discoloration has resolved or adequately faded, you may either discontinue use or continue weekly maintenance.
Benzene-1,4-diol may take 3 months or more to see improvements.
For Lentigines, use the creams for a maximum of 3 months.

What skin conditions can benefit from Benzene-1,4-diol?
Benzene-1,4-diol is used to treat skin conditions related to hyperpigmentation.

Benzene-1,4-diol includes:
-acne scars
-age spots
-freckles
-melasma
-post-inflammatory marks from psoriasis and eczema

Although hydroquinone can help fade red or brown spots that have lingered, Benzene-1,4-diol won’t help with active inflammation.
For example, Benzene-1,4-diol can help minimize acne scarring, but Benzene-1,4-diol won’t have an effect on redness from active breakouts.

What do I need to tell my doctor BEFORE I take Benzene-1,4-diol?
If you have an allergy to Benzene-1,4-diol or any other part of Benzene-1,4-diol.
If you are allergic to Benzene-1,4-diol; any part of hydroquinone; or any other drugs, foods, or substances.
Tell your doctor about the allergy and what signs you had.
Benzene-1,4-diol may interact with other drugs or health problems.

What is Benzene-1,4-diol?
Benzene-1,4-diol is a topical cream that is used to lighten dark patches of the skin (also called hyperpigmentation).
Benzene-1,4-diol is available as a prescription alone and as a combination cream containing a topical steroid and a topical retinoid.
In some countries, including the United States, Benzene-1,4-diol is available over the counter, most often in a 2-3% formulation.

What is Benzene-1,4-diol used for?
Benzene-1,4-diol is used to lighten dark patches of the skin.
These dark spots can be related or triggered by many factors including pregnancy, birth control pills, inflammation, and injury to the skin.
The most common use is for melasma, a condition in which people develop dark patches on the face and other areas of skin, such as the arms.

How is Benzene-1,4-diol used?
Safe use of Benzene-1,4-diol includes using it under the supervision of a dermatologist.
Benzene-1,4-diol should be applied only to the affected darkened areas of skin to avoid lightening of normal skin.
Benzene-1,4-diol should not be used for extended periods of time as it can cause a paradoxical darkening.
Cycling of use with breaks is recommended to limit overuse and the side effect known as exogenous ochronosis.

What else do I need to know about Benzene-1,4-diol?
Benzene-1,4-diol is an out of pocket expense as insurance will not cover this medication.
If using Benzene-1,4-diol to treat melasma, Benzene-1,4-diol should be used in combination with a broad-spectrum sunscreen SPF 30 or higher daily.
Sunscreen should be applied to the affected areas after Benzene-1,4-diol to avoid relapse of the condition.
Dark areas may recur if the cream is discontinued but this is less likely happen if sun protective measures are followed.

Tell your doctor and pharmacist about all of your drugs (prescription or OTC, natural products, vitamins) and health problems.
You must check to make sure that it is safe for you to take hydroquinone with all of your drugs and health problems.
Do not start, stop, or change the dose of any drug without checking with your doctor.

Benzene-1,4-diol cream is the standard depigmentation or skin lightening agent.
Clinically Benzene-1,4-diol is used to treat areas of dyschromia, such as in melasma, chloasma, solar lentigines, freckles, and post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation.
This activity outlines the indications, mechanism of action, methods of administration, important adverse effects, contraindications, and monitoring of Benzene-1,4-diol, so providers can direct patient therapy to optimal outcomes in conditions where it is indicated.

What is Benzene-1,4-diol?
Benzene-1,4-diol also known as tocopheryl acetate, hydroquinone is found in skin-lightening creams, serums, cleansers, and moisturizers.
"Benzene-1,4-diol is a topical skin treatment for melasma, freckles, age and sun spots, and even acne scars," Shafer says.
"Benzene-1,4-diol is used in combination with other acne products such as Retin-A, hydroquinone can help dramatically improve skin complexion.
"Shamban adds to this, reporting that Benzene-1,4-diol can also be used to lighten up freckles as well as post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation, which is usually seen after an injury such as a burn or inflammatory acne.

While Benzene-1,4-diol is effective at lightening spots, the results aren't immediate.
Benzene-1,4-diol may take a matter of weeks (or months) before results are discernible to the naked eye.
"Patients need to understand that the treatment is working at the cellular level to reduce the production of pigment," Shafer explains.
"So the effects take several weeks to realize.
As the old skin sheds and new skin is produced, the amount of pigment will be less, leading to a more even skin tone."

Benefits of Benzene-1,4-diol for Skin
Benzene-1,4-diol has several benefits for the skin.
Lightens dark spots (hyperpigmentation): Benzene-1,4-diol is one of the most effective ingredients to lighten hyperpigmentation.
"If you have dark areas from melasma, age spots, or brown spots left from acne, Benzene-1,4-diol helps by decreasing the formation of melanin in the skin (the pigment in the skin that gives it a dark color)," says Buttiglione.
Ng adds: "To date, Benzene-1,4-diol is considered the topical gold standard in dermatology for reducing hyperpigmentation."
Evens out skin tone: Because Benzene-1,4-diol lightens certain areas of the skin that are darkened, the end result is a more balanced, even complexion.

Treats melasma: "Benzene-1,4-diol serves as the backbone of any treatment for a wide variety of conditions, including melasma," notes Shamban.
"Melasma, which is manifested by patches of darker skin typically on the forehead, cheeks, and upper lip, often runs in families and is triggered by UV and visible light exposure often in combination with hormonal shifts such as birth control pills, pregnancy or hormone replacement therapy."
Benzene-1,4-diol can help rectify the side effects of melasma.

What do I do if I miss a dose?
-Put on a missed dose as soon as you think about Benzene-1,4-diol.
-If Benzene-1,4-diol is close to the time for your next dose, skip the missed dose and go back to your normal time.
-Do not put Benzene-1,4-diol on 2 doses or extra doses.

Preferred IUPAC name:
Benzene-1,4-diol

What is Benzene-1,4-diol?
Benzene-1,4-diol (hahy droh kwi NOHN) is applied to the the skin to lighten areas that have darkened.
Some products also contain sunscreens.
Benzene-1,4-diol may be used for other purposes; ask your health care provider or pharmacist if you have questions.

What should I tell my health care provider before I take Benzene-1,4-diol?
They need to know if you have any of these conditions:
-an unusual or allergic reaction to Benzene-1,4-diol, sunscreens, other medicines, foods, dyes, or preservatives
-pregnant or trying to get pregnant
-breast-feeding

How should I use Benzene-1,4-diol?
Benzene-1,4-diol is for external use only.
Do not take Benzene-1,4-diol by mouth.
Follow the directions on the prescription label.
Wash your hands before and after applying Hydroquinone.
Make sure the skin is clean and dry.
Apply Benzene-1,4-diol just enough to cover the affected area.
Rub in gently but completely.
Do not apply Benzene-1,4-diol near the eyes, mouth, or other areas of sensitive skin.
If accidental contact occurs, large amounts of water should be used to wash the affected area.
If the eyes are involved and eye irritation persists after thoroughly washing, contact your doctor.
If you are using other skin medicines, apply them at different times of the day.
Do not use Benzene-1,4-diol more often than directed.
Talk to your pediatrician regarding the use of Benzene-1,4-diol in children.
Special care may be needed.

Overdosage: If you think you have taken too much of Benzene-1,4-diol contact a poison control center or emergency room at once.

NOTE:
Benzene-1,4-diol is only for you.
Do not share Benzene-1,4-diol with others.

What may interact with Benzene-1,4-diol?
benzoyl peroxide
This list may not describe all possible interactions.
Give your health care provider a list of all the medicines, herbs, non-prescription drugs, or dietary supplements you use.
Also tell them if you smoke, drink alcohol, or use illegal drugs.
Some items may interact with Benzene-1,4-diol.

Benzene-1,4-diol, the major benzene metabolite, is a ubiquitous chemical in the environment due to its widespread application in human and industrial activities.
Benzene-1,4-diol can be used as a developing agent in photography, dye intermediate, stabilizer in paints, varnishes oils, and motor fuels.
In addition, Benzene-1,4-diol has been used as an antioxidant in the rubber and food industry.
From 1950s to 2001 Benzene-1,4-diol was applied in the commercially available cosmetic skin lightening formulations in European Union countries and since 1960s it was commercially available as a medical product.
Benzene-1,4-diol is also present in cosmetic formulations of products for coating finger nails and hair dyes.
On the other hand, Benzene-1,4-diol can be a component of high molecular aromatic compounds (e.g., resin), an intermediate, or appear as a degradation product generated by transformation of aromatic compounds.
Advanced oxidation processes (APOs) of aromatic compounds, particularly of phenol, yield several benzene derivatives, such as hydroquinone, catechol, and resorcinol, as intermediate metabolites of its transformation.
The formation of Benzene-1,4-diol and -benzoquinone at early stages of phenol oxidation increases the toxicity of phenol wastewaters, showing that these compounds were more toxic and less degradable than the original pollutant.
Meanwhile, in the oxidative degradation of Benzene-1,4-diol under a supercritical condition (409.9°C and 24.5 MPa) and subcritical condition (359.9°C and 24.5 MPa), -benzoquinone was to be an important intermediate.
Despite the toxic properties, a number of microorganisms can utilize Benzene-1,4-diol, especially under aerobic conditions, which has led to the development of low-cost treatment of polluted effluents.
The chemical method applied conventionally to the treatment of industrial wastewater used FeSO4 and H2O2; however, the application of this technology generates ferric sulfate, which enables recycled reactants.
Therefore, biological transformations are generally preferred for being considered as more economical and environmentally friendly.

What should I watch for while using Benzene-1,4-diol?
Contact your doctor or health care professional if your condition does not improve in the first two months or if you experience too much skin irritation.
Benzene-1,4-diol will work best if you avoid excessive exposure to sunlight and wear sunscreens and protective clothing.
Some Benzene-1,4-diol products contain sunscreens.
Use a sunscreen (SPF 15 or higher).
Do not use sun lamps or sun tanning beds or booths.
Do not apply Benzene-1,4-diol to sunburned areas or if you have a skin wound in the area of application.
Most cosmetics, sunscreens, and moisturizing lotions may be worn over Benzene-1,4-diol.
Wait several minutes after application of v before applying them.

What side effects may I notice from receiving Benzene-1,4-diol?
Side effects that you should report to your doctor or health care professional as soon as possible:
-severe burning, itching, crusting, or swelling of the treated areas
-unusual skin discoloration

Side effects that usually do not require medical attention (report to your doctor or health care professional if they continue or are bothersome):
-mild itching or stinging
-reddening of the skin
This list may not describe all possible side effects.

Benzene-1,4-diol is one of the most effective skin brightening agents in skincare.
However, Benzene-1,4-diol’s scientifically proven to have negative side effects.
Are the Benzene-1,4-diol dangers worth risking your health?
Snow White set the bar high when Benzene-1,4-diol comes to fair skin.
Many women want overall brighter complexions, and they’re enlisting the help of cosmetics marketed towards brightening dull skin and lightening dark spots.
Skin brightening is so popular and in demand that Benzene-1,4-diol’s become its own industry with Asian countries accounting for more than half of sales.

What is Benzene-1,4-diol?
Benzene-1,4-diol is a skin lightening agent frequently used in skin brightening spot treatments and face creams.
Benzene-1,4-diol’s been long established as the most effective ingredient for lightening skin, fading uneven skin tone, and improving dark spots.
How does Benzene-1,4-diol work? Benzene-1,4-diol bleaches the skin and, therefore, alters the skin tone.
Your skin tone is determined by the amount of melanocytes present in the skin.
Melanocytes are skin cells that create melanin, a dark brown or black pigment.
Melanin is also responsible for making skin appear tanned or darker when exposed to sunlight.
Melanin is beautiful, but Hydroquinone disagrees.
If bleaching your skin doesn’t sound safe to you, you’re right.
Hydroquinone’s not safe or healthy.
Yes, Benzene-1,4-diol works for its desired purposes, but Benzene-1,4-diol’s not good for your skin or body.
Despite its popularity and effectiveness, Benzene-1,4-diol use is controversial for health and safety reasons.

The skin lightener is as controversial as Benzene-1,4-diol is effective.
When incorporated into your complexion regimen properly, Benzene-1,4-diol decreases the production of melanin by inhibiting tyrosinase, an enzyme needed for melanin production, to decrease the appearance of hyperpigmentation.
Because of this, many people consider Benzene-1,4-diol to be a skin-bleaching ingredient.
According to Miami-based board-certified dermatologist Roberta Del Campo, it should be considered a "color blender" instead.

What are some things I need to know or do while I take Benzene-1,4-diol?
-Tell all of your health care providers that you take hydroquinone.
-This includes your doctors, nurses, pharmacists, and dentists.
-After stopping hydroquinone, some of the color change may come back.
-If you have a sulfite allergy, talk with your doctor.
-This medicine may cause harm if swallowed.
-If hydroquinone is swallowed, call a doctor or poison control center right away.
-Avoid sun, sunlamps, and tanning beds.
-Use sunscreen and wear clothing and eyewear that protects you from the sun.
-Tell your doctor if you are pregnant or plan on getting pregnant.
-You will need to talk about the benefits and risks of using hydroquinone while you are pregnant.
-Tell your doctor if you are breast-feeding.
-You will need to talk about any risks to your baby.

Boiling Point: 285.0°C to 287.0°C
Flash Point: 165°C
Packaging: Glass Bottle
Sulfated Ash: 0.05% max.
Quantity: 5g
Melting Point: 170.0°C to 174.0°C
Color: White
Density: 1.32
Infrared Spectrum: Authentic
Assay Percent Range: 99.4% min. (HPLC)
Linear Formula: C6H4(OH)2
Beilstein: 06,836
Fieser: 05,341; 14,249
Merck Index: 15,4845
Solubility Information:
Solubility in water: 70g/L in water (20°C).
Other solubilities: soluble in alcohol and ether,slightly soluble in benzene,readily soluble in ethanol,acetone and methanol
Formula Weight: 110.11
Physical Form: Needle-Like Crystals or Crystalline Powder
Percent Purity: 99.5%
Chemical Name or Material: Hydroquinone, p.a.

How is Benzene-1,4-diol best taken?
-Use Benzene-1,4-diol as ordered by your doctor.
-Do not take hydroquinone by mouth.
-Use Benzene-1,4-diol on your skin only.
-Keep out of your mouth, nose, and eyes (may burn).
-Wash your hands before and after using Hydroquinone.
-Do not wash your hands after use Benzene-1,4-diol if putting this on your hand.
-Clean affected part before use.
-Make sure to dry well.
-Put Hydroquinone a thin layer on the affected skin and rub in gently.
-Practice good skin care and avoid the sun.
-Do not use Benzene-1,4-diol coverings (bandages, dressings, make-up) unless told to do so by the doctor.
-Do not use Benzene-1,4-diol on irritated skin.

Is Benzene-1,4-diol safe for all skin types and tones?
Although Benzene-1,4-diol is generally well-tolerated, there are a few exceptions.
If you have dry or sensitive skin, you may find that Benzene-1,4-diol causes further dryness or irritation.
Benzene-1,4-diol usually tapers off as your skin adjusts to the ingredient.
People who have normal or oily skin are less likely to experience these side effects.
Benzene-1,4-diol tends to work best on fair skin tones.
If you have a medium-to-dark skin tone, talk with your dermatologist before use.
Benzene-1,4-diol may actually worsen hyperpigmentation in darker skin tones.

How effective is Benzene-1,4-diol?
In most cases, lightening of skin should be seen after four weeks of treatment.
Sometimes Benzene-1,4-diol may take longer to see any change, but if no bleaching effect is seen after three months of treatment, you should stop using hydroquinone.
To increase the effectiveness of Benzene-1,4-diol, you should stay out of the sun, or wear protective clothing and use an SPF15+ sunscreen when outdoors.
Do not use sunlamps or tanning salons.

How to use Benzene-1,4-diol
Consistency is key to treating hyperpigmentation.
You’ll want to use Benzene-1,4-diol every day for maximum results.
Follow all product instructions carefully.
Benzene-1,4-diol’s important to do a patch test before your first full application.
This will allow you to determine how your skin will react and whether it results in unwelcome side effects.
Benzene-1,4-diol is a white, odorless, crystalline solid with an extremely low vapor pressure.
Benzene-1,4-diol is moderately soluble in water and highly soluble in alcohol.
Benzene-1,4-diol occurs in the environment as a result of anthropogenic processes, as well as in natural products from plants and animals.
In the soil, Benzene-1,4-diol is expected to biodegrade under aerobic conditions.
Benzene-1,4-diol may be removed from the soil by oxidation processes or by direct photolysis on the surface.

What is the most important information I should know about Benzene-1,4-diol topical?
Follow all directions on your medicine label and package.
Tell each of your healthcare providers about all your medical conditions, allergies, and all medicines you use.

What is Benzene-1,4-diol topical?
Benzene-1,4-diol topical (for the skin) is used to lighten areas of darkened skin such as freckles, age spots, melasma (sun damage), or chloasma (darkened skin caused by hormonal changes).
Benzene-1,4-diol topical may also be used for purposes not listed in this medication guide.

What should I discuss with my healthcare provider before using Benzene-1,4-diol topical?
You should not use this medicine if you are allergic to Benzene-1,4-diol or peroxide.

Ask a doctor or pharmacist if Benzene-1,4-diol is safe to use if you have ever had:
-liver or kidney disease;
-asthma or sulfite allergy; or if you are using any antibiotic medicine.

Benzene-1,4-diol is a skin lightening agent available as either a pharmaceutical or a cosmeceutical.
Benzene-1,4-diols mechanism of action depends on its ability to inhibit tyrosinase synthesis, thereby inhibiting the production of melanin.
Other functions of Benzene-1,4-diol include its ability to inhibit DNA and RNA synthesis, and to degrade melanosomes.
Products sold at 2% concentration are available in more than 100 over-the-counter products, whereas those with a 3–10% concentration are prescription products and regulated as drugs.
New products on the market today use Benzene-1,4-diol in combination with topical retinoids and topical steroids for treatment of melasma and photopigmentation.
Benzene-1,4-diol has received scrutiny recently owing to Hydroquinones risk of ochronosis, a severe but rare side-effect.
Endogenous ochronosis is a manifestation of a rare metabolic disorder known as alkaptonuria, which results from a deficiency of homogentisic acid oxidase.
Exogenous ochronosis is a rare cutaneous side-effect of the long-term use of topical depigmenting agents such as hydroquinone.
Ochronosis is characterized by an asymptomatic blue–black pigmentation of skin and cartilage.
Although the exact cause of ochronosis from topical hydroquinone is not known, studies suggest that hydroquinone may inhibit homogentisic acid oxidase in the dermis, with the accumulation of homogentisic acid in the dermis causing ochronotic pigment deposition.
Other agents reported in the literature to cause exogenous ochronosis are antimalarials, resorcinol, phenol, mercury, and picric acid.

Benzene-1,4-diol is used as an inhibitor of polymerization.
Due to Benzene-1,4-diols outstanding photo developing properties, Hydroquinone is also used as a photo developer, and as a raw material in manufacturing dye intermediates.

Benzene-1,4-diol is used to lighten the dark patches of skin (also called hyperpigmentation, melasma, "liver spots," "age spots," freckles) caused by pregnancy, birth control pills, hormone medicine, or injury to the skin.
Benzene-1,4-diol works by blocking the process in the skin that leads to discoloration.

What is Benzene-1,4-diol?
Benzene-1,4-diol is an organic compound that’s used to treat a variety of discoloration-related skin conditions.
Benzene-1,4-diol’s a skin lightening agent that works by reducing your production of melanin. When used topically, hydroquinone can cause your skin to lighten in color.
Benzene-1,4-diol is widely used as a scar treatment.
Applied topically, Benzene-1,4-diol can cause darkened scars to lose some or all of their extra pigmentation, causing them to blend in and match the color of the surrounding skin.
Benzene-1,4-diol’s also used as a treatment for skin hyperpigmentation caused by UV exposure (spending too much time in the sun) and inflammation.
Topical Benzene-1,4-diol creams are available as prescription medication to treat melasma and other pigmentation-related skin conditions.
You can also buy limited strength Benzene-1,4-diol as an over-the-counter medicine in most pharmacies.

What is Benzene-1,4-diol used for?
Benzene-1,4-diol is a skin-bleaching agent that is used to lighten areas of darkened skin.
Benzene-1,4-diol decreases the formation of melanin in the skin.
Melanin is the pigment in skin that gives it a brown color.
Benzene-1,4-diol has been prescribed for your present skin condition only and should not be given to other people or used for other problems.

hydroquinone
1,4-benzenediol
Benzene-1,4-diol
123-31-9
Quinol
1,4-Dihydroxybenzene
p-Benzenediol
p-Hydroquinone
p-Hydroxyphenol
p-Dihydroxybenzene
4-Hydroxyphenol
Benzoquinol
Eldoquin
hydroquinol
Eldopaque
Phiaquin
p-Dioxybenzene
Dihydroquinone
Hydroquinole
Idrochinone
Tecquinol
Dihydroxybenzene
Solaquin forte
Benzohydroquinone
Arctuvin
Hidroquinone
Tequinol
Derma-Blanch
Tenox HQ
Hydrochinon
Hydrochinone
Artra
Eldopaque Forte
Eldoquin Forte
Diak 5
Benzene, p-dihydroxy-
1,4-Dihydroxy-benzol
Usaf ek-356
1,4-Diidrobenzene
p-Dioxobenzene
1,4-Dihydroxybenzen
para-Dioxybenzene
para-Hydroquinone
Pyrogentistic acid
1,4-Dihydroxy-benzeen
NCI-C55834
HE 5
para-Dihydroxybenzene
Black and White Bleaching Cream
Melanex
Idrochinone [Italian]
Hydrochinon [Czech, Polish]
1,4-Dihydroxybenzen [Czech]
1,4-Diidrobenzene [Italian]
Benzosemiquinone
1,4-Dihydroxy-benzeen [Dutch]
1,4-Dihydroxy-benzol [German]
UNII-XV74C1N1AE
NSC 9247
UN2662
Hydroquinone [USP]
CHEBI:17594
AI3-00072
4-DIHYDROXYBENZENE
MFCD00002339
HQ
CHEMBL537
XV74C1N1AE
1,4-Benzenediol, homopolymer
DTXSID7020716
NSC-9247
Hydroquinone [UN2662] [Poison]
Hydroquinone (USP)
NCGC00015523-02
beta-quinol
DSSTox_CID_716
DSSTox_RID_75754
DSSTox_GSID_20716
Eldopacque
Hydroquinone (Benzene-1,4-diol)
Epiquin
Sunvanish
p Benzendiol
p-Dihydroquinone
alpha-hydroquinone
para-Hydroxyphenol
26982-52-5
CAS-123-31-9
SMR000059154
CCRIS 714
1,4-Hydroxybenzene
HSDB 577
SR-01000075920
EINECS 204-617-8
hydroquinon
Hydroquinoue
hydroq uinone
hydroquinone gr
a-Hydroquinone
Black & White Bleaching Cream
p-Hydroxybenzene
b-Quinol
4-Benzenediol
Hydroquinone, HQ
.beta.-Quinol
1,4 benzenediol
Hydroquinone,(S)
p-dihydroxy benzene
HQE
Hydroquinone polymer
PLQ
Artra (Salt/Mix)
1, 4-Benzenediol
HYDROP
.alpha.-Hydroquinone
phenol derivative, 4
4-hydroxyphenyl alcohol
Spectrum_001757
4e3h
SpecPlus_000769
1,4-Dihydrobenzoquinone
ELDOQUIN (TN)
hydroquinone for synthesis
Spectrum2_001672
Spectrum3_000656
Spectrum4_000633
Spectrum5_001430
Lopac-H-9003
1,2 BENZOLDIOL
WLN: QR DQ
bmse000293
Epitope ID:116206
EC 204-617-8
Lopac0_000577
SCHEMBL15516
BSPBio_002291
KBioGR_001246
KBioSS_002237
1,4-Dihydroxybenzene, XIII
Hydroquinone-1,4-Benzenediol
MLS000069815
MLS001074911
BIDD:ER0340
DivK1c_006865
Hydroquinone, LR, >=99%
SPECTRUM1504237
Hydrochinon(CZECH, POLISH)
SPBio_001883
BDBM26190
Hydroquinone, puriss., 99.0%
KBio1_001809
KBio2_002237
KBio2_004805
KBio2_007373
KBio3_001511
NSC9247
Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone)
HMS1922H15
HMS2093E08
HMS3261D16
LABOTEST-BB LTBB001931
Pharmakon1600-01504237
HY-B0951
ZINC5133378
Tox21_110169
Tox21_202345
Tox21_300015
Tox21_500577
BBL011606
CCG-39082
NSC758707
s4580
STK397446
AKOS000119003
Tox21_110169_1
AM10548
AS00174
DB09526
LP00577
MCULE-3953269041
NSC-758707
SDCCGSBI-0050559.P003
UN 2662
Hydroquinone, ReagentPlus(R), >=99%
Hydroquinone, USP, 99.0-100.5%
NCGC00015523-01
NCGC00015523-03
NCGC00015523-04
NCGC00015523-05
NCGC00015523-06
NCGC00015523-07
NCGC00015523-08
NCGC00015523-09
NCGC00015523-10
NCGC00015523-11
NCGC00015523-12
NCGC00015523-13
NCGC00015523-19
NCGC00090880-01
NCGC00090880-02
NCGC00090880-03
NCGC00090880-04
NCGC00090880-05
NCGC00254037-01
NCGC00259894-01
NCGC00261262-01
BP-21160
DA-33570
Hydroquinone, ReagentPlus(R), >=99.5%
SBI-0050559.P002
Hydroquinone, SAJ first grade, >=99.0%
EU-0100577
FT-0606877
H0186
Hydroquinone, SAJ special grade, >=99.0%
Hydroquinone, meets USP testing specifications
C00530
D00073
H 9003
19538-EP2272837A1
19538-EP2284165A1
19538-EP2302015A1
19538-EP2305825A1
19538-EP2309584A1
19538-EP2311804A2
19538-EP2314576A1
19538-EP2314579A1
19538-EP2314584A1
19538-EP2315303A1
19538-EP2371803A1
19538-EP2377843A1
97871-EP2305685A1
AB00053361_08
122680-EP2295053A1
Q419164
J-00491
J-521469
SR-01000075920-1
SR-01000075920-4
Q27102742
Z57127551
094CADDB-59BF-4EDF-B278-59791B203EA2
F1908-0167
Hydroquinone, certified reference material, TraceCERT(R)
Hydroquinone, United States Pharmacopeia (USP) Reference Standard
Hydroquinone, Pharmaceutical Secondary Standard; Certified Reference Material

Benzene-1,4-diol = Hydroquinone = 1,4-Benzenediol = HQ = 1,4-Dihydroxybenzene

CAS Number: 123-31-9
EC Number: 204-617-8
Chemical formula: C6H6O2
Molar mass: 110.112 g·mol−1

Benzene-1,4-diol is a chemical that a person can use to lighten their skin tone.
Benzene-1,4-diol is available as a cream, gel, lotion, or emulsion.
Benzene-1,4-diol is generally safe to use, but some people may experience side effects, such as dry skin.

Benzene-1,4-diol is a chemical that bleaches the skin.
Benzene-1,4-diol can come as a cream, emulsion, gel, or lotion.
A person can apply Benzene-1,4-diol directly to the skin.
Creams that contain 2% Benzene-1,4-diol are available to buy over the counter in most drugstores.
Stronger creams are available with a prescription from a doctor.
People may use Benzene-1,4-diol as a form of treatment for hyperpigmentation skin conditions, wherein some areas of skin grow darker than surrounding areas.

Some conditions that people may use Benzene-1,4-diol for include:
-Benzene-1,4-diol and Melasma
-People with melasma have brown or gray-brown patches on their skin.
-These patches tend to develop on the face, such as the cheeks or nose.
-They can also appear on areas of skin with high sun exposure, such as the forearms and neck.

Benzene-1,4-diol and Freckles:
Freckles are darker spots or patches that usually occur in fair skin.
Benzene-1,4-diol can become more noticeable with exposure to sunlight.

Benzene-1,4-diol and Lentigines:
Lentigines, or age spots, develop on areas of skin with the highest sun exposure.
For example, Benzene-1,4-diol can appear on the face or the backs of the hands.
They tend to be flat, dark, and between 0.2 centimeters (cm) and 2 cm in width.

Benzene-1,4-diol and acne scars:
Excess oil, dead skin cells, and bacteria can build up in skin pores and cause acne.
The body tries to repair the damage, but sometimes, it leaves scars.

Other uses of Benzene-1,4-diol:
Some people may want to lighten their skin for cosmetic reasons.
Benzene-1,4-diol can have benefits for confidence and self-esteem.
Benzene-1,4-diol is important to note that the above conditions are all harmless.

How does Benzene-1,4-diol work?
Melanin is a pigment that gives the skin and hair their color.
Benzene-1,4-diol is responsible for freckles and other dark patches on the skin.
Melanin is made by melanocytes, which are cells present in the skin and other parts of the body.
When a person applies Benzene-1,4-diol to the skin, it reduces the number of melanocytes.
Fewer melanocytes means that the body produces less melanin in the treated area.
The skin usually appears lighter within about 4 weeks.
Exposure to sunlight reverses the effects of hydroquinone.
Doctors recommend that people who use this product also use a strong sunscreen.

Benzene-1,4-diol, also known as Hydroquinone or quinol, is an aromatic organic compound that is a type of phenol, a derivative of benzene, having the chemical formula C6H4(OH)2.
Benzene-1,4-diol has two hydroxyl groups bonded to a benzene ring in a para position.
Benzene-1,4-diol is a white granular solid.
Substituted derivatives of this parent compound are also referred to as Benzene-1,4-diols.
The name "Benzene-1,4-diol" was coined by Friedrich Wöhler in 1843

Benzene-1,4-diol is applied to the the skin to lighten areas that have darkened.
Benzene-1,4-diol also contain sunscreens.
Benzene-1,4-diol is an organic chemical that is normally produced industrially and has a very similar structure to the precursors of Melanin.
The most common use of Benzene-1,4-diol is in skin lightening products, although it can also be used in a technique for developing black and white photos.
Benzene-1,4-diol is the most commonly prescribed depigmenting agent worldwide.

Benzene-1,4-diol is a topical skin-bleaching agent used in the cosmetic treatment of hyperpigmented skin conditions.
The effect of skin lightening caused by hydroquinone is reversible when exposed to sunlight and therefore requires regular use until desired results are achieved.
Various preparations of Benzene-1,4-diol is available including creams, emulsions, gels, lotions and solutions.
Benzene-1,4-diol is available over the counter in a 2% cream and can be prescribed by your dermatologist in higher concentrations.

Mechanism of Benzene-1,4-diol:
Benzene-1,4-diol produces reversible lightening of the skin by interfering with melanin production by the melanocytes.
Specifically, inhibition of the enzymatic conversion of tyrosine to DOPA (dihydroxyphenylalanine) results in the desired chemical reduction of pigment.
Ultimately, this causes a decrease in the number of melanocytes and decreased transfer of melanin leading to lighter skin.

Uses of Benzene-1,4-diol:
Popularized by Benzene-1,4-diols usage as a photo-developer, hydroquinone can be used in any condition causing hyperpigmentation.
Common conditions of Benzene-1,4-diol include melasma, freckles, lentigines, age spots and acne scars.
Skin sensitivity to Benzene-1,4-diol may be determined before treatment by applying a small amount of cream to the hyperpigmented area and noting any redness or itching.
If no reaction occurs, initiate treatment.
As a general rule, always ensure the area is clean and dry then apply a thin film to the lesion and rub it into the skin well.
Hands should be washed after the application to avoid unwanted lightening of the fingers.

To maintain the desired affect, Benzene-1,4-diol should be used concurrently with a strong sunscreen.
Many preparations of Benzene-1,4-diol is available as a combination product.
Lightening of the skin should be noticed within 4 weeks of initiation, if no change is seen in 3 months, contact your dermatologist for further recommendations.

Benzene-1,4-diol is known to inhibit melanogenesis both in vitro and in vivo.
In this study, 2% and 5% Benzene-1,4-diol creams were topically applied to the hyperpigmented skin of 56 patients.
Benzene-1,4-diol was a moderately effective depigmenting agent in 80% of cases.
The 2% cream appeared to be as effective therapeutically as the 5% cream and to evoke untoward side effects (primary irritation) much less often.
Therapy with topically applied Benzene-1,4-diol did not lead to complete disappearance of pathological hypermelanosis, but results were satisfactory enough to help most patients become less self-conscious about their pigmentary abnormalities.

Benzene-1,4-diol production:
Benzene-1,4-diol is produced industrially by two main routes.
The most widely use of Benzene-1,4-diol route is similar to the cumene process in reaction mechanism and involves the dialkylation of benzene with propene to give 1,4-diisopropylbenzene.
This compound reacts with air to afford the bis(hydroperoxide), which is structurally similar to cumene hydroperoxide and rearranges in acid to give acetone and hydroquinone.
A second route involves hydroxylation of phenol over a catalyst.

Benzene-1,4-diol topical (for the skin) is used to lighten areas of darkened skin such as freckles, age spots, melasma (sun damage), or chloasma (darkened skin caused by hormonal changes).
Benzene-1,4-diol topical may also be used for purposes not listed in this medication guide.

The conversion uses hydrogen peroxide and affords a mixture of hydroquinone and catechol (benzene-1,2-diol):
C6H5OH + H2O2 → C6H4(OH)2 + H2O

Other, less common methods include:
A potentially significant synthesis of hydroquinone from acetylene and iron pentacarbonyl has been proposed.
Iron pentacarbonyl serves as a catalyst, rather than as a reagent, in the presence of free carbon monoxide gas.
Rhodium or ruthenium can substitute for iron as the catalyst with favorable chemical yields but are not typically used due to their cost of recovery from the reaction mixture.
Benzene-1,4-diol and its derivatives can also be prepared by oxidation of various phenols.

Examples include Elbs persulfate oxidation and Dakin oxidation:
Benzene-1,4-diol was first obtained in 1820 by the French chemists Pelletier and Caventou via the dry distillation of quinic acid.

Benzene-1,4-diol Reactions:
The reactivity of Benzene-1,4-diol's hydroxyl groups resembles that of other phenols, being weakly acidic.
The resulting conjugate base undergoes easy O-alkylation to give mono- and diethers.
Similarly, Benzene-1,4-diol is highly susceptible to ring substitution by Friedel–Crafts reactions such as alkylation.
This reaction is exploited en route to popular antioxidants such as 2-tert-butyl-4-methoxyphenol (BHA).
The useful dye quinizarin is produced by diacylation of Benzene-1,4-diol with phthalic anhydride.

Redox:
Benzene-1,4-diol undergoes oxidation under mild conditions to give benzoquinone.
This process of Benzene-1,4-diol can be reversed.
Some naturally occurring Benzene-1,4-diol derivatives exhibit this sort of reactivity, one example being coenzyme Q.
Industrially this reaction is exploited both with Benzene-1,4-diol itself but more often with its derivatives where one OH has been replaced by an amine.
When colorless Benzene-1,4-diol and benzoquinone, a bright yellow solid, are cocrystallized in a 1:1 ratio, a dark-green crystalline charge-transfer complex (melting point 171 °C) called quinhydrone (C6H6O2·C6H4O2) is formed.
Benzene-1,4-diol dissolves in hot water, where the two molecules dissociate in solution.

Amination:
An important reaction is the conversion of Benzene-1,4-diol to the mono- and diamine derivatives.
Methylaminophenol, used in photography, is produced in this way:
C6H4(OH)2 + CH3NH2 → HOC6H4NHCH3 + H2O
Similarly diamines, useful in the rubber industry as antiozone agents, are produced similarly from aniline:
C6H4(OH)2 + 2 C6H5NH2 → C6H4(N(H)C6H5)2 + 2 H2O

Benzene-1,4-diol uses:
Benzene-1,4-diol has a variety of uses principally associated with its action as a reducing agent that is soluble in water.
Benzene-1,4-diol is a major component in most black and white photographic developers for film and paper where, with the compound metol, it reduces silver halides to elemental silver.
There are various other uses associated with its reducing power.
As a polymerisation inhibitor, exploiting its antioxidant properties, Benzene-1,4-diol prevents polymerization of acrylic acid, methyl methacrylate, cyanoacrylate, and other monomers that are susceptible to radical-initiated polymerization.
By acting as a free radical scavenger, Benzene-1,4-diol serves to prolong the shelflife of light-sensitive resins such as preceramic polymers.
Benzene-1,4-diol can lose a hydrogen cation from both hydroxyl groups to form a diphenolate ion.
The disodium diphenolate salt of Benzene-1,4-diol is used as an alternating comonomer unit in the production of the polymer PEEK.

Skin depigmentation:
Benzene-1,4-diol is used as a topical application in skin whitening to reduce the color of skin.
Benzene-1,4-diol does not have the same predisposition to cause dermatitis as metol does.

While using Benzene-1,4-diol as a lightening agent can be effective with proper use, it can also cause skin sensitivity.
Using Benzene-1,4-diol a daily sunscreen with a high PPD (persistent pigment darkening) rating reduces the risk of further damage.
Benzene-1,4-diol is sometimes combined with alpha-hydroxy acids that exfoliate the skin to quicken the lightening process.
In the United States, topical treatments usually contain up to 2% in Benzene-1,4-diol.
Otherwise, higher concentrations (up to 4%) should be prescribed and used with caution.
While Benzene-1,4-diol remains widely prescribed for treatment of hyperpigmentation, questions raised about its safety profile by regulatory agencies in the EU, Japan, and USA encourage the search for other agents with comparable efficacy.
Several such agents are already available or under research, including azelaic acid, kojic acid, retinoids, cysteamine, topical steroids, glycolic acid, and other substances.
One of these, 4-butylresorcinol, has been proven to be more effective at treating melanin-related skin disorders by a wide margin, as well as safe enough to be made available over the counter.

What Is Benzene-1,4-diol?
Benzene-1,4-diol is the common name for the ingredient 1,4-dihydroxybenzene, and may be used safely in a variety of cosmetics.

Why is Benzene-1,4-diol used in cosmetics and personal care products?
Benzene-1,4-diol is used in cosmetics as an antioxidant, fragrance ingredient and oxidizing agent in hair dyes.
Benzene-1,4-diol may also be used as a stabilizer that inhibits the polymerization of the adhesive in artificial nails.

Natural occurrences:
Benzene-1,4-diols are one of the two primary reagents in the defensive glands of bombardier beetles, along with hydrogen peroxide (and perhaps other compounds, depending on the species), which collect in a reservoir.
The reservoir opens through a muscle-controlled valve onto a thick-walled reaction chamber.
This chamber is lined with cells that secrete catalases and peroxidases.
When the contents of the reservoir are forced into the reaction chamber, the catalases and peroxidases rapidly break down the hydrogen peroxide and catalyze the oxidation of the hydroquinones into p-quinones.
These reactions release free oxygen and generate enough heat to bring the mixture to the boiling point and vaporize about a fifth of it, producing a hot spray from the beetle's abdomen.
Farnesyl Benzene-1,4-diol derivatives are the principal irritants exuded by the poodle-dog bush, which can cause severe contact dermatitis in humans.
Benzene-1,4-diol is thought to be the active toxin in Agaricus hondensis mushrooms.
Benzene-1,4-diol has been shown to be one of the chemical constituents of the natural product propolis.
Benzene-1,4-diol is also one of the chemical compounds found in castoreum.
This compound is gathered from the beaver's castor sacs.
In bearberry (Arctostaphylos uva-ursi), arbutin is converted to Benzene-1,4-diol.

What is Benzene-1,4-diol?
Benzene-1,4-diol is an organic compound that can be found naturally in different fungi, plants and animals but was first synthetically produced in the 1800s for the purposes of developing black and white photography.
Later on, in the beginning of the 20th century, the effects of Benzene-1,4-diol on the skin as a melanin inhibitor, and antioxidant were discovered and the ingredient was put to use in topical skincare.
For the last 50+ years, Benzene-1,4-diol has been the gold standard for dark spot correcting and recommended by a number of board-certified dermatologists including SLMD founder, Dr. Sandra Lee, for reducing the appearance of pigmentation resulting from acne, melasma, and sun exposure.
Misinformation and confusion has caused Benzene-1,4-diol to become a controversial ingredient, but we’re here to set the record straight and share the right info with you!

IS Benzene-1,4-diol DANGEROUS?
The first misconception that Benzene-1,4-diol is dangerous stemmed from a controversy in South Africa, in 1980, after they identified products containing Hydroquinone to be hazardous.
As a result, South Africa placed a ban on the ingredient, and Japan, EU and Australia followed suit.
However, further research uncovered that these products they identified as hazardous also contained mercury and other illegal contaminants.
Therefore, there was no substantial evidence that the reason for this toxicity was due to the Benzene-1,4-diol, and plenty more research upholds Hydroquinone to be safe and effective when used topically!
A skin disorder known as exogenous ochronosis, which causes skin to darken with blue-black pigmentation, has been linked to the use of prescription strength Hydroquinone chronically (long-term) and at very high percentages.
Benzene-1,4-diol is important to note that this occurrence is very rare — there have been less than 40 cases recorded in the US.
For this reason, when using prescription strength HQs, dermatologists will recommend that after a couple months of use you take a break from the product before continuing your treatment.
Similarly, there has been no evidence or study that indicates that use of a topical Benzene-1,4-diol causes cancer in humans.
It is true that Benzene-1,4-diol should not be ingested orally in high doses, but as it's manufactured in its powdered form for topical skincare, it's a very stable, safe ingredient!

HOW DOES Benzene-1,4-diol WORK?
Benzene-1,4-diol works to reduce the appearance of dark spots over time by decreasing the production of melanin (the protein that gives your skin pigment) and increasing the breakdown of melanocytes (the cells that create melanin).
This works because Benzene-1,4-diol prevents the activity of tyrosinase, the enzyme needed to make melanin.
Melanin is a natural function of our skin — it’s how we get the pigment in our skin, eyes, and hair, but it becomes problematic when Melanocytes (which sit in the Dermis layer of our skin) are stimulated to release extra melanin that form dark spots on the top layer of our skin.
This process can be triggered by UV exposure and trauma (from picking at your skin).
Benzene-1,4-diol also has some antioxidant properties that help protect the skin from UV damage and brighten complexion.
Because Benzene-1,4-diol functions on the cell-level, it requires consistent use to see results — it is not bleaching your skin over time, just making the melanin production of your skin more even.

Benzene-1,4-diol’s safety has been assessed by the Cosmetic Ingredient Review (CIR) Expert Panel on four separate occasions since 1986.
CIR concluded that Benzene-1,4-diol is safe at concentrations of ≤ 1% in cosmetic formulations designed for discontinuous, brief use followed by rinsing from the skin and hair.
In addition, Benzene-1,4-diol is safe for use as a polymerization inhibitor in nail adhesives and in artificial nail coatings that are cured by LED light.
However, Benzene-1,4-diol is not safe for use in other leave-on cosmetic products.

What is Benzene-1,4-diol?
Benzene-1,4-diol is a skin-lightening agent.
Benzene-1,4-diol bleaches the skin, which can be helpful when treating different forms of hyperpigmentation.
Historically, there’s been some back-and-forth on the safety of Benzene-1,4-diol.
In 1982, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration recognized the ingredient as safe and effectiveTrusted Source.
Several years later, concerns about safety prompted retailers to pull Benzene-1,4-diol from the market.
The FDA went on to discover that many of the products in question contained contaminants like mercury.
They established that these contaminants were behind reports of adverse effects.
Since then, the FDA has confirmed that Benzene-1,4-diol can be safely sold over the counter (OTC) in 2 percent concentrations.
Read on to learn more about how it works, who might benefit from use, products to try, and more.

How does Benzene-1,4-diol work?
Benzene-1,4-diol bleaches your skin by decreasing the number of melanocytes present.
Melanocytes make melanin, which is what produces your skin tone.
In cases of hyperpigmentation, more melanin is present due to an increase in melanocyte production.
By controlling these melanocytes, your skin will become more evenly toned over time.
Benzene-1,4-diol takes about four weeks on average for the ingredient to take effect.
Benzene-1,4-diol may take several months of consistent use before you see full results.
If you don’t see any improvements within three months of OTC use, talk to your dermatologist.
They may be able to recommend a prescription-strength formula better suited to your needs.

What is Benzene-1,4-diol topical?
Benzene-1,4-diol decreases the formation of melanin in the skin.
Melanin is the pigment in skin that gives it a brown color.
Benzene-1,4-diol topical is used to lighten areas of darkened skin such as freckles, age spots, Chloasma, and Melasma.
Benzene-1,4-diol works by inhibiting an enzyme reaction in skin cells.

How should I use Benzene-1,4-diol topical?
Do not use Benzene-1,4-diol topical on skin that is sunburned, dry, chapped, or irritated, or on an open wound.
Benzene-1,4-diol could make these conditions worse.
Discontinue use if excessive irritation develops.
Apply the medication to clean, dry skin.
Dispense a pea size amount on the back of your hand, apply to cheeks, forehead and then to chin.
Blend in the product to cover face.
Avoid the corners of the mouth and nose; these areas can be irritated easily.
Apply to the affected area(s) morning and night.
For Melasma, once the discoloration has resolved or adequately faded, you may either discontinue use or continue weekly maintenance.
Benzene-1,4-diol may take 3 months or more to see improvements.
For Lentigines, use the creams for a maximum of 3 months.

What skin conditions can benefit from Benzene-1,4-diol?
Benzene-1,4-diol is used to treat skin conditions related to hyperpigmentation.

Benzene-1,4-diol includes:
-acne scars
-age spots
-freckles
-melasma
-post-inflammatory marks from psoriasis and eczema

Although hydroquinone can help fade red or brown spots that have lingered, Benzene-1,4-diol won’t help with active inflammation.
For example, Benzene-1,4-diol can help minimize acne scarring, but Benzene-1,4-diol won’t have an effect on redness from active breakouts.

What do I need to tell my doctor BEFORE I take Benzene-1,4-diol?
If you have an allergy to Benzene-1,4-diol or any other part of Benzene-1,4-diol.
If you are allergic to Benzene-1,4-diol; any part of hydroquinone; or any other drugs, foods, or substances.
Tell your doctor about the allergy and what signs you had.
Benzene-1,4-diol may interact with other drugs or health problems.

What is Benzene-1,4-diol?
Benzene-1,4-diol is a topical cream that is used to lighten dark patches of the skin (also called hyperpigmentation).
Benzene-1,4-diol is available as a prescription alone and as a combination cream containing a topical steroid and a topical retinoid.
In some countries, including the United States, Benzene-1,4-diol is available over the counter, most often in a 2-3% formulation.

What is Benzene-1,4-diol used for?
Benzene-1,4-diol is used to lighten dark patches of the skin.
These dark spots can be related or triggered by many factors including pregnancy, birth control pills, inflammation, and injury to the skin.
The most common use is for melasma, a condition in which people develop dark patches on the face and other areas of skin, such as the arms.

How is Benzene-1,4-diol used?
Safe use of Benzene-1,4-diol includes using it under the supervision of a dermatologist.
Benzene-1,4-diol should be applied only to the affected darkened areas of skin to avoid lightening of normal skin.
Benzene-1,4-diol should not be used for extended periods of time as it can cause a paradoxical darkening.
Cycling of use with breaks is recommended to limit overuse and the side effect known as exogenous ochronosis.

What else do I need to know about Benzene-1,4-diol?
Benzene-1,4-diol is an out of pocket expense as insurance will not cover this medication.
If using Benzene-1,4-diol to treat melasma, Benzene-1,4-diol should be used in combination with a broad-spectrum sunscreen SPF 30 or higher daily.
Sunscreen should be applied to the affected areas after Benzene-1,4-diol to avoid relapse of the condition.
Dark areas may recur if the cream is discontinued but this is less likely happen if sun protective measures are followed.

Tell your doctor and pharmacist about all of your drugs (prescription or OTC, natural products, vitamins) and health problems.
You must check to make sure that it is safe for you to take hydroquinone with all of your drugs and health problems.
Do not start, stop, or change the dose of any drug without checking with your doctor.

Benzene-1,4-diol cream is the standard depigmentation or skin lightening agent.
Clinically Benzene-1,4-diol is used to treat areas of dyschromia, such as in melasma, chloasma, solar lentigines, freckles, and post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation.
This activity outlines the indications, mechanism of action, methods of administration, important adverse effects, contraindications, and monitoring of Benzene-1,4-diol, so providers can direct patient therapy to optimal outcomes in conditions where it is indicated.

What is Benzene-1,4-diol?
Benzene-1,4-diol also known as tocopheryl acetate, hydroquinone is found in skin-lightening creams, serums, cleansers, and moisturizers.
"Benzene-1,4-diol is a topical skin treatment for melasma, freckles, age and sun spots, and even acne scars," Shafer says.
"Benzene-1,4-diol is used in combination with other acne products such as Retin-A, hydroquinone can help dramatically improve skin complexion.
"Shamban adds to this, reporting that Benzene-1,4-diol can also be used to lighten up freckles as well as post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation, which is usually seen after an injury such as a burn or inflammatory acne.

While Benzene-1,4-diol is effective at lightening spots, the results aren't immediate.
Benzene-1,4-diol may take a matter of weeks (or months) before results are discernible to the naked eye.
"Patients need to understand that the treatment is working at the cellular level to reduce the production of pigment," Shafer explains.
"So the effects take several weeks to realize.
As the old skin sheds and new skin is produced, the amount of pigment will be less, leading to a more even skin tone."

Benefits of Benzene-1,4-diol for Skin
Benzene-1,4-diol has several benefits for the skin.
Lightens dark spots (hyperpigmentation): Benzene-1,4-diol is one of the most effective ingredients to lighten hyperpigmentation.
"If you have dark areas from melasma, age spots, or brown spots left from acne, Benzene-1,4-diol helps by decreasing the formation of melanin in the skin (the pigment in the skin that gives it a dark color)," says Buttiglione.
Ng adds: "To date, Benzene-1,4-diol is considered the topical gold standard in dermatology for reducing hyperpigmentation."
Evens out skin tone: Because Benzene-1,4-diol lightens certain areas of the skin that are darkened, the end result is a more balanced, even complexion.

Treats melasma: "Benzene-1,4-diol serves as the backbone of any treatment for a wide variety of conditions, including melasma," notes Shamban.
"Melasma, which is manifested by patches of darker skin typically on the forehead, cheeks, and upper lip, often runs in families and is triggered by UV and visible light exposure often in combination with hormonal shifts such as birth control pills, pregnancy or hormone replacement therapy."
Benzene-1,4-diol can help rectify the side effects of melasma.

What do I do if I miss a dose?
-Put on a missed dose as soon as you think about Benzene-1,4-diol.
-If Benzene-1,4-diol is close to the time for your next dose, skip the missed dose and go back to your normal time.
-Do not put Benzene-1,4-diol on 2 doses or extra doses.

Preferred IUPAC name:
Benzene-1,4-diol

What is Benzene-1,4-diol?
Benzene-1,4-diol (hahy droh kwi NOHN) is applied to the the skin to lighten areas that have darkened.
Some products also contain sunscreens.
Benzene-1,4-diol may be used for other purposes; ask your health care provider or pharmacist if you have questions.

What should I tell my health care provider before I take Benzene-1,4-diol?
They need to know if you have any of these conditions:
-an unusual or allergic reaction to Benzene-1,4-diol, sunscreens, other medicines, foods, dyes, or preservatives
-pregnant or trying to get pregnant
-breast-feeding

How should I use Benzene-1,4-diol?
Benzene-1,4-diol is for external use only.
Do not take Benzene-1,4-diol by mouth.
Follow the directions on the prescription label.
Wash your hands before and after applying Hydroquinone.
Make sure the skin is clean and dry.
Apply Benzene-1,4-diol just enough to cover the affected area.
Rub in gently but completely.
Do not apply Benzene-1,4-diol near the eyes, mouth, or other areas of sensitive skin.
If accidental contact occurs, large amounts of water should be used to wash the affected area.
If the eyes are involved and eye irritation persists after thoroughly washing, contact your doctor.
If you are using other skin medicines, apply them at different times of the day.
Do not use Benzene-1,4-diol more often than directed.
Talk to your pediatrician regarding the use of Benzene-1,4-diol in children.
Special care may be needed.

Overdosage: If you think you have taken too much of Benzene-1,4-diol contact a poison control center or emergency room at once.

NOTE:
Benzene-1,4-diol is only for you.
Do not share Benzene-1,4-diol with others.

What may interact with Benzene-1,4-diol?
benzoyl peroxide
This list may not describe all possible interactions.
Give your health care provider a list of all the medicines, herbs, non-prescription drugs, or dietary supplements you use.
Also tell them if you smoke, drink alcohol, or use illegal drugs.
Some items may interact with Benzene-1,4-diol.

Benzene-1,4-diol, the major benzene metabolite, is a ubiquitous chemical in the environment due to its widespread application in human and industrial activities.
Benzene-1,4-diol can be used as a developing agent in photography, dye intermediate, stabilizer in paints, varnishes oils, and motor fuels.
In addition, Benzene-1,4-diol has been used as an antioxidant in the rubber and food industry.
From 1950s to 2001 Benzene-1,4-diol was applied in the commercially available cosmetic skin lightening formulations in European Union countries and since 1960s it was commercially available as a medical product.
Benzene-1,4-diol is also present in cosmetic formulations of products for coating finger nails and hair dyes.
On the other hand, Benzene-1,4-diol can be a component of high molecular aromatic compounds (e.g., resin), an intermediate, or appear as a degradation product generated by transformation of aromatic compounds.
Advanced oxidation processes (APOs) of aromatic compounds, particularly of phenol, yield several benzene derivatives, such as hydroquinone, catechol, and resorcinol, as intermediate metabolites of its transformation.
The formation of Benzene-1,4-diol and -benzoquinone at early stages of phenol oxidation increases the toxicity of phenol wastewaters, showing that these compounds were more toxic and less degradable than the original pollutant.
Meanwhile, in the oxidative degradation of Benzene-1,4-diol under a supercritical condition (409.9°C and 24.5 MPa) and subcritical condition (359.9°C and 24.5 MPa), -benzoquinone was to be an important intermediate.
Despite the toxic properties, a number of microorganisms can utilize Benzene-1,4-diol, especially under aerobic conditions, which has led to the development of low-cost treatment of polluted effluents.
The chemical method applied conventionally to the treatment of industrial wastewater used FeSO4 and H2O2; however, the application of this technology generates ferric sulfate, which enables recycled reactants.
Therefore, biological transformations are generally preferred for being considered as more economical and environmentally friendly.

What should I watch for while using Benzene-1,4-diol?
Contact your doctor or health care professional if your condition does not improve in the first two months or if you experience too much skin irritation.
Benzene-1,4-diol will work best if you avoid excessive exposure to sunlight and wear sunscreens and protective clothing.
Some Benzene-1,4-diol products contain sunscreens.
Use a sunscreen (SPF 15 or higher).
Do not use sun lamps or sun tanning beds or booths.
Do not apply Benzene-1,4-diol to sunburned areas or if you have a skin wound in the area of application.
Most cosmetics, sunscreens, and moisturizing lotions may be worn over Benzene-1,4-diol.
Wait several minutes after application of v before applying them.

What side effects may I notice from receiving Benzene-1,4-diol?
Side effects that you should report to your doctor or health care professional as soon as possible:
-severe burning, itching, crusting, or swelling of the treated areas
-unusual skin discoloration

Side effects that usually do not require medical attention (report to your doctor or health care professional if they continue or are bothersome):
-mild itching or stinging
-reddening of the skin
This list may not describe all possible side effects.

Benzene-1,4-diol is one of the most effective skin brightening agents in skincare.
However, Benzene-1,4-diol’s scientifically proven to have negative side effects.
Are the Benzene-1,4-diol dangers worth risking your health?
Snow White set the bar high when Benzene-1,4-diol comes to fair skin.
Many women want overall brighter complexions, and they’re enlisting the help of cosmetics marketed towards brightening dull skin and lightening dark spots.
Skin brightening is so popular and in demand that Benzene-1,4-diol’s become its own industry with Asian countries accounting for more than half of sales.

What is Benzene-1,4-diol?
Benzene-1,4-diol is a skin lightening agent frequently used in skin brightening spot treatments and face creams.
Benzene-1,4-diol’s been long established as the most effective ingredient for lightening skin, fading uneven skin tone, and improving dark spots.
How does Benzene-1,4-diol work? Benzene-1,4-diol bleaches the skin and, therefore, alters the skin tone.
Your skin tone is determined by the amount of melanocytes present in the skin.
Melanocytes are skin cells that create melanin, a dark brown or black pigment.
Melanin is also responsible for making skin appear tanned or darker when exposed to sunlight.
Melanin is beautiful, but Hydroquinone disagrees.
If bleaching your skin doesn’t sound safe to you, you’re right.
Hydroquinone’s not safe or healthy.
Yes, Benzene-1,4-diol works for its desired purposes, but Benzene-1,4-diol’s not good for your skin or body.
Despite its popularity and effectiveness, Benzene-1,4-diol use is controversial for health and safety reasons.

The skin lightener is as controversial as Benzene-1,4-diol is effective.
When incorporated into your complexion regimen properly, Benzene-1,4-diol decreases the production of melanin by inhibiting tyrosinase, an enzyme needed for melanin production, to decrease the appearance of hyperpigmentation.
Because of this, many people consider Benzene-1,4-diol to be a skin-bleaching ingredient.
According to Miami-based board-certified dermatologist Roberta Del Campo, it should be considered a "color blender" instead.

What are some things I need to know or do while I take Benzene-1,4-diol?
-Tell all of your health care providers that you take hydroquinone.
-This includes your doctors, nurses, pharmacists, and dentists.
-After stopping hydroquinone, some of the color change may come back.
-If you have a sulfite allergy, talk with your doctor.
-This medicine may cause harm if swallowed.
-If hydroquinone is swallowed, call a doctor or poison control center right away.
-Avoid sun, sunlamps, and tanning beds.
-Use sunscreen and wear clothing and eyewear that protects you from the sun.
-Tell your doctor if you are pregnant or plan on getting pregnant.
-You will need to talk about the benefits and risks of using hydroquinone while you are pregnant.
-Tell your doctor if you are breast-feeding.
-You will need to talk about any risks to your baby.

Boiling Point: 285.0°C to 287.0°C
Flash Point: 165°C
Packaging: Glass Bottle
Sulfated Ash: 0.05% max.
Quantity: 5g
Melting Point: 170.0°C to 174.0°C
Color: White
Density: 1.32
Infrared Spectrum: Authentic
Assay Percent Range: 99.4% min. (HPLC)
Linear Formula: C6H4(OH)2
Beilstein: 06,836
Fieser: 05,341; 14,249
Merck Index: 15,4845
Solubility Information:
Solubility in water: 70g/L in water (20°C).
Other solubilities: soluble in alcohol and ether,slightly soluble in benzene,readily soluble in ethanol,acetone and methanol
Formula Weight: 110.11
Physical Form: Needle-Like Crystals or Crystalline Powder
Percent Purity: 99.5%
Chemical Name or Material: Hydroquinone, p.a.

How is Benzene-1,4-diol best taken?
-Use Benzene-1,4-diol as ordered by your doctor.
-Do not take hydroquinone by mouth.
-Use Benzene-1,4-diol on your skin only.
-Keep out of your mouth, nose, and eyes (may burn).
-Wash your hands before and after using Hydroquinone.
-Do not wash your hands after use Benzene-1,4-diol if putting this on your hand.
-Clean affected part before use.
-Make sure to dry well.
-Put Hydroquinone a thin layer on the affected skin and rub in gently.
-Practice good skin care and avoid the sun.
-Do not use Benzene-1,4-diol coverings (bandages, dressings, make-up) unless told to do so by the doctor.
-Do not use Benzene-1,4-diol on irritated skin.

Is Benzene-1,4-diol safe for all skin types and tones?
Although Benzene-1,4-diol is generally well-tolerated, there are a few exceptions.
If you have dry or sensitive skin, you may find that Benzene-1,4-diol causes further dryness or irritation.
Benzene-1,4-diol usually tapers off as your skin adjusts to the ingredient.
People who have normal or oily skin are less likely to experience these side effects.
Benzene-1,4-diol tends to work best on fair skin tones.
If you have a medium-to-dark skin tone, talk with your dermatologist before use.
Benzene-1,4-diol may actually worsen hyperpigmentation in darker skin tones.

How effective is Benzene-1,4-diol?
In most cases, lightening of skin should be seen after four weeks of treatment.
Sometimes Benzene-1,4-diol may take longer to see any change, but if no bleaching effect is seen after three months of treatment, you should stop using hydroquinone.
To increase the effectiveness of Benzene-1,4-diol, you should stay out of the sun, or wear protective clothing and use an SPF15+ sunscreen when outdoors.
Do not use sunlamps or tanning salons.

How to use Benzene-1,4-diol
Consistency is key to treating hyperpigmentation.
You’ll want to use Benzene-1,4-diol every day for maximum results.
Follow all product instructions carefully.
Benzene-1,4-diol’s important to do a patch test before your first full application.
This will allow you to determine how your skin will react and whether it results in unwelcome side effects.
Benzene-1,4-diol is a white, odorless, crystalline solid with an extremely low vapor pressure.
Benzene-1,4-diol is moderately soluble in water and highly soluble in alcohol.
Benzene-1,4-diol occurs in the environment as a result of anthropogenic processes, as well as in natural products from plants and animals.
In the soil, Benzene-1,4-diol is expected to biodegrade under aerobic conditions.
Benzene-1,4-diol may be removed from the soil by oxidation processes or by direct photolysis on the surface.

What is the most important information I should know about Benzene-1,4-diol topical?
Follow all directions on your medicine label and package.
Tell each of your healthcare providers about all your medical conditions, allergies, and all medicines you use.

What is Benzene-1,4-diol topical?
Benzene-1,4-diol topical (for the skin) is used to lighten areas of darkened skin such as freckles, age spots, melasma (sun damage), or chloasma (darkened skin caused by hormonal changes).
Benzene-1,4-diol topical may also be used for purposes not listed in this medication guide.

What should I discuss with my healthcare provider before using Benzene-1,4-diol topical?
You should not use this medicine if you are allergic to Benzene-1,4-diol or peroxide.

Ask a doctor or pharmacist if Benzene-1,4-diol is safe to use if you have ever had:
-liver or kidney disease;
-asthma or sulfite allergy; or if you are using any antibiotic medicine.

Benzene-1,4-diol is a skin lightening agent available as either a pharmaceutical or a cosmeceutical.
Benzene-1,4-diols mechanism of action depends on its ability to inhibit tyrosinase synthesis, thereby inhibiting the production of melanin.
Other functions of Benzene-1,4-diol include its ability to inhibit DNA and RNA synthesis, and to degrade melanosomes.
Products sold at 2% concentration are available in more than 100 over-the-counter products, whereas those with a 3–10% concentration are prescription products and regulated as drugs.
New products on the market today use Benzene-1,4-diol in combination with topical retinoids and topical steroids for treatment of melasma and photopigmentation.
Benzene-1,4-diol has received scrutiny recently owing to Hydroquinones risk of ochronosis, a severe but rare side-effect.
Endogenous ochronosis is a manifestation of a rare metabolic disorder known as alkaptonuria, which results from a deficiency of homogentisic acid oxidase.
Exogenous ochronosis is a rare cutaneous side-effect of the long-term use of topical depigmenting agents such as hydroquinone.
Ochronosis is characterized by an asymptomatic blue–black pigmentation of skin and cartilage.
Although the exact cause of ochronosis from topical hydroquinone is not known, studies suggest that hydroquinone may inhibit homogentisic acid oxidase in the dermis, with the accumulation of homogentisic acid in the dermis causing ochronotic pigment deposition.
Other agents reported in the literature to cause exogenous ochronosis are antimalarials, resorcinol, phenol, mercury, and picric acid.

Benzene-1,4-diol is used as an inhibitor of polymerization.
Due to Benzene-1,4-diols outstanding photo developing properties, Hydroquinone is also used as a photo developer, and as a raw material in manufacturing dye intermediates.

Benzene-1,4-diol is used to lighten the dark patches of skin (also called hyperpigmentation, melasma, "liver spots," "age spots," freckles) caused by pregnancy, birth control pills, hormone medicine, or injury to the skin.
Benzene-1,4-diol works by blocking the process in the skin that leads to discoloration.

What is Benzene-1,4-diol?
Benzene-1,4-diol is an organic compound that’s used to treat a variety of discoloration-related skin conditions.
Benzene-1,4-diol’s a skin lightening agent that works by reducing your production of melanin. When used topically, hydroquinone can cause your skin to lighten in color.
Benzene-1,4-diol is widely used as a scar treatment.
Applied topically, Benzene-1,4-diol can cause darkened scars to lose some or all of their extra pigmentation, causing them to blend in and match the color of the surrounding skin.
Benzene-1,4-diol’s also used as a treatment for skin hyperpigmentation caused by UV exposure (spending too much time in the sun) and inflammation.
Topical Benzene-1,4-diol creams are available as prescription medication to treat melasma and other pigmentation-related skin conditions.
You can also buy limited strength Benzene-1,4-diol as an over-the-counter medicine in most pharmacies.

What is Benzene-1,4-diol used for?
Benzene-1,4-diol is a skin-bleaching agent that is used to lighten areas of darkened skin.
Benzene-1,4-diol decreases the formation of melanin in the skin.
Melanin is the pigment in skin that gives it a brown color.
Benzene-1,4-diol has been prescribed for your present skin condition only and should not be given to other people or used for other problems.

hydroquinone
1,4-benzenediol
Benzene-1,4-diol
123-31-9
Quinol
1,4-Dihydroxybenzene
p-Benzenediol
p-Hydroquinone
p-Hydroxyphenol
p-Dihydroxybenzene
4-Hydroxyphenol
Benzoquinol
Eldoquin
hydroquinol
Eldopaque
Phiaquin
p-Dioxybenzene
Dihydroquinone
Hydroquinole
Idrochinone
Tecquinol
Dihydroxybenzene
Solaquin forte
Benzohydroquinone
Arctuvin
Hidroquinone
Tequinol
Derma-Blanch
Tenox HQ
Hydrochinon
Hydrochinone
Artra
Eldopaque Forte
Eldoquin Forte
Diak 5
Benzene, p-dihydroxy-
1,4-Dihydroxy-benzol
Usaf ek-356
1,4-Diidrobenzene
p-Dioxobenzene
1,4-Dihydroxybenzen
para-Dioxybenzene
para-Hydroquinone
Pyrogentistic acid
1,4-Dihydroxy-benzeen
NCI-C55834
HE 5
para-Dihydroxybenzene
Black and White Bleaching Cream
Melanex
Idrochinone [Italian]
Hydrochinon [Czech, Polish]
1,4-Dihydroxybenzen [Czech]
1,4-Diidrobenzene [Italian]
Benzosemiquinone
1,4-Dihydroxy-benzeen [Dutch]
1,4-Dihydroxy-benzol [German]
UNII-XV74C1N1AE
NSC 9247
UN2662
Hydroquinone [USP]
CHEBI:17594
AI3-00072
4-DIHYDROXYBENZENE
MFCD00002339
HQ
CHEMBL537
XV74C1N1AE
1,4-Benzenediol, homopolymer
DTXSID7020716
NSC-9247
Hydroquinone [UN2662] [Poison]
Hydroquinone (USP)
NCGC00015523-02
beta-quinol
DSSTox_CID_716
DSSTox_RID_75754
DSSTox_GSID_20716
Eldopacque
Hydroquinone (Benzene-1,4-diol)
Epiquin
Sunvanish
p Benzendiol
p-Dihydroquinone
alpha-hydroquinone
para-Hydroxyphenol
26982-52-5
CAS-123-31-9
SMR000059154
CCRIS 714
1,4-Hydroxybenzene
HSDB 577
SR-01000075920
EINECS 204-617-8
hydroquinon
Hydroquinoue
hydroq uinone
hydroquinone gr
a-Hydroquinone
Black & White Bleaching Cream
p-Hydroxybenzene
b-Quinol
4-Benzenediol
Hydroquinone, HQ
.beta.-Quinol
1,4 benzenediol
Hydroquinone,(S)
p-dihydroxy benzene
HQE
Hydroquinone polymer
PLQ
Artra (Salt/Mix)
1, 4-Benzenediol
HYDROP
.alpha.-Hydroquinone
phenol derivative, 4
4-hydroxyphenyl alcohol
Spectrum_001757
4e3h
SpecPlus_000769
1,4-Dihydrobenzoquinone
ELDOQUIN (TN)
hydroquinone for synthesis
Spectrum2_001672
Spectrum3_000656
Spectrum4_000633
Spectrum5_001430
Lopac-H-9003
1,2 BENZOLDIOL
WLN: QR DQ
bmse000293
Epitope ID:116206
EC 204-617-8
Lopac0_000577
SCHEMBL15516
BSPBio_002291
KBioGR_001246
KBioSS_002237
1,4-Dihydroxybenzene, XIII
Hydroquinone-1,4-Benzenediol
MLS000069815
MLS001074911
BIDD:ER0340
DivK1c_006865
Hydroquinone, LR, >=99%
SPECTRUM1504237
Hydrochinon(CZECH, POLISH)
SPBio_001883
BDBM26190
Hydroquinone, puriss., 99.0%
KBio1_001809
KBio2_002237
KBio2_004805
KBio2_007373
KBio3_001511
NSC9247
Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone)
HMS1922H15
HMS2093E08
HMS3261D16
LABOTEST-BB LTBB001931
Pharmakon1600-01504237
HY-B0951
ZINC5133378
Tox21_110169
Tox21_202345
Tox21_300015
Tox21_500577
BBL011606
CCG-39082
NSC758707
s4580
STK397446
AKOS000119003
Tox21_110169_1
AM10548
AS00174
DB09526
LP00577
MCULE-3953269041
NSC-758707
SDCCGSBI-0050559.P003
UN 2662
Hydroquinone, ReagentPlus(R), >=99%
Hydroquinone, USP, 99.0-100.5%
NCGC00015523-01
NCGC00015523-03
NCGC00015523-04
NCGC00015523-05
NCGC00015523-06
NCGC00015523-07
NCGC00015523-08
NCGC00015523-09
NCGC00015523-10
NCGC00015523-11
NCGC00015523-12
NCGC00015523-13
NCGC00015523-19
NCGC00090880-01
NCGC00090880-02
NCGC00090880-03
NCGC00090880-04
NCGC00090880-05
NCGC00254037-01
NCGC00259894-01
NCGC00261262-01
BP-21160
DA-33570
Hydroquinone, ReagentPlus(R), >=99.5%
SBI-0050559.P002
Hydroquinone, SAJ first grade, >=99.0%
EU-0100577
FT-0606877
H0186
Hydroquinone, SAJ special grade, >=99.0%
Hydroquinone, meets USP testing specifications
C00530
D00073
H 9003
19538-EP2272837A1
19538-EP2284165A1
19538-EP2302015A1
19538-EP2305825A1
19538-EP2309584A1
19538-EP2311804A2
19538-EP2314576A1
19538-EP2314579A1
19538-EP2314584A1
19538-EP2315303A1
19538-EP2371803A1
19538-EP2377843A1
97871-EP2305685A1
AB00053361_08
122680-EP2295053A1
Q419164
J-00491
J-521469
SR-01000075920-1
SR-01000075920-4
Q27102742
Z57127551
094CADDB-59BF-4EDF-B278-59791B203EA2
F1908-0167
Hydroquinone, certified reference material, TraceCERT(R)
Hydroquinone, United States Pharmacopeia (USP) Reference Standard
Hydroquinone, Pharmaceutical Secondary Standard; Certified Reference Material

Benzene-1,4-diol, commonly known as hydroquinone, is a chemical compound with the molecular formula C6H6O2.
Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) is an aromatic organic compound that consists of a benzene ring with two hydroxyl groups (-OH) substituted at positions 1 and 4.

CAS Number: 123-31-9
EC Number: 204-617-8

Synonyms: Hydroquinone, 1,4-Benzenediol, p-Dihydroxybenzene, Quinol, Artra, Eldopaque, Esoterica, Black and White Bleaching Cream, Aida, Benzohydroquinone, Benzoquinol, Benzohydroquinone, Bino, Benzoquinol, Dermogel, Eldoquin, Esterol, Hydrochinone, Hydrochinonium, Hydroquinol, Hydroquinole, Hydroquinolum, Idrochinone, Melanex, Novoquinon, Progallin-S, Solaquin, Tequinol, 1,4-Dihydroxybenzene, 1,4-Dihydroxybenzol, 1,4-Dioksybenzen, Aquinol, Arochin, Benzenediol, Benzohydroxybenzene, Benzoquinol, C.I. 76550, Conchinone, Diak 5, Dihydroxybenzene, Dihydroxybenzol, Eldoquin Forte, Eldoquin-CF, Erospray, Fourneau 309, Hidrochinona, Idrochinone, Idroquinone, 1,4-Dihydroxybenzène, 1,4-Dihydroxybenzol, 1,4-Dioksibenzen, 1,4-Dioksybenzen, 4-Hydroxiphenol, 4-Hydroxyphenol, alpha-Quinol, Benzene-1,4-diol, beta-Dihydroxybenzene, beta-Hydroquinone, Binit, Hydrochinon, Hydrochinonum, Hydroquinol, NCI-C56028, p-Diphenol, Quinol, Quinolium, Quinolum



APPLICATIONS


Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) is utilized in the production of colorless photographic developers for black and white film processing.
Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) serves as a key ingredient in the formulation of chemical peels used for exfoliation and skin rejuvenation.

In the automotive industry, hydroquinone is employed in the production of automotive coatings and paints.
Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) finds application in the synthesis of antioxidants for stabilizing food oils and fats to prevent rancidity.
Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) is used in the synthesis of rubber antioxidants to prolong the service life of rubber products.

In the field of analytical chemistry, hydroquinone is employed as a redox indicator in titration reactions.
Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) serves as a reagent in organic synthesis for the preparation of pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, and specialty chemicals.

Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) is utilized in the synthesis of antioxidants for extending the shelf life of cosmetics and personal care products.
Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) is used in the formulation of hair colorants and bleaching agents to lighten the hair.

Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) finds application in the production of electroplating solutions for metal surface treatments.
Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) serves as a reducing agent in the synthesis of various organic compounds, including dyes and fragrances.

In the food industry, hydroquinone is employed as an additive in beverages to prevent enzymatic browning.
Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) is used in the synthesis of pharmaceutical intermediates for the production of drugs treating various medical conditions.

Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) finds application in the preservation of fruits and vegetables to maintain their freshness and color.
Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) is utilized in the synthesis of flavoring agents and fragrance compounds for the food and cosmetic industries.

Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) is employed in the production of antioxidants for improving the stability of plasticizers in PVC products.
Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) serves as a stabilizer in the production of polyurethane foams to prevent degradation during processing and use.

In the printing industry, hydroquinone is used as a component of developer solutions for lithographic printing plates.
Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) finds application in the synthesis of dyes and pigments for coloring textiles, paper, and other materials.

Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) is employed in the formulation of anti-corrosion coatings for metal surfaces in marine and industrial applications.
Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) serves as a reducing agent in the synthesis of photographic chemicals such as reducers and intensifiers.

In the manufacturing of detergents and cleaning agents, hydroquinone is used as a stabilizer to maintain product quality.
Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) finds application in the production of plastic additives for improving the thermal and UV stability of plastics.

Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) is utilized in the formulation of adhesive and sealant products for bonding various substrates in construction and automotive applications.
Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone)'s versatility and diverse chemical properties make it an essential component in numerous industries, contributing to the development of a wide range of products and applications.

Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) is commonly used in skincare products as a skin-lightening agent to treat hyperpigmentation.
Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) is effective in reducing the appearance of dark spots, age spots, and melasma on the skin.

Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) is utilized in the formulation of creams, lotions, serums, and gels for topical application.
Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) acts by inhibiting the enzyme tyrosinase, which is involved in melanin production, leading to a lighter complexion.

Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) is also employed in the treatment of post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation caused by acne, eczema, or injury.
Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) is used in combination with other skin-lightening agents such as retinoids, corticosteroids, and glycolic acid for enhanced efficacy.

Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) is prescribed by dermatologists and skincare professionals for various dermatological conditions related to hyperpigmentation.
Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) is also utilized in the production of hair dyes to achieve lighter or bleached hair shades.

In the textile industry, hydroquinone is employed as a dye intermediate for the production of azo and sulfur dyes.
Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) is utilized in the manufacture of ink formulations for printing and writing applications.

Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) is used as a developing agent in black and white photography to produce photographic prints and negatives.
In the rubber industry, hydroquinone serves as a polymerization inhibitor to prevent unwanted cross-linking during the production of rubber products.
Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) is employed as a stabilizer for plastics, preventing degradation and discoloration due to exposure to light and heat.

Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) is utilized in the synthesis of pharmaceutical intermediates and active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs).
Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) serves as a precursor in the production of antioxidants such as tocopherols and ubiquinone.

Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) is used in analytical chemistry as a reagent for the determination of various compounds, including sugars and phenols.
Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) is employed in the preservation of foods and beverages as an antioxidant and antimicrobial agent.

Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) is utilized in chemical synthesis for the production of aromatic compounds, resins, and specialty chemicals.
In the petrochemical industry, hydroquinone is employed in the production of fuel additives and lubricants.

Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) is utilized in the synthesis of agrochemicals such as herbicides, fungicides, and insecticides.
Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) is employed in the production of adhesives, sealants, and coatings for industrial and commercial applications.

Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) serves as a reducing agent in organic synthesis reactions to convert nitro compounds to amines.
Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) is used in the manufacture of antioxidants for cosmetics, personal care products, and food packaging materials.

Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) is employed in the production of photographic chemicals and toners for color photography.
Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) plays a critical role in various industries, ranging from skincare and cosmetics to photography, textiles, and pharmaceuticals, demonstrating its versatility and importance in diverse applications.

Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) is commonly utilized in skincare products as a skin-lightening agent to address hyperpigmentation issues.
Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) is effective in reducing the appearance of dark spots, age spots, and melasma, resulting in a more even skin tone.

Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) is often found in creams, lotions, serums, and gels formulated for topical application.
Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) works by inhibiting the enzyme tyrosinase, which plays a key role in melanin production.

Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) is frequently prescribed by dermatologists for treating conditions like post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation and freckles.
Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) is also used in the formulation of hair dyes to achieve lighter shades or to bleach hair.
In the textile industry, it serves as a dye intermediate for the production of various colored fabrics.

Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) finds application in the production of photographic chemicals as a developing agent for black and white film.
Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) is utilized in the manufacture of ink formulations for printing and writing purposes.

Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) acts as a polymerization inhibitor in the rubber industry to prevent undesired cross-linking.
In plastics manufacturing, hydroquinone serves as a stabilizer, preventing degradation caused by exposure to light and heat.

Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) is employed as a precursor in the synthesis of pharmaceutical intermediates and active ingredients.
Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) is utilized in the production of antioxidants for food preservation and personal care products.
Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) plays a role in analytical chemistry as a reagent for the determination of certain compounds.

In the petrochemical sector, hydroquinone is used in the production of fuel additives and lubricants.
Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) serves as a starting material for the synthesis of agrochemicals such as herbicides and fungicides.

Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) finds application in the production of adhesives, sealants, and coatings for various industrial purposes.
Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) is employed as a reducing agent in organic synthesis reactions to convert nitro compounds into amines.

Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) is used in the manufacture of antioxidants for cosmetics, personal care products, and food packaging.
Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) is employed in the production of toners and developers for color photography.

Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) finds application in the synthesis of specialty chemicals and pharmaceuticals.
Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) is utilized in the preservation of foods and beverages as an antioxidant and antimicrobial agent.

Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) is employed in the production of resins, plastics, and synthetic fibers.
In analytical chemistry, hydroquinone is used in titration procedures and as a standard in calibration solutions.
Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) plays a significant role in various industries due to its versatility and wide range of applications, from skincare and photography to pharmaceuticals and beyond.

Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) exhibits antioxidant properties, scavenging free radicals and preventing oxidative damage to cells and tissues.
Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) is commonly used in skincare products for its skin-lightening and depigmenting effects.

Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) acts by inhibiting the enzyme tyrosinase, thereby reducing melanin production in the skin.
Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) is effective in treating various forms of hyperpigmentation, including melasma, age spots, and post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation.

Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) is considered toxic if ingested in large quantities and can cause adverse effects on the liver and kidneys.
Prolonged or excessive use of hydroquinone in skincare products may lead to skin irritation, sensitization, and ochronosis.
Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) has been banned or restricted in cosmetic formulations in some countries due to safety concerns.

Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) is subject to regulatory oversight and requires careful handling and use in commercial and industrial applications.
Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) is a versatile compound with diverse applications in skincare, photography, pharmaceuticals, and chemical industries, but its use requires caution due to potential health risks and environmental concerns.



DESCRIPTION


Benzene-1,4-diol, commonly known as hydroquinone, is a chemical compound with the molecular formula C6H6O2.
Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) is an aromatic organic compound that consists of a benzene ring with two hydroxyl groups (-OH) substituted at positions 1 and 4.
Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) is a white crystalline solid at room temperature and is soluble in water and organic solvents like ethanol and ether.

Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) is widely used in various industries, including pharmaceuticals, photography, cosmetics, and agriculture.
In pharmaceuticals, hydroquinone is utilized as a topical agent for its skin-lightening properties, often found in creams and lotions to treat hyperpigmentation, melasma, and other skin disorders.
In photography, Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) is used as a developing agent to produce black and white images.

Additionally, hydroquinone is employed in the production of antioxidants, polymerization inhibitors, and as a reagent in organic synthesis.
However, prolonged or excessive exposure to hydroquinone can lead to adverse health effects, including skin irritation, sensitization, and potential carcinogenicity, prompting regulatory restrictions on its use in certain applications.

Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) is a crystalline white solid with a slightly sweet taste.
Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) is highly soluble in water, alcohol, and ether.
In its pure form, hydroquinone appears as odorless, needle-like crystals.

Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) has a chemical structure consisting of a benzene ring with two hydroxyl groups (-OH) attached at positions 1 and 4.
Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) is classified as a phenol derivative due to its aromatic ring structure and hydroxyl group.
Hydroquinone is a potent reducing agent, readily undergoing oxidation to form quinone derivatives.



PROPERTIES


Physical Properties:

Appearance: Hydroquinone is a white crystalline solid at room temperature.
Odor: It is odorless.
Taste: Hydroquinone has a slightly sweet taste.
Melting Point: The melting point of hydroquinone is approximately 171°C (340°F).
Boiling Point: The compound sublimes at temperatures above its melting point.
Solubility: Hydroquinone is highly soluble in water, alcohol, and ether.
Density: The density of hydroquinone is approximately 1.33 g/cm³.
Vapor Pressure: The vapor pressure of hydroquinone is low at room temperature.
Crystal Structure: Hydroquinone forms needle-like crystals in its pure form.
pH: In aqueous solutions, hydroquinone exhibits a slightly acidic pH.
Hygroscopicity: It is hygroscopic, meaning it can absorb moisture from the air.
Specific Gravity: The specific gravity of hydroquinone is approximately 1.33.
Partition Coefficient (Log P): The log P value of hydroquinone is approximately 0.6, indicating moderate lipophilicity.
Surface Tension: Hydroquinone exhibits surface-active properties due to its hydroxyl groups.
Optical Properties: Hydroquinone is optically inactive.


Chemical Properties:

Chemical Formula: C6H6O2
Molecular Weight: The molecular weight of hydroquinone is approximately 110.11 g/mol.
Structure: It consists of a benzene ring with two hydroxyl (-OH) groups attached at positions 1 and 4.
Functional Groups: Hydroquinone contains two hydroxyl groups (-OH), making it a diol.
Acidity/Basicity: Hydroquinone is a weak acid, capable of donating a proton to form the hydroquinone anion.
Redox Properties: It is a potent reducing agent, readily undergoing oxidation to form quinone derivatives.
Stability: Hydroquinone is relatively stable under normal conditions but can undergo oxidation and degradation upon exposure to light and air.
Reactivity: It reacts with oxidizing agents to form quinones, which are colored compounds.
Complex Formation: Hydroquinone can form complexes with metal ions, particularly in the presence of chelating agents.



FIRST AID


Inhalation:

If inhaled, immediately remove the affected person to fresh air.
Assist the individual in moving to an area with adequate ventilation.
Keep the person calm and reassure them while ensuring they continue to breathe freely.
If breathing difficulties persist or if the person is not breathing, seek medical attention immediately.
If the person is unconscious but breathing, place them in a stable position and monitor their vital signs until help arrives.


Skin Contact:

Remove contaminated clothing and shoes promptly to prevent further exposure.
Wash the affected area thoroughly with soap and lukewarm water for at least 15 minutes.
Use a mild detergent or cleanser to remove any residual hydroquinone from the skin.
Rinse the skin with plenty of water to ensure complete removal of the chemical.
If skin irritation or redness develops, seek medical advice promptly.


Eye Contact:

Immediately flush the eyes with gently flowing lukewarm water for at least 15 minutes, holding the eyelids open to ensure thorough rinsing.
Remove contact lenses if present and easily removable after flushing.
Seek immediate medical attention, even if no symptoms are initially present.
Protect the unaffected eye during flushing to prevent cross-contamination.


Ingestion:

Do not induce vomiting unless instructed to do so by medical personnel.
Rinse the mouth thoroughly with water and spit out.
Do not give anything by mouth to an unconscious person.
Seek medical attention immediately.
Provide medical personnel with information on the amount ingested and the time of ingestion.


General First Aid:

If symptoms of overexposure develop (such as headache, nausea, dizziness, or difficulty breathing), seek medical attention immediately.
Keep affected individuals warm and quiet.
Treat symptomatically and supportively.
In case of chemical burns, rinse affected skin or eyes with copious amounts of water and seek medical attention promptly.
Monitor vital signs and provide reassurance to the affected individual while awaiting medical assistance.


Notes for Medical Personnel:

Treatment should be based on the symptoms and clinical condition of the exposed individual.
No specific antidote is available for hydroquinone exposure.
In case of ingestion, gastric lavage and administration of activated charcoal may be considered if performed soon after ingestion and under medical supervision.
Provide supportive care, including respiratory support and symptomatic treatment, as necessary.


Precautions for First Responders:

Wear appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE), including gloves, goggles, and protective clothing, when assisting with first aid.
Avoid direct contact with hydroquinone to prevent secondary exposure.
Use caution to prevent contamination of oneself and others during the handling of contaminated clothing and materials.


Emergency Contacts:

Contact emergency medical services or local poison control center for assistance.
Provide information on the chemical involved, exposure route, and symptoms observed.
Follow established procedures and guidelines for handling chemical exposures and seeking medical assistance.



HANDLING AND STORAGE


Handling:

Personal Protective Equipment (PPE):
Wear appropriate PPE, including chemical-resistant gloves, safety goggles, and protective clothing, when handling hydroquinone to minimize skin and eye contact.
Use respiratory protection, such as a dust mask or respirator, if handling large quantities of powder or aerosolized forms of hydroquinone.

Handling Precautions:
Handle hydroquinone in a well-ventilated area or under local exhaust ventilation to minimize inhalation exposure.
Avoid contact with skin, eyes, and clothing. In case of contact, wash affected areas immediately with plenty of water.
Use tools and equipment designed for handling chemicals to minimize the risk of spills and splashes.
Do not eat, drink, or smoke while handling hydroquinone.
Wash hands thoroughly after handling to remove any residual chemical.

Spill and Leak Procedures:
In the event of a spill or leak, immediately contain the area to prevent further spread of the chemical.
Use absorbent materials, such as vermiculite or sand, to soak up spills.
Wear appropriate PPE during cleanup and disposal of spilled material.
Dispose of contaminated materials in accordance with local regulations.

Equipment Cleaning:
Clean equipment and containers used for handling hydroquinone regularly to prevent buildup and cross-contamination.
Use mild detergents and water for cleaning, followed by thorough rinsing.
Dispose of cleaning solutions and rinse water according to applicable regulations.


Storage:

Storage Conditions:
Store hydroquinone in a cool, dry, well-ventilated area away from heat, sparks, and open flames.
Keep containers tightly closed when not in use to prevent contamination and evaporation.
Store away from incompatible materials, such as oxidizing agents, acids, and bases.
Ensure storage area is equipped with appropriate containment measures to contain spills.

Segregation and Separation:
Segregate hydroquinone from incompatible chemicals to prevent reactions or contamination.
Store in dedicated storage cabinets or areas away from food, beverages, and feedstuffs.

Handling and Storage Equipment:
Use equipment and containers specifically designated for storing hydroquinone to prevent cross-contamination.
Ensure containers are made of compatible materials, such as high-density polyethylene (HDPE) or glass.
Check containers regularly for signs of damage or deterioration and replace if necessary.

Temperature and Humidity Control:
Avoid exposure to extreme temperatures and humidity, as they may affect the stability and integrity of hydroquinone.
Maintain storage temperature within the recommended range (typically ambient temperature).