Tris(phosphonomethyl)amine; NTF; ATMP; Amino tris(methanephosphonic acid); Briquest 301-500; Budex 5130; Dequest 2000; Dowell L 37; Ferrofos 509; Masquol P 320; Mayoquest 1320; NTMP; NTPA; Nitrilotrismethylenetriphosphonic acid; Nitrilotris(methylene) Triphosphonic acidr; Nitrilotris(methylphosphonic acid); AMP; ATMP; Aminotrimethylene phosphonic acid; (Nitrilotris(methylene))triphosphonic acid; P,P',P''-(Nitrilotris(methylene))trisphosphonic acid CAS NO:6419-19-8

Amodimethicone is a clear to pale yellow liquid.
Amodimethicone is a modified silicone polymer.
Amodimethicone is a water-soluble silicone that can provide conditioning and detangling benefits to hair.

CAS Number: 71750-80-6



APPLICATIONS


Amodimethicone is commonly used in hair care products as a conditioning agent.
Amodimethicone can help reduce hair breakage and improve overall hair health.
Amodimethicone can also make hair easier to comb and style.

Amodimethicone can provide a smoothing effect to hair, reducing frizz and flyaways.
Amodimethicone is often used in leave-in conditioners and detangling sprays.

Amodimethicone can be added to shampoos and conditioners to enhance their conditioning properties.
Amodimethicone can also be used in hair serums and styling products.

Amodimethicone can help protect hair from damage caused by heat styling tools.
Amodimethicone is a popular ingredient in hair treatments and masks.
Amodimethicone can help improve the overall texture and appearance of hair.

Amodimethicone can be used in skin care products as a moisturizer.
Amodimethicone can help improve the texture and feel of skin.

Amodimethicone can also be used in sunscreens to improve their water resistance.
Amodimethicone can help prevent the sunscreen from washing off in water.
Amodimethicone can be used in makeup products as a skin-conditioning agent.

Amodimethicone can help improve the overall appearance and texture of the skin.
Amodimethicone can be added to lotions and creams to enhance their moisturizing properties.

Amodimethicone can help prevent dryness and improve skin hydration.
Amodimethicone can be used in bath and shower products as a conditioning agent.
Amodimethicone can help improve the feel and texture of the skin after bathing.

Amodimethicone can be added to deodorants to improve their texture and feel.
Amodimethicone can help prevent skin irritation caused by deodorants.

Amodimethicone can be used in fragrances to improve their texture and longevity.
Amodimethicone can help the fragrance last longer on the skin.
Amodimethicone is a versatile ingredient that can be used in a wide range of personal care products.


Amodimethicone is widely used in the personal care industry for hair and skin care applications due to its unique properties.

Some of its applications are:

Hair conditioners:
Amodimethicone is often used in hair conditioners to help detangle hair and improve its manageability.

Hair serums:
Amodimethicone is used as an ingredient in hair serums to add shine and protect hair from damage caused by heat styling tools.
Shampoos: Amodimethicone is used in shampoos to help control frizz and improve the texture of hair.

Hair sprays:
Amodimethicone can be used in hair sprays to help hold hair in place and protect it from humidity.

Leave-in hair treatments:
Amodimethicone is used in leave-in hair treatments to improve the overall appearance and health of hair.

Skincare:
Amodimethicone is also used in skincare products like moisturizers, lotions, and creams to improve skin texture and provide a silky feel.

Sunscreens:
Amodimethicone is used in sunscreens to provide a silky feel and make it easier to spread the product.

Anti-aging products:
Amodimethicone can be used in anti-aging products to improve the texture and appearance of the skin, helping to reduce the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles.

Lipsticks:
Amodimethicone is used in lipsticks to provide a smooth and silky feel.

Deodorants:
Amodimethicone can be used in deodorants to provide a smooth feel and help control sweat.

Fragrances:
Amodimethicone is used in fragrances to help the scent last longer and provide a smooth feel.

Body washes:
Amodimethicone can be used in body washes to provide a smooth feel and improve the texture of the skin.

Bath oils:
Amodimethicone can be used in bath oils to provide a silky feel and improve skin texture.

After-sun products:
Amodimethicone can be used in after-sun products to soothe the skin and improve skin texture.

Foot creams:
Amodimethicone is used in foot creams to provide a silky feel and improve skin texture.

Hand creams:
Amodimethicone can be used in hand creams to provide a smooth feel and improve skin texture.

Body lotions:
Amodimethicone is used in body lotions to provide a silky feel and improve skin texture.

Massage oils:
Amodimethicone can be used in massage oils to provide a silky feel and improve skin texture.

Bath and shower gels:
Amodimethicone is used in bath and shower gels to provide a smooth feel and improve skin texture.

Makeup:
Amodimethicone can be used in makeup products to provide a smooth and silky feel.

Eyeliners:
Amodimethicone is used in eyeliners to provide a smooth feel and improve the application of the product.

Mascara:
Amodimethicone can be used in mascara to improve the application and provide a smooth feel.

Blush:
Amodimethicone is used in blush to provide a smooth feel and improve the application of the product.

Foundations:
Amodimethicone can be used in foundations to provide a silky feel and improve the application of the product.

Concealers:
Amodimethicone is used in concealers to provide a smooth feel and improve the application of the product.


Amodimethicone has several other applications, including:

As a conditioning agent in hair care products, such as shampoos and conditioners, to improve the appearance and manageability of hair.
As a detangling agent in hair care products, to reduce hair breakage and improve combability.
As an emulsifier in skin care products, to help mix oil and water-based ingredients and improve the consistency of the product.
As an anti-static agent in hair care products, to reduce static electricity and frizz.
As a shine enhancer in hair care products, to improve the appearance and brightness of hair.
As a smoothing agent in hair care products, to reduce frizz and flyaways and improve the texture of hair.
As a film-forming agent in hair care products, to create a protective barrier on hair and reduce damage from heat styling tools.
As a surfactant in cleaning products, such as shampoos and body washes, to help remove dirt and oils from the skin and hair.
As a lubricant in personal care products, to reduce friction and improve the texture of the product.
As a moisturizer in skin care products, to help hydrate and soften the skin.
As a thickening agent in personal care products, to increase the viscosity of the product and improve its texture.
As a conditioning agent in textile manufacturing, to improve the softness and durability of fabrics.
As a release agent in the manufacture of rubber products, to prevent sticking and improve the ease of release from molds.
As a wetting agent in agricultural products, to help pesticides and herbicides spread evenly over plants and improve their effectiveness.
As a lubricant in industrial machinery, to reduce friction and wear on moving parts.
As a foam stabilizer in personal care products, to improve the stability and longevity of foam.
As a viscosity controller in industrial coatings, to improve the flow and texture of the product.
As a mold release agent in plastic manufacturing, to prevent sticking and improve the ease of release from molds.
As a slip agent in plastic films, to improve their smoothness and reduce friction.
As a lubricant in the manufacturing of metal parts, to improve the efficiency and accuracy of machining operations.
As a release agent in the production of polyurethane foam, to prevent sticking and improve the ease of release from molds.
As a lubricant in the manufacturing of rubber parts, to reduce friction and improve the efficiency of molding and extrusion processes.
As a processing aid in the manufacture of thermoplastics, to improve the flow and processability of the material.
As a coating in the printing industry, to improve the adhesion and durability of ink on paper and other substrates.
As an additive in the production of adhesives and sealants, to improve their bonding properties and reduce their viscosity.


Amodimethicone is used in hair care products to improve manageability and reduce frizz.
Amodimethicone is often included in shampoos, conditioners, and styling products to provide a smooth, silky texture.
Amodimethicone can help protect hair from heat damage caused by blow drying or flat ironing.

Amodimethicone can also provide UV protection to prevent color fading and damage from the sun's rays.
In skin care products, Amodimethicone can improve the texture and spreadability of creams and lotions.

Amodimethicone can also help prevent moisture loss and improve skin hydration.
Amodimethicone is commonly used in leave-in hair treatments to provide long-lasting conditioning and detangling.

Amodimethicone can help protect hair from environmental damage and keep it looking healthy and shiny.
Amodimethicone is used in antiperspirants to provide a smooth, silky feel and reduce irritation.

Amodimethicone can also help prevent white residue from forming on clothing.
In wound dressings, Amodimethicone can provide a moist environment for healing and reduce pain and inflammation.
Amodimethicone is used in textile coatings to improve water repellency and durability.

Amodimethicone can also enhance the softness and texture of fabrics.
Amodimethicone can be used as a release agent in the manufacture of rubber and plastic products.

Amodimethicone can help prevent sticking and improve the surface finish of molded parts.
In personal lubricants, Amodimethicone can improve glide and reduce irritation.

Amodimethicone is also used in condoms to improve their durability and prevent breakage.
Amodimethicone is used in the production of adhesives and sealants to improve bonding and reduce viscosity.
Amodimethicone can also improve resistance to temperature and environmental conditions.

In automotive products, Amodimethicone is used to improve the water repellency of windshields and windows.
Amodimethicone can also improve the performance of wiper blades and prevent streaking.

Amodimethicone is used in the production of silicone-based defoamers to prevent foam formation in industrial processes.
Amodimethicone can also improve the efficiency of inkjet printing by reducing droplet size and improving drying time.

Amodimethicone is used in the production of silicone emulsions and dispersions for use in a wide range of industrial and consumer applications.
Amodimethicone is also used in the production of silicone rubber products, including gaskets, seals, and hoses.



DESCRIPTION


Amodimethicone is a clear to pale yellow liquid.
Amodimethicone is a modified silicone polymer.
Amodimethicone is a water-soluble silicone that can provide conditioning and detangling benefits to hair.

Amodimethicone is commonly used in hair care products such as shampoos, conditioners, and hair masks.
Amodimethicone is often used in combination with other conditioning agents such as cationic surfactants and fatty alcohols to improve hair feel and manageability.

Amodimethicone is also known for its ability to reduce hair breakage and improve hair strength.
Amodimethicone can help to protect hair from heat damage caused by styling tools like flat irons and hair dryers.

Amodimethicone is non-ionic and does not build up on hair, making it a popular choice for leave-in conditioners and styling products.
Amodimethicone is compatible with a wide range of surfactants and polymers, making it versatile in formulation.

Amodimethicone has a low surface tension, which can aid in the spreading and wetting of hair care products.
Amodimethicone can provide long-lasting conditioning benefits to the hair, even after multiple washes.

Amodimethicone is resistant to water and can help to prevent frizz in humid conditions.
Amodimethicone can also provide color protection to dyed hair, helping to maintain vibrancy and shine.
Amodimethicone can be used in both professional and consumer hair care products.

Amodimethicone is typically used at low concentrations in formulations, ranging from 0.1% to 5%.
Amodimethicone can be used in a variety of hair types, including straight, wavy, curly, and coily hair.

Amodimethicone is easy to incorporate into formulations due to its water solubility.
Amodimethicone has a low viscosity, making it easy to handle and mix with other ingredients.

Amodimethicone has a low molecular weight, allowing it to penetrate the hair shaft and provide deep conditioning benefits.
Amodimethicone can be used in hair care products for both men and women.
Amodimethicone can help to improve the feel and texture of damaged and over-processed hair.

Amodimethicone can be used in combination with other silicone derivatives such as dimethiconol and cyclomethicone.
Amodimethicone is stable over a wide pH range, making it compatible with acidic and alkaline hair care formulations.

Amodimethicone can be used in hair care products for all ages, from children to seniors.
Amodimethicone is a safe and effective ingredient commonly used in hair care products worldwide.


Amodimethicone is a silicone-based polymer used primarily in hair care products.
Amodimethicone is a clear, colorless to pale yellow liquid that is soluble in water and alcohol.



PROPERTIES


Chemical formula: C24H43NO2Si
Molecular weight: 401.68 g/mol
Appearance: Clear, viscous liquid
Odor: Odorless
Solubility: Insoluble in water, soluble in organic solvents
Melting point: < -50°C
Boiling point: Decomposes before boiling
Flash point: > 150°C
Density: 0.96 g/mL at 25°C
Refractive index: 1.443-1.450 at 20°C
Viscosity: 100-100,000 cSt
pH: 5-7
Surface tension: 20.3 dyn/cm
Dielectric constant: 2.6
Dielectric strength: 21.3 kV/mm
Heat of vaporization: 326.6 J/g
Heat of combustion: -5336 kJ/mol
Heat of formation: -187.5 kJ/mol
Heat capacity: 0.912 J/g·K
Thermal conductivity: 0.16 W/m·K
Flammability: Combustible
Stability: Stable under normal conditions
Reactivity: Reacts with strong oxidizing agents
Hazardous decomposition products: Carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxides



FIRST AID


Inhalation:

Move the person to an area with fresh air immediately.
If the person is having difficulty breathing, give oxygen if it is available.
Seek medical attention if the person is experiencing any symptoms or if they have inhaled a large amount of the substance.


Skin contact:

Remove contaminated clothing and footwear immediately and discard.
Wash the affected area thoroughly with soap and water for at least 15 minutes.
Rinse the area with clean water.
Seek medical attention if irritation or symptoms persist.


Eye contact:

Immediately flush the affected eye with clean water for at least 15 minutes, holding the eyelids apart to ensure that water gets into the eye itself.
Seek medical attention immediately, even if there are no immediate symptoms.


Ingestion:

Do not induce vomiting unless instructed to do so by medical personnel.
Rinse out the mouth with water.
Do not give anything by mouth to an unconscious person.
Seek medical attention immediately.



HANDLING AND STORAGE


Handling:

Amodimethicone should be handled in a well-ventilated area, with proper personal protective equipment such as gloves, safety glasses, and lab coat.
It is important to avoid contact with skin, eyes, and clothing, as it may cause irritation or allergic reactions.

In case of skin contact, wash thoroughly with soap and water. In case of eye contact, flush with water for at least 15 minutes and seek medical attention if necessary.
Amodimethicone should be handled carefully to avoid any spills or leaks, as it is flammable and may cause fire or explosion in certain conditions.
Do not eat, drink, or smoke while handling Amodimethicone.


Storage:

Amodimethicone should be stored in a cool, dry, and well-ventilated area away from sources of heat and ignition.
Keep containers tightly closed when not in use to prevent contamination and evaporation.

Amodimethicone should be stored separately from strong oxidizers, acids, and bases.
Avoid exposure to sunlight or ultraviolet radiation, as it may degrade the material and reduce its effectiveness.
Store Amodimethicone in its original container, with proper labeling and identification of the contents.



SYNONYMS


Aminoethylamino-Dimethicone
Bis-Amino
PEG/PPG-41/3
Aminoethyl PG-Propyl Dimethicone
Amino-functional silicone
Dimethylstearamine copolyol
Polyquaternium-11
Amino silicone oil
Stearoxy dimethicone
Polyquaternium-44
Cetyl dimethicone
Bis-aminopropyl dimethicone
Aminopropyl dimethicone
Polyquaternium-7
Amodimethicone (and) Trideceth-12
Polyquaternium-6
Bis-aminopropyl dimethicone/dimethicone copolymer
Behenoxy dimethicone
Bis-hydroxy/methoxy amodimethicone
Cetyl dimethicone copolyol
Lauryl dimethicone copolyol
PEG-12 dimethicone
Stearyl dimethicone
Trideceth-12
Trimethylsiloxysilicate
Bis-hydroxyethyl amodimethicone
Cyclomethicone
Glycol distearate
PEG-8 dimethicone
Bis-Amodimethicone
Dimethicone Amodimethicone
PEG-12 Dimethicone Amodimethicone
Trimethylsiloxyamodimethicone
Cetyl Dimethicone Copolyol Amodimethicone
Behenoxy Dimethicone Amodimethicone
PEG-8 Dimethicone Amodimethicone
Dimethiconol Amodimethicone
Hydroxypropyltrimonium Amodimethicone
Cetyl Amodimethicone
Stearoxy Dimethicone Amodimethicone
Stearyl Dimethicone Amodimethicone
Polyquaternium-10-11 Amodimethicone
Glyceryl Amodimethicone
Trideceth-5 Amodimethicone
Trideceth-12 Amodimethicone
Trideceth-10 Amodimethicone
Cetrimonium Chloride Amodimethicone
Cetrimonium Methosulfate Amodimethicone
Stearalkonium Chloride Amodimethicone
Guar Hydroxypropyltrimonium Chloride Amodimethicone
Lauryl Amodimethicone
PPG-3 Benzyl Ether Amodimethicone
Propylene Glycol Dibenzoate Amodimethicone
Silicone Quaternium-17 Amodimethicone

DESCRIPTION:
AMONYL 380 BA is an amphoteric surfactant, compatible with hard water, with high concentrated electrolytes and at the all range of pH.
AMONYL 380 BA is Good cleansing agent.
AMONYL 380 BA is Good foaming agent.

CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF AMONYL 380 BA:
Data: Limits
Appearance: Limpid liquid
Solid content (%): 28 - 32%
pH 5%: 5,5 - 7,0
Colour (Klett): NaCl: 4,5 - 6%



AMONYL 380 BA has the following properties:
AMONYL 380 BA is Good cleansing agent
AMONYL 380 BA is Good foaming agent

Generally, AMONYL 380 BA is not as good as alkyl and alkyl ether sulfates; nevertheless, better at alkaline pH, unaffected by hard water and resistant to high electrolyte concentration.
AMONYL 380 BA is Thickening surfactant
AMONYL 380 BA thickens anionic surface active agents, particularly alkyl and alkyl ether sulfate, with salts.

COMPATIBILITY:
AMONYL 380 BA is compatible with all classes of surfactants except with anionics at low pH.
AMONYL 380 BA shows excellent chemical stability against oxidising agents.
AMONYL 380 BA is resistant to hydrolysis and stable at very low and high pH.

APPLICATIONS OF AMONYL 380 BA:
Main applications of AMONYL 380 BA are in:
Hand dishwashing liquids : excellent foam stability and increases the viscosity when combined with anionics.
AMONYL 380 BA is Car cleaners.
AMONYL 380 BA is Domestic bleach.

AMONYL 380 BA is an alkyl amido betaine.
AMONYL 380 BA is used in Shampoos
AMONYL 380 BA is used in Shower gels
AMONYL 380 BA is used in Foaming baths

CHARACTERISTICS OF AMONYL 380 BA:
AMONYL 380 BA is Betaine
AMONYL 380 BA Provides a fine foam that is stable over time

AMONYL 380 BA Stabilizes & boosts the foam of anionic surfactants
AMONYL 380 BA is Sulfate free
AMONYL 380 BA is Preservative free

AMONYL 380 BA acts as a foaming agent.
AMONYL 380 BA is an amphoteric alkyl amido betaine.
AMONYL 380 BA is free of preservatives and sulfates.

AMONYL 380 BA stabilizes and boosts foam of anionic surfactants.
AMONYL 380 BA is used in shampoos, shower gels and foaming bath applications.

SAFETY INFORMATION ABOUT AMONYL 380 BA:

First aid measures:
Description of first aid measures:
General advice:
Consult a physician.
Show this safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
Move out of dangerous area:

If inhaled:
If breathed in, move person into fresh air.
If not breathing, give artificial respiration.
Consult a physician.
In case of skin contact:
Take off contaminated clothing and shoes immediately.
Wash off with soap and plenty of water.
Consult a physician.

In case of eye contact:
Rinse thoroughly with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes and consult a physician.
Continue rinsing eyes during transport to hospital.

If swallowed:
Do NOT induce vomiting.
Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person.
Rinse mouth with water.
Consult a physician.

Firefighting measures:
Extinguishing media:
Suitable extinguishing media:
Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.
Special hazards arising from the substance or mixture
Carbon oxides, Nitrogen oxides (NOx), Hydrogen chloride gas

Advice for firefighters:
Wear self-contained breathing apparatus for firefighting if necessary.
Accidental release measures:
Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures
Use personal protective equipment.

Avoid breathing vapours, mist or gas.
Evacuate personnel to safe areas.

Environmental precautions:
Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so.
Do not let product enter drains.
Discharge into the environment must be avoided.

Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Soak up with inert absorbent material and dispose of as hazardous waste.
Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.

Handling and storage:
Precautions for safe handling:
Avoid inhalation of vapour or mist.

Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place.
Containers which are opened must be carefully resealed and kept upright to prevent leakage.
Storage class (TRGS 510): 8A: Combustible, corrosive hazardous materials

Exposure controls/personal protection:
Control parameters:
Components with workplace control parameters
Contains no substances with occupational exposure limit values.
Exposure controls:
Appropriate engineering controls:
Handle in accordance with good industrial hygiene and safety practice.
Wash hands before breaks and at the end of workday.

Personal protective equipment:
Eye/face protection:
Tightly fitting safety goggles.
Faceshield (8-inch minimum).
Use equipment for eye protection tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or EN 166(EU).

Skin protection:
Handle with gloves.
Gloves must be inspected prior to use.
Use proper glove
removal technique (without touching glove's outer surface) to avoid skin contact with this product.
Dispose of contaminated gloves after use in accordance with applicable laws and good laboratory practices.
Wash and dry hands.

Full contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0.11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Material tested:Dermatril (KCL 740 / Aldrich Z677272, Size M)
Splash contact
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0.11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Material tested:Dermatril (KCL 740 / Aldrich Z677272, Size M)
It should not be construed as offering an approval for any specific use scenario.

Body Protection:
Complete suit protecting against chemicals, The type of protective equipment must be selected according to the concentration and amount of the dangerous substance at the specific workplace.
Respiratory protection:
Where risk assessment shows air-purifying respirators are appropriate use a fullface respirator with multi-purpose combination (US) or type ABEK (EN 14387) respirator cartridges as a backup to engineering controls.

If the respirator is the sole means of protection, use a full-face supplied air respirator.
Use respirators and components tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or CEN (EU).
Control of environmental exposure
Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so.
Do not let product enter drains.
Discharge into the environment must be avoided.

Stability and reactivity:
Chemical stability:
Stable under recommended storage conditions.
Incompatible materials:
Strong oxidizing agents:
Hazardous decomposition products:
Hazardous decomposition products formed under fire conditions.
Carbon oxides, Nitrogen oxides (NOx), Hydrogen chloride gas.

Disposal considerations:
Waste treatment methods:
Product:
Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company.
Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material.
Contaminated packaging:
Dispose of as unused product.

SYNONYMS Ammoniac; Ammonium Muriate; Sal ammoniac;Amchlor; Darammon; Salammonite; Salammoniac; Ammoniumchloridefume; Ammoniumchlorid (German); Chlorammonic (French; Chlorid Ammonia (Czech);Chlorid Amonny; Chlorid Amonny (Czech); Cloruro De Amonio; Gen-diur (Spainish); Muriate of Ammonia; Ammonium chloride CAS NO:12125-02-9

bétaïnes, dérivés d’acides aminés et d’imidazole) : ils vont être soit cationique, soit anionique selon le pH du milieu dans lequel ils se trouvent. Ils sont plutôt bien tolérés par la peau, et ne piquent pas les yeux. Exemples : Cocamidopropyl Betaïn, mousse de Babassu (Babassuamidopropyl betaïne)

AMP 95 Multifunctional Neutralizer is a colorless liquid with relatively low viscosity.
AMP 95 Multifunctional Neutralizer is a colorless liquid with faint amine odor.


CAS Number: 124-68-5
EC Number: 204-709-8
MDL Number: MFCD00008051
INCI/Chemical Name:
2-AMINO-2-METHYL-1-PROPANOL
Linear Formula: (CH3)2C(NH2)CH2OH / C4H11NO



SYNONYMS:
Aminomethyl propanol (2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol), Amp 95, 2-Amino-2 Methyl-1 Propanol, Uniten AMP 95, Amp Buffer 95%, AMP, AMP 95, β-Aminoisobutyl alcohol, 2-Amino-2 Methyl-1 Propanol, Uniten AMP 95, Amp Buffer 95%, 2-Amino-2-methyl-1-propanol, 1,1-Dimethyl-2-hydroxyethylamine, 1-Hydroxy-2-methylpropan-2-amine, 2,2-Dimethylethanolamine, 2-Amino-1-hydroxy-2-methylpropane, 2-Amino-2,2-dimethylethanol, 2-Amino-2-methylpropanol, 2-Aminoisobutanol, 2-Hydroxy-1,1-dimethylethylamine, 2-Hydroxymethyl-2-propylamine, 2-Methyl-2-amino-1-propanol, 2-Methyl-2-aminopropanol, AMP (thinner), AMP Regular, AMP buffer, AMP-ULTRA PC 2000, AMP-Ultra PC, AMP-Ultra PC 1000, CE 64, Corrguard 75, Dolapix A 88, Hydroxy-tert-butylamine, Isobutanol-2-amine, KV 5088, NSC 441, Pamabron, β-Aminoisobutanol, AMP, AMP 95, β-Aminoisobutyl alcohol, 2-Amino-2-methyl-1-propanol, 2-Amino-2-methylpropan-1-ol, 1-Propanol, 2-amino-2-methyl-, Aminomethylpropanol, 2-aminodimethylethanol, β-aminoisobutanol, 2-amino-2-methylpropan-1-ol, 2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol, isobutanol-2-amine, isobutanolamine, β-Aminoisobutanol, Aminomethylpropanol, AMP Regular, Hydroxy-tert-butylamine, Isobutanol-2-amine, 1,1-Dimethyl-2-hydroxyethylamine, 2-Amino-2-methylpropanol, 2-Amino-2,2-dimethylethanol, 2-Aminoisobutanol, 2-Hydroxymethyl-2-propylamine, 2-Methyl-2-aminopropanol, 2-Methyl-2-aminopropanol-1, 2-Aminodimethylethanol, 2,2-Dimethyl-ethanolamine, Amino-2-methyl-1-propanol, Amino-2,2-dimethylethanol, Aminoisobutanol, Hydroxymethyl-2-propylamine, 2-Amino-1-hydroxy-2-methylpropane, AMP 75, Corrguard 75, KV 5088, NSC 441



AMP 95 Multifunctional Neutralizer is widely recognized as a multifunctional additive for all types of latex emulsion paints.
AMP 95 Multifunctional Neutralizer is a multifunctional additive and synthetic building block.
The versatility, compatibility and preferred environmental profile of AMP 95 Multifunctional Neutralizer is valued across a wide range of applications and markets.


AMP 95 Multifunctional Neutralizer provides high-efficiency pH control, enhances dispersion of pigments and latex, controls corrosion, and provides compatibility and stability to water-based formulations.
AMP 95 Multifunctional Neutralizer has exceptional thermal and UV stability and is highly resistant to yellowing.


AMP 95 Multifunctional Neutralizer is a colorless liquid with faint amine odor.
AMP 95 Multifunctional Neutralizer is premier primary amino alcohol, designed for use in all water-dilutable metalworking fluids, especially where a colorless product is required.


AMP 95 Multifunctional Neutralizer is used worldwide, providing superior performance among commonly available amine products.
AMP 95 Multifunctional Neutralizer is widely recognized as a multifunctional additive for all types of latex emulsion paints.
In a formulation, AMP 95 Multifunctional Neutralizer can be used as a powerful co-dispersant to prevent re-agglomeration of pigments.


At the same time, AMP 95 Multifunctional Neutralizer will contribute significant benefits to the overall performance of the coating.
AMP 95 Multifunctional Neutralizer is 2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol containing 5% added water.
AMP 95 Multifunctional Neutralizer acts as a corrosion inhibitor.


AMP 95 Multifunctional Neutralizer is a colorless liquid with relatively low viscosity.
AMP 95 Multifunctional Neutralizer contributes to pH stability, low odor and anticorrosive properties.
AMP 95 Multifunctional Neutralizer promotes acceptance of colorants.


AMP 95 Multifunctional Neutralizer is a very efficient amine for neutralizing the carboxylic acid moieties in acid-functional resins to make them suitable for use in water-borne coatings and other aqueous applications.
In latex emulsion paints, AMP 95 Multifunctional Neutralizer is a very efficient co-dispersant for pigments.


AMP 95 Multifunctional Neutralizer is the premier, flagship product from ANGUS for paint and coatings.
As a primary multifunctional amine, AMP 95 Multifunctional Neutralizer offers more functionality, more exibility, and more value than other amines.
AMP 95 Multifunctional Neutralizer is a multifunctional neutralizer containing 2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol and 5% added water.


Key attributes of AMP 95 Multifunctional Neutralizer include neutralization, dispersancy, pH buffering, non-yellowing, stability, formulation optimization, alkaline pH development and corrosion control, offering inumerous benefits throughout the life cycle of a latex paint compared to regular pH neutralizers, such as ammonia, MEA, NaOH.


In addition, AMP 95 Multifunctional Neutralizer is the only US EPA VOC-exempt amine .
AMP 95 Multifunctional Neutralizer is recommended for a wide range of applications, such as Architectural and Industrial Coatings, Emulsion Polymerization, Inks, Adhesives and Solvent-borne alkyds.


This colorless, mobile liquid, AMP 95 Multifunctional Neutralizer, with a relatively low viscosity remains liquid at temperatures above -2°C to permit easy handling.



USES and APPLICATIONS of AMP 95 MULTIFUNCTIONAL NEUTRALIZER:
AMP 95 Multifunctional Neutralizer is a multi-functional additive for all types of latex emulsion paints.
AMP 95 Multifunctional Neutralizer is used as a powerful co-dispersant to prevent re-agglomeration of pigments, contribute significant benefits to overall performance of the coating.


AMP 95 Multifunctional Neutralizer is used as neutralizer and a co-dispersant.
In a formulation, AMP 95 Multifunctional Neutralizer can be used as a powerful co-dispersant to prevent re-agglomeration of pigments.
At the same time, AMP 95 Multifunctional Neutralizer will contribute significant benefits to the overall performance of the coating.


AMP 95 Multifunctional Neutralizer also has the advantages of cobalt – free precipitation and low foam.
AMP 95 Multifunctional Neutralizer is used to synthesize surfactant; Curing accelerator; Acidic gas absorbent.
AMP 95 Multifunctional Neutralizer is used in many cosmetic formulations as a neutralization agent with a low viscosity half that of TEA.


AMP 95 Multifunctional Neutralizer contributes to moisture resistance, frizz resistance, easy rinsing, and product stability.
AMP 95 Multifunctional Neutralizer is used Appliance Paint, Building Coating, Car Paint, Furniture Paint, Paper Coating, Plastic Coating, Rubber Coating, Industrial Paint.


AMP 95 Multifunctional Neutralizer is used water-based adhesive, water-based glazing oil, water-based ink, interior and exterior latex paint, leather coating, other water-based systems.
AMP 95 Multifunctional Neutralizer derivatives formed with carboxylic acids are used for gas chromatographic analysis.


AMP 95 Multifunctional Neutralizer is used synthesis of surfactants.
AMP 95 Multifunctional Neutralizer is used curing accelerator.
AMP 95 Multifunctional Neutralizer is used acidic gas absorbent.


AMP 95 Multifunctional Neutralizer is used the additive of coating, emulsioni paint, have pigment dispersing concurrently, pH adjustment and antirust effect
Recommended dosage of AMP 95 Multifunctional Neutralizer: add 0.05~0.5% to the total amount of paint (finished form), the specific dosage should be subject to the experiment.


It is recommended to add before grinding; After adding, AMP 95 Multifunctional Neutralizer is recommended to add slowly in the last stage of painting mixing at low speed.
AMP 95 Multifunctional Neutralizer is a multifunctional additive for all types of latex emulsion paints.


AMP 95 Multifunctional Neutralizer is used as a powerful co-dispersant to prevent re-agglomeration of pigments and contribute significant benefits to overall performance of the coating.
AMP 95 Multifunctional Neutralizer aids in dispersion and improvement in color tone.


AMP 95 Multifunctional Neutralizer is used for neutralizing, synergy to dispersing agent (reduce up to 25%), reduce wetting agent up to 25%, and reduce glycol up to 10%.
AMP 95 Multifunctional Neutralizer is especially recommended for aerosol products.


AMP 95 Multifunctional Neutralizer is used Architectural Coatings, Industrial and Automotive Coatings, Epoxies, Polyurethanes and Other Reactive Chemistries, Adhesives and Sealants, and Building and Construction.
AMP 95 Multifunctional Neutralizer is used pigment Slurries, Dispersions and Colorants, Resins and Emulsion Polymerization, Inks and Overprint Varnish, Pharmaceutical Synthesis, Household and Industrial Cleaning, Water Treatment, Chemical Manufacturing and Synthesis, and Oil and Gas.


AMP 95 Multifunctional Neutralizer is used in Various kinds of latex paint, Water-based industrial paint, Synthetic emulsion, and Water-based adhesives.
Trusted by formulators worldwide for its neutralizing and multifunctional capabilities, AMP 95 Multifunctional Neutralizer works well as a co-dispersant and provides outstanding film properties in finished formulations.


Key benefits of AMP 95 Multifunctional Neutralizer include improved pH stability, excellent scrub-resistance, optimal color acceptance, improved gloss and outstanding hiding power.
Additionally, AMP 95 Multifunctional Neutralizer can help with the reduction of VOC levels by lowering freeze-thaw and open-time agents and dispersants.


-In The field of metal processing, AMP 95 Multifunctional Neutralizer is mainly used as biological stability and pH stabilizer.
AMP 95 Multifunctional Neutralizer is widely used in the concentrate and post-treatment of metal processing fluid in Europe and the United States and is the main raw material for the development of biological stability formula.
AMP 95 Multifunctional Neutralizer is used to increase and stabilize pH value, save and prolong the life of metal working fluid in field adding.



FEATURES AND ADVANTAGES OF AMP 95 MULTIFUNCTIONAL NEUTRALIZER:
AMP 95 Multifunctional Neutralizer is an organic amine compound with high efficiency, low odor, non-yellowing, full volatility and other characteristics.
AMP 95 Multifunctional Neutralizer has a low odor and can be used as an organic amine neutralizer to replace ammonia in the coating formula, reducing the bad smell caused by ammonia volatilization.

At the same time, AMP 95 Multifunctional Neutralizer has fast volatilization and will not remain in the paint film for a long time, so it can be used in high-gloss coatings and has excellent water resistance.

AMP 95 Multifunctional Neutralizer has a strong wetting force, can improve the dispersion stability of the filler, and has a high gloss display force, adding AMP-95 coating formula can reduce the amount of wetting agent, or even without adding wetting agent.



BENEFITS AND PERFORMANCE IMPROVEMENTS OF AMP 95 MULTIFUNCTIONAL NEUTRALIZER:
The benefits and performance improvements made possible by AMP 95 Multifunctional Neutralizer in different stages of paint manufacture are:
-AMP-95 in the grind:
*Reduces dispersant demand when used in conjunction with conventional dispersants
*Optimizes pigment dispersion
*Reduces foam (through dispersant reduction)
*Provides effective pH control
*Lowers raw material costs


-Improves thickener performance:
Eliminates need for ammonia, resulting in a lower odor paint
Improves color acceptance of shading pastes


-AMP-95 and Coating Performance:
*Improves scrub, water and block resistance through formula optimization
*Reduces in-can corrosion
*Effective in low odor systems

*When formulating a latex paint, it is important to consider all the effects of dispersants and surfactants on the paints on its final performance.
As the information in this technical data sheet shows, AMP-95 can be used to reduce the levels of many commonly used paint additives, thereby lowering raw material costs while improving paint performance.



BENEFITS OF AMP 95 MULTIFUNCTIONAL NEUTRALIZER:
AMP-95 use benefits include, but are not limited to, the following:
■ Efficient Amine for Resin Neutralization – High base strength – Relatively low molecular weight
■ Multiple Food Contact Approvals
■ Acts as a Co-Dispersant for Particulate Systems
■ Corrosion Inhibitor for Steam-Condensate Lines
■ Key Component of Low Cobalt-Leaching Metalworking Fluids
■ Acts as a Formaldehyde Scavenger
■ Useful Raw Material for Synthesis Applications
■ Component of Powerful Anionic Emulsifier System



FUNCTIONS OF AMP 95 MULTIFUNCTIONAL NEUTRALIZER:
AMP 95 Multifunctional Neutralizer is widely recognized as a multifunctional additive for all types of latex paints.



BENEFITS OF AMP 95 MULTIFUNCTIONAL NEUTRALIZER:
*Primary amine with fully substituted α-carbon; no abstractable hydrogen Secondary amine and nitrosamine levels below 0.5% and 50ppm respectively
*Promotes high humidity curl retention (HHCR) in hair sprays and styling products
*Excellent in-can corrosion inhibition in aerosol formulations
*Reduces emulsion particle size
*Improves emulsion appearance and stability Compatible with
*Carbomer and other synthetic acrylic rheology modifiers
*Aids pigment dispersion
*Excellent alcohol tolerance



FEATURES OF AMP 95 MULTIFUNCTIONAL NEUTRALIZER:
*AMP 95 Multifunctional Neutralizer reduces dispersant demand and optimizes pigment dispersion
*Reactive pigment stabilization
*Reduce corrosion
*pH stabilization
*Improve thickener performance
*Cost reduction
*AMP 95 Multifunctional Neutralizer eliminates need for ammonia, resulting in a lower odor paint
*AMP 95 Multifunctional Neutralizer improves color acceptance of shading pastes



METHOD OF USE OF AMP 95 MULTIFUNCTIONAL NEUTRALIZER:
1. Dosage of AMP 95 Multifunctional Neutralizer is 0.1~1.0% of the total weight of the formula.

2. Add AMP 95 Multifunctional Neutralizer 1/3~1/2 of the total amount at the pulping stage, and add the rest at the paint mixing stage.

3. Add AMP 95 Multifunctional Neutralizer into the water with dispersant at the stage of pulping, and then add pigment filler in turn under rapid stirring after full dissolution.
Add pigment filler in turn under rapid stirring

4. At the stage of paint mixing, first dilute AMP 95 Multifunctional Neutralizer with 2~5 times water, and then add it slowly under stirring.



PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of AMP 95 MULTIFUNCTIONAL NEUTRALIZER:
Form:Liquid
Color: Colorless
pKa @ 25°C: 9.7
Boiling point of active material (°C): 165
Molecular weight: 89.1
Flash point (Tag closed cup °C): 81
Solubility in water: Miscible
Neutral equivalent: 93-97
Vapor pressure at 20°C: 10.7 Pa
pH: 11.3
Specific Gravity: 0.942
Viscosity at 25°C: 147 mPa

Molecular Weight: 89.14
Appearance Form: Semi-solid melting to a liquid
Odour: No data available
Odour Threshold: No data available
pH: 11,0 - 12,0 at 8,9 g/l at 25 °C
Melting point/freezing point:
Melting point/range: 24 - 28 °C - lit.
Initial boiling point and boiling range: 165 °C - lit.
Flash point: 68 °C - closed cup
Evaporation rate: No data available
Flammability (solid, gas): No data available
Upper/lower flammability or explosive limits: No data available

Vapour pressure: < 1 hPa at 25 °C
Vapour density: 3,08 - (Air = 1.0)
Relative density: 0,934 g/cm3 at 25 °C
Water solubility: 8,9 g/l at 20 °C - completely soluble
Partition coefficient: n-octanol/water
log Pow: -0,63
Auto-ignition temperature: No data available
Decomposition temperature: No data available
Viscosity: No data available
Explosive properties: No data available
Oxidizing properties: No data available
Other safety information:

Relative vapour density: 3,08 - (Air = 1.0)
Form: Liquid
Color: Colorless
pKa: @ 25°C9.7
Boiling point of active material: (°C)165
Flash point (Tag closed cup °C): 81
Solubility in water: Miscible
Appearance colorless transparent liquid moisture: ≤ 0.5%.
The mass fraction of AMP-95 is: ≥ 95.0.



FIRST AID MEASURES of AMP 95 MULTIFUNCTIONAL NEUTRALIZER:
-Description of first aid measures:
--General advice:
Consult a physician.
Show this safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
*If inhaled:
If breathed in, move person into fresh air.
Consult a physician.
*In case of skin contact:
Wash off with soap and plenty of water.
Consult a physician.
*In case of eye contact:
Rinse thoroughly with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes and consult a physician.
*If swallowed:
Rinse mouth with water.
Consult a physician.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed:
No data available



ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of AMP 95 MULTIFUNCTIONAL NEUTRALIZER:
-Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures:
Use personal protective equipment.
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Sweep up and shovel.
Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.



FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of AMP 95 MULTIFUNCTIONAL NEUTRALIZER:
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.
-Further information: No data available



EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of AMP 95 MULTIFUNCTIONAL NEUTRALIZER:
-Control parameters:
Components with workplace control parameters:
-Exposure controls:
--Appropriate engineering controls:
Handle in accordance with good industrial hygiene and safety practice.
Wash hands before breaks and at the end of workday.
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use face shield and safety glasses
*Skin protection:
Handle with gloves.
Wash and dry hands.
Full contact:
Material: butyl-rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,3 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Splash contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,11 mm
Break through time: 30 min
-Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.



HANDLING and STORAGE of AMP 95 MULTIFUNCTIONAL NEUTRALIZER:
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
Store in cool place.
Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place.



STABILITY and REACTIVITY of AMP 95 MULTIFUNCTIONAL NEUTRALIZER:
-Reactivity: No data available
-Chemical stability: Stable under recommended storage conditions.
-Possibility of hazardous reactions: No data available
-Conditions to avoid: No data available
-Other decomposition products - No data available

2-Acrylamide-2-methylpropanesulfonic acid; 2-ACRYLAMIDE-2-METHYLPROPANESULFONIC ACID; 2-ACRYLAMIDO-2-METHYL-1-PROPANESULFONIC ACID; 2-ACRYLAMIDO-2-METHYLPROPANESULFONIC ACID; 2-ACRYLAMIDO-2-METHYLPROPANESULPHONIC ACID; 2-ACRYLOYLAMIDO-2-METHYLPROPANESULFONIC ACID; 2-METHYL-2-[(1-OXO-2-PROPENYL)AMINO]-1-PROPANESULFONIC ACID; ACRYLAMIDO BUFFER; AMPS; AMPS MONOMER; LABOTEST-BB LT00012662; 1-Propanesulfonicacid,2-methyl-2-[(1-oxo-2-propenyl)amino]-; 2-Acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propane; 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonate; 2-methyl-2-[(1-oxo-2-propenyl)amino]-1-propanesulfonicaci; TBAS; 2-Acryloylamino-2-methyl-1-propanesulfonic acid; 2-ACRYLOYLAMIDO-2-METHYLPROPANESULFONIC ACID MONOMER; ACRYLAMIDO BUFFER SOLUTION PK 1, 0.2 M I N WATER, STAB.; ACRYLAMIDO BUFFER PK 1; 2-Acrylamide-2-MethyylPropaneSodiumSulfonate CAS NO:15214-89-8

Acrylic Acid-2-Acrylamido-2-Methylpropane Sulfonic Acid Copolymer; AA-AMPSA; Acrylic Acid-2-Acrylamido-2-Methylpropane Sulfonic Acid Copolymer; Sulfonated Polyacrylic Acid Copolymer; 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonic acid-acrylic acid copolymer; 2-Propenoic acid polymer with 2-methyl-2-[(1-oxo-2-propenyl)amino]-1-propanesulfonic acid; Sulfonated Polyacrylic Acid Copolymer; ACRYLIC ACID /ACRYLAMIDOMETHYL PROPANE SULFONIC ACID COPOLYMER; AcrylicAcid-AMPSCopolymer(AA/AMPS); Acrylic Acid-2-Acrylamido-2-Methylpropane Sulfonic Acid Copolymer; AA/AMPS; Acrylic acid-2-acrylamido-2-methyl propyl sulfonic acid copolymer; 2-Propenoic acid,polymer with 2-methyl-2-[(1-oxo-2-propenyl)amino]-1-propanesulfonic acid; prop-2-enoic acid - 2-(acryloylamino)butane-2-sulfonic acid (1:1) CAS NO:40623-75-4

AMPS Sodium Salt is a pale yellow or colorless transparent liquid.
AMPS Sodium Salt is an abbreviation for Sodium Salt 2-Acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulphonic acid.


CAS Number: 5165-97-9
EC Number: 225-948-4
MDL number: MFCD00156481
Linear Formula: H2C=CHCONHC(CH3)2CH2SO3Na
Molecular Formula: C7H12NNaO4S


AMPS Sodium Salt is added in the emulsion and acrylic acid, styrene or vinyl acetate reaction, the introduction of reactive emulsifier to prevent the migration of emulsifier.
The low viscosity and remarkable stability of the emulsion can be obtained with only 2-3% of AMPS sodium salt.


At the same time no need add ethylene glycol and other additive, AMPS Sodium Salt can improve the adhesion of paint film, thermal stability and antistatic ability, improve the water resistance of latex paint and scrubbing resistance.
The acrylamide group in AMPS Sodium Salt will accelerate the polymerization reaction.


Two pendant methyl groups and sodium methanesulfonate are combined behind the amino group.
AMPS Sodium Salt can prevent its hydrolysis and thermal degradation.
Sulfonated group can result the monomer show higher hydrophilicity and ionic characteristics at any pH value.


AMPS Sodium Salt is a pale yellow or colorless transparent liquid.
AMPS Sodium Salt or NA ATBS don’t easily get vaporized at its low temperature point to form an ignitable mixture in air, so the flash point property is not applicable to it.


AMPS Sodium Salt’s convenient storage, packaging, and logistics provide the necessary ease and flexibility in formulations to produce high-performance polymers.
AMPS Sodium Salt is delivered in three different grades which include 2403, 2405, and 2407 which are derived from their expected performance characteristics and the polymerization molecular weight.


AMPS Sodium Salt is a highly reactive monomer which can add anionic character to polymers.
AMPS Sodium Salt exhibits good hydrolytic and thermal stability.
AMPS Sodium Salt features polyvalent cation tolerance.


AMPS Sodium Salt permits easy formulation of mining flocculants which is stable in complex and harsh conditions.
AMPS Sodium Salt provides flexibility in formulation to make stable emulsion polymers.
AMPS Sodium Salt is convenient in handling.


AMPS Sodium Salt reduces grit/coagulum formation in latex polymer.
AMPS Sodium Salt is a reactive, hydrophilic, sulfonic acid acrylic monomer used to alter the chemical properties of wide variety of anionic polymers.
In the 1970s, the earliest patents using this monomer were filed for acrylic fiber manufacturing.


Today, there are over several thousands patents and publications involving use of AMPS Sodium Salt in many areas including water treatment, oil field, construction chemicals, hydrogels for medical applications, personal care products, emulsion coatings, adhesives, and rheology modifiers.
The molecular weight of AMPS Sodium Salt is 229.23.


The density of AMPS Sodium Salt is 1.2055 g/ ml at 25 degree celsius .
AMPS Sodium Salt is a 50 wt % solution in water that enables easy handling of the product.
AMPS Sodium Salt is prepared by reacting 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulphonic acid or ATBS with caustic soda solution.


AMPS Sodium Salt is an abbreviation for Sodium Salt 2-Acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulphonic acid.
AMPS Sodium Salt’s unique numerical identifier assigned by the chemical abstracts service CAS is 5165-97-9.
Some of AMPS Sodium Salt's synonymous are Sodium 2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propanesulfonate, 2-methyl-2-[(1-oxo-2-propenyl)amino]-1-propanesulfonic acid sodium, and Sodium acryloyldimethyltaurate.



USES and APPLICATIONS of AMPS SODIUM SALT:
AMPS Sodium Salt is used emulsions for paint and paper coatings.
Polymers containing AMPS Sodium Salt improve scrub resistance, dispersant performance and reduce grit formation.
AMPS Sodium Salt is used raw material for water treatment.


AMPS Sodium Salt is used in the cooling tower and boilers, to inhibit Calcium, Magnesium and Silica scale formation.
AMPS Sodium Salt is also used to precipitate solids in industrial and mining effluents.
Adhesives uses of AMPS Sodium Salt: AMPS Sodium Salt improve strength in pressure sensitive formulations and also make wood glue to improve adhesive strength, and thermal and mechanical properties with superior rheology.


AMPS Sodium Salt is used textile auxiliaries.
AMPS Sodium Salt is used as textile sizing agents, thickeners, dispersants and non-woven emulsion binders.
AMPS Sodium Salt is used detergents and cleaners.


AMPS Sodium Salt is used to improve characteristics of hydrophilicity, dispersibility, and lubricity and also enhance the cleaning efficiency of detergents and cleaners.
AMPS Sodium Salt is used Acrylic fibre.


AMPS Sodium Salt has been widely used in water treatment, mining, flocculants, oilfield chemicals, household items, medical supplies, cosmetics, detergents and cleaning agents, fabric glue and finishing agents, paper coating agent, polymer emulsions, paints and adhesives, paints, leather tanning and dyeing polymers, non-woven adhesives, super absorbent agent, thickener, leak-proof and sealing agent.


AMPS Sodium Salt is also used as the third monomer of synthetic fibers.
AMPS Sodium Salt is mainly used in emulsions, water-based adhesives and sealants.
AMPS Sodium Salt is used as a dopant and a protonating agent for conducting polymers.


AMPS Sodium Salt is used in a variety of electronic applications.
AMPS Sodium Salt is widely used in industries, industry daily chemicals and polymer synthesis.
Such as Water treatment agents, Mining, Flocculants, Oil field chemicals, Daily necessities, Medical supplies, Cosmetics, Detergents and cleaning agents,

Fabric glues and Finishing agents, Polymer emulsions, Coatings and Adhesives, Paints, Leather tanning and Printing and dyeing Polymers, Non-woven adhesives, Super absorbents, Thickeners and Sealants, etc.
AMPS Sodium Salt has a wide range of uses in water treatment and can also be used as the third monomer of synthetic fibers.


AMPS Sodium Salt is normally a 50% liquid solution which is convenient to handle, thereby, making it easy to get desired flexibility in formulations to create high performance polymers.
This products is generally used by polymer manufacturers where AMPS Sodium Salt acts as a comonomer along with other acrylic monomers like acrylamide, acrylic acid to make polymers.


Numerous polymers of AMPS Sodium Salt can be made depending on the other co-monomer, concentrations, degree of polymerization and so on.
The most common industrial applications of AMPS Sodium Salt are in adhesives to improve pressure-sensitive formulation strength, in water treatment to inhibit calcium, magnesium, and silica scale formation, in personal care products for making diapers, in the textile industry as textile sizing agent and a non-woven emulsion binder, in oil fields as a friction reducer, in acrylic fiber to provide dye receptivity and in the construction site to inhibit fluid loss.


A hydrophilic compound such as sodium amps or AMPS Sodium Salt can also be used as a dopant.
For conducting polymers, AMPS Sodium Salt acts as a protonating agent.
In order to conduct the water purification process, polyelectrolyte copolymer gels are utilized; for the formation of polyelectrolyte copolymer gels, AMPS Sodium Salt is used.


AMPS Sodium Salt can also have potential application in the field of bioengineering and biomedical products.
AMPS Sodium Salt is used in polymerization where low molecular weight polymers (less than two million) are desired.
AMPS Sodium Salt is a highly reactive, highly hydrophilic functional polymerized monomer, and also a kind of polymerizable surfactant.


AMPS Sodium Salt is widely used in emulsions, waterborne adhesives and sealants.
AMPS Sodium Salt is a highly reactive, highly hydrophilic functional polymerized monomer, and also a kind of polymerizable surfactant.
AMPS Sodium Salt is widely used in emulsions, waterborne adhesives and sealants.


AMPS Sodium Salt is used emulsion, waterborne adhesive and sealant emulsion, waterborne adhesive and sealant.
AMPS Sodium Salt acts as a commoner when combined with other acrylic monomers like acrylic acid to manufacture polymers.
AMPS Sodium Salt improves scrub resistance and dispersant performance of paper coatings and paint emulsions.


AMPS Sodium Salt gives dye receptability for acrylic fibre.
AMPS Sodium Salt is used construction chemicals.


-Hydrogels and super absorbents uses of AMPS Sodium Salt:
Being super absorbents, AMPS Sodium Salt is used in diapers, lotions and other personal care products, due to high water absorbing capacity, electrical conductivity, slipperiness and lubricity.
AMPS Sodium Salt is also used as water retention agent.



PRODUCTION OF AMPS SODIUM SALT:
AMPS Sodium Salt is made by the Ritter reaction of acrylonitrile and isobutylene in the presence of sulfuric acid and water.
The recent patent literature describes batch and continuous processes that produce AMPS Sodium Salt in high purity (to 99.7%) and improved yield (up to 89%, based on isobutene) with the addition of liquid isobutene to an acrylonitrile / sulfuric acid / phosphoric acid mixture at 40°C.



PROPERTIES OF AMPS SODIUM SALT:
*Hydrolytic and thermal stability:
The geminal dimethyl group and the sulfomethyl group combine to sterically hinder the amide functionality and provide both hydrolytic and thermal stabilities to AMPS Sodium Salt-containing polymers.

*Polarity and hydrophilicity:
The sulfonate group gives the monomer a high degree of hydrophilicity and anionic character at wide range of pH.
In addition, AMPS Sodium Salt is absorbing water readily and also imparts enhanced water absorption and transport characteristics to polymers.

*Solubility:
AMPS Sodium Salt is very soluble in water and dimethylformamide (DMF) and also shows limited solubility in most polar organic solvents



FUNCTION OF AMPS SODIUM SALT:
People draw conclusions after detailed research on the gel, particles, surface charge density, latex stability and other aspects produced when AMPS Sodium Salt synthesizes emulsion:
Because the polymer has the characteristics of polymer electrolyte, AMPS Sodium Salt adsorbs on the surface of the latex particles and strokes the ionization layer, thereby increasing the stability of the latex.

AMPS Sodium Salt not only can replace carboxylic acid monomers but also can reduce the usage of other surfactants.
AMPS Sodium Salt has good water resistance and thermal stability; Products made from these emulsions have a smooth, flexible and comfortable touch, and the scrubbing resistance of the coatings made is also significantly improved.



PROPERTIES OF AMPS SODIUM SALT:
AMPS Sodium Salt is a polymerizable surfactant with highly reactive, highly hydrophilic functional monomer.
AMPS Sodium Salt has a polymer electrolyte properties, adsorbed on the latex particles formed on the surface of the ionosphere, thus increasing the stability of latex.

By using AMPS Sodium Salt, it not only can replace the carboxylic acid monomer (e.g. acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, etc.), but also reduce other use of surfactants to make acrylic, vinyl acetate-acrylate and styrene-acrylic emulsion system of resistance divalent cations significantly increased mechanical stability, AMPS Sodium Salt has good hydrolysis resistance and thermal stability; emulsion made from it are smooth and flexible, comfortable warmth, it has good tolerance for the scrub of coating too.



ADDED OF AMPS SODIUM SALT:
Add AMPS Sodium Salt to the emulsion to react with acrylic acid, styrene, or vinyl acetate to introduce a reactive emulsifier to prevent the migration of the emulsifier.

With only 2-3% AMPS Sodium Salt, the emulsion has low viscosity and remarkable stability.
At the same time, there is no need to add additives such as ethylene glycol, and it can improve the adhesion, thermal stability and antistatic properties of the paint film, and improve the water resistance and scrub resistance of the latex paint.



PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of AMPS SODIUM SALT:
CAS No: 5165-97-9
Molecular Formula: C7H12NNaO4S
Molecular Weight: 229.23
Appearance:Colorless liquid
Purity:50%
Appearance: Coloeless liquid
Chroma: 60
Assay: 50.81
Refractive Index: 1.418
Denisty: 1.203
Viscosity: 12.7
Ph: 9.58
Fe: 0.81
Physical state: liquid

Color: No data available
Odor: No data available
Melting point/freezing point: No data available
Initial boiling point and boiling range: No data available
Flammability (solid, gas): No data available
Upper/lower flammability or explosive limits: No data available
Flash point: Not applicable
Autoignition temperature: No data available
Decomposition temperature: No data available
pH: 9
Viscosity
Viscosity, kinematic: No data available
Viscosity, dynamic: No data available
Water solubility: No data available

Partition coefficient: n-octanol/water: No data available
Vapor pressure: No data available
Density: 1,2055 g/mL at 25 °C
Relative density: No data available
Relative vapor density: No data available
Particle characteristics: No data available
Explosive properties: Not classified as explosive.
Oxidizing properties: none
Other safety information: No data available
Classification: Others
Cas NO.: 5165-97-9
Name: 2-ACRYLAMIDO-2-METHYL-1-PROPANESULFONIC ACID SODIUM SALT
Molecular Formula: C7H12NNaO4S
Boiling Point: °Cat760mmHg

Refractive index:1.4220
Flash Point: °C
Purity: 99.0%min
usage: Plant Extracts
Brand Name: Crovell
EINECS: 225-948-4
CAS No.: 5165-97-9
Grade: Industrial Grade
Appearance: Coloeless liquid
Chroma: 60
Assay: 50.81
Refractive Index: 1.418
Denisty: 1.203
Viscosity: 12.7

Ph: 9.58
Fe: 0.81
SMILES: CC(C)(CS(=O)(=O)[O-])NC(=O)C=C.[Na+]
StdInChI: InChI=1S/C7H13NO4S.Na/c1-4-6(9)8-7(2,3)5-13(10,11)12;/h4H,1,5H2,2-3H3,(H,8,9)(H,10,11,12);/q;+1/p-1
StdInChIKey: FWFUWXVFYKCSQA-UHFFFAOYSA-M
Molecular Formula: C7H12NNaO4S
Molecular Weight: 229.23
EINECS: 225-948-4
MDL Number: MFCD00156481
CAS No.: 5165-97-9
Density: 1.2055
PSA: 94.68000

LogP: 1.08410
Solubility: N/A
Melting Point: N/A
Formula: C7H12NNaO4S
Boiling Point: 110℃ at 101.325kPa
Molecular Weight: 229.232
Flash Point: N/A
Transport Information: N/A
Appearance: N/A
Safety: 26-36/37/39
Risk Codes: 36/37/38



FIRST AID MEASURES of AMPS SODIUM SALT:
-Description of first-aid measures:
*If inhaled:
If breathed in, move person into fresh air.
*In case of skin contact:
Wash off with soap and plenty of water.
*In case of eye contact:
Flush eyes with water as a precaution.
*If swallowed:
Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person. Rinse mouth with water.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed:
No data available



ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of AMPS SODIUM SALT:
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.



FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of AMPS SODIUM SALT:
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.
-Further information:
No data available



EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of AMPS SODIUM SALT:
-Control parameters:
--Ingredients with workplace control parameters:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use equipment for eye protection.
*Skin protection:
Handle with gloves.
Wash and dry hands.
*Body Protection:
Impervious clothing
*Respiratory protection:
Respiratory protection not required.
-Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.



HANDLING and STORAGE of AMPS SODIUM SALT:
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
*Storage conditions:
Store in cool place.
Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place.
Containers which are opened must be carefully resealed and kept upright to prevent leakage.
*Storage class:
Storage class (TRGS 510): 12:
Non Combustible Liquids



STABILITY and REACTIVITY of AMPS SODIUM SALT:
-Reactivity:
No data available
-Chemical stability:
Stable under recommended storage conditions.
-Possibility of hazardous reactions:
No data available
-Conditions to avoid:
No data available



SYNONYMS:
2-Methyl-2-[(1-oxo-2-propenyl)amino]-1-propanesulfonic acid sodium
Sodium 2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propanesulfonate
Sodium acryloyldimethyltaurate
2-Acrylamido-2-Methylpropane sulfonic acid sodium salt
Sodium 2-methyl-2-[(1-oxoallyl)amino]propanesulphonate
2-Acrylamido-2-Methylpropane sulfonic acid sodium salt 50% solution
Acrylamido-tert-butylsulfonic acid sodium salt
1-Propanesulfonic acid, 2-methyl-2-[(1-oxo-2-propen-1-yl)amino]-, sodium salt (1:1) [ACD/Index Name]
1-Propanesulfonic acid, 2-methyl-2-[(1-oxo-2-propenyl)amino]-, monosodium salt
225-948-4 [EINECS]
5165-97-9 [RN]
MFCD00156481 [MDL number]
Natrium-2-(acryloylamino)-2-methyl-1-propansulfonat
Sodium 2-(acryloylamino)-2-methyl-1-propanesulfonate [ACD/IUPAC Name]
Sodium 2-(acryloylamino)-2-methylpropane-1-sulfonate
SODIUM ACRYLOYLDIMETHYLTAURATE
[5165-97-9]
112666-19-0 [RN]
113996-54-6 [RN]
115137-50-3 [RN]
129701-88-8 [RN]
15214-89-8 [RN]
152634-06-5 [RN]
171063-24-4 [RN]
192388-82-2 [RN]
1-Propanesulfonic acid, 2-acrylamido-2-methyl-, sodium salt
1-PROPANESULFONIC ACID, 2-METHYL-2-((1-OXO-2-PROPENYL)AMINO)-, MONOSODIUM SALT
2-Acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propanesulfonic acid sodium salt
2-Acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propanesulfonic acid sodium salt solution
2-ACRYLAMIDO-2-METHYL-1-PROPANESULFONICACIDSODIUMSALT
2-Acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonic acid sodium salt
2-Acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulphonate sodium salt
2-Methyl-2-((1-oxo-2-propenyl)amino)-1-propanesulfonic acid, sodiumsalt
2-Methyl-2-[(1-oxo-2-propenyl)amino]-1-propanesulfonic acid sodium
76701-57-0 [RN]
86848-82-0 [RN]
95243-13-3 [RN]
EINECS 225-948-4
Natrium-2-(acryloylamino)-2-methylpropan-1-sulfonat
POLY(2-ACRYLAMIDO-2-METHYLPROPANE SULFONIC ACID), SODIUM SALT
sodium 2-(acrylamido)-2-methylpropanesulfonate
Sodium 2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propanesulfonate
SODIUM 2-ACRYLAMIDO-2-METHYLPROPANE SULFONATE
sodium 2-acrylamido-2-methyl-propane-1-sulfonate
Sodium 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane-1-sulfonate
sodium 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonate
SODIUM 2-ACRYLAMINO-2-METHYLPROPANE SULFONATE
Sodium 2-methyl-2-((1-oxoallyl)amino)propanesulphonate
sodium 2-methyl-2-(1-oxoprop-2-enylamino)propane-1-sulfonate
SODIUM 2-METHYL-2-(PROP-2-ENAMIDO)PROPANE-1-SULFONATE
sodium 2-methyl-2-(prop-2-enoylamino)propane-1-sulfonate
sodium 2-methyl-2-[(1-oxoallyl)amino]propanesulphonate
sodium;2-methyl-2-(prop-2-enoylamino)propane-1-sulfonate
1-Propanesulfonicacid, 2-acrylamido-2-methyl-, sodium salt (7CI,8CI)
1-Propanesulfonic acid,2-methyl-2-[(1-oxo-2-propenyl)amino]-, monosodium salt (9CI)
2-Acrylamido-2-methylpropane-1-sulfonic acid sodium salt
2-Acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonic acid sodium salt
AMPS 2403
AMPS 2405
ATBS-NA
Acryloyldimethyltaurine sodium salt
LZ 2405
Lubrizol 2401
Lubrizol2403
Lubrizol 2405
Lubrizol 2405A
Sodium2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propanesulfonate
Sodium2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonate
Sodium2-methyl-2-[(1-oxo-2-propenyl)amino]-1-propanesulfonate
Sodium N-acryloyldimethyltaurate
Sodium acryloyldimethyltaurate

AMYL CINNAMATE, N° CAS : 3487-99-8, Nom INCI : AMYL CINNAMATE, Nom chimique : Pentyl 3-Phenyl-2-propenoate. N° EINECS/ELINCS : 222-478-1. Ses fonctions (INCI). Agent parfumant : Utilisé pour le parfum et les matières premières aromatiques

AMYL SALICYLATE, N° CAS : 2050-08-0, Nom INCI : AMYL SALICYLATE, Nom chimique : Pentyl salicylate, N° EINECS/ELINCS : 218-080-2 Ses fonctions (INCI) Agent d'entretien de la peau : Maintient la peau en bon état Agent parfumant : Utilisé pour le parfum et les matières premières aromatiques

AMYLASE, N° CAS : 9000-92-4, N° CAS 9000-90-2; Nom INCI : AMYLASE, N° EINECS/ELINCS : 232-567-7. Classification : Enzymes. Ses fonctions (INCI) : Agent d'entretien de la peau : Maintient la peau en bon état.L'amylase (EC 3.2.1.1), est une enzyme digestive classée comme saccharidase (enzyme qui brise les polysaccharides). C'est surtout un constituant du suc pancréatique et de la salive, requis pour le catabolisme des glucides à longue chaîne (comme l'amidon) en unités plus petites. L'amylase est également synthétisée dans de nombreuses espèces de fruits pendant leur maturation, ce qui les rend plus sucrés, et aussi durant la germination des grains de céréales. Elle joue un rôle essentiel dans l'amylolyse (ou hydrolyse) de l'amidon de malt d'orge, processus nécessaire à la fabrication de la bière, ainsi que dans l'hydrolyse du glycogène, permettant sa transformation en glucose.Noms français : Amylase (alpha); Amylase alpha. Noms anglais : ALPHA.-AMYLASE; ALPHA AMYLASE; alpha-Amylase; ALPHAAMYLASE; AMYLASE, .ALPHA.-; AMYLASE, ALPHA-; Utilisation ; Enzyme. Amylase (/ˈæmɪleɪz/) is an enzyme that catalyses the hydrolysis of starch (Latin amylum) into sugars. Amylase is present in the saliva of humans and some mammals, where it begins the chemical process of digestion. Foods that contain large amounts of starch but little sugar, such as rice and potatoes, may acquire a slightly sweet taste as they are chewed because amylase degrades some of their starch into sugar. The pancreas and salivary gland make amylase (alpha amylase) to hydrolyse dietary starch into disaccharides and trisaccharides which are converted by enzymes to glucose to supply the body with energy. Plants and some bacteria also produce amylase. Specific amylase proteins are designated by different Greek letters. All amylases are glycoside hydrolases and act on α-1,4-glycosidic bonds. β-Amylase An form of amylase, β-amylase (EC 3.2.1.2 ) (alternative names: 1,4-α-D-glucan maltohydrolase; glycogenase; saccharogen amylase) is also synthesized by bacteria, fungi, and plants. Working from the non-reducing end, β-amylase catalyzes the hydrolysis of the second α-1,4 glycosidic bond, cleaving off two glucose units (maltose) at a time. During the ripening of fruit, β-amylase breaks starch into maltose, resulting in the sweet flavor of ripe fruit! They belong to glycoside hydrolase family. Both α-amylase and β-amylase are present in seeds; β-amylase is present in an inactive form prior to germination, whereas α-amylase and proteases appear once germination has begun. Many microbes also produce amylase to degrade extracellular starches. Animal tissues do not contain β-amylase, although it may be present in microorganisms contained within the digestive tract. The optimum pH for β-amylase is 4.0–5.0

Amylase is an enzyme found in the pancreas and parotid glands (salivary glands).
An amylase (/ˈæmɪleɪs/) is an enzyme that catalyses the hydrolysis of starch (Latin amylum) into sugars.
Amylase is present in the saliva of humans and some other mammals, where it begins the chemical process of digestion.


CAS Number: 9000-90-2
EC Number: 232-565-6



SYNONYMS:
β-Amylase, Food Grade Beta-amylase, Amy test, serum amylase, urine amylase



Amylase is an enzyme that is essential for the digestive system, belonging to the group of hydrolytic enzymes.
Alpha-amylase (α-amylase) is the major form of the enzyme amylase, found in humans and other mammals, which hydrolyzes the alpha bonds of polysaccharides such as starch and glycogen, creating simple substrates as simple as glucose and maltose.


Alpha-amylase is also present in plant seeds that use starch as a store of energy, in bacteria, and in the secretions of some fungi.
In humans, the enzyme amylase is present in saliva (also known as ptyalin) and in digestive system secretions.
Amylase is one of the enzymes that has many applications in industries such as industry, medicine and many other economic fields, especially for the food industry.


Amylase is widely employed as a marker of acute pancreatitis and a significant elevation is diagnostic.
Amylase plays an important role in the breakdown of carbohydrates.
By breaking down complex carbohydrates such as starch into simpler sugars that are more easily assimilated by the body, Amylase facilitates digestion and is useful in cases of dyspepsia.


The enzyme responsible for starch degradation is called Amylase, and is found in saliva, among other places.
Whatever your diet, the carbohydrates in food provide fuel for your body in the form of glucose.
However, finding free glucose is relatively rare in our typical diets, and it is the work of enzymes like amylase to break down complex carbohydrates or starch, into smaller, simpler sugars such as glucose.


Amylase is concentrated enzyme complex.
Amylase accelerates the process of starch degradation into dextrins and sugars.
Amylase allows the starches to acquire different textures, sweetens the product without adding sweeteners and increases the fermentative power of the mixture.


Amylase is an enzyme that degrades starch.
Amylase is also called saccharase and ptyalin.
Amylase was the first enzyme identified and isolated by Anselme Payen in 1833, who named it diastase.


Amylase is enzyme complex that degrades starch into dextrins and sugars.
Amylase solubilizes and liquefies starches, sweetens and increases the fermentative power of the mixture.
Amylase only acts on starch: it will only work on products containing starch.


Amylase, any member of a class of enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis (splitting of a compound by addition of a water molecule) of starch into smaller carbohydrate molecules such as maltose (a molecule composed of two glucose molecules).
Three categories of amylases, denoted alpha, beta, and gamma, differ in the way they attack the bonds of the starch molecules.


Alpha-amylase is widespread among living organisms.
In the digestive systems of humans and many other mammals, an alpha-amylase called ptyalin is produced by the salivary glands, whereas pancreatic amylase is secreted by the pancreas into the small intestine.


The optimum pH of alpha-amylase is 6.7–7.0.
Ptyalin is mixed with food in the mouth, where it acts upon starches.
Although the food remains in the mouth for only a short time, the action of ptyalin continues for up to several hours in the stomach—until the food is mixed with the stomach secretions, the high acidity of which inactivates ptyalin.


Ptyalin’s digestive action depends upon how much acid is in the stomach, how rapidly the stomach contents empty, and how thoroughly the food has mixed with the acid.
Under optimal conditions as much as 30 to 40 percent of ingested starches can be broken down to maltose by ptyalin during digestion in the stomach.


Amylase is an enzyme, a type of protein that helps your body break down carbohydrates.
The pancreas and salivary glands in your mouth make amylase.
There’s normally a small amount of amylase in your blood and urine.


Amylase is an enzyme that helps digest carbohydrates.
Amylase is made primarily in the pancreas and the glands that make saliva, and can be found at low levels in other parts of the body.
When the pancreas is diseased or inflamed, it releases increased amounts of amylase into the blood.


A test can be done to measure the level of this enzyme in your blood.
Amylase may also be measured with a urine amylase test.
An amylase (/ˈæmɪleɪs/) is an enzyme that catalyses the hydrolysis of starch (Latin amylum) into sugars.


Amylase is present in the saliva of humans and some other mammals, where it begins the chemical process of digestion.
Foods that contain large amounts of starch but little sugar, such as rice and potatoes, may acquire a slightly sweet taste as they are chewed because amylase degrades some of their starch into sugar.


The pancreas and salivary gland make amylase (alpha amylase) to hydrolyse dietary starch into disaccharides and trisaccharides which are converted by other enzymes to glucose to supply the body with energy.
Plants and some bacteria also produce amylase.


Specific amylase proteins are designated by different Greek letters.
All amylases are glycoside hydrolases and act on α-1,4-glycosidic bonds.
Amylase is an enzyme that occurs naturally in the saliva of some mammals and humans that aids in the process of digestion.


Amylase accelerates the breakdown or hydrolysis of starch into simple sugars.
The pancreas and the salivary glands mainly synthesise amylase to hydrolyse dietary starch into disaccharides and trisaccharides that are converted into glucose and used as energy.


Amylase was one of the first enzymes to be discovered in the 1800s. It was initially named diastaste but later renamed amylase in the late 20th century.
Amylase is a hydrolytic enzyme present in large amounts in the pancreas, within acinar cells, and salivary glands.
Amylase is present in smaller amounts in other tissues.


Amylase cleaves alpha-1,4-glucosidic bonds in glucose polymers such as starch and glycogen.
Amylase requires co-factors chloride and calcium ions.
It is cleared by the kidney and hence, there is a small amount of amylase activity within urine.


Amylase is normally measured in the diagnosis of acute abdominal pain.
Total levels are usually reported, although it is possible to distinguish P and S amylase from the pancreas and salivary glands respectively.
Amylase is an enzyme, or special protein, produced by your pancreas and salivary glands.


The pancreas is an organ located behind your stomach.
It creates various enzymes that help break down food in your intestines.
An amylase blood test can determine whether you have a disease of the pancreas by measuring the amount of amylase in your body.


Amylase is a digestive enzyme that helps the body break down carbohydrates.
Both the salivary glands and the pancreas produce amylase.
Several different medical conditions can affect amylase levels in the blood.


Amylase (AM-uh-lace) is an enzyme made by the salivary glands and the pancreas.
Amylase helps the body digest carbohydrates.
Amylase is an enzyme made mainly by the pancreas.


Amylase is released from the pancreas into the digestive tract to help digest starch in our food.
Amylase is a digestive enzyme that is produced by the pancreas and salivary glands.
Amylase is responsible for digesting the starch and glycogen found in food.


Generally, the amylase blood test is used to help diagnose pancreatic diseases, like acute pancreatitis, and is normally ordered together with the lipase test.
The doctor can also order a urine amylase test, which helps to assess kidney functioning.


This test is often ordered when treating kidney failure to assess the effectiveness of treatment.
Amylase test result should be assessed by the ordering doctor together with the patient's presenting symptoms, as well as other test results.



USES and APPLICATIONS of AMYLASE:
Enzyme amylase is very widely used in many fields:
In the brewing industry (participating in starch saccharification):
Amylase is used in the saccharification of starch into maltose, glucose , used as a necessary substrate for beer fermentation;


Amylase is used in the production of soy sauce, malt, molasses, glucose.
Amylase hydrolyze starch can be applied in the production of rice wine, as feed for livestock to supplement nutrients.
Amylase is applied in bread production, making the cake spongy, more delicious.


In the textile industry, the enzyme amylase is used to remove the starch from the fabric, remove the starch on the surface of the fabric, making the fabric soft, easy to bleach, easy to catch color in the dyeing process.
Amylase is applied in the pharmaceutical manufacturing industry.


Amylase is used in applications in MSG processing industry.
If there are no signs or symptoms of parotid inflammation (mumps, etc.), a high level of amylase in the blood generally indicates an inflammatory impairment of the pancreas (due to alcoholism, gallstones, or more rarely following a trauma, viral infection, extremely high calcium or triglyceride levels, a tumour, a drug, etc.).


In the case of acute pancreatitis, amylase levels typically rise to as much as 4 to 6 times the normal upper reference limit.
This occurs within 4 to 8 hours of onset and returns to normal within a few days when the condition is treated successfully.
In chronic pancreatitis, amylase levels tend to return to normal gradually, even if the disease has not disappeared, due to the destruction of the pancreas.


It is preferable to measure levels of the lipase enzyme to diagnose and monitor chronic pancreatitis.
In rare cases, high blood levels of amylase can be caused by the presence of macroamylase, a form of amylase that is too big to be eliminated by the kidneys.


This condition is harmless and can be confirmed by measuring amylase clearance.
Other uses of Amylase: An inhibitor of alpha-amylase, called phaseolamin, has been tested as a potential diet aid.
When used as a food additive, amylase has E number E1100, and may be derived from pig pancreas or mold fungi.


Bacilliary amylase is also used in clothing and dishwasher detergents to dissolve starches from fabrics and dishes.
Factory workers who work with amylase for any of the above uses are at increased risk of occupational asthma.
Five to nine percent of bakers have a positive skin test, and a fourth to a third of bakers with breathing problems are hypersensitive to amylase.


Tests for amylase in blood or urine are mainly used to diagnose problems with your pancreas, including pancreatitis, which is an inflammation of the pancreas.
Amylase is also used to monitor chronic (long-term) pancreatitis.


Increases and decreases in amylase levels show up in blood before urine, so an amylase urine test may be done with or after an amylase blood test.
One or both types of amylase test may also be used to help diagnose or monitor treatment for other disorders that may affect amylase levels, such as salivary gland disorders and certain digestive conditions.


The enzyme ɑ-amylase finds a great deal of use in brewing liquor and beer that is made from starch.
Amylase is achieved through a process of fermentation, where the yeast consumes sugar and yields alcohol.
In breadmaking, yeasts, which already secrete amylase, break down the starch in the flour into carbon dioxide and ethanol, giving rise to the bread and also adding flavour.


In molecular biology, amylase can be used as a method of selection for antibiotic gene resistance.
Amylase is used in biochemical research and clinically as a digestive enzyme for loss of appetite, indigestion, gastric catarrh, etc.
As differentiation requires electrophoresis, this is not commonly warranted in the emergency situation where rapid, automated chromogenic assays are used.
Amylase assay on pleural or peritoneal fluid may be used to diagnose a pancreatic fistula.


-Molecular biology uses of Amylase:
In molecular biology, the presence of amylase can serve as an additional method of selecting for successful integration of a reporter construct in addition to antibiotic resistance.
As reporter genes are flanked by homologous regions of the structural gene for amylase, successful integration will disrupt the amylase gene and prevent starch degradation, which is easily detectable through iodine staining.


-Medical uses of Amylase:
Amylase also has medical applications in the use of pancreatic enzyme replacement therapy (PERT).
Amylase is one of the components in Sollpura (liprotamase) to help in the breakdown of saccharides into simple sugars.


-Hyperamylasemia uses of Amylase:
Blood serum amylase may be measured for purposes of medical diagnosis.
A higher than normal concentration may reflect any of several medical conditions, including acute inflammation of the pancreas (which may be measured concurrently with the more specific lipase), perforated peptic ulcer, torsion of an ovarian cyst, strangulation, ileus, mesenteric ischemia, macroamylasemia and mumps.
Amylase may be measured in other body fluids, including urine and peritoneal fluid.


-Fermentation uses of Amylase:
α- and β-amylases are important in brewing beer and liquor made from sugars derived from starch.
In fermentation, yeast ingests sugars and excretes ethanol.
In beer and some liquors, the sugars present at the beginning of fermentation have been produced by "mashing" grains or other starch sources (such as potatoes).

In traditional beer brewing, malted barley is mixed with hot water to create a "mash", which is held at a given temperature to allow the amylases in the malted grain to convert the barley's starch into sugars.
Different temperatures optimize the activity of alpha or beta amylase, resulting in different mixtures of fermentable and unfermentable sugars.
In selecting mash temperature and grain-to-water ratio, a brewer can change the alcohol content, mouthfeel, aroma, and flavor of the finished beer.

In some historic methods of producing alcoholic beverages, the conversion of starch to sugar starts with the brewer chewing grain to mix Amylase with saliva.
This practice continues to be practiced in the home production of some traditional drinks, such as chhaang in the Himalayas, chicha in the Andes, and kasiri in Brazil and Suriname.


-Flour additive uses of Amylase:
Amylase is used in breadmaking and to break down complex sugars, such as starch (found in flour), into simple sugars.
Yeast then feeds on these simple sugars and converts it into the waste products of ethanol and carbon dioxide.
This imparts flavour and causes the bread to rise.

While Amylase is found naturally in yeast cells, it takes time for the yeast to produce enough of these enzymes to break down significant quantities of starch in the bread.
This is the reason for long fermented doughs such as sourdough. Modern breadmaking techniques have included Amylase (often in the form of malted barley) into bread improver, thereby making the process faster and more practical for commercial use.



CLASSIFICATION OF AMYLASE:
*α-Amylase
The α-amylases (EC 3.2.1.1 ) (CAS 9014-71-5) (alternative names: 1,4-α-D-glucan glucanohydrolase; glycogenase) are calcium metalloenzymes.
By acting at random locations along the starch chain, α-amylase breaks down long-chain saccharides, ultimately yielding either maltotriose and maltose from amylose, or maltose, glucose and "limit dextrin" from amylopectin.

Because it can act anywhere on the substrate, α-amylase tends to be faster-acting than β-amylase.
In animals, it is a major digestive enzyme, and its optimum pH is 6.7–7.0.
In human physiology, both the salivary and pancreatic amylases are α-amylases.
The α-amylase form is also found in plants, fungi (ascomycetes and basidiomycetes) and bacteria (Bacillus).

*β-Amylase
Another form of amylase, β-amylase (EC 3.2.1.2 ) (alternative names: 1,4-α-D-glucan maltohydrolase; glycogenase; saccharogen amylase) is also synthesized by bacteria, fungi, and plants.

Working from the non-reducing end, β-amylase catalyzes the hydrolysis of the second α-1,4 glycosidic bond, cleaving off two glucose units (maltose) at a time.
During the ripening of fruit, β-amylase breaks starch into maltose, resulting in the sweet flavor of ripe fruit.

They belong to glycoside hydrolase family 14.
Both α-amylase and β-amylase are present in seeds; β-amylase is present in an inactive form prior to germination, whereas α-amylase and proteases appear once germination has begun.

Many microbes also produce amylase to degrade extracellular starches.
Animal tissues do not contain β-amylase, although it may be present in microorganisms contained within the digestive tract.
The optimum pH for β-amylase is 4.0–5.0.

*γ-Amylase
Main article: Glucan 1,4-a-glucosidase
γ-Amylase (EC 3.2.1.3 ) (alternative names: Glucan 1,4-a-glucosidase; amyloglucosidase; exo-1,4-α-glucosidase; glucoamylase; lysosomal α-glucosidase; 1,4-α-D-glucan glucohydrolase) will cleave α(1–6) glycosidic linkages, as well as the last α-1,4 glycosidic bond at the nonreducing end of amylose and amylopectin, yielding glucose.

The γ-amylase has the most acidic optimum pH of all amylases because it is most active around pH 3.
They belong to a variety of different GH families, such as glycoside hydrolase family 15 in fungi, glycoside hydrolase family 31 of human MGAM, and glycoside hydrolase family 97 of bacterial forms.



CHARACTERISTICS AND APPLICATIONS OF AMYLASE:
Amylase is used for a multitude of applications such as the production of syrups of different oligosaccharides (maltose and glucose).
The use of Amylase in flour also facilitates the action of yeast.

The addition of Amylase reduces fermentation times and improves bread making processes.
Another application of Amylase is the acceleration of fruit ripening.
During fruit ripening, they synthesize Amylase, which degrade fruit starch into sugar, making them sweeter.



BENEFITS OF AMYLASE:
Amylase is an enzyme whose role is to break down complex carbohydrates, such as starch, into simple sugars such as glucose or maltose, which are easily assimilated by the body.



FUNCTIONS OF AMYLASE:
Amylase performs the following functions in bakery products:
*Provide fermentable and reducing sugars.
*Accelerate yeast fermentation and boost gassing for optimum dough expansion during proofing and baking
*Intensify flavors and crust color by enhancing Maillard browning and caramelization reactions.
*Reduce dough/batter viscosity during starch gelatinization in the oven.
*Extend oven rise/spring and improve product volume.
*Act as crumb softeners by inhibiting staling.
*Modify dough handling properties by reducing stickiness.



ORIGIN OF AMYLASE:
Amylase is widely distributed in nature.
Amylase is present in both plants and animals.
Cereal and grains and their flours naturally contain different types of amylase.
In cereals, Amylase is found in the endosperm, bran and germ.



COMMERCIAL PRODUCTION OF AMYLASE:
Amylase is generally produced by commercial fermentation.
Bacterial sources such as Bacillus subtilis or B stearothermophilus are used or, fungal sources, such as Aspergillus oryzae or A. niger.



FAMILY OF AMYLASE:
Amylase is a hydrolytic enzyme that breaks down starch into dextrins and sugars.
Amylase’s made up of a family of starch-degrading enzymes that include:
*Alpha-amylase
*Beta-amylase
*Amyloglucosidase or glucoamylase
*Pullulanase
*Maltogenic amylase
Amylase can work at the same time in perfect synergy.
Amylase is key ingredients that extend the shelf-life of bread, working as fermentation improvers.



THE ROLE OF AMYLASE IN THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM OF YOUNG CHILDREN:
Enzyme amylase acts as a catalyst, making the digestion and absorption of starch in the small intestine easier.
Young children are often subject to digestive problems because their digestive systems are not fully developed.
The secretion of digestive enzymes is limited, not enough for food to be fully digested.

This is the cause of digestive disorders, with typical symptoms such as indigestion, flatulence, bloating, vomiting, regurgitation of food, leading to anorexia.
In addition, when organic compounds such as glucide, protid, and lipid are not completely absorbed, it will lead to diarrhea and diarrhea in children.

Therefore, it is very necessary to supplement digestive enzymes, including amylase enzymes, for young children, especially children with anorexia and digestive disorders.

When children are supplemented with digestive enzyme amylase, food will be quickly broken down into nutrients and absorbed by the intestines, helping to empty the digestive tract, giving children a sense of appetite, hunger, and no more Discomfort due to flatulence, bloating, indigestion.
Some children often vomit due to decreased enzyme secretion, the use of amylase enzyme also gives good results.



PHYSIOLOGY OF AMYLASE:
Amylase is a calcium dependent enzyme which hydrolyzes complex carbohydrates at alpha 1,4-linkages to form maltose and glucose.
Amylase is filtered by renal tubules and resorbed (inactivated) by tubular epithelium.
Active enzyme does not appear in urine.

Small amounts of amylase are taken up by Kupffer cells in the liver. In healthy dogs, 14% of amylase is bound to globulins.
Because of this polymerization, canine amylase has variable (high) molecular weights and is not normally filtered by the kidney.
In dogs with renal disease, this polymerized (macroamylase) amylase is found in higher concentration (from 5-62% of total amylase activity) and contributes to the hyperamylasemia seen in these disorders.

The half-life of amylase (as determined from sequential decreases in sick horses over time) appears to be around 4 ± 0.7 hours in horses, which is shorter than that of lipase (approximately 11 hours).
There are four different isoenzymes of amylase in the dog: isoenzyme 3 is found in the pancreas (>50%), whereas isoenzyme 4 is found in all tissues.



NORMAL AMYLASE LEVELS
Amylase levels are considered to be normal in the following groups:
Patients under 60 years of age: between 30 and 118 U/L

Patients over 60 years of age: up to 151 U/L
Normal amylase levels may vary depending on the lab and the technique used to collect the blood.
Results should therefore be interpreted by a health care professional.

Test results
Amylase test results can help diagnose conditions associated with pancreatic and salivary gland malfunctioning.
It is most commonly used to diagnose acute pancreatitis, as amylase values in the blood increase greatly in the first 6-12 hours of pancreatic inflammation.


*High amylase
Amylase may be high with the following conditions:
*Mumps
*Acute and chronic pancreatitis
*Biliary tract diseases such as cholecystitis
*Peptic ulcer
*Pancreatic cancer
*Obstruction of the pancreatic ducts
*Viral hepatitis
*Ectopic pregnancy
*Renal insufficiency
*Burns
Use of some medications, such as oral contraceptives, valproic acid, metronidazole and corticosteroids
In most cases of pancreatitis, blood amylase levels will be 3 times higher than the reference value.

Amylase levels usually increase within 6 to 12 hours and return to normal within 4 days.
Despite this, in some cases of pancreatitis, amylase levels may be normal or just mildly elevated, which is why it is also important to check lipase levels of a pancreatic condition is suspected.


*Low amylase
Low amylase levels are more common in hospitalized patients, especially in those receiving glucose.
In these cases, patients should have their amylase levels re-tested after two hours to determine if the results are reliable.
These should be confirmed through other laboratory tests.



HOW IS AMYLASE USED?
The blood test for amylase is used to help diagnose acute pancreatitis (inflammation of the pancreas).
The swift rise of amylase at the beginning of a pancreatitis attack, and its fall after about 2 days, helps to pinpoint this diagnosis.



WHEN IS AMYLASE REQUESTED?
An amylase test may be ordered if you show symptoms of a pancreatic disorder, such as severe abdominal pain, fever, loss of appetite, or nausea.



WHY ARE AMYLASE TESTS DONE?
This test measures the amount of amylase in the blood.
Doctors may order an amylase if a child has signs of a problem with the pancreas, such as belly pain, nausea, or vomiting.
They also might do one if a child takes medicine that makes problems with the pancreas more likely.



CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF AMYLASE:
The blood serum amylase level is tested for various diagnostic purposes.
A higher concentration of amylase (hyperamylasemia) can be indicative of acute pancreatitis, strangulation, peptic ulcer, ileus or mumps.



CLASSIFICATION OF AMYLASE:
There are three types of amylases known: alpha, beta and gamma.
All three are found in different organisms and catalyse different sites of the starch molecule.

ɑ-Amylase
ɑ-amylases are found in humans, animals, plants, as well as in microbes.
They are calcium metalloenzymes that cleave random α-1,4 glycosidic bonds to yield either maltose and maltotriose from amylose chains or glucose, maltose and dextrin from amylopectin chains.

In humans, amylase secreted from the pancreas and salivary gland is ɑ-amylases.
Because they can break random bonds in the starch chain, they tend to work more quickly than the 𝛃-amylases.
Their optimum pH is 6.7 – 7.0.
They are a member of the glycosidic hydrolase family 13.

𝛃-Amylase
The 𝛃-amylases are found in microbes and plants.
They hydrolyse the second α-1,4 glycosidic bond in the starch molecule and yield two maltose molecules at a time.
They are a member of the glycosidic hydrolase family 14.

At the time of ripening of fruits, the starch is hydrolysed into maltose which gives a sweet taste to the fruits.
Their optimum pH is 4.0 – 5.0. 𝛃-amylases are found in seeds in an inactive form prior to germination.

𝛄-Amylase
𝛄-amylases are found in plants and animals.
They cleave the last α-1,4 glycosidic bond and the α-1,6 glycosidic bond in the starch molecule to yield glucose molecules.
Their optimum pH is 3.
They are a member of the glycosidic hydrolase family 15.



WHY DO I NEED AN AMYLASE TEST?
Your health care provider may order an amylase blood and/or urine test if you have symptoms of a pancreatic disorder.
Symptoms may begin suddenly or slowly and include:

*Pain in your upper abdomen (belly) that may spread to your back or get worse after eating
*Loss of appetite
*Nausea and vomiting
*Fever
*Fast heartbeat
*Jaundice
*Greasy, foul-smelling stool (poop)

Your provider may also order an amylase test to monitor an existing condition that affects the pancreas, including:
*Chronic pancreatitis
*Pancreatic cancer
*Eating disorders
*Cystic fibrosis
*Alcohol use disorder
*Recovery from having gallstones removed after a gallbladder attack



WHAT IS AN AMYLASE TEST?
An amylase test measures the amount of amylase in your blood or urine (pee).
Amylase is an enzyme, or special protein, that helps you digest carbohydrates.
Most of the amylase in your body is made by your pancreas and salivary glands.

A small amount of amylase in your blood and urine is normal.
But having too much or too little may be a sign of a disorder of the pancreas or salivary glands, or another medical condition.



HISTORY OF AMYLASE:
In 1831, Erhard Friedrich Leuchs (1800–1837) described the hydrolysis of starch by saliva, due to the presence of an enzyme in saliva, "ptyalin", an amylase.
it was named after the Ancient Greek name for saliva: πτύαλον - ptyalon.

The modern history of enzymes began in 1833, when French chemists Anselme Payen and Jean-François Persoz isolated an amylase complex from germinating barley and named it "diastase".
It is from this term that all subsequent enzyme names tend to end in the suffix -ase.
In 1862, Russian biochemist Aleksandr Yakovlevich Danilevsky (1838–1923) separated pancreatic amylase from trypsin.



EVOLUTION OF AMYLASE:
Salivary amylase
Saccharides are a food source rich in energy.
Large polymers such as starch are partially hydrolyzed in the mouth by the enzyme amylase before being cleaved further into sugars.

Many mammals have seen great expansions in the copy number of the amylase gene.
These duplications allow for the pancreatic amylase AMY2 to re-target to the salivary glands, allowing animals to detect starch by taste and to digest starch more efficiently and in higher quantities.

Following the agricultural revolution 12,000 years ago, human diet began to shift more to plant and animal domestication in place of hunting and gathering.
Starch has become a staple of the human diet.
Despite the obvious benefits, early humans did not possess salivary amylase, a trend that is also seen in evolutionary relatives of the human, such as chimpanzees and bonobos, who possess either one or no copies of the gene responsible for producing salivary amylase.

Like in other mammals, the pancreatic alpha-amylase AMY2 was duplicated multiple times.
One event allowed it to evolve salivary specificity, leading to the production of amylase in the saliva (named in humans as AMY1).
The 1p21.1 region of human chromosome 1 contains many copies of these genes, variously named AMY1A, AMY1B, AMY1C, AMY2A, AMY2B, and so on.

However, not all humans possess the same number of copies of the AMY1 gene.
Populations known to rely more on saccharides have a higher number of AMY1 copies than human populations that, by comparison, consume little starch.
The number of AMY1 gene copies in humans can range from six copies in agricultural groups such as European-American and Japanese (two high starch populations) to only two to three copies in hunter-gatherer societies such as the Biaka, Datog, and Yakuts.

The correlation that exists between starch consumption and number of AMY1 copies specific to population suggest that more AMY1 copies in high starch populations has been selected for by natural selection and considered the favorable phenotype for those individuals.
Therefore, it is most likely that the benefit of an individual possessing more copies of AMY1 in a high starch population increases fitness and produces healthier, fitter offspring.

This fact is especially apparent when comparing geographically close populations with different eating habits that possess a different number of copies of the AMY1 gene.
Such is the case for some Asian populations that have been shown to possess few AMY1 copies relative to some agricultural populations in Asia.
This offers strong evidence that natural selection has acted on this gene as opposed to the possibility that the gene has spread through genetic drift.

Variations of amylase copy number in dogs mirrors that of human populations, suggesting they acquired the extra copies as they followed humans around.
Unlike humans whose amylase levels depend on starch content in diet, wild animals eating a broad range of foods tend to have more copies of amylase.
This may have to do with mainly detection of starch as opposed to digestion



PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of AMYLASE:
Physical state: powder, (lyophilized)
Color: Beige
Odor: No data available
Melting point/freezing point: No data available
Initial boiling point and boiling range: No data available
Flammability (solid, gas): No data available
Upper/lower flammability or explosive limits: No data available
Flash point: No data available
Autoignition temperature: No data available
Decomposition temperature: No data available
pH: No data available

Viscosity:
Viscosity, kinematic: No data available
Viscosity, dynamic: No data available
Water solubility: No data available
Partition coefficient: n-octanol/water: No data available
Vapor pressure: 0.004Pa at 25℃
Density: 1.37 [at 20℃]
Relative density: No data available
Relative vapor density: No data available
Particle characteristics: No data available
Explosive properties: No data available
Oxidizing properties: No data available
Other safety information: No data available
Storage: 2-8°C
Appearance: powder
Color: Beige
Vapor pressure: 0.004Pa at 25℃



FIRST AID MEASURES of AMYLASE:
-Description of first-aid measures:
*General advice:
First aiders need to protect themselves.
Show this material safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
*If inhaled:
After inhalation:
Fresh air.
Call in physician.
*In case of skin contact:
Take off immediately all contaminated clothing.
Rinse skin with water/ shower.
*In case of eye contact:
After eye contact:
Rinse out with plenty of water.
Remove contact lenses.
*If swallowed:
After swallowing:
Immediately make victim drink water (two glasses at most).
Consult a physician.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed:
No data available



ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of AMYLASE:
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Cover drains.
Collect, bind, and pump off spills.
Observe possible material restrictions.
Take up carefully.
Dispose of properly.
Clean up affected area.



FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of AMYLASE:
-Extinguishing media:
*Unsuitable extinguishing media:
For this substance/mixture no limitations of extinguishing agents are given.
-Further information:
Prevent fire extinguishing water from contaminating surface water or the ground water system.



EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of AMYLASE:
-Control parameters:
--Ingredients with workplace control parameters:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use equipment for eye protection.
Safety glasses
*Skin protection:
Handle with gloves.
Wash and dry hands.
Full contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Splash contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
*Body Protection:
protective clothing
*Respiratory protection:
Recommended Filter type: Filter type P2
-Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.



HANDLING and STORAGE of AMYLASE:
-Precautions for safe handling:
*Advice on safe handling:
Work under hood.
*Hygiene measures:
Change contaminated clothing.
Preventive skin protection recommended.
Wash hands after working with substance.
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
*Storage conditions:
Tightly closed.
Dry.
Keep locked up or in an area accessible only to qualified or authorized persons.
*Storage stability:
Recommended storage temperature: -20 °C
*Storage class:
Storage class (TRGS 510): 13:
Non Combustible Solids



STABILITY and REACTIVITY of AMYLASE:
-Reactivity:
No data available
-Chemical stability:
The product is chemically stable under standard ambient conditions (room temperature) .
-Possibility of hazardous reactions:
No data available
-Conditions to avoid:
no information available

AMYLOGLUCOSIDASE, N° CAS : 9032-08-0, Nom INCI : AMYLOGLUCOSIDASE, N° EINECS/ELINCS : 232-877-2. Ses fonctions (INCI): Agent d'entretien de la peau : Maintient la peau en bon état

ANISOLE, N° CAS : 100-66-3, Nom INCI : ANISOLE, Nom chimique : Methoxybenzene; Phenol Methyl Ether, N° EINECS/ELINCS : 202-876-1. Ses fonctions (INCI)Agent parfumant : Utilisé pour le parfum et les matières premières aromatiques

ananas ananas fruit; ananas bracteatus var. hondurensis fruit;ananas comosus fruit; ananas domestica fruit; ananas parguazensis fruit; ananas sativa fruit; bromelia ananas fruit; bromelia comosa fruit; pineapple (ananas sativus); plant material derived from the fruit of the pineapple, ananas comosus, bromeliaceae CAS NO:68917-26-0

ANDIROBA OIL; carapa guaianensis seed oil; andiroba tree seed oil; fixed oil expressed from the seeds of carapa guaianensis, meliaceae CSA NO:352458-32-3

Anemarrhena asphodeloides root extract is an effective herbal remedy for a number of skin problems.
Anemarrhena Asphodeloides Root Extract, a traditional herbal ingredient, offers deep hydration and moisture retention, ideal for dry and dehydrated skin.


Chem/IUPAC Name: Anemarrhena Asphodeloides Root Extract is the extract of the roots of Anemarrhena asphodeloides, Liliaceae
INCI name: ANEMARRHENA ASPHODELOIDES ROOT EXTRACT



SYNONYMS:
extract of the roots of anemarrhena asphodeloides, liliaceae



Anemarrhena Asphodeloides Root extract is a natural raw material extracted from the roots of Anemarrhena Asphodeloides
which helps to strengthen skin elasticity, supply nutrients, and moisturize.
Anemarrhena Asphodeloides Root Extract is more commonly known as Zhi Mu root.
Anemarrhena Asphodeloides Root Extract is rich in sarsasapogenin.


Anemarrhena Asphodeloides Root Extract has anti-inflammatory and soothing properties.
Anemarrhena asphodeloides root extract is an effective herbal remedy for a number of skin problems.
Anemarrhena Asphodeloides Root Extract, a traditional herbal ingredient, offers deep hydration and moisture retention, ideal for dry and dehydrated skin.


Anemarrhena Asphodeloides Root Extract has anti-aging benefits, reduces fine lines and wrinkles, and improves skin firmness.
With anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, Anemarrhena Asphodeloides Root Extract calms irritated skin and protects against environmental stress.
Anemarrhena Asphodeloides Root Extract is recommended for dry, mature or sensitive skin.


Anemarrhena Asphodeloides Root Extract is important to test new products and follow a holistic skincare routine.
Anemarrhena asphodeloides root extract is a potent botanical remedy derived from the roots of the Anemarrhena asphodeloides plant, a perennial herb native to East Asia.


Anemarrhena Asphodeloides Root Extract has been widely used in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) for centuries, valued for its purported therapeutic properties.
Anemarrhena Asphodeloides Root Extract, also known as the "zhi mu" plant, holds significant importance in TCM as a yin-tonifying herb, believed to nourish and balance bodily fluids.


Anemarrhena Asphodeloides Root Extract is classified as a "yin-tonifying" herb, meaning it is believed to nourish and replenish the body's yin (cool, moistening) energies.
This property makes Anemarrhena Asphodeloides Root Extract particularly valuable in addressing conditions associated with excessive heat, dryness, or depletion of bodily fluids.



USES and APPLICATIONS of ANEMARRHENA ASPHODELOIDES ROOT EXTRACT:
Cosmetic Uses of Anemarrhena Asphodeloides Root Extract: skin conditioning
Anemarrhena Asphodeloides Root Extract can be used to treat eczema, psoriasis, acne, and other inflammatory skin conditions.
Anemarrhena asphodeloides root extract has anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and antifungal properties, making it an ideal remedy for skin conditions and is safe for all skin types.


In traditional Chinese medicine, Anemarrhena Asphodeloides Root Extract is used for a number of health benefits.
The Chinese name for anemarrhena asphodeloides, Zhi mu, literally means "to stop sweat."
The root extract, Anemarrhena Asphodeloides Root Extract, is used as a diuretic to treat edema, water retention, and urinary tract infections.


Anemarrhena Asphodeloides Root Extract is also used to treat skin conditions such as eczema, psoriasis, and acne.
Several recent reviews have reported that anemarrhena asphodeloides root extract can enlarge or make certain areas of the body, including the breasts and buttocks, larger.


Anemarrhena asphodeloides root extract is said to work by helping the body produce more fat cells in these areas.
This can lead to an increase in the size and fullness of the breasts and buttocks.
Anemarrhena asphodeloides root extract is also said to stimulate the production of collagen and elastin.


Both are important for maintaining skin elasticity and tone.
However, these claims are not supported by scientific research.
The TA-III found in Anemarrhena asphodeloides root extract may protect against photoaging, and daily application of TA-III for 12 weeks has been found to significantly reduce the signs of aging on the face by limiting wrinkle formation.


Anemarrhena Asphodeloides Root Extract is commonly used in East Asian medicine.
Anemarrhena Asphodeloides Root Extract boosts skin elasticity, strengthens, soothes, improves skin tone, plumping-effect


Anemarrhena Asphodeloides Root extract is made from natural ingredients, so it can be used with confidence, and only raw materials that have been rigorously and meticulously verified for 17 years of Francoise are used.
Additionally, Anemarrhena Asphodeloides Root Extract has been traditionally employed to promote kidney health and regulate water metabolism.


-Traditional Uses of Anemarrhena Asphodeloides Root Extract in Herbal Medicine:
Anemarrhena Asphodeloides Root Extract has been revered in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) for thousands of years, with its roots being a staple ingredient in many herbal formulations.
Historically, Anemarrhena Asphodeloides Root Extract has been used to treat a range of ailments, including fevers, inflammation, respiratory conditions, and diabetes.



FUNCTIONS OF ANEMARRHENA ASPHODELOIDES ROOT EXTRACT:
*Skin conditioning:
Anemarrhena Asphodeloides Root Extract maintains skin in good condition
Anemarrhena Asphodeloides Root Extract is present in 0.04% of cosmetics.



POTENTIAL HEALTH BENEFITS OF ANEMARRHENA ASPHODELOIDES ROOT EXTRACT:
Based on scientific research and traditional knowledge, Anemarrhena asphodeloides root extract has been associated with several potential health benefits:

Antioxidant Properties:
The presence of flavonoids, phenolic compounds, and saponins in the extract has been linked to Anemarrhena Asphodeloides Root Extract's antioxidant activity, which may help protect cells from oxidative stress and associated damage.

Anti-inflammatory Effects:
Studies have suggested that compounds found in Anemarrhena asphodeloides root extract may possess anti-inflammatory properties, potentially making it useful in managing inflammatory conditions.

Antimicrobial Activity:
Certain phytochemicals in Anemarrhena Asphodeloides Root Extract have demonstrated antimicrobial activity against various bacterial and fungal strains, indicating its potential for applications in treating infectious diseases.

Antidiabetic Properties:
Traditional use and modern research have explored the potential of Anemarrhena Asphodeloides Root Extract in managing diabetes and its associated complications.
Some studies have suggested that Anemarrhena Asphodeloides Root Extract may help regulate blood sugar levels and improve insulin sensitivity.

Skin Health:
Due to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, Anemarrhena asphodeloides root extract has been explored for its potential applications in skincare, such as promoting wound healing and addressing skin disorders like atopic dermatitis.

Respiratory Benefits:
Traditional Chinese medicine has utilized Anemarrhena asphodeloides root extract to alleviate respiratory conditions, and modern research is investigating its potential efficacy in managing asthma, bronchitis, and other respiratory ailments.



MODERN APPLICATIONS AND COMMERCIAL PRODUCTS OF ANEMARRHENA ASPHODELOIDES ROOT EXTRACT:
With the growing interest in natural and botanical ingredients, Anemarrhena asphodeloides root extract has found its way into various commercial products across different industries.
In the pharmaceutical and nutraceutical sectors, Anemarrhena asphodeloides root extract is being explored for its potential therapeutic applications, particularly in the development of natural remedies for diabetes, inflammatory conditions, and skincare products.

The cosmetic industry has also embraced Anemarrhena asphodeloides root extract, incorporating it into skincare formulations, such as serums, creams, and lotions, due to its antioxidant and anti-aging properties.

Additionally, Anemarrhena asphodeloides root extract has been utilized in the production of herbal teas and dietary supplements, catering to consumers seeking natural remedies for various health concerns.
The increasing demand for natural and plant-based products has driven the popularity of Anemarrhena asphodeloides root extract-based products, as consumers seek alternatives to synthetic compounds.

Conclusion
Anemarrhena asphodeloides root extract is a powerful botanical remedy steeped in the rich history and cultural traditions of traditional Chinese medicine. With its diverse phytochemical composition and potential health benefits, this ancient remedy has garnered significant interest in modern healthcare and wellness practices.

From its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties to its potential applications in managing diabetes, skin disorders, and respiratory ailments, Anemarrhena asphodeloides root extract holds promising therapeutic potential. However, further research is needed to fully understand its mechanisms of action and establish its efficacy in various therapeutic applications.

As we continue to explore the vast wealth of knowledge and wisdom found in traditional herbal medicine, Anemarrhena asphodeloides root extract serves as a testament to the enduring value of nature's botanical treasures. By embracing and studying these ancient remedies, we may unlock new frontiers in modern healthcare and contribute to the development of safe, effective, and sustainable therapies.



EFFICACY OF ANEMARRHENA ASPHODELOIDES ROOT EXTRACT:
- The extract exhibits strong anti-inflammatory properties
- helping to prevent premature aging
- alleviate redness and sensitivity

Safety:
- gentle and non-irritating
- derived from a natural plant source

Description:
Anemarrhena Asphodeloides Root Extract is a beneficial ingredient used in cosmetics that offers multiple advantages for your skin.
Anemarrhena Asphodeloides Root Extract is derived from the root of the Anemarrhena Asphodeloides plant, known for its medicinal properties.

One of the main benefits of Anemarrhena Asphodeloides Root Extract is its ability to soothe and calm the skin.
Anemarrhena Asphodeloides Root Extract has anti-inflammatory properties that help reduce redness, irritation, and sensitivity, making it suitable for those with sensitive or reactive skin.

Additionally, Anemarrhena Asphodeloides Root Extract has hydrating properties that help replenish moisture and improve the skin's barrier function.
Anemarrhena Asphodeloides Root Extract also aids in promoting a more balanced complexion by regulating sebum production.
By incorporating products with Anemarrhena Asphodeloides Root Extract into your skincare routine, you can enjoy the benefits of soothing relief, improved hydration, and a calmer, healthier-looking complexion.



BOTANICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF ANEMARRHENA ASPHODELOIDES ROOT EXTRACT:
Anemarrhena Asphodeloides Root Extract is a perennial herbaceous plant indigenous to regions of East Asia, including China, Korea, and Japan.
Anemarrhena Asphodeloides Root Extract is characterized by its long, slender leaves and small, white flowers that bloom during the summer months.
The plant's roots, which are the primary source of the medicinal extract, are thick and fleshy, with a cylindrical shape and light brown exterior.

Anemarrhena Asphodeloides Root Extract thrives in well-drained soils and prefers a warm, temperate climate.
Cultivation of v involves careful management of soil conditions and temperature, as well as proper harvesting techniques to ensure the quality and potency of the roots.



PHYTOCHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF ANEMARRHENA ASPHODELOIDES ROOT EXTRACT:
Anemarrhena Asphodeloides Root Extract is rich in various phytochemicals, including saponins, flavonoids, and phenolic compounds.
These bioactive compounds are believed to contribute to the plant's therapeutic properties and potential health benefits.

Saponins, such as timosaponins and anemarsaponins, are among the most abundant phytochemicals found in Anemarrhena asphodeloides root extract.
These compounds have been studied for their potential antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial activities.

Flavonoids, including quercetin and kaempferol derivatives, are also present in the extract and are known for their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.
Additionally, phenolic compounds like chlorogenic acid and caffeic acid have been identified, contributing to the extract's antioxidant and potential chemopreventive effects.

Numerous research studies have investigated the bioactive constituents and pharmacological effects of Anemarrhena asphodeloides root extract, shedding light on its potential therapeutic applications.

As a skin care professional, I am always eager to explore and share knowledge about lesser-known, yet effective ingredients, such as Anemarrhena Asphodeloides Root Extract.
This traditional herbal ingredient, Anemarrhena Asphodeloides Root Extract, has quietly become a valuable part of modern skin care, and here's why:


*Hydration and Moisture Retention:
One of the foremost properties of Anemarrhena Asphodeloides Root Extract is its ability to deeply hydrate the skin.
Anemarrhena Asphodeloides Root Extract contains natural saponins known for their moisturizing properties, making it an excellent ingredient for dry and dehydrated skin.


*Anti-Aging Benefits:
Anemarrhena Asphodeloides Root Extract also contributes to anti-aging by helping to reduce the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles.
This is achieved in part through its hydrating effect, which helps to plump the skin and make Anemarrhena Asphodeloides Root Extract firmer and smoother.


*Soothing Inflammation:
Due to its natural anti-inflammatory properties, Anemarrhena Asphodeloides Root Extract is effective in calming irritated and inflamed skin.
This makes Anemarrhena Asphodeloides Root Extract ideal for use in products intended for sensitive or problematic skin.


*Improves Skin Elasticity:
Anemarrhena Asphodeloides Root Extract is also known to help improve skin elasticity.
This is important not only to fight signs of ageing but also to maintain a healthy and robust skin structure.


*Antioxidant Properties:
With its natural antioxidants, Anemarrhena Asphodeloides Root Extract protects the skin from damage caused by free radicals and environmental stressors, which is essential for maintaining a healthy skin barrier.

As a skin care professional, I recommend products containing Anemarrhena Asphodeloides Root Extract especially for those with dry, mature or sensitive skin.
Anemarrhena Asphodeloides Root Extract is important to remember that even natural ingredients can have different effects on different skin types, so it is always a good idea to test a new product on a small area of ​​the skin before full use.
As always, a holistic approach to skincare, which includes both internal and external factors, is key to achieving optimal skin health.



WHAT DOES ANEMARRHENA ASPHODELOIDES ROOT EXTRACT DO IN A FORMULATION?
*Skin conditioning



PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of ANEMARRHENA ASPHODELOIDES ROOT EXTRACT:
Chem/IUPAC Name: Anemarrhena Asphodeloides Root Extract is the extract of the roots of Anemarrhena asphodeloides, Liliaceae
INCI name: ANEMARRHENA ASPHODELOIDES ROOT EXTRACT



FIRST AID MEASURES of ANEMARRHENA ASPHODELOIDES ROOT EXTRACT:
-Description of first-aid measures
*General advice:
Show this material safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
*If inhaled:
After inhalation:
Fresh air.
*In case of skin contact:
Take off immediately all contaminated clothing.
Rinse skin with
water/ shower.
*In case of eye contact:
After eye contact:
Rinse out with plenty of water.
Call in ophthalmologist.
Remove contact lenses.
*If swallowed:
After swallowing:
Immediately make victim drink water (two glasses at most).
Consult a physician.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed.
No data available



ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of ANEMARRHENA ASPHODELOIDES ROOT EXTRACT:
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Cover drains.
Collect, bind, and pump off spills.
Observe possible material restrictions.
Take up dry.
Dispose of properly.
Clean up affected area.



FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of ANEMARRHENA ASPHODELOIDES ROOT EXTRACT:
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Foam
Dry powder
*Unsuitable extinguishing media:
For this substance/mixture no limitations of extinguishing agents are given.
-Further information:
Prevent fire extinguishing water from contaminating surface water or the ground water system.



EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of ANEMARRHENA ASPHODELOIDES ROOT EXTRACT:
-Control parameters:
--Ingredients with workplace control parameters:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use equipment for eye protection.
Safety glasses
*Body Protection:
protective clothing
*Respiratory protection:
Recommended Filter type: Filter A
-Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.



HANDLING and STORAGE of ANEMARRHENA ASPHODELOIDES ROOT EXTRACT:
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
*Storage conditions:
Tightly closed.
Dry.



STABILITY and REACTIVITY of ANEMARRHENA ASPHODELOIDES ROOT EXTRACT:
-Chemical stability:
The product is chemically stable under standard ambient conditions (room temperature) .
-Possibility of hazardous reactions:
No data available

Angelica Dahurica Root Extract belongs to the following substance groups
Angelica Dahurica Root Extract contains chemicals that might kill cancer cells and fungus, reduce anxiety, and settle the stomach.


Chem/IUPAC Name: Angelica Dahurica Root Extract is an extract of the roots of Angelica dahurica, Umbelliferae



SYNONYMS:
American Angelica, Angélica, Angelica acutiloba, Angelica archangelica, Angelica atropurpurea, Angelica curtisi, Angelica Dahurica, Angelica officinalis, Angelica sylvestris, Angelicae Dahuricae, Angelicae Dahuricae Radix, Angelicae Fructus, Angelicae Herba, Angelicae Radix, Angelica sylvestris, Angelicae, Angélique, Angélique Archangélique, Angélique Cultivée, Angélique de Bohème, Angélique des Jardins, Angélique Médicinale, Angélique Officinale, Angélique Sauvage, Angélique Vraie, Archangelica officinalis, Archangélique, Bai Zhi, Dang Gui (Angelica root), Du Huo, Garden Angelica, European Angelica, Herbe aux Anges, Herbe du Saint-Esprit, Japanese Angelica, Racine du Saint Esprit, Radix Angelicae, Radix Angelicae Dahuricae, Radix Angelicae Pubescentis, Root of the Holy Ghost, Wild Angelica, Wild Parsnip, Angelica dahurica root, Dahurian Angelica Root (Angelica Dahurica), Dahurian Angelica Root, Angelica dahurica root, Angelica Dahurica Root Dry Extract, Angelica Dahurica Root Extract, Angelica Dahurica Root Powder, Angelicae Dahuricae Radix, Angelicae Dahuricae Radix (Angelica Dahurica), Bai Zhi, Baizhi (Angelica Dahurica), Dahurian Angelica Root, Dahurian Angelica Root (Angelica Dahurica), Ezo Senkyu Root, Fragrant Angelica Root, O-sisi-udo Root, Udo-modaki Root, Yoroi-gusa Root, ANGELICA DAHURICA ROOT [JAN], ANGELICA DAHURICA ROOT [WHO-DD], ANGELICA DAHURICA ROOT DRY EXTRACT, ANGELICA DAHURICA ROOT EXTRACT, ANGELICA DAHURICA ROOT POWDER, ANGELICAE DAHURICAE RADIX, ANGELICAE DAHURICAE RADIX (ANGELICA DAHURICA), ANGELICAE DAHURICAE RADIX (ANGELICA DAHURICA) [CHP], BAI ZHI, BAIZHI (ANGELICA DAHURICA), DA-9805 COMPONENT ANGELICA DAHURICA ROOT, DAHURIAN ANGELICA ROOT, DAHURIAN ANGELICA ROOT (ANGELICA DAHURICA), EZO SENKYU ROOT, FRAGRANT ANGELICA ROOT, O-SISI-UDO ROOT, UDO-MODAKI ROOT, YOROI-GUSA ROOT, Dahurian Angelica, Fragrant Angelica



Angelica Dahurica Root Extract is a species of plant that is part of the Angelica family and is commonly used for medicinal purposes in the Far East.
Angelica Dahurica Root Extract is known for its diuretic properties and is believed to possess antispasmodic, diaphoretic, expectorant, bitter aromatic, carminative, and local anti-inflammatory properties.


Angelica Dahurica Root Extract contains chemicals that might kill cancer cells and fungus, reduce anxiety, and settle the stomach.
Angelica Dahurica Root Extract belongs to the following substance groups.
Cosmetics Ingredients are subject to regulation.


Angelica Dahurica Root Extract is extracted from the dried roots of the Umbelliferae plant Angelica dahuricae.
Angelica Dahurica Root Extract mainly contains coumarins and volatile oil components, and has various pharmacological activities such as anti-inflammatory, analgesic, inhibiting pathogenic microorganisms, anti-tumor, and liver protection.


One of the main active ingredients of Angelica Dahurica Root Extract is coumarins.
Coumarin compounds can be widely used as anticoagulant and antithrombotic drugs.
They also promote lipolysis and inhibit fat synthesis. In addition, they also have antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antipyretic and analgesic properties.


Angelica Dahurica Root Extract can relieve pain, relieve cough and asthma, and scavenge free radicals.
Angelica Dahurica Root Extract is also known as bai zhi, is extracted from the root of the plant and a herbal ingredient with significant effect to inhibit melanin and whitening freckles.


Angelica Dahurica Root Extract is an extract of the roots of Angelica dahurica.
Angelica Dahurica Root Extract, commonly known as Dahurian angelica, is a widely grown species of angelica native to Siberia, Russia Far East, Mongolia, Northeastern China, Japan, Korea, and Taiwan.


Angelica Dahurica Root Extract tends to grow near river banks, along streams and among rocky shrubs.
Angelica Dahurica Root Extract is widely used for its medicinal properties and is known to contain furanocoumarins and angelicotoxin.
Angelica Dahurica Root Extract is also commonly known as Chinese angelica, the garden angelica, root of the Holy Ghost, and wild angelica, as well as by its Chinese name, bai zhi (白芷).


Angelica Dahurica Root Extract is a perennial plant that grows to about 1–2 meters tall.
The plant usually has a brown cylindrical root that grows approximately 2–5 cm thick.
The stem is purplish-green in color, ribbed, and it usually ranges from 2–8 cm thick in diameter.


First year plants remain in a basal clump about 30 inches high, fuller in rich soil, with complex divided leaves 10-20 inches long, and reddish-purple coloring at the base.
In the second or third year plant, the plant sends up a sturdy, hollow one-inch diameter stalk to 8 feet.


The plant produces greenish-white flowers on umbels up to 12 inches in diameter that bloom in the summer, usually from July to August or September.
The seeds of the plant follow, turning from greenish-white to medium brown and papery as they ripen from August to October.
The flowers of the plant are hermaphroditic (containing both male and female reproductive organs) and are pollinated via insects.


The plant also undergoes self pollination.
The roots and leaves of the plant are strongly aromatic.
The roots have a scent resembling that of wild carrots (Daucus carota), and a pungent, bitter taste.


Angelica Dahurica Root Extract is a plant/plant extract used in some OTC (over-the-counter) products.
Angelica Dahurica Root Extract is not an approved drug.
Angelica Dahurica Root Extract is a genus of plants and herbs that’s often used in traditional medicine, particularly in Asian countries.


The roots of many species of Angelica Dahurica Root Extract are used to make herbal medicines.
However, Angelica Dahurica Root Extract typically refers to the species Angelica archangelica (A. archangelica).
Angelica Dahurica Root Extract may also refer to Angelica sinensis (A. sinensis).


The roots and other parts of both of these plants have a long history of use in traditional and herbal medicine, although Angelica Dahurica Root Extract has been more thoroughly researched.
Plants in the Angelica genus grow up to 10 feet (3 meters) tall and have globe-like clusters of green or yellow flowers that blossom into small yellow fruits.


They also tend to have a strong, unique smell due to the aromatic compounds they contain.
The scent is often described as musky, earthy, or herbaceous.
Angelica Dahurica Root Extract is known by a variety of names, including dong quai and female ginseng.


On the other hand, Angelica Dahurica Root Extract is commonly known as wild celery or Norwegian angelica.
This type grows mainly in European countries, where Angelica Dahurica Root Extract’s used in certain culinary applications or as an herbal medicine.
Although the name Angelica Dahurica Root Extract implies that just the root is used, most A. archangelica supplements and herbal medicine products contain the root, seeds, fruits, and/or flowers of the plant. A. sinensis products are typically only made with the root of the plant.



USES and APPLICATIONS of ANGELICA DAHURICA ROOT EXTRACT:
People use Angelica Dahurica Root Extract for indigestion, quitting smoking, excessive urination at night, decline in memory and thinking skills, rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and many other conditions, but there is no good scientific evidence to support these uses.
Angelica Dahurica Root Extract can be used in the pharmaceutical industry


Angelica Dahurica Root Extract can be used in the cosmetics industry
Angelica Dahurica Root Extract can be used in the food industry
Angelica Dahurica Root Extract is used ingredients for skincare


Angelica Dahurica Root Extract is used regulating cosmetics
Angelica Dahurica Root Extract helps to improve micro-circulation, promotes skin metabolism and delay skin ageing.
Angelica Dahurica Root Extract has also been used in making natural skincare products such as handmade soaps, scrubs, creams, lotions, etc.


Angelica Dahurica Root Extract is used primarily for the treatment of headaches relieving the nasal obstruction, detoxification of the blood, and as a pain reliever.
Angelica Dahurica Root Extract has been used as an anti-inflammatory, laxative, sedative, and anti-fungal cream for skin, as well as treating swollen gums and toothaches.


Angelica Dahurica Root Extract is used in traditional Chinese medicine for various purposes, including hormonal balance, digestive support, and liver detoxification.
On the other hand, Angelica Dahurica Root Extract is traditionally used in European countries for digestive problems, circulation issues, and anxiety.


Angelica Dahurica Root Extract’s native to China and other countries in East Asia, where it’s used primarily in traditional medicine to treat female hormonal issues.
This type grows mainly in European countries, where Angelica Dahurica Root Extract’s used in certain culinary applications or as an herbal medicine.


A. sinensis and Angelica Dahurica Root Extract are related, but typically only the root of the A. sinensis plant is used in herbal medicine, while the entire A. archangelica plant is used.
Angelica Dahurica Root Extract, particularly A. archangelica, has some culinary uses.


Angelica Dahurica Root Extract’s sometimes used in the production of gin and other spirits, and the leaves can be candied to use as a garnish or decoration.
However, Angelica Dahurica Root Extract’s primarily used as an herbal remedy.
Angelica Dahurica Root Extract has a long history of use as a traditional medicine in Europe and Russia, where it grows wild.


Angelica Dahurica Root Extract is used in traditional Chinese medicine, primarily for women’s health purposes.
Angelica Dahurica Root Extract is used for women’s health issues in traditional Chinese medicine, whereas A. archangelica is utilized in certain parts of Europe as an herbal remedy and for making spirits.


-Other uses of Angelica Dahurica Root Extract:
The stalks of Angelica Dahurica Root Extract have also been commonly used as a food ingredient.
The stems have been made into decorative items.

The seeds are often used as a seasoning condiment in food as well as a source of flavoring in liqueur.
Another popular usage for this herb is its ingredient in cosmetic products.


-Medicinal uses of Angelica Dahurica Root Extract:
The medicinal properties of the Angelica Dahurica Root Extract has been dated back to Ancient China as early as 400 BC.
Zhang Cong Zhen (1156–1228), a famous physician in the military, believed that diseases were caused by external evil factors, or pathogens, that entered the human body.

He listed Bai Zhi as an herb that purge the body of any negative influences such as heat, clamminess, dryness, and cold on the skin.
Today, the roots are used for other numerous treatments of illnesses such as headaches, relieving nasal obstruction, detoxification of the blood, as a pain reliever, an anti-inflammatory, a laxative, sedative, anti-fungal cream for skin, as well as treating swollen gums and toothaches.



FUNCTION OF ANGELICA DAHURICA ROOT EXTRACT:
1. Effect on the central nervous system.
A small dose of Angelica Dahurica Root Extract can excite the respiratory center, vasomotor center and vagus nerve of the oblongata, thereby enhancing breathing, raising blood pressure and slowing the pulse.

2. Hemostatic effect.
Angelica Dahurica Root Extract has a significant effect on shortening or reducing the bleeding time, bleeding volume, coagulation time and prothrombin time of animals.

3. Effect on the uterus.
Angelica Dahurica Root Extract has anti-estrogenic activity

4. Antibacterial effect.
Angelica Dahurica Root Extract decoction has a certain inhibitory effect on some bacteria.

5. Anti-cancer effect.
The water extract of Angelica Dahurica Root Extract can promote the production of interferon in the body and has anti-tumor effects.

6. Hepatoprotective effect.
Parsley B isolated from Angelica Dahurica Root Extract has the effect of inhibiting concanavalin A-induced hepatitis.

7. Effect on skin.
Angelica Dahurica Root Extract has an inhibitory effect on tyrosine, so it can be used for skin whitening.



WHAT DOES ANGELICA DAHURICA ROOT EXTRACT DO IN A FORMULATION?
*Skin conditioning



BENEFITS OF ANGELICA DAHURICA ROOT EXTRACT:
Angelica Dahurica Root Extract may also offer some benefits, but little research has been done on this herb.

*Anticancer properties
In test-tube studies, Angelica Dahurica Root Extract — like A. sinensis — shows some promising anticancer and anti-tumor effects.
These effects are thought to come from angelicin and imperatorin, two powerful phytochemicals found in Angelica Dahurica Root Extract.


*Antimicrobial effects
Angelica Dahurica Root Extract may also kill harmful bacteria, viruses, and fungi.
In test-tube studies, Angelica Dahurica Root Extract essential oil can kill disease-causing bacteria like Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli.

Angelica Dahurica Root Extract extract and some isolated compounds from it, including imperatorin, also exhibit antiviral activity against the herpes simplex (cold sore) virus and coxsackievirus, which causes digestive illness.
Angelica Dahurica Root Extract also shows promise as a potential food-safe preservative to inhibit mold growth, as it can kill mold that grows on walnuts.


*Anti-anxiety effects
Finally, there’s some compelling evidence from animal studies that Angelica Dahurica Root Extract may help reduce anxiety.

Summary
A. sinensis offers potential benefits for wound healing, menopause, and arthritis. Angelica Dahurica Root Extract may provide anti-anxiety and antimicrobial benefits.
Both types can kill certain cancer cells in test-tube studies, but more research in humans is needed.



DOWNSIDES OF ANGELICA DAHURICA ROOT EXTRACT:
Angelica Dahurica Root Extract, particularly A. sinensis, has known side effects and may cause some drug interactions.
While Angelica Dahurica Root Extract may likewise have some potential side effects, it has not been studied as much as A. sinensis.

There have been suspected cases of high dose Angelica Dahurica Root Extract supplements causing heart problems. A. sinensis may also increase your blood pressure.

Angelica Dahurica Root Extract may likewise interact with blood thinners like warfarin, possibly causing dangerous and potentially fatal bleeding in certain instances.
If you’re taking a blood thinner, you should not use Angelica Dahurica Root Extract without first clearing it with your healthcare provider.

Additionally, members of the Angelica genus contain furanocoumarins, which are the same compounds in grapefruit that may interact with many drugs, including certain cholesterol and anti-seizure medications.
Talk to your healthcare provider before supplementing with any type of Angelica if you’re taking prescription medications that carry a grapefruit warning.

Furthermore, know that photodermatitis, which is an abnormal skin response to ultraviolet (UV) rays, and contact dermatitis are also a concern when handling the angelica plant.

Finally, due to a lack of evidence regarding their safety in pregnant and breastfeeding women, you should avoid taking Angelica Dahurica Root Extract and A. sinensis if you’re pregnant, trying to become pregnant, or breastfeeding.

Summary
Angelica Dahurica Root Extract may increase your blood pressure, cause heart problems, and interact with blood thinners.
Additionally, plants in the Angelica genus may interact with drugs that carry a grapefruit warning.



TYPE OF PREPARATION OF ANGELICA DAHURICA ROOT EXTRACT:
Extract (solvent extract)



FUNCTIONS OF ANGELICA DAHURICA ROOT EXTRACT IN COSMETIC PRODUCTS:
*SKIN CONDITIONING
Angelica Dahurica Root Extract maintains the skin in good condition



PROPAGATION OF ANGELICA DAHURICA ROOT EXTRACT:
In an ideal climate, most species of Angelica Dahurica Root Extract, including the dahurican root, can thrive in moist and shady environments, at the same time where sun is accessible when necessary.

It is best to plant fresh seeds of this plant once available.
Once the seeds have ripened, its color brown and texture papery, they are immediately sown in a cold frame in deep, moist, fertile soil.

Though the plants can grow under semi-shade or full-shaded conditions, the seeds require light for it to germinate.
In addition, since this is a perennial plant, seeds are not required for its growth. A. dahurica can grow back naturally on its own, year after year.
The Dahurican roots are primarily produced in China's Sichuan province, in the Suining district.



CULTIVATION OF ANGELICA DAHURICA ROOT EXTRACT:
The Dahurican roots are harvested twice a year during the summer and autumn seasons.
Its cylindrical roots must be harvested before the plant's stalk emerges.
The leaves are removed, the side roots are trimmed, and the roots are thinly sliced, longitudinally.

Afterwards, the sliced roots are dried under the sun.
In Suining, 70% of its usage are for general purposes whereas 100% of its usage are for medicinal purposes.
The roots are also harvested and cultivated in Taiwan, Japan, and Korea.



BENEFITS OF ANGELICA DAHURICA ROOT EXTRACT:
Overall, there’s very little scientific evidence regarding the benefits of Angelica Dahurica Root Extract — neither A. sinensis nor A. archangelica.

A. sinensis benefits
Angelica Dahurica Root Extract’s thought that most of the potential benefits of A. sinensis come from ligustilide, a powerful compound that comprises approximately 1% of the plant and provides much of its strong fragrance.

*Wound healing
Angelica Dahurica Root Extract may promote wound healing by encouraging angiogenesis, or the creation of new blood vessels.
There’s also some early evidence that Angelica Dahurica Root Extract can specifically promote the healing of diabetic foot wounds.
These can be more severe and slower to heal than other wounds due to the blood vessel and tissue damage that high blood sugar levels cause.

*Relief of menopausal hot flashes
One of the most common uses of A. sinensis, especially in traditional Chinese medicine, is the management of menopausal symptoms and other female hormonal issues.

Complementary therapies are also growing in popularity, as more people seek out natural options for menopause symptoms like hot flashes or night sweats.
Some evidence suggests that decreasing levels of serotonin in the body can contribute to menopausal hot flashes, and Angelica Dahurica Root Extract may help maintain or increase circulating levels of serotonin — thereby reducing the severity and frequency of hot flashes.

Still, there’s very little high quality evidence to support the use of Angelica Dahurica Root Extract for menopause symptoms, nor any long-term evidence of its safety in menopausal women.

*Arthritis relief
Angelica Dahurica Root Extract may provide protection against both osteoarthritis, or joint “wear and tear,” as well as rheumatoid arthritis (RA), an inflammatory, autoimmune condition of the joints.

Supplementing with Angelica Dahurica Root Extract may decrease inflammation, prevent further joint damage, and promote cartilage repair in osteoarthritis.
Angelica Dahurica Root Extract may decrease the inflammatory response, reducing pain and improving some of its other symptoms.



PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of ANGELICA DAHURICA ROOT EXTRACT:
Pharmacodynamics: Not Available
Mechanism of action: Not Available
Absorption: Not Available
Volume of distribution: Not Available
Protein binding: Not Available
Metabolism: Not Available
Route of elimination: Not Available
Half-life: Not Available
Clearance: Not Available



FIRST AID MEASURES of ANGELICA DAHURICA ROOT EXTRACT:
-Description of first-aid measures
*General advice:
Show this material safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
*If inhaled:
After inhalation:
Fresh air.
*In case of skin contact:
Take off immediately all contaminated clothing.
Rinse skin with
water/ shower.
*In case of eye contact:
After eye contact:
Rinse out with plenty of water.
Call in ophthalmologist.
Remove contact lenses.
*If swallowed:
After swallowing:
Immediately make victim drink water (two glasses at most).
Consult a physician.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed.
No data available



ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of ANGELICA DAHURICA ROOT EXTRACT:
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Cover drains.
Collect, bind, and pump off spills.
Observe possible material restrictions.
Take up dry.
Dispose of properly.
Clean up affected area.



FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of ANGELICA DAHURICA ROOT EXTRACT:
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Foam
Dry powder
*Unsuitable extinguishing media:
For this substance/mixture no limitations of extinguishing agents are given.
-Further information:
Prevent fire extinguishing water from contaminating surface water or the ground water system.



EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of ANGELICA DAHURICA ROOT EXTRACT:
-Control parameters:
--Ingredients with workplace control parameters:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use equipment for eye protection.
Safety glasses
*Body Protection:
protective clothing
*Respiratory protection:
Recommended Filter type: Filter A
-Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.



HANDLING and STORAGE of ANGELICA DAHURICA ROOT EXTRACT:
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
*Storage conditions:
Tightly closed.
Dry.



STABILITY and REACTIVITY of ANGELICA DAHURICA ROOT EXTRACT:
-Chemical stability:
The product is chemically stable under standard ambient conditions (room temperature) .
-Possibility of hazardous reactions:
No data available

angelica archangelica extract; extract of the whole herb, holy ghost, angelica archangelica l., apiaceae; garden angelica extract; angelica fluid extract; angelica spray-dried powder extract; archangelica norvegica extract; archangelica officinalis extract CAS NO:84775-41-7

SYNONYMS Lactose; (+)-Lactose; Lactose anhydrous; Milk sugar; 4-(beta-D-Galactosido)-D-glucose; 4-O-beta-D-Galactopyranosyl-D-glucose; Aletobiose; D-Lactose; 1-beta-D-Galactopyranosyl-4-D-glucopyranose; Lactobiose; Lactosum anhydricum; beta-D-galactopyranosyl-(1->4)-D-glucopyranose; (2R,3R,4S,5R,6S)-2-(Hydroxymethyl)-6- ((2R,3S,4R,5R)-4,5,6-trihydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-3-yl) oxyoxane-3,4,5-triol; CAS NO:63-42-3

Aniline (from Portuguese anil 'indigo shrub', and -ine indicating a derived substance) is an organic compound with the formula C6H5NH2.
Aniline is a type of organic base which is used in the making of several dyes, explosives, plastics, drugs, and rubber, and photographic chemicals.
Aniline is an industrially significant commodity chemical, as well as a versatile starting material for fine chemical synthesis.

CAS Number: 62-53-3
EC Number: 200-539-3
Chemical Formula: C6H7N
Molar Mass: 93.129 g·mol−1

Aniline is used in rubber accelerators and anti-oxidants, dyes and intermediates, photographic chemicals, as isocyanates for urethane foams, in pharmaceuticals, explosives, petroleum refining; and in production of diphenylamine, phenolics, herbicides and fungicides.
Aniline is also used in the manufacture of polyurethanes, rubber processing chemicals, pesticides, fibres, dyes and pigments, photographic chemicals, and pharmaceuticals.

Aniline is an aromatic primary amine that may be used as a reactant in the synthesis of organic intermediates such as 3-chloro-N-phenyl-pyridin-2-amine, (Z)-methyl 3-(phenylamino)but-2-enoate, 2-iodo-N-phenylbenzamide, 2,4-dichloroquinoline and N-(2-propynyl)aniline.

Aniline (from Portuguese anil 'indigo shrub', and -ine indicating a derived substance) is an organic compound with the formula C6H5NH2.
Consisting of a phenyl group (−C6H5) attached to an amino group (−NH2), aniline is the simplest aromatic amine.

Aniline is an industrially significant commodity chemical, as well as a versatile starting material for fine chemical synthesis.
Aniline main use is in the manufacture of precursors to polyurethane, dyes, and other industrial chemicals.

Like most volatile amines, Aniline has the odor of rotten fish.
Aniline ignites readily, burning with a smoky flame characteristic of aromatic compounds.
Aniline is toxic to humans.

Relative to benzene, Aniline is electron-rich.
Aniline thus participates more rapidly in electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions.

Likewise, Aniline is also prone to oxidation: while freshly purified aniline is an almost colorless oil, exposure to air results in gradual darkening to yellow or red, due to the formation of strongly colored, oxidized impurities.
Aniline can be diazotized to give a diazonium salt, which can then undergo various nucleophilic substitution reactions.

Like other amines, aniline is both a base (pKaH = 4.6) and a nucleophile, although less so than structurally similar aliphatic amines.
Because an early source of the benzene from which they are derived was coal tar, aniline dyes are also called coal tar dyes.

Aniline is a type of organic base which is used in the making of several dyes, explosives, plastics, drugs, and rubber, and photographic chemicals.
Anilines are the organic compounds that lie in the class of groups coming in the organic chemistry that is referred to as aminobenzene or phenylamine.

These compounds are known to be toxic and to be one of the classes of the aromatic amines.
They are used in a variety of industrial applications and possess all the characteristics of that of an aromatic compound.

The aniline compounds are known to have the formula C6H5NH2 in which the amino group is attached to the phenyl group. 
Aniline occurs in the form of a yellowish and slightly brownish oily liquid which has a fishy and a musty odour.

Aniline smells like a rotten fish.
Aniline is a chemical substance that is a flammable liquid and has a very unpleasant odour.

Aniline of aniline is soluble in water which is colourless to light brown.
Aniline chemical formula is C6H5NH2 or C6H7N.

Since Aniline consists of 6 carbon atoms, 7 hydrogen atoms, and 1 nitrogen atom in Aniline chemical formula, Aniline is an organic compound.
Today, we will learn about what is anilines, the phenylamine structure, Aniline physical properties and uses.

Aniline, an organic base used to make dyes, drugs, explosives, plastics, and photographic and rubber chemicals.

Aniline was first obtained in 1826 by the destructive distillation of indigo.
Aniline name is taken from the specific name of the indigo-yielding plant Indigofera anil (Indigofera suffruticosa); Aniline chemical formula is C6H5NH2.

Aniline is prepared commercially by the catalytic hydrogenation of nitrobenzene or by the action of ammonia on chlorobenzene.
The reduction of nitrobenzene can also be carried out with iron borings in aqueous acid.

A primary aromatic amine, aniline is a weak base and forms salts with mineral acids.
In acidic solution, nitrous acid converts aniline into a diazonium salt that is an intermediate in the preparation of a great number of dyes and other organic compounds of commercial interest.

When aniline is heated with organic acids, Aniline gives amides, called anilides, such as acetanilide from aniline and acetic acid.
Monomethylaniline and dimethylaniline can be prepared from aniline and methyl alcohol.

Catalytic reduction of aniline yields cyclohexylamine.
Various oxidizing agents convert aniline to quinone, azobenzene, nitrosobenzene, p-aminophenol, and the phenazine dye aniline black.

Pure aniline is a highly poisonous, oily, colourless substance with a pleasant odour.

Aniline is registered under the REACH Regulation and is manufactured in and / or imported to the European Economic Area, at ≥ 1 000 000 tonnes per annum.
Aniline is used at industrial sites and in manufacturing.

Anilines are an organic compound.
Aniline has a formula C6H5NH2 since Aniline has 6 carbon atoms, 1 nitrogen atom and 7 hydrogen atoms.

Anilines has a phenyl group attached to an amino group.
Aniline is the simplest aromatic amine.

Anilines are an industrially significant commodity chemical.
Like other volatile amines, Aniline has the odour of rotten fish.

Aniline ignites easily.
Aniline burns with a smoky flame characteristic of aromatic compounds.

Chemically, aniline is an electron-rich benzene derivative.
As a consequence, aniline reacts rapidly in electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions.

Aniline is also prone to oxidation.
Freshly purified aniline is a bit colourless oil, on exposure to air results in gradual darkening of the sample (to yellow or red) due to the formation of strongly coloured, oxidized impurities.

Aniline is diazotized to give a diazonium salt.
This salt then undergoes various nucleophilic substitution reactions.

Aniline appears as a yellowish to brownish oily liquid with a musty fishy odor.
Aniline is produces toxic oxides of nitrogen during combustion.

Aniline is used to manufacture other chemicals, especially dyes, photographic chemicals, agricultural chemicals and others.
Aniline is a clear to slightly yellow liquid with a characteristic odor.
Aniline does not readily evaporate at room temperature.

Aniline is slightly soluble in water and mixes readily with most organic solvents.
Aniline is used to make a wide variety of products such as polyurethane foam, agricultural chemicals, synthetic dyes, antioxidants, stabilizers for the rubber industry, herbicides, varnishes and explosives.

Aniline is an organic chemical compound, specifically a primary aromatic amine.
Aniline consists of a benzene ring attached to an amino group.

Aniline is oily and, although colorless, Aniline can be slowly oxidized and resinified in air to form impurities which can give Aniline a red-brown tint.
Aniline boiling point is 184 degree centigrade and Aniline melting point is -6 degree centegrade.

Aniline is a liquid at room temperature.
Like most volatile amines, Aniline possesses a somewhat unpleasant odour of rotten fish, and also has a burning aromatic taste; Aniline is a highly acrid poison.

Aniline ignites readily, burning with a large smoky flame.
Aniline reacts with strong acids to form salts containing the anilinium (or phenylammonium) ion (C6H5-NH3+), and reacts with acyl halides (such as acetyl chloride (ethanoyl chloride), CH3COCl) to form amides.

The amides formed from aniline are sometimes called anilides, for example CH3-CO-NH-C6H5 is acetanilide, for which the modern name is N-phenyl ethanamide.
Like phenols, aniline derivatives are highly reactive in electrophilic substitution reactions.
For example, sulfonation of aniline produces sulfanilic acid, which can be converted to sulfanilamide.

Sulfanilamide is one of the sulfa drugs which were widely used as antibacterial in the early 20th century.
Aniline was first isolated from the destructive distillation of indigo in 1826 by Otto Unverdorben.

In 1834, Friedrich Runge isolated from coal tar a substance which produced a beautiful blue color on treatment with chloride of lime; this he named kyanol or cyanol.
In 1841, C. J. Fritzsche showed that by treating indigo with caustic potash Aniline yielded an oil, which he named aniline, from the specific name of one of the indigo-yielding plants, Indigofera anil, anil being derived from the Sanskrit, dark-blue.

Uses of Aniline:
Aniline is predominantly used for the preparation of methylenedianiline and related compounds by condensation with formaldehyde.
The diamines are condensed with phosgene to give methylene diphenyl diisocyanate, a precursor to urethane polymers.

Other uses include rubber processing chemicals (9%), herbicides (2%), and dyes and pigments (2%).
As additives to rubber, aniline derivatives such as phenylenediamines and diphenylamine, are antioxidants.

Illustrative of the drugs prepared from aniline is paracetamol (acetaminophen, Tylenol).
The principal use of aniline in the dye industry is as a precursor to indigo, the blue of blue jeans.

Aniline is predominantly used as a chemical intermediate for the dye, agricultural, polymer, and rubber industries.
Aniline is also used as a solvent, and has been used as an antiknock compound for gasolines.

Aniline is used in the synthesis of dyes, rubber additives, drugs, photographic chemicals, isocyanates, and pesticides.

Aniline is used in mmanufacture dyes, medicinals, resins, varnishes, perfumes, shoe blacks; vulcanizing rubber; as solvent.
Aniline is stable, although small outlet, aniline is mainly used for preparation of analgesics, antipyretics, antiallergics, and vitamins.

Uses at industrial sites:
Aniline is used in the following products: pH regulators and water treatment products.
Aniline has an industrial use resulting in manufacture of another substance (use of intermediates).

Aniline is used for the manufacture of: chemicals.
Release to the environment of Aniline can occur from industrial use: as an intermediate step in further manufacturing of another substance (use of intermediates), for thermoplastic manufacture and manufacturing of Aniline.

Industry Uses:
Brightener
Dye
Heat transferring agent
Intermediate
Intermediates
Lubricating agent
Other (specify)
Processing aids not otherwise specified
Processing aids, not otherwise listed

Consumer Uses:
Dye
Intermediate
Other (specify)

Industrial Processes with risk of exposure:
Shakeout, Cleaning, and Finishing
Leather Tanning and Processing

Activities with risk of exposure:
Smoking cigarettes

Structure of Aniline:

Aryl-N distances:
In aniline, the C−N bond length is 1.41 Å, compared to 1.47 Å for cyclohexylamine, indicating partial π-bonding between N and C.
The C(aryl)-NH2 distance in anilines is highly sensitive to substituent effects.
This distance is 1.34 Å in 2,4,6-trinitroaniline vs 1.44 Å in 3-methylaniline.

Pyramidalization:
The amine in anilines is a slightly pyramidalized molecule, with hybridization of the nitrogen somewhere between sp3 and sp2.
The nitrogen is described as having high p character.
The amino group in aniline is flatter (i.e., Aniline is a "shallower pyramid") than that in an aliphatic amine, owing to conjugation of the lone pair with the aryl substituent.

The observed geometry reflects a compromise between two competing factors: stabilization of the N lone pair in an orbital with significant s character favors pyramidalization (orbitals with s character are lower in energy), while delocalization of the N lone pair into the aryl ring favors planarity (a lone pair in a pure p orbital gives the best overlap with the orbitals of the benzene ring π system).

Consistent with these factors, substituted anilines with electron donating groups are more pyramidalized, while those with electron withdrawing groups are more planar.
In the parent aniline, the lone pair is approximately 12% s character, corresponding to sp7.3 hybridization. (For comparison, alkylamines generally have lone pairs in orbitals that are close to sp3.)

The pyramidalization angle between the C–N bond and the bisector of the H–N–H angle is 142.5°.
For comparison, in more strongly pyramidal methylamine, this value is ~125°, while that of formamide has an angle of 180°.

Production of Aniline:
Industrial aniline production involves two steps.
First, benzene is nitrated with a concentrated mixture of nitric acid and sulfuric acid at 50 to 60 °C to yield nitrobenzene.
The nitrobenzene is then hydrogenated (typically at 200–300 °C) in the presence of metal catalysts.

The reduction of nitrobenzene to aniline was first performed by Nikolay Zinin in 1842, using inorganic sulfide as a reductant (Zinin reaction).
The reduction of nitrobenzene to aniline was also performed as part of reductions by Antoine Béchamp in 1854, using iron as the reductant (Bechamp reduction).

Aniline can alternatively be prepared from ammonia and phenol derived from the cumene process.

In commerce, three brands of aniline are distinguished: aniline oil for blue, which is pure aniline; aniline oil for red, a mixture of equimolecular quantities of aniline and ortho- and para-toluidines; and aniline oil for safranine, which contains aniline and ortho-toluidine and is obtained from the distillate (échappés) of the fuchsine fusion.

Related aniline derivatives:
Many analogues of aniline are known where the phenyl group is further substituted.
These include toluidines, xylidines, chloroanilines, aminobenzoic acids, nitroanilines, and many others.

They often are prepared by nitration of the substituted aromatic compounds followed by reduction.
For example, this approach is used to convert toluene into toluidines and chlorobenzene into 4-chloroaniline.
Alternatively, using Buchwald-Hartwig coupling or Ullmann reaction approaches, aryl halides can be aminated with aqueous or gaseous ammonia.

Manufacturing Methods of Aniline:
Nitrobenzene is hydrogenated to aniline, usually in more than 99% yield, using fixed-bed or fluidized-bed vapor-phase processes.
The most effective catalysts for the gas-phase hydrogenation of nitrobenzene seem to be copper or palladium on activated carbon or an oxidic support, in combination with other metals (Pb, V, P, Cr) as modifiers or promoters in order to achieve high activity and selectivity.

The industrial aniline processes of ICI and DuPont involve hydrogenation of nitrobenzene in the liquid phase.
Liquid-phase hydrogenation processes are operated at 90-200 °C and 100-600 kPa.

The liquid phase reaction may be carried out in slurry or in fluidized-bed reactors.
Conversion of nitrobenzene is normally complete after a single reactor pass with yields of 98 to 99%.

In the commercial phenol route developed, phenol is aminated in the vapor phase using ammonia in the presence of a silica-alumina catalyst.
The reaction is mildly exothermic (H = - 8.4 kJ/mol) and reversible, so high conversion is obtained only by the use of excess ammonia (mole ratio of 20:1) and a low reaction temperature, which also reduces the dissociation of ammonia.

By product impurities include diphenylamine, triphenylamine and carbazole.
Their formation is also inhibited by the use of excess ammonia.

Yields based on phenol and ammonia are >/= 96% and 80%, respectively.
In the process phenol and fresh and recycle ammonia are vaporized separately (to prevent yield losses) and combined in the fixed bed amination reactor (a) containing the silica-alumina catalyst. After the reaction at 370 °C and 1.7 MPa, the gas is cooled, partly condensed and the excess ammonia is recovered in a separation column, compressed and recycled.

The condensation product is passed through a drying column to remove water and then through a finishing column to separate aniline from residual phenol and impurities in vacuum (less than 80 kPa).
The phenol, containing some aniline (azeotropic mixture) is recycled.

Manufactured from nitrobenzene or chlorobenzene.

Derivation:
By (1) catalytic vapor-phase reduction of nitrobenzene with hydrogen;
(2) reduction of nitrobenzene with iron filings using hydrochloric acid as catalyst;
(3) catalytic reaction of chlorobenzene and aqueous ammonia;
(4) ammonolysis of phenol (Japan).

General Manufacturing Information of Aniline:

Industry Processing Sectors:
All Other Basic Organic Chemical Manufacturing
All Other Chemical Product and Preparation Manufacturing
Cyclic Crude and Intermediate Manufacturing
Fabricated Metal Product Manufacturing
Paper Manufacturing
Petrochemical Manufacturing
Plastics Material and Resin Manufacturing
Plastics Product Manufacturing
Rubber Product Manufacturing
Synthetic Dye and Pigment Manufacturing

Reactions of Aniline:
The chemistry of aniline is rich because Aniline has been cheaply available for many years.
Below are some classes of Aniline reactions.

Oxidation:
The oxidation of aniline has been heavily investigated, and can result in reactions localized at nitrogen or more commonly results in the formation of new C-N bonds.
In alkaline solution, azobenzene results, whereas arsenic acid produces the violet-coloring matter violaniline.

Chromic acid converts Aniline into quinone, whereas chlorates, in the presence of certain metallic salts (especially of vanadium), give aniline black.
Hydrochloric acid and potassium chlorate give chloranil.

Potassium permanganate in neutral solution oxidizes Aniline to nitrobenzene; in alkaline solution to azobenzene, ammonia, and oxalic acid; in acid solution to aniline black.
Hypochlorous acid gives 4-aminophenol and para-amino diphenylamine.

Oxidation with persulfate affords a variety of polyanilines.
These polymers exhibit rich redox and acid-base properties.

Electrophilic reactions at ortho- and para- positions:
Like phenols, aniline derivatives are highly susceptible to electrophilic substitution reactions.
Aniline high reactivity reflects that Aniline is an enamine, which enhances the electron-donating ability of the ring.
For example, reaction of aniline with sulfuric acid at 180 °C produces sulfanilic acid, H2NC6H4SO3H.

If bromine water is added to aniline, the bromine water is decolourised and a white precipitate of 2,4,6-tribromoaniline is formed.

To generate the mono-substituted product, a protection with acetyl chloride is required:
The reaction to form 4-bromoaniline is to protect the amine with acetyl chloride, then hydrolyse back to reform aniline.
The largest scale industrial reaction of aniline involves Aniline alkylation with formaldehyde.

An idealized equation is shown:
2C6H5NH2+CH2O⟶CH2(C6H4NH2)2+H2O

The resulting diamine is the precursor to 4,4'-MDI and related diisocyanates.

Reactions at nitrogen:

Basicity:
Aniline is a weak base.
Aromatic amines such as aniline are, in general, much weaker bases than aliphatic amines.
Aniline reacts with strong acids to form the anilinium (or phenylammonium) ion (C6H5−NH+3).

Traditionally, the weak basicity of aniline is attributed to a combination of inductive effect from the more electronegative sp2 carbon and resonance effects, as the lone pair on the nitrogen is partially delocalized into the pi system of the benzene ring.

Missing in such an analysis is consideration of solvation.
Aniline is, for example, more basic than ammonia in the gas phase, but ten thousand times less so in aqueous solution.

Acylation:
Aniline reacts with acyl chlorides such as acetyl chloride to give amides.
The amides formed from aniline are sometimes called anilides, for example CH3−CO−NH−C6H5 is acetanilide.
At high temperatures aniline and carboxylic acids react to give the anilides.

N-Alkylation:

N-Methylation of aniline with methanol at elevated temperatures over acid catalysts gives N-methylaniline and N,N-dimethylaniline:
C6H5NH2+2CH3OH⟶C6H5N(CH3)2+2H2O

N-Methylaniline and N,N-dimethylaniline are colorless liquids with boiling points of 193–195 °C and 192 °C, respectively.
These derivatives are of importance in the color industry.

Carbon disulfide derivatives:
Boiled with carbon disulfide, Aniline gives sulfocarbanilide (diphenylthiourea) (CS(NHC6H5)2), which may be decomposed into phenyl isothiocyanate (C6H5CNS), and triphenyl guanidine (C6H5N=C(NHC6H5)2).

Diazotization:
Aniline and its ring-substituted derivatives react with nitrous acid to form diazonium salts.
Through these intermediates, the amine group can be converted to a hydroxyl (−OH), nitrile (−CN), or halide group (−X, where X is a halogen) via Sandmeyer reactions.

This diazonium salt can also be reacted with NaNO2 and phenol to produce a dye known as benzeneazophenol, in a process called coupling.
The reaction of converting primary aromatic amine into diazonium salt is called diazotisation.
In this reaction primary aromatic amine reacts with sodium nitrile and with 2 moles of HCl which is known as Ice cold mixture because the temperature use to be 0.5 °C and Aniline forms benzene diazonium salt as major product and water and sodium chloride.

Other reactions:
Aniline reacts with nitrobenzene to produce phenazine in the Wohl-Aue reaction.
Hydrogenation gives cyclohexylamine.

Being a standard reagent in laboratories, aniline is used for many niche reactions.
Aniline acetate is used in the aniline acetate test for carbohydrates, identifying pentoses by conversion to furfural.
Aniline is used to stain neural RNA blue in the Nissl stain.

Biochem/physiol Actions of Aniline:
The acute toxicity of aniline involves Aniline activation in vivo to 4-hydroxyaniline and the formation of adducts with hemoglobin.
In erythrocytes, this is associated with the release of iron and the accumulation of methemoglobin and the development of hemolytic anemia and inflammation of the spleen.
Tumor formation is often observed in the spleen on prolonged administration.

Physical Properties of Aniline:

The physical properties of Anilines are given below:
Aniline has a boiling of about 184 oC and melting of about -6 o
Aniline is slightly soluble in water and sometimes freely soluble in the chemicals such as alcohol and ether.

Aniline tends to darken when exposed to air and light.
Aniline is said to be weak base and on Aniline reaction with strong acids, Aniline forms anilinium ion -C6H5-NH3+.
Aniline is said to be toxic when Aniline gets inhaled through the air or gets absorbed into the skin as Aniline produces nitrogen oxides which are harmful to the environment.

History of Aniline:
Aniline was first isolated in 1826 by Otto Unverdorben by destructive distillation of indigo.
He called Aniline Crystallin.

In 1834, Friedlieb Runge isolated a substance from coal tar that turned a beautiful blue color when treated with chloride of lime.
He named Aniline kyanol or cyanol.

In 1840, Carl Julius Fritzsche (1808–1871) treated indigo with caustic potash and obtained an oil that he named aniline, after an indigo-yielding plant, anil (Indigofera suffruticosa).
In 1842, Nikolay Nikolaevich Zinin reduced nitrobenzene and obtained a base that he named benzidam.
In 1843, August Wilhelm von Hofmann showed that these were all the same substance, known thereafter as phenylamine or aniline.

Synthetic dye industry:
In 1856, while trying to synthesise quinine, von Hofmann's student William Henry Perkin discovered mauveine and went into industry producing the first commercial synthetic dye.
Other aniline dyes followed, such as fuchsin, safranin, and induline.

At the time of mauveine's discovery, aniline was expensive. Soon thereafter, applying a method reported in 1854 by Antoine Béchamp, Aniline was prepared "by the ton".
The Béchamp reduction enabled the evolution of a massive dye industry in Germany.

Today, the name of BASF, originally Badische Anilin- und Soda-Fabrik (English: Baden Aniline and Soda Factory), now the largest chemical supplier, echoes the legacy of the synthetic dye industry, built via aniline dyes and extended via the related azo dyes.
The first azo dye was aniline yellow.

Developments in medicine:
In the late 19th century, derivatives of aniline such as acetanilide and phenacetin emerged as analgesic drugs, with their cardiac-suppressive side effects often countered with caffeine.
During the first decade of the 20th century, while trying to modify synthetic dyes to treat African sleeping sickness, Paul Ehrlich – who had coined the term chemotherapy for his magic bullet approach to medicine – failed and switched to modifying Béchamp's atoxyl, the first organic arsenical drug, and serendipitously obtained a treatment for syphilis – salvarsan – the first successful chemotherapy agent.
Salvarsan's targeted microorganism, not yet recognized as a bacterium, was still thought to be a parasite, and medical bacteriologists, believing that bacteria were not susceptible to the chemotherapeutic approach, overlooked Alexander Fleming's report in 1928 on the effects of penicillin.

In 1932, Bayer sought medical applications of Aniline dyes.
Gerhard Domagk identified as an antibacterial a red azo dye, introduced in 1935 as the first antibacterial drug, prontosil, soon found at Pasteur Institute to be a prodrug degraded in vivo into sulfanilamide – a colorless intermediate for many, highly colorfast azo dyes – already with an expired patent, synthesized in 1908 in Vienna by the researcher Paul Gelmo for his doctoral research.
By the 1940s, over 500 related sulfa drugs were produced.

Medications in high demand during World War II (1939–45), these first miracle drugs, chemotherapy of wide effectiveness, propelled the American pharmaceutics industry.
In 1939, at Oxford University, seeking an alternative to sulfa drugs, Howard Florey developed Fleming's penicillin into the first systemic antibiotic drug, penicillin G. (Gramicidin, developed by René Dubos at Rockefeller Institute in 1939, was the first antibiotic, yet Aniline toxicity restricted Aniline to topical use.)
After World War II, Cornelius P. Rhoads introduced the chemotherapeutic approach to cancer treatment.

Rocket fuel:
Some early American rockets, such as the Aerobee and WAC Corporal, used a mixture of aniline and furfuryl alcohol as a fuel, with nitric acid as an oxidizer.
The combination is hypergolic, igniting on contact between fuel and oxidizer.

Aniline is also dense, and can be stored for extended periods.
Aniline was later replaced by hydrazine.

Human Metabolite Information of Aniline:

Tissue Locations:
Bladder
Epidermis
Prostate
Spleen

Reactivity Profile of Aniline:
Aniline is a heat sensitive base.
Combines with acids to form salts.

Dissolves alkali metals or alkaline earth metals with evolution of hydrogen.
Incompatible with albumin, solutions of iron, zinc and aluminum, and acids.

Couples readily with phenols and aromatic amines.
Easily acylated and alkylated.

Corrosive to copper and copper alloys.
Aniline can react vigorously with oxidizing materials (including perchloric acid, fuming nitric acid, sodium peroxide and ozone).

Reacts violently with BCl3.
Mixtures with toluene diisocyanate may ignite.

Undergoes explosive reactions with benzenediazonium-2-carboxylate, dibenzoyl peroxide, fluorine nitrate, nitrosyl perchlorate, peroxodisulfuric acid and tetranitromethane.
Ignites on contact with sodium peroxide + water.

Forms heat or shock sensitive explosive mixtures with anilinium chloride (detonates at 464 F/7.6 bar), nitromethane, hydrogen peroxide, 1-chloro-2,3-epoxypropane and peroxomonosulfuric acid.
Reacts with perchloryl fluoride form explosive products.

Handling and Storage of Aniline:

Nonfire Spill Response:
ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area.
Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing.

Stop leak if you can do Aniline without risk.
Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.

Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers.
DO NOT GET WATER INSIDE CONTAINERS.

Safe Storage:
Separated from strong oxidants, strong acids and food and feedstuffs.
Provision to contain effluent from fire extinguishing.
Store in an area without drain or sewer access.

Storage Conditions:
Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place.
Containers which are opened must be carefully resealed and kept upright to prevent leakage.

First Aid Measures of Aniline:

Signs and Symptoms of Acute Aniline Exposure:
Signs and symptoms of acute exposure to aniline may be severe and include dyspnea (shortness of breath), respiratory paralysis, cardiac arrhythmias, and cardiovascular collapse.
Victims may experience headache, irritability, disorientation, lethargy, weakness, incoordination, dizziness, and drowsiness.

Delerium, shock, convulsions, and coma may also be observed.
Gastrointestinal effects include dryness of throat, nausea, and vomiting.

Painful urination, oliguria (scanty urination), and hematuria (bloody urine) may occur.
Aniline may irritate the skin, eyes, and mucous membranes; cyanosis (blue tint to skin and mucous membranes) is a common finding.

Note:
Victims at special risk include individuals with glucose-6-phosphate-dehydrogenase deficiency, those with liver and kidney disorders, blood diseases, or a history of alcoholism.

Emergency Life-Support Procedures:
Acute exposure to aniline may require decontamination and life support for the victims.
Emergency personnel should wear protective clothing appropriate to the type and degree of contamination.

Air-purifying or supplied-air respiratory equipment should also be worn, as necessary.
Rescue vehicles should carry supplies such as plastic sheeting and disposable plastic bags to assist in preventing spread of contamination.

Inhalation Exposure:
Move victims to fresh air.
Emergency personnel should avoid self-exposure to aniline.

Evaluate vital signs including pulse and respiratory rate, and note any trauma.
If no pulse is detected, provide CPR.

If not breathing, provide artificial respiration.
If breathing is labored, administer oxygen or other respiratory support.

Obtain authorization and/or further instructions from the local hospital for administration of an antidote or performance of other invasive procedures.
RUSH to a health care facility.

Dermal/Eye Exposure:
Remove victims from exposure.
Emergency personnel should avoid self- exposure to aniline.

Evaluate vital signs including pulse and respiratory rate, and note any trauma.
If no pulse is detected, provide CPR.

If not breathing, provide artificial respiration.
If breathing is labored, administer oxygen or other respiratory support.

Remove contaminated clothing as soon as possible.
If eye exposure has occurred, eyes must be flushed with lukewarm water for at least 15 minutes.

Wash exposed skin areas twice with soap and water.
Obtain authorization and/or further instructions from the local hospital for administration of an antidote or performance of other invasive procedures.

RUSH to a health care facility.

Ingestion Exposure:
Evaluate vital signs including pulse and respiratory rate, and note any trauma.
If no pulse is detected, provide CPR.

If not breathing, provide artificial respiration.
If breathing is labored, administer oxygen or other respiratory support.

Obtain authorization and/or further instructions from the local hospital for administration of an antidote or performance of other invasive procedures.
Vomiting may be induced with syrup of Ipecac.
Ipecac should not be administered to children under 6 months of age.

Warning:
Ingestion of aniline may result in sudden onset of seizures or loss of consciousness.
Syrup of Ipecac should be administered only if victims are alert, have an active gag-reflex, and show no signs of impending seizure or coma.

The following dosages of Ipecac are recommended:
Children up to 1 year old, 10 mL (1/3 oz); children 1 to 12 years old, 15 mL (1/2 oz); adults, 30 mL (1 oz).
Ambulate (walk) the victims and give large quantities of water.

If vomiting has not occurred after 15 minutes, Ipecac may be readministered.
Continue to ambulate and give water to the victims.
If vomiting has not occurred within 15 minutes after second administration of Ipecac, administer activated charcoal.

Activated charcoal may be administered if victims are conscious and alert.
Use 15 to 30 g (1/2 to 1 oz) for children, 50 to 100 g (1-3/4 to 3-1/2 oz) for adults, with 125 to 250 mL (1/2 to 1 cup) of water.

Promote excretion by administering a saline cathartic or sorbitol to conscious and alert victims.
Children require 15 to 30 g (1/2 to 1 oz) of cathartic; 50 to 100 g (1-3/4 to 3-1/2 oz) is recommended for adults.

RUSH to a health care facility.

Fire Fighting of Aniline:
Fight fire from maximum distance.
Dike fire control water for later disposal and do not scatter material.

If a leak or spill has not ignited, use water spray to control vapors.
Wear self-contained breathing apparatus with a full face piece operated in pressure-demand or other positive pressure mode and special protective clothing.

Use water spray, dry chemical, foam or carbon dioxide.
Use water to keep fire-exposed containers cool.

Identifiers of Aniline:
CAS Number:
62-53-3
142-04-1 (HCl)

3DMet: B00082
Beilstein Reference: 605631
ChEBI: CHEBI:17296
ChEMBL: ChEMBL538
ChemSpider: 5889
DrugBank: DB06728
ECHA InfoCard: 100.000.491
EC Number: 200-539-3
Gmelin Reference: 2796
KEGG: C00292

PubChem CID:
6115
8870 (HCl)

RTECS number: BW6650000

UNII:
SIR7XX2F1K
576R1193YL (HCl)

UN number: 1547
CompTox Dashboard (EPA): DTXSID8020090

InChI:
InChI=1S/C6H7N/c7-6-4-2-1-3-5-6/h1-5H,7H2
Key: PAYRUJLWNCNPSJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N check
InChI=1/C6H7N/c7-6-4-2-1-3-5-6/h1-5H,7H2
Key: PAYRUJLWNCNPSJ-UHFFFAOYAP

SMILES:
NC1CCCCC1
C1CCC(CC1)N

EC / List no.: 200-539-3
CAS no.: 62-53-3
Mol. formula: C6H7N

CAS number: 62-53-3
EC index number: 612-008-00-7
EC number: 200-539-3
Hill Formula: C₆H₇N
Chemical formula: C₆H₅NH₂
Molar Mass: 93.13 g/mol
HS Code: 2921 41 00

Synonym(s): Aminobenzene, Benzenamine
Linear Formula: C6H5NH2
CAS Number: 62-53-3
Molecular Weight: 93.13
Beilstein: 605631
EC Number: 200-539-3
MDL number: MFCD00007629
eCl@ss: 39030407
PubChem Substance ID: 24854547
NACRES: NA.21

Properties of Aniline:
Chemical formula: C6H7N
Molar mass: 93.129 g·mol−1
Appearance: Colorless liquid
Density: 1.0297 g/mL
Melting point: −6.30 °C (20.66 °F; 266.85 K)
Boiling point: 184.13 °C (363.43 °F; 457.28 K)
Solubility in water: 3.6 g/100 mL at 20 °C
Vapor pressure: 0.6 mmHg (20° C)
Acidity (pKa):
4.63 (conjugate acid; H2O)
Magnetic susceptibility (χ): −62.95·10−6 cm3/mol
Refractive index (nD): 1.58364
Viscosity: 3.71 cP (3.71 mPa·s at 25 °C)

Boiling point: 184 °C (1013 hPa)
Density: 1.021 g/cm3 (20 °C)
Explosion limit: 1.2 - 11 %(V)
Flash point: 70 °C
Ignition temperature: 540 °C
Melting Point: -6 °C
pH value: 8.8 (36 g/l, H₂O, 20 °C)
Vapor pressure: 0.49 hPa (20 °C)
Solubility: 36 g/l

Grade: ACS reagent
Quality Level: 200
Vapor density: 3.22 (185 °C, vs air)
Vapor pressure: 0.7 mmHg ( 25 °C)
Assay: ≥99.5%
Form: liquid
Autoignition temp.: 1139 °F
Expl. lim.: 11 %

Impurities:
Hydrocarbons, passes test
Nitrobenzene, passes test (lim. ~0.001%)
≤0.01% chlorobenzene

Ign. residue: ≤0.005%
Refractive index: n20/D 1.586 (lit.)
bp: 184 °C (lit.)
mp: −6 °C (lit.)
Solubility: water: soluble
Density: 1.022 g/mL at 25 °C (lit.)
SMILES string: Nc1ccccc1
InChI: 1S/C6H7N/c7-6-4-2-1-3-5-6/h1-5H,7H2
InChI key: PAYRUJLWNCNPSJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N

Molecular Weight: 93.13
XLogP3: 0.9
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 1
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 1
Rotatable Bond Count: 0
Exact Mass: 93.057849228
Monoisotopic Mass: 93.057849228
Topological Polar Surface Area: 26 Ų
Heavy Atom Count: 7
Complexity: 46.1
Isotope Atom Count: 0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 1
Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes

Specifications of Aniline:
Assay (GC, area%): ≥ 99.0 % (a/a)
Density (d 20 °C/ 4 °C): 1.020 - 1.022
Identity (IR): passes test

Appearance: Clear yellow to reddish brown color liquid
Purity (by GC): Min 99.5%
Weight/ mL at 20°C: 1.021-1.023 g
Water (H2O): Max 0.2%
Residue after Ignition: Max 0.005%
Hydrocarbons: Passes test
Nitrobenzene (C6H5NO2): Max 0.003%
Copper (Cu): Max 0.00005%
Iron (Fe): Max 0.0001%
Lead (Pb): Max 0.0001%

Thermochemistry of Aniline:
Std enthalpy of combustion (ΔcH⦵298): −3394 kJ/mol

Names of Aniline:

Preferred IUPAC name:
Aniline

Systematic IUPAC name:
Benzenamine

Other names:
Phenylamine
Aminobenzene
Benzamine
Indigo shrub molecule

Synonyms of Aniline:
ANILINE
Benzenamine
62-53-3
Phenylamine
Aminobenzene
Aminophen
Arylamine
Kyanol
Anilin
Cyanol
Benzeneamine
Benzidam
Krystallin
Anyvim
Anilina
C.I. Oxidation Base 1
Huile D'aniline
Rcra waste number U012
C.I. 76000
Aniline reagent
NCI-C03736
UN 1547
CHEBI:17296
MFCD00007629
SIR7XX2F1K
Benzene, amino
Anilin [Czech]
CI Oxidation Base 1
Caswell No. 051C
Huile d'aniline [French]
HSDB 43
Phenyleneamine
Anilinum
D'aniline
RCRA waste no. U012
Anilina [Italian, Polish]
CCRIS 44
Aniline and homologs
Aniline and homologues
EINECS 200-539-3
UNII-SIR7XX2F1K
UN1547
EPA Pesticide Chemical Code 251400
benzenaminium
cyanole
CI 76000
BIDD:ER0581
phenyl amine
phenyl-amine
AI3-03053
8-aniline
Benzene, amino-
Fentanyl impurity F
2-bromobenzylchloride
Aniline-[13C]
PhNH2
ANILINUM [HPUS]
ANILINE [HSDB]
ANILINE [IARC]
ANILINE [INCI]
ANILINE [MI]
ANILINE [MART.]
ANILINE [USP-RS]
ANILINE [WHO-DD]
CHEMBL538
Epitope ID:117704
EC 200-539-3
Aniline, analytical standard
Aniline, AR, >=99%
Aniline, LR, >=99%
C6H5NH2
Discontinued, see H924510
ANILINE [USP IMPURITY]
DTXSID8020090
BDBM92572
Trimethoprim specified impurity K
Aniline, ReagentPlus(R), 99%
BENZENE,AMINO (ANILINE)
Aniline [UN1547] [Poison]
AMY11081
STR00216
Aniline, ACS reagent, >=99.5%
Tox21_200345
Aniline 10 microg/mL in Cyclohexane
STK301792
ZINC17886255
AKOS000268796
Aniline 100 microg/mL in Cyclohexane
DB06728
Aniline, ASTM, ACS reagent, 99.5%
Aniline, SAJ first grade, >=99.0%
CAS-62-53-3
Aniline, JIS special grade, >=99.0%
Aniline, p.a., ACS reagent, 99.0%
NCGC00091297-01
NCGC00091297-02
NCGC00091297-03
NCGC00257899-01
BP-12047
FENTANYL IMPURITY F [EP IMPURITY]
Aniline, PESTANAL(R), analytical standard
DB-013441
MESALAZINE IMPURITY K [EP IMPURITY]
A0463
FT-0622394
FT-0662220
FT-0696319
TRIMETHOPRIM IMPURITY K [EP IMPURITY]
EN300-33390
C00292
A833829
AMINOBENZOIC ACID IMPURITY C [EP IMPURITY]
Q186414
SR-01000944923
J-519591
SR-01000944923-1
Q27121173
F2190-0417
Aniline, United States Pharmacopeia (USP) Reference Standard
136260-71-4
1-Aminobenzene
224-015-9 [EINECS]
2348-49-4 [RN]
238-580-4 [EINECS]
4-12-00-00223 [Beilstein]
605631 [Beilstein]
62-53-3 [RN]
Aminobenzene [Wiki]
Anilin [German] [ACD/IUPAC Name]
Anilina [Polish]
Aniline [ACD/IUPAC Name] [Wiki]
Aniline [French] [ACD/IUPAC Name]
Benzenamine [ACD/Index Name]
Huile d'aniline [French]
Phenylamidogen
phenylamine
1122-59-4 [RN]
146997-94-6 [RN]
17843-02-6 [RN]
1927175 [Beilstein]
200-539-3MFCD00007629
37342-16-8 [RN]
4-Aminophenyl [ACD/IUPAC Name]
53894-37-4 [RN]
59000-01-0 [RN]
7022-92-6 [RN]
908847-42-7 [RN]
925916-73-0 [RN]
Aminobenzene, Phenylamine, Benzenamine
AMINOPHEN
Anilina
Aniline-d5
ANL
Anyvim
Benzen-d5-amine
Benzene, amino-
Benzidam
Cyanol
Huile D'aniline
Krystallin
kyanol
phenylamino
Phenyleneamine
STR00216

DESCRIPTION:
Anionic polyacrylamide is the copolymer of acrylamide and acrylic acid.
No studies on the environmental fate of polyacrylamide are available.
As a high-molecular weight, water-soluble polymer, Anionic polyacrylamide is not expected to biodegrade or bioaccumulate.
Anionic polyacrylamide has a low acute toxicity concern to aquatic organisms.


CAS NO: 9003-05-8


Anionic polyacrylamide is the generic name for a group of very high molecular weight macromolecules produced by the free-radical polymerization of acrylamide and an anionically charged comonomer, mainly the sodium salt of acrylic acid, sodium acrylate.
The combination of molecular weight and ionic charge results in extremely viscous aqueous solutions, one of the main properties of these polymers.
Both the charge density (ionicity), and the molecular weight can be varied.
By varying the acrylamide/anionic monomer ratio, a charge density from 0 to 100% along the polymer chain can be obtained.

The molecular weight is determined by the type and concentration of the reaction initiator and the reaction parameters.
Anionic polyacrylamide has no systemic toxicity to aquatic organisms or micro-organisms.
The polymer is much too large to be absorbed into tissues and cells.

The functional anionic groups do not interfere with the functioning of fish gills or daphnia respirators.
Any adverse effects observed in laboratory tests are always seen at concentrations of over 100 mg/L and are probably due to the resulting viscosity of the test medium.
The preparation of the test solutions at such concentrations requires high-energy stirring for long periods of time, sometimes several hours.
Therfore, it can be concluded that these harmful concentrations will not exist in the natural environment.

The test data given on page 4 of this document was obtained using a highly charged anionic polyacrylamide.
Low charge density polymers demonstrate even lower toxicity to aquatic and micro-organisms.
The results of assays on low anionic polyacrylamides is determined mainly by the viscosity of the test solution.

Anionic polyacrylamide has no potential to bioaccumulate, being completely soluble in water (solubility is only limited by viscosity) and insoluble in octanol.
Additionally, being a flocculent, it adsorbs onto suspended matter and, in this way, is removed from the water phase.

The sensitivity of polyacrylamide to ultra-violet light is well known and has been described in the scientific literature.
Photolysis leads to the degradation of the polymer chain and the formation of much smaller molecules, or oligomers, which are accessible to microbial attack.
A recent study financed by SNF-Floerger, has demonstrated that photolysis followed by aerobic or anaerobic treatment resulted in efficient mineralization of the polymer.

This study provides evidence that acrylamide polymers have the potential to be naturally broken down and biodegraded and do not persist or accumulate in the environment.
Two recently conducted, major environmental risk assessments concluded that anionic polyacrylamide does not represent a danger to the environment.

STOWA, the Netherlands Waste-Water Authority calculated a PEC/NEC ratio much lower than 1 for organic polyelectrolytes in general and concluded that their use in waste-water treatment does not constitute a risk to the natural environment.
Another review of polyelectrolytes by Environment Agency of the United Kingdom concluded that anionic polyacrylmide, like the other organic polyelectrolytes, is not a priority for the setting of environmental quality standards (EQS) and of little environmental concern.




Anionic polyacrylamide polymers can exist in cationic, anionic or non-ionic forms, depending on their ionic charge.
The non-ionic form of polyacrylamide is generated from the basic polymerisation of acrylamide.


Anionic polyacrylamide polymer can then be formed from the hydrolysis of the acrylamide homopolymer either simultaneously during the polymerisation process or as a subsequent step
Anionic polyacrylamide polymer can also be formed from the copolymerisation of acrylamide and acrylic acid

Anionic polyacrylamide is an associative polymer used as the gellant in the fracturing system.
The addition of Anionic polyacrylamide to water creates a slightly viscoelastic base gel.
The viscoelastic properties of Anionic polyacrylamide can be enhanced by the addition of a surfactant activator.

The hydration of Anionic polyacrylamide in fresh water is minimally affected by pH (range 4-10) and water temperature 10°C-30°C (50°F-86°F).
Anionic polyacrylamide is typically added in a range of 2.4-4.8 kg/m3 (20-40 ppt) depending on job parameters.



ADVANTAGES OF ANIONIC POLYACRYLAMIDE:
Anionic polyacrylamide is Cost effective alternative to other gellants.
Anionic polyacrylamide Creates viscous gel that display enhanced elastic properties.
Hydration rate not significantly affected by temperature or pH.

Viscosity can be enhanced with the addition of an activator.
The broken polymer leaves no insoluble residue, results show excellent regain conductivity.
Anionic polyacrylamide has Excellent proppant suspension as a base gel compared to other linear gels.



SAFETY INFORMATION ABOUT ANIONIC POLYACRYLAMIDE:
First aid measures:
Description of first aid measures:
General advice:
Consult a physician.
Show this safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
Move out of dangerous area:

If inhaled:
If breathed in, move person into fresh air.
If not breathing, give artificial respiration.
Consult a physician.
In case of skin contact:
Take off contaminated clothing and shoes immediately.
Wash off with soap and plenty of water.
Consult a physician.

In case of eye contact:
Rinse thoroughly with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes and consult a physician.
Continue rinsing eyes during transport to hospital.

If swallowed:
Do NOT induce vomiting.
Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person.
Rinse mouth with water.
Consult a physician.

Firefighting measures:
Extinguishing media:
Suitable extinguishing media:
Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.
Special hazards arising from the substance or mixture
Carbon oxides, Nitrogen oxides (NOx), Hydrogen chloride gas

Advice for firefighters:
Wear self-contained breathing apparatus for firefighting if necessary.
Accidental release measures:
Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures
Use personal protective equipment.

Avoid breathing vapours, mist or gas.
Evacuate personnel to safe areas.

Environmental precautions:
Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so.
Do not let product enter drains.
Discharge into the environment must be avoided.

Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Soak up with inert absorbent material and dispose of as hazardous waste.
Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.

Handling and storage:
Precautions for safe handling:
Avoid inhalation of vapour or mist.

Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place.
Containers which are opened must be carefully resealed and kept upright to prevent leakage.
Storage class (TRGS 510): 8A: Combustible, corrosive hazardous materials

Exposure controls/personal protection:
Control parameters:
Components with workplace control parameters
Contains no substances with occupational exposure limit values.
Exposure controls:
Appropriate engineering controls:
Handle in accordance with good industrial hygiene and safety practice.
Wash hands before breaks and at the end of workday.

Personal protective equipment:
Eye/face protection:
Tightly fitting safety goggles.
Faceshield (8-inch minimum).
Use equipment for eye protection tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or EN 166(EU).

Skin protection:
Handle with gloves.
Gloves must be inspected prior to use.
Use proper glove
removal technique (without touching glove's outer surface) to avoid skin contact with this product.
Dispose of contaminated gloves after use in accordance with applicable laws and good laboratory practices.
Wash and dry hands.

Full contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0.11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Material tested:Dermatril (KCL 740 / Aldrich Z677272, Size M)
Splash contact
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0.11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Material tested:Dermatril (KCL 740 / Aldrich Z677272, Size M)
It should not be construed as offering an approval for any specific use scenario.

Body Protection:
Complete suit protecting against chemicals, The type of protective equipment must be selected according to the concentration and amount of the dangerous substance at the specific workplace.
Respiratory protection:
Where risk assessment shows air-purifying respirators are appropriate use a fullface respirator with multi-purpose combination (US) or type ABEK (EN 14387) respirator cartridges as a backup to engineering controls.

If the respirator is the sole means of protection, use a full-face supplied air respirator.
Use respirators and components tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or CEN (EU).
Control of environmental exposure
Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so.
Do not let product enter drains.
Discharge into the environment must be avoided.

Stability and reactivity:
Chemical stability:
Stable under recommended storage conditions.
Incompatible materials:
Strong oxidizing agents:
Hazardous decomposition products:
Hazardous decomposition products formed under fire conditions.
Carbon oxides, Nitrogen oxides (NOx), Hydrogen chloride gas.

Disposal considerations:
Waste treatment methods:
Product:
Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company.
Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material.
Contaminated packaging:
Dispose of as unused product






CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF ANIONIC POLYACRYLAMIDE:
Product Name: anionic polyacrylamide
Chemical Formula: C3H5NO
Cas No.:9003-5-8
Appearance: white particles
Solid Content ≥89 %
Molecular Weight: 5-20 million
Chemical name : 2-propenoic acid, sodium salt polymer with 2-propenamide
Other names : Copolymer of acrylamide and acrylic acid, sodium salt
Acrylamide, sodium acrylate copolymer
Molecular weight : . . . . greater than 1,000,000 daltons, usually greater than 5,000,000
Solubility : totally miscible in water, insoluble in n-octanol and other solvents
pH: 6 to 8 in solution at 5g/L
Apparent density : ~ 1.08
Melting point : > 150°C
Log Pow : 0
State solid
Appearance Off-white free flowing powder
Odour odourless
Specific Gravity 1.1
Density 1100kg/m3
(9.2lbs/gal)
Ionic Character anionic
pH 5-7 (2% in water)
Solubility Completely soluble in water

Anionic polyacrylamide (APAM) is a type of water-soluble polymer formed by the polymerization of acrylamide monomers.
Anionic polyacrylamide belongs to the class of polyacrylamides, which are widely used in various industrial and environmental applications.
The term "anionic" indicates that the polymer carries a negative charge on its molecular structure.

CAS Number: 9003-05-8
EC Number: 618-350-3

Poly(acrylamide) sodium salt, Anionic PAM, APAM, Poly(acrylic acid-co-acrylamide), Poly(acrylamide-co-acrylic acid sodium salt), Sodium polyacrylate, Poly(acrylate sodium), Acrylamide-acrylic acid copolymer sodium salt, Polyelectrolyte, Water-soluble polymer, Flocculant, Water treatment polymer, Acrylic acid-acrylamide copolymer sodium salt, PAM, Sodium poly(acrylate-co-acrylamide), APAM, Poly(acrylic acid sodium acrylamide), Acrylic acid sodium salt-acrylamide copolymer, Acrylic acid sodium salt-acrylamide polymer, Anionic polyacrylic acid, Sodium polyacrylamide, Acrylamide-acrylic acid sodium salt copolymer, Sodium acrylamide copolymer, Anionic poly(acrylate-acrylamide), Acrylamide-sodium acrylate copolymer, Anionic polyacrylamide flocculant, Acrylic acid-acrylamide sodium salt polymer, Sodium poly(acrylate-co-acrylic acid), Acrylic acid-acrylamide copolymer sodium salt, Water purification polymer, Acrylic acid sodium salt-acrylamide sodium salt copolymer, Anionic poly(acrylic acid-co-acrylamide), Poly(acrylate-co-acrylic acid sodium salt), Sodium acrylate-acrylamide copolymer, Acrylamide-acrylic acid sodium salt polymer, Sodium acrylate-acrylamide polymer, Anionic poly(acrylamide-acrylic acid), Sodium poly(acrylic acid-co-acrylamide), Acrylic acid-acrylamide sodium salt copolymer, Acrylic acid-acrylamide sodium acrylate copolymer, Sodium poly(acrylate-acrylamide), Acrylamide-acrylic acid sodium acrylate copolymer, Sodium poly(acrylate-acrylamide), Acrylamide-acrylic acid sodium acrylate polymer, Anionic poly(acrylic acid sodium acrylamide), Poly(acrylic acid-acrylamide sodium salt), Sodium poly(acrylic acid-acrylamide), Acrylic acid sodium salt-acrylamide sodium acrylate copolymer, Acrylic acid sodium acrylate polymer, Sodium poly(acrylic acid sodium acrylamide), Acrylamide-acrylic acid sodium acrylate polymer, Anionic poly(acrylic acid sodium acrylamide), Poly(acrylic acid sodium acrylamide), Acrylamide-acrylic acid sodium acrylate copolymer, Sodium acrylate-acrylamide sodium acrylate copolymer, Anionic poly(acrylate-acrylamide sodium salt), Acrylic acid sodium acrylate polymer, Sodium poly(acrylate-acrylamide sodium salt), Acrylamide-acrylic acid sodium acrylate sodium salt copolymer



APPLICATIONS


In water treatment plants, anionic polyacrylamide is widely used as a flocculant to improve the settling of suspended particles and enhance water clarity.
Anionic polyacrylamide plays a crucial role in wastewater treatment processes, aiding in the removal of pollutants, organic matter, and other impurities.

Anionic polyacrylamide is utilized in the oil and gas industry for enhanced oil recovery (EOR) processes, increasing oil extraction efficiency from reservoirs.
Anionic polyacrylamide finds application in agriculture for soil stabilization, preventing erosion, and improving water retention in soil.
Anionic polyacrylamide is a key component in drilling fluids used in oil and gas exploration, contributing to viscosity and fluid stability.
In the papermaking industry, Anionic polyacrylamide is employed to improve drainage and retention during the paper production process.

Used in the textile industry, it acts as a sizing agent, enhancing the strength and quality of fabrics.
Anionic polyacrylamide is crucial in mineral processing, aiding in solid-liquid separation and tailings management in mining operations.
Anionic polyacrylamide is applied in the production of gel electrophoresis gels, enabling the separation of biomolecules in molecular biology laboratories.

Anionic polyacrylamide is utilized in gel-like materials for controlled release applications in agriculture, ensuring optimal nutrient delivery to plants.
In the cosmetics industry, anionic polyacrylamide is used in certain formulations for stability and texture enhancement.

Anionic polyacrylamide serves as a flocculant in metal finishing processes, aiding in the removal of suspended particles and achieving desired surface finishes.
Anionic polyacrylamide contributes to the construction industry by stabilizing excavation and trenching areas.
In the production of drinking water, it is applied to improve water quality by facilitating the removal of impurities.

Anionic polyacrylamide finds application in certain specialized adhesives and coatings, contributing to their adhesive and protective properties in industrial settings.
Anionic polyacrylamide is employed in water-based paints and coatings, ensuring stability and uniform application.
Anionic polyacrylamide is used in gel-like formulations for water-based drilling fluids, aiding in lubrication and suspension of drilling cuttings during oil and gas exploration.

In gel electrophoresis applications, the polymer enables the separation of DNA, RNA, and proteins based on their size and charge.
Anionic polyacrylamide is integral to the production of certain pharmaceuticals, contributing to controlled-release drug delivery systems.
Anionic polyacrylamide is applied in the creation of flocculant pads for water and wastewater treatment, simplifying the removal of suspended particles.

Anionic polyacrylamide is used in the manufacturing of certain adhesives for the paper and packaging industry, ensuring strong and reliable bonds.
In the sugar industry, the polymer aids in the clarification of sugarcane juice during the refining process.
Anionic polyacrylamide contributes to the efficiency of water-based fire-retardant formulations, ensuring uniform application and fire protection.

Anionic polyacrylamide is employed in the production of certain biodegradable water retention materials, useful in agriculture and landscaping.
In the creation of gel-like materials for environmental applications, the polymer assists in soil stabilization, erosion control, and pollutant remediation.

Anionic polyacrylamide is utilized in the manufacturing of wastewater treatment polymers, contributing to the efficient removal of pollutants and contaminants.
In the mining industry, the polymer aids in the separation of minerals from ore through the process of flocculation and sedimentation.

Anionic polyacrylamide is employed in the production of sludge dewatering agents, enhancing the dehydration of sludge in sewage treatment plants.
Anionic polyacrylamide is used in the creation of water-soluble polymers for soil erosion control, preventing soil loss in construction and landscaping.
In the petroleum industry, anionic polyacrylamide is added to drilling muds to improve rheological properties and reduce friction.

Anionic polyacrylamide plays a role in the formulation of water-based paints, improving pigment dispersion and stability during application.
Anionic polyacrylamide contributes to the development of controlled-release fertilizer formulations, ensuring a gradual and sustained release of nutrients in agriculture.
Anionic polyacrylamide is applied in the treatment of industrial effluents, assisting in the removal of suspended solids and pollutants.

Anionic polyacrylamide finds use in the creation of gel-like materials for environmental remediation, aiding in the stabilization of contaminated sites.
Anionic polyacrylamide is utilized in the production of specialized adhesives for the binding of porous and non-porous surfaces, providing strong and durable bonds.
In the food industry, anionic polyacrylamide is employed in certain food processing applications, such as clarification and thickening.

Anionic polyacrylamide plays a role in the development of controlled-release herbicides, ensuring targeted and prolonged weed control in agriculture.
Anionic polyacrylamide is applied in the production of soil conditioning agents, improving soil structure and fertility.
Anionic polyacrylamide is used in the formulation of certain water-based hydraulic fluids, providing lubrication and viscosity control.

Anionic polyacrylamide contributes to the creation of gel-like materials for controlled drug release in pharmaceutical formulations, enhancing therapeutic efficacy.
In the creation of gel electrophoresis buffers, anionic polyacrylamide helps in the separation and analysis of biomolecules.
Anionic polyacrylamide is added to certain cosmetic formulations, contributing to the stability and texture of products like creams and lotions.

Anionic polyacrylamide aids in the formulation of water-based drilling muds in geotechnical engineering, providing stability during drilling operations.
Anionic polyacrylamide is utilized in the production of sizing agents for the paper industry, improving paper strength and printability.

Anionic polyacrylamide is applied in the formulation of flocculants for the treatment of industrial process water, ensuring efficient solid-liquid separation.
Anionic polyacrylamide contributes to the creation of gel-like materials for controlled-release pesticides, enhancing pest control in agriculture.
In the creation of water-based ink formulations, the polymer aids in pigment dispersion and print quality.
Anionic polyacrylamide is utilized in the production of gel-like materials for controlled-release water treatment chemicals, improving treatment efficiency.

Anionic polyacrylamide plays a role in the formulation of gel-like materials for controlled-release fragrance applications, ensuring a sustained release over time.
Anionic polyacrylamide is applied in the production of gel-like materials for controlled-release seed coatings, enhancing seed germination and crop yield.


In the textile industry, anionic polyacrylamide is utilized as a dye fixing agent, improving color fastness in fabrics.
Anionic polyacrylamide finds use in soil erosion control mats, stabilizing slopes and preventing soil displacement in landscaping projects.
In the construction of tunnels and excavations, anionic polyacrylamide is applied to improve the stability of the surrounding soil.

Anionic polyacrylamide contributes to the development of water-based grout formulations, enhancing their viscosity and preventing segregation.
Anionic polyacrylamide is used in the production of gel-like materials for controlled-release corrosion inhibitors, protecting metal surfaces in various industries.
In the creation of water-absorbent gel products, the polymer is employed for diapers, agriculture, and other absorbent applications.

Anionic polyacrylamide plays a role in the creation of gel-like materials for controlled-release soil amendments, improving nutrient availability to plants.
In the manufacturing of gel-based firefighting products, anionic polyacrylamide contributes to the creation of effective fire retardants.

Anionic polyacrylamide is utilized in the formulation of gel-like materials for controlled-release pond and lake treatments, addressing issues like algae control.
Anionic polyacrylamide is applied in the production of gel-like materials for controlled-release oxygen scavengers, preventing corrosion in closed systems.
In the treatment of stormwater runoff, the polymer aids in the removal of sediments and pollutants, improving water quality.

Anionic polyacrylamide plays a role in the development of controlled-release lubricant formulations, ensuring prolonged and efficient lubrication in various applications.
Anionic polyacrylamide is utilized in the creation of gel-like materials for controlled-release biocides, addressing microbial growth in water systems.
In the formulation of gel-based horticultural products, the polymer contributes to soil conditioning and water retention.

Anionic polyacrylamide is applied in the creation of gel-like materials for controlled-release turf management products, promoting healthier and more resilient grass.
Anionic polyacrylamide is used in the formulation of water-based drilling lubricants, improving lubricity and reducing friction during drilling operations.

Anionic polyacrylamide finds application in the production of controlled-release concrete additives, enhancing the workability and strength of concrete.
In the oil sands industry, anionic polyacrylamide is employed in tailings treatment, aiding in the separation and settling of fine particles.

Anionic polyacrylamide plays a role in the formulation of gel-like materials for controlled-release soil sealants, preventing water leakage in construction projects.
Anionic polyacrylamide is used in the creation of water treatment polymers for swimming pool maintenance, ensuring water clarity and hygiene.
In the formulation of gel-based animal care products, the polymer contributes to wound healing and skin conditioning.

Anionic polyacrylamide is utilized in the development of controlled-release fertilizers for hydroponic systems, providing essential nutrients to plants.
Anionic polyacrylamide is applied in the formulation of gel-like materials for controlled-release concrete retarders, slowing down the setting time.

Anionic polyacrylamide contributes to the production of gel-like materials for controlled-release antiscalants in water treatment, preventing scale formation in pipelines.
In the creation of gel-based pharmaceutical formulations, the polymer is used for controlled-release drug delivery systems, improving patient compliance.



DESCRIPTION


Anionic polyacrylamide (APAM) is a type of water-soluble polymer formed by the polymerization of acrylamide monomers.
Anionic polyacrylamide belongs to the class of polyacrylamides, which are widely used in various industrial and environmental applications.
The term "anionic" indicates that the polymer carries a negative charge on its molecular structure.

Anionic polyacrylamide is a water-soluble polymer with a molecular structure derived from the polymerization of acrylamide monomers, carrying a negative charge on its chain.
Anionic polyacrylamide serves as a versatile flocculant, aiding in the aggregation of suspended particles in water treatment processes.

Anionic polyacrylamide is highly effective in enhancing solid-liquid separation, making it a key component in wastewater treatment.
Anionic polyacrylamide is known for its exceptional water-absorbing capabilities, contributing to its applications in various industries.
Used as a polyelectrolyte, it interacts with charged particles, facilitating processes like sludge dewatering and clarification.
Its anionic nature makes it compatible with positively charged ions, allowing for efficient binding and removal of impurities from aqueous solutions.

Anionic polyacrylamide is commonly employed in the oil and gas industry for enhanced oil recovery (EOR) processes to improve oil extraction efficiency.
In agriculture, it finds application in soil stabilization, aiding in erosion control and improving soil structure.
Anionic polyacrylamide is recognized for its role in promoting the settling of suspended particles in water, contributing to cleaner and clearer water.

Anionic polyacrylamide is a crucial component in various industrial processes, where effective flocculation and separation are essential for product quality.
Used in the papermaking industry, it improves drainage and retention during the paper production process.

Anionic polyacrylamide contributes to the efficiency of water-based drilling fluids in the oil and gas exploration sector.
In textile manufacturing, it acts as a sizing agent, contributing to the quality and strength of fabrics.
Anionic polyacrylamide plays a vital role in wastewater treatment plants, aiding in the removal of pollutants and contaminants.
Its water-absorbing properties make it valuable in agriculture for water retention in soil, particularly in arid regions.
Applied in mining operations, the polymer assists in solid-liquid separation processes, improving tailings management.

Anionic polyacrylamide's flocculation capabilities extend to various industrial applications, including metal finishing and electroplating.
In the production of gel electrophoresis, anionic polyacrylamide is utilized for the separation of biomolecules.

Anionic polyacrylamide is a key component in certain cosmetics formulations, contributing to the stability and texture of the products.
Anionic polyacrylamide is employed in the creation of gel-like materials for controlled release applications in agriculture and horticulture.
Used in the treatment of drinking water, Anionic polyacrylamide aids in the removal of suspended particles and organic matter.
In the construction industry, the polymer contributes to the stabilization of excavation and trenching areas.

Its anionic charge allows it to bind effectively with certain metal ions, making it useful in heavy metal removal processes.
Anionic polyacrylamide is employed in the production of certain specialized adhesives and coatings for industrial applications.
Anionic polyacrylamide is a vital component in water-based paints and coatings, contributing to their stability and application properties.



PROPERTIES


Melting point: >300 °C
Density 1.189 g/mL at 25 °C
Refractive index: n20/D 1.452
Flash point: >230 °F
Storage temp.: 2-8°C
Solubility: Water
Form: Granules
Color: White to faintly yellow
Odor: odorless
Water Solubility: Soluble



FIRST AID


Inhalation:

If inhaled, move the affected person to fresh air.
If respiratory irritation or difficulty breathing persists, seek immediate medical attention.
Administer artificial respiration if the person is not breathing.


Skin Contact:

Remove contaminated clothing and footwear.
Wash the affected skin area thoroughly with soap and water.
Seek medical attention if irritation, redness, or other adverse reactions occur.


Eye Contact:

Flush eyes with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes, lifting eyelids occasionally to ensure thorough rinsing.
Seek immediate medical attention if irritation, redness, or other adverse reactions persist.


Ingestion:

Rinse the mouth thoroughly with water.
Do not induce vomiting unless directed by medical personnel.
Seek medical attention immediately.


General First Aid:

In case of any adverse health effects or uncertainty, seek prompt medical attention.
Provide medical personnel with information on the product, including its composition and safety data sheet.



HANDLING AND STORAGE


Handling:

Personal Protection:
Wear appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE), including safety glasses, gloves, and suitable clothing.
Use respiratory protection if airborne concentrations exceed recommended exposure limits.

Engineering Controls:
Use local exhaust ventilation or other engineering controls to maintain airborne concentrations below occupational exposure limits.
Ensure adequate ventilation in areas where the product is handled or processed.

Avoidance of Contact:
Minimize direct skin and eye contact with the product.
Avoid inhalation of dust or vapors; use appropriate measures such as local exhaust or personal respiratory protection if needed.

Hygiene Practices:
Wash hands thoroughly after handling the product.
Do not eat, drink, or smoke in areas where the product is used.

Spill and Leak Response:
Clean up spills promptly using appropriate absorbent materials.
Avoid creating dust during cleanup; use wet methods or vacuum with HEPA filters.
Dispose of contaminated materials in accordance with local regulations.

Storage Compatibility:
Store anionic polyacrylamide away from incompatible materials, such as strong acids, strong bases, and oxidizing agents.
Ensure compatibility with storage containers to prevent contamination or degradation of the product.

Temperature and Humidity:
Store the product in a cool, dry place, away from direct sunlight and heat sources.
Follow recommended temperature storage conditions provided by the manufacturer.


Storage:

Container Integrity:
Ensure storage containers are in good condition, with no leaks or damage that could compromise the integrity of the product.
Use containers made of materials compatible with anionic polyacrylamide.

Segregation:
Store anionic polyacrylamide away from incompatible materials to prevent reactions or contamination.

Labeling:
Clearly label storage containers with product information, hazard symbols, and appropriate warnings.
Maintain accurate records of storage locations and quantities.

Fire Prevention:
Keep the product away from open flames, sparks, or potential ignition sources.
Store in a designated area with appropriate fire prevention measures.

Accessibility:
Store the product in areas accessible only to trained and authorized personnel.
Prevent access by unauthorized individuals, especially children.

Security:
Implement security measures to prevent theft or unauthorized access to the stored product.

Emergency Response:
Have appropriate emergency response measures in place, including spill response kits, eyewash stations, and emergency shower facilities.

Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) is an important water-soluble macromolecule polymer.
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) is copolymerized by acrylamide and acrylic acid.


CAS Number: 9003-05-8
EC Number: 201-173-7
Molecular Formula: CONH2[CH2-CH]n



Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM), White Granular is a water-soluble high polymer solid powder.
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM)’s not soluble in most organic solvent, with good flocculating activity.
Anionic Flocculants are also provide in a range of molecular weights, also have different degree of charge(ionicity) & degree of hydrolysis.


Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) should be diluted to the concentration of 0.1%(based on solid content).
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) is better to use neutral or desalted water.
When making up solution, Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) should be scattered evenly in the stirring water, usually the temperature is between 50-60℃.


The most economical dosage of Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) is based on the trial.
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) is a copolymer of acrylamide and acrylate.
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) is a water-soluble linear polymer flocculant.


Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM)is a water- soluble high polymer.
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM)’s not soluble in most organic solvents, with good flocculating activity, and can reduce the friction resistance between liquid.


Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) is a synthetic polymer widely used in wastewater treatment processes.
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) is specifically designed to aid in the removal of suspended solids, organic matter, and other pollutants from wastewater, enabling cleaner and safer water discharge.


Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) is an important flocculant and coagulant aid in the treatment of industrial and municipal wastewater.
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM)'s main function is to promote solid-liquid separation by aggregating fine particles into larger flocs, which can then be easily separated from the water.


Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) is a synthetic chemical that can be tailored to fit a broad range of applications.
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) is a solid powder water-soluble polymer with varying molecular weight and charge density.
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) has obvious effects to accelerate the clarification of solution and promote the effect of filtration.


Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) appears as a white powder with molecular weight ranging from 6 million to 25 million.
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) water solubility, can be dissolved in any proportion in water and insoluble in organic solvents.
The effective PH range of Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) is 4 to 14.


Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) is a highly polymer electrolyte in neutral alkaline media and is sensitive to saline electrolytes and can cross-link with high-priced metal ions to form insoluble colloids.
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) is formed from acrylamide subunits.


Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) can be synthesized as a simple linear-chain structure or cross-linked.
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) is a water-soluble linear macromolecule flocculant formed by the copolymerization of acrylamide and acrylate.
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) promotes the flocculation of particles by neutralizing the charge of suspended particles, thus destabilizing the particles in water.


The destabilized particles adsorb each other under the bridge action of the active gene of macromolecule polymers.
Finally, larger flocs are formed.
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) is a polyacrylamide with electronegativity, and its functional group is sulfonic acid, phosphoric acid and carboxylic acid.


In the process of wastewater treatment, flocculation is regarded as an important purification technology.
Compared with other purification technologies, it has outstanding advantages such as high efficiency, low cost, and simple operation.
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) is moisture absorbent, thus protecting from damp and moist for conservation.


Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) should be stored in a dry and ventilate storehouse, and not be exposed to air and sunshine.
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) has excellent for use in wastewater and effluent treatment applications.
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) is used Ieal for mechanical dewatering gravity settling, as a coagulant aid, water clarification, filtration, and phosphate removal.


Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) is used an aid in Dissolved Air Flotation (DAF) units.
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) reduces need for inorganic salts.
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) achieves high solids removal.


Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) is economical to use.
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) is used as a flocculant in domestic treatment and wastewater treatment.
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) is used as a purifier in paper production.


Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) is used Sewage treatment, textile industry, petroleum exploration, mineral extraction, paper industry, food industry, etc.
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) is widely used in many industries, and its functions are different, but they can all play a role.
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) is used Waste water flocculation and settling.


Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) is used Sludge dewatering and filtering, Thickener, Construction mud treatment, Oil industry, and River dredging.
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) is used Minerals selection and sewage disposal, Sand washing and sludge dewatering
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) is the collective name of acrylamide homopolymer or polymer copolymerized with other monomers .


Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) is one of the most widely used varieties of water-soluble polymers .
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) is a water-soluble linear high-molecular-weight polymer, often used as a flocculant.
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) is characterized by its anionic (negatively charged) nature, making it particularly effective in applications where the removal of negatively charged particles or the flocculation of suspended solids is required.



USES and APPLICATIONS of ANIONIC POLYACRYLAMIDE (APAM):
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) is its negative charge, which makes it highly effective in a wide range of applications.
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) is highly water-soluble, which means that it can be easily dissolved in water and other aqueous solutions.
This makes Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) easy to use in various applications, such as in the treatment of wastewater.


Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) is compatible with a wide range of other chemicals and materials.
This makes Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) a versatile product that can be used in a variety of industrial and environmental applications.
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) is a versatile polymer that has a wide range of uses in various industries.


Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) is used Fluorescent penetrant inspection Wastewater, Industrial & Municipal Wastewater, Paper Making Wastewater, Textile & Dyeing Wastewater,
Tannery & Leather Wastewater, Pharmaceutical Wastewater, Friction Reducer, Drilling Fluid, Coal Washing & Mining Wastewater, Wine & Brewery Wastewater, Oily Wastewater, Meat Processing Wastewater, and Drinking Water Treatment.


Anionic polyacrylamide Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) products were produced by adopting the unique process of “Pneumatic drying”, the granularity can be controlled between 80-140 mesh, it has the unique features of slimsy granule, rapid solution, high viscosity, slow degradation, and excellent flocculation effect.


Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) is used Bamboo sticks incense, mosquito coil, etc. viscosity can be released under the condition of dry mixing.
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) is used as a kneading agent when used with coal ash and Metal ash.
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) is used Piling, drilling, washing, and related special fields.


Other applications of Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) that request slimy granules and momentary viscosity.
Anionic polyacrylamide (APAM) series products are water –soluble linear polymers synthesized under high degree polymerization, easily soluble in water , mainly used in water clarification and purification treatment.


Due to its molecular chain contains a certain amount of negative gene, Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) can through the adsorption of solid particles suspended in water, make the bridge between particles or by charge neutralization particles condensed to form large flocculate, so it can accelerate particle in the slurry settlement also, there is a very significant effect to speed up the solution to clarify, promote the filter and so on .


Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) is used for flocculation and sedimentation in wastewater treatment of industrial ,municipal and production enterprises.
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) is mainly used for flocculation and sedimentation of various industrial waste waters, such as waste wate from riron and steel plant , waste water from electroplating plant , metallurgical wastewater, coal washing waste water and other sewage treatment, sludge dewatering, etc.


The principle of Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) water treatment: Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) molecular chain contains a certain number of polar groups, which can adsorb the solid particles suspended in the water and make them adsorb each other under the bridging effect of the polymer active gene, and finally form larger flocs, so that the suspended matter settles or floats, so as to achieve the purpose of purifying water.


Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) can also be used for drinking water clarification and purification.
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) is a water-soluble high molecular polymer.
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) is mainly used for flocculation, sedimentation, and clarification treatment of various industrial wastewater, such as wastewater from iron and steel plants, wastewater from electroplating plants, metallurgical wastewater, and coal washing wastewater.


Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) is used mud dehydration, etc.
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) can also be used for drinking water clarification and purification treatment.
Because its molecular chain contains a certain number of polar groups, Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) can absorb solid particles suspended in water to bridge between particles or through charge neutralization to make particles agglomerate to form large flocs, so it can accelerate particles in suspension.


The sedimentation has a very obvious effect of speeding up the clarification of the solution and promoting filtration.
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) as a flocculating agent, mainly used in industrial solid-liquid separation process, including settlement, clarifying, concentrate and sludge dewatering processes.


Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) is used apply with all the major industrial wastewater treatments, such as urban sewage treatment, petroleum, mineral separation, coal washing, metallurgy, chemical industry, paper-making, textile, sugar making, medicine, environment protection, building material and agriculture.


In the paper making industry, Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) can be used as dry strength agents, retention agent, and filter aid.
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) can greatly improved as paper quality, enhance the physical strength of paper and reduce the loss of fiber, and Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) can also be used in the treatment of whitening water at the same time, in the deinking process can play a significant flocculation.


In the mining, coal mining industry, Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) can be used as a coal washing waste water clarifier.
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) can be used in dyeing wastewater, leather wastewater and oil wastewater treatments, for the removal of turbidity, decolorization, to achieve the emission standards.


Anionic polyacrylamide is a water-soluble polymer. Mainly used for all kinds of industrial wastewater flocculation sedimentation, precipitation clarification treatment, such as iron and steel plant wastewater, electroplating plant wastewater, metallurgical wastewater, coal washing wastewater and other sewage treatment, sludge dewatering, etc.


Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) can be used as flocculating agent in the tap water in the river water treatment plant.
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) is used in drinking water treatment
Anionic polyacrylamide is used for industrial wastewater treatment


For suspended particles, higher concentration, particles with positive charge, PH value of water neutral or alkaline sewage, iron and steel plant wastewater, electroplating plant wastewater, metallurgical wastewater, coal washing wastewater and other sewage treatment, the effect is better.
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) is mainly used as coagulants for various industrial wastewater treatment.


Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) is widely used in various fields.
According to the unique characteristics of production process and advanced equipment, it is mainly used for steel plant wastewater, electroplating plant wastewater, metallurgical wastewater, coal washing wastewater,sludge dewatering, etc.


Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) can also be used to clarify and purify drinking water.
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) is used municipal sewage, chemical sewage, sand washing and mineral processing, coal washing, paper making, perfume making, printing and dyeing, oil field piling and other fields have unique product advantages.


Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) has fast flocculation and sedimentation speed, low water content of mud, and greatly saves the cost and efficiency of sewage treatment.
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) is most often used to increase the viscosity of water (creating a thicker solution) or to encourage the flocculation of particles present in water and allow rapid settlement of finely suspended solids.


Raw Water Treatment uses of Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM): Flocculation & Clarification and Sludge Dewatering
Industrial Waste Water Treatment uses of Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM): Primary clarification, Secondary & Tertiary treatment, Sludge thickening & dewatering, and Dissolved air floatation.


Sewage Treatment uses of Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM): Primary Treatment and Sludge Thickening & Dewatering.
Petroleum and Gas Field uses of Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM): Drilling fluids, EOR, Fluid loss control, lubrication, shale Stabilization.
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) is a commonly used flocculation precipitant for industrial sewage treatment.
As a common and widely used flocculant, anionic PAM has a wide range of applications in wastewater treatment due to excellent solid-water separation performance.


Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) can be used to treat industrial wastewater and mining wastewater.
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) can also be used as an additive of the mud materials in oil-field, geological drilling and well boring.
In oil exploitation: Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) is mainly used for drilling mud as well as Enhanced Oil Recovery, etc., which is widely used in drilling, completion, cementing, fracturing, enhanced oil recovery and other mining operations in the oil field.


Flocculant uses of Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM): The polarity gene adsorbs the solid particles dispersed in water, bridges between the particles and formats the large aggregates, sedimentation and separates of water, flocculates detritus and clay in drilling fluid.
Dispersant In the drilling mud treatment, Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) can improve the lubricity and stability of the mud to reduce the water loss, prevent sticking effectively, increase drilling efficiency.


Lubricant: Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) can be absorbed on the surface of metal or clay particles to form liquid film to change friction on the solid surface into liquid frication, thereby lubricating drill bits and drills, lowering the mud cake frication coefficient, and reducing underground accidents.
Shale Inhibition uses of Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM): Agent The multi-point adsorption of polymer formats to the criss-cross membrane macromolecules, plays a role of enhancing the stability of borehole.


Construction Industry uses of Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM): In the construction sector, Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) can be used for soil solidification and foundation pit engineering to improve soil stability.
Other field uses of Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM): Sugar Industry, Breeding industry etc.


Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) is a kind of multifunctional oilfield chemical treatment agent, which is widely used in drilling, cementing, well completion, workover, fracturing, acidification, water injection, water shutoff profile control and tertiary oil recovery, especially in drilling, water shutoff profile control and tertiary oil recovery.


Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) has high viscosity, good thickening, flocculation and rheological regulation, and is used as oil displacement agent and drilling mud regulator in oil exploitation.
In the middle and later period of oil exploitation, polymer flooding and asp flooding technology are mainly promoted in China to improve oil recovery.


By injecting Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM), the ratio of oil to water velocity was improved and the content of crude oil in the produced product was increased.
The addition of Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) to eor can increase the oil displacement capacity, avoid the breakdown of oil layer and improve the recovery rate of oil bed.


China's petroleum industry is the largest user of Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM).
The technological progress of Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) promotes the development of China's petroleum industry.
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) is used Multifunctional oilfield chemical treatment agent,Papermaking wastewater,Mineral processing, Coal washing, Metallurgy,

Chemical industry, Paper making, Textile, Sugar making, Medicine, Environmental protection, Building materials, Agriculture and other industries.
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) finds widespread application across various industries due to its unique properties, particularly its negatively charged nature.


Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) is widely used in petroleum exploration, papermaking, water treatment, textile, medicine, agriculture and other industries.
According to statistics, 37% of the global Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) production is used in wastewater treatment , 27% in the petroleum industry, and 18% in the paper industry.


Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) is used Drinking water treatment, Industrial wastewater treatment; Petroleum production, Mining and coal washing field.
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) is used Papermaking field, Textile printing and dyeing industry.
Other field uses of Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM): Sugar Industry, Breeding industry etc.


Industrial wastewater treatment uses of Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM): The effect is significant especially for wastewater with neutral or alkaline pH value, large suspended particles, high concentration and positive charge, such as wastewater of steel plants, electroplating plants, metallurgical plants and the coal washing plant.


Drinking water treatment uses of Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM): Use Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) to deal with raw water, which has advantages of small dose, low-cost, no secondary pollution, etc.
Paper making additive uses of Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM): Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) can used as dispersant of long fiber paper, dry strengthen agent, retention and drainage agent and flocculent for paper making wastewater, etc.


-Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) uses of Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM):
is used in Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) to increase the recovery of crude oil from reservoirs.
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) is injected into the reservoir to improve the mobility of the oil and reduce the amount of residual oil left in the rock.
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) can reduce interfacial tension and increase the displacement efficiency of the oil recovery process.


-Fluid Loss Additive uses of Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM):
The hydrolysis degree is higher, the hydration group on the molecular chain is more, the hydration is better, and it changes from flocculant into fluid loss additive.
Drilling mud should be treated to keep cake’s permeability as low as possible in order to maintain a stable borehole and to minimize filtrate invasion, and damage to the pay zone.


-Blocking Agent:
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) can generate cross linking under the effect of Al3+, Fe 3+, Ca2+ and other ions, a part of high molecular compound is changed from linear shape into body shapes.
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) is not water-soluble, and can be adsorbed on the borehole to block ground layer gaps and to prevent the leakage of drilling fluid.


-Oil and Gas Industry uses of Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM):
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) is used in the oil and gas industry to improve the efficiency of drilling and production operations.
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) is used as a drilling fluid additive to increase viscosity, reduce fluid loss, and control formation damage.
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) is also used as a friction reducer in pipeline transportation, improving the flow of crude oil and natural gas.


-Mining Industry:
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) is used in the mining industry as a flocculant to separate solid particles from liquid in the process of mineral extraction.
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) can be used in the processing of various minerals, such as copper, gold, and coal.
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) can effectively separate fine particles from water and increase the recovery of valuable minerals.


-Paper and Pulp Industry:
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) is used in the paper and pulp industry to improve the efficiency of paper production.
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) is used as a retention aid and drainage aid to improve the quality of paper and reduce production costs.
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) can increase the retention of fibers and filler materials, resulting in improved paper properties.


-Agriculture:
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) is used in agriculture to improve soil quality and increase crop yield.
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) can be used as a soil conditioner and stabilizer to reduce erosion and improve soil structure.
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) can also improve water retention in soil and increase the uptake of nutrients by plants.


-Textile Industry:
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) is used in the textile industry to improve the efficiency of the dyeing process.
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) is used as a sizing agent, dyeing auxiliary, and finishing agent to enhance the quality of textile products.
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) can improve the penetration and leveling of dyes, resulting in more vibrant and uniform colors.


-Cosmetics Industry:
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) is used in the cosmetics industry as a thickener and stabilizer in lotions, creams, and gels.
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) can improve the texture and stability of cosmetic products and enhance their performance.


-Food Industry:
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) is used in the food industry as a thickener, stabilizer, and emulsifier.
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) is commonly used in the production of yogurt, ice cream, and other dairy products.
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) can improve the texture and mouthfeel of food products and prevent separation and settling.


-Personal Care Products:
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) is used in personal care products, such as shampoos and conditioners, as a thickener and stabilizer.
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) can improve the viscosity and stability of personal care products, resulting in better performance and consumer acceptance.


-Construction Industry uses of Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM):
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) is used in the construction industry as a binder and stabilizer in the production of concrete and mortar.
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) can improve the strength, durability, and workability of the construction materials.
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) can also be used in soil stabilization to prevent erosion and improve soil structure.


-Water Treatment uses of Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM):
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) is used in water treatment to separate suspended solids and other contaminants from water.
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) can be used in various water treatment processes, such as coagulation, flocculation, sedimentation, and filtration.
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) can effectively remove pollutants such as suspended solids, organic matter, and heavy metals from water.


-Water Treatment:
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) has clarifying and purifying properties, promotes settling, aids in filtration, and enhances thickening.
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) is extensively utilized in the treatment of drinking water, industrial wastewater, mineral wastewater, and domestic sewage.
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) is primarily used in the purification treatment of wastewater ranging from weakly acidic to alkaline conditions.
In addition, Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) is used for sludge dewatering to help reduce sludge volume and facilitate subsequent treatment and disposal during water treatment process.


-Mining and Mineral Processing:
In mining operations, Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) is used for solid-liquid separation processes.
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) aids in the settling and dewatering of tailings and slurry, contributing to the efficient handling of mining wastewater.


-Papermaking Additive:
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) is employed in the paper industry to improve retention and drainage during the papermaking process.
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) aids in the formation of paper sheets and enhances the paper’s quality and toughness.


-Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) in Tertiary Oil Production:
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) is utilized in the oil and gas industry for enhanced oil recovery processes.
By increasing the viscosity of injected water, Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) improves the displacement of oil from reservoirs, leading to enhanced recovery rates.


-Conservation of Water and Soil in Agriculture:
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) is applied in agriculture for soil erosion control and stabilization.
By improving soil structure, Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) helps in water retention and prevents runoff, contributing to sustainable agricultural practices.



APPLICATION FIELDS OF ANIONIC POLYACRYLAMIDE (APAM):
• Raw Water Treatment uses of Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM):
- Flocculation
- Clarification

• Industrial Waste Water Treatment uses of Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM):
- Primary Clarification
- Secondary & Tertiary Treatment
- Sludge Thickening and dewatering

• Sewage Treatment uses of Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM):
- Primary Treatment
- Sludge Thickening and dewatering

• Process Industries of Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM):
- Paper Making: Retention Agent, Resident Agent
- Sugar Manufacturing: Mud Settling
- Mining & Metallurgy: Water Recovery, Sludge Treatment



CHEMICAL FLOCCULANT ANIONIC POLYACRYLAMIDE (APAM):
*Industrial wastewater treatment:
For the Sewage Treatment of suspended particles, relatively high concentration, positively charged particles, neutral or alkaline pH value of the water, wastewater from iron and steel plants, wastewater from electroplating plants, metallurgical wastewater, and coal washing wastewater, the effect isthe best.

*Drinking Water Treatment:
The water source of many water plants in China comes from rivers.
The content of silt and minerals is high and it is relatively turbid.
Although Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) is filtered through sedimentation, it still cannot meet the requirements.
Flocculants need to be added.
The dosage is 1/of inorganic flocculant.
50, but the effect is several times that of inorganic flocculant.


*Recovery of lost starch and distiller’s grains from starch plants and alcohol plants:
Nowadays, wastewater from many starch plants contains a lot of starch.
Now Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) is added to flocculate and precipitate the starch particles.
The precipitate is pressed and filtered by a filter press to become a cake, which can be used as feed.
The alcohol in the alcohol plant can also be dehydrated by Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) and recovered by filter press.



FEATURES OF ANIONIC POLYACRYLAMIDE (APAM):
1. Efficient flocculation
2. Low dose requirements
3. High stability
4. Reduce water turbidity
5. Improve water quality



KEY FEATURES AND BENEFITS OF ANIONIC POLYACRYLAMIDE (APAM):
*High formation rate can increase dewatering capacity by 10-30 %.
*Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) can make the cake moisture content lowers, reduce incineration fuel by 10-20 %.
*Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) is improved separability of cake from filter cloth can improve the filter life.
*Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) displays marked effects also on putrefied sludge, enabling stable operation.
*Breakage of floc decreases and the separation efficiency at the decanter is improved.



APPLICATIONS FOR ANIONIC POLYACRYLAMIDE (APAM) ARE FOUNDS IN MANY INDUSTRIES INCLUDING:
*Coal,
*Copper,
*Alumina,
*Gold/silver,
*Lead / zinc,
*Nickel,
*Uranium,
*Iron/steel,
*Titanium dioxide,
*Potash,
*Phosphoric acid,
*Sand/gravel.



PACKAGE AND STORAGE OF ANIONIC POLYACRYLAMIDE (APAM):
1. Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) can be packed in inner plastic bags, and further in polypropylene woven bags with each bag containing 25Kg.
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) can be packed in inner plastic bags and further in fiber plate drums with each drum containing 50Kg or 200Kg.
2. Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) is hygroscopic, so it is should be sealed and stored in a dry and cool place.



CHARACTERISTICS OF ANIONIC POLYACRYLAMIDE (APAM):
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) is of White or yellow powder, non-toxic, non-corrosive, easily soluble in water, mainly used as a selective flocculant for non-dispersed, low solid phase water-based drilling fluid.
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) can help to reduce water losses, to improve the drilling fluid rheological properties and to reduce the friction resistance as well.



ADVANTAGES OF ANIONIC POLYACRYLAMIDE (APAM):
1. Economical to use - lower dosage levels.
2. Easily soluble in water; dissolves rapidly.
3. Non-corrosive of suggested dosage, economical, and effective at low levels.
4. Can eliminate the use of alum & further ferric salts when used as primary coagulants.
5. Reduction in the sludge of dewatering process system.



PROCESS INDUSTRIES OF ANIONIC POLYACRYLAMIDE (APAM):
*Sugar and juice industry: clarification
*Paper Making: retention agent, strengthening agent, resident agent, dispersing agent, and water recovery
*Sugar Manufacturing: Mud settling
*Chlor-alkali: Brine Clarification
*Thermal Power: Clarification of scrubber water
*Mining & Metallurgy: Tailings thickening, water recovery
*Coal: Tailings thickening & water recovery
*Constructions: Soil stabilization, concrete making



FEATURES OF ANIONIC POLYACRYLAMIDE (APAM):
1. Clarification and purification;
2. Sedimentation;
3. Filtration effect;
4. Thickening and other functions.



DRINKING WATER TREATMENT OF ANIONIC POLYACRYLAMIDE (APAM):
Although filtered by precipitation, Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) still cannot meet the requirements.
Flocculant needs to be added, and the dosage is 1/50 of inorganic flocculant, but the effect is several times that of inorganic flocculant.

It is better to use inorganic flocculant and cationic polyacrylamide for river water with serious organic pollution.
Now add Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM), so that starch particles flocculation precipitation, and then the sediment by the press filter press into cake, can be used as feed, alcohol can also use Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) dehydration, pressure filtration recovery.

Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) is used for mud settlement in river water.
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) is used as dry strength agent in paper making.
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) is used for papermaking auxiliaries and rate AIDS.



STORAGE AND PRECAUTIONS OF ANIONIC POLYACRYLAMIDE (APAM):
1. Non-toxic, easily soluble in water and easily moisture absorption to caking.
2. Splashes on hand and skin should be washed off with water immediately.
3. Proper storage temperature is 5℃~40℃,should be stored in original packaging in cool and dry place .
4. Premade solution of liquid Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) is not suitable for long storage.
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM)'s flocculating effect would decrease after 24 hours.
5. Low-hardness water with neutral PH range 6-9 is suggested to dissolve Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM).
Using underground water and recycled water would decrease the flocculating effect.



ADVANTAGES OF ANIONIC POLYACRYLAMIDE (APAM):
1. Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) has excellent flocculation effect ,quick sedimentation and economical low dosage levels
2. Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) has high level of water clarification
3. Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) has wide PH scope of application （5-14）
4. Marvelous sludge dewatering effects
5. Good compatibility with inorganic coagulant



TEH KEY PROPERTIES OF ANIONIC POLYACRYLAMIDE (APAM):
The key properties of Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) make it highly effective for wastewater treatment applications.
*High molecular weight:
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) has a high molecular weight, which allows it to form large and stable flocs.
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) enhances the settling velocity and improves the efficiency of solid-liquid separation processes.

*Anionic nature:
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) carries negative charges along its polymer chain, enabling it to interact with positively charged particles in the wastewater.
This charge interaction neutralizes the surface charges of the particles, leading to their aggregation and subsequent precipitation.

*Excellent water solubility:
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) exhibits exceptional water solubility, ensuring easy and uniform distribution throughout the wastewater. This facilitates Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM)'s interaction with the suspended solids, organic matter, and other contaminants present in the water.

*pH stability:
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) maintains its functionality over a wide range of pH values typically encountered in wastewater treatment systems.
This enables Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM)'s application in various treatment processes without compromising its performance.



APPLICATION OF ANIONIC POLYACRYLAMIDE (APAM) IN WASTEWATER TREATMENT INVOLVES SEVERAL STEPS:
*Dissolution:
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) is typically supplied in a powdered or granular form.
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) is dissolved in water to form a concentrated solution, which is then added to the wastewater.

*Mixing:
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) is mixed vigorously with the wastewater to ensure uniform distribution and maximize contact between the polymer and the contaminants.

*Flocculation:
As Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) interacts with the suspended solids and other pollutants, it forms larger flocs through charge neutralization and bridging mechanisms.
These flocs entrap the contaminants, forming a settleable mass.

*Sedimentation or flotation:
The formed flocs settle under gravity or are separated by flotation processes, depending on the specific wastewater treatment system.
The settled flocs can be easily removed as sludge or subjected to further treatment if necessary.

*Filtration or additional treatment:
In some cases, the treated water may undergo additional filtration or treatment steps to remove any remaining fine particles or residual contaminants.
The use of Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) in wastewater treatment offers several benefits, including improved suspended solids removal, enhanced clarification, reduced sludge volume, and increased overall treatment efficiency.

Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) is a versatile and cost-effective solution for various industries and municipalities seeking to meet stringent environmental standards and discharge clean water.

In conclusion, Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) plays a vital role in wastewater treatment by facilitating the separation of suspended solids and pollutants from water.
Its unique properties make Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) an effective flocculant and coagulant aid, ensuring cleaner and safer wastewater discharge.



APPLICATION FIELDS OF ANIONIC POLYACRYLAMIDE (APAM):
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) can be used to treat industrial wastewater and mining wastewater.
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) can also be used as an additive of the mud materials in oil-field, geological drilling and well boring.



APPLICATION METHOD OF ANIONIC POLYACRYLAMIDE (APAM):
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) should be prepared for the water solution of 0.1% as concentration.
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) is better to use neutral and desalted water.

Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) should be scattered evenly in the stirring water, and the dissolving can be accelerated by warming the water.
The most economical dosage of Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) can be determined based on a preliminary test.
The pH value of the water to be treated should be adjusted before the treatment.



PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of ANIONIC POLYACRYLAMIDE (APAM):
Molecular Formula: CONH2[CH2-CH]n
CAS NO.: 9003-05-8
Appearance: Granule
Colour: White or off-white
Solid Content: ≥90%
Molecular Weight(Million): Low/Medium/Medium High/High/Ultra High
Degree Of Hydrolysis(%): Very Low/Low/Medium/Medium High/High/Ultra High
PH(1% water solution): 7.0-10.0
Dissolved Time(Hour): ≤1.5
Ionic Charge: Anionic
Molecular Weight: 15-17million
Hydrolysis Degree: 20-30%
Solid Content: >89%
Bulk Density: About 0.6-0.8
Recommended Working Concentration: 0.1%
Shelf Life: 2 years



FIRST AID MEASURES of ANIONIC POLYACRYLAMIDE (APAM):
-Description of first-aid measures:
*If inhaled:
If breathed in, move person into fresh air.
*In case of skin contact:
Wash off with soap and plenty of water.
*In case of eye contact:
Flush eyes with water as a precaution.
*If swallowed:
Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person. Rinse mouth with water.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed:
No data available



ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of ANIONIC POLYACRYLAMIDE (APAM):
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.



FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of ANIONIC POLYACRYLAMIDE (APAM):
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.
-Further information:
No data available



EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of ANIONIC POLYACRYLAMIDE (APAM):
-Control parameters:
--Ingredients with workplace control parameters:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use equipment for eye protection.
*Skin protection:
Handle with gloves.
Wash and dry hands.
*Body Protection:
Impervious clothing
*Respiratory protection:
Respiratory protection not required.
-Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.



HANDLING and STORAGE of ANIONIC POLYACRYLAMIDE (APAM):
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
*Storage conditions:
Store in cool place.
Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place.
Containers which are opened must be carefully resealed and kept upright to prevent leakage.



STABILITY and REACTIVITY of ANIONIC POLYACRYLAMIDE (APAM):
-Reactivity:
No data available
-Chemical stability:
Stable under recommended storage conditions.
-Possibility of hazardous reactions:
No data available
-Conditions to avoid:
No data available

DESCRIPTION:

Anionic polyacrylamide (APAM) is its negative charge, which makes it highly effective in a wide range of applications.
Anionic polyacrylamide (APAM) is highly water-soluble, which means that it can be easily dissolved in water and other aqueous solutions.
This makes Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) easy to use in various applications, such as in the treatment of wastewater.


CAS NO.: 903-05-8
EINECS NO.: 231-673-0


Anionic polyacrylamide(APAM) is compatible with a wide range of other chemicals and materials.
This makes it a versatile product that can be used in a variety of industrial and environmental applications.

Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) is a high polymerization, high molecular and water soluble polymer; it can be used in the petroleum, mineral separation, coal washing, metallurgy, chemical industry, paper-making, textile, sugar making, medicine, environment protection, building material and agriculture.



Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) is a water-soluble linear polymer synthesized with a high degree of polymerization.
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) is easily soluble in water and almost insoluble in general organic solvents such as benzene, ethylene glycol, lipids, ketones, etc.
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) is usually used as a flocculant in the water treatment process.
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) is composed of long-chain repeating units of acrylamide.



USAGE OF ANIONIC POLYACRYLAMIDE (APAM):
Anionic polyacrylamide (APAM) is a versatile polymer that has a wide range of uses in various industries.
Here are some more detailed uses of Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM):

Water Treatment:
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) is used in water treatment to separate suspended solids and other contaminants from water.
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) can be used in various water treatment processes, such as coagulation, flocculation, sedimentation, and filtration.
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) can effectively remove pollutants such as suspended solids, organic matter, and heavy metals from water.

Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR):
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) is used in Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) to increase the recovery of crude oil from reservoirs.
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) is injected into the reservoir to improve the mobility of the oil and reduce the amount of residual oil left in the rock.
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) can reduce interfacial tension and increase the displacement efficiency of the oil recovery process.

Oil and Gas Industry:
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) is used in the oil and gas industry to improve the efficiency of drilling and production operations.
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) is used as a drilling fluid additive to increase viscosity, reduce fluid loss, and control formation damage.
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) is also used as a friction reducer in pipeline transportation, improving the flow of crude oil and natural gas.

Mining Industry:
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) is used in the mining industry as a flocculant to separate solid particles from liquid in the process of mineral extraction.
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) can be used in the processing of various minerals, such as copper, gold, and coal.
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) can effectively separate fine particles from water and increase the recovery of valuable minerals.

Paper and Pulp Industry:
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) is used in the paper and pulp industry to improve the efficiency of paper production.
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) is used as a retention aid and drainage aid to improve the quality of paper and reduce production costs.
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) can increase the retention of fibers and filler materials, resulting in improved paper properties.

Agriculture:
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) is used in agriculture to improve soil quality and increase crop yield.
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) can be used as a soil conditioner and stabilizer to reduce erosion and improve soil structure.
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) can also improve water retention in soil and increase the uptake of nutrients by plants.

Textile Industry:
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) is used in the textile industry to improve the efficiency of the dyeing process.
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) is used as a sizing agent, dyeing auxiliary, and finishing agent to enhance the quality of textile products.
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) can improve the penetration and leveling of dyes, resulting in more vibrant and uniform colors.

Cosmetics Industry:
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) is used in the cosmetics industry as a thickener and stabilizer in lotions, creams, and gels.
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) can improve the texture and stability of cosmetic products and enhance their performance.

Food Industry:
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) is used in the food industry as a thickener, stabilizer, and emulsifier.
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) is commonly used in the production of yogurt, ice cream, and other dairy products.
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) can improve the texture and mouthfeel of food products and prevent separation and settling.

Personal Care Products:
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) is used in personal care products, such as shampoos and conditioners, as a thickener and stabilizer.
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) can improve the viscosity and stability of personal care products, resulting in better performance and consumer acceptance.

Construction Industry:
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) is used in the construction industry as a binder and stabilizer in the production of concrete and mortar.
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) can improve the strength, durability, and workability of the construction materials.
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) can also be used in soil stabilization to prevent erosion and improve soil structure.

Industrial wastewater treatment:
The effect is significant especially for wastewater with neutral or alkaline pH value, large suspended particles, high concentration and positive charge, such as wastewater of steel plants, electroplating plants, metallurgical plants and the coal washing plant.

Drinking water treatment.:
Use this product to deal with raw water, which has advantages of small dose, low-cost, no secondary pollution, etc.

Paper making additive:
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) can used as dispersant of long fiber paper, dry strengthen agent, retention and drainage agent and flocculent for paper making wastewater, etc.


APPLICATIONS OF ANIONIC POLYACRYLAMIDE (APAM):

Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) is used as Oil displacement agent for the tertiary oil recovery
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) is used as The boring mud material of well drilling industrial waste water treatment agent
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) is used as Drinking water treatment agent
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) is used as Auxiliary agent of paper making industry


Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) as a flocculating agent, mainly used in industrial solid-liquid separation process, including settlement, clarifying, concentrate and sludge dewatering processes.
Apply with all the major industrial wastewater treatments, such as urban sewage treatment, petroleum, mineral separation, coal washing, metallurgy, chemical industry, paper-making, textile, sugar making, medicine, environment protection, building material and agriculture.

In the paper making industry, APAM can be used as dry strength agents, retention agent, and filter aid.

They can be greatly improved as paper quality, enhance the physical strength of paper and reduce the loss of fiber, and they can also be used in the treatment of whitening water at the same time, in the deinking process can play a significant flocculation.


In the mining, coal mining industry, Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) can be used as a coal washing waste water clarifier.

Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) can be used in dyeing wastewater, leather wastewater and oil wastewater treatments, for the removal of turbidity, decolorization, to achieve the emission standards.

Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) can be used as flocculating agent in the tap water in the river water treatment plant.




Application Method:
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) should be diluted to the concentration of 0.1%(based on solid content). It is better to use neutral or desalted water.
When making up solution, the product should be scattered evenly in the stirring water, usually the temperature is between 50-60℃.
The most economical dosage is based on the trial.


Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) is used in Multifunctional oilfield chemical treatment agent,Papermaking wastewater,Mineral processing, Coal washing, Metallurgy, Chemical industry, Paper making, Textile, Sugar making, Medicine, Environmental protection, Building materials, Agriculture and other industries.


FEATURES OF ANIONIC POLYACRYLAMIDE (APAM):

1. Efficient flocculation
2. Low dose requirements
3. High stability
4. Reduce water turbidity
5. Improve water quality


Packaging And Storage:
1. The Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) solid is packed in polypropylene woven bags, lined with plastic bags, each bag is 25kg; The colloidal body shall be packed in plastic drums, lined with plastic bags, each of which is 50kg or 200kg.
2. Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) is hygroscopic and should be stored in a cool and dry place with a temperature lower than 35 ° C.

3. The Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) solid shall not be scattered on the ground to prevent the ground from becoming slippery after moisture absorption.
4. The storage period of our products is one year.


Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) is used in treatment of Fluorescent penetrant inspection Wastewater
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) is used in treatment of Industrial & Municipal Wastewater
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) is used in treatment of Paper Making Wastewater

Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) is used in treatment of Textile & Dyeing Wastewater
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) is used in treatment of Tannery & Leather Wastewater
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) is used in treatment of Pharmaceutical Wastewater

Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) is used in treatment of Friction Reducer

Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) is used in treatment of Drilling Fluid
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) is used in treatment of Coal Washing & Mining Wastewater
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) is used in treatment of Wine & Brewery Wastewater

Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) is used in treatment of Oily Wastewater
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) is used in treatment of Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) is used as Meat Processing Wastewater
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) is used in treatment of Drinking Water



CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF ANIONIC POLYACRYLAMIDE (APAM)
Appearance, White powder particles
Molecular weight, 5-20 million
Solid content (%), ≥90
Degree of hydrolysis (%), 10-50
Water-insoluble substance (%), ≤2
Residual monomer (%), ≤0.05
Particle size (%,20mesh), ≥90
Water dissolving time (mins), ≤60
Model No.: APAM
Brand: JINHE
Place Of Origin: Henan
CAS No.: 9003-05-8
Classification: Chemical Auxiliary Agent
Type: Anion,Nonionic,Cation
Other Names: PAM,PHPA
Usage: Paper Chemicals, Textile Auxiliary Agents, Water Treatmen
Dissolution Velocity: 60 Minutes Max
Appearance: White Granule Or Powder
Solid Content: 90%min
Degree Of Hydrolysis: 20%~30%
Molecular Formula, CONH2[CH2-CH]n
CAS NO., 9003-05-8
Appearance, Granule
Colour, White or off-white
Solid Content, ≥90%
Molecular Weight(Million), Low/Medium/Medium High/High/Ultra High
Degree Of Hydrolysis(%), Very Low/Low/Medium/Medium High/High/Ultra High
PH(1% water solution), 7.0-10.0
Dissolved Time(Hour), ≤1.5
Product Name:, Anionic Polyacrylamide For Sludge Dewatering, Application:, Thickening Agent, Flocculant, Absorbent
Molecular Weight:, High(14-16million), CAS No.:, 9003-05-8
Another Names:, Polymer Flocculant, Polyelectrolyte, APAM, Standard:, GB 17514-2008
Sample:, Free Test, Port:, Shanghai Port, China
Solid Content:, 89% Min, Appearance:, White Powder
Appearance:, Off-White Granular Powder
Ionic Charge:, Anionic
Particle Size:, 20-100 mesh
Molecular Weight:, 5-22million
Anionic Degree:, 5%-50%
Solid Content:, 89% Min
Bulk Density:, About 0.8
Specific Gravity at 25°C:, 1.01-1.1
Recommended Working Concentration:, 0.1-0.5%
PH Value:, 4-9
Storage Temperature (°C):, 0 - 35



SAFETY INFORMATION ABOUT ANIONIC POLYACRYLAMIDE (APAM):



First aid measures:
Description of first aid measures:
General advice:
Consult a physician.
Show this safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
Move out of dangerous area:

If inhaled:
If breathed in, move person into fresh air.
If not breathing, give artificial respiration.
Consult a physician.
In case of skin contact:
Take off contaminated clothing and shoes immediately.
Wash off with soap and plenty of water.
Consult a physician.

In case of eye contact:
Rinse thoroughly with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes and consult a physician.
Continue rinsing eyes during transport to hospital.

If swallowed:
Do NOT induce vomiting.
Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person.
Rinse mouth with water.
Consult a physician.

Firefighting measures:
Extinguishing media:
Suitable extinguishing media:
Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.
Special hazards arising from the substance or mixture
Carbon oxides, Nitrogen oxides (NOx), Hydrogen chloride gas

Advice for firefighters:
Wear self-contained breathing apparatus for firefighting if necessary.
Accidental release measures:
Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures
Use personal protective equipment.

Avoid breathing vapours, mist or gas.
Evacuate personnel to safe areas.

Environmental precautions:
Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so.
Do not let product enter drains.
Discharge into the environment must be avoided.

Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Soak up with inert absorbent material and dispose of as hazardous waste.
Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.

Handling and storage:
Precautions for safe handling:
Avoid inhalation of vapour or mist.

Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place.
Containers which are opened must be carefully resealed and kept upright to prevent leakage.
Storage class (TRGS 510): 8A: Combustible, corrosive hazardous materials

Exposure controls/personal protection:
Control parameters:
Components with workplace control parameters
Contains no substances with occupational exposure limit values.
Exposure controls:
Appropriate engineering controls:
Handle in accordance with good industrial hygiene and safety practice.
Wash hands before breaks and at the end of workday.

Personal protective equipment:
Eye/face protection:
Tightly fitting safety goggles.
Faceshield (8-inch minimum).
Use equipment for eye protection tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or EN 166(EU).

Skin protection:
Handle with gloves.
Gloves must be inspected prior to use.
Use proper glove
removal technique (without touching glove's outer surface) to avoid skin contact with this product.
Dispose of contaminated gloves after use in accordance with applicable laws and good laboratory practices.
Wash and dry hands.

Full contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0.11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Material tested:Dermatril (KCL 740 / Aldrich Z677272, Size M)
Splash contact
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0.11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Material tested:Dermatril (KCL 740 / Aldrich Z677272, Size M)
It should not be construed as offering an approval for any specific use scenario.

Body Protection:
Complete suit protecting against chemicals, The type of protective equipment must be selected according to the concentration and amount of the dangerous substance at the specific workplace.
Respiratory protection:
Where risk assessment shows air-purifying respirators are appropriate use a fullface respirator with multi-purpose combination (US) or type ABEK (EN 14387) respirator cartridges as a backup to engineering controls.

If the respirator is the sole means of protection, use a full-face supplied air respirator.
Use respirators and components tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or CEN (EU).
Control of environmental exposure
Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so.
Do not let product enter drains.
Discharge into the environment must be avoided.

Stability and reactivity:
Chemical stability:
Stable under recommended storage conditions.
Incompatible materials:
Strong oxidizing agents:
Hazardous decomposition products:
Hazardous decomposition products formed under fire conditions.
Carbon oxides, Nitrogen oxides (NOx), Hydrogen chloride gas.

Disposal considerations:
Waste treatment methods:
Product:
Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company.
Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material.
Contaminated packaging:
Dispose of as unused product.

Water-soluble polymers are found in a very broad range of industrial applications.
An important class of these is acrylamide-based polymers which bear negative charges along the polymer chain and are called Anionic polyelectrolytes.

Anionic polyelectrolytes are widely used as flocculants, rheology control agents, and adhesives.

Anionic polyelectrolytes are employed especially in oil field operations as viscosity control agents for enhanced oil recovery and to a lesser degree in engineering fluids used for lubrication, for effluent reclaiming, and for opening oil passage channels in oil-bearing rock.
Paper manufacture, mining, and water treatment processes also benefit from the use of acrylamide-based polymers to flocculate solids in aqueous dispersions.

Polyacrylamides (Polyacrylamides) used for construction site erosion and sediment control (ESC) applications are a group of high molecular weight, water soluble molecules formed by polymerization of the monomer acrylamide.
Anionic polyelectrolyte is produced when acrylamide is polymerized with an anionic comonomer.

Water soluble Polyacrylamides have been used for decades to facilitate solid liquid separations in wastewater and drinking water treatment, the pulp and paper industry, aquaculture, and many other industrial processes.
Although polymer-based water clarification is a technique that is well established in industrial applications, treatment of construction runoff is a newer and less established use of this technology.

Today there are several Anionic polyelectrolyte-based products marketed for use in construction site sediment management.
These products can be applied for erosion control, clarification of sediment laden runoff, and de-mucking of wet sediment during pond cleanouts.
They are designed to be used in conjunction with other best management practices, as part of a multi-barrier approach, to minimize soil loss and improve settling of suspended sediments.

Applications of Anionic polyelectrolyte:
As a flocculating agent, mainly used in industrial solid-liquid separation process, including settlement, to clarify, concentrate and sludge dewatering processes.

Applications for all the major sectors are: Urban Sewage Treatment, Paper, Food Processing, Petrochemical, Metallurgical Processing, Dyeing and the Sugar and all kinds of industrial wastewater treatment.

In the paper industry, Anionic polyelectrolyte can be used as dry strength agents, retention agent, filter aid.
Anionic polyelectrolyte can be greatly improved as paper quality, enhance the physical strength of paper and reduce the loss of fiber, can also be used in the treatment of white water at the same time, in the deinking process can play a significant flocculation.

Anionic polyelectrolyte can be used in coal washing as waste water clarifier in the mining industry.

Oil field profile controlling and water- plugging agent, matched with CMC and a certain amount of chemical adhesive added.
Anionic polyelectrolyte can be used as oil field profile controlling and water-plugging agent.

Anionic polyelectrolyte can also be used mud additive for EOR (Enhanced Oil Recovery) process to improve production of oil gas drilling chemical.
In oil field, Anionic polyelectrolyte is a kind of mud additive.
Anionic polyelectrolyte is used to increase the viscosity of water and improve the effectiveness of the water flooding process.

Anionic polyelectrolyte is a kind of polyacrylamide (PAM) and shows electronegative which contains functional groups of sulfonic acid, phosphoric acid or carboxylic acid.
Due to more charge, the molecular chain of polymer can be more stretching in the water which will increase the capacity of adsorption and bridge for suspended particles removal.

The mainly interaction between APAM and suspended particles is static electricity, hydrogen bonding or covalent bond.
Anionic polyelectrolyte with high molecular weight and good solubility property can be an important kind of flocculants.

And Anionic polyelectrolyte has been widely used in water treatment because of good flocculation performance.
Generally, molecular weight of polysaccharide polymer is determined by intrinsic viscosity.

Accordingly, how to improve the intrinsic viscosity and solubility property of APAM is the most critical point in the polymerization.
Based on comprehensive literature survey to the preparation technology and application progress of Anionic polyelectrolyte, Anionic polyelectrolyte can be found that a detailed analysis and review of past academic research progress could be valuable with the rapid development of synthesis technology.
Homopolymerization posthydrolysis process, homopolymerization cohydrolysis process, copolymerization approach, inverse emulsion polymerization, precipitation polymerization and radiation polymerization are the main six kinds of synthesis technologies of APAM.

Treatment of service water.
Clarification and filtration of river water and industrial water.
Condensation and dehydration of sludge from industrial water treatment.

Other Applications of Anionic polyelectrolyte:

In Chemical:
Sedimentation and condensation of magnesium hydroxide in manufacturing process of magnesium clinker (Mgo).
Clarification of phosphoric acid solution.
Treatment of sewage from red oxide manufacture.

In Mining:
Sedimentation of slimes of copper, zinc, sulfides ores.
Filtration of slimes and coal powder.
Treatment of sewage from mining process.
Treatment of coal washing.

In Oil:
Enhanced oil recovery.

In Creamic:
Condensation, sedimentation of slurry in wet type cement manufacture.

In Waste water treatment:

Pulp and paper:
Recovery and clarification of white water, steel and metal
Treatment of sewage containing blast furnace dust.

Treatment of sewage from metal plating.
Treatment of sewage from acid cleaning of metals.

In Textile:
Treatment of sewage from wool washing.
Treatment of sewage from dyeing.

Usage Areas of Anionic polyelectrolyte:
In chemical wastewater treatment plants, Anionic polyelectrolyte is applied by making a solution with water depending on the type of waste.

Anionic polyelectrolyte is a type of polymer used in dewatering sludge arising from biological treatment processes.
Anionic polyelectrolyte is used in drinking water and wastewater treatment, Paper Industry, Petroleum Industry, Mining, Agriculture, Textile, Cosmetics industry.

Anionic polyelectrolyte is specially designed for improvising filtration and purification processes in sugar processing.
This organic based copolymer coagulant is effective in complex systems that coagulate solids and immediately form flocs.
Anionic polyelectrolyte is processed more carefully to make Anionic polyelectrolyte compatible with any pH range.

Anionic polyelectrolyte Powder is a medium anionic charged powder polyelectrolyte to be used as a thickener in the direct filtration process to precipitate inorganic suspended solids, waste water.

Anionic flocculants:
Anionic polyelectrolytes are used, among other things, for water clarification and process water recycling.
Anionic polyelectrolytes are easier to polymerize to very high molecular weights.

Anionic polyelectrolyte presents high polymer electrolyte characteristics in neutral and alkaline mediums.
With good flocculation, Anionic polyelectrolyte can reduce the frictional resistance between the liquid and be widely used in mining industries and water treatment etc.

Other Uses of Anionic polyelectrolyte:

Some of the main areas of a construction site that can benefit from stabilization with Anionic polyelectrolyte include:
Soil stockpiles,
Low traffic sloped areas,
Stripped areas left inactive for extended periods of time,
Cut-off swales/ditches,
Any other stripped areas of the site where dust control is needed.

The following guidelines should be applied for any use of Anionic polyelectrolyte as an erosion control on construction sites.

Granular Anionic polyelectrolyte applied to a soil surface for erosion control should be applied at least 15 metres away from any watercourse, wetland, well, etc. or other natural water feature.
Anionic polyelectrolyte should never be applied directly to natural features (e.g. woodlots, wetlands, streams).

When not used in combination with other ground covers, Anionic polyelectrolyte should only be applied to protect against erosion in areas receiving nonconcentrated sheet flows.

Prior to Polyacrylamide application, rills and/or gullies should be filled in and/or the surface should be prepped according to the manufacturer’s specifications.

Application of Anionic polyelectrolyte with seed (through hydroseeding or a similar method), or some sort of cover, is preferable to the use of the polymer alone on bare soil.
The roots will help to anchor the soil in place and the Polyacrylamide helps to stabilize soil early on before the seed has germinated.

Accepted application methods include (i) broadcast of granular Polyacrylamide, by hand or with a seed/fertilizer spreader, (ii) application of Polyacrylamide solution with a construction site watering vehicle, and (iii) addition to hydroseeding mixture, followed by normal hydroseed application.

Manufacturing of Anionic polyelectrolyte:
Anionic polyelectrolyte is made by the free-radical polymerization of acrylamide and Anionic polyelectrolyte derivatives via bulk, solution, precipitation, suspension, emulsion, and copolymerization techniques.
Among these, solution polymerization is a preferred technique because of difficulty with temperature and agitation control in bulk polymerization and the cost of surfactants and solvents for suspension, emulsion, and precipitation polymerization.

The anionic polymers may interact with particles in aqueous dispersions in several ways that result in the stability or instability of the dispersions.
The particles in solid-liquid phases can be destabilized through three main mechanisms which promote flocculation and cause destabilization.

These mechanisms are polymer bridging, charge neutralization, and polymer adsorption.
The particles in solid-liquid phases can be stabilized by the anionic polymers through both electrostatic and steric repulsive forces.

sels d’acide carboxylique, lipoaminoacides, lipo-oligopeptides, dérivés sulfonés et dérivés sulfatés, Sodium coco sulfate (SCS), Sodium cocoyl isethionate (SCI), huile de Ricin sulfatée (Sulfated castor oil), Sodium lauryl sulfoacetate (SLSA), Sodium Lauroyl Sarcosinate

SODIUM ANISATE, N° CAS : 536-45-8 - Anisate de sodium. Nom INCI : SODIUM ANISATE. Nom chimique : Sodium anisate. N° EINECS/ELINCS : 208-634-1. Compatible Bio (Référentiel COSMOS). Ses fonctions (INCI). Antimicrobien : Aide à ralentir la croissance de micro-organismes sur la peau et s'oppose au développement des microbes. Agent arômatisant : Donne un arôme au produit cosmétique

Antimony Peroxide; CI: 77052; CI Pigment White 11; Dechlorane A-O; Antimony white; Antimonius Oxide; Antimony (III) Oxide; Bianitmony Trioxide; Flowers of Antimony; ANTIMON(III)OXIDE; ANTIMONOUS OXIDE; ANTIMONY(+3)OXIDE; ANTIMONY OXIDE; ANTIMONY TRIOXIDE; DI-ANTIMONY TRIOXIDE; SB OXIDE; a1530; a1582; a1588lp; amspec-kr; antimoniousoxide; antimonyoxide(o3sb2); antimonyoxide(sb2o3); antimonyoxideo3sb2; antimonyperoxide; antimonysesquioxide; antimonytrioxideproduction; antimonywhite; antox CAS NO:1309-64-4

anthemis nobilis l.;chamaemelum nobile; chamomile english or roman CAS NO:84649-86-5

Anti-caking agents are anhydrous compounds that are added in small amounts to dry foods to prevent the particles from caking together and to ensure the product remains dry and free-flowing.
Anti-caking agents function by absorption of excess moisture or by coating particles to make them more water repellant.
Without anti-caking agents, dry soup, cake, and biscuit mixes would be clumped and chunky, cappuccino and hot chocolate vending machines would not function properly, and premixes for manufacturing would be more difficult to use.

CAS Number: 1327-39-5
Molecular Formula: Al2Ca2O15Si5
Molecular Weight: 514.537576
EINECS Number: 215-476-7

Synonyms: Aluminum calcium silicate, 1327-39-5, MOLECULAR SIEVES, Silicic acid, aluminum calcium salt, SILICATE CEMENT, Calcium silicoaluminate, Calcium aluminum silicate, dialuminum;dicalcium;dioxido(oxo)silane, CCRIS 3933, UNII-3L00JH8411, Aluminosilicic acid, calcium salt, EINECS 215-476-7, 3L00JH8411, IQDXNHZDRQHKEF-UHFFFAOYSA-N

Anti-caking agents are often found in milk and cream powders, flour-based mixes, baking powder, table salt, cocoa, and mixed coffee beverages, to name a few.
In manufacturing, the addition of anti-caking agents helps prevent bridging during the packaging process, which can reduce production rates.
The bridging of powders occurs when particles interlock or bond together to build a bridge or arch above the outlet of a container like a silo, hopper, or mixer vessel.

Anti-caking agents are substances added to powdered or granulated materials to prevent the formation of lumps and improve the flowability of the product.
These agents are commonly used in food processing, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and various industrial applications where powdered or granular materials need to maintain a free-flowing consistency.
Anti-caking agents is an additive placed in powdered or granulated materials, such as table salt or confectioneries, to prevent the formation of lumps (caking) and for easing packaging, transport, flowability, and consumption.

Caking mechanisms depend on the nature of the material.
Crystalline solids often cake by formation of liquid bridge and subsequent fusion of microcrystals.
Amorphous materials can cake by glass transitions and changes in viscosity.

Anti-caking agents polymorphic phase transitions can also induce caking.
Anti-caking agents function by absorbing excess moisture or by coating particles and making them water-repellent.
Calcium silicate (CaSiO3), a commonly used anti-caking agent, added to e.g. table salt, absorbs both water and oil.

Anti-caking agents are also used in non-food items such as road salt, fertilisers, cosmetics, and detergents.
Some studies suggest that anticaking agents may have a negative effect on the nutritional content of food; one such study indicated that most anti-caking agents result in the additional degradation of vitamin C added to food.
Anti-caking agents in salt is denoted in the ingredients, for example, as "anti-caking agent (554)", which is sodium aluminosilicate.

Anti-caking agents is present in many commercial table salts as well as dried milk, egg mixes, sugar products, flours and spices.
In Europe, sodium ferrocyanide (535) and potassium ferrocyanide (536) are more common anticaking agents in table salt.
"Natural" anticaking agents used in more expensive table salt include calcium carbonate and magnesium carbonate.

Diatomaceous earth, mostly consisting of silicon dioxide (SiO2), may also be used as an anticaking agent in animal foods, typically mixed at 2% rate of a product dry weight.
The most widely used anticaking agents include the stearates of calcium and magnesium, silica and various silicates, talc, as well as flour and starch.
Ferrocyanides are used for table salt.

The following anticaking agents are listed in order by their number in the Codex Alimentarius by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN.
Anti-caking agents work by absorbing excess moisture or by coating particles to prevent them from sticking together.
This ensures that the product remains loose and easily pourable.

By reducing clumping, these agents enhance the flow properties of powdered or granular substances, making them easier to handle during manufacturing, packaging, and consumption.
A common mineral-based anti-caking agent that absorbs moisture and prevents particles from sticking together.
Anti-caking agents is widely used in food products and pharmaceuticals.

Another mineral-based agent that provides a non-stick surface to particles, improving flowability in powdered substances.
A fatty acid salt that acts as both an anti-caking agent and a lubricant in pharmaceutical and cosmetic products.
Anti-caking agents is used as a natural anti-caking agent and bulking agent in food and pharmaceutical applications.

An inorganic compound that helps maintain the texture and flow of powdered materials.
Anti-caking agents are commonly added to salt, spices, baking mixes, powdered drinks, and grated cheese to prevent clumping and ensure uniform distribution.
Anti-caking agents is used in the production of tablets, capsules, and powders to improve the flowability of active ingredients during manufacturing and enhance their dissolution in the body.

Included in powdered makeup products such as foundation, blush, and eyeshadow to maintain their texture and prevent clumping.
Anti-caking agents is used in agricultural products, detergents, fertilizers, and construction materials to maintain the flowability and usability of powdered or granular substances.
Anti-caking agents used in food and pharmaceutical products are regulated by health authorities to ensure they meet safety standards and do not pose health risks.

Anti-caking agents's important to use anti-caking agents within recommended levels to avoid altering the taste, texture, or performance of the final product.
Some individuals may have sensitivities or allergies to specific anti-caking agents, so manufacturers often label products to inform consumers of their presence.
By definition, anti-caking agents are anhydrous compounds that are added in small amounts to dry foods to prevent the particles caking together and ensure the product remains dry and free-flowing.

Without anti-caking agents, dry soup, cake and biscuit mixes would be clumped and chunky, cappuccino and hot chocolate vending machines would not function properly, and premixes for manufacturing would not be as easy to use.
These agents are often found in milk and cream powders, flour-based mixes, baking powder, table salt, cocoa, and mixed coffee beverages, to name a few.
In manufacturing, the addition of anti-caking agents helps prevent bridging during the packaging process, which can reduce production rates.

Anti-caking agentss are food additives that keep powders or granulated materials such as milk powder, powdered sugar, tea and coffee powders used in vending machines, table salt etc. flowing freely.
Anti-caking agents, in fact, prevent the formation of lumps making these products manageable for packaging, transport, and for use by end consumer.
There are many powdered or granulated foods that absorb water which prevents them from flowing smoothly out of the packaging. Anticaking agents are additives that are added to these foods so that the powder or granules do not become clumpy or stick together.

Some of the anticaking agents are natural such as bentonite while others are manufactured from natural sources like silicon dioxide and several silicates.
Anti-caking agents is used as an anticaking agent, added in table salt as it absorbs both water and oil.
Anti-caking agents make it easier to pack, transport, store and consume these foods as they prevent lumps.

Melting point: 1500℃ [CRC10]
Density: 3.048
form: rod
Water Solubility: 86.8g/100mL (25°C), 115g/100mL (65°C) H2O; insoluble alcohol [HAW93] [CRC10]
Sensitive: Hygroscopic

Anti-caking agents means that foodstuffs in the form of powder, fine particles and hygroscopic nature form hard agglomerates or particles in moist environments.
In the food sector, anti-caking agents are organic or inorganic compounds that reduce the tendency of food particles to attract one another, provide the habit of fine-grained and powdered foodstuffs and prevent their tendency to agglomerate.
The International Food Codex Commission defines anti-caking agents as substances that prevent food particles from sticking together.

They are insoluble in water and have high water absorption capacity.
Anti-caking agents covers the food particles with a thin layer and increases the distance between them and prevents them from sticking to each other by preventing electrostatic attraction.
The anti-caking agents commonly used in foodstuffs are finely ground powdered particles and are incorporated into large masses of materials to impart fluidity to these masses and prevent their tendency to agglomerate.

Silicates, phosphates, carbonates, elemental salts of fatty acids and similar substances are used in the food industry to prevent agglomeration.
Anti-caking agents are generally chemical substances and are effective when used in concentrations up to 2 percent.
These substances are widely used in salts, spice powders, cake blends, instant soups, admixtures, granulated sugar and cereal products.

Anti-caking agents is important that anti-caking agents are not harmful to human health, their effects on physical and chemical properties in the area they are used, their nutritional values, the expected reaction in fluidity and caking properties.
In the determination of anti-caking agents, evaluations such as density, dustiness, water interest, moisture retention properties and turbidity are important.
These materials are also used to improve the processing properties of grain products.

The relevant legal regulations include anti-caking agents that are allowed to be used in food products.
In authorized laboratories, anti-caking agent determination studies are carried out within the scope of chemical food analyzes.
In these studies, standards and test methods published by domestic and foreign organizations are followed.

Anti-caking agents are ingredients added in small amounts to foods, cosmetics, and more to prevent products from clumping and binding together.
There are many different anti-caking ingredients with GRAS status on the market.
Manufactures choose the anti-caking agent to use based on product and consumer expectation.

For example, consumers expect salt to flow freely from salt shakers.
Anti-caking agents allow salt to free-flow without clumping.
There are many foods and products that readily absorb water or oils.

The absorption of this water or oil can cause products to clump together and in some cases, become unusable.
This is especially true for cake mixes, flour, sugar, table salt, and many other granular food products as they are crystalline structures.
When these crystalline structures absorb water or oils, they can create a liquid bridge that forms into a crystal bridge.

This crystal bridge binds the food product together making it difficult to use.
This is a low-tech way of adding additional clumping protection to foods because the rice absorbs excess moisture and protects the foods from the above clumping process.
Manufacturers add anti-caking agents in small amounts to products they want to keep free-flowing.

These anti-caking agents coat individual particles thus separating the particles from each other, so a crystal bridge does not form and cause clumping.
The use of silicon dioxide (SiO2) is of critical health concern across different applications.
Anti-caking agents is set to transform your final products by replacing silicon dioxide and simultaneously enhancing flowability and providing strong anti-caking properties.

Anti-caking agents consumer health with safe and sustainable products.
Anti-caking agents is a natural anti-caking agent great for keeping your seasoning blends in free flowing condition.
Anti-caking agents is all natural and is used at 2% per weight of seasoning.

Anti-caking agents are a great alternative to Silicon Dioxide and can help your product achieve a clean label.
Anti-caking agents are defined as substances added to finely powdered or crystalline food powders to prevent caking, lumping or aggregation by improving their flow ability.
Anti caking agents are themselves very fine powders and are listed as nutrients and are considered food ingredients.

Some anti caking agents are starch, magnesium carbonate, and silica.
The food processing and handling industry is heavily reliant on anti-caking agents to safeguard manufacturing efficiency and preserve the value of powdered ingredients and products.
Driven by innovation and evolving customer preferences, this is an industry showing healthy expansion with the food handling and processing equipment market predicted to exhibit a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 6.5% up to 2026.

Many powdery and granular food products have a tendency to absorb water and clump together.
Whether Anti-caking agents’s table salt, icing sugar, non-dairy creamer, instant soup or even grated parmesan cheese, if the ingredients don’t flow freely then they are difficult to use.
Salt cellars wouldn’t dispense salt, drink vending machines would block up, and the parmesan wouldn’t spread evenly across the plate.

Anti-caking agents are used to prevent this problem.
Many are natural products such as talc and bentonite, Anti-caking agents are used to prevent powdery and granular food products from absorbing water and clumping togetherand others are manufactured from natural sources, such as silicon dioxide and several silicates.
They don’t modify the food itself – they just make it less ‘sticky’, often by soaking up water.

Anti-caking agents is a naturally occurring porous volcanic clay, which is used as an anticaking agent.
Anti-caking agents is also used to remove proteins from white wine, which would otherwise make it go cloudy.
Anti-caking agents is made from chalk, limestone or diatomaceous earth, and is commonly used as an anticaking agent in dry products.

Anti-caking agents is common in nature – it is the main component of sand.
Anti-caking agents is used to improve the flow of dry products, and also to absorb water.
Anti-caking agents is a synthetic mixture of sodium, aluminium and silicon oxides which is used as an anticaking agent.

Anti-caking agents is a natural mineral, which is made from hydrated magnesium silicate.
Anti-caking agents can be used in many different food products to prevent clumping.
Anti-caking agents is used primarily in powdered food products and pharmaceuticals to prevent caking and improve flowability.

Also known as baking soda, Anti-caking agents serves as an anti-caking agent in baking powders and dry mixes.
Natural mineral used in powdered cosmetics and pharmaceuticals for its anti-caking and absorbent properties.

Anti-caking agents used in food processing and industrial applications to prevent sticking and improve flow.
Approved as an anti-caking agent in table salt to prevent moisture absorption and clumping.
Anti-caking agents like sodium ferrocyanide or silicon dioxide are added to prevent moisture absorption and maintain free-flowing grains.

Prevent clumping in powdered spices and seasoning blends, ensuring uniform distribution and ease of use.
Anti-caking agents used in powdered beverage mixes to maintain consistency and prevent lump formation.
Anti-caking agents ensure the smooth flow of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) during tablet and capsule manufacturing.

Anti-caking agents is used in pharmaceutical powders to facilitate accurate dosing and dissolution properties.
Anti-caking agents are added to powdered cosmetics such as foundation, blush, and eyeshadow to prevent clumping and ensure smooth application.
Ensure even distribution and application of fertilizers by preventing clumping in granular or powdered formulations.

Anti-caking agents is used in cement and mortar formulations to improve flowability and ease of handling.
Anti-caking agents used in food products are regulated by health authorities such as the FDA in the United States and EFSA in the European Union.
They must meet safety standards and be approved for specific applications.

Manufacturers are required to list anti-caking agents on product labels to inform consumers and ensure transparency regarding their use.
Regulatory agencies establish maximum usage levels for anti-caking agents to prevent overuse and potential health risks.
Some anti-caking agents may contain allergens or sensitizing ingredients.

Manufacturers must disclose potential allergens on labels to alert consumers with allergies or sensitivities.
While most anti-caking agents are considered safe when used as directed, inhalation of fine particles or prolonged exposure may pose respiratory risks in industrial settings.

Many anti-caking agents are biodegradable and do not persist in the environment.
However, their disposal and use should adhere to environmental regulations to minimize impact.

Uses:
Anti-caking agents is used in vanilla powder.
Anti-caking agents is also used in salt up to 2%.
Prevents moisture absorption and ensures that salt remains free-flowing in salt shakers and salt packets.

Maintains the texture and consistency of powdered spices, herbs, and seasoning blends, allowing for even distribution and accurate measurement.
Anti-caking agents is used in baking powders to prevent the clumping of baking soda and cream of tartar, ensuring consistent leavening in baked goods.
Improves the flowability of powdered beverages like hot cocoa mixes, powdered juices, and drink mixes, facilitating easy mixing with water or other liquids.

Facilitates the manufacturing of tablets and capsules by preventing the sticking of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) to machinery and ensuring uniform dosing.
Enhances the flowability of powdered medications and nutritional supplements, aiding in accurate measurement and dosing.
Prevents clumping in products like face powders, blushes, eyeshadows, and setting powders, ensuring smooth application and a consistent finish.

Anti-caking agents ensures the even distribution and application of fertilizers by preventing granular or powdered formulations from clumping during storage and handling.
Anti-caking agents is used in cement, mortar, and plaster formulations to improve the flowability of powdered materials, making them easier to mix and apply.
Helps maintain the flowability of powdered detergents, dishwasher detergents, and cleaning agents, improving their dispensing and dissolution in water.

Prevents clumping in powdered feed supplements and additives, ensuring consistent nutrition for livestock and pets.
Anti-caking agents is used in grated and shredded cheese to prevent clumping and maintain texture, ensuring easy sprinkling and melting.
Included in instant soup mixes, instant noodles, and powdered sauces to improve flowability and dissolve quickly in hot water.

Sometimes added to flour and dough mixes to prevent caking during storage and handling, ensuring consistent baking results.
Prevents lumps in powdered sugar, allowing for smooth mixing into icings, frostings, and dessert recipes.
Anti-caking agents ensures cocoa powder and instant coffee granules remain free-flowing for easy measuring and mixing.

Anti-caking agents is used in agricultural seed coatings to prevent clumping and ensure even distribution of seed treatment chemicals.
Added to powdered feed supplements and minerals for livestock to improve flowability and prevent feed from clumping in storage and dispensing systems.
Helps maintain the flowability of fire extinguisher powders, ensuring effective dispersion when needed.

Included in powdered pool chemicals to prevent caking and ensure accurate dosing for water treatment.
Prevents clumping in road salt used for de-icing roads and walkways during winter months, ensuring effective distribution and melting of ice.
Anti-caking agents is used in talcum powders, dry shampoos, and body powders to prevent clumping and improve application.

Included in excipients used in oral and topical medications to ensure consistent dosing and dispersion of active ingredients.
Research is exploring the use of natural anti-caking agents in functional foods and dietary supplements to improve product stability and consumer acceptance.
Focus on developing eco-friendly anti-caking agents derived from renewable sources or natural minerals to reduce environmental impact.

Anti-caking agents used in food and pharmaceutical products are subject to strict regulatory oversight to ensure they are safe for human consumption.
Manufacturers are required to list anti-caking agents on product labels, allowing consumers to make informed choices and avoid potential allergens or sensitivities.

Safety Profile:
Fine particles of anti-caking agents, especially those in powdered form, can potentially cause respiratory irritation or respiratory tract sensitization if inhaled in significant quantities.
This is more relevant in industrial settings where dust levels may be higher.
Direct contact with some anti-caking agents, particularly in concentrated or undiluted forms, may cause skin irritation or allergic reactions in sensitive individuals.

Contact with anti-caking agents can cause irritation to the eyes.
Anti-caking agents's important to flush eyes with water immediately if contact occurs and seek medical attention if irritation persists.
While many anti-caking agents are considered safe for consumption in small quantities in food and pharmaceutical products, ingestion of large amounts or concentrated forms could potentially lead to gastrointestinal irritation or discomfort.

Some individuals may be allergic or sensitive to specific anti-caking agents or their components.
Anti-caking agents's essential to read product labels and be aware of potential allergens to avoid adverse reactions.
Certain anti-caking agents, if released into the environment in large quantities or improperly disposed of, may have adverse effects on ecosystems.

However, many anti-caking agents used in food and pharmaceuticals are biodegradable and have minimal environmental impact when used as directed.
When handling anti-caking agents in powdered or concentrated forms, wear appropriate PPE such as gloves, safety goggles, and protective clothing to minimize skin and eye contact.

Ensure adequate ventilation in areas where anti-caking agents are handled to reduce the risk of inhalation exposure to dust or aerosols.
Follow recommended handling and storage practices provided by manufacturers to minimize the risk of exposure and ensure product integrity.

Antimony (III) oxide is a white crystalline powder.
Antimony (III) oxide is the inorganic compound with the formula Sb2O3.


CAS Number: 1309-64-4
EC Number: 215-175-0
MDL Number: MFCD00011214
Molecular Formula: Sb2O3



Antimony(III) oxide, Antimony sesquioxide, Antimonous oxide, Flowers of Antimony, Diantimony trioxide, Senarmontite, 1327-33-9, antimony(3+);oxygen(2-),
Antimony oxide (Sb2O3) oxygen(-2) anion, NCI-C55152, 12412-52-1, P217481X5E, Antimonious oxide, Valentinite, Exitelite, Timonox, Twinkling star, Antimony White, Thermoguard B, Thermoguard L, Thermoguard S, White star, Fireshield H, Stibiox MS, Dechlorane A-O, Amspec-KR, Patox C, Patox H, Patox L, Patox M, Patox S, Atox B, Atox F, Atox R, Atox S, FireShield LS-FR, Timonox White Star, Antimony sesquioxide, Microfine A 05, Octoguard FR 10, Flameguard VF 59, Chemetron fire shield, Antimony(3+) oxide, Flame Cut 610, Flame Cut 610R, Antimony Bloom 100A, Antimony Bloom 500A, Nyacol A 1510LP, Fireshield FSPO 405,
LS-FR, Nyacol A 1530, AP 50 (metal oxide), EINECS 215-474-6, AT 3 (fireproofing agent), AT 3B, MIC 3, Weisspiessglanz, CCRIS 4495, HSDB 436, LSB 80, HM 203P, AP 50, A 1588LP, ATO, EINECS 215-175-0, AN 800, CI 77052, Nyacol A-1530, ANTIMONIUM OXYDATUM, C.I. 77052, A 1582, Antimony oxide (SB203), Sb2O3,
ANTIMONY TRIOXIDE [MI], ANTIMONY TRIOXIDE [HSDB], ANTIMONY TRIOXIDE [IARC], UNII-P217481X5E, GHPGOEFPKIHBNM-UHFFFAOYSA-N, ANTIMONIUM OXYDATUM [HPUS],
AKOS030228225, EC 215-175-0, Q409035, 1317-98-2, Antimony Oxide, Antimony Trioxide, Dioxodistiboxane, Stibine oxide, triphenyl, Dioxodistiboxane, Antimony sesquioxide, Antimony White, Stibine oxide, triphenyl-, hydrate, Diantimony trioxide, Flowers of antimony, Triphenylantimony oxide, Oxo-oxostibanyloxystibane, Di(phenyl)stiborylbenzene, Triphenylstibine oxide, Triphenylantimony oxide, 1.07835, 1.07836, 379255, 202649, A11123, 11579, 36314, 10641,



Antimony (III) oxidev is a highly insoluble thermally stable Antimony source suitable for glass, optic and ceramic applications.
Antimony(III) Oxide is also available in pellets, pieces, powder, sputtering targets, tablets, and nanopowder (from American Elements' nanoscale production facilities).


Antimony (III) oxide offered provides working as a inorganic compound and comes with formula of Sb2O3.
Antimony (III) oxide works as an important commercial compound of antimony and dissolves in aqueous solutions with hydrolysis, aqueous sodium hydroxide solution to give meta-antimonite NaSbO2, in concentrated mineral acids to give corresponding salts.


Selective ammoxidation catalysts for such reactions as conversion of toluene to benzonitrile or propylene to acrylonitrile were prepared by a sol-gel method from V2O5, Antimony (III) oxide and high purity hydrogen peroxide.
Antimony (III) oxide is usually available in various concentration.


Antimony (III) oxide is stored in original packing and under conditions mentioned on the safety data sheet.
Antimony (III) oxide is not soluble in water and in nitric acid, not very soluble in diluted H2S04 and HCI but more soluble in these acid concentrates.
Antimony (III) oxide is an opacifying agent for glasses, ceramics and enamels.


Some specialty pigments contain antimony.
Antimony (III) oxide is a useful catalyst in the production of polyethylene terephthalate (PET plastic) and the vulcanization of rubber.
Antimony (III) oxide is insoluble in water.


Store Antimony (III) oxide in cool, dry conditions in well sealed containers.
Store Antimony (III) oxide away from strong oxidizing agents.
Keep Antimony (III) oxide container tightly closed.


Antimony (III) oxide is a white solid and is the most important commercial compound of antimony.
Antimony(V) Oxide (Sb₂O₅) (Antimony pentoxide) is a yellow powdery solid that is very slightly soluble in water.
Antimony (III) oxide is usually added to other flame retardants to increase the efficiency.


When Antimony (III) oxide is used alone, the flame retardant effect is low.
When used together with phosphate, chlorinated compounds and brominated compounds, Antimony (III) oxide has a good synergistic effect, and the flame retardant effect is significantly improved.


Antimony (III) oxide is the inorganic compound with the formula Sb2O3.
Antimony (III) oxide is the most important commercial compound of antimony.
Antimony (III) oxide is found in nature as the minerals valentinite and senarmontite.


Like most polymeric oxides, Antimony (III) oxide dissolves in aqueous solutions with hydrolysis.
A mixed arsenic-antimony oxide occurs in nature as the very rare mineral stibioclaudetite.



USES and APPLICATIONS of ANTIMONY (III) OXIDE:
Antimony (III) oxide is an indispensable synergist for halogenated flame retardants and an essential element for photovoltaic clarifiers.
Some of Antimony (III) oxide's features include application as flame retardant synergist, helps to form less flammable chars, used as pacifying agent for glasses, ceramics and enamels; used as synergist in textiles, adhesives, plastics, rubber, fiberglass & paper industry.


Antimony (III) oxide is used as a catalyst in the production of polyethylene terephthalate (PET plastic) and the vulcanization of rubber.
Antimony (III) oxide is used as a catalyst, vulcanization of rubber, an opacifying agent for glasses, ceramics and enamels.
Antimony (III) oxide is used as a flame retardant.


The annual consumption of Antimony (III) oxide in the United States and Europe is approximately 10,000 and 25,000 tonnes, respectively.
The main application of Antimony (III) oxide is as flame retardant synergist in combination with halogenated materials.
The combination of the halides and the antimony is key to the flame-retardant action for polymers, helping to form less flammable chars.


Such flame retardants are found in electrical apparatuses, textiles, leather, and coatings.
Antimony (III) oxide is used as a catalyst, vulcanization of rubber, an opacifying agent for glasses, ceramics and enamels.
Antimony (III) oxide is used as a flame retardant.


Antimony (III) oxide is used as a flame retardant for textile materials and as a source to prepare other antimony compounds.
Antimony (III) oxide is also used as a catalyst in the production of polyethylene terephthalate (PET plastic) and in the vulcanization of rubber.
Antimony (III) oxide is an opacifying agent for glasses, ceramics, and enamels.


Antimony(V) Oxide (Sb₂O₅) is used as a flame retardant for acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) polymer, plastics, rubbers, paper, and textiles.
Antimony (III) oxide is a source to prepare other antimony compounds and is employed as a catalyst in certain polymerization and oxidation reactions.
Antimony (III) oxide finds applications in flame retardants, catalysts, batteries, and alloys.


Antimony (III) oxide acts as an opacifying agent in glasses, ceramics and enamels.
Antimony (III) oxide is used as a catalyst in the manufacture of PET plastic (polyethylene terephthalate), and the vulcanization of rubber.
Antimony (III) oxide is an opacifying agent for glasses, ceramics, and enamels in addition to being an ingredient for certain specialty pigments.


Antimony (III) oxide can also be used as a chemical catalyst in the production of polyethylene terephthalate (PET plastic) and the vulcanization of rubber.
Antimony (III) oxide is the most widely used additive flame retardant.
Antimony (III) oxide is often used together with other flame retardants and smoke suppressants, and synergistic effects can be generated among the components.


Antimony (III) oxide is the most widely used additive flame retardant.
Antimony (III) oxide is an additive flame retardant widely used in polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene, PVC, polyester, epoxy resin, polyurethane and other plastics.

-Flame Retardancy uses of Antimony (III) oxide:
A significant amount of Antimony (III) oxide produced annually goes to enhance flame retardancy.
Antimony (III) oxide is added to certain flame retardants, making them efficient in consumer products such as textiles, upholstered furniture, children’s products, and plastics.

In its physical state, Antimony (III) oxide has no flame-retardant properties.
However, when combined with other compounds, Antimony (III) oxide acts as a synergist.
Typically, Antimony (III) oxide combines with halogenated compounds to create chemical compounds with flame retardant properties

The process involves:
Stopping the thermal decomposition reaction under gas
Sealing against oxygen

The carbonaceous char is formed under the solid phase
Antimony (III) oxide, is the most important commercial compound of antimony.
Antimony (III) oxide is found in nature as the minerals valentinite and senarmontite and is mainly produced via the smelting of stibnite ore, which is oxidised to crude Sb2O3 using furnaces operating at approximately 850 to 1,000 °C.

Antimonious oxide is widely used as a flame retardant for rubber and plastic materials.
In its pure state Antimony (III) oxide is used in pharmaceutical products.
In the chemical industry Antimony (III) oxide is used as an intermediate for the preparation of metallic antimony; in the glass industry it is used to de-colourise glass, in the ceramic industry and in galvanic technology.


-PET production uses of Antimony (III) oxide:
Antimony (III) oxide is also used as a catalyst in producing polyethylene terephthalate (PET).
Polyethylene terephthalate is a polymer commonly used in bottles, films, and synthetic fibers.

Antimony (III) oxide is also among the most popular materials in the beverage and food packaging industry.
Antimony (III) oxide is a suitable material because it is lightweight and impermeable to CO2.
As with other compounds in PET, antimony can be used to migrate water into the bottles.

However, current legislation establishes migration limits for Antimony (III) oxide and other compounds.
The amount of antimony used in the preparation of PET may range from 100-300 mg/kg.
This implies that a one-liter bottle can contain 3-9 milligrams of antimony.

The high amount shows that the set limits can exceed if total migration occurs.
For that reason, further studies have been carried out to determine the leaching or migration of the substance.



STRUCTURE OF ANTIMONY (III) OXIDE:
The Antimony (III) oxide structure varies depending on the temperature of the sample.
For instance, dimeric Sb4O6 is discovered under high temperatures.
The Sb4O6 molecules appear as bicyclic cages that look the same as related oxides of phosphorous trioxide and phosphorous (III).
This cage structure is maintained in a cubic habit.
A more stable orthorhombic form with pairs of Sb-O chains is discovered if the compound is exposed to temperatures below 606 °C.



PROPERTIES OF ANTIMONY (III) OXIDE:
Antimony (III) oxide is an amphoteric oxide.
Antimony (III) oxide dissolves in aqueous sodium hydroxide solution to give the meta-antimonite NaSbO2, which can be isolated as the trihydrate.

Antimony (III) oxide also dissolves in concentrated mineral acids to give the corresponding salts, which hydrolyzes upon dilution with water.
With nitric acid, the trioxide is oxidized to antimony(V) oxide.
When heated with carbon, the oxide is reduced to antimony metal.

With other reducing agents such as sodium borohydride or lithium aluminium hydride, the unstable and very toxic gas stibine is produced.
When heated with potassium bitartrate, a complex salt potassium antimony tartrate, KSb(OH)2·C4H2O6, is formed.



PRODUCTION AND PROPERTIES OF ANTIMONY (III) OXIDE:
Global production of Antimony (III) oxide in 2012 was 130,000 tonnes, an increase from 112,600 tonnes in 2002.
China produces the largest share followed by US/Mexico, Europe, Japan and South Africa and other countries (2%).

As of 2010, Antimony (III) oxide was produced at four sites in the EU.
It is produced via two routes, re-volatilizing of crude Antimony (III) oxide and by oxidation of antimony metal.
Oxidation of antimony metal dominates in Europe.

Several processes for the production of crude Antimony (III) oxide or metallic antimony from virgin material.
The choice of process depends on the composition of the ore and other factors.

Typical steps include mining, crushing and grinding of ore, sometimes followed by froth flotation and separation of the metal using pyrometallurgical processes (smelting or roasting) or in a few cases (e.g. when the ore is rich in precious metals) by hydrometallurgical processes.
These steps do not take place in the EU but closer to the mining location.

Re-volatilizing of crude Antimony (III) oxide:
Step 1) Crude stibnite is oxidized to crude Antimony (III) oxide using furnaces operating at approximately 500 to 1,000 °C.
The reaction is the following:
2 Sb2S3 + 9 O2 → 2 Sb2O3 + 6 SO2


Step 2)
The crude Antimony (III) oxide is purified by sublimation.
Oxidation of antimony metal:
Antimony metal is oxidized to Antimony (III) oxide in furnaces.
The reaction is exothermic.

Antimony (III) oxide is formed through sublimation and recovered in bag filters.
The size of the formed particles is controlled by process conditions in furnace and gas flow.
The reaction can be schematically described by:
4 Sb + 3 O2 → 2 Sb2O3



STRUCTURE OF ANTIMONY (III) OXIDE:
The structure of Antimony (III) oxide depends on the temperature of the sample.
Dimeric Sb4O6 is the high temperature (1560 °C) gas.
Sb4O6 molecules are bicyclic cages, similar to the related oxide of phosphorus(III), phosphorus trioxide.

The cage structure is retained in a solid that crystallizes in a cubic habit.
The Sb–O distance is 197.7 pm and the O–Sb–O angle of 95.6°.
This form exists in nature as the mineral senarmontite.

Above 606 °C, the more stable form is orthorhombic, consisting of pairs of -Sb-O-Sb-O- chains that are linked by oxide bridges between the Sb centers.
This form of Antimony (III) oxide exists in nature as the mineral valentinite.



PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of ANTIMONY (III) OXIDE:
Chemical Name: Antimony Trioxide
Synonyms: antimony (III) oxide,
Molecular formula: Sb2O3
CAS No.: 1309-64-4
Appearance: white powder
Molecular weight: 291.5
Melting point: 656 °C
Boiling point: 1425 °C
Vapour density: 10 (air = 1)
Specific gravity: 5.2
Density (g cm-3): 5.7
Chemical formula: Sb2O3
Molar mass: 291.518 g/mol
Appearance: white solid

Odor: odorless
Density: 5.2 g/cm3, α-form
5.67 g/cm3 β-form
Melting point: 656 °C (1,213 °F; 929 K)
Boiling point: 1,425 °C (2,597 °F; 1,698 K) (sublimes)
Solubility in water: 370±37 µg/L between 20.8 °C and 22.9 °C
Solubility: soluble in acid
Magnetic susceptibility (χ): −69.4×10−6 cm3/mol
Refractive index (nD): 2.087, α-form
2.35, β-form
Structure:
Crystal structure: cubic (α) < 570 °C
orthorhombic: (β) > 570 °C
Coordination geometry: pyramidal
Dipole moment: zero

Molecular Weight: 291.52 g/mol
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 0
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 3
Rotatable Bond Count: 0
Exact Mass: 291.79277 g/mol
Monoisotopic Mass: 289.79237 g/mol
Topological Polar Surface Area: 3Ų
Heavy Atom Count: 5
Formal Charge: 0
Complexity: 0
Isotope Atom Count: 0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 5
Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes

Compound Formula: O3Sb2
Molecular Weight: 291.52
Appearance: white solid
Melting Point: 656 °C
Boiling Point: 1425 °C (sublimes)
Density: 5.2 g/cm3
Solubility in H2O: N/A
Exact Mass: 368.016 g/mol
Monoisotopic Mass: 289.792388 Da
Boiling Point: 1550°C (sublimation)
Melting Point: 656°C
Color: White
Physical Form: Powder
Assay Percent Range: 99.6% min (Metal basis)

Solubility Information: Poor solubility in water.
Slowly dissolves in warm HCl or warm KOH solutions.
Formula Weight: 291.5
Odor: Odorless
Appearance: White powder
Density: 5.67
Chemical Name or Material: Antimony(III) oxide
Linear Formula: Sb2O3
MDL Number: MFCD00011214
EC No.: 215-175-0
Beilstein/Reaxys No.: N/A
Pubchem CID: 27652
IUPAC Name: oxo(oxostibanyloxy)stibane
SMILES: O=[Sb]O[Sb]=O
InchI Identifier: InChI=1S/3O.2Sb
InchI Key: ADCOVFLJGNWWNZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N



FIRST AID MEASURES of ANTIMONY (III) OXIDE:
-Description of first-aid measures:
*General advice:
Show this material safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
-If inhaled:
After inhalation:
Fresh air.
Call in physician.
-In case of skin contact:
Take off immediately all contaminated clothing.
Rinse skin with water/ shower.
Consult a physician.
-In case of eye contact:
After eye contact:
Rinse out with plenty of water.
Call in ophthalmologist.
Remove contact lenses.
-If swallowed:
After swallowing:
Immediately make victim drink water (two glasses at most).
Consult a physician.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed:
No data available



ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of ANTIMONY (III) OXIDE:
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Cover drains.
Collect, bind, and pump off spills.
Observe possible material restrictions.
Take up dry.
Dispose of properly.



FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of ANTIMONY (III) OXIDE:
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Use extinguishing measures that are appropriate to local circumstances and the surrounding environment.
*Unsuitable extinguishing media:
For this substance/mixture no limitations of extinguishing agents are given.
-Further information:
Suppress (knock down) gases/vapors/mists with a water spray jet.



EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of ANTIMONY (III) OXIDE:
-Control parameters:
--Ingredients with workplace control parameters:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use safety glasses.
*Skin protection:
Handle with gloves.
Wash and dry hands.
Full contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Splash contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
*Body Protection:
Protective clothing.
-Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.



HANDLING and STORAGE of ANTIMONY (III) OXIDE:
-Precautions for safe handling:
*Advice on safe handling:
Work under hood.
*Hygiene measures
Wash hands and face after working with substance.
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
*Storage conditions:
Tightly closed.
Dry.



STABILITY and REACTIVITY of ANTIMONY (III) OXIDE:
-Reactivity:
No data available
-Chemical stability:
The product is chemically stable under standard ambient conditions (room temperature) .
-Conditions to avoid:
no information available
-Incompatible materials:
No data available

Antimony Trioxide Production and properties of Antimony Trioxide Global production of Antimony trioxide in 2012 was 130,000 tonnes, an increase from 112,600 tonnes in 2002. China produces the largest share followed by US/Mexico, Europe, Japan and South Africa and other countries (2%). As of 2010, Antimony trioxide was produced at four sites in EU27. It is produced via two routes, re-volatilizing of crude Antimony trioxide and by oxidation of antimony metal. Oxidation of antimony metal dominates in Europe. Several processes for the production of crude Antimony trioxide or metallic antimony from virgin material. The choice of process depends on the composition of the ore and other factors. Typical steps include mining, crushing and grinding of ore, sometimes followed by froth flotation and separation of the metal using pyrometallurgical processes (smelting or roasting) or in a few cases (e.g. when the ore is rich in precious metals) by hydrometallurgical processes. These steps do not take place in the EU but closer to the mining location. Re-volatilizing of crude Antimony trioxide Step 1) Crude stibnite is oxidized to crude Antimony trioxide using furnaces operating at approximately 500 to 1,000 °C. The reaction is the following: 2 Sb2S3 + 9 O2 → 2 Sb2O3 + 6 SO2 Step 2) The crude Antimony trioxide is purified by sublimation. Oxidation of antimony metal Antimony metal is oxidized to Antimony trioxide in furnaces. The reaction is exothermic. Antimony trioxide is formed through sublimation and recovered in bag filters. The size of the formed particles is controlled by process conditions in furnace and gas flow. The reaction can be schematically described by: 4 Sb + 3 O2 → 2 Sb2O3 Properties of Antimony Trioxide Antimony trioxide is an amphoteric oxide, it dissolves in aqueous sodium hydroxide solution to give the meta-antimonite NaSbO2, which can be isolated as the trihydrate. Antimony trioxide also dissolves in concentrated mineral acids to give the corresponding salts, which hydrolyzes upon dilution with water. With nitric acid, the trioxide is oxidized to antimony(V) oxide. When heated with carbon, the oxide is reduced to antimony metal. With other reducing agents such as sodium borohydride or lithium aluminium hydride, the unstable and very toxic gas stibine is produced. When heated with potassium bitartrate, a complex salt potassium antimony tartrate, KSb(OH)2•C4H2O6 is formed. Structure of Antimony Trioxide The structure of Sb2O3 depends on the temperature of the sample. Dimeric Sb4O6 is the high temperature (1560 °C) gas. Sb4O6 molecules are bicyclic cages, similar to the related oxide of phosphorus(III), phosphorus trioxide. The cage structure is retained in a solid that crystallizes in a cubic habit. The Sb-O distance is 197.7 pm and the O-Sb-O angle of 95.6°. This form exists in nature as the mineral senarmontite. Above 606 °C, the more stable form is orthorhombic, consisting of pairs of -Sb-O-Sb-O- chains that are linked by oxide bridges between the Sb centers. This form exists in nature as the mineral valentinite. Uses of Antimony Trioxide The annual consumption of Antimony trioxide in the United States and Europe is approximately 10,000 and 25,000 tonnes, respectively. The main application is as flame retardant synergist in combination with halogenated materials. The combination of the halides and the antimony is key to the flame-retardant action for polymers, helping to form less flammable chars. Such flame retardants are found in electrical apparatuses, textiles, leather, and coatings. Other applications of Antimony Trioxide: Antimony trioxide is an opacifying agent for glasses, ceramics and enamels. Some specialty pigments contain antimony. Antimony trioxide is a useful catalyst in the production of polyethylene terephthalate (PET plastic) and the vulcanization of rubber. Safety of Antimony Trioxide Antimony trioxide has suspected carcinogenic potential for humans. Its TLV is 0.5 mg/m3, as for most antimony compounds. No other human health hazards were identified for Antimony trioxide, and no risks to human health and the environment were identified from the production and use of antimony trioxide in daily life. Properties of Antimony Trioxide Chemical formula Sb2O3 Molar mass 291.518 g/mol Appearance white solid Odor odorless Density 5.2 g/cm3, α-form 5.67 g/cm3 β-form Melting point 656 °C (1,213 °F; 929 K) Boiling point 1,425 °C (2,597 °F; 1,698 K) (sublimes) Solubility in water 370 ± 37 µg/L between 20.8°C and 22.9°C Solubility soluble in acid Magnetic susceptibility (χ) -69.4·10−6 cm3/mol Refractive index (nD) 2.087, α-form 2.35, β-form Antimony trioxides are used as synergists to increase the activity of halogenated flame retardants by hindering the chain reaction of the flame gas phase through stepwise release of the halogenated radicals. Antimony trioxide (ATO) is commonly used as a co-synergist with halogenated flame retardants to enhance their effectiveness. Recent comprehensive genotoxicity studies and a critical review by the European Commission have indicated that, contrary to the indications of earlier less well authenticated studies, antimony trioxide is not a genotoxic carcinogen. No adverse health effects are expected from antimony trioxide, although there remains some uncertainty on a possible cancer hazard arising from inhalation of particles, where better data on particular exposure is required. However, in most cases, exposure is probably minor compared with exposure to antimony trioxide from other sources in the domestic and urban environment. Brominated organic compounds and antimony trioxide traditionally used in molding compounds as flame retardants are known to have deleterious impacts on the environment. Brominated flame retardants (BFRs) are also referred to as halogenated flame retardants due to the presence of bromine (Br−), which is considered a halogen. Halogens are nonmetal elements from Group 17 in the new periodic table including fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, and astatine. The other substance of concern in conventional flame-retardant systems is antimony trioxide. Antimony trioxides are used as synergists to increase the activity of halogenated flame retardants by hindering the chain reaction of the flame gas phase through stepwise release of the halogenated radicals. What is antimony trioxide? Antimony trioxide is a chemical used in the manufacture of some polyethylene terephthalate (PET) plastic, which is used to make food and beverage containers. These include ovenproof or microwavable plastic trays, as well as some plastic water bottles. Antimony trioxide is also added to some flame retardants to make them more effective in consumer products, including upholstered furniture, textiles, carpeting, plastics, and children’s products. As of January 2020, California has banned the sale and distribution of new upholstered furniture, replacement components of reupholstered furniture, foam in mattresses, and certain children’s products made for residential use if these products contain more than 0.1% of certain flame retardant-related chemicals, including antimony trioxide. How does exposure to antimony trioxide occur? Antimony trioxide can leach into food and beverages from some containers made with antimony trioxide that are exposed to high temperatures (especially above 110 °F). Antimony trioxide can migrate into air and dust from some products made with antimony trioxide. During pregnancy, antimony trioxide can pass from mother to baby. This chapter reviews the physical and chemical properties, toxicokinetics, toxicological, epidemiological, and exposure data on antimony trioxide. The subcommittee used that information to characterize the health risk from exposure to antimony trioxide. The subcommittee also identified data gaps and recommended research relevant for determining the health risk from exposure to antimony trioxide. Antimony trioxide, also known as antimony oxide or Sb2O3, is the most widely produced compound of elemental antimony. The nations that produce the most antimony trioxide are China, South Africa, Bolivia, Russia, Tajikistan, and Kyrgyzstan. Typical applications for antimony trioxide include flame retardant synergist for use in plastics, rubber, paints, paper, textiles, and electronics; polyethylene terephthalate polymerization catalyst; a clarifying agent for glass; an opacifier for porcelain and enamel; and a white pigment for paint. When used as a flame retardant, antimony trioxide is often used in combination with halogenated compounds. Antimony trioxide is used as a synergist to enhance the activity of the halogenated flame retardant. In the absence of antimony trioxide about twice as much halogenated compound would be needed to reach the same level of flame retardancy. Antimony Trioxide is a white, odorless crystalline (sand-like) powder. It is used as a flame-proofing agent, in pigments and ceramics, to stain iron and copper, and to decolorize glass. What is Antimony Trioxide? Antimony trioxide is an industrial chemical and also occurs naturally in the environment. How is Antimony Trioxide used? In Canada, antimony trioxide is primarily used in combination with other compounds to provide flame retardant properties. Flame retardants used in household items such as mattress covers, furniture and carpets may contain antimony trioxide. Antimony trioxide is also used in the manufacturing of a plastic material known as polyethylene terephthalate (PET). Antimony trioxide is both manufactured in and imported into Canada. Why did the Government of Canada assess Antimony Trioxide? Prior to the assessment, antimony trioxide was identified as a potential concern for human health based on its classification by international organizations as a substance that was found to cause cancer in laboratory animals, and based on a high potential for exposure (not including workplace exposures) to the general population of Canada. Antimony trioxide was also considered to be a priority for assessment of potential risks to the environment; therefore, potential environmental effects were also evaluated in this screening assessment. How are Canadians exposed to it? The general population is expected to be exposed to low levels of antimony trioxide from environmental media (soil, drinking water, ambient air), from food and from contact with household items such as mattress covers, furniture and carpets that may contain antimony trioxide. How is Antimony Trioxide released to the environment? Antimony trioxide may be released to the environment via landfills and wastewater treatment systems as a result of industrial processes and through the use and disposal of consumer products containing this substance. Combustion of coal, non-ferrous metal production (smelters), antimony mining and abrasion of automobile brake pads are also expected to result in releases of antimony trioxide to the environment. What are the results of the assessment? The Government of Canada has conducted a science-based evaluation of antimony trioxide, called a screening assessment. Screening assessments address potential for harm to the general population (not including workplace exposures) and the environment. The Government of Canada has concluded that antimony trioxide is not harmful to the health of the general population at current levels of exposure. Additionally, although antimony trioxide has the potential to remain in the environment for a long time, it is not expected to accumulate in organisms or cause harm to organisms; therefore, the Government of Canada has also concluded that antimony trioxide is not entering the environment in a quantity or under conditions that constitute a danger to the environment. About Antimony trioxide Antimony trioxide is registered under the REACH Regulation and is manufactured in and / or imported to the European Economic Area, at ≥ 10 000 tonnes per annum. Antimony trioxide is used by consumers, in articles, by professional workers (widespread uses), in formulation or re-packing, at industrial sites and in manufacturing. Consumer Uses of Antimony Trioxide Antimony trioxide is used in the following products: pH regulators and water treatment products and polymers. Other release to the environment of Antimony trioxide is likely to occur from: indoor use and outdoor use resulting in inclusion into or onto a materials (e.g. binding agent in paints and coatings or adhesives). Article service life of Antimony Trioxide Release to the environment of Antimony trioxide can occur from industrial use: industrial abrasion processing with low release rate (e.g. cutting of textile, cutting, machining or grinding of metal), in the production of articles, formulation of mixtures and formulation in materials. Other release to the environment of Antimony trioxide is likely to occur from: outdoor use in long-life materials with low release rate (e.g. metal, wooden and plastic construction and building materials) and indoor use in long-life materials with low release rate (e.g. flooring, furniture, toys, construction materials, curtains, foot-wear, leather products, paper and cardboard products, electronic equipment). Antimony trioxide can be found in complex articles, with no release intended: vehicles, machinery, mechanical appliances and electrical/electronic products (e.g. computers, cameras, lamps, refrigerators, washing machines) and electrical batteries and accumulators. Antimony trioxide can be found in products with material based on: fabrics, textiles and apparel (e.g. clothing, mattress, curtains or carpets, textile toys), plastic (e.g. food packaging and storage, toys, mobile phones), metal (e.g. cutlery, pots, toys, jewellery), leather (e.g. gloves, shoes, purses, furniture), stone, plaster, cement, glass or ceramic (e.g. dishes, pots/pans, food storage containers, construction and isolation material), rubber (e.g. tyres, shoes, toys), wood (e.g. floors, furniture, toys) and paper (e.g. tissues, feminine hygiene products, nappies, books, magazines, wallpaper). Widespread uses by professional workers of Antimony Trioxide Antimony trioxide is used in the following products: adhesives and sealants, coating products, inks and toners, polymers, textile treatment products and dyes, pH regulators and water treatment products, lubricants and greases and paper chemicals and dyes. Antimony trioxide is used for the manufacture of: chemicals, plastic products, textile, leather or fur, wood and wood products, rubber products and mineral products (e.g. plasters, cement). Release to the environment of Antimony trioxide can occur from industrial use: industrial abrasion processing with low release rate (e.g. cutting of textile, cutting, machining or grinding of metal). Other release to the environment of Antimony trioxide is likely to occur from: indoor use, outdoor use resulting in inclusion into or onto a materials (e.g. binding agent in paints and coatings or adhesives), outdoor use in long-life materials with low release rate (e.g. metal, wooden and plastic construction and building materials), outdoor use in long-life materials with high release rate (e.g. tyres, treated wooden products, treated textile and fabric, brake pads in trucks or cars, sanding of buildings (bridges, facades) or vehicles (ships)) and indoor use in long-life materials with low release rate (e.g. flooring, furniture, toys, construction materials, curtains, foot-wear, leather products, paper and cardboard products, electronic equipment). Formulation or re-packing of Antimony Trioxide Antimony trioxide is used in the following products: polymers, coating products, laboratory chemicals and semiconductors. Antimony trioxide has an industrial use resulting in manufacture of another substance (use of intermediates). Release to the environment of Antimony trioxide can occur from industrial use: in the production of articles, formulation of mixtures, formulation in materials, manufacturing of the substance and as an intermediate step in further manufacturing of another substance (use of intermediates). Uses at industrial sites of Antimony Trioxide Antimony trioxide is used in the following products: polymers, laboratory chemicals, coating products, semiconductors, fillers, putties, plasters, modelling clay and inks and toners. Antimony trioxide has an industrial use resulting in manufacture of another substance (use of intermediates). Antimony trioxide is used in the following areas: formulation of mixtures and/or re-packaging and municipal supply (e.g. electricity, steam, gas, water) and sewage treatment. Antimony trioxide is used for the manufacture of: chemicals, machinery and vehicles, plastic products, mineral products (e.g. plasters, cement), electrical, electronic and optical equipment and textile, leather or fur. Release to the environment of Antimony trioxide can occur from industrial use: in the production of articles, as an intermediate step in further manufacturing of another substance (use of intermediates), formulation of mixtures, formulation in materials, manufacturing of the substance and as processing aid. Manufacture of Antimony Trioxide Release to the environment of Antimony trioxide can occur from industrial use: manufacturing of the substance, as an intermediate step in further manufacturing of another substance (use of intermediates), formulation in materials, in the production of articles and formulation of mixtures. Antimony Trioxide is an inorganic compound with the formula Sb2O4. This material, which exists as the mineral cervantite, is white but reversibly yellows upon heating. The material, with empirical formula SbO2, is called antimony tetroxide to signify the presence of two kinds of Sb centers. Antimony trioxide, together antimony tetroxide and antimony pentoxide, are the current three compounds forming between antimony and oxygen with industrial application. Antimony can form a series of oxide with oxygen such as Sb2O3, Sb2O4, Sb2O5, Sb6O13, and Sb2O as well as gaseous SbO. However, only the first three compounds have significance in industrial production with other oxides mostly being the transition product of various kinds of antimony production process. Antimony trioxide (Sb2O3, Mr291.50) is a dual-type substance including cubic crystal and monoclinic crystal type. For different crystal form, the density and refractive index also slightly differ. The density and refractive index of cubic crystal is 5.2 and 2.087, respectively while is 5.67 and 2.18 for the monoclinic crystal, respectively. The Sb2O3 commonly derived from hydrolysis of SbCl3 is rhombic crystal can burn to red heat in an inert gas or in vacuum and can generate square crystal upon sublimation. Antimony trioxide is a kind of white powder with the density being 5.67g/cm3. It becomes yellow when being heated and turn back to white upon being cooled. Upon 656 ℃, it can be molten into yellow or gray liquid with becoming white asbestos-like mercerizing substance. Antimony trioxide is slightly soluble in water, ethanol and dilute acid, easily soluble in concentrated hydrochloric acid, oxalic acid and tartaric acid, and is also soluble in fuming nitric acid and fuming sulfuric acid; it form antimonite upon be dissolved in alkali. Antimony trioxide has a low toxicity but has irritation effect on nose, eyes, throat and respiratory tract. Skin contact may induce dermatitis. Antimony trioxide mainly has two preparation methods including dry and wet. Dry method is through reducing the crude sulfur trioxide generated from the calcined sulfantimonide ore into metallic antimony in the presence of coke with soda as the melting promoting agent. The wet method is through leaching sulfur antimony ore with hydrochloric acid to generate antimony trichloride and further hydrolysis with caustic soda to obtain it. Antimony trioxide is a widely used flame retardant suitable to being used for polyethylene, polystyrene, polyvinyl chloride, polyester, epoxy resin, polyurethane and other plastics. However, it has low flame retardant effect when being used alone. Instead it has good synergistic effect when being used in combination with phosphates, chlorine-containing compounds (such as chlorinated paraffins, PCBs, perchloro-glutar-cyclodecane etc.), bromine-containing compounds (such as Hexabromobiphenyl, Hexabromobenzene) with the flame retardant performance being improved significantly. Combining of antimony trioxide with chloride or bromide can result in antimony trichloride or antimony bromide which is reactive and volatile substances which can promote the halogen movement and generation of carbides in its solid form as well as capturing free radicals in its gas form. These reactions can all contribute to flame retardancy. It is always combined with zinc oxide, sodium hydroxide, etc. to be used as brominated synergist flame retardant synergist for being applied to plastic fire prevention system. Antimony trioxide can also be used in the manufacture of antimony potassium tartrate, pigments, porcelain enamels, dyes and other media. It can also be used as a catalyst for polyester poly-condensation. Add the ammonia into the boiling liquid of antimony potassium (one part of antimony potassium tartrate K (SbO) C4H4O6 is dissolved in 10 parts of water); boil for a period of time, filtered, wash to give antimony trioxide. Among them, only trace amounts of silicon, magnesium has been detected from the antimony trioxide generated from the hydrolysis method through spectroscopy qualitative analysis. It is suitable as spectral analysis standard. Add 15 g of analytic purity grade antimony trioxide to the 500 mL beaker, further add 30ml of high purity hydrochloric acid (1 + 1), and dissolve it under stirring. Filter the solution with washed sand glass funnel to remove insoluble impurities. Further dilute it to 400 mL with high purity water when white chlorine oxide antimony is precipitated. Once the solution becomes clear, decant the supernatant liquid and wash the precipitate through decantation for several times. To the washed precipitate, add 200 mL of high-purity ammonia (1 + 25) and boil for 5~10min, when the antimony oxychloride all becomes antimony trioxide. The generated antimony trioxide particle is much smaller than the antimony oxychloride. Pour out the clearing solution and boil again for several times using the same method in dilute ammonia. Check the washed solution with silver nitrate; when the poured liquid no longer contains chlorine ions, all the antimony oxychloride has been completely converted to antimony trioxide. Then use high-purity water decantation for wash the precipitate for several times. Use Buchner funnel for filtration and then wash the precipitate with high purity water until the washed liquid becomes neutral again. The washed precipitate is dried in an oven at 150 ℃ to constant weight; take it out after cooling to get the final product of antimony trioxide. Preparation Antimony trioxide is obtained by roasting stibnite: 2 Sb2S3 + 9 O2 → 2Sb2O3 + 6SO2 Temperature and air feed is carefully controlled in the process to suppress any formation of antimony tetroxide (Sb2O4). Antimony trioxide is separated from any arsenic trioxide (As2O3) that may be present as an impurity by volatilization, as the latter is much more volatile than the former. It may be also prepared by alkaline hydrolysis of antimony trichloride and subsequent dehydration of hydrous oxide under controlled heating (rapid or vigorous heating may partially oxidize Sb(III) to Sb(V). Antimony trioxide also may be made by heating the metallic element with oxygen or air. The volatilizing trioxide is condensed and collected. General Description Diantimony trioxide is a white crystalline solid. Diantimony trioxide is insoluble in water. The primary hazard is the threat to the environment. Immediate steps should be taken to limit its spread to the environment. Diantimony trioxide is used to fireproof fabrics, paper and plastics, as a paint pigment and for many other uses.

Antimony trioxide (Sb2O3) is a slightly soluble, white crystalline powder.
Antimony Trioxide is produced by smelting antimony-containing ores or reacting antimony trichloride with water.
Antimony is not abundant in the earth’s crust.


CAS: 1309-64-4
EC Number: 215-175-0
Chemical Formula: Sb₂O₃
Hill Formula: O₃Sb₂


Antimony Trioxide is a white, odorless crystalline (sand-like) powder.
Antimony trioxide, also known as antimony oxide or Sb2O3, is the most widely produced compound of elemental antimony.
The nations that produce the most antimony trioxide are China, South Africa, Bolivia, Russia, Tajikistan, and Kyrgyzstan.


Antimony Trioxide is an inorganic compound of the formula Sb2O3.
This is the most important commercial compound of antimony.
Antimony Trioxide exists in nature as the minerals valentinite and senarmontite.


Like most polymer oxides, Antimony Trioxide dissolves in aqueous solutions by hydrolysis.
Mixed oxides of arsenic and antimony occur naturally in the very rare mineral stibioclaudetite.
Antimony trioxide is the chemical compound with the formula Sb2O3. Antimony Trioxide is the most important commercial compound of antimony.


Antimony Trioxide is found in nature as the minerals valentinite and senarmontite.
Antimony is a metallic element with the chemical symbol Sb and atomic number 51.
Small amounts of antimony are found in the earth's crust.


Antimony Trioxide may also be referred to as diantimony trioxide (DAT), antimony oxide, or in manufacturing as antimony white.
Antimony trioxide (Sb2O3) is a slightly soluble, white crystalline powder.
Antimony Trioxide is produced by smelting antimony-containing ores or reacting antimony trichloride with water.


Antimony is not abundant in the earth’s crust.
Antimony Trioxide is the inorganic compound with the formula Sb2O3.
Antimony Trioxideis the most important commercial compound of antimony.


Antimony Trioxide is found in nature as the minerals valentinite and senarmontite.
Like most polymeric oxides, Antimony Trioxide dissolves in aqueous solutions with hydrolysis.
A mixed arsenic-antimony oxide occurs in nature as the very rare mineral stibioclaudetite.


Antimony Trioxide is an indispensable synergist for halogenated flame retardants and an essential element for photovoltaic clarifiers.
Antimony(III) Oxide or Antimony Trioxide is a highly insoluble thermally stable Antimony source suitable for glass, optic and ceramic applications.
Antimony(III) Oxide is also available in pellets, pieces, powder, sputtering targets, tablets, and nanopowder (from American Elements' nanoscale production facilities).


We can also produce dust-free antimony trioxide and catalytic antimony trioxide.
Antimony Trioxide is the chemical compound with the formula Sb2O3.
Antimony Trioxide is the most important commercial compound of antimony.


Antimony trioxide is an inorganic compound.
Antimony Trioxide dissolves in aqueous solutions by hydrolysis.
Antimony Trioxide is a whitish powder and crystalline.


Antimony Trioxide is insoluble in nitric acid.
Antimony Trioxide can be used in the production of PET as a catalyst.
In same glasses Antimony Trioxide is an explanatory aid, in semiconductors it is an additive.


Antimony Trioxide is suitable to be preferred as a component in the manufacture of complex inorganic colored rutile pipments.
Antimony Trioxide is one of the most important commercial compounds.
The raw stat may become volatile again.


In same cases, Antimony Trioxide contains rich mining features.
Antimony Trioxide prevents foaming on the Windows.
Since Antimony Trioxide is flame retardant, added to colors, antimony trioxide looks even more vibrant.


Antimony Trioxide is usually available in various concentration. Special packaging requirements are available upon request.
Antimony Trioxide is stored in original packing and under conditions mentioned on the safety data sheet (SDS).
Antimony Trioxide is the most important commercial compound of antimony.


Antimony Trioxide is found in nature as the minerals valentinite and senarmontite and is mainly produced via the smelting of stibnite ore, which is oxidised to crude Sb2O3 using furnaces operating at approximately 850 to 1,000 °C.
When antimony reacts with air through heating, it forms an inorganic compound known as antimony trioxide.


Antimony trioxide is one of the essential compounds of antimony.
Antimony Trioxide is gray or white and exists in a cubic crystalline form.
Antimony Trioxide is also known as Atox B, Atox E, Antimony white, Flowers of Antimony, Blue star RG, and Antimony (III) oxide.



USES and APPLICATIONS of ANTIMONY TRIOXIDE:
Typical applications for Antimony Trioxide include flame retardant synergist for use in plastics, rubber, paints, paper, textiles, and electronics; polyethylene terephthalate polymerization catalyst; a clarifying agent for glass; an opacifier for porcelain and enamel; and a white pigment for paint.
When used as a flame retardant, antimony trioxide is often used in combination with halogenated compounds.


Antimony Trioxide is used as a synergist to enhance the activity of the halogenated flame retardant.
In the absence of Antimony Trioxide about twice as much halogenated compound would be needed to reach the same level of flame retardancy.
Antimony Trioxide is used mainly as a fire retardant in plastics, rubbers, textiles, paper, and paints.


Antimony Trioxide can also be used in ceramics, glass, pigments, lubricants, and in the manufacturing of chemical intermediates.
Antimony Trioxideis widely used as a fire retardant in the membranes of plastic industry ,the enclosures of electric devices and household electric appliances such as PVC, PP, PE, PS, ABS, PU, etc.


Antimony Trioxide is used as filling, covering agents and retardants for rubber, ceramics, enamels, fabrics, and fiber products.
Antimony Trioxide is used as pigments and retardants in oil paint and coating material industry.
Antimony Trioxide is used as retardants in synthetic resin and papers; Antimony Trioxide is used as catalytic agent in organic synthesis.


Antimony Trioxide is widely used as a fire retardant in the membranes of plastic industry ,the enclosures of electric devices and household electric appliances such as PVC, PP, PE, PS, ABS, PU, etc.
Antimony Trioxide is used as filling, covering agents and retardants for rubber, ceramics, enamels, fabrics, and fiber products.


Antimony Trioxide is used as pigments and retardants in oil paint and coating material industry.
Antimony Trioxide is used as retardants in synthetic resin and papers.
Antimony Trioxide is used as catalytic agent in organic synthesis.


Antimony Trioxide is used as a flame-proofing agent, in pigments and
ceramics, to stain iron and copper, and to decolorize glass.
Antimony oxide produces vapor-phase radical scavengers while used as flame retardant.


Antimony halides appear to form an important link in the radical scavenging cycle during flame retardancy.
Antimony trioxide(Sb2O3) and pentoxide(Sb2O5) are used along with halogen flame retardant additives or halogenated polymers due to their synergistic interaction arising from the formation of antimony trihalide.


As of January 2020, California has banned the sale and distribution of new upholstered furniture, replacement components of reupholstered furniture, foam in mattresses, and certain children’s products made for residential use if these products contain more than 0.1% of certain flame retardant-related chemicals, including antimony trioxide.


Antimony trioxide is a chemical added to some flame retardants to make them more effective in consumer products, including upholstered furniture, textiles, carpeting, plastics, and children’s products.
Antimony trioxide is also used to manufacture some polyethylene terephthalate (PET) plastic, which is used to make some ovenproof or microwavable plastic trays, as well as some plastic water bottles.


The annual consumption of Antimony Trioxide in the United States and Europe is approximately 10,000 and 25,000 tonnes, respectively.
The main application is as flame retardant synergist in combination with halogenated materials.
The combination of the halides and the antimony is key to the flame-retardant action for polymers, helping to form less flammable chars.


Such flame retardants are found in electrical apparatuses, textiles, leather, and coatings.
Antimony Trioxide is an opacifying agent for glasses, ceramics and enamels.
Some specialty pigments contain antimony.


Antimony Trioxide is a useful catalyst in the production of polyethylene terephthalate (PET plastic) and the vulcanization of rubber.
Antimony Trioxide is widely used as a flame retardant in plastics, rubber, textiles, chemical fibers, pigments, paints, paper, electronics and other industries, and as a defoamer for melting glass to remove bubbles.


Antimony Trioxide is used as a catalyst in polyester fiber.
Antimony Trioxide is used as covering agent and whitening agent in enamel and ceramic products.
Antimony Trioxide is used as a catalyst for polycondensation of ethylene terephthalate


Photovoltaic glass: Antimony Trioxide is used as clarifier in photovoltaic glass
Ceramics: Antimony Trioxide is used as opacifiers or color bodies in ceramics
Typically Antimony Trioxide is used as a flame retardant synergist in plastics, paints, adhesives, sealants, textiles, rubber and electronics.


Antimony Trioxide is also used in glass as a refining agent to decolorize and degasify the glass.
Antimony Trioxide is used flame retardant for textiles, polymers, and coatings.
Antimony Trioxide is used opacifying agent for glasses, ceramics and enamels.


Antimony Trioxide is used pigment antimony white.
The main application of Antimony Trioxide is as flame retardant synergist in combination with halogenated materials.
The combination of the halides and the antimony is key to the flame-retardant action for polymers, helping to form less flammable chars.


Such flame retardants are found in electrical apparatuses, textiles, leather, and coatings.
Antimonious oxide is widely used as a flame retardant for rubber and plastic materials.
In its pure state Antimony Trioxide is used in pharmaceutical products.


In the chemical industry Antimony Trioxide is used as an intermediate for the preparation of metallic antimony; in the glass industry it is used to de-colourise glass, in the ceramic industry and in galvanic technology
Antimony Trioxide is used as a polyester catalyst.


Antimony Trioxide is mainly used as polyester polycondensation catalyst.
More than 80% of Antimony Trioxide is used as a flame retardant additive for various type of plastics, rubbers, and fibers, with the balance used mainly for polyester polymerization catalysts, variable resistors, decolorizing and fining of optical lenses, and as pigments.


The use of small quantities of Antimony Trioxide for plastics together with halogenated compound is a common and efficient method to obtain flame retardant effectiveness without detracting from the original properties of the plastics.
Antimony Trioxide is mainly used as a flame retardant.


-Flame retardant:
Antimony Trioxide is an indispensable synergist for halogen flame retardants, which increases flame retardancy.
As a flame retardant, Antimony Trioxide is widely used in plastics, rubber, adhesives, sealing rings, textiles, chemical fibers, pigments, paints, paper, electronics, etc. industry


-Other applications of Antimony Trioxide:
*To obtain pure antimony.
*Antimony (III) oxide is an opacifying agent for glasses, ceramics and enamels.
*Some specialty pigments contain antimony.
*Antimony (III) oxide is a useful catalyst in the production of polyethylene terephthalate (PET plastic) and the vulcanization of rubber.



IN WHICH AREAS IS ANTIMONY TRIOXIDE USED?
*PAINT INDUSTRY
*PLASTIC INDUSTRY
*ADHESIVES
*GLASS
*AMPOULE
*CABLE INDUSTRY
*CERAMIC AND ENAMEL
*AUTOMOTIVE
*TEXTILE INDUSTRY



PREPARATION OF ANTIMONY TRIOXIDE:
As the primary oxide of antimony, Antimony Trioxide is prepared by burning elemental antimony in air:
4Sb + 3O2 → 2Sb2O3
Alternatively, antimonide minerals can be roasted to give the same products.



STRUCTURE OF ANTIMONY TRIOXIDE:
The structure of Antimony Trioxide depends on the temperature of the sample.
Only at very high temperatures does the molecule Sb2O3 exist.
At moderate temperatures, the gas consists of Sb4O6.

These molecules are bicyclic cages, similar to the related oxide of phosphorus, phosphorus trioxide.
The cage structure is retained in a solid that crystallizes in a cubic habit.
The Sb-O distance is 1.977 Å and the O-Sb-O angle of 95.6°.

This materials exists in nature as the mineral senarmontite.
Below 606 °C, the more stable form of is orthorhombic, consisting of pairs -Sb-O-Sb-O- chains that are linked by oxide bridges between the Sb centers.
This form exists in nature as the mineral valentinite.

Antimony trioxide is an amphoteric oxide, dissolving in alkaline solution to give antimonites and in acid solution to given a range of polyantimonous acids.
Antimony Trioxide can be readily oxidized to antimony pentoxide or other antimony(V) compounds, but is also easily reduced to antimony, sometimes with production of stibine.



PRODUCTION AND PROPERTIES OF ANTIMONY TRIOXIDE:
In 2012, global Antimony Trioxide production was 130,000 tonnes, up from 112,600 tonnes in 2002.
China produces the largest share, followed by the US/Mexico, Europe, Japan, South Africa and other countries (2%).
As of 2010, antimony(III) oxide was produced at four locations in the EU27.

Antimony Trioxide is produced by two routes: revolatilization of crude antimony(III) oxide and oxidation of metal antimony.
In Europe, oxidation of antimony metal is the mainstream.
Several processes for producing crude antimony(III) oxide or antimony metal from virgin materials.

Process selection depends on ore composition and other factors.
Typical steps include mining, crushing, and crushing of the ore, sometimes followed by foam flotation and metal separation using pyrometallurgical processes (refining or roasting), sometimes In some cases (e.g. when the ore is rich in precious metals) the metals are separated by hydrometallurgical processes.
These procedures take place close to the mining site, not in the EU.



ALTERNATIVE PARENTS OF ANTIMONY TRIOXIDE:
*Inorganic antimony salts
*Metalloid salts
*Inorganic oxides



SUBSTITUENTS OF ANTIMONY TRIOXIDE:
*Metalloid oxide
*Inorganic antimony salt
*Inorganic oxide
*Inorganic salt
*Inorganic metalloid salt



OTHER ANIONS OF ANTIMONY TRIOXIDE:
*Antimony trisulfide
*Antimony triselenide
*Antimony telluride



OTHER CATIONS OF ANTIMONY TRIOXIDE:
*Dinitrogen trioxide
*Phosphorus trioxide
*Arsenic trioxide
*Bismuth trioxide



RELATED COMPOUNDS OF ANTIMONY TRIOXIDE:
*Diantimony tetraoxide
*Antimony pentoxide



PRODUCTION AND PROPERTIES OF ANTIMONY TRIOXIDE:
Global production of Antimony Trioxide in 2012 was 130,000 tonnes, an increase from 112,600 tonnes in 2002.
China produces the largest share followed by US/Mexico, Europe, Japan and South Africa and other countries (2%).

As of 2010, Antimony Trioxide was produced at four sites in EU27.
Antimony Trioxide is produced via two routes, re-volatilizing of crude antimony(III) oxide and by oxidation of antimony metal.
Oxidation of antimony metal dominates in Europe.

Several processes for the production of crude Antimony Trioxide or metallic antimony from virgin material.
The choice of process depends on the composition of the ore and other factors.

Typical steps include mining, crushing, and grinding of ore, sometimes followed by froth flotation and separation of the metal using pyrometallurgical processes (smelting or roasting) or in a few cases (e.g. when the ore is rich in precious metals) by hydrometallurgical processes.
These steps do not take place in the EU but closer to the mining location.
Re-volatilizing of crude Antimony Trioxide:

Step 1)
Crude stibnite is oxidized to crude Antimony Trioxide using furnaces operating at approximately 500 to 1,000 °C.
The reaction is the following:
2 Sb2S3 + 9 O2 → 2 Sb2O3 + 6 SO2

Step 2)
The crude Antimony Trioxide is purified by sublimation.
Oxidation of antimony metal:
Antimony metal is oxidized to Antimony Trioxide in furnaces.
The reaction is exothermic.

Antimony Trioxide is formed through sublimation and recovered in bag filters.
The size of the formed particles is controlled by process conditions in furnace and gas flow.
The reaction can be schematically described by:
4 Sb + 3 O2 → 2 Sb2O3



PROPERTIES OF ANTIMONY TRIOXIDE:
Antimony Trioxide is an amphoteric oxide.
Antimony Trioxide dissolves in aqueous sodium hydroxide solution to give the meta-antimonite NaSbO2, which can be isolated as the trihydrate.
Antimony Trioxide also dissolves in concentrated mineral acids to give the corresponding salts, which hydrolyzes upon dilution with water.
With nitric acid, the trioxide is oxidized to antimony(V) oxide.

When heated with carbon, the oxide is reduced to antimony metal.
With other reducing agents such as sodium borohydride or lithium aluminium hydride, the unstable and very toxic gas stibine is produced.
When heated with potassium bitartrate, a complex salt potassium antimony tartrate, KSb(OH)2•C4H2O6, is formed.



ANTIMONY TRIOXIDE STRUCTURE:
The structure of Sb2O3 depends on the temperature of the sample. Dimeric Sb4O6 is the high temperature (1560 °C) gas.
Sb4O6 molecules are bicyclic cages, similar to the related oxide of phosphorus(III), phosphorus trioxide.
The cage structure is retained in a solid that crystallizes in a cubic habit.
The Sb-O distance is 197.7 pm and the O-Sb-O angle of 95.6°.

This form exists in nature as the mineral senarmontite.
Above 606 °C, the more stable form is orthorhombic, consisting of pairs of -Sb-O-Sb-O- chains that are linked by oxide bridges between the Sb centers.
This form exists in nature as the mineral valentinite.



STRUCTURE OF ANTIMONY TRIOXIDE:
Antimony Trioxide structure varies depending on the temperature of the sample.
For instance, dimeric Sb4O6 is discovered under high temperatures.
The Sb4O6 molecules appear as bicyclic cages that look the same as related oxides of phosphorous trioxide and phosphorous (III).
This cage structure of Antimony Trioxide is maintained in a cubic habit.
A more stable orthorhombic form with pairs of Sb-O chains is discovered if Antimony Trioxide is exposed to temperatures below 606 °C.



FLAME RETARDANCY, ANTIMONY TRIOXIDE:
A significant amount of Antimony Trioxide produced annually goes to enhance flame retardancy.
Antimony Trioxide is added to certain flame retardants, making them efficient in consumer products such as textiles, upholstered furniture, children’s products, and plastics.

In its physical state, Antimony Trioxide has no flame-retardant properties.
However, when combined with other compounds, Antimony Trioxide acts as a synergist.
Typically, Antimony Trioxide combines with halogenated compounds to create chemical compounds with flame retardant properties.

The process involves:
Stopping the thermal decomposition reaction under gas
Sealing against oxygen
The carbonaceous char is formed under the solid phase

PET production:
Antimony trioxide is also used as a catalyst in producing polyethylene terephthalate (PET).
Polyethylene terephthalate is a polymer commonly used in bottles, films, and synthetic fibers.
It is also among the most popular materials in the beverage and food packaging industry.

It is a suitable material because it is lightweight and impermeable to CO2.
As with other compounds in PET, antimony can be used to migrate water into the bottles.
However, current legislation establishes migration limits for antimony trioxide and other compounds.

The amount of antimony used in the preparation of PET may range from 100-300 mg/kg.
This implies that a one-liter bottle can contain 3-9 milligrams of antimony.
The high amount shows that the set limits can exceed if total migration occurs.
For that reason, further studies have been carried out to determine the leaching or migration of the substance.



PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF ANTIMONY TRIOXIDE:
The inorganic compound, Antimony Trioxide, has a density of 5.7 g cm3 and a vapor density of 10 (air = 1).
The boiling point of Antimony Trioxide is 1425°C, and the melting point of Antimony Trioxideis 1425°C.
Antimony Trioxide is only soluble with hydrolysis, where it forms an aqueous solution.
However, Antimony Trioxide is marginally water soluble.



PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of ANTIMONY TRIOXIDE:
CAS number: 1309-64-4
EC index number: 051-005-00-X
EC number: 215-175-0
Hill Formula: O₃Sb₂
Chemical formula: Sb₂O₃
Molar Mass: 291.52 g/mol
HS Code: 2825 80 00
Molar Mass: 291.52 g/mol
Boiling point: 1550 °C (1013 hPa)
Density: 5.2 g/cm3 (20 °C)
Melting Point: 655 °C (sublimed)
Vapor pressure: 13.3 hPa (660 °C)
Bulk density: 800 - 1300 kg/m3
Solubility: 2.70 mg/l
Physical state: powder
Color: No data available
Odor: No data available
Melting point/freezing point:
Melting point/range: 655 °C - lit.

Initial boiling point and boiling range: 1.550 °C - lit.
Flammability (solid, gas): The product is not flammable.
Upper/lower flammability or explosive limits: No data available
Flash point: Not applicable
Autoignition temperature: No data available
Decomposition temperature: No data available
pH: No data available
Viscosity
Viscosity, kinematic: No data available
Viscosity, dynamic: No data available
Water solubility: 0,0287 g/l at 20 °C
Partition coefficient: n-octanol/water: Not applicable for inorganic substances
Vapor pressure: No data available
Density: ca.5,2 g/cm3 at 20 °C
Relative density: 5,9 at 24 °C
Relative vapor density: No data available
Particle characteristics: No data available
Explosive properties: No data available
Oxidizing properties: none
Other safety information: No data available

Chemical formula: Sb2O3
Molar mass: 291.518 g/mol
Appearance: white solid
Odor: odorless
Density: 5.2 g/cm3, α-form, 5.67 g/cm3 β-form
Melting point: 656 °C (1,213 °F; 929 K)
Boiling point: 1,425 °C (2,597 °F; 1,698 K) (sublimes)
Solubility in water: 370 ± 37 µg/L between 20.8°C and 22.9°C
Solubility: soluble in acid
Magnetic susceptibility (χ): -69.4·10−6 cm3/mol
Refractive index (nD): 2.087, α-form, 2.35, β-form
Structure
Crystal structure: cubic (α)orthorhombic (β): >570 °C
Coordination geometry: pyramidal
Dipole moment: zero
Compound Formula: O3Sb2
Molecular Weight: 291.52
Appearance: white solid
Melting Point: 656 °C
Boiling Point: 1425 °C (sublimes)
Density: 5.2 g/cm3
Solubility in H2O: N/A
Exact Mass: 368.016 g/mol
Monoisotopic Mass: 289.792388 Da



FIRST AID MEASURES of ANTIMONY TRIOXIDE:
-Description of first-aid measures:
*General advice:
Show this material safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
*If inhaled:
After inhalation:
Fresh air.
Call in physician.
*In case of skin contact:
Take off immediately all contaminated clothing.
Rinse skin with water/ shower.
Consult a physician.
*In case of eye contact:
After eye contact:
Rinse out with plenty of water.
Call in ophthalmologist.
Remove contact lenses.
*If swallowed:
After swallowing:
Immediately make victim drink water (two glasses at most).
Consult a physician.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed:
No data available



ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of ANTIMONY TRIOXIDE:
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Cover drains.
Collect, bind, and pump off spills.
Observe possible material restrictions.
Take up dry.
Dispose of properly.
Clean up affected area.



FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of ANTIMONY TRIOXIDE:
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Use extinguishing measures that are appropriate to local circumstances and the
surrounding environment.
*Unsuitable extinguishing media:
For this substance/mixture no limitations of extinguishing agents are given.
-Further information:
Prevent fire extinguishing water from contaminating surface water or the ground water system



EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of ANTIMONY TRIOXIDE:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use equipment for eye protection.
Safety glasses
*Skin protection:
Full contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Splash contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
*Body Protection:
protective clothing
-Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.



HANDLING and STORAGE of ANTIMONY TRIOXIDE:
-Precautions for safe handling:
*Advice on safe handling:
Work under hood.
*Hygiene measures:
Immediately change contaminated clothing.
Apply preventive skin protection.
Wash hands and face after working with substance.
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
*Storage conditions:
Tightly closed.
Dry.
Keep locked up or in an area accessible only to qualified or authorized persons.
*Storage class:
Storage class (TRGS 510): 13: Non Combustible Solids



STABILITY and REACTIVITY of ANTIMONY TRIOXIDE:
-Reactivity:
No data available
-Chemical stability:
The product is chemically stable under standard ambient conditions (room temperature) .
-Conditions to avoid:
no information available
-Incompatible materials:
No data available



SYNONYMS:
Antimony(III) oxide
Antimony sesquioxide
Antimonous oxide
Flowers of Antimony
Antimony sesquioxide, Antimonous oxide, Flowers of Antimony

Antioxidant BHT is an organic compound that is used in the food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industry as an antioxidant.
Antioxidant BHT is a substituted derivative of phenol.
Antioxidant BHT helps to prevent the formation of free radicals and oxidation.


CAS Number: 128-37-0
EC Number: 204-881-4
E number: E321 (antioxidants, ...)
Chemical formula: C15H24O



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Antioxidant BHT is a phenolic antioxidant used in the preservation of a wide variety of products, including shelf-stable baked goods.
Antioxidant BHT is an antioxidant for preventing spoilage of fats and oils in baked goods.
Antioxidant BHT is a synthetically aromatic organic compound derived from the reaction of 4-methoxyphenol and isobutylene, catalyzed by sulphuric acid.


Antioxidant BHT was patented in 1947.
Antioxidant BHT sometimes appears alone in a food, but often is used in combination with other chemicals that also have an antioxidant activity, including BHA, PG, TBHQ, citric acid, phosphoric acid, and ascorbic acid.


Antioxidant BHT's effectiveness increases with the addition of synergists.
Antioxidant BHT is an organic compound that is used in the food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industry as an antioxidant.
Antioxidant BHT is a substituted derivative of phenol.


Antioxidant BHT helps to prevent the formation of free radicals and oxidation.
A large review from 2002 concluded that Antioxidant BHT is safe for use on the skin in cosmetics.
Antioxidant BHT, a potent synthetic antioxidant sometimes used to help stabilize light- and air-sensitive cosmetic ingredients such as retinol and unsaturated fatty acids.


The amount of Antioxidant BHT uses in cosmetic products is typically 0.0002%-0.5%.
Such low amounts do not pose a risk to skin (indeed, the safety assessment found Antioxidant BHT was non-irritating) nor does it penetrate skin far enough to be absorbed into the bloodstream.


The European Union’s Scientific Committee on Consumer Safety concluded in December 2021 that “Antioxidant BHT is safe as an ingredient up to a maximum concentration of 0.8% in other leave-on and rinse-off products.”
Antioxidant BHT is a colorless crystal or white crystalline powder, odorless, tasteless.


Antioxidant BHT is soluble in ethanol (25%,25 ° C), acetone (40%), benzene (40%), soybean oil, cottonseed oil, insoluble in water, glycerol, propylene glycol.
Antioxidant BHT is a phenolic antioxidant used in the preservation of a wide variety of products, including shelf-stable baked goods.


Antioxidant BHT is an excellent general phenolic antioxidant, non-toxic, non-flammable, non-corrosive, and has good storage stability.
Antioxidant BHT is an excellent general phenolic antioxidant, non-toxic, non-flammable, non-corrosive, and has good storage stability.
Antioxidant BHT can inhibit or delay the oxidative degradation of plastics or rubber and prolong the service life.


Antioxidant BHT is an antioxidant shown to be chemopreventive against a variety of carcinogens
Antioxidant BHT is an antioxidant shown to be chemopreventive against a variety of carcinogens.
As an antioxidant, Antioxidant BHT acts as a free radical scavenger, binding to and neutralizing these highly reactive molecules in the body.


By doing so, Antioxidant BHT helps protect cells from damage and reduces oxidative stress, which can otherwise lead to cell damage.
Antioxidant BHT, is a fat-soluble substance recognized for its powerful antioxidant properties.
Antioxidant BHT is a lab-made chemical that is added to foods as a preservative.


Antioxidant BHT is an antioxidant.
Antioxidant BHT may damage the protective outer layer of viral cells. This may keep the viruses from multiplying and/or doing more damage.
Antioxidant BHT, also known as dibutylhydroxytoluene, is a lipophilic organic compound, chemically a derivative of phenol, that is useful for its antioxidant properties.



USES and APPLICATIONS of ANTIOXIDANT BHT:
Antioxidant BHT is listed by the NIH Hazardous Substances Data Bank under several categories in catalogues and databases, such as food additive, household product ingredient, industrial additive, personal care product/cosmetic ingredient, pesticide ingredient, plastic/rubber ingredient and medical/veterinary/research.


Antioxidant BHT is used as a preservative ingredient in some foods.
With this usage Antioxidant BHT maintains freshness or prevents spoilage; it may be used to decrease the rate at which the texture, color, or flavor of food changes.


Antioxidant BHT is also used as an antioxidant in products such as metalworking fluids, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, rubber, transformer oils, and embalming fluid.
In the petroleum industry, where Antioxidant BHT is known as the fuel additive AO-29, it is used in hydraulic fluids, turbine and gear oils, and jet fuels.


Antioxidant BHT is also used to prevent peroxide formation in organic ethers and other solvents and laboratory chemicals.
Antioxidant BHT is added to certain monomers as a polymerisation inhibitor to facilitate their safe storage.
Some additive products contain Antioxidant BHT as their primary ingredient, while others contain the chemical merely as a component of their formulation, sometimes alongside butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA).


Antioxidant BHT is used in various cosmetic products, including certain formulas containing fats or in aqueous emulsions containing certain active ingredients or plant extracts.
Antioxidant BHT is an antioxidant used in certain products to stabilise and protect the raw materials themselves, and less as an ingredient in and of itself.


Antioxidant BHT can resist high temperatures (unlike some natural antioxidants): it is therefore very useful in certain raw material manufacturing processes.
We only use Antioxidant BHT as an ingredient for its antioxidant properties, helping to protect the products from oxidation and ensure the quality and stability of formulas.


Antioxidant BHT is a human-made chemical used as a preservative in foods and cosmetics.
Antioxidant BHT is regularly used to preserve fats, color, texture, and oils in these products.
Antioxidant BHT is commonly used as a preservative in cosmetics and foods.


When used in food products, Antioxidant BHT delays oxidative rancidity of fats and oils, and prevents loss of activity of oil-soluble vitamins.
Antioxidant BHT may be found in pharmaceutical gels, creams and liquid or gelatin capsules, tablets and other pharmaceutical dosage forms.
The ability of oral Antioxidant BHT to lead to cancer is a controversial topic, but most food industries have replaced it with butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA).


Add Antioxidant BHT directly to the shortening, as well as to baked goods containing fats, to prevent fat rancidity.
Antioxidant BHT is not thermally stable.
Antioxidant BHT evaporates at a temperature below 100oC, and evaporates/decomposes completely at 250oC.


Antioxidant BHT has the least thermal resistance among synthetic antioxidants like PG (propyl gallate), BHA (butylated hydroxyanisole) and TBHQ (tertiary-butyl hydroquinone).
Antioxidant BHT is a synthetic antioxidant commonly used in various industries for its ability to inhibit the oxidation of substances, thereby extending their shelf life and maintaining their quality.


Antioxidant BHT finds applications in rubber, food, and several other industries.
Printing Inks uses of Antioxidant BHT: Ink Stabilizer: Antioxidant BHT is used as an antioxidant in printing inks to prevent ink oxidation, which can lead to color changes and poor print quality.


Adhesives and Sealants uses of Antioxidant BHT: Oxidation Inhibitor: Antioxidant BHT can be added to adhesives and sealants to improve their shelf life and resistance to aging, ensuring that they remain effective and durable.
Antioxidant BHT is a stabiliser that can be found in cosmetic products.


Antioxidant BHT acts as an antioxidant that helps maintain the properties and performance of a product as it is exposed to air (to avoid a change in odor, in color, in texture...).
Antioxidant BHT is a versatile and highly effective anti-oxidant used to protect vegetable oils, butters such as (shea and cocoa) and finished products such as creams, balms and lotions from the effects of oxidation.


Antioxidant BHT is normally used at a rate of 0.05 - 0.2% depending on the oil or product to be protected.
Antioxidant BHT is used as rubber, plastic antioxidant, gasoline, transformer oil, turbine oil, animal and vegetable oil, food and other antioxidants
Antioxidant BHT has light, thermal stability, heating can be volatilized with water vapor, the metal ion does not change color.


Antioxidant BHT is 2, 6-ditert-butyl (1, 1-dimethylethyl)-4-methylphenol.
The content of C15H240 of Antioxidant BHT shall not be less than 98.5% calculated as anhydrous.
Antioxidant BHT is a non-staining, hindered phenolic antioxidant that protects polymer against heat and oxygen.


Antioxidant BHT exhibits high reactivity with free radicals, due to which it makes an efficient peroxide retarder to remove initial peroxide radicals formed and slows scorch time.
Antioxidant BHT is used in elastomers like block copolymer, SBR, EPDM, NBR, CR, natural- and synthetic rubber.


Antioxidant BHT also finds applications in PP, polyols, ABS, LDPE, HDPE, PS, PVC, polybutylene and hydrocarbon resin.
Antioxidant BHT is suitable in fatty acids, transmission fluids, transformer-, lubricating-, synthetic- and specialty oils.
Recommended dosage level of Antioxidant BHT in peroxide retarder is 0.25-0.50 phr, for the general purpose is 0.5-4 phr and is complies with US FDA.


Antioxidant BHT is an antioxidant for use in cosmetics and fragrance products, such as perfume.
Antioxidant BHT dissolves in DPG, alcohol, vegetable oil and the like, but not or hardly in water.
When used in a product that mainly consists of water, you can first dissolve Antioxidant BHT in, for example, DPG and then use this mixture.


The usual dose of Antioxidant BHT is 0.1%, or 1 gram per kilogram.
In perfumes Antioxidant BHT is best to dissolve the BHT in the mixture of fragrances (concentrate), it usually dissolves better in it than in alcohol.
Many fragrances already contain Antioxidant BHT or another antioxidant.


Use Antioxidant BHT in products that are sensitive to oxygen from the air, such as perfumes, fragrances, creams (in the fat phase) and oily cosmetics.
Antioxidant BHT can be used in chewing gum, meat products, cereals, snack foods, beer, etc.
Antioxidant BHT is a synthetic antioxidant used as a preservative in food, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals.


Antioxidant BHT is also used as a dietary supplement to help protect against oxidative damage.
Antioxidant BHT is a substance used to preserve food by retarding deterioration, rancidity, or discoloration due to oxidation.
Antioxidant BHT appears as white crystals or a crystalline powder.


Antioxidant BHT is suitable for polyolefin and olefin copolymer, polycarbonate, polyamide and other engineering plastics, rubber and elastomer, coatings and adhesives.
Antioxidant BHT is used in all kinds of general plastic, rubber, elastomer and oil products.


Antioxidant BHT is suitable for all kinds of animal, and vegetable oil products and other kinds of grain and oil foods, snack foods, food packaging materials, and food-grade plastic products.
Antioxidant BHT is widely used in all kinds of cosmetics, and all kinds of sporting goods, and replace industrial-grade antioxidants (T501) widely used in industrial and engineering plastic products, PU paste, polyether, high-grade paints and coatings, anti-corrosion materials, etc.


Antioxidant BHT is also for lubricating oil, secondary processing gasoline, paraffin, mineral oil, polypropylene, polyethylene, polystyrene, ABS resin, polyester, cellulose resin, and foam stabilizers antioxidant.
Antioxidant BHT is a non-polluting antioxidant stabilizer for natural rubber, butadiene rubber, styrene-butadiene rubber, neoprene rubber, nitrile rubber, butyl rubber, isoprene rubber, ethylene propylene rubber, transformer oil, various types of latex products (especially white or light rubber products, latex).


Antioxidant BHT is a non-staining, hindered phenolic antioxidant commonly used in a wide variety of applications including plastics, elastomers, petroleum products, and food.
Antioxidant BHT is available in several physical forms, including crystalline.


Antioxidant BHT is used Rubber antioxidant and antiozonant.
Antioxidant BHT is an antioxidant and used as preservative in foods, animal feed, animal and vegetable oils, petroleum products, rubber, and plastics.
BHA (butylated hydroxyanisole) and Antioxidant BHT are closely related synthetic antioxidants used as preservatives in lipsticks and moisturizers, among other cosmetics.


They are also widely used as food preservatives.
Antioxidant BHT is probably the most efficient anti-oxidant used in perfumery.
Antioxidant BHT is almost odourless in use but as a pure white to off-white crystalline powder has a very faint musty cresylic phenolic odour.


Antioxidant BHT is used from 0.1% in citrus oils, alipihatic aldehydes, fixed oils and many other oxygen sensitive materials, compounds and finished products it can greatly extend their shelf and odour life and also slow down, but not completely stop, colour changes.
Antioxidant BHT and Butylated Hydroxyanisole (BHA) are among the main antioxidants of the world.


These products have a very wide usage area such as animal oils, vegetable oils, oils with high amount of solids, foods with low oil rate, sweets, essential oils and frying process foods.
Antioxidant BHT and BHA Antioxidants are used to prevent taste, color and smell deterioration of your food flavourers.


People also use Antioxidant BHT as medicine.
Antioxidant BHT is used to treat genital herpes and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).
Some people apply Antioxidant BHT directly to the skin for cold sores.


Antioxidant BHT is widely used to prevent free radical-mediated oxidation in fluids (e.g. fuels, oils) and other materials, and the regulations overseen by the U.S. F.D.A.—which considers Antioxidant BHT to be "generally recognized as safe"—allow small amounts to be added to foods.
Despite this, and the earlier determination by the National Cancer Institute that Antioxidant BHT was noncarcinogenic in an animal model, societal concerns over its broad use have been expressed.


Antioxidant BHT has also been postulated as an antiviral drug, but as of December 2022, use of Antioxidant BHT as a drug is not supported by the scientific literature and it has not been approved by any drug regulatory agency for use as an antiviral.


-Rubber Industry uses of Antioxidant BHT:
*Antioxidant in Rubber Products:
Antioxidant BHT is added to rubber compounds to prevent oxidation and degradation of rubber materials.

Rubber products, such as tires, belts, gaskets, and seals, are vulnerable to environmental factors like heat, oxygen, and UV radiation, which can cause them to crack and deteriorate.
Antioxidant BHT helps protect these rubber products from premature aging and deterioration.


-Food Industry uses of Antioxidant BHT:
*Food Preservative:
Antioxidant BHT is used as a food additive (E321) to extend the shelf life of various food products.
Antioxidant BHT is commonly added to oils and fats, such as cooking oils, to prevent them from becoming rancid due to oxidation.
Antioxidant BHT can also be found in a wide range of processed foods, including snacks, cereals, and baked goods, to prevent spoilage and maintain product freshness.


-Cosmetics and Personal Care Products uses of Antioxidant BHT:
*Antioxidant in Beauty Products:
Antioxidant BHT is used in cosmetics and personal care products, such as lotions, lip balms, and creams, to prevent the oxidative degradation of oils and other sensitive ingredients.
This helps maintain the quality and stability of these products over time.


-Pharmaceuticals uses of Antioxidant BHT:
*Stabilizer:
Antioxidant BHT is used in some pharmaceutical formulations to stabilize drug compounds that are susceptible to oxidation.
Antioxidant BHT helps maintain the efficacy and stability of certain medications.


-Plastics Industry uses of Antioxidant BHT:
*Polymer Stabilizer:
Antioxidant BHT is used as a polymer stabilizer in the plastics industry.
Antioxidant BHT helps prevent the degradation of plastics caused by exposure to heat and UV radiation, which can lead to discoloration and reduced mechanical properties.


-Petroleum Industry uses of Antioxidant BHT:
*Fuel and Lubricant Additive:
Antioxidant BHT is added to fuels and lubricants to prevent oxidation and degradation, which can lead to the formation of harmful deposits and a decrease in performance.
Antioxidant BHT is particularly useful in the aviation industry to maintain the quality of aviation fuels.



FEATURES AND USES OF ANTIOXIDANT BHT:
Antioxidant BHT is widely used in industrial and engineering plastic products, PU slurry, polyether, high-grade paints and coatings, anti-corrosion materials; is lubricating oil, secondary processing gasoline, paraffin, mineral oil, polypropylene, polyethylene, polystyrene, ABS resin, polyester, cellulose resin, foam antioxidant stabilizer.

Antioxidant BHT is non-polluting antioxidant stabilizer for natural rubber, butadiene rubber, styrene butadiene rubber, neoprene, nitrile rubber, butyl rubber, isoprene rubber, ethylene propylene rubber, transformer oil, all kinds of latex products (especially white or light rubber products, latex products).
The mechanism of T501 is slightly less than food-grade Antioxidant BHT, the amount of addition should be higher than BHT.



FUNCTION OF ANTIOXIDANT BHT:
Antioxidant BHT is used in foods that contain oil and fat.
Antioxidant BHT functions as an antioxidant for preventing spoilage of fats and oils in baked goods by binding oxygen molecules.
Oxygen molecules react preferentially with Antioxidant BHT rather than oxidizing the fats or oils. In addition, this action preserves food aroma, color, and flavor.



WHAT PRODUCTS HAVE ANTIOXIDANT BHT IN THEM?
Antioxidant BHT can be found in:
*Lip glosses
*Lotions
*Breakfast cereals
*Foods like preserved meats and chips
*Dehydrated foods
*Baked goods
*Snack foods
*Chewing gum
*Flavored products



NATURAL OCCURRENCE OF ANTIOXIDANT BHT:
Phytoplankton, including the green algae Botryococcus braunii, as well as three different cyanobacteria (Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii, Microcystis aeruginosa and Oscillatoria sp.) are capable of producing Antioxidant BHT as a natural product.
The fruit lychee also produces Antioxidant BHT in its pericarp.
Several fungi (for example Aspergillus conicus) living in olives produce Antioxidant BHT.



PRODUCTION OF ANTIOXIDANT BHT:
*Industrial production
The chemical synthesis of Antioxidant BHT in industry has involved the reaction of p-cresol (4-methylphenol) with isobutylene (2-methylpropene), catalyzed by sulfuric acid:

CH3(C6H4)OH + 2 CH2=C(CH3)2 → ((CH3)3C)2CH3C6H2OH
Alternatively, Antioxidant BHT has been prepared from 2,6-di-tert-butylphenol by hydroxymethylation or aminomethylation followed by hydrogenolysis.



WHERE IS ANTIOXIDANT BHT USED?
Antioxidant BHT is a dietary supplement used as an antioxidant to help preserve food and cosmetics.
Antioxidant BHT is also used in some medicines to help prevent the breakdown of certain ingredients.



HOW IS ANTIOXIDANT BHT USED IN THE FOOD INDUSTRY?
Antioxidant BHT is a dietary supplement used in the food industry as an antioxidant to help preserve fats and oils.
Antioxidant BHT is used to prevent oxidation and rancidity in foods such as cereals, snack foods, and vegetable oils.
Antioxidant BHT is also used to help maintain the flavor and color of food products.



REACTIONS OF ANTIOXIDANT BHT:
The species behaves as a synthetic analog of vitamin E, primarily acting as a terminating agent that suppresses autoxidation, a process whereby unsaturated (usually) organic compounds are attacked by atmospheric oxygen.
Antioxidant BHT stops this autocatalytic reaction by converting peroxy radicals to hydroperoxides.
Antioxidant BHT effects this function by donating a hydrogen atom:

RO2• + ArOH → ROOH + ArO•
RO2• + ArO• → nonradical products
where R is alkyl or aryl, and where ArOH is Antioxidant BHT or related phenolic antioxidants.
Each Antioxidant BHT consumes two peroxy radicals.



HOW DOES ANTIOXIDANT BHT WORK?
Antioxidant BHT is an antioxidant.
Antioxidant BHT may damage the protective outer layer of viral cells. This may keep the viruses from multiplying and/or doing more damage.



WHAT ARE THE BENEFITS OF ANTIOXIDANT BHT?
According to scientists, Antioxidant BHT may be able to eliminate the lipid ‘shields’ of external aggressions or make them permeable, enabling antibodies to successfully attack them.
Since it is fat-soluble, Antioxidant BHT should be taken with a meal that contains some element of fat (vegetable oil, cheese, butter or margarine) in order to improve absorption and bioavailability.



HOW TO TAKE ANTIOXIDANT BHT?
Take one vegetarian capsule a day with food containing some fat (example: butter, cheese, oil, etc.)



PROPERTIES OF ANTIOXIDANT BHT:
Antioxidant BHT is a grey-white powder, with a slight musky odor.
Antioxidant BHT is more stable than many other used antioxidants such as tocopherol and therefore offers longer protection.
Antioxidant BHT has a fairly long shelf life.



SUSTAINABILITY OF ANTIOXIDANT BHT:
Antioxidant BHT is a synthetic product, it is made from petrochemical raw materials.
Antioxidant BHT is poorly biodegradable in the environment. Because it is an effective antioxidant, Antioxidant BHT ensures that products last longer, even at a low dose.



PREPARATION METHOD OF ANTIOXIDANT BHT:
p-cresol and tert-butyl alcohol are dissolved by heating, and phosphoric acid is used as catalyst to react at a certain temperature.
The reaction product is washed with sodium hydroxide solution to alkaline first, then washed with water to neutral, and finally distilled, recrystallization provides dibutyl hydroxytoluene.
Or isobutylene mixed with cresol and concentrated sulfuric acid, reaction at a certain temperature for a certain time, and the crude product is neutralized, and then the crude product is dissolved in ethanol, adding thiourea, hot filtration, spin drying, obtained by drying.



ANTIOXIDANT BHT AT A GLANCE:
*The abbreviation for butylated hydroxytoluene 
*Potent synthetic antioxidant 
*Helps keep delicate ingredients stable 
*Considered safe as used in cosmetics



PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of ANTIOXIDANT BHT:
Chemical formula: C15H24O
Molar mass: 220.356 g/mol
Appearance: White to yellow powder
Odor: Slight, phenolic
Density: 1.048 g/cm3
Melting point: 70 °C (158 °F; 343 K)
Boiling point: 265 °C (509 °F; 538 K)
Solubility in water: 1.1 mg/L (20 °C)
log P: 5.32
Vapor pressure: 0.01 mmHg (20 °C)
MF:C15H24O
EINECS No.:204-881-4
Purity:98.0% MIN
Place of Origin:China
Type:rubber accelerators
Usage:Rubber Auxiliary Agents
CAS Number: 128-37-0

Chemical Formula: C15H24O
Molecular Weight: 220.35
Form: white powder
Density (g/cm3): 1.048
Melting Point: 69-71℃
Boiling Point: 265℃
CAS Number: 128-37-0
Chemical Formula: C15H24O
Molecular Weight: 220.35
Form: white powder
Physical state: powder, crystalline
Color: colorless
Odor: odorless
Melting point/freezing point:
Melting point/range: 69 - 73 °C - lit.

Initial boiling point and boiling range: 265 °C - lit.
Flammability (solid, gas): No data available
Upper/lower flammability or explosive limits: No data available
Flash point: 127 °C - open cup
Autoignition temperature: > 400 °C
Decomposition temperature: No data available
pH: No data available
Viscosity
Viscosity, kinematic: No data available
Viscosity, dynamic: No data available
Water solubility 0,76 g/l at 20 °C - slightly soluble
Partition coefficient: n-octanol/water:
log Pow: 5,1
Vapor pressure 0,00 hPa at 25 °C

Density: 1,03 g/cm3 at 20 °C
Relative density: No data available
Relative vapor density: No data available
Particle characteristics: No data available
Explosive properties: No data available
Oxidizing properties: none
Other safety information: No data available
AS: 128-37-0
EINECS: 204-881-4
InChI: InChI=1/C15H24O/c1-10-8-11(14(2,3)4)13(16)12(9-10)15(5,6)7/h8-9,16H,1-7H3
InChIKey: NLZUEZXRPGMBCV-UHFFFAOYSA-N

Molecular Formula: C15H24O
Molar Mass: 220.35
Density: 1.048
Melting Point: 69-73°C(lit.)
Boling Point: 265°C(lit.)
Flash Point: 127 °C
Water Solubility: insoluble
Solubility: Soluble in toluene, soluble in acetone, ethanol, benzene,
ether, isopropanol, methanol, 2-butanone, ethylene glycol ether, petroleum ether and
other organic solutions, insoluble in water and alkali solution.
Vapor Presure: Vapor Density: 7.6 (vs air)
Appearance: Colorless crystalline or white crystalline powder
Color: white
Odor: faint characteristic odor

Exposure Limit ACGIH: TWA 2 mg/m3NIOSH: TWA 10 mg/m3
Merck: 14,1548
BRN: 1911640
pKa: pKa 14(H2Ot = 25c = 0.002 to 0.01) (Uncertain)
Storage Condition: 2-8°C
Stability: Stable, but light-sensitive.
Incompatible with acid chlorides, acid anhydrides, brass, copper,
copper alloys, steel, bases, oxidizing agents.
Refractive Index: 1.4859
MDL: MFCD00011644
Physical and Chemical Properties:
Density: 1.048
melting point: 69-71°C
boiling point: 265°C
flash point: 127°C
water-soluble: insoluble



FIRST AID MEASURES of ANTIOXIDANT BHT:
-Description of first-aid measures:
*If inhaled:
After inhalation:
Fresh air.
*In case of skin contact:
Take off immediately all contaminated clothing.
Rinse skin with water/ shower.
*In case of eye contact:
After eye contact:
Rinse out with plenty of water.
Remove contact lenses.
*If swallowed:
After swallowing:
Make victim drink water (two glasses at most).
Consult doctor if feeling unwell.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed:
No data available



ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of ANTIOXIDANT BHT:
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Cover drains.
Collect, bind, and pump off spills.
Observe possible material restrictions.
Take up dry.
Dispose of properly.
Clean up affected area.



FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of ANTIOXIDANT BHT:
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Water
Foam
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Dry powder
*Unsuitable extinguishing media:
For this substance/mixture no limitations of extinguishing agents are given.
-Further information:
Prevent fire extinguishing water from contaminating surface water or the ground water system.



EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of ANTIOXIDANT BHT:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use equipment for eye protection.
Safety glasses
*Skin protection
Full contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Splash contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
*Respiratory protection:
Recommended Filter type: Filter A-(P2)
-Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.



HANDLING and STORAGE of ANTIOXIDANT BHT:
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
*Storage conditions:
Tightly closed.
Dry



STABILITY and REACTIVITY of ANTIOXIDANT BHT:
-Chemical stability:
The product is chemically stable under standard ambient conditions (room temperature) .

Apple Peel extract helps lower blood cholesterol levels
Apple Peel extract also contains polyphenols with antioxidant effects.


Cas Number: 85251-63-4
EC Number: 286-475-7



SYNONYMS:
Apple, Malus sylvestris, ext., PYRUS MALUS (APPLE) FRUIT EXTRACT, Malussylvestrisextract, Apple extract (malus sylvestris), Einecs 286-475-7, Malus sylvestris ext., Malussylvestrisextract, Apple extract (malus sylvestris), Einecs 286-475-7, Apple, Malus sylvestris, ext., PYRUS MALUS (APPLE) FRUIT EXTRACT, Malus sylvestris ext., Malussylvestris, pyrus malus fruit juice, Apple, Malus sylvestris, ext., PYRUS MALUS (APPLE) FRUIT EXTRACT, Malussylvestrisextract, Apple extract (malus sylvestris), Einecs 286-475-7, Malus sylvestris ext.



Apple Peel Extract is made from Australian Granny Smith Apples.
The growing temperature ranges from -10 to 40 degrees celsius.


This unique climate creates a unique phenolic profile.
Evidence suggest that Apple Peel extract has a wide range of polyphenols having antioxidant activity and its consumption has been linked with improved health benefits.


Arsenic trioxide (ATO) is a very effective drug for the treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) but it leads to cardiotoxicity mediated through alterations in various cardiac ion channels and by increasing the intracellular calcium level and reactive oxygen species (ROS).
The aim of the present investigation was to study the effect of methanolic extract of Apple Peel extract (APME) and aqueous extract of Apple Peel extract (APAE) on ATO (5 μM) induced toxicity in the H9c2 cardiac myoblast cell line.


We estimated the cellular status of innate antioxidant enzymes, level of ROS, mitochondrial superoxide, glutathione and intracellular calcium with ATO and Apple Peel extract extracts.
Prior to the cell line based study, we had evaluated the antioxidant potential of Apple Peel extract extract by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), total reducing power (TRP), superoxide anion and hydroxyl radical scavenging activity, in addition to quantifying total phenolic and flavonoid content.


Both the extracts showed considerable antioxidant activity in cell-free chemical assays.
In addition, both APME and APAE prevented the alteration in antioxidant status induced by ATO in H9c2 cells.


Significant differential alterations had been observed in the activity of lactate dehydrogenase, superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione, glutathione peroxidase, thioredoxin reductase, xanthine oxidase, calcium overload and caspase 3 activity with ATO.
The overall result revealed the protective property of polyphenol-rich Apple Peel extract extract against ATO induced cardiac toxicity via its antioxidant activity.



USES and APPLICATIONS of APPLE PEEL EXTRACT:
Cosmetic Uses of Apple Peel extract: antioxidants, skin conditioning, and skin protecting agents.



MEDICINE USES OF APPLE PEEL EXTRACT:
Apple Peel extract helps lower blood cholesterol levels
Apple Peel extract also contains polyphenols with antioxidant effects.

Vitamin C, iron, boron, and so on including rich content.
These ingredients are one of the most important factors to make your bone structure healthy and strong.
Flavonoids and phenolic acids have been shown to be effective in preventing the development of tumors and cancerous cells.

These compounds are found in Apple Peel extract.
Sorbitol in the Apple Peel extract draws water to the colonic colon and prevents constipation
Vitamin A helps to improve eye vision and prevent eye disorders.



COSMETIC USES OF APPLE PEEL EXTRACT:
*SKIN CARE:
Skin lightening, brightening and soothing potential.
This is because Apple Peel extract has the highest content in collagen and elastic content, which is vital to keep your skin flawless and youthful.

Apple Peel extract cleanses the skin while moisturizing.
Apple Peel extract is an excellent anti-aging mask.
Corrects acne, blemishes and bruises on the skin,


*HAIR CARE:
Apple Peel extract provides vitality and parking.



FOOD USES OF APPLE PEEL EXTRACT:
Apple Peel extract is used as aroma donor,
Apple Peel extract is used as a natural colorant.
Apple Peel extract is used as food supplement,



VETERINARY MEDICINE USES OF APPLE PEEL EXTRACT:
Apple Peel extract is prevention of intestinal problems,
Apple Peel extract is used ntioxidant,

Treatment of bone diseases,
Apple Peel extract is used as aroma donor.
Apple Peel extract contain concentrated amounts of phytonutrients – up to 6 times more than the flesh of the fruit


NUTRIENT DENSE!
Rich in fibre, Vitamin C, and made with a gentle low temperature air-drying process to ensure optimal nutritional integrity



WHAT IS APPLE PEEL EXTRACT?
Pyrus malus is the scientific name for the apple.
Apple-derived ingredients (Pyrus Malus (Apple) Fiber, Pyrus Malus (Apple) Flower Extract, Pyrus Malus (Apple) Fruit, Pyrus Malus (Apple) Fruit Extract, Pyrus Malus (Apple) Fruit Water, Pyrus Malus (Apple) Fruit Juice, Pyrus Malus (Apple) Leaf Extract, Pyrus Malus (Apple) Oil, Pyrus Malus (Apple) Pectin Extract, Pyrus Malus (Apple) Peel Extract, Pyrus Malus (Apple) Peel Powder, Pyrus Malus (Apple) Peel Wax, Pyrus Malus (Apple) Root Extract, Pyrus Malus (Apple) Seed Extract, Pyrus Malus (Apple) Seed Oil, Pyrus Malus (Apple) Stem Extract) are obtained from the fruit, leaf, stem, root or flower of the plant
Pyrus malus.

In cosmetics and personal care products, the ingredients derived from Pyrus malus are used in the formulation of a wide variety of products including hair conditioners, hand and body lotions, and shampoos.



WHY IS APPLE PEEL EXTRACT USED?
The following functions have been reported for ingredients derived for Pyrus malus.
Antioxidant: Pyrus Malus (Apple) Peel Extract
Binder: Pyrus Malus (Apple) Fiber

Cosmetic astringent: Pyrus Malus (Apple) Fruit
Emulsion stabilizer: Pyrus Malus (Apple) Fiber
Exfoliant: Pyrus Malus (Apple) Peel Powder

Fragrance ingredient: Pyrus Malus (Apple) Fruit Water
Skin conditioning agent -emollient: Pyrus Malus (Apple ) Seed Oil
Skin conditioning agent – miscellaneous: Pyrus Malus (Apple) Flower Extract, Pyrus Malus (Apple) Fruit Extract, Pyrus Malus (Apple) Juice, Pyrus Malus (Apple) Oil, Pyrus Malus (Apple) Root Extract, Pyrus Malus (Apple) Seed Extract, Pyrus Malus (Apple) Stem Extract

Viscosity controlling agent: Pyrus Malus (Apple) Fiber
Viscosity increasing agent – aqueous: Pyrus Malus (Apple) Fiber
Scientific Facts
The apple tree was perhaps the earliest tree to be cultivated, and apples have remained an important food in all cooler climates.



SAFETY INFORMATION ABOUT APPLE PEEL EXTRACT:
Apples, the fruit of the plant from which these ingredients are derived, are listed by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) among the 20 most commonly consumed fruits.
The FDA includes pectin, including pectin derived from apples, on its list of substances considered Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS) as direct food substances.

Botanical and botanically derived ingredients used in the formulation of cosmetics are generally mild and safe.
Prior to marketing the finished cosmetic product, the safety of each ingredient must be substantiated in accordance with 21 CFR 740.10.
Safety substantiation of cosmetic ingredients may include tests for ocular and skin irritation as well as allergenicity, phototoxicity, photoallergenicity and mutagenicity, depending on the application or intended use.

There is a considerable body of information about the safety of botanical ingredients and a well established history of use.
These resources are consulted to ensure the safety of these materials as they are used in cosmetics.



PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of APPLE PEEL EXTRACT:
Product Name: Apple Peel Extract / Apple Peel Extract
Botanical Name: Pyrus Malus
Pearl Name: Pyrus Malus Peel Extract
CAS No: 85251-63-4
EINECS: 286-475-7
Part Used: Shell
Harvest Time: Winter
Product Form: Powder
Production Method: Extraction
Resolution: Water / Oil
Botanical Name: Pyrus Malus
CAS: 89957-84-3
INCI: Pyrus Malus Extract
Description: 100% Apple Peel Extract

Production Methodology: Ethanol and Water Extraction
CAS Number: 85251-63-4
Chem/IUPAC Name: Pyrus Malus Fruit Extract is an extract of the fruit of
the Apple, Pyrus malus L., Rosaceae
EINECS/ELINCS No: 286-475-7
CAS Number: 85251-63-4
Molecular Weight: N/A
Density: N/A
Boiling Point: N/A
Molecular Formula: N/A
Melting Point: N/A
MSDS: N/A
Flash Point: N/A

Melting Point: N/A
Boiling Point: N/A
Flash Point: N/A
Appearance: /Density: N/A
Refractive Index: N/A
Storage Temp.: N/ASolubility: N/ACAS DataBase Reference: Apple, Malus sylvestris, ext.
NIST Chemistry Reference: Apple, Malus sylvestris, ext.(85251-63-4)
EPA Substance Registry System: Apple, Malus sylvestris, ext.(85251-63-4)
CAS NO:85251-63-4
Molecular Formula:
Molecular Weight: 0
EINECS: 286-475-7
Product Categories: N/A
Mol File: 85251-63-4.mol



FIRST AID MEASURES of APPLE PEEL EXTRACT:
-Description of first-aid measures
*General advice:
Show this material safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
*If inhaled:
After inhalation:
Fresh air.
*In case of skin contact:
Take off immediately all contaminated clothing.
Rinse skin with
water/ shower.
*In case of eye contact:
After eye contact:
Rinse out with plenty of water.
Call in ophthalmologist.
Remove contact lenses.
*If swallowed:
After swallowing:
Immediately make victim drink water (two glasses at most).
Consult a physician.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed.
No data available



ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of APPLE PEEL EXTRACT:
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Cover drains.
Collect, bind, and pump off spills.
Observe possible material restrictions.
Take up dry.
Dispose of properly.
Clean up affected area.



FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of APPLE PEEL EXTRACT:
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Foam
Dry powder
*Unsuitable extinguishing media:
For this substance/mixture no limitations of extinguishing agents are given.
-Further information:
Prevent fire extinguishing water from contaminating surface water or the ground water system.



EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of APPLE PEEL EXTRACT:
-Control parameters:
--Ingredients with workplace control parameters:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use equipment for eye protection.
Safety glasses
*Body Protection:
protective clothing
*Respiratory protection:
Recommended Filter type: Filter A
-Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.



HANDLING and STORAGE of APPLE PEEL EXTRACT:
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
*Storage conditions:
Tightly closed.
Dry.



STABILITY and REACTIVITY of APPLE PEEL EXTRACT:
-Chemical stability:
The product is chemically stable under standard ambient conditions (room temperature) .
-Possibility of hazardous reactions:
No data available

Emollient : Adoucit et assouplit la peau. Agent émulsifiant : Favorise la formation de mélanges intimes entre des liquides non miscibles en modifiant la tension interfaciale (eau et huile) Agent d'entretien de la peau : Maintient la peau en bon état. Tensioactif : Réduit la tension superficielle des cosmétiques et contribue à la répartition uniforme du produit lors de son utilisation

Nom INCI : AQUAMARINE EXTRACT Ses fonctions (INCI) Agent d'entretien de la peau : Maintient la peau en bon état

Apricot Seed extract contains a high concentration of fatty acids, minerals, and vitamins and is considered to have emollient properties that can improve skin hydration.
Apricot Seed Extract is also a rich source of Vitamin C and A, known to help remove buildup from the surface of the skin and to keep it well-hydrated.


CAS Number: 29883-15-6
Botanical Name: Prunus armeniaca



SYNONYMS:
Apricot Kernel Extract, Prunus Armeniaca Seed Extract, Armeniacae Semen Extract, Prunus armeniaca Kernel Oil, Bitter Apricot Extract, Apricot Kernel Oil, Apricot Seed Oil, Armeniaca Extract,



Apricot Seed extract contains a high concentration of fatty acids, minerals, and vitamins and is considered to have emollient properties that can improve skin hydration.
Apricot Seed Extract is also a rich source of Vitamin C and A, known to help remove buildup from the surface of the skin and to keep it well-hydrated.


Apricot Seed Extract is an excellent addition to skin care formulations for exfoliating, cleansing, and moisturizing the skin.
With a plant-based origin, Propanediol is a biodegradable and petrochemical-free solvent that is NPA approved, making Apricot Seed extract an excellent corn sugar-derived alternative to petroleum-based Glycols for hair and skin care formulations.


Apricot Seed extract offers benefits and functionalities that include improved emollience, enhanced viscosity, non-irritating properties, exceptional sensory characteristics, clarity, and anti-bacterial and anti-fungal properties, among many more.
The characteristic color of this botanical extract, Apricot Seed extract, imbues natural and organic cosmetic formulations with its innate hue.


This means that Apricot Seed extract colors that were formerly possible to obtain only through the use of artificial and often objectionable constituents can now be achieved through plant-based ingredients that impart not only their beneficial, skin health-enhancing properties but also their individual natural colors.


It is strongly recommended that small batch trials be conducted to determine the dosage required to achieve the desired shade imbued by the extract.
The original color of Apricot Seed Extract – Standardized is pale yellow to amber; however, there is a possibility of this color changing, depending on the formulation to which it is added.


Stable when stored Apricot Seed extract in a cool, dry place.
Apricot Seed extract contains a high concentration of fatty acids, minerals, and vitamins and is considered to have emollient properties that can improve skin hydration.


Apricot Seed extract is soluble in water, water-in-oil emulsion, surfactant, and alcohol.
Apricot Seed extract is also a rich source of Vitamin C and A, known to help remove buildup from the surface of the skin and to keep it well-hydrated.


Apricot Seed extract is an excellent addition to skin care formulations for exfoliating, cleansing, and moisturizing the skin.
Some research suggests that apricot kernels may have cancer-fighting properties.
The first use of Apricot Seed extract as a cancer treatment in the United States dates back to the 1920s.



USES and APPLICATIONS of APRICOT SEED EXTRACT:
Application of Apricot Seed extract: Food, Health Care Products, Daily Necessities, Cosmetics, Functional Drink
Recommended Usage Level of Apricot Seed extract is 1-3% in skincare products.



WHAT ARE APRICOT SEED EXTRACTS GOOD FOR?
5 HEALTH BENEFITS OF APRICOT SEED EXTRACT:
Apricot Seed extract is highly nutritious and have several potential health benefits, with some people claiming that they can help fight cancer.

Scientists believe that amygdalin, a chemical found in apricot kernels, could be used to prevent cancer and kill cancer cells by inhibiting cell replication.
While Apricot Seed extract is high in protein, fiber, essential fatty acids, and other nutrients that can help prevent disease, the benefits and risks of apricot kernels are still being debated.



WHAT NUTRIENTS ARE IN APRICOT SEED EXTRACT?
Apricot kernels have been consumed for hundreds of years due to their nutritional and medicinal value.
Apricot Seed extract contains nutrients including:
*Amygdalin (vitamin B17)
*Vitamins A and C
*Vitamin E
*Pangamic acid (vitamin B15)
*Essential fatty acids (oleic, linoleic, omega-6s, and omega-3s)
*Carbohydrates
*Dietary fiber
*Protein
*Calcium
*Iron



5 POTENTIAL BENEFITS OF APRICOT SEED EXTRACT:
1. May have anticancer properties
Apricot kernels are high in antioxidants that protect cells from free radical damage, and studies have shown that Apricot Seed extract have anti-inflammatory properties.

In addition, one nutrient known for cancer prevention is vitamin B17, which is abundant in Apricot Seed extract.
Some people believe that Apricot Seed extract help kill cancer cells as soon as they form.


2. Promotes heart health
Although amygdalin receives the most attention when it comes to Apricot Seed extract, pangamic acid is another unique compound found in these seeds that have been linked to a lower risk of heart disease.

Pangamic acid has been linked to reducing stress on the cardiovascular system, particularly in the case of ischemic heart disease.
Some studies have also reported that consuming small amounts of Apricot Seed extract on a regular basis can lower blood pressure, thus lowering your risk of atherosclerosis, heart attacks, and strokes.


3. Good for respiratory health
There is significant anecdotal evidence that Apricot Seed extract are linked to better respiratory health because they can cut through mucus and phlegm deposition in the respiratory tract.

The active ingredients in Apricot Seed extract act as an expectorant and make the body less sensitive to allergens, which can reduce the severity of asthma attacks and throat inflammation.


4. Improves digestive health
Apricot kernels are high in healthy fats as well as protein and fiber, a combination that promotes satiety.
In addition, Apricot Seed extract contain 5% fiber per seed, and fiber cleanses the digestive tract by helping remove toxins.

Dietary fiber can increase peristaltic motion in the gut, resulting in more regular bowel movements and a reduction in symptoms such as constipation, bloating, cramping, and diarrhea.
Dietary fiber can also help with nutrient absorption in the gut.


5. Beneficial for skin health
Apricot Seed extract has mild exfoliating properties that can help remove dead skin cells from your skin.
Apricot seed oil is high in essential fatty acids (oleic and linoleic) and vitamins A and E, which can moisturize and nourish dry skin.
It is commonly used in cosmetics, particularly creams, soaps, and skin lotions.

You can also mix powdered Apricot Seed extract with olive oil and apply it to the skin.
The oil absorbs quickly and does not leave an oily residue on the skin.
As a result, it is popular as a massage and sunbathing oil.



WHAT ARE THE SIDE EFFECTS OF APRICOT SEED EXTRACT?
Ground Apricot Seed extract and apricot seed extract are not controversial as supplements.
However, there is debate regarding the safety and effectiveness of using Apricot Seed extract for the treatment of cancer.



HOW MANY APRICOT SEED EXTRACT CAN YOU EAT A DAY?
Experts advise starting with 1 apricot seed per day and gradually increasing to no more than 5 per day.
Apricot kernels are considered harmless in small amounts, and they are included in many stone fruit jam recipes and biscuits because they provide a delightful almond- or marzipan-like flavor.



PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of APRICOT SEED EXTRACT:
CAS Number: 29883-15-6
Product Name: Apricot Seed Extract
Botanical Name: Prunus armeniaca
EINECS Number: [Information not available]
Physical Form: Powder / Liquid
Appearance: Brown powder or liquid
Odor: Characteristic apricot scent
Solubility: Generally soluble in ethanol and water-based solvents
Molecular Weight: Not applicable
Density: Not applicable
Boiling Point: Not applicable
Melting Point: Not applicable
Molecular Formula: Not applicable
MSDS (Material Safety Data Sheet): Not available
Flash Point: Not applicable



FIRST AID MEASURES of APRICOT SEED EXTRACT:
-Description of first-aid measures
*General advice:
Show this material safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
*If inhaled:
After inhalation:
Fresh air.
*In case of skin contact:
Take off immediately all contaminated clothing.
Rinse skin with
water/ shower.
*In case of eye contact:
After eye contact:
Rinse out with plenty of water.
Call in ophthalmologist.
Remove contact lenses.
*If swallowed:
After swallowing:
Immediately make victim drink water (two glasses at most).
Consult a physician.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed.
No data available



ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of APRICOT SEED EXTRACT:
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Cover drains.
Collect, bind, and pump off spills.
Observe possible material restrictions.
Take up dry.
Dispose of properly.
Clean up affected area.



FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of APRICOT SEED EXTRACT:
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Foam
Dry powder
*Unsuitable extinguishing media:
For this substance/mixture no limitations of extinguishing agents are given.
-Further information:
Prevent fire extinguishing water from contaminating surface water or the ground water system.



EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of APRICOT SEED EXTRACT:
-Control parameters:
--Ingredients with workplace control parameters:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use equipment for eye protection.
Safety glasses
*Body Protection:
protective clothing
*Respiratory protection:
Recommended Filter type: Filter A
-Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.



HANDLING and STORAGE of APRICOT SEED EXTRACT:
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
*Storage conditions:
Tightly closed.
Dry.



STABILITY and REACTIVITY of APRICOT SEED EXTRACT:
-Chemical stability:
The product is chemically stable under standard ambient conditions (room temperature) .
-Possibility of hazardous reactions:
No data available