SYNONYMS Methyltrimethoxysilane;MTMS;HD-119;Z 6070;CM9100;A-1630;DC Z-6070;silanea-163;Dynasylan MTMS;TrimethoxymethyL;unioncarbidea-163 cas no: 1185-55-3

Methylpyrrolidone is an aprotic solvent with a wide range of applications: petrochemical processing, surface coating, dyes and pigments, industrial and domestic cleaning compounds, and agricultural and pharmaceutical formulations.
Methylpyrrolidone is mainly an irritant, but has also caused several cases of contact dermatitis in a small electrotechnical company.
Methylpyrrolidone is a member of the class of pyrrolidine-2-ones that is pyrrolidin-2-one in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a methyl group.

CAS: 872-50-4
MF: C5H9NO
MW: 99.13
EINECS: 212-828-1

Methylpyrrolidone has a role as a polar aprotic solvent.
Methylpyrrolidone is a N-alkylpyrrolidine, a lactam and a member of pyrrolidin-2-ones.
Methylpyrrolidone is a powerful, aprotic solvent with high solvency, and low volatility.
This colorless, high boiling, high flash point and low vapor pressure liquid carries a mild amine-like odor.
Methylpyrrolidone has high chemical and thermal stability and is completely miscible with water at all temperatures.
Methylpyrrolidone can serve as a co-solvent with water, alcohols, glycol ethers, ketones, and aromatic/chlorinated hydrocarbons.
Methylpyrrolidone is both recyclable by distillation and readily biodegradable.
Methylpyrrolidone is not found on the Hazardous Air Pollutants (HAPs) list of the 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments.

Methylpyrrolidone is an organic compound consisting of a 5-membered lactam.
Methylpyrrolidone is a colorless liquid, although impure samples can appear yellow.
Methylpyrrolidone is miscible with water and with most common organic solvents.
Methylpyrrolidone also belongs to the class of dipolar aprotic solvents such as dimethylformamide and dimethyl sulfoxide.
Methylpyrrolidone is used in the petrochemical, polymer and battery industries as a solvent, exploiting its nonvolatility and ability to dissolve diverse materials (including polyvinylidene difluoride, PVDF).

Methylpyrrolidone Chemical Properties
Melting point: -24 °C (lit.)
Boiling point: 202 °C (lit.) 81-82 °C/10 mmHg (lit.)
Density: 1.028 g/mL at 25 °C (lit.)
Vapor density: 3.4 (vs air)
Vapor pressure: 0.29 mm Hg ( 20 °C)
Refractive index: n20/D 1.479
Fp: 187 °F
Storage temp.: Store at +5°C to +30°C.
Solubility ethanol: miscible0.1ML/mL, clear, colorless (10%, v/v)
Form: Liquid
pka: -0.41±0.20(Predicted)
Color: ≤20(APHA)
PH: 8.5-10.0 (100g/l, H2O, 20℃)
Odor: Slight amine odor
PH Range: 7.7 - 8.0
Explosive limit: 1.3-9.5%(V)
Water Solubility: >=10 g/100 mL at 20 ºC
Sensitive: Hygroscopic
λmax: 283nm(MeOH)(lit.)
Merck: 14,6117
BRN: 106420
Stability:: Stable, but decomposes upon exposure to light. Combustible. Incompatible with strong oxidizing agents, strong acids, reducing agents, bases.
InChIKey: SECXISVLQFMRJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N
LogP: -0.46 at 25℃
CAS DataBase Reference: 872-50-4(CAS DataBase Reference)
NIST Chemistry Reference: Methylpyrrolidone(872-50-4)
EPA Substance Registry System: Methylpyrrolidone (872-50-4)

Methylpyrrolidone is a colourless or light yellow liquid with an amine odour.
Methylpyrrolidone can undergo a number of chemical reactions even though it is accepted as a stable solvent.
Methylpyrrolidone is resistant to hydrolysis under neutral conditions, but strong acid or base treatment results in ring opening to 4-methyl aminobutyric acid.
Methylpyrrolidone can be reduced to 1-methyl pyrrolidine with borohydride.
Treatment with chlorinating agents results in amide formation,an intermediate which can undergo further substitution, while treatment with amyl nitrate yields the nitrate.
Methylpyrrolidone can be added to the 3 position by treatment first with oxalic esters, then with appropriate aldehyes.

Uses
Methylpyrrolidone is a polar aprotic solvent that has the advantages of low toxicity, high boiling point, outstanding solvency, strong selectivity and good stability.
Methylpyrrolidone is widely used in purification of aromatic hydrocarbon extraction, acetylene, olefins, and diolefins.
Methylpyrrolidone is used in industrial cleaning, and it serves as a solvent for production of pesticides, engineering plastics, coatings, synthetic fibers, and integrated circuits.
Methylpyrrolidone can also be used as an industrial cleanser, dispersant, dye, lubricant and antifreeze.
Methylpyrrolidone is an excellent solvent, widely used in aromatics extraction, lubricating oil refining, acetylene enrichment, butadiene separation and synthesis gas desulfurization.

Methylpyrrolidone is used in gas desulfurization, lubricating oil refining, lubricating oil antifreeze, olefin extraction, and as a solvent for insoluble engineering plastics polymerization.
Methylpyrrolidone can be used in herbicide, to clean insulation materials, semiconductor industry precision instruments and circuit boards, to recycle PVC exhaust, as a detergent, dye supplement and dispersing agent.
Methylpyrrolidone is used in mediums for polymerization reactions such as engineering plastics and aramid fiber.
Methylpyrrolidone is used as a polyvinylidene fluoride solvent and electrode auxiliary material for lithium ion batteries.

Solvent for high-temperature resins; petrochemical processing, in the microelectronics fabrication industry, dyes and pigments, industrial and domestic cleaning compounds; agricultural and pharmaceutical formulations
Methylpyrrolidone, is useful for spectrophotometry, chromatography and ICP-MS detection.
Methylpyrrolidone is a polar solvent that is used in organic chemistry and polymer chemistry.
Large scale applications include the recovery and purification of acetylenes, olefins, and diolefins, gas purification, and aromatics extraction from feedstocks.
Methylpyrrolidone is a versatile industrial solvent.
Methylpyrrolidone is currently approved for use only in veterinary pharmaceuticals.
The determination of the disposition and metabolism of Methylpyrrolidone in the rat will contribute toward understanding the toxicology of this exogenous chemical which man may likely be exposed to in increasing amounts.

Methylpyrrolidone is used to recover certain hydrocarbons generated in the processing of petrochemicals, such as the recovery of 1,3-butadiene and acetylene.
Methylpyrrolidone is used to absorb hydrogen sulfide from sour gas and hydrodesulfurization facilities.
Methylpyrrolidone's good solvency properties have led to NMP's use to dissolve a wide range of polymers.
Specifically, Methylpyrrolidone is used as a solvent for surface treatment of textiles, resins, and metal coated plastics or as a paint stripper.
Methylpyrrolidone is also used as a solvent in the commercial preparation of polyphenylene sulfide.
In the pharmaceutical industry, Methylpyrrolidone is used in the formulation for drugs by both oral and transdermal delivery routes.
Methylpyrrolidone is also used heavily in lithium ion battery fabrication, as a solvent for electrode preparation, because NMP has a unique ability to dissolve polyvinylidene fluoride binder.
Due to Methylpyrrolidone's toxicity and high boiling point, there is much effort to replace it in battery manufacturing with other solvent(s), like water.

Industrial uses
1) Methylpyrrolidone is used as a general dipolar aprotic solvent, stable and unreactive;
2) for extraction of aromatic hydrocarbons from lubricating oils;
3) for carbon dioxide removal in ammonia generators;
4) as a solvent for polymerization reactions and polymers;
5) as a paint stripper;
6) for pesticide formulations.
Other non-industrial uses of Methylpyrrolidone are based on its properties as a dissociating solvent suitable for electrochemical and physical chemical studies.
Pharmaceutical applications make use of the properties of Methylpyrrolidone as a penetration enhancer for a more rapid transfer of substances through the skin.
Methylpyrrolidone has been approved as a solvent for slimicide application to food packaging materials.

Production Methods
Methylpyrrolidone is manufactured by the reaction of buytrolactone with methylamine.
Other processes include preparation by hydrogenation of solutions of maleic or succinic acids with methylamine.
Manufacturers of this chemical include Lachat Chemical, Inc, Mequon, Wisconsin and GAF Corporation, Covert City, California.

Health hazards
Methylpyrrolidone is an agent that causes the production of physical defects in the developing embryo.
Methylpyrrolidone also is a reproductive toxin, a chemical that is toxic to the reproductive system, including defects in the progeny and injury to male or female reproductive function. Reproductive toxicity includes developmental effects.
Methylpyrrolidone can be absorbed into the body by inhalation, through the skin and by ingestion.
When people are exposed to Methylpyrrolidone, rapid, irregular respiration, shortness of breath, decreased pain reflex, and slight bloody nasal secretion are possible.
Inhalation can result in headaches and exposure on skin can result in redness and pain.
When ingested Methylpyrrolidone will cause a burning sensation in the throat and chest.
Methylpyrrolidone also can cause an acute solvent syndrome.

Reactivity Profile
This amine is a very mild chemical base.
Methylpyrrolidone does tend to neutralize acids to form salts plus water.
The amount of heat that is evolved per mole of amine in a neutralization is largely independent of the strength of the amine as a base.
Amines may be incompatible with isocyanates, halogenated organics, peroxides, phenols (acidic), epoxides, anhydrides, and acid halides.
Flammable gaseous hydrogen is generated by amines in combination with strong reducing agents, such as hydrides.

Severe skin and eye irritant.
Explosive lim-its 2.2–12.2%.
Inhalation of hot vapors can irritate nose and throat.
Ingestion causes irritation of mouth and stomach.
Contact with eyes causes irritation.
Repeated and prolonged skin contact produces a mild, transient irritation.

Contact allergens
Methylpyrrolidone is an aprotic solvent with a wide range of applications: petrochemical processing, surface coating, dyes and pigments, industrial and domestic cleaning compounds, and agricultural and pharmaceutical formulations.
Methylpyrrolidone is mainly an irritant, but it can cause severe contact dermatitis due to prolonged contact.

Preparation
Methylpyrrolidone is produced industrially by a typical ester-to-amide conversion, by treating butyrolactone with methylamine.
Alternative routes include the partial hydrogenation of N-methylsuccinimide and the reaction of acrylonitrile with methylamine followed by hydrolysis.
About 200,000 to 250,000 tons are produced annually.

Synonyms
1-METHYL-2-PYRROLIDINONE
872-50-4
N-Methylpyrrolidone
N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone
1-methylpyrrolidin-2-one
Methylpyrrolidone
1-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone
N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidinone
M-Pyrol
1-Methylpyrrolidinone
Methyl pyrrolidone
1-Methylpyrrolidone
N-Methylpyrrolidinone
n-methyl-pyrrolidone
2-Pyrrolidinone, 1-methyl-
1-Methyl-5-pyrrolidinone
1-Methylazacyclopentan-2-one
N-methylpyrrolidin-2-one
NMP
N-Methyl-gamma-butyrolactam
N-methyl pyrrolidone
1-methylpyrrolidine-2-one
N-methyl pyrrolidinone
Methyl-2-pyrrolidinone
1-methyl-2-pyrrolidon
Methylpyrrolidinone
2-Pyrrolidinone, methyl-
2687-44-7
Methylpyrrolidone [NF]
N-Methylpyrrolid-2-one
N-Methyl-alpha-pyrrolidone
NSC 4594
Agsolex 1
N-Methyl-alpha-pyrrolidinone
CCRIS 1633
51013-18-4
DTXSID6020856
Methylpyrrolidone, N-
HSDB 5022
Pyrrolidinone, methyl-
NSC-4594
EINECS 212-828-1
UNII-JR9CE63FPM
MFCD00003193
JR9CE63FPM
1-methyl-pyrrolidin-2-one
Norleucine, 5-oxo-, DL-
N-Methyl-.alpha.-pyrrolidone
1-Methyl-2-pyrrolidinone-d9
CHEMBL12543
N-Methyl-.gamma.-butyrolactam
AI3-23116
CHEBI:7307
N-Methyl-.alpha.-pyrrolidinone
1-Methyl-2-pyrrolidinone, anhydrous
1-Methyl-2-pyrrolidinone, HPLC Grade
EC 212-828-1
N 0131
30207-69-3
DTXCID60856
pharmasolve
N-Methylpyrrolidon
CAS-872-50-4
N-methyl-pyrrolidinone
N-Methylpyrrolidone; 1-Methylpyrrolidin-2-one
N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidon
1-methyl-2-pyrolidone
N-methyl-pyrrolidin-2-one
1-Methyl-2-pyrrolidinone, puriss. p.a., >=99.0% (GC)
Micropure ultra
N-methylpyrolidone
N-methypyrrolidone
Max-1 peptide
Pyrol M
N-methylpirrolidone
1methylpyrrolidinone
n-methyl pyrrolidon
N-methy pyrrolidone
N-methyl-pyrolidone
N-methyl-pyrrolidon
N-methylpyrolidinone
1-methylpyrolidinone
Microposit 2001
n-methylpyrollidinone
N-Methylpyrrolidione
N-methlypyrrolidinone
N-methyl pirrolidone
N-methyl pyrollidone
N-methyl-pyrollidone
N-methylpyrrolidone-
NMP,SP Grade
1-methyl pyrrolidone
1-methyl-pyrrolidone
methyl-2-pyrrolidone
N-methy pyrrolidinone
N-methyl pyrolidinone
N-methyl-pyrolidinone
N-methyl- pyrrolidone
N-methylpyrro-lidinone
N-methylpyrroli-dinone
N-methylpyrrolidin-one
1-methyl-2pyrrolidone
1-methyl2-pyrrolidone
1methyl-2-pyrrolidone
N-Metyl-2-pyrrolidon
1-methyl pyrrolidinone
1-methyl-pyrrolidinone
methylpyrrolidin-2-one
N-methy-2-pyrrolidone
N-methyl 2-pyrolidone
N-methyl-2-pyrolidone
1-Metil-2-pirrolidona
3p1d
N-methyl 2-pyrrolidone
N-methyl-2-pyrollidone
MPY (CHRIS Code)
1-methyl-2-pirrolidone
1-methyl-2-pyroldinone
1-methylpyrrolid-2-one
1methyl-2-pyrrolidinone
n-methylpyrrolidine-2one
N-methyl-2-pyrolidinone
N-methyl-2-pyrrolidinon
N-methylpyrolidin-2-one
1-methy-2-pyrrolidinone
1-methyl-2-pyrolidinone
N-methyl 2-pyrrolidinone
N-methyl-2-pyrollidinone
N-methyl-pyrrolid-2-one
N-methylpyrollidin-2-one
1 -methyl-2-pyrrolidone
1-methyl 2-pyrrolidinone
1-methyl-2-pyrollidinone
1-methyl-pyrrolin-2-one
N-Methylpyrrolidone-(2)
1-Methyl-pyrrolidin-2one
N-methylpyrrolidine-2-one
WLN: T5NVTJ A
N-methyl -2-pyrrolidinone
1 -methyl-2-pyrrolidinone
1-methyl -2-pyrrolidinone
1-methyl-2- pyrrolidinone
2-Pyrrolidone, 1-methyl-
1-methyl-pyrrolidine-2-one
2-pirrolidinona, 1-metil-
1-N-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone
N-methyl-pyrrolidin -2-one
1-Methylazacyclopentane-2-one
GTPL9520
METHYL PYRROLIDONE [II]
1-Methyl-2- pyrrolidin-2-one
N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidon (Dampf)
1-METHYLPYRROLIDONE [MI]
METHYL PYRROLIDONE [INCI]
NSC4594
METHYLPYRROLIDONE [USP-RS]
HY-Y1275
N-METHYLPYRROLIDONE [MART.]
Tox21_202350
Tox21_300097
1-Methyl-2-pyrrolidinone, 99.5%
BDBM50353587
N-Methyl pyrrolidon (Peptide Grade)
N-METHYLPYRROLIDONE [USP-RS]
s6282
STL183295
N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidinone ACS reagent
AKOS000120930
1-Methyl-2-pyrrolidinone, BioSolv(R)
DB12521

Chemical Characterization Tetraethylene glycol monomethyl ether Homologous mixture, n = 3–6 Main components are: Methyl tetraglycol (min. 60%) CAS-Nr.: 23783-42-8 Methyl pentaglycol CAS-Nr.: 23778-52-1 Registrations: EINECS (Europe), TSCA (USA), AICS (Australian),DSL (Canada), ECL (Korea), PICCS (Philippines), ENCS (Japan) Product Description Methyl tetraglycol is a clear yellowish, slightly hygroscopic and slightly mobile liquid with an extremely faint odour. It is miscible in any ratio with water and the usual organic solvents. Methyl tetraglycol exerts to the typical alcohol reactions. Methyl tetraglycol is used as a hydraulic fluid component e.g. in brake fluids. Because of its high dissolving power methyl tetraglycol is used in water-borne and solvent-borne coating formulations and as dispersing agent. Furthermore, methyl tetraglycol finds many applications in biochemistry and medicine, e.g. in herbicide formulations, X-ray contrast media and medicinal drugs. Also, the esterification with peptides influences the hydrophilic properties as well as the immunochemical resistance. In the electronic industry methyl tetraglycol is used in soldering agents and as regenerations fluid for LCD-cells. Storage advices Glycol ethers and their derivatives tend to form peroxides in the presence of air or oxygen. Due to the hygroscopicity of methyl tetraglycol correct storage in order to prevent absorption of water has to be ensured. It is recommended to reduce moisture pickup by nitrogen blanketing of storage tanks. Drying agents (silica gel) should be used if the tank is able to breath. Storage tanks should be made from stainless steel. Alumina and other light metals are not suitable due to alcoholate formation with methyl tetraglycol. Technical data Methyl tetraglycol molar mass g/mol ca. 208 Methyl tetraglycol boiling range/1013 hPa °C 280–350 Methyl tetraglycol solidification point (DIN 51583) °C -39 Methyl tetraglycol flash point (DIN 51758) °C 161 Methyl tetraglycol ignition temperature (DIN 51794) °C 325 Methyl tetraglycol vapour pressure/20 °C mbar <0,1 Methyl tetraglycol density/20 °C (DIN 51757) g/cm³ ca. 1,06 Methyl tetraglycol kinematic viscosity/20 °C (DIN 51562) mm²/s 11,5-12,5 Methyl tetraglycol miscibility with water/25 °C 100% miscible Methyl tetraglycol specific heat capacity kJ/kgK 2,4

Chemical Characterization Triethylene glycol monomethyl ether 2-(2-(2-Methoxyethoxy)-ethoxy)-ethanol CAS-No.: 112-35-6 Registrations: EINECS (Europe), TSCA (USA), AICS (Australian), DSL (Canada), ECL (Korea), PICCS (Philippines), ENCS (Japan), ASIA-PAC i.e. Product Description Methyl triglycol is a colorless, neutral, weakly hygroscopic and slightly mobile liquid with a mild pleasant odor. It is miscible in any ratio with water and the usual organic solvents e.g. acetone, diethyl ether, methanol. Methyl triglycol enters into the typical alcohol reactions. Methyltriglycol is used in brakefluid formulations und organic intermediates. Storage Advices Glycol ethers and their derivatives tend to form peroxides in the presence of air or oxygen. Due to the hygroscopicity Methyl triglycol storage to prevent absorption of water has to be ensured. It is recommended to reduce moisture pickup by nitrogen blanketing of storage tanks. Storage tanks should be made from stainless steel. Alumina and other light metals are not suitable due to alcoholate formation with methyl triglycol. Physical Data Methyl triglycol molar mass g/mol 164 Methyl triglycol boiling range/1013 hPa °C 240-280 Methyl triglycol freezing point (DIN 51583) °C -48 Methyl triglycol flash point(DIN 51755) °C ca. 125 Methyl triglycol ignition temperature (DIN 51794) °C 215 Methyl triglycol refractive number nD20 (DIN 51423, part 2) 1,4381 Methyl triglycol vapor pressure/20°C mbar 0,1 Methyl triglycol density/20°C (DIN 51757) g/cm³ ca. 1,05 Methyl triglycol kinematic viscosity/20°C (DIN 51562) mm²/s 7-7,5 Methyl triglycol miscibility with water 100% miscible

SYNONYMS DCM, Methylene chloride, Methylene dichloride; Dichloromethane, Guaranteed Reagent Grade;Aerothene MM;CH2Cl2;Chlorure de methylene;chloruredemethylene;chloruredemethylene(french);Dichlormethan;dichloro-methan CAS NO:75-09-2

Dipropylene glycol methyl ether; 2-(2-methoxypropoxy)propan-1-ol ; Glycol Ether DPM; dipropyleneglycol monomethyl ether cas no:13588-28-8

Yağ fazı koruyucusudur. Kozmetikte o/w ve w/o emülsiyonlarında, ilaç ve gıda sanayinde kullanılır. Ilaç,Gıda, Kozmetik (%0.1-0.4)

Su fazı koruyucusudur. Kozmetikte o/w ve w/o emülsiyonlarında, ilaç ve gıda sanayinde kullanılır. İlaç, Gıda, Kozmetik (%0.1-0.4)

SYNONYMS 2-(Methoxycarbonyl)phenol;2-Carbomethoxyphenol;2-Hydroxybenzoic acid methyl ester;2-Hydroxybenzoic acid, methyl ester;Analgit;Anthrapole ND;Benzoic acid, 2-hydroxy-, methyl ester;Exagien;Flucarmit CAS NO:119-36-8

1-Methoxy-2-propanol; PGME; 1-Methoxypropan-2-ol; polypropylene glycol methyl ether; propylene glycol 1-methyl ether; PM; (+/-)-1-methoxy-2-propanol; 1-Methoxy-2-hydroxypropane; Methoxy Propanol; 2-Methoxy- 1 -Methyl Ethanol; cas no: 107-98-2

METYL PARABEN; Methyl 4-hydroxybenzoate, sodium salt; Sodium 4-(methoxycarbonyl)phenolate; Natrium-4-(methoxycarbonyl)phenolat; 4-(metoxicarbonil)fenolato de sodio; 4-(méthoxycarbonyl)phénolate de sodium; Methyl paraben sodium salt; Sodium methyl 4-hydroxybenzoate; methyl-4-oxide-benzoate, sodium salt; Methyl p-hydroxybenzoate, sodium salt; cas no: 5026-62-0

METOLAT P 872 is a blend of glycols with an inorganic carrier
METOLAT P 872 is recommended for the use in dry mixtures which are to be blended or diluted with water prior to application.
METOLAT P 872 reduces the shrinkage in cementitious systems.

METOLAT P 872 reduces the shrinkage in cementitious systems and acts as coalescent in powder paints.
METOLAT P 872 range of products from Munzing Chemie are powder based products with various functions including defoaming, anti-shrinkage and pigment dispersion/particle wetting.
These powder product is primarily targeted at dry blend applications in the construction industry for gypsum, mineral and cementitious compounds.

METOLAT P 872 is recommended for the use in dry mixtures which are to be blended or diluted with water prior to application. ,
METOLAT P 871 reduces the shrinkage in cementitious systems and acts as coalescent in powder paints.
Normal dosage of METOLAT P 872 ranges from 0.5% to 5.0% for anti-shrinkage properties.

The best concentration will vary depending on the system and should be tested.
METOLAT P 872 is recommended for use in dry mixes to be mixed or diluted with water prior to application.
METOLAT P 872 reduces shrinkage in cement based systems.

AMETOLAT P 872 a blend of glycols typically refers to a mixture of different glycol compounds.
METOLAT P 872 is a class of organic compounds that contain multiple hydroxyl (-OH) groups.
METOLAT P 872 is often used as antifreeze agents, particularly in heating and cooling systems, to lower the freezing point of water, thus preventing pipes and equipment from freezing in cold temperatures.

METOLAT P 872 is used in some heat transfer fluids to improve the efficiency of heat exchange systems.
METOLAT P 872 is commonly used in various products like cosmetics, food, and pharmaceuticals as a humectant to retain moisture and prevent drying.
METOLAT P 872 is used in deicing solutions for aircraft, roads, and sidewalks to melt ice and snow.

METOLAT P 872 can be utilized in various industrial processes for their unique properties, such as their ability to control temperature and prevent freezing.
This is one of the most common glycols and is known for its antifreeze properties.
METOLAT P 872's used in automotive cooling systems to prevent engine coolant from freezing and also as a heat transfer fluid in some industrial applications.

METOLAT P 872 is often used in applications where toxicity is a concern.
METOLAT P 872 is commonly used in food, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetic products, such as moisturizers, shampoos, and personal care items.
METOLAT P 872 is also used in some antifreeze formulations, especially in situations where contact with humans or animals is possible.

METOLAT P 872 is used as a solvent and in the production of resins, plastics, and other industrial products.
METOLAT P 872 is used primarily as a dehydrating agent in natural gas and other petrochemical processing applications to remove water from the gas.
METOLAT P 872 is commonly used in skincare and cosmetic products as a moisturizer and humectant.

METOLAT P 872 helps to retain moisture in the skin.
METOLAT P 872 is a family of glycols with various molecular weights and are used in a wide range of applications.
They are found in pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and as thickeners in some food products.

They also have applications in lubricants and as binders in the pharmaceutical industry.
METOLAT P 872 is used in various applications, including as a solvent in industries like fragrance and cosmetics, as well as in the manufacturing of plasticizers and resins.

Appearance: powder
Colour: white
Ash: approx. 42 %
Consistency: powder
Apparent density: approx. 380 g/l
Solubility in water: active ingredients soluble in water

METOLAT P 872 normal dosage ranges from 0.1 to 0.2 % for coalescent activity and 0.5 to 5.0 % for anti-shrink properties.
The optimum concentration will vary depending on the system and should be tested.

Uses:
METOLAT P 872 is a type of polyether glycol used as a base fluid in various industrial and commercial products.
METOLAT P 872 has applications in hydraulic fluids, lubricants, and as an ingredient in some personal care and cosmetic products.
These are a group of solvents derived from glycols, often used in paints, coatings, and cleaning products.

While not a glycol in the traditional sense, METOLAT P 872 is a small organic acid derived from sugar cane and used in skincare products, such as chemical peels and exfoliating solutions.
METOLAT P 872, is used in the food industry as food additives or preservatives.
They are generally recognized as safe (GRAS) when used within specified limits.

METOLAT P 872 may be used in the pharmaceutical industry as excipients or carriers in drug formulations.
They can improve the solubility and stability of certain drugs.
Various glycols find applications in chemical processing and synthesis as reaction intermediates or solvents.

They can be used to control reaction conditions and aid in product separation.
METOLAT P 872 is used in agriculture to help retain moisture in soil or to condition soil.
They can also be used in animal feed to maintain moisture content.

In addition to their use in natural gas processing, METOLAT P 872 is used as drying agents in air conditioning and refrigeration systems to remove moisture.
METOLAT P 872is sometimes used to create artificial smoke or fog in theatrical productions and special effects.
METOLAT P 872 is commonly used in automotive and industrial cooling systems to prevent overheating by raising the boiling point of the coolant and lowering the freezing point.

METOLAT P 872 and triethylene glycol (TEG), are used in natural gas processing to remove water and other impurities from natural gas streams.
METOLAT P 872s can be used as reaction solvents in various chemical processes, facilitating the mixing of reactants and controlling reaction conditions.
METOLAT P 872 is used in the production of plastics, resins, and polyurethanes. They can improve the flexibility and durability of these materials.

METOLAT P 872 is used in the textile industry as a component in dyeing processes, helping to disperse dyes evenly.
METOLAT P 872 can be used in printing inks to regulate the viscosity and improve ink spreading and drying properties.
METOLAT P 872 can be used as solvents and fixatives in the formulation of perfumes and fragrances.

METOLAT P 872 is used in cosmetics and personal care products as emollients, humectants, and solvents.
METOLAT P 872, is used as food additives, preservatives, and sweeteners in the food and beverage industry.
METOLAT P 872 can be used in pharmaceutical formulations as solvents, carriers, and stabilizers for drug delivery systems.

METOLAT P 872 can be used as solvents and standards in various analytical techniques, such as gas chromatography and liquid chromatography.
METOLAT P 872 is sometimes used as cleaning agents for various surfaces, such as glass and metals, due to their solvency properties.

Storage/Handling:
METOLAT P 871 is slightly hygroscopic.
The organic component slowly evaporates at higher temperatures.

METOLAT P 871 should be stored dry between 15 and 25 °C.
The minimum shelf life in closed containers is 15 months from the date of manufacture.

Safety Profile:
METOLAT P 872 is highly toxic to humans and animals when ingested.
Even small amounts can be lethal.
METOLAT P 872, on the other hand, is generally recognized as safe (GRAS) when used in food and cosmetic products and is much less toxic.

METOLAT P 872 is harmful to the environment and aquatic life.
METOLAT P 872s themselves are not highly flammable, some glycol-based products or mixtures may be flammable, depending on their composition.

Synonyms:
Glycol Mixture
Glycol Combination
Glycol Blend
Glycol Cocktail
Glycol Solution
Glycol Formulation
Glycol Compound

SYNONYMS 2-Methyl-5-nitroimidazole-1-ethanol;Metronidazol; Trichopol; Vagilen; Clont; 2-Methyl-5-nitroimidazole-1-ethanol CAS NO:443-48-1

Metronidazole; 1-(2-Hydroxy-1-ethyl)-2-methyl-5-nitroimidazole; 1-(2-Hydroxyethyl)-2-methyl-5-nitroimidazole; 1-(beta-Ethylol)-2-methyl-5-nitro-3-azapyrrole; 1-(beta-Hydroxyethyl)-2-methyl-5-nitroimidazole; 1-(beta-Oxyethyl)-2-methyl-5-nitroimidazole; 2-Methyl-1-(2-hydroxyethyl)-5-nitroimidazole; 2-Methyl-3-(2-hydroxyethyl)-4-nitroimidazole 2-Methyl-5-nitroimidazole-1-ethanol CAS NO: 443-48-1

SYNONYMS D,L-methylglycinediacetic acid trisodium salt;;Trisodium 2-Methylnitrilotriacetate Hydrate;;methylglycine-N,N-diacetic acid trisodium salt;;TRISODIUM 2-METHYLNITRILOTRIACETATE;;methylglycinediacetic acid trisodium salt;;Methyl Glycine Diacetic Acid Trisodium Salt Hydrate;;N,N-Bis(carboxylatomethyl)alanine Trisodium Salt Hydrate;;N,N-BIS(CARBOXYLATOMETHYL)ALANINE TRISODIUM SALT; CAS NO:164462-16-2

MICROCRYSTALLINE CELLULOSE; Cellulose; Cellulose powder, Cotton linters; CAS Number 9004-34-6

Micaceous Iron Oxide is a natural mineral pigment with a distinctive flaky structure.
Micaceous Iron Oxide exhibits a shimmering appearance reminiscent of mica, hence the name.
Micaceous Iron Oxide is composed of iron oxide, specifically hematite.
Micaceous Iron Oxide is known for its excellent protective and anticorrosive properties.

CAS Number: 1317-61-9
EC Number: 215-277-5



APPLICATIONS


Micaceous Iron Oxide is widely used as a pigment in protective coatings for its corrosion-resistant properties.
Micaceous Iron Oxide is commonly employed in automotive coatings to provide rust and corrosion protection to vehicles.

Micaceous Iron Oxide is used in marine coatings to safeguard ships, boats, and offshore structures from the corrosive effects of saltwater.
Micaceous Iron Oxide finds application in heavy machinery and equipment coatings to enhance their durability and extend their lifespan.
Micaceous Iron Oxide is utilized in structural steel coatings to protect bridges, buildings, and infrastructure from corrosion.
Micaceous Iron Oxide is applied to oil, gas, and water pipelines to prevent corrosion and maintain their integrity.

Micaceous Iron Oxide finds application in storage tank coatings for chemicals, petroleum products, and other substances, ensuring corrosion resistance.
Micaceous Iron Oxide is employed in metal fabrication and coating processes for various metal products and components.
Micaceous Iron Oxide is used in protective coatings for bridges, railways, and other infrastructure to ensure long-term corrosion protection.
Micaceous Iron Oxide is utilized in offshore drilling rigs, platforms, and pipelines in the oil and gas industry to resist corrosion in harsh environments.

Micaceous Iron Oxide coatings are applied to power plant structures and equipment to protect against corrosion caused by high temperatures and harsh operating conditions.
Micaceous Iron Oxide finds application in chemical processing facilities to provide corrosion protection for equipment and structures.
Micaceous Iron Oxide is used in coatings for water treatment facilities and wastewater treatment plants to resist corrosion from chemicals and moisture.
Micaceous Iron Oxide is employed in the fabrication and coating of metal furniture, appliances, and decorative items to enhance durability and aesthetics.
Micaceous Iron Oxide is used in the protective coating of metal roofing to provide both visual appeal and corrosion resistance.

Micaceous Iron Oxide finds application in the coating of tanks and containers used for storage and transportation of various substances.
Micaceous Iron Oxide is utilized in the automotive industry for underbody coatings and chassis protection.
Micaceous Iron Oxide is applied to railings, fences, and gates to provide corrosion resistance and maintain their appearance.
Micaceous Iron Oxide finds application in the protective coating of agricultural equipment, such as tractors and farm machinery.

Micaceous Iron Oxide coatings are used in the construction industry for metal structures, reinforcing bars, and precast concrete elements to prevent corrosion.
Micaceous Iron Oxide is employed in the protective coating of industrial equipment, such as pumps, valves, and turbines.
Micaceous Iron Oxide finds application in the coating of storage racks, shelves, and cabinets in warehouses and industrial facilities.
Micaceous Iron Oxide is used in the coating of HVAC (Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning) systems and ductwork to prevent corrosion and maintain efficiency.

Micaceous Iron Oxide finds application in the coating of electrical enclosures and cabinets to protect against corrosion and ensure electrical safety.
Micaceous Iron Oxide is utilized in the protective coating of metal fences, gates, and railings in residential, commercial, and public spaces.

Micaceous Iron Oxide is used in the coating of water tanks and reservoirs to prevent corrosion and maintain water quality.
Micaceous Iron Oxide finds application in the protective coating of offshore wind turbine structures to resist corrosion in marine environments.

Micaceous Iron Oxide is employed in the coating of metal fences and barriers along highways and roadways for corrosion protection.
Micaceous Iron Oxide coatings are used in the aerospace industry for aircraft components and structures to provide corrosion resistance.
Micaceous Iron Oxide finds application in the protective coating of storage cabinets and lockers in laboratories and medical facilities.

Micaceous Iron Oxide is utilized in the coating of amusement park rides and attractions to protect against corrosion.
Micaceous Iron Oxide is employed in the protective coating of playground equipment and outdoor recreational structures for durability and safety.
Micaceous Iron Oxide coatings are used in the coating of metal furniture and fixtures in outdoor environments for corrosion protection.

Micaceous Iron Oxide finds application in the coating of metal bridges and walkways to provide both aesthetics and corrosion resistance.
Micaceous Iron Oxide is utilized in the protective coating of underground pipes and conduits to prevent corrosion and maintain functionality.
Micaceous Iron Oxide is applied to metal storage shelves and racks in warehouses and industrial facilities for corrosion resistance.

Micaceous Iron Oxide finds application in the coating of metal frames and supports for solar panels to ensure long-term durability.
Micaceous Iron Oxide is used in the protective coating of agricultural machinery and equipment for corrosion prevention.
Micaceous Iron Oxide is employed in the coating of metal playground equipment and structures in schools and parks for safety and durability.

Micaceous Iron Oxide coatings are used in the protective coating of railings and handrails in residential and commercial buildings.
Micaceous Iron Oxide finds application in the coating of metal tanks and containers used for the storage and transportation of chemicals.
Micaceous Iron Oxide is utilized in the coating of metal enclosures for electronic equipment and control panels to prevent corrosion.
Micaceous Iron Oxide is applied to metal fixtures and fittings in swimming pools and water treatment facilities for corosion resistance.

Micaceous Iron Oxide finds application in the protective coating of metal frames and supports for solar thermal systems.
Micaceous Iron Oxide is used in the coating of metal components in automotive exhaust systems for corrosion prevention.
Micaceous Iron Oxide is employed in the coating of metal frames and structures for billboards and outdoor advertising displays.
Micaceous Iron Oxide coatings are used in the protective coating of metal components in HVAC systems for corrosion resistance.

Micaceous Iron Oxide finds application in the coating of metal parts and equipment used in the food and beverage industry for corrosion prevention.
Micaceous Iron Oxide is utilized in the coating of metal gates and barriers at airports and transportation hubs for durability and security.
Micaceous Iron Oxide is applied to metal parts and components in industrial machinery and equipment for corrosion protection and longevity.


Here are some common applications of Micaceous Iron Oxide:

Corrosion Protection:
Micaceous Iron Oxide is extensively used as a pigment in protective coatings for metal surfaces, providing long-term corrosion protection.

Automotive Coatings:
Micaceous Iron Oxide is employed in automotive primers and coatings to protect vehicles from rust and corrosion.

Marine Coatings:
Micaceous Iron Oxide is used in marine paints and coatings to safeguard ships, offshore platforms, and other maritime structures from the corrosive effects of saltwater.

Industrial Machinery:
Micaceous Iron Oxide finds application in heavy machinery and equipment coatings to enhance their durability and resistance to corrosion.

Structural Steel:
Micaceous Iron Oxide is utilized as a protective coating for structural steel used in construction projects, bridges, and infrastructure, ensuring longevity and corrosion resistance.

Architectural Coatings:
Micaceous Iron Oxide is employed in architectural paints and coatings for buildings, providing both aesthetic appeal and corrosion protection.

Pipeline Coatings:
Micaceous Iron Oxide is used in pipeline coatings to prevent corrosion and ensure the integrity of oil, gas, and water pipelines.

Storage Tanks:
Micaceous Iron Oxide is applied to storage tanks, such as those used for chemicals or petroleum products, to protect against corrosion and maintain the integrity of the tanks.

Metal Fabrication:
Micaceous Iron Oxide is used in the fabrication and coating of metal products, including metal furniture, machinery, and metal structures.

Bridges and Infrastructure:
Micaceous Iron Oxide finds application in protective coatings for bridges, railways, and other infrastructure to prevent corrosion and extend their service life.

Oil and Gas Industry:
Micaceous Iron Oxide coatings are utilized in the oil and gas industry for equipment and structures exposed to harsh environments, such as offshore drilling rigs, platforms, and pipelines.

Power Plants:
Micaceous Iron Oxide is used in coatings for power plant structures and equipment to protect against corrosion caused by high temperatures and harsh operating conditions.

Chemical Processing Facilities:
Micaceous Iron Oxide coatings provide corrosion protection for equipment and structures in chemical processing plants.

Water and Wastewater Treatment:
Micaceous Iron Oxide finds application in coatings for water treatment facilities, wastewater treatment plants, and tanks to resist corrosion from chemicals and moisture.

Metal Roofing:
Micaceous Iron Oxide is sometimes used in coatings for metal roofing to provide both aesthetic appeal and corrosion resistance.



DESCRIPTION


Micaceous Iron Oxide (Micaceous Iron Oxide), also known as hematite or specular hematite, is a naturally occurring mineral pigment that belongs to the iron oxide group.
Its chemical formula is Fe2O3, indicating that it consists of two iron (Fe) atoms bonded to three oxygen (O) atoms.

Micaceous Iron Oxide has a unique flaky or micaceous structure, resembling the shimmering appearance of mica.
This characteristic gives it excellent protective and anticorrosive properties, making it a popular choice for various industrial applications.
Micaceous Iron Oxide is primarily used as a pigment and as a barrier coating in protective paints and primers.

The flaky structure of Micaceous Iron Oxide provides a barrier against moisture, gases, and chemicals, thereby protecting the substrate from corrosion.
Micaceous Iron Oxide also offers good UV resistance, high temperature stability, and excellent adhesion properties.
These attributes make Micaceous Iron Oxide suitable for applications such as automotive coatings, marine paints, heavy-duty machinery, structural steel, and other metal surfaces that require long-term protection against corrosion.

Micaceous Iron Oxide is often mixed with other pigments or binders to enhance its performance or to achieve specific color shades.
Micaceous Iron Oxide is available in different grades based on particle size distribution and purity, allowing manufacturers to select the most suitable grade for their specific requirements.

Micaceous Iron Oxide is a natural mineral pigment with a distinctive flaky structure.
Micaceous Iron Oxide exhibits a shimmering appearance reminiscent of mica, hence the name.
Micaceous Iron Oxide is composed of iron oxide, specifically hematite.
Micaceous Iron Oxide is known for its excellent protective and anticorrosive properties.

Micaceous Iron Oxide is widely used in industrial applications, particularly in protective coatings.
The flaky structure of Micaceous Iron Oxide acts as a barrier against moisture and chemicals.
Micaceous Iron Oxide provides long-lasting protection against corrosion on various surfaces.

Micaceous Iron Oxide offers good adhesion to metal substrates.
Micaceous Iron Oxide has exceptional durability, making it suitable for harsh environments.
Micaceous Iron Oxide is resistant to UV radiation, maintaining its color and integrity over time.
Micaceous Iron Oxide is commonly used in automotive coatings to protect against rust.

Micaceous Iron Oxide is utilized in marine paints to prevent corrosion on ships and other maritime structures.
Micaceous Iron Oxide finds applications in heavy machinery and equipment, extending their lifespan.
Micaceous Iron Oxide is also used in architectural coatings for long-term protection.

Micaceous Iron Oxide provides a decorative element to coatings, imparting a unique shimmer or metallic effect.
Micaceous Iron Oxide has high-temperature stability, making it suitable for industrial applications.
Micaceous Iron Oxide enhances the fire resistance of coatings.

Micaceous Iron Oxide is compatible with various binders and can be easily incorporated into formulations.
Micaceous Iron Oxide is available in different particle size distributions to suit specific coating requirements.
Micaceous Iron Oxide can be blended with other pigments to achieve desired color shades.
Micaceous Iron Oxide offers excellent weather resistance, maintaining its properties even in harsh climatic conditions.
Micaceous Iron Oxide has low solubility and does not easily leach into the environment.

Micaceous Iron Oxide is non-toxic and poses minimal health risks.
Micaceous Iron Oxide is an environmentally friendly option for corrosion protection.
The versatility and reliability of Micaceous Iron Oxide make it a popular choice in various industries.



PROPERTIES


Chemical Formula: Fe2O3
Appearance: Flaky or micaceous structure, resembling mica
Color: Typically dark gray or black, with metallic luster
Density: 4.8 - 5.2 g/cm3
Melting Point: Approximately 1,565°C (2,849°F)
Solubility: Insoluble in water and organic solvents
Particle Size Distribution: Available in different grades with varying particle sizes
Purity: Varies based on grade and manufacturer specifications
Corrosion Resistance: Provides excellent barrier protection against corrosion
Adhesion: Exhibits good adhesion to metal substrates
UV Resistance: Offers high resistance to ultraviolet (UV) radiation
Temperature Stability: Shows stability at high temperatures
Moisture Barrier: Acts as a barrier against moisture and water vapor
Chemical Resistance: Resistant to many chemicals and environmental factors
Aesthetic Appeal: Imparts a unique metallic or shimmering effect to coatings
Longevity: Provides long-lasting corrosion protection
Weather Resistance: Maintains its properties under various weather conditions



FIRST AID


Inhalation:

If inhaled, remove the affected person to fresh air.
If breathing difficulties persist, seek immediate medical attention.
Administer artificial respiration if necessary and if trained to do so.
Provide oxygen support if available.


Skin Contact:

Remove contaminated clothing and rinse the affected area with plenty of water.
Gently wash the skin with mild soap and water.
If irritation or redness occurs, seek medical advice.
In case of chemical burns, apply appropriate first aid measures and seek immediate medical attention.


Eye Contact:

Flush the eyes gently with clean water for at least 15 minutes, holding the eyelids open.
Remove contact lenses if present and easy to do so.
Seek immediate medical attention for further evaluation and treatment.


Ingestion:

Rinse the mouth with water but do not induce vomiting.
Seek medical attention immediately.
Provide the medical personnel with detailed information about the substance.


General First Aid Measures:

Remove the affected person from the exposure area to a well-ventilated space.
Ensure rest and comfort for the affected person.
If necessary, seek medical attention promptly.
Provide the medical personnel with relevant information about the substance for appropriate treatment.



HANDLING AND STORAGE


Handling:

Personal Protective Equipment (PPE):
Wear suitable protective clothing, including gloves, safety goggles, and a dust mask or respirator, to minimize exposure.
Select PPE based on the specific handling procedures and product characteristics, following manufacturer's recommendations.

Ventilation:
Ensure adequate ventilation in the working area to minimize the potential for airborne dust or fumes.
Use local exhaust ventilation or dust collection systems when handling the material to control dust dispersion.

Avoiding Dust Generation:
Handle the material in a manner that minimizes the generation of dust.
Use appropriate handling equipment, such as closed systems or containers, to prevent spills and dust release.

Avoiding Contact:
Avoid skin and eye contact with Micaceous Iron Oxide.
In case of contact, promptly follow the recommended first aid measures mentioned previously.

Hygiene Practices:
Wash hands thoroughly with soap and water after handling the material.
Do not eat, drink, or smoke in areas where the material is being handled.
Maintain good personal hygiene practices to minimize any potential exposure.


Storage:

Storage Area:
Store Micaceous Iron Oxide in a cool, dry, well-ventilated area away from direct sunlight and incompatible substances.
Follow local regulations and guidelines for proper storage conditions.

Temperature and Humidity:
Avoid exposing the material to extreme temperatures and high humidity, as it may affect its properties and performance.

Containers:
Store the material in tightly sealed containers specifically designed for the storage of dry powders.
Ensure containers are labeled properly with relevant information, including the product name, hazards, and handling precautions.

Segregation:
Store Micaceous Iron Oxide away from incompatible materials to prevent any potential reactions or contamination.

Spill and Leak Measures:
Implement proper spill control measures, such as using appropriate absorbent materials, to contain and clean up any spills promptly.
Follow established procedures and regulations for the disposal of contaminated materials.

Fire Precautions:
Micaceous Iron Oxide is not flammable, but in case of a fire involving the surrounding area, use standard firefighting procedures and equipment.



SYNONYMS


Micaceous Iron Oxide
Micaceous Hematite
Micaceous Ferric Oxide
Micaceous Red Iron Oxide
Micaceous Iron Ore
Specular Hematite
Specularite
Natural Lamellar Iron Oxide
Natural Micaceous Iron Oxide
Natural Micaceous Hematite
Lamellar Iron Oxide
Iron(III) Oxide
Hematite
Red Iron Oxide
Natural Red Oxide
Natural Iron Oxide
Ferric Oxide
Fe2O3
Iron Trioxide
Red Ochre
Bloodstone
English Red
Indian Red
Rouge
Raddle
Rust
Goethite
Martite
Iron Rust
Colcothar
Ferric Red
Ferruginous Earth
Terra Rossa
Haematite
Iron Sesquioxide
Micaceous Red Ochre
Micaceous Red Iron Ore
Micaceous Hematite Ore
Lamellar Hematite
Glossy Hematite
Shiny Iron Oxide
Metallic Iron Oxide
Flake Iron Oxide
Micaceous Iron Rust
Shimmering Iron Oxide
Sparkling Iron Oxide
Lustrous Iron Oxide
Glittering Iron Oxide
Glistening Iron Oxide
Iridescent Iron Oxide
Gleaming Iron Oxide
Shining Hematite
Reflective Iron Oxide
Silvery Iron Oxide
Glimmering Iron Oxide
Shimmery Hematite
Glinting Iron Oxide
Brilliant Iron Oxide
Burnt Sienna
Burnt Umber

MIPA-COCOYL SARCOSINATE, Nom INCI : MIPA-COCOYL SARCOSINATE. Ses fonctions (INCI). Agent nettoyant : Aide à garder une surface propre Tensioactif : Réduit la tension superficielle des cosmétiques et contribue à la répartition uniforme du produit lors de son utilisation

Microcrystalline Cellulose is a term for refined wood pulp
Microcrystalline Cellulose is used as a texturizer
Microcrystalline Cellulose can be used as an anti-caking agent


CAS NUMBER: 9004-34-6

EC NUMBER: 232-674-9

MOLECULAR FORMULA: C12H22O11

MOLECULAR WEIGHT: 342.30 g/mol

IUPAC NAME: (6S)-2-(hydroxymethyl)-6-[(3S)-4,5,6-trihydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-3-yl]oxyoxane-3,4,5-triol


Microcrystalline Cellulose is used as a fat substitute
Microcrystalline Cellulose also used as an emulsifier and an extender

Microcrystalline Cellulose is used as a bulking agent in food production.
The most common form is used in vitamin supplements or tablets.
Microcrystalline Cellulose is also used in plaque assays for counting viruses, as an alternative to carboxymethylcellulose.

Structure
A naturally occurring polymer, Microcrystalline Cellulose is composed of glucose units connected by a 1-4 beta glycosidic bond.
These linear cellulose chains are bundled together as microfibril spiralled together in plant cell walls.

Each microfibril exhibits a high degree of three-dimensional internal bonding resulting in a crystalline structure that is insoluble in water and resistant to reagents.
There are, however, relatively weak segments of the microfibril with weaker internal bonding.
These are called amorphous regions; some argue that they are more accurately called dislocations, because of the single-phase structure of microfibrils.
The crystalline region is isolated to produce microcrystalline cellulose.

USES:
Microcrystalline Cellulose is as a thickener, stabilizer or emulsifier, microcrystalline cellulose was granted the E number E460(i) with basic cellulose given the number E460.
Microcrystalline Cellulose has use in cosmetics as an abrasive, absorbent, anti-caking agent, aqueous viscosity increasing agent, binder, bulking agent, emulsion stabilizer, slip modifier, and texturizer, which can be found in various hair and skin care products as well as makeup.

The Microcrystalline Cellulose is a valuable additive in pharmaceutical, food, cosmetic and other industries.
Different properties of Microcrystalline Cellulose are measured to qualify its suitability to such utilization, namely particle size, density, compressibility index, angle of repose, powder porosity, hydration swelling capacity, moisture sorption capacity, moisture content, crystallinity index, crystallite size, and mechanical properties such as hardness and tensile strength.

Synthesis of It:
Microcrystalline Cellulose is pure partially depolymerized cellulose synthesized from α-cellulose precursor.
Microcrystalline Cellulose can be synthesized by different processes such as reactive extrusion, enzyme mediated, mechanical grinding, ultrasonication, steam explosion and acid hydrolysis.
The later process can be done using mineral acids such as H2SO4, HCl and HBr as well as ionic liquids.
The role of these reagents is to destroy the amorphous regions leaving the crystalline domains.

Microcrystalline Cellulose is refined wood pulp.
Microcrystalline Cellulose is a white, free-flowing powder.
Chemically, Microcrystalline Cellulose is an inert substance, is not degraded during digestion and has no appreciable absorption.
In large quantities Microcrystalline Cellulose provides dietary bulk and may lead to a laxative effect.

Microcrystalline Cellulose is a commonly used excipient in the pharmaceutical industry.
Microcrystalline Cellulose has excellent compressibility properties and is used in solid dose forms, such as tablets.
Tablets can be formed that are hard, but dissolve quickly.
Microcrystalline Cellulose is the same as cellulose, except that it meets USP standards.

Microcrystalline Cellulose is also found in many processed food products, and may be used as an anti-caking agent, stabilizer, texture modifier, or suspending agent among other uses.
Microcrystalline Cellulose is the most commonly used spheronizing aid in a formulation undergoing extrusion spheronization.

Microcrystalline Cellulose plays a variety of roles in cosmetic formulations including as an abrasive, absorbent, emulsion stabiliser, slip modifier and viscosity-increasing agent.
Microcrystalline Cellulose is defined as the isolated, colloidal crystalline portion of cellulose fibers, which can be plant derived or created synthetically.

Microcrystalline Cellulose is an important ingredient in pharmaceutical, food, cosmetic and other industries.
Microcrystalline Cellulose is made from high-grade, purified wood cellulose.

Hydrolysis is used to remove cellulose until the microcrystalline form remains.
With its amorphous cellulose portions removed, it becomes an inert, white, free-flowing powder.
Microcrystalline Cellulose can be processed in a number of ways, through reactive extrusion, steam explosion, and acid hydrolysis.

Pharmaceutical Areas:
All cellulose derivatives have their own pharmaceutical properties, but Microcrystalline Cellulose is the most versatile agent in the industry.
Microcrystalline Cellulose can be used to make tablets more compressible and to bind both wet and dry manufacturing processes.
Microcrystalline Cellulose's thickening powers and viscosity make it an important cellulose in liquid dosage forms.
Grades with a larger particle size and higher crystallization work well with colloidal silicon dioxide to produce silicide and second-generation grades.
Microcrystalline Cellulose is an excellent bioadhesive, and is used in bioadhesive drug delivery systems.

Interesting Facts about Microcrystalline Cellulose:
Microcrystalline Cellulose is used as an anti-caking agent in the processed food niche, but it's also a popular texturiser for cosmetics.
Microcrystalline Cellulose's a refined wood pulp with a unique hydroswelling talent.
Microcrystalline Cellulose can be synthesized in several ways through reactive extrusion, ultrasonication, and steam explosion.
More recently, Microcrystalline Cellulose's cleared a place for itself in the 3D printing niche.
Some have called Microcrystalline Cellulose an "inexhaustible treasure" for the pharmaceutical industry because it lends itself to a huge number of processes.
At its most straightforward, Microcrystalline Cellulose's used to achieve oral dosage forms in direct compression.
Microcrystalline Cellulose's remarkable flow makes it much easier to ensure a consistent tablet weight.

Benefits of Microcrystalline Cellulose:
In terms of particle size Microcrystalline Cellulose can be engineered to different um sizes.
Due to its microcrystalline structure it offers a naturally large surface area with plenty of porosity and moisture retention powers.
Microcrystalline Cellulose's often referred to as the best extrusion aid on the market for its excellent binding properties and cohesiveness.

If water movement is well-controlled, phase separation is completely avoidable.
Microcrystalline Cellulose can create a dense, smooth surface that's extremely nonfriable.
Microcrystalline Cellulose deforms under compression but forms powerful hydrogen bonds.


PHYSICAL PROPERTIES:

-Molecular Weight: 342.30 g/mol

-XLogP3-AA: -4.7

-Exact Mass: 342.11621151 g/mol

-Monoisotopic Mass: 342.11621151 g/mol

-Topological Polar Surface Area: 190Ų

-Physical Description: white, odourless powder

-Color: Colorless

-Form: Solid

-Odour: Odorless

-Boiling Point: Decomposes

-Melting Point: 500-518 °F

-Solubility: Insoluble in water, ethanol, ether and dilute mineral acids

-Density: 1.27-1.61

-Vapor Pressure: 0 mmHg


Microcrystalline Cellulose is an isolated, colloidal crystalline portion of cellulose fibers.
Microcrystalline Cellulose is a proven filler and stabilizer in food, cosmetics, capsules and tablets.

Microcrystalline Cellulose is obtained from plant fibre cellulose.
Microcrystalline Cellulose is the natural substance par excellence
Microcrystalline Cellulose can be found in the cell walls of all plants and is the most abundant organic compound.


CHEMICAL PROPERTIES:

-Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 8

-Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 11

-Rotatable Bond Count: 4

-Heavy Atom Count: 23

-Formal Charge: 0

-Complexity: 382

-Isotope Atom Count: 0

-Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 2

-Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 8

-Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0

-Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0

-Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 1

-Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes

-Chemical Classes: Biological Agents -> Polysaccharides


To obtain Microcrystalline Cellulose, cellulose is treated with mineral acids to produce a white, crystalline powder.
Microcrystalline Cellulose is chemically identical to the original cellulose.
Only the particle size (it is now "micro") and crystallinity (it is now powdery white) change – and this is also visible in the name: microcrystalline cellulose.

Microcrystalline Cellulose is non-digestible plant matter in sources like refined wood pulp and tough plant stalks
Microcrystalline Cellulose is a natural polymer.


ADVANTAGES:
*Flowability is improved

*Requires lower compression pressures

*Compactibility after wet granulation is maintained

*Compacts exhibit greater stiffness

*Higher lubrication efficiency


Microcrystalline Cellulose is a white, free-flowing powder.
These plants are harvested, cleaned, and ground to create a fine, white powder.
Microcrystalline Cellulose is called "microcrystalline" because its tiny crystals can only be viewed under a microscope.

Microcrystalline Cellulose is used as a texturizer
Microcrystalline Cellulose can be used as an anti-caking agent

Microcrystalline Cellulose is used as a fat substitute and an emulsifier
Microcrystalline Cellulose also used as an extender

Microcrystalline Cellulose is a bulking agent in food production.
The most common form is used in vitamin supplements or tablet.

Microcrystalline Cellulose is a white, free-flowing powder.
Chemically, Microcrystalline Cellulose is an inert substance, is not degraded during digestion and has no appreciable absorption.
In large quantities Microcrystalline Cellulose provides dietary bulk and may lead to a laxative effect.

Microcrystalline Cellulose is a commonly used excipient in the pharmaceutical industry.
Microcrystalline Cellulose has excellent compressibility properties and is used in solid dose forms, such as tablets.

Microcrystalline Cellulose is a refined wood pulp that is used for various applications.
Microcrystalline Cellulose is utilized as anti-caking agent

Microcrystalline Cellulose is an odorless, white powdery fibers.
Microcrystalline Cellulose's density is 1.5 g/cm3.

The biopolymer composing the cell wall of vegetable tissues.
Microcrystalline Cellulose is prepared by treating cotton with an organic solvent to de-wax it and removing pectic acids by extration with a solution of sodium hydroxide.

The principal fiber composing the cell wall of vegetable tissues (wood, cotton, flax, grass, etc.).
Microcrystalline Cellulose is insoluble in water.

Microcrystalline Cellulose is soluble with chemical degradation in sulfuric acid, and in concentrated solutions of zinc chloride.
Microcrystalline Cellulose is also soluble in aqueous solutions of cupric ammonium hydroxide (Cu(NH3)4(OH)2).

Microcrystalline Cellulose is a glycoside.
Microcrystalline Cellulose is a natural product found in Hyphaene thebaica and Aronia melanocarpa with data available.

Microcrystalline Cellulose is a gum that is the nonfibrous form of cellulose
Microcrystalline Cellulose is an alpha-cellulose.

Microcrystalline Cellulose is dispersible in water but not soluble, requiring considerable energy to disperse and hydrate.
In this form Microcrystalline Cellulose is used in dry applications such as tableting, capsules, and shredded cheese where it functions as a non-nutritive filler, binder, flow aid, and anticaking agent.

Microcrystalline Cellulose is a carbohydrate polymer made up of glucose units.
Microcrystalline Cellulose consists of fibrous particles and is used as a fiber source and bulking agent in low-calorie formulations.

Microcrystalline Cellulose is a thickener and an emulsifier.
Microcrystalline Cellulose is obtained from plants.

Microcrystalline Cellulose is used as an emulsifier in cosmetic creams.
Microcrystalline Cellulose is the chief constituent of plant fiber.


SYNONYMS:

cellulose
DEAE-CELLULOSE
9004-34-6
Cellulose, 2-(diethylamino)ethyl ether
(6S)-2-(hydroxymethyl)-6-[(3S)-4,5,6-trihydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-3-yl]oxyoxane-3,4,5-triol
Diethylaminoethyl cellulose
Cellulosepulver
DEAE-Sephacel(R)
UNII-85AMG1WQ9L
Diethylaminoethyl-Sephacel(R)
CHEBI:156274
CELLULOSE, DIETHYLAMINOETHYL
AKOS015895024
EN300-381040
(5S)-6-(hydroxymethyl)-5-{[(2S)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy}oxane-2,3,4-triol
(6S)-2-(HYDROXYMETHYL)-6-{[(3S)-4,5,6-TRIHYDROXY-2-(HYDROXYMETHYL)OXAN-3-YL]OXY}OXANE-3,4,5-TRIOL
Diethylaminoethyl-Sephacel(R)
AVICEL PH
AVICEL PH 101(R)
AVICEL PH 102
AVICEL PH 105(R)
AVICEL(R)
AVICEL(R)
AVICEL SF
AVIRIN

Microcrystalline cellulose is a refined wood pulp or plant fiber that is processed into a fine, white, odorless powder.
Microcrystalline cellulose is primarily composed of cellulose, which is a complex carbohydrate found in the cell walls of plants.
Microcrystalline cellulose is insoluble in water and other common organic solvents.

CAS Number: 9004-34-6



APPLICATIONS


Microcrystalline cellulose is widely used as a pharmaceutical excipient, providing excellent binding, disintegrating, and flow properties in tablet formulations.
Microcrystalline cellulose is employed in food products as a texturizer, stabilizer, and fat replacer, improving the texture and mouthfeel of various food items.

Microcrystalline cellulose is utilized in cosmetics and personal care products as a bulking agent, emulsion stabilizer, and viscosity enhancer.
Microcrystalline cellulose finds application in dietary supplements, acting as a filler and binder for encapsulation and tablet manufacturing.
Microcrystalline cellulose is used in the production of paper and paperboard, improving strength, porosity, and printability.
Microcrystalline cellulose is employed in the textile industry for sizing, providing improved yarn strength and weaving efficiency.

Microcrystalline cellulose is used in the production of ceramics and porcelain, enhancing moldability, green strength, and firing properties.
Microcrystalline cellulose is utilized in drilling muds for oil and gas exploration to control fluid viscosity and provide filtration control.

Microcrystalline cellulose is incorporated into rubber and plastic formulations to enhance mechanical properties and processability.
Microcrystalline cellulose is employed in paint and coating additives to improve stability, rheology, and texture.
Microcrystalline cellulose finds application in environmental remediation for adsorption and removal of contaminants in soil and groundwater.

Microcrystalline cellulose is used in foundry sands to enhance flowability, reduce casting defects, and improve surface finish in metal casting.
Microcrystalline cellulose is employed in rubber compounding to improve filler dispersion, processability, and performance of rubber products.
Microcrystalline cellulose is used as a binder and flow enhancer in animal feed formulations to improve pellet formation and handling.
Microcrystalline cellulose finds application in facial cleansers, body washes, and exfoliating scrubs as a gentle abrasive agent and texture enhancer.

Microcrystalline cellulose is used in the production of effervescent tablets to improve their disintegration and dissolution properties.
Microcrystalline cellulose is employed in the production of ceramic cores for investment casting to provide dimensional accuracy and stability.
Microcrystalline cellulose finds application in thermal insulation materials to enhance structural integrity and thermal performance.

Microcrystalline cellulose is used in the production of synthetic fibers, improving fiber strength and processability.
Microcrystalline cellulose can be applied as a soil amendment in agriculture to enhance water retention and nutrient availability for plant growth.
Microcrystalline cellulose is used in abrasive and polishing compounds for surface cleaning, smoothing, and polishing applications.
Microcrystalline cellulose finds application as a coating material or encapsulating agent for controlled release and protection of active ingredients.

Microcrystalline cellulose is utilized in water treatment processes for filtration and clarification to remove suspended particles and impurities.
Microcrystalline cellulose is incorporated into fire retardant formulations to improve flame resistance and safety in various applications.
Microcrystalline cellulose finds application in the production of oral disintegrating tablets, providing rapid disintegration and drug release.


Microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) has a wide range of applications across different industries.
Some of its common applications include:

Pharmaceutical Industry:
Microcrystalline cellulose is extensively used as an excipient in pharmaceutical formulations, particularly in tablet manufacturing.
Microcrystalline cellulose acts as a binder, diluent, disintegrant, and flow aid, providing improved tablet hardness, uniformity, and drug release.

Food and Beverage Industry:
Microcrystalline cellulose is used as a food additive, providing various functionalities such as thickening, stabilizing, and texture enhancement.
Microcrystalline cellulose is commonly found in baked goods, dairy products, sauces, dressings, and beverages.

Cosmetic and Personal Care Products:
Microcrystalline cellulose is utilized in cosmetics and personal care products as a bulking agent, texture modifier, and stabilizer.
Microcrystalline cellulose helps to improve product consistency, viscosity, and overall performance.

Dietary Supplements:
Microcrystalline cellulose is a popular ingredient in dietary supplements, providing benefits such as improved flow properties, uniformity, and controlled release of active ingredients.

Oral Care Products:
Microcrystalline cellulose is used in toothpaste and mouthwash formulations as a binder, thickener, and abrasive agent for effective cleaning and texture enhancement.

Paper and Pulp Industry:
Microcrystalline cellulose is employed as a binding agent, coating additive, and texture enhancer in the production of paper and paperboard.
Microcrystalline cellulose improves paper strength, printability, and smoothness.

Paints and Coatings:
Microcrystalline cellulose is used as a rheology modifier and thickener in water-based paints and coatings, improving their viscosity, stability, and application properties.

Building Materials:
Microcrystalline cellulose can be incorporated into cementitious materials, such as mortar and plaster, to enhance workability, cohesion, and crack resistance.

Filtration and Separation:
Microcrystalline cellulose is utilized as a filter aid in various industrial filtration processes, including pharmaceutical filtration, wastewater treatment, and beverage clarification.

Agrochemicals:
Microcrystalline cellulose is used as an inert carrier and dispersing agent in the formulation of pesticides, herbicides, and fertilizers, enhancing their effectiveness and handling characteristics.

Textile Industry:
Microcrystalline cellulose is employed as a binder in textile printing and dyeing processes, improving color fastness and fabric stability.

3D Printing:
Microcrystalline cellulose can be used as a filler and binder in 3D printing filaments, helping to enhance the structural integrity and dimensional stability of printed objects.

Energy Storage:
Microcrystalline cellulose has been explored as a component in electrodes for energy storage devices, such as supercapacitors and batteries, due to its high surface area and electrical conductivity.

Ceramic Industry:
Microcrystalline cellulose is utilized as a binder and pore-forming agent in ceramic manufacturing processes, improving green strength and controlling porosity.

Adhesives and Sealants:
Microcrystalline cellulose can be incorporated into adhesive and sealant formulations to improve cohesion, viscosity, and adhesion properties.

Texturized Foods:
Microcrystalline cellulose is used in the production of texturized or structured foods, providing desired textures and enhancing mouthfeel.

Pharmaceutical Excipient Compatibility Studies:
Microcrystalline cellulose is often used as a reference material in compatibility studies between drug substances and excipients to assess stability and interactions.

Biotechnology and Biomedical Applications:
Microcrystalline cellulose finds applications in biotechnology and biomedical research, such as cell culture support, drug delivery systems, and scaffold materials.

Carbonization and Activated Carbon Production:
Microcrystalline cellulose can be carbonized and converted into activated carbon for various applications, including adsorption, water purification, and gas separation.

Soil Stabilization:
Microcrystalline cellulose can be added to soil to improve its stability, erosion resistance, and water-holding capacity in landscaping and construction projects.

Ceramic and Porcelain Production:
Microcrystalline cellulose can be used as a binder and filler in the production of ceramic and porcelain products, helping to improve the workability of the clay mixture, enhance green strength, and control shrinkage during firing.

Oil and Gas Industry:
Microcrystalline cellulose is utilized in drilling mud formulations to control fluid viscosity, provide filtration control, and enhance wellbore stability during drilling operations.

Rubber and Plastics Industry:
Microcrystalline cellulose is incorporated into rubber and plastic formulations as a filler and reinforcing agent, improving mechanical properties, such as tensile strength, elasticity, and dimensional stability.

Paint and Coating Additives:
Microcrystalline cellulose can be used as a suspending agent, anti-settling agent, and rheology modifier in paints and coatings, contributing to improved stability, flow properties, and texture.

Textile Sizing:
Microcrystalline cellulose is employed as a sizing agent in textile manufacturing processes, particularly in warp sizing, to enhance yarn strength, lubrication, and weaving efficiency.

Environmental Remediation:
Microcrystalline cellulose can be utilized in environmental remediation processes, such as soil and groundwater remediation, to aid in the adsorption and removal of contaminants.

Ceramics and Glass Industry:
Microcrystalline cellulose is used as a binder and rheology modifier in ceramic and glass fiber production, improving fiber integrity, dispersion, and molding properties.

Foundry Industry:
Microcrystalline cellulose can be added to foundry sands to enhance their flowability, reduce casting defects, and improve the surface finish of metal castings.

Rubber Compounding:
Microcrystalline cellulose is employed in rubber compounding processes to improve dispersion of fillers and additives, enhance processing properties, and optimize the performance of rubber products.

Animal Feed Additives:
Microcrystalline cellulose can be used as a binder and flow enhancer in animal feed formulations, ensuring better pellet formation and improved handling during feed production.

Personal Care Products:
Microcrystalline cellulose finds applications in personal care products such as facial cleansers, body washes, and exfoliating scrubs as a gentle abrasive agent and texture enhancer.

Effervescent Tablets:
Microcrystalline cellulose is used in the production of effervescent tablets to improve their disintegration and dissolution properties, allowing for rapid release and absorption of active ingredients.

Ceramic Cores for Investment Casting:
Microcrystalline cellulose can be utilized as a binder in the production of ceramic cores used in investment casting processes, providing dimensional accuracy and stability during casting.

Thermal Insulation Materials:
Microcrystalline cellulose can be incorporated into thermal insulation materials, such as fiberglass and mineral wool, to enhance their structural integrity and thermal performance.

Synthetic Fiber Production:
Microcrystalline cellulose is used in the production of synthetic fibers, such as rayon and viscose, as a binder and reinforcement agent to improve fiber strength and processability.

Soil Amendment and Agriculture:
Microcrystalline cellulose can be applied to soil as an amendment to improve water retention, nutrient availability, and soil structure, enhancing plant growth and agricultural productivity.

Abrasive and Polishing Compounds:
Microcrystalline cellulose is utilized in abrasive and polishing compounds to provide a mild abrasive action for surface cleaning, smoothing, and polishing applications.

Coating and Encapsulation:
Microcrystalline cellulose can be used as a coating material or encapsulating agent for various purposes, including controlled release of active ingredients, protection against moisture, and improving stability.

Water Treatment:
Microcrystalline cellulose can be utilized in water treatment processes, such as filtration and clarification, to aid in the removal of suspended particles and impurities from water.

Fire Retardant Applications:
Microcrystalline cellulose can be incorporated into fire retardant formulations to improve their flame resistance properties, providing enhanced safety in various applications.



DESCRIPTION


Microcrystalline cellulose is a refined wood pulp or plant fiber that is processed into a fine, white, odorless powder.
Microcrystalline cellulose is primarily composed of cellulose, which is a complex carbohydrate found in the cell walls of plants.
Microcrystalline cellulose is insoluble in water and other common organic solvents.

The chemical formula for microcrystalline cellulose is (C6H10O5)n, where "n" represents the degree of polymerization, which can vary.

Microcrystalline cellulose is a finely powdered substance derived from wood pulp or plant fibers.
Microcrystalline cellulose appears as a white, odorless powder with a fine particle size.
The texture of microcrystalline cellulose is soft and smooth to the touch.

Microcrystalline cellulose has excellent flowability and compressibility properties, making it ideal for tablet manufacturing.
Microcrystalline cellulose is insoluble in water and most organic solvents.
Microcrystalline cellulose is composed primarily of cellulose, a polysaccharide found in plant cell walls.
The particles of microcrystalline cellulose have a crystalline structure on a microscopic level.

Microcrystalline cellulose has a low bulk density, allowing it to be easily incorporated into various formulations.
Microcrystalline cellulose has a high capacity for moisture absorption, which can contribute to its functionality in certain applications.

Microcrystalline cellulose is chemically stable and resistant to microbial degradation.
The pH of microcrystalline cellulose is typically neutral, making it compatible with a wide range of formulations.
Microcrystalline cellulose does not undergo significant changes in viscosity over a wide pH range.
Microcrystalline cellulose is non-toxic and safe for use in various industries, including pharmaceuticals and food.

Microcrystalline cellulose has a long shelf life when stored under appropriate conditions.
Microcrystalline cellulose is a renewable and sustainable material, derived from natural plant sources.
Microcrystalline cellulose has good thermal stability, withstanding a range of temperatures without significant decomposition.
The fine particle size of microcrystalline cellulose contributes to its uniform distribution and dispersion in formulations.
Microcrystalline cellulose has excellent binding properties, allowing it to act as a cohesive agent in tablet compression.

Microcrystalline cellulose has a low hygroscopicity, meaning it does not readily absorb moisture from the environment.
Microcrystalline cellulose exhibits good compatibility with other excipients and active ingredients in pharmaceutical formulations.
The small particle size and uniformity of microcrystalline cellulose contribute to smooth tablet disintegration and dissolution.
Microcrystalline cellulose provides stability to pharmaceutical formulations by preventing segregation and improving homogeneity.

Microcrystalline cellulose is resistant to enzymatic degradation in the gastrointestinal tract, making it suitable for oral dosage forms.
Microcrystalline cellulose can contribute to improved bioavailability of certain drugs by enhancing their dissolution rate.
Microcrystalline cellulose is widely used as a versatile excipient in pharmaceuticals, food products, cosmetics, and other industries due to its unique properties and functionality.



PROPERTIES


Chemical Formula: (C6H10O5)n
Appearance: White, odorless powder
Molecular Weight: Varies depending on the degree of polymerization
Solubility: Insoluble in water and organic solvents
Particle Size: Fine to coarse powder, typically ranging from 20 to 200 microns
Density: Approximately 0.3 to 0.6 g/cm3
pH: Neutral to slightly acidic
Moisture Content: Typically below 10%
Bulk Density: Varies depending on the grade and compaction conditions
Specific Surface Area: Relatively high surface area due to its fibrous structure
Swelling Capacity: Exhibits swelling behavior upon contact with water
Gelation: Can form gels when dispersed in water or certain solvents
Thermal Stability: Stable up to temperatures around 200-250°C
Rheological Properties: Exhibits pseudoplastic or thixotropic behavior, depending on the grade
Water Retention: Has the ability to absorb and retain water
Binding Properties: Excellent binding capacity, especially in tablet formulations
Disintegration: Facilitates rapid disintegration of tablets upon contact with fluids
Flowability: Provides improved flow properties and prevents caking or clumping in powder formulations
Stability: Chemically stable under normal storage and handling conditions
Compatibility: Compatible with a wide range of other excipients and active ingredients
Film Forming: Can form films or coatings with good mechanical strength and barrier properties
Lubricity: Exhibits lubricating properties, aiding in the ease of tablet compression and ejection
Suspension Stability: Can suspend solid particles in liquids without significant settling or sedimentation
Tasteless and Odorless: Does not impart any noticeable taste or odor to formulations
Biocompatibility: Generally regarded as safe for use in pharmaceutical and food applications



FIRST AID


General First Aid:

If any symptoms persist or worsen, seek medical attention promptly.
If medical attention is required, bring the product label or safety data sheet (SDS) with you.
In case of any emergency, contact the appropriate emergency services in your country or region.


Inhalation:

Move the affected person to fresh air and ensure they are in a well-ventilated area.
If respiratory symptoms occur or breathing becomes difficult, seek medical attention immediately.
Provide supportive measures such as oxygen, if necessary.
If the person is not breathing, administer artificial respiration and seek immediate medical attention.


Skin Contact:

Remove contaminated clothing and footwear.
Wash the affected area with soap and water thoroughly for at least 15 minutes.
If irritation persists, seek medical advice and provide information about the substance.


Eye Contact:

Flush the eyes gently with clean water for at least 15 minutes, holding the eyelids open.
Remove contact lenses, if applicable, after rinsing for a few minutes.
Seek immediate medical attention and provide information about the substance.


Ingestion:

Rinse the mouth with water and drink plenty of water to dilute the substance.
Do not induce vomiting unless instructed to do so by medical professionals.
Seek immediate medical attention and provide information about the substance.



HANDLING AND STORAGE


Handling:

Personal Protective Equipment (PPE):

Wear appropriate protective clothing, including gloves, safety goggles, and a lab coat or protective clothing.
Use respiratory protection if there is a risk of inhalation of dust or particles.
Follow good industrial hygiene practices and ensure that PPE is selected based on the specific handling task.

Ventilation:

Ensure adequate ventilation in the handling area to minimize the concentration of airborne particles.
Use local exhaust ventilation or dust collection systems to control dust emissions, especially during processes that generate airborne particles.

Avoid Dust Generation:

Minimize the generation of dust by using appropriate handling techniques, such as controlled pouring, transfer, or mixing.
Use enclosed systems or handling equipment to prevent dust dispersion.

Fire and Explosion Hazards:

Microcrystalline cellulose is not considered flammable or explosive under normal conditions.
However, it may burn if exposed to high heat or open flame.
Take precautions to prevent the accumulation of dust, as high concentrations of airborne dust can form explosive mixtures in the presence of an ignition source.
Storage:

Store in a Dry Environment:

Store microcrystalline cellulose in a cool, dry place, away from moisture and humidity.
Protect the product from exposure to water or excessive moisture, as it may affect its performance and flow properties.
Temperature and Light:

Store at ambient temperatures, typically between 20°C and 25°C (68°F and 77°F).
Protect from direct sunlight and sources of heat to prevent degradation or discoloration of the product.
Packaging and Containment:

Keep the product in its original tightly closed container or packaging to maintain its integrity and prevent contamination.
Ensure that containers are properly labeled with relevant information, including the product name, batch number, and handling precautions.



SYNONYMS


MCC
Cellulose gel
Avicel®
Avicel® PH
Avicel® RC
Avicel® CL
Avicel® PH 101
Avicel® PH 102
Avicel® PH 103
Avicel® PH 105
Avicel® RC 581
Avicel® RC 591
Avicel® RC 591F
Avicel® CE
Avicel® PCW
Avicel® PCL
Vivapur®
Vivapur® 101
Vivapur® 102
Vivapur® 103
Emcocel®
Emcocel® 50M
Emcocel® 90M
Elcema®
Cellactose®
Avicel® PHM
Avicel® DG
Avicel® DG 112
Avicel® DG 581
Avicel® DG 591
Avicel® DG 591F
Avicel® DG PCW
Avicel® DG PCL
Avicel® HFE-5
Avicel® HFE-10
Avicel® SF-200
Avicel® SF-250
Avicel® SF-50
Avicel® SF-100
Avicel® SF-130
Emcocel® 90SH
Emcocel® 90SHX
Emcocel® 200M
Emcocel® 300M
Elcema® 90SH
Elcema® 300M
Vivapur® 105
Vivapur® 110
Cellactose® 80
Cellactose® 80M
Avicel® PC 591
Avicel® PC 611
Avicel® PCW 12
Avicel® PCW 15
Avicel® PCW 19
Avicel® PCW 21
Avicel® PH 112
Avicel® PH 113
Avicel® PH 200
Avicel® PH 205
Avicel® PH 301
Avicel® PH 302
Avicel® PH 306
Avicel® PH 311
Avicel® PH 361
Avicel® PH 367
Vivapur® PH 101
Vivapur® PH 102
Vivapur® PH 103
Vivapur® PH 105
Emcocel® 60M
Emcocel® 70M
Emcocel® 100M
Emcocel® 120M
Elcema® 90M

Microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) is a term used to describe a refined wood pulp that consists of almost pure cellulose.
Microcrystalline cellulose is commonly used in the pharmaceutical, food, and cosmetic industries as a versatile excipient, which is a substance added to formulations to improve their properties.
Chemically, microcrystalline cellulose is composed of small, crystalline particles of cellulose. Cellulose itself is a linear polysaccharide (a complex carbohydrate) made up of repeating glucose units linked together by β-1,4-glycosidic bonds.

CAS Number: 9004-34-6



APPLICATIONS


Microcrystalline cellulose is widely used in the pharmaceutical industry as an excipient in tablet formulations.
Microcrystalline cellulose serves as a binder, helping to hold the ingredients together in pharmaceutical tablets.
As a disintegrant, microcrystalline cellulose aids in the rapid breakup of tablets, facilitating drug release in the digestive system.

In the food industry, it is employed as a bulking agent in products like low-calorie foods, sauces, and dressings.
Microcrystalline cellulose enhances the texture and mouthfeel of food products, serving as a stabilizer.
Microcrystalline cellulose is utilized as a fat substitute and texturizing agent in low-fat and low-calorie food items.
In the cosmetics and personal care industry, microcrystalline cellulose acts as a stabilizer in emulsions and improves the consistency of creams and lotions.
Microcrystalline cellulose is a common ingredient in dietary supplements and vitamin tablets, contributing to their formulation.

Microcrystalline cellulose is used in the production of oral pharmaceutical suspensions to improve stability.
As a filler in pharmaceutical capsules, it helps ensure uniform distribution of the active ingredients.
Microcrystalline cellulose finds application in the manufacturing of controlled-release drug formulations.

Microcrystalline cellulose is used as a carrier in the production of solid and powder inhalation products in the pharmaceutical industry.
Microcrystalline cellulose is employed in the production of chewable tablets, providing a pleasant texture.
In the food industry, Microcrystalline cellulose is utilized to improve the consistency of products like yogurt and ice cream.

Microcrystalline cellulose is a key component in the production of effervescent tablets and granules.
Microcrystalline cellulose is used in the production of quick-dissolving tablets for easy administration.
Microcrystalline cellulose serves as a stabilizing agent in suspensions, preventing settling and maintaining uniformity.

In the ceramics industry, microcrystalline cellulose is used as a binder in the production of greenware.
Microcrystalline cellulose finds application in the production of cosmetic powders to enhance texture and application properties.

Microcrystalline cellulose is used in the development of biodegradable films and coatings.
Microcrystalline cellulose is employed as a carrier for active ingredients in agrochemical formulations.
In the paper and pulp industry, microcrystalline cellulose is used as a paper coating and binder.

Microcrystalline cellulose is utilized in the production of veterinary pharmaceuticals and pet care products.
Microcrystalline cellulose is added to certain personal care products to improve their rheological properties.
Microcrystalline cellulose is utilized in the development of 3D printing filaments and biomedical scaffolds due to its favorable properties.

Microcrystalline cellulose is a common ingredient in the formulation of over-the-counter medications, including antacids and pain relievers.
Microcrystalline cellulose plays a crucial role in the production of veterinary tablets and medicated pet treats.

In the textile industry, microcrystalline cellulose is used as a sizing agent to improve the strength and smoothness of yarns.
Microcrystalline cellulose is employed in the creation of compressed nutritional supplements, including vitamin and mineral tablets.
Microcrystalline cellulose is added to cosmetics like foundation and powder to enhance their texture and application.

Microcrystalline cellulose finds application in the creation of controlled-release matrices for transdermal drug delivery systems.
In the paint and coating industry, microcrystalline cellulose is used as a thickener and rheology modifier.
Microcrystalline cellulose is utilized in the production of carbon composites and as a reinforcing agent in plastics.
Microcrystalline cellulose is employed in the manufacturing of abrasive products such as polishing compounds and grinding wheels.
In the oil and gas industry, it is used as a filtration aid in drilling fluids.
Microcrystalline cellulose is utilized in the development of biodegradable plastics, contributing to sustainable packaging solutions.

Microcrystalline cellulose is added to detergents and cleaning products as a thickening and stabilizing agent.
Microcrystalline cellulose is used in the creation of chromatography columns in the field of analytical chemistry.

In the construction industry, microcrystalline cellulose is employed as a thickener in cement-based formulations.
Microcrystalline cellulose is utilized as a binding agent in the production of carbon electrodes for batteries.
Microcrystalline cellulose is an essential component in the manufacturing of ceramic tiles and porcelain.

Microcrystalline cellulose is used as a carrier in the production of agricultural pesticides and herbicides.
In the water treatment process, microcrystalline cellulose is employed as a flocculant to aid in particle removal.

Microcrystalline cellulose is added to cosmetic formulations to improve the feel and spreadability of products like sunscreens.
Microcrystalline cellulose is utilized in the creation of bioinks for 3D bioprinting in tissue engineering.
Microcrystalline cellulose is used as a binding and bulking agent in the production of effervescent tablets for water purification.

In the automotive industry, microcrystalline cellulose is used in the production of friction materials like brake pads.
Microcrystalline cellulose is employed in the creation of modeling clay for artists and hobbyists.
Microcrystalline cellulose is added to welding rods to improve their stability and performance.
Microcrystalline cellulose finds application in the development of sustainable and biodegradable packaging materials for the food and beverage industry.

Microcrystalline cellulose is utilized in the production of inkjet paper coatings, enhancing print quality and paper surface smoothness.
Microcrystalline cellulose is a key component in the formulation of adhesive products, providing cohesion and stability.
In the ceramics industry, microcrystalline cellulose is employed in the extrusion of clay bodies to improve plasticity.
Microcrystalline cellulose is used as a flocculant in wastewater treatment to aid in the removal of suspended particles.

Microcrystalline cellulose serves as a carrier in the encapsulation of flavors and fragrances for controlled release.
Microcrystalline cellulose is added to detergent tablets and dishwasher products as a disintegrant for quick dissolution.

In the production of vitamin and mineral supplements, microcrystalline cellulose contributes to the uniform distribution of nutrients.
Microcrystalline cellulose is utilized in the creation of abrasive compounds for polishing and buffing applications.
Microcrystalline cellulose is employed as a thickening agent in the formulation of printing inks.

Microcrystalline cellulose is used in the development of bio-based plastics, reducing reliance on traditional petroleum-based materials.
In the production of carbonless copy paper, microcrystalline cellulose acts as a microencapsulation agent.
Microcrystalline cellulose is utilized in the construction of artificial turf, contributing to its durability and texture.

Microcrystalline cellulose is added to chewing gum as a bulking agent to provide structure.
Microcrystalline cellulose is used in the creation of biodegradable seed mats for agricultural and landscaping purposes.

The substance finds application in the production of controlled-release coatings for agricultural seeds.
Microcrystalline cellulose is incorporated into ceramic glazes to enhance their rheological properties.
Microcrystalline cellulose is employed as a stabilizing agent in the production of suspension fertilizers.
Microcrystalline cellulose is used in the manufacturing of electrodes for electrochemical sensors and batteries.

Microcrystalline cellulose is utilized in the formulation of dry powder fire extinguishers.
In the cosmetics industry, it is added to mascara formulations to improve texture and prevent clumping.
Microcrystalline cellulose finds application in the creation of eco-friendly packaging materials for electronics and consumer goods.
Microcrystalline cellulose is used in the production of biodegradable film coatings for pharmaceutical tablets.

Microcrystalline cellulose is employed as a binding agent in the production of compressed air freshener tablets.
The substance is utilized in the creation of biocompatible scaffolds for tissue engineering.
Microcrystalline cellulose is added to powdered spice blends to improve flowability and prevent caking.

Microcrystalline cellulose is employed in the formulation of ceramic slurries to enhance their stability and viscosity.
In the production of dietary fiber supplements, microcrystalline cellulose is used to boost fiber content.
Microcrystalline cellulose serves as a carrier in the encapsulation of probiotics, ensuring their stability and controlled release.

Microcrystalline cellulose is utilized in the creation of chalk for educational purposes.
Microcrystalline cellulose is added to concrete formulations to improve their workability and reduce water demand.
In the cosmetics industry, it is used in the formulation of exfoliating scrubs to provide a gentle abrasive texture.

Microcrystalline cellulose is employed in the development of biodegradable mulch films for agriculture.
Microcrystalline cellulose is used in the production of thermoplastic composites, contributing to their strength and durability.
Microcrystalline cellulose is added to pet care products such as cat litter for improved absorbency.

In the creation of herbal extracts, microcrystalline cellulose is used as a carrier for powdered plant materials.
Microcrystalline cellulose is utilized in the manufacturing of insulation materials for the construction industry.
Microcrystalline cellulose serves as a flow aid in the production of powdered spice blends, preventing clumping.
Microcrystalline cellulose is used in the development of controlled-release formulations for crop protection products.

Microcrystalline cellulose is employed in the production of emulsion explosives for mining applications.
Microcrystalline cellulose is added to wound care products like bandages and dressings for its absorbent properties.
In the creation of ceramic membranes, microcrystalline cellulose is used as a pore-forming agent.
The substance is utilized in the production of biodegradable cleaning pads and wipes.

Microcrystalline cellulose serves as a binder in the formulation of ceramic filters for water purification.
Microcrystalline cellulose is added to polymer blends to improve their processability and mechanical properties.
Microcrystalline cellulose is employed in the production of biodegradable confetti for environmentally friendly celebrations.
Microcrystalline cellulose is used as a carrier in the encapsulation of enzymes for industrial applications.
In the textile industry, microcrystalline cellulose is used in the sizing of yarns to improve their strength and flexibility.

Microcrystalline cellulose is added to cosmetic formulations such as pressed powders to enhance their texture and performance.
Microcrystalline cellulose is utilized in the production of bio-based foams for various applications.
Microcrystalline cellulose is used as a binding agent in the manufacturing of compressed air fresheners and deodorizers.



DESCRIPTION


Microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) is a term used to describe a refined wood pulp that consists of almost pure cellulose.
Microcrystalline cellulose is commonly used in the pharmaceutical, food, and cosmetic industries as a versatile excipient, which is a substance added to formulations to improve their properties.
Chemically, microcrystalline cellulose is composed of small, crystalline particles of cellulose. Cellulose itself is a linear polysaccharide (a complex carbohydrate) made up of repeating glucose units linked together by β-1,4-glycosidic bonds.

Microcrystalline cellulose is a refined wood pulp-derived substance.
Microcrystalline cellulose consists of nearly pure cellulose in the form of fine, crystalline particles.
The chemical structure of microcrystalline cellulose is composed of glucose units linked by β-1,4-glycosidic bonds.

Widely used in pharmaceuticals, Microcrystalline cellulose serves as a versatile excipient in drug formulations.
Its role as a binder in tablet production helps hold the tablet ingredients together.

Microcrystalline cellulose acts as a disintegrant, facilitating the breakup of tablets in the digestive system.
In the food industry, Microcrystalline cellulose functions as a bulking agent, providing structure to various products.
Microcrystalline cellulose is often utilized in the cosmetics and personal care industry as a stabilizer for emulsions.

With a generally inert nature, microcrystalline cellulose is considered safe for consumption.
The manufacturing process involves treating cellulose to create small, crystalline particles.
Microcrystalline cellulose is compatible with a wide range of drug formulations, making it a popular choice in pharmaceuticals.
Microcrystalline cellulose is known for its ability to enhance the texture and mouthfeel of food products.

As a disintegrant in pharmaceuticals, Microcrystalline cellulose promotes the rapid breakdown of tablets into smaller particles.
Microcrystalline cellulose is white, odorless, and tasteless, making it suitable for various applications.
Due to its fine particle size, it contributes to the smoothness of tablet surfaces.
Microcrystalline cellulose is insoluble in water, contributing to its stability in various formulations.

Microcrystalline cellulose is a renewable resource, primarily sourced from wood pulp from hardwood or softwood.
In the pharmaceutical industry, Microcrystalline cellulose is crucial for achieving the desired tablet hardness and friability.
As a bulking agent in food, it imparts a desirable texture to products like sauces and dressings.

Its use in cosmetics extends to improving the consistency and stability of creams and lotions.
Microcrystalline cellulose is a cost-effective and widely available excipient.

Microcrystalline cellulose is biodegradable and poses minimal environmental impact.
Its incorporation in pharmaceutical formulations contributes to the controlled release of active ingredients.
Microcrystalline cellulose is approved by regulatory bodies for use in various applications.
The small, uniform particles of microcrystalline cellulose contribute to its flowability and compressibility in tablet manufacturing.



PROPERTIES


Chemical Composition: Microcrystalline cellulose is composed of almost pure cellulose, a linear polysaccharide made up of repeating glucose units linked by β-1,4-glycosidic bonds.
Source: It is typically derived from wood pulp, often obtained from hardwood or softwood sources.
Physical Form: Microcrystalline cellulose is usually produced in the form of fine, white, odorless, and tasteless crystalline particles.
Color: The substance is typically white or off-white in color.
Particle Size: It has a small and uniform particle size, contributing to its smooth texture.
Solubility: Microcrystalline cellulose is insoluble in water, contributing to its stability in various formulations.



FIRST AID


Inhalation:
If inhaled and respiratory irritation occurs, remove the affected person to fresh air.
If breathing difficulties persist, seek medical attention.

Skin Contact:
In case of skin contact, remove contaminated clothing and wash the affected area with plenty of water and mild soap.
If irritation or redness persists, seek medical advice.

Eye Contact:
In case of eye contact, immediately flush the eyes with gently flowing lukewarm water for at least 15 minutes, holding the eyelids open.
Seek immediate medical attention if irritation, redness, or other symptoms persist.

Ingestion:
If swallowed and the person is conscious, rinse the mouth with water.
Do not induce vomiting unless instructed to do so by medical personnel.
Seek immediate medical attention.
Provide medical personnel with information about the substance ingested.

General Advice:
Keep the affected person calm.
Do not leave the person unattended.
If first aid measures are administered, make sure to inform medical personnel about the substance involved.



HANDLING AND STORAGE


Handling:

Personal Protective Equipment (PPE):
Wear appropriate PPE, including gloves, protective clothing, and safety goggles or a face shield.
Use respiratory protection if airborne exposure is possible and is above recommended exposure limits.

Hygiene Practices:
Wash hands thoroughly after handling microcrystalline cellulose.
Avoid touching your face, eyes, and mouth with hands that may be contaminated.

Ventilation:
Work in a well-ventilated area or use local exhaust ventilation to control airborne concentrations.
Avoid creating dust during handling; use handling methods that minimize dust generation.

Preventive Measures:
Implement good industrial hygiene practices.
Use engineering controls such as dust extraction systems to minimize airborne particles.

Storage:
Store microcrystalline cellulose in a cool, dry place, away from direct sunlight and incompatible materials.
Keep containers tightly closed when not in use to prevent contamination and moisture absorption.

Incompatible Materials:
Avoid contact with strong acids, bases, and oxidizing agents.
Store away from substances with reactive properties that may compromise the stability of microcrystalline cellulose.

Handling Equipment:
Use appropriate handling equipment, such as scoops or shovels, to minimize dust generation.
Ensure that equipment used for handling is clean and free from contaminants.


Storage Conditions:

Temperature and Humidity:
Store microcrystalline cellulose within the recommended temperature and humidity ranges specified by the manufacturer.

Container Compatibility:
Use containers made of materials compatible with microcrystalline cellulose to prevent contamination.

Segregation:
Segregate microcrystalline cellulose from incompatible materials to prevent cross-contamination.

Labeling:
Clearly label containers with the identity of the substance, handling precautions, and any other relevant information.

Shelf Life:
Adhere to the recommended shelf life of the product, and use older stock first to ensure product quality.

Inspection:
Regularly inspect storage conditions and containers for signs of damage or deterioration.
Replace damaged or compromised packaging promptly.

Emergency Measures:
Have appropriate emergency measures in place, including spill response procedures and materials, as well as emergency contact information.

Training:
Ensure that personnel handling microcrystalline cellulose are adequately trained in safe handling practices.



SYNONYMS


Cellulose Gel
Cellulose, Microcrystalline
E460 (food additive code)
MCC
Wood Pulp
Avicel
Emcocel
Vivapur
Ceolus
MCCP (Microcrystalline Cellulose Powder)
Cellulose Microcrystalline Powder
MCC-Si (Microcrystalline Cellulose Silicon)
Cellulose Floc
MCC 102
E460i (food additive code)
Aquacel
Norkotuff
Cellets
Cellulose Microcrystal
Celatom
Primellose
Vivacel
Microceol
Tabulose
Emcocel 50
Cellulose Microcrystals
MCC (Microcrystalline Cellulose)
MCC-S (Microcrystalline Cellulose-Silicified)
E466 (food additive code)
Cellulose Gel Powder
Cellulose Micro Particles
Wood Pulp Extract
Avicel PH (various grades)
Celish
Nufloc
Carmellose
Methocel
Flocoat
Tabulose SC
Aquacoat
Microcellulose
Microcrystalline Fiber
MCC 101
Cellulose Gel Beads
Powdered Cellulose
Cellulose Micro Powder
Celutab
Solutab
Vivastar
Celosorb

SYNONYMS Petroleum wax, INS No. 905©;Floorwax;VANFRE HYP;VANFRE M;VANFRE UN;VANFRE VAM;Multiwax ML-445;Multiwax W-445;Multiwax W-835 CAS NO:63231-60-7

MIPA-DODECYLBENZENESULFONATE, N° CAS : 54590-52-2 / 42504-46-1. Nom INCI : MIPA-DODECYLBENZENESULFONATE. Nom chimique : p-Dodecylbenzenesulphonic acid, compound with 1-aminopropan-2-ol (1:1). N° EINECS/ELINCS : 259-249-0. Ses fonctions (INCI) : Agent nettoyant : Aide à garder une surface propre. Tensioactif : Réduit la tension superficielle des cosmétiques et contribue à la répartition uniforme du produit lors de son utilisation

MIPA-LAURETH SULFATE. N° CAS : 83016-76-6 / 9062-04-8. Origine(s) : Végétale, Synthétique. Nom INCI : MIPA-LAURETH SULFATE. Classification : Sulfate, Composé éthoxylé, Règlementé, Tensioactif anionique. Ses fonctions (INCI) : Agent nettoyant : Aide à garder une surface propre. Tensioactif : Réduit la tension superficielle des cosmétiques et contribue à la répartition uniforme du produit lors de son utilisation. Cet ingrédient est présent dans 0.1% de

SYNONYMS Monoisopropanolamine salt of lauryl ether sulfate based on natural fatty alcohol ethoxylate C12-14 with 2 moles of EO, in propylene glycol CAS NO:1187742-72-8

MIPA-LAURYL SULFATE, N° CAS : 21142-28-9. Nom INCI : MIPA-LAURYL SULFATE. Nom chimique : (2-Hydroxypropyl)ammonium decyl sulphate. N° EINECS/ELINCS : 244-238-5. Classification : Sulfate, Règlementé. Ses fonctions (INCI) : Agent nettoyant : Aide à garder une surface propre. Tensioactif : Réduit la tension superficielle des cosmétiques et contribue à la répartition uniforme du produit lors de son utilisation

Synonyms: Microcrystalline Cellulose 101;MICROCRYSTALLINE CELLULOSE 101, 102;TOTAL SUSPENDED SOLID STANDARD;abicel;arbocel;arbocelbc200;arbocellb600/30;avicel CAS: 9004-34-6

Miracare OPR 2 is an innovative opacifying concentrate designed as a sustainable and biodegradable alternative to polymeric opacifiers.
With a composition comprising water, glycol distearate, and cocamidopropyl betaine, this cold process concentrate stands out as an environmentally friendly solution.
Its degradation in the environment is facilitated by its non-polymer renewable resources.
The CAS numbers for its components are 7732-18-5 (water), 91031-31-1 (glycol distearate), and 61789-40-0 (cocamidopropyl betaine).

CAS Number(s): 7732-18-5 (Water)
91031-31-1 (Glycol Distearate)
61789-40-0 (Cocamidopropyl Betaine)



APPLICATIONS


Miracare OPR 2 imparts a creamy white appearance to cleansing products, enhancing their visual appeal.
Miracare OPR 2 is suitable for sulfate-free formulations, catering to the demand for gentler hair care products.
As a biodegradable solution, Miracare OPR 2 aligns with the clean beauty trend, offering an eco-friendly alternative.

Miracare OPR 2 delivers high opacifying efficacy, ensuring an optimal level of whiteness in formulations.
Miracare OPR 2 meets consumer demands for pure, simple, and renewable cosmetic formulations.
Miracare OPR 2 contributes to ethical sourcing practices by utilizing non-polymer renewable resources in its composition.

With cocamidopropyl betaine as a base, it provides additional cleansing properties to formulations.
Miracare OPR 2 is easy to formulate and a cold-processable concentrate, simplifying manufacturing processes.
Miracare OPR 2 offers a sustainable alternative to synthetic ingredients like styrene acrylate copolymers.

Miracare OPR 2 has a high naturality index (Ino) of 0.91%, meeting natural-based formulation preferences.
Its composition degrades naturally in the environment, contributing to a reduced environmental footprint.

Used in opacifying power systems, it provides a consistent and desired level of opacification to formulations.
Miracare OPR 2's whitest-white chassis enhances the intensity and whiteness of colors in formulations.

Its creamy white texture denotes caring and moisturizing attributes in personal care products.
With natural origin and high biodegradability, it aligns with consumer preferences for eco-conscious products.
Miracare OPR 2 is suitable for a variety of home and personal care formulations, including body washes.
In formulations with an RV viscosity above 3000 cps, there is no need to add a rheological agent.

Miracare OPR 2 achieves the performance of styrene acrylate at a lower dosage (1.8% vs. 2.8%), ensuring cost-effectiveness.
With a shelf life of 730 days, Miracare OPR 2 ensures stability and longevity in formulated products.
Miracare OPR 2 acts as both an opacifying and pearlizing agent, offering multifunctionality in formulations.
Miracare OPR 2 elevates the appearance of cleansing products, contributing to a luxurious and appealing product experience.

Miracare OPR 2 is suitable for various hair care applications, including shampoos.
Miracare OPR 2 represents a new generation of bio-based technology, showcasing innovation in the personal care industry.
Miracare OPR 2 meets the rising consumer demand for "clean beauty" products, which prioritize natural and sustainable ingredients.
With its diverse applications, Miracare OPR 2 is positioned for use in global personal care markets, addressing diverse consumer preferences.

Miracare OPR 2 elevates the formulation of body washes, providing a luxurious and creamy texture.
Its opacifying power makes it suitable for enhancing the texture and appearance of shaving creams.

The natural origin of Miracare OPR 2 makes it ideal for inclusion in facial cleansers, aligning with the demand for clean and natural skincare.
As a pearlizing agent, it adds a subtle pearlescent sheen to hand soaps, enhancing their visual appeal.
Miracare OPR 2 contributes to color stability in hair care formulations, maintaining the vibrancy of dyed hair.

Its biodegradability and natural composition make it a sustainable choice for eco-friendly bar soaps.
Miracare OPR 2 is included in bath gels, Miracare OPR 2 provides opacification, enhancing the overall aesthetic of the product.
Miracare OPR 2 is ideal for facial cleansing foams, it imparts a creamy texture, adding to the product's sensorial experience.
Miracare OPR 2 contributes to enhanced lathering properties in shower gels, ensuring a satisfying user experience.

Miracare OPR 2's gentle formulation makes it suitable for use in natural baby shampoos, meeting the demands of sensitive skin.
Miracare OPR 2 is included in liquid soaps, it offers biodegradability, aligning with environmentally conscious consumer preferences.

Its opacifying properties make it valuable in hair masks, providing visual appeal during application.
Miracare OPR 2 is suitable for sulfate-free formulations, it finds application in facial cleansing creams catering to a diverse range of skincare needs.

Miracare OPR 2 contributes to whitening toothpaste formulations, enhancing the visual impact of oral care products.
For intimate washes, it contributes to a creamy consistency, ensuring a gentle and moisturizing product.
Included in liquid foundations, it aligns with the trend toward sustainable and renewable ingredients in cosmetics.

As a pearlizing agent, it adds a shimmering effect to body lotions, creating a radiant appearance on the skin.
Miracare OPR 2 can be incorporated into biodegradable facial scrubs, providing both visual and tactile appeal.

Suitable for clean beauty formulations, it finds application in makeup removers, emphasizing natural and sustainable ingredients.
Its natural origin makes it a fitting ingredient for natural-based sunscreen lotions, catering to health and environmentally conscious consumers.
Miracare OPR 2 contributes to the visual appeal of bath bombs, providing a creamy appearance in water.

Ideal for use in foaming hand washes, it ensures a gentle yet effective cleansing experience.
Miracare OPR 2 aligns with the demand for sustainable hair care, making it a valuable ingredient in conditioners.
Its natural derivation makes it suitable for inclusion in facial masks, offering a natural touch to pampering skincare routines.
Included in massage oils, Miracare OPR 2 contributes to an enhanced texture, providing a smooth and indulgent massage experience.



DESCRIPTION


Miracare OPR 2 is an innovative opacifying concentrate designed as a sustainable and biodegradable alternative to polymeric opacifiers.
With a composition comprising water, glycol distearate, and cocamidopropyl betaine, this cold process concentrate stands out as an environmentally friendly solution.
Its degradation in the environment is facilitated by its non-polymer renewable resources.
The CAS numbers for its components are 7732-18-5 (water), 91031-31-1 (glycol distearate), and 61789-40-0 (cocamidopropyl betaine).

Miracare OPR 2 responds to consumer demands for clean beauty, offering a pure, simple, and renewable option for cosmetic formulations.
Miracare OPR 2 is particularly noteworthy for its suitability in sulfate-free formulations, meeting the increasing market demand for eco-conscious products.

This opacifying concentrate is a versatile solution for home and personal care formulations, finding applications in cleansing products such as body washes and shampoos. With an impressive biodegradability index and a natural origin, Miracare OPR 2 aligns with the clean beauty trend, emphasizing sustainability and ethical sourcing. Its creamy white appearance enhances the visual appeal of personal care products, denoting caring and moisturizing attributes. Miracare OPR 2 outshines synthetic opacifiers, offering a superior, next-generation ingredient that is easy to formulate and exhibits high opacifying efficacy.

Consumer benefits of Miracare OPR 2 include its natural origin, high biodegradability, and suitability for sulfate-free formulations. Its performance metrics, including a low dosage requirement to achieve the performance of styrene acrylate, make it a cost-effective and efficient choice for formulators. The concentrate is cold-processable, adding to its versatility, and can be added at any step in the formulation process. Miracare OPR 2's shelf life extends to 730 days, ensuring stability and longevity in product formulations.

In summary, Miracare OPR 2 is a groundbreaking opacifying concentrate that addresses current market trends by providing a sustainable, biodegradable, and high-performance alternative to traditional synthetic opacifiers in the personal care industry.



FIRST AID


Inhalation:

If inhaled, move the affected person to fresh air.
If breathing difficulties persist, seek medical attention.
Provide artificial respiration if the person is not breathing.


Skin Contact:

In case of skin contact, remove contaminated clothing and shoes.
Wash the affected area with plenty of soap and water.
Seek medical attention if irritation or redness persists.


Eye Contact:

In case of eye contact, flush the eyes immediately with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes, lifting the upper and lower eyelids intermittently.
Seek medical attention if irritation persists.


Ingestion:

If swallowed, do not induce vomiting unless directed by medical personnel.
Rinse mouth thoroughly with water.
Seek medical attention immediately.



HANDLING AND STORAGE


Handling:

Ventilation:
Use Miracare OPR 2 in well-ventilated areas to minimize inhalation exposure.
If ventilation is insufficient, use respiratory protection.

Protective Equipment:
Wear appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE), including gloves and safety glasses, to prevent skin and eye contact.

Avoidance of Contact:
Avoid contact with eyes, skin, and clothing.
In case of contact, follow the first aid measures outlined in the SDS.

Preventive Hygiene Measures:
Wash hands thoroughly after handling Miracare OPR 2.
Consider using barrier creams or protective skin creams.


Storage:

Temperature:
Store Miracare OPR 2 in a cool, dry place.
Follow the manufacturer's recommendations for specific temperature requirements.

Avoidance of Incompatible Materials:
Store away from incompatible materials, such as strong acids, bases, and oxidizing agents.

Ventilation:
Ensure storage areas are well-ventilated to prevent the buildup of vapors or gases.

Containers:
Keep Miracare OPR 2 in its original container, tightly closed when not in use.
Use compatible containers if the original packaging is damaged.

Segregation:
Store away from food, beverages, and animal feed.
Follow any specific segregation requirements provided by the manufacturer.

Protection from Physical Damage:
Protect containers from physical damage to prevent spills or leaks.


Fire and Explosion Prevention:

Flammability:
Miracare OPR 2 is not expected to be flammable.
However, follow general fire safety guidelines in the handling and storage area.

Static Electricity:
Take measures to prevent the buildup of static electricity, which could result in sparks or fires.


Emergency Procedures:

Spill and Leak Response:
In the event of a spill or leak, follow the manufacturer's recommended procedures outlined in the SDS.
This may include containment, cleanup, and disposal measures.

Fire Response:
If a fire occurs and involves Miracare OPR 2, use appropriate extinguishing agents as recommended by the manufacturer and local authorities.


Waste Disposal:

Disposal Practices:
Dispose of Miracare OPR 2 in accordance with local, regional, and national regulations.
Follow the manufacturer's recommendations for proper disposal methods.

Recycling:
If possible, consider recycling or reusing containers.
Check local regulations for recycling options.



SYNONYMS


Ethylene glycol distearate
627-83-8
Glycol distearate
Ethylene distearate
Ethylene stearate
Stearic acid, ethylene ester
EGDS
Emerest 2355
Elfan L 310
Alkateric Cab-A
CAPB
cocamidopropylbetaine
Coco Amido Betaine
Cocoamidopropylbetaine
Coconut oil amidopropyl betaine
N-(3-cocoamidopropyl)-N,N-dimethyl-N-carboxymethyl betaine
N-(3-cocoamidopropyl)-N,N-dimethyl-N-carboxymethylammonium hydroxide, inner salt
N-(coco alkyl) amido propyl dimethyl betaine

DESCRIPTION:
MIRATAINE H2C HA has an excellent biodegradability profile and is included on the Safe Chemical Ingredient List.
MIRATAINE H2C HA is an amphoteric surfactant that offers excellent hydrotroping of nonionic surfactants in alkaline systems.
MIRATAINE H2C HA is compatible with anionic, cationic and nonionic surfactants and is an excellent choice for hard surface cleaners due to its stability in highly acidic and highly alkaline systems.
MIRATAINE H2C HA will rinse freely without leaving a residue behind.

CAS NUMBER: 14960-06-6
IUPAC NAME: SODIUM LAURIMINO DIPROPIONATE


Mild surfactant that provides high foaming.
MIRATAINE H2C HA is an effective hydrotrope and provides excellent acid and alkaline stability.
MIRATAINE H2C HA is a substantive to hair and is compatible with hard water compatible, anionics, cationics and nonionics.
MIRATAINE H2C HA is a biodegradable grade and is used for liquid and foaming products







TYPICAL PROPERTIES OF MIRATAINE H2C HA:
Character: Amphoteric
Compatibility: Compatible with anionic, cationic and nonionic surfactants.
Hard water compatible.
Stability:
Excellent acid and alkaline stability

STANDARD APPLICATIONS of MIRATAINE H2C-HA:
MIRATAINE H2C-HA is an amphoteric surfactant that offers excellent hydrotroping of nonionic surfactants in alkaline systems.
MIRATAINE H2C-HA will add foaming to a formulation.

MIRATAINE H2C-HA has an excellent biodegradability profile.
MIRATAINE H2C-HA is compatible with anionic, cationic and nonionic surfactants.
MIRATAINE H2C-HA is an excellent choice for hard surface cleaners due to its stability in highly acidic and highly alkaline systems.

MIRATAINE H2C-HA will rinse freely without leaving a residue behind.
Recommended applications include: liquid dish detergents, carwash detergents, kitchen cleaners, bathroom and shower cleaners.


USES OF MIRATAINE H2C HA:
MIRATAINE H2C HA is an excellent choice for use in hard surface cleaners due to its stability in highly acidic and highly alkaline systems.
MIRATAINE H2C HA will rinse freely without leaving a residue behind.
MIRATAINE H2C HA is also recommended for use in liquid dish wash detergents, vehicle cleaning, kitchen cleaners, bathroom & shower cleaners.

CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF MIRATAINE H2C HA:
Grade: Technical
Form: Liquid
Prohibited Uses
For intended use only
Appearance: liquid
Boiling Point
100 °C (212 °F)
California Prop 65
This product does not contain any chemicals known to State of California to cause cancer, birth defects, or any other reproductive harm.
Color: yellow
Density : 1.03 g/cm3 @ 25 °C (77 °F)
Flash Point : 94 °C (201 °F)
Freezing Point: < 0 °C (< 32 °F)
Odor: slight
pH: 6.0 - 7.0 @ 20 - 25 °C (68 - 77 °F)
Solubility in Water: soluble
SPECIFICATIONS of MIRATAINE H2C HA:
Acid Number, MG KOH/G 42.0 – 55.0 RP-0007
pH (As Is, 25C) 6.0 -7 .0 RP-0420
Solids (Microwave), % 28.0 – 31.0 RP-0531
Water, % 69.0 – 72.0 CALC.
Total Active, % = Solids 28.0 – 31.0


SAFETY INFORMATION ABOUT MIRATAINE H2C HA:
First aid measures:
Description of first aid measures:
General advice:
Consult a physician.
Show this safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
Move out of dangerous area:

If inhaled:
If breathed in, move person into fresh air.
If not breathing, give artificial respiration.
Consult a physician.
In case of skin contact:
Take off contaminated clothing and shoes immediately.
Wash off with soap and plenty of water.
Consult a physician.

In case of eye contact:
Rinse thoroughly with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes and consult a physician.
Continue rinsing eyes during transport to hospital.

If swallowed:
Do NOT induce vomiting.
Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person.
Rinse mouth with water.
Consult a physician.

Firefighting measures:
Extinguishing media:
Suitable extinguishing media:
Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.
Special hazards arising from the substance or mixture
Carbon oxides, Nitrogen oxides (NOx), Hydrogen chloride gas

Advice for firefighters:
Wear self-contained breathing apparatus for firefighting if necessary.
Accidental release measures:
Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures
Use personal protective equipment.

Avoid breathing vapours, mist or gas.
Evacuate personnel to safe areas.

Environmental precautions:
Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so.
Do not let product enter drains.
Discharge into the environment must be avoided.

Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Soak up with inert absorbent material and dispose of as hazardous waste.
Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.

Handling and storage:
Precautions for safe handling:
Avoid inhalation of vapour or mist.

Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place.
Containers which are opened must be carefully resealed and kept upright to prevent leakage.
Storage class (TRGS 510): 8A: Combustible, corrosive hazardous materials

Exposure controls/personal protection:
Control parameters:
Components with workplace control parameters
Contains no substances with occupational exposure limit values.
Exposure controls:
Appropriate engineering controls:
Handle in accordance with good industrial hygiene and safety practice.
Wash hands before breaks and at the end of workday.

Personal protective equipment:
Eye/face protection:
Tightly fitting safety goggles.
Faceshield (8-inch minimum).
Use equipment for eye protection tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or EN 166(EU).

Skin protection:
Handle with gloves.
Gloves must be inspected prior to use.
Use proper glove
removal technique (without touching glove's outer surface) to avoid skin contact with this product.
Dispose of contaminated gloves after use in accordance with applicable laws and good laboratory practices.
Wash and dry hands.

Full contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0.11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Material tested:Dermatril (KCL 740 / Aldrich Z677272, Size M)
Splash contact
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0.11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Material tested:Dermatril (KCL 740 / Aldrich Z677272, Size M)
It should not be construed as offering an approval for any specific use scenario.

Body Protection:
Complete suit protecting against chemicals, The type of protective equipment must be selected according to the concentration and amount of the dangerous substance at the specific workplace.
Respiratory protection:
Where risk assessment shows air-purifying respirators are appropriate use a fullface respirator with multi-purpose combination (US) or type ABEK (EN 14387) respirator cartridges as a backup to engineering controls.

If the respirator is the sole means of protection, use a full-face supplied air respirator.
Use respirators and components tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or CEN (EU).
Control of environmental exposure
Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so.
Do not let product enter drains.
Discharge into the environment must be avoided.

Stability and reactivity:
Chemical stability:
Stable under recommended storage conditions.
Incompatible materials:
Strong oxidizing agents:
Hazardous decomposition products:
Hazardous decomposition products formed under fire conditions.
Carbon oxides, Nitrogen oxides (NOx), Hydrogen chloride gas.

Disposal considerations:
Waste treatment methods:
Product:
Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company.
Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material.
Contaminated packaging:
Dispose of as unused product

Özellikle hipokloritin kıvamlaştrılmasında ve aktif klorun stabil kalmasında kullanılan yüzey aktiftir. Kozmetik ve deterjan formüllerinde de köpük arttırıcı aktif olarak kullanılır Kıvamlı hipoklorit (%3-5), Deterjan&Kozmetik (%2-10)

MICA, ZINC OXIDE, HYDROXYAPATITE; Powder La Vie; Mica (and) Zinc Oxide (and) Hydroxyapatite CAS NO:1314-13-2, 12001-26-2

Cellulose gel; Cellulose, microcrystalline; SCHEMBL825024; LS-180739; Q80294 CAS NO:Mixture

A 75;654C;517P;A 206;5714A;180MH;180AM;9332F3;BSQ 180;AT-RR 9 CAS NO: 63231-60-7

Synonyms: Floorwax;VANFRE HYP;VANFRE M;VANFRE UN;VANFRE VAM;Multiwax ML-445;Multiwax W-445;Multiwax W-835 CAS: 63231-60-7

White Oil 70#;PARAFFIN OIL, WHITE;PARAFFIN OIL;MINERAL OIL, WHITE;MINERAL OIL;slaboil(obs.);white;whitemineraloil(petroleum) CAS NO:8042-47-5

SYNONYMS Cellulose microcrystalline; Microcrystalline cellulose; (1->4)-beta-D-glucan; (1→4)-β-D-glucan; CAS NO:9004-34-6

SYNONYMS Cellulose microcrystalline; Microcrystalline cellulose; (1->4)-beta-D-glucan; (1→4)-β-D-glucan; CAS NO:9004-34-6

SYNONYMS Floorwax;VANFRE HYP;VANFRE M;VANFRE UN;VANFRE VAM;Multiwax ML-445;Multiwax W-445;Multiwax W-835;Microcrystalline paraffin waxes and hydrocarbon waxes;Microcrystalline wax;Wax, microcrystalline CAS NO:63231-60-7

Hydrolyzed Milk Protein; Milk protein hydrolysate; Protein hydrolysate, milk; Protein milk CAS NO:92797-39-2

3-methoxy-3-methyl-1-butanol;butan-1-ol, 3-methoxy-3-methyl-; 1-butanol, 3-methoxy-3-methyl-; methoxy-3 3-methyl butanol; 3-methoxy-3-methyl butanol; 3-methoxy-3-methyl-1-butanol; 3-methoxy-3-methyl-butan-1-ol; 3-methoxy-3-methylbutan-1-ol; 3-methoxy-3-methylbutanol; 3-methyl-3-methoxybutanol CAS NO:56539-66-3

Minoxidil; 6-(1-Piperidinyl)-2,4-pyrimidinediamine 3-oxide; 2,4-Diamino-6-piperidinopyrimidine 3-N-oxide; 6-(1-Piperidinyl)pyrimidine-2,4-diamine 3-oxide; 2,3-Dihydro-3-hydroxy-2-imino-6-(1-piperidinyl)-4-pyrimidinamine; 2,4-Diamino-6-piperidinilpirimidina-3-ossido; 2,4-Diamino-6-piperidinopyrimidine 3-oxide; 2,6-Diamino-4-piperidinopyrimidin-1-oxide; Alopexil; Alostil; Loniten; Lonolox; Rogaine; Minodyl; Minossidile; Minoxidil; Minoxidilum; Minoximen; Prexidil; Theroxidil; 6-Amino-1,2-dihydro-1-hydroxy-2-imino-4-piperidinopyrimidine; 6-Piperidino-2,4-diaminopyrimidine 3-oxide; CAS NO: 38304-91-5

SYNONYMS Tetradecyl alcohol;1-tetradecanol; Alcohol C-14; n-Tetradecyl alcohol; Tetradecan-1-ol; Myristic alcohol; Tétradecanol (French); CAS NO:112-72-1, 27196-00-5

CLARY SAGE OIL ; salvia sclarea oil; clary sage oil; clary sage essential oil; clary sage oil; clary sage oil extra ; clary sage oil organic; oil clary sage; nutmeg sage oil; sage oil clary; salvia asperata oil CAS NO:8016-63-5

LIME OIL ; lime oil; lime oil roses type; lime oil (citrus aurantifolia swingle); citrus aurantiifolia swingle oil CAS NO:8008-26-2

3-Methoxy-3-methylbutyl Acetate; 1-Butanol, 3-methoxy-3-methyl-, acetate; 1-Butanol,3-methoxy-3-methyl-, 1-acetate; 3-Methoxyisobutyl acetate;3-Methyl-3-methoxybutyl=acetate;3-METHOXY-3-METHYLBUTYL ACETATE;ACETIC ACID 3-METHOXY-3-METHYLBUTYL ESTER CAS NO:103429-90-9

mos2; dag325; mopolm; mopols; molykote; MOLYBDENITE; Molybdndisulfid; Molybdic sulfide; MOLYBDENUMSULPHIDE; naturalmolybdenite; Molybdenum(IV) sulfide; Moly Powder B; Moly Powder C; Moly Powder PA; Moly Powder PS; Mopol M; Mopol S CAS NO:1317-33-5

m-Nitrobenzene Sulphonic Acid Sodium Salt is used in the synthesis of quinoline.
m-Nitrobenzene Sulphonic Acid Sodium Salt is also used in Stabilizer for dyeing of fibers; assistant in discharge printing; oxidizing agent in demetalizers and industrial cleaners.
m-Nitrobenzene Sulphonic Acid Sodium Salt is also used as an developing agent for electroplating and auxiliary for dying fabrics.


CAS NUMBER: 127-68-4

EC NUMBER: 204-857-3

MOLECULAR FORMULA: C6H4NNaO5S

MOLECULAR WEIGHT: 225.16 g/mol

IUPAC NAME: sodium;3-nitrobenzenesulfonate



m-Nitrobenzene Sulphonic Acid Sodium Salt is used in the synthesis of quinoline.
m-Nitrobenzene Sulphonic Acid Sodium Salt is also used in Stabilizer for dyeing of fibers; assistant in discharge printing; oxidizing agent in demetalizers and industrial cleaners.

m-Nitrobenzene Sulphonic Acid Sodium Salt is used as an intermediate for dyes and fluorescent brightening agent.
m-Nitrobenzene Sulphonic Acid Sodium Salt is used as an developing agent for electroplating and auxiliary for dying fabrics.

m-Nitrobenzene Sulphonic Acid Sodium Salt is used as a stabilizer for dyeing of fibers
m-Nitrobenzene Sulphonic Acid Sodium Salt is used as a resisting agent for dyeing and printing go avoid forming striation which appear on coloring fibers with dyestuffs in the process of dyeing textile fibers, and as an oxidizing agent for electroplating technique, and as an intermediate for dyestuffs to synthesize other kinds of dyestuffs, etc.

m-Nitrobenzene Sulphonic Acid Sodium Salt is used in textile treatment products and dyes.
m-Nitrobenzene Sulphonic Acid Sodium Salt is used for the manufacture of textile, leather or fur.

m-Nitrobenzene Sulphonic Acid Sodium Salt is used in the following products:
-pH regulators and water treatment products
-textile treatment products
-dyes
-non-metal-surface treatment products
-metal surface treatment products
-laboratory chemicals
-welding & soldering products
-leather treatment products


m-Nitrobenzene Sulphonic Acid Sodium Salt is used in formulation or re-packing and at industrial sites.
m-Nitrobenzene Sulphonic Acid Sodium Salt is used in textile treatment products and dyes.
m-Nitrobenzene Sulphonic Acid Sodium Salt is used in the following products: metal surface treatment products, leather treatment products, non-metal-surface treatment products, pH regulators and water treatment products, laboratory chemicals, textile treatment products and dyes and welding & soldering products.

m-Nitrobenzene Sulphonic Acid Sodium Salt is used as a chemical additive in hair dyes and colors.
m-Nitrobenzene Sulphonic Acid Sodium Salt has been used as a base component in semipermanent hair coloring products.
m-Nitrobenzene Sulphonic Acid Sodium Salt is used in the scouring of cotton fabrics containing vat colored-effect threads and in vat discharge printing on grounds dyed with direct cotton dyestuffs.

In the process of mercerizing goods containing colored-effect threads, the addition of m-Nitrobenzene Sulphonic Acid Sodium Salt to the mercerizing liquor prevents the reduction of the dyestuff by size residues and other impurities.
m-Nitrobenzene Sulphonic Acid Sodium Salt (m-Nitrobenzene Sulphonic Acid Sodium Salt) was used in the synthesis of quinoline.
m-Nitrobenzene Sulphonic Acid Sodium Salt is used as a catalyst, m-Nitrobenzene Sulphonic Acid Sodium Salt is also a dye intermediate, used as a dyeing inhibitor for vat dyes, sulphur dyes and dyes.

m-Nitrobenzene Sulphonic Acid Sodium Salt can also be used as a rust inhibitor for ships and a nickel-plating agent for electroplating.
m-Nitrobenzene Sulphonic Acid Sodium Salt is also an intermediate for dyes and vanillin.

m-Nitrobenzene Sulphonic Acid Sodium Salt is used for the manufacture of textile, leather or fur, fabricated metal products, chemicals and electrical, electronic and optical equipment.
m-Nitrobenzene Sulphonic Acid Sodium Salt is used in the synthesis of quinoline.

m-Nitrobenzene Sulphonic Acid Sodium Salt is also used in stabilizer for dyeing of fibers
m-Nitrobenzene Sulphonic Acid Sodium Salt is used as an assistant in discharge printing

m-Nitrobenzene Sulphonic Acid Sodium Salt is also used as an oxidizing agent in demetalizers
m-Nitrobenzene Sulphonic Acid Sodium Salt is used in industrial cleaners.

m-Nitrobenzene Sulphonic Acid Sodium Salt is also used as an developing agent for electroplating
m-Nitrobenzene Sulphonic Acid Sodium Salt is used as an auxiliary for dying fabrics.

m-Nitrobenzene Sulphonic Acid Sodium Salt is easily soluble in water, soluble in ethanol, ethyl ether, and copper acetone.
m-Nitrobenzene Sulphonic Acid Sodium Salt has oxidizing properties in neutral and alkaline media, and is resistant to acid, alkali and hard water.
m-Nitrobenzene Sulphonic Acid Sodium Salt's solubility in water at 25°C is 25 g/100 ml.

m-Nitrobenzene Sulphonic Acid Sodium Salt (CAS No. 127-68-4) is the substituted aromatic compound.
m-Nitrobenzene Sulphonic Acid Sodium Salt has been classified as an antireduction agent in a more recent publication.

m-Nitrobenzene Sulphonic Acid Sodium Salt is a water-soluble ingredient that is used as a chemical additive in hair dyes and colors and has been used as a base component in semipermanent hair coloring products.
m-Nitrobenzene Sulphonic Acid Sodium Salt may be produced via the sulfonation of nitrobenzene, followed by the addition of common salts to the reaction mixture.
m-Nitrobenzene Sulphonic Acid Sodium Salt is a by-product of this process.

m-Nitrobenzene Sulphonic Acid Sodium Salt was used in 25 products, all of which were hair dyes and colors
m-Nitrobenzene Sulphonic Acid Sodium Salt has good resistance to acid, alkali and hard water.
m-Nitrobenzene Sulphonic Acid Sodium Salt also known as Ludigol .

m-Nitrobenzene Sulphonic Acid Sodium Salt is also known as Sodium M-Nitrobenzenesulfonate, Sodium Meta Nitrobenzene Sulphonate and Sodium 3-Nitrobenzenesulfonate
m-Nitrobenzene Sulphonic Acid Sodium Salt is for professional manufacturing, research laboratories and industrial
m-Nitrobenzene Sulphonic Acid Sodium Salt is used as an anti-dyeing agent for dye intermediates and sulfur dyes, and as a dye color-forming protective agent.

m-Nitrobenzene Sulphonic Acid Sodium Salt is used as an anti whitening additive for vat dyes
m-Nitrobenzene Sulphonic Acid Sodium Salt is used as a color and light protective agent for ground color discharge printing such as copper salt, reactive dye and naftor dye


PHYSICAL PROPERTIES:

-Molecular Weight: 225.16 g/mol

-Exact Mass: 224.97078768 g/mol

-Monoisotopic Mass: 224.97078768 g/mol

-Topological Polar Surface Area: 111Ų

-Physical Description: Slightly yellow powder

-Color: Slightly Yellow

-Form: Solid

-Melting Point: 52.30 °C

-Boiling Point: 217.50 °C

-Flash Point: 100°C


m-Nitrobenzene Sulphonic Acid Sodium Salt is used in organic pigments, medicine and chemical industry, flavor and fragrance industry, electroplating auxiliaries, etc.
m-Nitrobenzene Sulphonic Acid Sodium Salt is used as an agent for repairing embossed cloth
m-Nitrobenzene Sulphonic Acid Sodium Salt is used as a color light protector during steaming after reactive dye printing


CHEMICAL PROPERTIES:

-Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 0

-Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 5

-Rotatable Bond Count: 0

-Heavy Atom Count: 14

-Formal Charge: 0

-Complexity: 274

-Isotope Atom Count: 0

-Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0

-Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0

-Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0

-Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0

-Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 2

-Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes

-Chemical Classes: Nitrogen Compounds -> Nitrobenzesulfonic Acids


m-Nitrobenzene Sulphonic Acid Sodium Salt is used as shade protectant for pad dyeing and steaming with reactive dyes
m-Nitrobenzene Sulphonic Acid Sodium Salt is used as a white ground protective agent for reducing dye yarn fabric during scouring

m-Nitrobenzene Sulphonic Acid Sodium Salt can also be used to prepare vanillin
m-Nitrobenzene Sulphonic Acid Sodium Salt is used as a dye inhibitor for vat dyes, sulfur dyes, a color-forming protective agent for dyes, a rust remover for ships and an electroplating nickel stripper, and an intermediate for dyes and vanillin.

m-Nitrobenzene Sulphonic Acid Sodium Salt is a mild oxidant, which can protect the shade during textile printing or pad dyeing and steaming.
When the fabric is boiled and mercerized, m-Nitrobenzene Sulphonic Acid Sodium Salt is necessary to attach a knife wire and a cover.

m-Nitrobenzene Sulphonic Acid Sodium Salt is used in the synthesis of quinoline.
m-Nitrobenzene Sulphonic Acid Sodium Salt is used as an developing agent for electroplating and auxiliary for dying fabrics.

m-Nitrobenzene Sulphonic Acid Sodium Salt is used as a stabilizer for dyeing of fibers
m-Nitrobenzene Sulphonic Acid Sodium Salt is used in textile treatment products and dyes.

m-Nitrobenzene Sulphonic Acid Sodium Salt is used for the manufacture of leather
m-Nitrobenzene Sulphonic Acid Sodium Salt is used in non-metal-surface treatment products

m-Nitrobenzene Sulphonic Acid Sodium Salt is used in laboratory chemicals
m-Nitrobenzene Sulphonic Acid Sodium Salt is used in welding & soldering products

m-Nitrobenzene Sulphonic Acid Sodium Salt is used in formulation or re-packing and at industrial sites.
m-Nitrobenzene Sulphonic Acid Sodium Salt is used as a chemical additive in hair dyes and colors.

m-Nitrobenzene Sulphonic Acid Sodium Salt can also be used as a nickel-plating agent for electroplating.
m-Nitrobenzene Sulphonic Acid Sodium Salt is also used as an oxidizing agent in demetalizers

m-Nitrobenzene Sulphonic Acid Sodium Salt is soluble in ethanol
m-Nitrobenzene Sulphonic Acid Sodium Salt also known as Ludigol .
m-Nitrobenzene Sulphonic Acid Sodium Salt is used as an anti whitening additive for vat dyes


SYNONYMS:

3 – Nitrobenzene sulfonic acid , sodium salt
3-nitrobenzensolfonato di sodio
Benzenesulfonic acid, 3-nitro-, sodium salt
Natrium-3-nitrobenzolsulfonat
SODIUM 3-NITROBENZENE SULPHONATE
sodium 3-nitrobenzene-1-sulfonate
Sodium 3-Nitrobenzenesulfonate
Sodium 3-nitrobenzenesulfonate
sodium 3-nitrobenzenesulfonate
SODIUM 3-NITROBENZENESULPHONATE
Sodium 3-nitrobenzenesulphonate
sodium 3-nitrobenzenesulphonate
sodium 3-nitrobenzensulphonate
Sodium m-nitrobenzenesulphonate
Sodium Meta Nitrobenzene Sulphonate
sodium;3-nitrobenzenesulfonate
Nacan
sodium;3-nitrobenzenesulfonic acid
NSC-9795
SCHEMBL1063227
WLN: WNR CSWO &-NA-
NSC9795
sodium 3-nitrobenzenesulfonic acid
A805737
127-68-4
SODIUM 3-NITROBENZENESULFONATE
m-Nitrobenzene Sulphonic Acid Sodium Salt
Sodium 3-nitrobenzenesulphonate
Sodium m-nitrobenzenesulfonate
Nitrol S
Ludigol
Benzenesulfonic acid, 3-nitro-, sodium salt
Tiskan [Czech]
Ludigol F,60
Tiskan
3-Nitrobenzenesulfonic acid, sodium salt
m-Nitrobenzenesulfonic acid, sodium salt
HSDB 5614
Benzenesulfonic acid, m-nitro-, sodium salt
NSC 9795
EINECS 204-857-3
Nitrobenzen-m-sulfonan sodny [Czech]
m-Nitrobenzenesulfonic acid sodium salt
Nitrobenzen-m-sulfonan sodny
UNII-1F11SXJ4C6
sodium m-nitrobenzene sulfonate
1F11SXJ4C6
DTXSID2027048
m-nitrobenzene sulfonic acid sodium salt
EC 204-857-3
Benzenesulfonic acid, 3-nitro-, sodium salt (1:1)
Benzenesulfonic acid, m-nitro-, sodium salt (8CI); m-Nitrobenzene Sulphonic Acid Sodium Salt
NSC-9795
MFCD00007490
Resist Salt
sodium 3-nitrobenzene-1-sulfonate
C6H4NO5S.Na
sodium 3-nitrophenylsulfonate
Sodium3-nitrobenzenesulphonate
sodium m-nitrobezene sulfonate
sodium;3-nitrobenzenesulfonate
SCHEMBL340713
sodium m-nitrobenzenesulphonate
DTXCID107048
sodium 3-nitro-benzenesulfonate
sodium 3-nitrobenzene sulfonate
sodium m-nitrobenzene-sulphonate
CHEMBL3188704
Sodium 3- nitrobenzenesulphonate
sodium 3-nitrobenzene sulphonate
sodium 3-nitro-benzene sulfonate
LJRGBERXYNQPJI-UHFFFAOYSA-M
3-nitrobenzene sulfonate sodium salt
Sodium 3-nitrobenzenesulfonate, 98%
3-nitrobenzensulfonic acid sodium salt
AKOS015900868
3-nitro-phenylsulfonic acid sodium salt
3-nitro benzenesulfonic acid sodium salt
3-nitro-benzenesulfonic acid sodium salt
3-nitrobenzene sulfonic acid sodium salt
m-nitrobenzene sulphonic acid sodium salt
NCGC00258456-01
3-nitrobenzene sulphonic acid sodium salt
AC-11596
AS-12915
CAS-127-68-4
LS-32039
Nitrobenzenesulfonic acid, sodium salt, 3-
Acide m-nitrobenznesulfonique, sel de sodium
FT-0616236
N0141
SODIUM 3-NITROBENZENESULFONATE [HSDB]
SODIUM M-NITROBENZENESULFONATE [INCI]
EN300-142340
W-108378
Q27252345
F1113-0115

Modified potato starch refers to starch derived from potatoes that has undergone a chemical modification to alter its properties and functionality.
Modified potato starch is a complex carbohydrate composed of glucose units and is commonly found in various plant-based foods, including potatoes.

CAS Number: 53124-00-8
EC Number: 610-966-0

Modified potato starch, chemically modified potato starch, altered potato starch, acetylated potato starch, cross-linked potato starch, oxidized potato starch, hydroxypropylated potato starch, potato starch derivative, modified spud starch, transformed potato starch, starch from modified potatoes, adjusted potato polysaccharide, enhanced potato starch, acetylated spud starch, chemically altered potato polysaccharide, improved potato starch, potato starch with modifications, derivatized potato starch, modified tuber starch, transformed potato carbohydrate, cross-linked spud starch, treated potato starch, potato starch with alterations, processed potato polysaccharide, modified tuber extract, modified potato-based polysaccharide, altered potato carbohydrate compound, acetylated potato extract, improved potato starch derivative, chemically adjusted spud starch, potato starch with enhanced properties, potato starch modification product, potato starch with tailored properties, engineered potato polysaccharide, modified starch from potatoes, altered tuber starch extract, cross-linked potato-based polysaccharide, modified carbohydrate from potatoes, acetylated potato starch product, improved potato starch compound, hydroxypropylated spud starch, modified tuber polysaccharide, transformed potato starch derivative, chemically modified potato extract, potato starch with modified structure, adjusted spud starch product, oxidized potato carbohydrate, improved potato-based polysaccharide, acetylated potato starch with enhanced properties, potato starch with unique modifications, engineered tuber starch, modified potato starch with tailored functionalities, cross-linked potato-based carbohydrate, altered potato starch compound, hydroxypropylated potato extract, improved starch from modified potatoes



APPLICATIONS


In the food industry, modified potato starch serves as a thickening agent in soups, gravies, and sauces.
Its gelling properties make it a valuable ingredient in the production of fruit jellies and gummy candies.
Altered potato starch is crucial in gluten-free baking, contributing to the structure of bread and pastries.

As a stabilizer, Modified potato starch prevents phase separation in dairy products like yogurt and ice cream.
Modified potato starch enhances the texture and moisture retention in gluten-free and vegan food products.
Modified potato starch is used as a binding and disintegrating agent in pharmaceutical tablet formulations.

Modified potato starch's rapid hydration properties make it suitable for instant food products.
In the textile industry, modified potato starch is employed in sizing agents for improved fabric quality.
Adhesive formulations benefit from its versatile properties, providing improved bonding in paper and packaging.

Modified potato starch contributes to the clarity and texture of clear and transparent food products.
Its resistance to retrogradation preserves the quality of baked goods over an extended shelf life.
Modified potato starch's stability in acidic conditions makes it a preferred ingredient in salad dressings.

In frozen food applications, it improves freeze-thaw stability and maintains product quality.
Modified potato starch is utilized in the production of gluten-free pasta, providing a desirable texture.

Its water-holding capacity enhances the moisture retention in meat and seafood products.
Modified potato starch plays a role in enhancing the adhesion and texture of coated and battered food products.
In the paper industry, it is used to improve paper strength and surface properties.
Modified potato starch is employed as a sizing agent in the production of paper and paperboard.

Modified potato starch acts as a binder in the manufacturing of tablets, ensuring the cohesion of pharmaceutical formulations.
In the adhesive industry, the starch contributes to the formulation of environmentally friendly adhesives.
Its stability during prolonged cooking makes it suitable for use in culinary applications.
Modified potato starch is utilized in the production of instant desserts, providing quick thickening.

Modified potato starch contributes to the stability of dairy-based desserts, preventing syneresis and maintaining quality.
Modified potato starch's clarity and neutral flavor make it applicable in a range of food and beverage products.
Its versatility allows modified potato starch to address specific challenges in diverse industrial applications, showcasing its importance across various sectors.

Modified potato starch acts as a texturizer in processed meat products, enhancing their mouthfeel and juiciness.
In the confectionery industry, it serves as a coating agent for candies, providing a smooth and glossy finish.
Modified potato starch's stability under high-temperature conditions makes it suitable for use in instant pudding and dessert mixes.

Modified potato starch is utilized in the production of gluten-free and vegan-friendly pastries, ensuring a desirable crumb structure.
Modified potato starch plays a role in the formulation of instant soup mixes, facilitating quick thickening upon rehydration.

In the pet food industry, modified potato starch is incorporated into formulations to improve the texture and appearance of pet treats.
Its resistance to breakdown in acidic conditions makes it a preferred ingredient in fruit fillings for pastries.
Modified potato starch's ability to form gels is employed in the manufacturing of pie fillings for consistent texture.

Modified potato starch is utilized in the production of adhesive formulations for corrugated cardboard boxes and paper packaging.
In the pharmaceutical industry, it serves as a disintegrant in oral tablets, promoting the rapid breakdown of the tablet upon ingestion.
Modified potato starch contributes to the stability of ready-to-drink beverages, preventing sedimentation and improving mouthfeel.
Modified potato starch is added to batter formulations for fried foods to enhance their crispiness and reduce oil absorption.

Its water-absorbing properties are beneficial in dairy applications, improving the texture of yogurt and custards.
Modified potato starch is used in the production of gluten-free and non-GMO snacks, providing structure and texture to the final product.
In the textile industry, it is applied as a thickening agent in dyeing processes to improve color penetration.

Modified potato starch is employed in the manufacturing of biodegradable plastics as a sustainable alternative.
Modified potato starch contributes to the stability and texture of low-fat and reduced-calorie food products.
Modified potato starch is utilized in the production of shelf-stable sauces and gravies for convenient use.
In the production of fruit-based baby foods, the starch aids in achieving a smooth and consistent texture.

Modified potato starch is added to gluten-free and allergy-friendly bakery products for improved structure and moisture retention.
Modified potato starch enhances the viscosity and stability of dairy-based sauces and dressings.
Modified potato starch finds application in the formulation of vegetarian and vegan-friendly alternatives to meat-based products.

Modified potato starch's versatility extends to the cosmetic industry, where it is used in certain formulations for its thickening properties.
Modified potato starch is utilized in the production of instant mashed potatoes for quick and easy meal preparation.
Its neutral taste and color make it suitable for use in clear beverages, contributing to their stability and appearance.

Modified potato starch serves as a binder in the production of gluten-free and vegan burgers, enhancing their texture and structure.
In the production of frozen meals, it contributes to the stabilization of sauces and gravies during freezing and thawing cycles.

Modified potato starch is employed in the formulation of pharmaceutical capsules to improve their dissolution properties.
Modified potato starch acts as a stabilizer in dairy-based beverages, preventing separation and maintaining a consistent texture.

Modified potato starch finds application in the production of gluten-free and allergen-friendly bakery goods, providing structure and softness.
Modified potato starch's gel-forming properties are utilized in the creation of jelly-filled pastries for a desirable filling texture.

In the adhesive industry, modified potato starch is utilized in the formulation of eco-friendly glues for paper products.
Modified potato starch enhances the texture and stability of gluten-free and vegan-friendly ice creams and frozen desserts.
Modified potato starch is employed in the production of instant puddings and desserts to achieve a smooth and creamy consistency.

Modified potato starch acts as a coating agent for frozen foods, improving their appearance and protecting against freezer burn.
Modified potato starch is used in the formulation of non-dairy yogurt alternatives, contributing to their thickness and mouthfeel.
Modified potato starch contributes to the stability of instant coffee mixes, preventing clumping and improving solubility.
Modified potato starch is applied in the pharmaceutical industry for controlled-release drug formulations.

In the production of fruit-based spreads and jams, it serves as a thickening and gelling agent.
Modified potato starch is utilized in the formulation of gluten-free and allergen-free baby food products.
Modified potato starch enhances the texture and shelf life of gluten-free and vegan-friendly pasta products.
Modified potato starch acts as a film-forming agent in the production of edible films used for food packaging.

Modified potato starch's stability in acidic conditions is beneficial in the formulation of fruit-flavored gelatin desserts.
Modified potato starch is used in the production of gluten-free and allergen-free cereals for improved texture.
In the paper industry, it is employed in the production of glossy paper coatings for enhanced print quality.

Modified potato starch is utilized in the formulation of gluten-free and allergen-friendly convenience foods, such as instant mashed potatoes.
Modified potato starch contributes to the texture and mouthfeel of gluten-free and vegan-friendly mayonnaise alternatives.

Modified potato starch is applied in the production of gluten-free and allergen-free energy bars for improved texture.
Modified potato starch is used in the creation of gluten-free and vegan-friendly sauces for pasta and other dishes.
Modified potato starch finds application in the cosmetic industry as a thickening agent in certain formulations, such as creams and lotions.



DESCRIPTION


Modified potato starch refers to starch derived from potatoes that has undergone a chemical modification to alter its properties and functionality.
Modified potato starch is a complex carbohydrate composed of glucose units and is commonly found in various plant-based foods, including potatoes.

The modification of modified potato starch involves chemical processes that can include treatment with acids, enzymes, or other chemicals.
The purpose of these modifications is to enhance certain characteristics of the starch, making it more suitable for specific industrial applications.

Modified potato starch, a versatile carbohydrate, undergoes chemical alterations to enhance its functionality for various applications.
Modified potato starch, derived from potatoes, undergoes processes like acetylation and cross-linking to achieve specific properties.

Modified potato starch exhibits improved stability, making it suitable for high-temperature applications in the food industry.
Modified potato starch becomes a crucial ingredient in food products, contributing to their texture and stability.
Modified potato starch is known for its enhanced thickening capabilities, making it valuable in the formulation of sauces and soups.
Due to its modified structure, the starch exhibits increased resistance to shear forces, making it ideal for use in food processing.

Modified potato starch becomes a reliable gelling agent, contributing to the texture and mouthfeel of various food items.
Modified potato starch's acetylation process imparts desirable properties, such as increased solubility and stability in acidic environments.

Modified potato starch plays a key role in the stabilization of certain food products, preventing phase separation.
In the pharmaceutical industry, it finds application as a binder and disintegrant in tablet formulations.

Modified potato starch's hydroxypropylation enhances its freeze-thaw stability, making it suitable for frozen food applications.
Its altered properties contribute to improved adhesion in coated paper and textiles in the non-food sector.
Modified potato starch is recognized for its compatibility with a wide range of ingredients in food formulations.
Its unique characteristics make it valuable in gluten-free and vegan food products.

Modified potato starch's chemical adjustments lead to improved resistance to retrogradation, preserving the quality of bakery and pastry items.
Modified potato starch exhibits a clean flavor profile, ensuring it doesn't impart unwanted tastes to food products.
Its versatility extends to applications in adhesive formulations, where it contributes to improved bonding.

Modified potato starch's enhanced stability in acidic conditions makes it a valuable ingredient in salad dressings and acidic sauces.
Modified potato starch is known for its rapid hydration properties, facilitating easier incorporation into various formulations.
Due to its modified nature, it serves as a reliable thickening agent in the production of instant desserts.

The chemical adjustments in the starch contribute to its increased water-holding capacity, enhancing moisture retention in food products.
Modified potato starch is recognized for its contribution to the shelf stability of certain food items.
Its cross-linking properties make it resistant to breakdown during prolonged cooking, ensuring consistent results in culinary applications.
Modified potato starch's acetylation process imparts improved clarity, making it suitable for use in clear and transparent food products.
The modified potato starch, with its tailored properties, showcases its importance in addressing specific challenges in diverse industries.



FIRST AID

Inhalation:

Move the affected person to fresh air.
If breathing difficulties persist, seek medical attention.


Skin Contact:

Remove contaminated clothing.
Wash the affected area thoroughly with soap and water.
Seek medical attention if irritation persists.


Eye Contact:

Rinse eyes gently with water for at least 15 minutes, holding the eyelids open.
Seek immediate medical attention.


Ingestion:

If the chemical is ingested, do not induce vomiting unless directed by medical personnel.
Rinse the mouth with water.
Seek medical attention immediately.


General First Aid Tips:

Keep the affected person calm.
Provide reassurance and support.
Do not ignore even minor symptoms, and seek medical attention if there is any doubt about the severity of exposure.



HANDLING AND STORAGE


Handling:

Personal Protective Equipment (PPE):
Wear appropriate PPE, including gloves and safety glasses, to minimize the risk of skin and eye contact.

Ventilation:
Use the product in well-ventilated areas or use local exhaust ventilation systems to control airborne dust.

Avoidance of Contamination:
Prevent contamination by using clean utensils and equipment.
Avoid contact with incompatible materials.

Hygiene Practices:
Implement good hygiene practices, including regular handwashing, to minimize the risk of accidental ingestion or contact.

Spill and Leak Procedures:
Clean up spills promptly to prevent slips and falls.
Use appropriate absorbent materials and follow disposal procedures.

Storage Compatibility:
Store modified potato starch away from incompatible materials, such as strong acids or bases, and oxidizing agents.

Temperature Control:
Store the product in a cool, dry place, away from direct sunlight and heat sources.
Follow any specific temperature recommendations provided by the manufacturer.

Preventive Measures:
Take measures to prevent dust generation during handling to minimize respiratory exposure.
Use dust collection systems if necessary.

Equipment Compatibility:
Ensure that storage and handling equipment are compatible with the product.
Avoid the use of reactive metals or materials.


Storage:

Containers:
Store modified potato starch in approved containers made of materials compatible with the product.
Ensure containers are tightly closed when not in use.

Segregation:
Store the product away from incompatible substances to prevent potential reactions.

Labeling:
Ensure containers are properly labeled with the product name, hazard information, and any specific storage instructions.

Fire Prevention:
Take measures to prevent and control fire hazards in storage areas.
Follow any fire protection guidelines provided in the SDS.

Ventilation:
Maintain good ventilation in storage areas to prevent the buildup of vapors.

Controlled Environment:
If specified by the manufacturer, store the product in a controlled environment with specific temperature and humidity conditions.

Inventory Management:
Follow a first-in, first-out (FIFO) inventory management system to ensure older stock is used first.

Security Measures:
Implement appropriate security measures to prevent unauthorized access to storage areas.

Modified Siloxane Resin Emulsion (MSRE) is a type of emulsion that contains a modified siloxane resin as the main component.
Modified Siloxane Resin Emulsion is typically used in coatings, adhesives, and sealants to enhance their performance in various applications.



APPLICATIONS


Modified Siloxane Resin Emulsion (MSRE) has a wide range of applications in coatings, adhesives, and sealants. Here are some examples:

Protective coatings:
Modified Siloxane Resin emulsions can be used as a protective coating for metal, concrete, and other substrates.
Modified Siloxane Resin emulsions provide excellent weather resistance, chemical resistance, and water repellency.


Adhesives:
Modified Siloxane Resin emulsions can be used as a component of adhesive formulations for a variety of substrates, including plastics, metals, and ceramics.
Modified Siloxane Resin emulsions provide good adhesion, flexibility, and resistance to environmental factors.


Sealants:
Modified Siloxane Resin emulsions can be used as a component of sealant formulations for joints and gaps in buildings, automobiles, and other structures.
Modified Siloxane Resin emulsions provide excellent water resistance, durability, and adhesion.


Textile coatings:
Modified Siloxane Resin emulsions can be used as a coating for textiles to provide water repellency, stain resistance, and durability.


Paper coatings:
Modified Siloxane Resin emulsions can be used as a coating for paper to provide water resistance, gloss, and printability.


Leather coatings:
Modified Siloxane Resin emulsions can be used as a coating for leather to provide water repellency, stain resistance, and durability.


Wood coatings:
Modified Siloxane Resin emulsions can be used as a coating for wood to provide water repellency, weatherability, and durability.


Automotive coatings:
Modified Siloxane Resin emulsions can be used as a component of automotive coatings to provide durability, scratch resistance, and weatherability.


Electronic coatings:
Modified Siloxane Resin emulsions can be used as a coating for electronic components to provide moisture resistance and durability.


Anti-graffiti coatings:
Modified Siloxane Resin emulsions can be used as a component of anti-graffiti coatings to provide water repellency and ease of cleaning.

Overall, the versatility and effectiveness of Modified Siloxane Resin emulsions make them suitable for a wide range of applications in coatings, adhesives, and sealants.


Modified Siloxane Resin emulsions are widely used as a protective coating for metal surfaces in industrial and architectural applications.
The excellent weather resistance and water repellency of Modified Siloxane Resin emulsions make them ideal for use in concrete and masonry coatings.

Modified Siloxane Resin emulsions are often used as a component of automotive coatings to provide superior scratch resistance and durability.
Modified Siloxane Resin emulsions can be used to coat textiles, providing water repellency, stain resistance, and durability.

Modified Siloxane Resin emulsions can be used as a coating for paper to enhance water resistance, gloss, and printability.
In the leather industry, Modified Siloxane Resin emulsions are used as a coating to provide water repellency, stain resistance, and durability.
Modified Siloxane Resin emulsions are used in the wood industry to provide water repellency, weatherability, and durability to wood coatings.

Modified Siloxane Resin emulsions are often used as a component of electronic coatings to provide moisture resistance and durability.
Modified Siloxane Resin emulsions are commonly used in the construction industry as a component of sealant formulations for joints and gaps.

Modified Siloxane Resin emulsions are used in the aerospace industry to provide corrosion protection and durability to aircraft components.
Modified Siloxane Resin emulsions can be used in anti-graffiti coatings to provide water repellency and ease of cleaning.

In the marine industry, Modified Siloxane Resin emulsions are used to provide corrosion resistance and durability to ship coatings.
Modified Siloxane Resin emulsions can be used in ink formulations to enhance water resistance and printability.

Modified Siloxane Resin emulsions can be used as a component of adhesives to improve adhesion to a variety of substrates.
Modified Siloxane Resin emulsions are used in the manufacturing of high-performance rubber compounds to enhance abrasion resistance and durability.
Modified Siloxane Resin emulsions are often used as a component of coatings for electronics to provide water repellency and corrosion resistance.

Modified Siloxane Resin emulsions are used in the oil and gas industry as a component of coatings for pipelines to provide corrosion protection and durability.
Modified Siloxane Resin emulsions can be used in the automotive industry as a component of coatings for wheels to provide scratch resistance and durability.

Modified Siloxane Resin emulsions can be used in the packaging industry as a component of coatings to enhance water resistance and durability.
Modified Siloxane Resin emulsions can be used as a coating for solar panels to enhance weatherability and durability.

Modified Siloxane Resin emulsions are used in the textile industry to provide water repellency and durability to outdoor fabrics.
Modified Siloxane Resin emulsions can be used in the medical industry as a component of coatings for medical devices to provide moisture resistance and durability.

Modified Siloxane Resin emulsions can be used as a component of coatings for glass to provide water repellency and ease of cleaning.
Modified Siloxane Resin emulsions are used in the mining industry as a component of coatings for mining equipment to provide corrosion protection and durability.

Modified Siloxane Resin emulsions are used in the agriculture industry to provide water repellency and durability to crop protection coatings.
Modified Siloxane Resin emulsions can be used in the food industry as a component of coatings to enhance moisture resistance and durability.
Modified Siloxane Resin emulsions are used in the cosmetics industry to provide water repellency and durability to makeup formulations.

Modified Siloxane Resin emulsions can be used in the sports equipment industry as a component of coatings to enhance abrasion resistance and durability.
Modified Siloxane Resin emulsions are used in the footwear industry to provide water repellency and durability to shoes and boots.


Modified Siloxane Resin Emulsion can be used as a binder for coatings, such as high-performance exterior coatings for buildings.
Modified Siloxane Resin Emulsion can be used as a water repellent agent for concrete, masonry, and other porous building materials.

Modified Siloxane Resin Emulsion can be added to adhesives to improve their adhesion to various surfaces, including metal, glass, and plastic.
Modified Siloxane Resin Emulsion can be used as a crosslinking agent in the production of silicone rubber, improving the rubber's heat resistance and durability.

Modified Siloxane Resin Emulsion can be used as an additive in asphalt to improve its resistance to weathering and aging.
Modified Siloxane Resin Emulsion can be added to printing inks to improve their scratch and abrasion resistance, as well as water and chemical resistance.

Modified Siloxane Resin Emulsion can be used as a coating for textiles, providing water and stain resistance while maintaining breathability.
Modified Siloxane Resin Emulsion can be used as an additive in personal care products, such as shampoos and conditioners, to improve their water resistance and conditioning properties.
Modified Siloxane Resin Emulsion can be used in the production of release agents for the rubber and plastics industry.

Modified Siloxane Resin Emulsion can be used in the formulation of wood coatings to provide water repellency, UV resistance, and enhanced adhesion.
Modified Siloxane Resin Emulsion can be used as a coating for metal surfaces, providing corrosion resistance and high temperature resistance.

Modified Siloxane Resin Emulsion can be used as a leveling agent in paints and coatings, improving their appearance and performance.
Modified Siloxane Resin Emulsion can be added to plastics to improve their resistance to weathering and UV radiation.

Modified Siloxane Resin Emulsion can be used as a hydrophobic agent for paper and paperboard, providing water and oil resistance.
Modified Siloxane Resin Emulsion can be added to floor coatings to improve their resistance to abrasion and chemicals.

Modified Siloxane Resin Emulsion can be used as a water repellent agent for leather, providing stain resistance while maintaining breathability.
Modified Siloxane Resin Emulsion can be used as a coating for electronic components, providing moisture resistance and electrical insulation.
Modified Siloxane Resin Emulsion can be used in the production of mold release agents for the plastics and rubber industry.

Modified Siloxane Resin Emulsion can be used as a coating for optical lenses, providing scratch resistance and anti-reflective properties.
Modified Siloxane Resin Emulsion can be used as a hydrophobic agent for fabrics, providing water and stain resistance while maintaining breathability.

Modified Siloxane Resin Emulsion can be used as a coating for automotive parts, providing corrosion resistance and high temperature resistance.
Modified Siloxane Resin Emulsion can be added to packaging materials to improve their barrier properties against water and gases.
Modified Siloxane Resin Emulsion can be used as a hydrophobic agent for ceramics, providing water and stain resistance.

Modified Siloxane Resin Emulsion can be used as a release agent for the production of rubber hoses and seals.
Modified Siloxane Resin Emulsion can be used as an additive in lubricants to improve their wear and friction resistance.

Modified Siloxane Resin Emulsion can be used as a coating for solar panels, providing UV resistance and enhanced performance.
Modified Siloxane Resin Emulsion can be added to sealants to improve their adhesion and weathering resistance.

Modified Siloxane Resin Emulsion can be used as a coating for glass surfaces, providing water and dirt repellency.
Modified Siloxane Resin Emulsion can be used as a hydrophobic agent for natural stone, providing water and stain resistance.
Modified Siloxane Resin Emulsion can be used as an additive in concrete to improve its water resistance and durability.



DESCRIPTION


Modified Siloxane Resin Emulsion (MSRE) is a type of emulsion that contains a modified siloxane resin as the main component.
Modified Siloxane Resin Emulsion is typically used in coatings, adhesives, and sealants to enhance their performance in various applications.

Modified Siloxane Resin emulsions are created by modifying the siloxane resin through the addition of functional groups, such as hydroxyl, carboxyl, or amine groups.
This modification can improve the compatibility of the resin with other ingredients, increase its water solubility, and enhance its adhesion and durability.

Modified Siloxane Resin emulsions can be used as a coating on a variety of substrates, such as metal, plastic, wood, and concrete.
Modified Siloxane Resin emulsions are known for their excellent water resistance, weatherability, and chemical resistance, which makes them suitable for use in harsh environments.

In addition to coatings, Modified Siloxane Resin emulsions can also be used as adhesives and sealants.
Modified Siloxane Resin emulsions can provide good adhesion to a variety of surfaces, including plastics, metals, and ceramics.

Modified Siloxane Resin emulsions are also known for their high tensile strength, flexibility, and resistance to environmental factors, such as UV radiation and moisture.
Overall, Modified Siloxane Resin emulsions are a versatile and effective type of emulsion that can enhance the performance of coatings, adhesives, and sealants in a variety of applications.


Modified Siloxane Resin Emulsion (MSRE) has a range of physical and chemical properties that make it useful in various applications.
Some of its key properties are:

Chemical composition:
Modified Siloxane Resin Emulsion is a water-based emulsion of modified siloxane resin, which gives it unique chemical properties.


Low viscosity:
Modified Siloxane Resin Emulsion has a low viscosity, which allows it to be easily mixed with other materials.


Good adhesion:
Modified Siloxane Resin Emulsion has excellent adhesion to a variety of substrates, including metals, plastics, and glass.


Thermal stability:
Modified Siloxane Resin Emulsion is thermally stable at high temperatures, making it suitable for use in high-temperature applications.


Water resistance:
Modified Siloxane Resin Emulsion has excellent water resistance, which makes it ideal for use in coatings for outdoor applications.


UV resistance:
Modified Siloxane Resin Emulsion has good resistance to UV radiation, which makes it useful in coatings for outdoor applications.


Weather resistance:
Modified Siloxane Resin Emulsion is highly resistant to weathering, which makes it ideal for use in coatings for outdoor applications.


Chemical resistance:
Modified Siloxane Resin Emulsion is resistant to a wide range of chemicals, including acids, alkalis, and solvents.


Durability:
Modified Siloxane Resin Emulsion has excellent durability and can withstand harsh environmental conditions.


Gloss retention:
Modified Siloxane Resin Emulsion has good gloss retention properties, which makes it suitable for use in coatings for decorative applications.


Scratch resistance:
Modified Siloxane Resin Emulsion has good scratch resistance, which makes it useful in coatings for applications where wear and tear are a concern.


Low VOC:
Modified Siloxane Resin Emulsion has low VOC content, which makes it environmentally friendly and safe to use.


Fast drying:
Modified Siloxane Resin Emulsion dries quickly, which makes it suitable for use in coatings that require a fast drying time.


Non-flammable:
Modified Siloxane Resin Emulsion is non-flammable, which makes it safe to handle and store.


Non-toxic:
Modified Siloxane Resin Emulsion is non-toxic, which makes it safe to use in applications where human contact is possible.


Film-forming:
Modified Siloxane Resin Emulsion has film-forming properties, which makes it useful in coatings for applications where a smooth and uniform finish is desired.


Resistance to cracking and chipping:
Modified Siloxane Resin Emulsion has good resistance to cracking and chipping, which makes it suitable for use in coatings for applications where the substrate is subject to mechanical stress.


Low odor:
Modified Siloxane Resin Emulsion has a low odor, which makes it suitable for use in applications where odor is a concern.


Non-yellowing:
Modified Siloxane Resin Emulsion is non-yellowing, which makes it suitable for use in coatings for applications where color stability is important.


Good flow and leveling:
Modified Siloxane Resin Emulsion has good flow and leveling properties, which makes it suitable for use in coatings where a smooth and even finish is desired.


Self-crosslinking:
Modified Siloxane Resin Emulsion is self-crosslinking, which means that it forms a strong bond with the substrate without the need for a separate crosslinking agent.


Low foaming:
Modified Siloxane Resin Emulsion has low foaming properties, which makes it suitable for use in applications where foaming is a concern.


Non-tacky:
Modified Siloxane Resin Emulsion is non-tacky, which makes it suitable for use in coatings for applications where tackiness is a concern.


Good wetting properties:
Modified Siloxane Resin Emulsion has good wetting properties, which makes it suitable for use in coatings for applications where good adhesion to the substrate is important.


Excellent leveling:
Modified Siloxane Resin Emulsion has excellent leveling properties, which makes it suitable for use in coatings where a smooth and even finish is desired.


Good stain resistance:
Modified Siloxane Resin Emulsion has good stain resistance, which makes it useful in coatings for applications where the substrate is subject to staining.



FIRST AID


The following are general first aid measures for Modified Siloxane Resin emulsion.
It is important to note that in case of exposure to this chemical, immediate medical attention is necessary.


Inhalation:

If inhaled, move the person to an area with fresh air immediately.
If the person is not breathing, perform CPR.
Seek immediate medical attention.


Skin contact:

Remove any contaminated clothing and rinse the affected area with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes.
If skin irritation persists, seek medical attention.


Eye contact:

Flush the affected eye(s) with water for at least 15 minutes, lifting the upper and lower eyelids occasionally.
Seek immediate medical attention.


Ingestion:

Rinse the mouth with plenty of water and do not induce vomiting unless instructed by a medical professional.
Seek immediate medical attention.


Note: It is important to seek medical attention if any symptoms develop after exposure to Modified Siloxane Resin emulsion.


General advice:

Remove contaminated clothing and dispose of them safely.
In case of fire, use water, carbon dioxide or dry chemical to extinguish it.
Keep the affected person calm and seek medical attention immediately.
Follow all safety guidelines provided by the manufacturer of the product.



HANDLING AND STORAGE


The following are recommended handling and storage conditions for Modified Siloxane Resin emulsion:


Handling:

Wear appropriate protective clothing, gloves, and eye/face protection to avoid contact with the chemical.
Use in a well-ventilated area to prevent inhalation of vapors.
Do not eat, drink or smoke while handling the chemical.

Avoid skin and eye contact with the chemical.
Avoid releasing the chemical into the environment.


Storage:

Store the chemical in a cool, dry, well-ventilated place, away from heat sources and direct sunlight.
Keep the container tightly closed and away from incompatible materials.

Store the chemical in a place that is inaccessible to children and unauthorized personnel.
Do not store near sources of ignition or flammable materials.
Make sure that the storage area is labeled properly with the name of the chemical, hazards, and appropriate precautionary measures.


Follow all safety guidelines provided by the manufacturer of the product.
It is important to note that specific handling and storage conditions may vary depending on the concentration, purity, and intended use of Modified Siloxane Resin emulsion.
It is important to always follow the safety guidelines provided by the manufacturer and to comply with local regulations regarding the handling, storage, and disposal of chemicals.



SYNONYMS


Modified silicone emulsion
Modified siloxane emulsion
Modified polysiloxane emulsion
Modified organosiloxane emulsion
Modified silicone resin emulsion
Modified silicone copolymer emulsion
Modified silicone fluid emulsion
Modified alkyl siloxane emulsion
Modified silicone oil emulsion
Modified silicone polymer emulsion
Modified dimethylpolysiloxane emulsion
Modified methylphenylsiloxane emulsion
Modified silsesquioxane emulsion
Modified polydimethylsiloxane emulsion
Modified polyphenylmethylsiloxane emulsion
Modified polyether-modified silicone emulsion
Modified alkoxysilane emulsion
Modified fluorosilicone emulsion
Modified silicone rubber emulsion
Modified silicone acrylate emulsion
Modified silicone acrylic copolymer emulsion
Modified silicone polyurethane emulsion
Modified silicone polyester emulsion
Modified silicone epoxy emulsion
Modified silicone alkylamide emulsion
Modified silicone surfactant emulsion
Modified silicone alkylphosphate emulsion
Modified silicone hydrogel emulsion
Modified silicone defoamer emulsion
Modified silicone leveling agent emulsion
Modified silicone wax emulsion
Modified silicone glycol emulsion
Modified silicone acrylamide emulsion
Modified silicone methacrylate emulsion
Modified silicone vinyl emulsion
Modified silicone acrylate-vinyl copolymer emulsion
Modified silicone epoxy-acrylate emulsion
Modified silicone polyamide emulsion
Modified silicone phenol formaldehyde emulsion
Modified silicone latex emulsion
Modified silicone alkyd emulsion
Modified silicone-urea copolymer emulsion
Modified silicone-styrene copolymer emulsion
Modified silicone-modified polyester emulsion
Modified silicone-modified polyurethane emulsion
Modified silicone-modified polyacrylate emulsion
Modified silicone-modified epoxy emulsion
Modified silicone-modified melamine emulsion
Modified silicone-modified phenolic emulsion
Modified silicone-modified acrylic emulsion
Modified silicone-modified vinyl emulsion
Modified silicone-modified silane emulsion
Modified silicone-modified alkyl emulsion
Modified silicone-modified fluoroalkyl emulsion
Modified silicone-modified perfluoroalkyl emulsion
Modified silicone-modified ethylene oxide emulsion
Modified silicone-modified propylene oxide emulsion
Modified silicone-modified butadiene emulsion
Modified silicone-modified acrylonitrile emulsion
Modified silicone-modified methacrylonitrile emulsion
Modified silicone-modified acrylate-butadiene-styrene emulsion
Modified silicone-modified vinyl acetate emulsion
Modified silicone-modified vinyl chloride emulsion
Modified silicone-modified vinylidene chloride emulsion
Modified silicone-modified maleic anhydride emulsion
Modified silicone-modified styrene-maleic anhydride emulsion
Modified silicone-modified acrylate-maleic anhydride emulsion
Modified silicone-modified acrylate-methacrylate emulsion
Modified silicone-modified vinyl-methacrylate emulsion
Modified silicone-modified vinyl-styrene emulsion

MOLYBDENUM DISULFIDE; Molybdenum(IV) sulfide; Molybdenum disulfide; cas no: 1317-33-5

Molybdenum disulfide, or moly, is an inorganic compound made up of sulfur and molybdenum.
The chemical formula of Molybdenum disulfide is MoS2.


CAS Number: 1317-33-5
EC Number: 215-172-4
MDL number: MFCD00003470
Chemical formula: MoS2



Molybdenum disulfide, Molybdenum(IV) sulfide, MOLYBDENUM DISULFIDE, Molybdenum(IV) sulfide, 1317-33-5, Molybdenite, Molybdenum disulphide, 1309-56-4, Molybdenite (MoS2), Molybdenum sulfide (MoS2), bis(sulfanylidene)molybdenum, Pigment Black 34, ZC8B4P503V, MFCD00003470, Molysulfide, Molykote, Motimol, Nichimoly C, Sumipowder PA, Molykote Z, Molyke R, T-Powder, Moly Powder B, Moly Powder C, Moly Powder PA, Moly Powder PS, Mopol M, Mopol S, Natural molybdenite, 56780-54-2, Molybdenum bisulfide, M 5 (lubricant), Liqui-Moly LM 2, Solvest 390A, DM 1 (sulfide), Liqui-Moly LM 11, MoS2, Molycolloid CF 626, LM 13 (lubricant), MD 40 (lubricant), Molykote Microsize Powder, Molybdenum ores, molybdenite, 863767-83-3, DAG-V 657, HSDB 1660, DAG 206, DAG 325, LM 13, MD 40, EINECS 215-172-4, EINECS 215-263-9, UNII-ZC8B4P503V, C.I. 77770, disulfidomolybdenum, starbld0007122, [MoS2], Molybdenum(IV) sulfide, powder, CHEBI:30704, MOLYBDENUM DISULFIDE [MI], DTXSID201318098, Molybdenum(IV) sulfide, 95.0%, MOLYBDENUM DISULFIDE [HSDB], AKOS015903590, Henderson molybdenite, NIST RM 8599, Molybdenum disulfide, Crystal, 99.995%, FT-0628966, NS00112647, Molybdenum(IV) sulfide, powder, dag325, disulfuredemolybdene, molybdenumsulfide(mos2), MOLYBDENUM(IV)SULFIDEPOWDEREXTRAPU&, MOLYBDENUM(IV)SULFIChemicalbookDE,POWDER,<2MICRON,99%, MOLYBDENUM(IV)SULFIDE,POWDER, MolybdenumDisulphidePowder, Molybdenum(IV)sulfide,98.50%, mos2, MOLYBDENUM SULFIDE, dag325, molykote, MOLYBDENITE, Molybdndisulfid, Molybdenum disulphid, MOLYBDENUM(IV) SULFIDE, molybdenumsulfide(mos2), mopolm, Molybdenum(IV) sulfide, Molybdenite, Molykote, hydrogen sulfide; molybdenum, Molybdenum disulphide, Molykote, bis(sulfanylidene)molybdenum, Molysulfide, Nichimoly C, Sumipowder PA, Molykote Z, disulfanylidene molybdenum, dithioxomolybdenum



Few-layer Molybdenum disulfide is considered to be one of the most attractive materials for next-generation nanoelectronics.
This is due to Molybdenum disulfide's silicon-level charge mobility and high current on/off ratio in thin-film transistors.
Compared to monolayer Molybdenum disulfide (which needs a deposition of an additional high-k dielectric layer such as HfO2), few-layer MoS2 can be operated on its own.


This makes Molybdenum disulfide more appealing for fabricating transistors and other optoelectronic devices.
Molybdenum disulfide is an inorganic compound.
Molybdenum disulfide is made of molybdenum and sulfur.


The chemical formula of Molybdenum disulfide is MoS2.
Molybdenum disulfide is a two dimensional layered material. Monolayers of transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs)exhibit photoconductivity.
The layers of the TMD can be mechanically or chemicaly exfoliated to form nanosheets.


Molybdenum disulfide is a moderately water and acid-soluble Molybdenum source for uses compatible with sulfates.
Sulfate compounds are salts or esters of sulfuric acid formed by replacing one or both of the hydrogens with a metal.
Most metal sulfate compounds are readily soluble in water for uses such as water treatment, unlike fluorides and oxides which tend to be insoluble.


Organometallic forms are soluble in organic solutions and sometimes in both aqueous and organic solutions.
Metallic ions can also be dispersed utilizing suspended or coated nanoparticles and deposited utilizing sputtering targets and evaporation materials for uses such as solar energy materials and fuel cells.


Molybdenum disulfide is generally immediately available in most volumes.
Transition metal dichalcogenides' (TMDCs) is the class of materials and Molybdenum disulfide belongs to this class.
The materials in this class have MX2 as their chemical formula.


In MX2, X is a chalcogen (group 16 of the periodic table) and M is a transition metal atom (group 4 to group 12 of the periodic table).
MoS2 is Molybdenum disulfide's chemical formula.
Molybdenum disulfide, or moly, is an inorganic compound made up of sulfur and molybdenum.


Molybdenum disulfide naturally occurs in a layered structure which makes it versatile and more effective in a variety of applications.
Molybdenum disulfide is often a component of blends and composites where low friction is sought.
Molybdenum disulfide is the most famous of the single layer transition metal dichalcogenide (TMD) family.


Molybdenum disulfide has been used in bulk for many years as a solid state lubricant, this is due to its low coefficient of friction in addition to its high chemical and thermal stability.
All forms of Molybdenum disulfide have a layered structure, in which a plane of molybdenum atoms is sandwiched by planes of sulfide ions.


These three strata form a monolayer of Molybdenum disulfide.
Bulk Molybdenum disulfide consists of stacked monolayers, which are held together by weak van der Waals interactions.
The chemical formula of Molybdenum disulfide is MoS2.


The crystal structure of Molybdenum disulfide takes the form of a hexagonal plane of S atoms on either side of a hexagonal plane of Mo atoms.
These triple planes stack on top of each other, with strong covalent bonds between the Mo and S atoms, but weak van der Waals forcing holding layers together.


This allows them to be mechanically separated to form 2-dimensional sheets of Molybdenum disulfide.
Molybdenum disulfide, also known as moly, is an inorganic metallic compound made of molybdenum and sulfur.
Molybdenum disulfide occurs in a natural state as mineral molybdenite (the principal ore of molybdenum) and has a crystal lattice layered structure.


Weak bonds in atoms in different layers and strong bonds connecting atoms in single layers allow the plate to slide over one another.
Similar materials include tungsten disulfide, boron nitride, lead iodide, silver sulfate, mica, and cadmium iodide.
Molybdenum disulfide belongs to a class of materials called 'transition metal dichalcogenides' (TMDCs).


Materials in this class have the chemical formula MX2, where M is a transition metal atom (groups 4-12 in the periodic table) and X is a chalcogen (group 16).
The chemical formula of molybdenum disulfide is MoS2.


The crystal structure of Molybdenum disulfide takes the form of a hexagonal plane of S atoms on either side of a hexagonal plane of Mo atoms.
These triple planes stack on top of each other, with strong covalent bonds between the Mo and S atoms, but weak van der Waals forcing holding layers together.


This allows them to be mechanically separated to form 2-dimensional sheets of Molybdenum disulfide.
Following on from the huge research interest in graphene, Molybdenum disulfide was the next 2-dimensional material to be investigated for potential device applications.


Due to its direct bandgap, Molybdenum disulfide has a great advantage over graphene for several applications, including optical sensors and field-effect transistors.
Molybdenum disulfide is the main component of molybdenite.


Black solid powder with a metallic luster.
Chemical formula of Molybdenum disulfide is MoS₂, melting point 1185℃, density 4.80g/cm³ (14℃)
Molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) is one such material which is naturally available in bulk form and can be exfoliated down to monolayers.


Molybdenum disulfide is a sulfide salt.
Molybdenite is a mineral with formula of Mo4+S2-2 or MoS2. The IMA symbol is Mol.
Molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) is an inorganic compound belonging to the transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) series with earth abundant, consisting of one

Molybdenum atom and two Sulphur atoms.
Molybdenum disulfide is an inorganic compound that exists in nature in the mineral molybdenite.
Molybdenum disulfide's crystals have a hexagonal layered structure (shown) that is similar to graphite.


In 1957, Ronald E. Bell and Robert E. Herfert at the now-defunct Climax Molybdenum Company of Michigan (Ann Arbor) prepared what was then a new rhombohedral crystalline form of MoS2.
Rhombohedral crystals were subsequently discovered in nature.


Like most mineral salts, Molybdenum disulfide has a high melting point, but it begins to sublime at a relatively low 450 ºC.
This property of Molybdenum disulfide is useful for purifying the compound.
Because of its layered structure, hexagonal Molybdenum disulfide, like graphite, is an excellent “dry” lubricant.


Molybdenum disulfide and its cousin tungsten disulfide can be used as surface coatings on machine parts (e.g., in the aerospace industry), in two-stroke engines (the type used for motorcycles), and in gun barrels (to reduce friction between the bullet and the barrel).
Unlike graphite, Molybdenum disulfide does not depend on adsorbed water or other vapors for its lubricant properties.


Molybdenum disulfide can be used at temperatures as high as 350 ºC in oxidizing environments and up to 1100 ºC in nonoxidizing environments.
Molybdenum disulfide's stability makes it useful in high-temperature applications in which oils and greases are not practical.
In addition to its lubricating properties, Molybdenum disulfide is a semiconductor.


Molybdenum disulfide is also known that it and other semiconducting transition-metal chalcogenides become superconductors at their surfaces when doped with an electrostatic field.
The mechanism of superconductivity was uncertain until 2018, when Andrea C. Ferrari at the University of Cambridge (UK) and colleagues there and at the

Polytechnic Institute of Turin (Italy) reported that a multivalley Fermi surface is associated with the superconductivity state in MoS2.
The authors believe that “this [Fermi surface] topology will serve as a guideline in the quest for new superconductors.”
Molybdenum disulfide (or moly) is an inorganic compound composed of molybdenum and sulfur.


Molybdenum disulfide's chemical formula is MoS2.
Molybdenum disulfide is classified as a transition metal dichalcogenide.
Molybdenum disulfide is a silvery black solid that occurs as the mineral molybdenite, the principal ore for molybdenum.


Molybdenum disulfide is relatively unreactive.
Molybdenum disulfide is unaffected by dilute acids and oxygen.
In appearance and feel, Molybdenum disulfide is similar to graphite.


Molybdenum disulfide is widely used as a dry lubricant because of its low friction and robustness.
Bulk Molybdenum disulfide is a diamagnetic, indirect bandgap semiconductor similar to silicon, with a bandgap of 1.23 eV.
Molybdenum disulfide is often a component of blends and composites where low friction is sought.



USES and APPLICATIONS of MOLYBDENUM DISULFIDE:
Molybdenum disulfide is used dry lubricant and lubricant additive.
Molybdenum disulfide is used as a dry lubricant in, e.g. greases, dispersions, friction materials and bonded coatings.
Molybdenum-sulfur complexes may be used in suspension but more commonly dissolved in lubricating oils at concentrations of a few percent.


Molybdenum disulfide is used as additives in lubricating grease, friction materials, plastic, rubber, nylon, PTFE, coating and so on.
Molybdenum disulfide is used hydrogenation catalyst.
Molybdenum disulfide is one of the most widely used lubricants in space systems.


Molybdenum disulfide is a common additive that improves the antiseize properties of wheel bearing grease.
Molybdenum disulfide has been used for many years as a solid lubricant because of its interesting friction-reducing properties related to its crystalline structure.


Molybdenum disulfide is a lamellar compound made of a stacking of S-Mo-S layers .
In each of them, the molybdenum atom is surrounded by six sulfur atoms located at the top of a trigonal prism.
The distance between a molybdenum atom and a sulfur atom is equal to 0.241 nm, whereas the distance between two sulfur atoms from two adjacent layers is equal to 0.349 nm.


This characteristic was often used to explain easy cleavage between the layers and therefore the lubricating properties of Molybdenum disulfide.
Molybdenum disulfide finds use as a hydrogenation catalyst for organic synthesis.
Molybdenum disulfide is derived from a common transition metal, rather than group 10 metal as are many alternatives.


Molybdenum disulfide is chosen when catalyst price or resistance to sulfur poisoning are of primary concern.
Molybdenum disulfide is effective for the hydrogenation of nitro compounds to amines and can be used to produce secondary amines via reductive amination.
The catalyst can also can effect hydrogenolysis of organosulfur compounds, aldehydes, ketones, phenols and carboxylic acids to their respective alkanes.


The catalyst suffers from rather low activity however, often requiring hydrogen pressures above 95 atm and temperatures above 185 °C.
As a result of its direct band-gap, single-layer Molybdenum disulfide has received much interest for applications in electronic and optoelectronic devices (such as transistors, photodetectors, photovoltaics and light-emitting diodes).


Molybdenum disulfide is also being explored for applications in photonics, and can be combined with other TMDCs to create advanced heterostructured devices.
In addition to serving as the primary natural source of molybdenum, purified molybdenum disulfide Molybdenum disulfide is an excellent lubricant when in the form of a dry film, or as an additive to oil or grease.


Molybdenum disulfide also is used as a filler in nylons, and as an effective catalyst for hydrogenation-dehydrogenation reactions.
Molybdenum disulfide has a wide range of industrial and commercial uses and applications, including lubricants.
Its low reactivity makes it an ideal choice for low-friction materials.


Furthermore, Molybdenum disulfide is considered an effective lubricant because of its low coefficient of friction and chemical inertness.
Molybdenum disulfide can also be used as a dry lubricant, meaning it does not require a liquid lubricant.
Molybdenum disulfidealso able to protect metallic surfaces from corrosion and wear, making it an ideal choice for many industrial applications.


Molybdenum disulfide is an important component of extreme pressure (EP) lubricants that offer protection under extreme loadings.
When regular grease is used in high-pressure applications, Molybdenum disulfide can be pressed to the extent that the greased surfaces come into physical contact, leading to friction and wear.


Extreme-pressure oils with solid lubricants, such as Molybdenum disulfide, can help reduce or avoid these issues.
Molybdenum disulfide provides superior lubrication and protection against wear and tear, even in extreme conditions such as high temperatures, pressures, shear, and loads.


Extreme pressure lubricants also help to improve efficiency and reduce downtime due to reduced friction and wear.
They also help to extend machinery life and cut energy consumption.
Because of its lubricant properties, Molybdenum disulfide has many industrial applications, including aerospace, automotive, machine tools, and medical device components.


In the automotive industry, Molybdenum disulfide’s used to lubricate engine components and transmissions.
In the aerospace field, Molybdenum disulfide is used to lubricate aircraft engines, turbine blades, and other moving parts.
Molybdenum disulfide can also help reduce friction in metal parts, boosting the lifespan of machines.


Due to its low density and high lubricity, Molybdenum disulfide can also be added to plastics and polymer composites.
Moreover, Molybdenum disulfide has good thermal and electrical conductivity, and its chemical inertness makes it an excellent corrosion inhibitor.
Molybdenum disulfide few-layer film, with an impressive direct band gap of 1.9 eV in the monolayer regime, has promising potential applications in nanoelectronics, optoelectronics, and flexible devices.


Molybdenum disulfide few-layer films can also be made into heterostructures for energy conversation and storage devices, and used as a catalyst for hydrogen revolution reactions (HER).
Molybdenum disulfide few-layer film can be used in research purposes such as microscopic analysis, photoluminescence and Raman spectroscopy studies.


Few-layer Molybdenum disulfide film can also be transferred to other substrates.
Molybdenum disulfide with particle sizes in the range of 1-100 μm is a common dry lubricant.
Few alternatives exist that can confer the high lubricity and stability up to 350 °C in oxidizing environments.


Sliding friction tests of Molybdenum disulfide using a pin-on-disc tester at low loads (0.1-2 N) give friction coefficient values of <0.1.
A variety of oils and greases are used, because they retain their lubricity even in cases of almost complete oil loss, thus finding a use in critical applications such as aircraft engines.


When added to plastics, Molybdenum disulfide forms a composite with improved strength as well as reduced friction.
Polymers that have been flld with Molybdenum disulfide include nylon (with the trade name Nylatron), Teflon, and Vespel.
Self-lubricating composite coatings for high-temperature applications have been developed consisting of Molybdenum disulfide and titanium nitride by chemical vapor deposition.


Molybdenum disulfide is often used in two-stroke engines; e.g. motorcycle engines.
Molybdenum disulfide is also used in CV and universal joints.
Molybdenum disulfide-coatings allow bullets easier passage through the rifle barrel causing less barrel fouling allowing the barrel to retain ballistic accuracy much longer.


This resistance to barrel fouling comes at a cost of lower muzzle velocity with the same load due to a decreased chamber pressure.
Molybdenum disulfide is applied to bearings in ultra- high vacuum applications up to 10-9 torr (at -226 to 399 °C).
The lubricant is applied by burnishing and the excess is wiped from the bearing surface.


Molybdenum disulfide is also used in ski wax to prevent static buildup in dry snow conditions and to add glide when sliding in dirty snow.
Molybdenum disulfide is often used in two-stroke engines; e.g., motorcycle engines.
Molybdenum disulfide is also used in CV and universal joints.


During the Vietnam War, the Molybdenum disulfide product "Dri-Slide" was used to lubricate weapons, although it was supplied from private sources, not the military.
Molybdenum disulfide-coatings allow bullets easier passage through the rifle barrel with less deformation and better ballistic accuracy.


Many types of oils and greases are often used since they can preserve their lubricity, thus extending their use to more critical applications like aircraft engines.
Molybdenum disulfide can also be added to plastics to create a composite to enhance strength and reduce friction.


Molybdenum disulfide coating (consisting of high purity moly powder) is a dry film lubricant used on industrial parts to reduce wear and improve the coefficient of friction.
Applications of Molybdenum disulfide coatings include areas requiring an unreactive lubricant that doesn’t trigger reactions when used.


Typical applications of Molybdenum disulfide include Fuel cell applications, Vacuum applications, Photonics and photovoltaics, High-temperature applications, Military applications, and Automotive applications like two-stroke engines.
Molybdenum disulfide is used as a dry lubricant.


Molybdenum disulfide is black in appearance and mostly unreactive with most chemical elements.
Molybdenum disulfide is similar to graphite in terms of texture and appearance, and like graphite, it is used in greases for bit lubrication and as a dry lubricant.


Due to the Molybdenum disulfide’s geothermal origin, it offers excellent durability to withstand intense pressure and heat.
This is especially true if some amounts of sulfur are present to interact with iron to form a sulfide layer which works with Molybdenum disulfide to maintain a lubricating film.


Molybdenum disulfide has unique lubricant properties that distinguish it from most solid lubricants.
Molybdenum disulfide has a low coefficient of friction which is inherent, film-forming structure, effective lubricating properties, a robust affinity for metallic surfaces, and very high yield strength.


A combination of Molybdenum disulfide and water-soluble sulfides offers both lubrication and corrosion prevention in metal forming materials and cutting fluids.
Similarly, oil-soluble molybdenum-sulfur elements like thiocarbamates and thiophosphates offer engine protection against common wear, corrosion, and oxidation.


Because of the weak van der Waals reactions between the layers of sulfur atoms, Molybdenum disulfide has a relatively low coefficient of friction.
Molybdenum disulfide is a typical combination of composites and blends that need low friction.
Molybdenum disulfide is often used in two-stroke engines; e.g., motorcycle engines.


-Molybdenum disulfide is used as a Lubricant:
Molybdenum disulfide has an extremely high melting point, just like most other mineral salts.
Because of its layered, hexagonal structure, Molybdenum disulfide, like graphite, is commonly used as a solid lubricant.


-Lubricant uses of Molybdenum disulfide:
Due to weak van der Waals interactions between the sheets of sulfide atoms, Molybdenum disulfide has a low coefficient of friction.
Molybdenum disulfide in particle sizes in the range of 1–100 µm is a common dry lubricant.

Few alternatives exist that confer high lubricity and stability at up to 350 °C in oxidizing environments.
Sliding friction tests of Molybdenum disulfide using a pin on disc tester at low loads (0.1–2 N) give friction coefficient values of <0.1.
Molybdenum disulfide is often a component of blends and composites that require low friction.

For example, Molybdenum disulfide is added to graphite to improve sticking.
A variety of oils and greases are used, because they retain their lubricity even in cases of almost complete oil loss, thus finding use in critical applications such as aircraft engines.

When added to plastics, Molybdenum disulfide forms a composite with improved strength as well as reduced friction.
Polymers that may be filled with Molybdenum disulfide include nylon (trade name Nylatron), Teflon and Vespel.
Self-lubricating composite coatings for high-temperature applications consist of Molybdenum disulfide and titanium nitride, using chemical vapor deposition.

Examples of applications of Molybdenum disulfide-based lubricants include two-stroke engines (such as motorcycle engines), bicycle coaster brakes, automotive CV and universal joints, ski waxes and bullets.

Other layered inorganic materials that exhibit lubricating properties (collectively known as solid lubricants (or dry lubricants)) includes graphite, which requires volatile additives and hexagonal boron nitride.


-Catalysis uses of Molybdenum disulfide:
Molybdenum disulfide is employed as a cocatalyst for desulfurization in petrochemistry, for example, hydrodesulfurization.
The effectiveness of the Molybdenum disulfide catalysts is enhanced by doping with small amounts of cobalt or nickel.

The intimate mixture of these sulfides is supported on alumina.
Such catalysts are generated in situ by treating molybdate/cobalt or nickel-impregnated alumina with H2S or an equivalent reagent.
Catalysis does not occur at the regular sheet-like regions of the crystallites, but instead at the edge of these planes.


-Electronic applications of Molybdenum disulfide:
Molybdenum disulfide has many promising peculiarities and one of them is that its bandgap has a non-zero value as compared to graphene.
Molybdenum disulfide acts as a semiconductor and due to its conductivity that can be altered, MoS2 is both efficient and effective for electronic and logic devices.

Moreover, the indirect bandgap is contained by Molybdenum disulfide's bulk form which is then transformed at the nanoscale into a direct bandgap, suggesting that MoS2's single layer found application in the optoelectronic devices.
Low power electronic devices and short channel FETs are also a possibility by Molybdenum disulfide because of its 2-dimensional structure as it gives us control over the material's electrostatic nature.


-Field-effect transistors uses of Molybdenum disulfide:
The most latest electronic devices have field-effect transistors as their most elementary part.
Semiconductor technology has evolved over time.

Lithography can particularly lessen the sizes of the transistor in the range of a few nanometres.
Their channel size is below 14 nm as compared to many advantages like cost reduction, low power consumption, and fast switching.
Quantum mechanical tunneling takes place between the source electrodes and the drain due to the Joule heating effect.

For avoiding short channel effects and producing nano-sized devices, exploring thinner channel materials and thinner gate oxides materials is very important.
The monolayer of Molybdenum disulfide is a suitable material for switching nanodevices as it possesses a direct bandgap of 1.8 eV which is appreciable.


-Switchable transistor uses of Molybdenum disulfide:
A switchable transistor based on Molybdenum disulfide's monolayer was displayed firstly by Radisavljevic.
A semiconducting channel with 6.5 A˚ of thickness is contained by this device and a 30 nm thick layer of HfO2 is used to deposit this device on SiO2 substrate as it has been utilized for covering it and also working as a top-gated dielectric layer.

The current on/off ratio is displayed by this device at 108 room temperature.
Off-state current, for instance, the subthreshold slope of 74 mV/dec, and 100 fA is exhibited by this device.
According to this work, Molybdenum disulfide has promising potential in flexible and transparent electronics, and that MoS2 is a good alternative for low standby power integrated circuits.


-Solid lubricants uses of Molybdenum disulfide:
When the liquid lubricants fail the requirements of the needed applications, then solid lubricants are used.
Oils, greases, and other liquid lubricants are not utilized in various applications because of their weight, sealing problems, and environmental conditions.

However, on the other side, as compared to systems that are based on grease lubrication, solid lubricants have less weight and are cheap.
In high vacuum conditions, the liquid lubricants cant work thus causing the device to be unfit as in these conditions, lubricants also get evaporated.
Decomposition or oxidization of liquid lubricants takes place at high-temperature conditions.
At cryogenic temperatures, liquid lubricants get viscous or solidify and are incapable of flowing.


-Liquid lubricants uses of Molybdenum disulfide:
When under the effect of radiation environment conditions and corrosive gas, the liquid lubricants start to decay.
Dust or other contaminants are easily taken by the liquid lubricants where the major problem is contamination.

The components that are associated with the liquid lubricants are very heavy so handling them in applications where there is a requirement of long storage, is difficult.
Thus, these problems are effectively dealt with by solid lubricants.

In all aspects, liquid lubricants fail when it comes to space mechanisms.
Antennas, rovers, telescopes, vehicles, and satellites, etc., are involved in the space moving systems.
In strict environmental conditions, these systems function for a longer period of time with little service.
In such environmental conditions, the promising choice is the solid lubricants, Molybdenum disulfide specifically.


-In graphite contrast uses of Molybdenum disulfide:
Unlike graphite, Molybdenum disulfide doesn’t need the water’s vapor pressure to exhibit lubrication.
Slip rings, gears, ball bearings, and pointing and releasing mechanisms, etc. are the components in the space applications that are dependent on Molybdenum disulfide lubrication.

Molybdenum disulfide's lubricity declines over the effect of a humid environment exhibit a major challenge to its implementation in various terrestrial applications.
Molybdenum disulfide's sputtering with Ti involves the improvement of MoS2's mechanical characteristics and it also protects MoS2 against humidity.
This improvement in Molybdenum disulfide's mechanical characteristics is significant for dry machining operations.


-Biosensors uses of Molybdenum disulfide:
Serious health issues have significantly affected the lifestyle of the human.
Significant effects lead to the increase in the importance of finding new ways and techniques that can observe different and numerous factors that are causing those effects and diseases.

A significant and major role is played by the evolution of biosensors in this point of view.
There has also been the utilization of biosensing in some elementary ways for efficiently observing the disease-causing factors.
Sensitivity and selectivity are the two factors on which the quality of the biosensors depends.
The research is being done at a large scale for engineering the sensor matrices for the enhancement of the selectivity and sensitivity of the biosensors.


-Nanostructures uses of Molybdenum disulfide:
Molybdenum disulfide Nanostructures that possess a 2D nature have been used for biosensing based on the electrochemical phenomenon.
There has been an extensive exploration of the Molybdenum disulfide's sheets in the form of electrode materials in biosensors.

Molybdenum disulfide nanosheets display strong fluorescence in the visible range because of their direct bandgap, which makes Molybdenum disulfide a suitable and appropriate candidate for optical biosensors.
Optical biosensors are cost-efficient. 1-D Molybdenum disulfide displays promising electrical characteristics and is analog to carbon nanotubes (CNTs).
One of the efficient and effective candidates for biosensors is the electrochemical sensors that are based on carbon nanotubes.


-FET based biosensors uses of Molybdenum disulfide:
Many researchers are fascinated by FET-based biosensors.
A drain and two electrodes source are mainly contained by the FET and they electrically associate with each other via a channel that's based on the semiconductor material.

The current that's flowing through the channel between the drain and the source is controlled by the third electrode, the gate that's coupled with a dielectric layer.
Biomolecules that create an electrostatic effect are captured by the functionalized channel and are then converted into an observable signal in the form of
FET devices' electrical properties.
How the characteristics of the devices perform, depends on the gate's biasing strategy.


-Gas sensors uses of Molybdenum disulfide:
Right now, it is very much important to trace noxious gases and pollutants, for instance, sulfur dioxide (SO2), hydrogen sulfide (H2S), carbon dioxide (CO2), ammonia (NH3), and nitrogen oxide (NOx).
Environment, quality of air, and noxious gas are monitored by a way known as gas sensing.

Resistance dependence, field-effect transistor, chemiresistive, Schottky diode optical fibers, etc. and other various semiconductor gas sensors are used for gas sensing but because of their low cost of production and easy operation, the resistivity based gas sensors are the most appreciable one


-Evolution of Graphene and 2D Materials uses of Molybdenum disulfide:
Molybdenum disulfide is because of their promising characteristics like high sensitivity, selectivity, large surface to mass ratio, and low noise, that the evolution of 2-dimensional materials and graphene helps in the research of gas sensors.

Observations were being made on the sensors' sensing behavior at different concentrations and various temperatures.
With a 4.6 ppb of detection limit, great sensitivity is showed by this sensor at 60 degrees Celsius temperature.
Complete recovery/fast response is showed by the sensor.


-Field-effect transistors uses of Molybdenum disulfide:
The large direct bandgap and relatively high carrier mobility in Molybdenum disulfide make it an obvious choice for FETs.
Early experiments on single-layer Molybdenum disulfide transistors showed great promise, with recorded mobilities of 200 cm2V-1s-1 and an on/off ratio of ~108.

It has been suggested that such devices may outperform silicon-based FETs in several key metrics, such as power efficiency and on/off ratio.
However, they tend to show only n-type characteristics.
Much effort has been applied to refining FETs through reducing substrate interactions, improving electrical injection and realising ambipolar transport.


-Photodetectors uses of Molybdenum disulfide:
The bandgap properties of Molybdenum disulfide also lend themselves to optoelectronic applications.
A device fabricated from an exfoliated flake with sensitivity 880 AW-1 and broadband photoresponse (400-680nm) was first demonstrated 5 years ago.
By combining with graphene into a monolayer heterostructure, sensitivity has been enhanced by a factor of 104.


-Solar cells uses of Molybdenum disulfide:
Monolayer Molybdenum disulfide has visible optical absorption that is an order of magnitude greater than silicon, making it a promising solar cell material.
When combined with monolayer WS2 or graphene, power conversion efficiencies of ~1% have been recorded.

While these efficiencies appear low, the active area of such devices only has a thickness of ~1 nanometer (compared to 100’s of micrometers for silicon cells), corresponding therefore to a 104 times increase in power density.
A type-II heterojunction cell consisting of CVD grown monolayer Molybdenum disulfide and p-doped silicon has shown a PCE of over 5%.


-Chemical sensors uses of Molybdenum disulfide:
The photoluminescence (PL) intensity of monolayer Molybdenum disulfide has been shown to be highly dependent on physical adsorption of water and oxygen onto its surface.
Electron transfer from the n-type monolayer to gas molecules stabilises excitons and increases the PL intensity by up to 100 times.

Other studies based on the electrical properties of FET structures have shown that monolayer based sensors are unstable when detecting NO, NO2, NH3 and humidity, but operation can be stabilised by using few-layers.
Sensitivities of

-Supercapacitor electrodes use Molybdenum disulfide:
The most common crystal structure of Molybdenum disulfide is semiconducting, which limits its viability for use as an electrode. However, Molybdenum disulfide can also form a 1T crystal structure which is 107 more conductive than the 2H structure.
Stacked 1T monolayers acting as electrodes in various electrolytic cells showed higher power and energy densities than graphene-based electrodes.


-Valleytronic devices uses of Molybdenum disulfide:
While still a technology in Molybdenum disulfide's infancy, there have been some early demonstrations of devices that operate on the principles of valleytronics.
Examples include a bi-layer Molybdenum disulfide transistor with gate-tunable valley Hall effect and valley polarised light emitting devices



STRUCTURE AND HYDROGEN BONDING OF MOLYBDENUM DISULFIDE:
Molybdenum disulfide belongs to a class of materials called 'transition metal dichalcogenides' (TMDCs).
Materials in this class have the chemical formula MX2, where M is a transition metal atom (groups 4-12 in the periodic table) and X is a chalcogen (group 16).



SYNTHESIS OF MOLYBDENUM DISULFIDE:
High quality Molybdenum disulfide few-layer films were grown directly on the substrates (SiO2/Si and Sapphire) by chemical vapour deposition (CVD) method.
The films were later transferred to the desired substrates using wet chemical transfer process.



PROPERTIES OF MOLYBDENUM DISULFIDE:
*Bulk properties:
Molybdenum disulfide occurs naturally as the mineral 'molybdenite'. In its bulk form, it appears as a dark, shiny solid.
The weak interlayer interactions allow sheets to easily slide over one another, so Molybdenum disulfide is often used as a lubricant.

Molybdenum disulfide can also be used as an alternative to graphite in high-vacuum applications, but it does have a lower maximum operating temperature than graphite.
Bulk Molybdenum disulfide is a semiconductor with an indirect bandgap of ~1.2eV, and is therefore of limited interest to the optoelectronics industry.


*Optical and electrical properties:
Individual layers of Molybdenum disulfide have radically different properties compared to the bulk.

Removing interlayer interactions and confining electrons into a single plane results in the formation of a direct bandgap with an increased energy of ~1.89eV (visible red).
A single monolayer of Molybdenum disulfide can absorb 10% of incident light with energy above the bandgap.

When compared to a bulk crystal, a 1000-fold increase in photoluminescence intensity is observed, but Molybdenum disulfide remains relatively weak - with a photoluminescence quantum yield of about 0.4%.
However, this can be dramatically increased (to over 95%) by removing defects that are responsible for non-radiative recombination.

The bandgap can be tuned by introducing strain into the structure.
A 300 meV increase in bandgap per 1% biaxial compressive strain applied to trilayer Molybdenum disulfide has been observed.

The application of a vertical electric field has also been suggested as a method of reducing the bandgap in 2D TMDCs - potentially to zero, thereby switching the structure from semiconducting to metallic.

Photoluminescence spectra of Molybdenum disulfide monolayers show two excitonic peaks: one at ~1.92eV (the A exciton), and the other at ~2.08eV (the B exciton).

These are attributed to the valence band splitting at the K-point (in the Brillouin zone) due to spin-orbit coupling, allowing for two optically active transitions.

The binding energy of the excitons is >500meV.
Hence, they are stable up to high temperatures.

Injecting excess electrons into Molybdenum disulfide (by either electrical or chemical doping) can cause the formation of trions (charged excitons), which consist of two electrons and one hole.
They appear as peaks in the absorption and PL spectra, red-shifted by ~40meV with respect to the A exciton peak (tunable through doping concentration).

While the binding energy of trions is much lower than that of the excitons (at approximately 20meV), they have a non-negligible contribution to the optical properties of Molybdenum disulfide films at room temperature.

Molybdenum disulfide monolayer transistors generally display n-type behaviour, with carrier mobilities approximately 350cm2V-1s-1 (or ~500 times lower than graphene).
However, when fabricated into field-effect transistors, they can display massive on/off ratios of 108, making them attractive for high-efficiency switching and logic circuits.



RELATED COMPOUNDS OF MOLYBDENUM DISULFIDE:
-Other anions:
*Molybdenum(IV) oxide
*Molybdenum diselenide
*Molybdenum ditelluride



PROPERTIES OF MOLYBDENUM DISULFIDE:
Molybdenum disulfide has a high melting point and low thermal expansion, which makes it suitable for high-temperature applications, such as furnaces and engines.
Molybdenum disulfide has a high electrical conductivity and is often used in electrical components, such as transistors and electromagnets.
Molybdenum disulfide is highly resistant to oxidation and corrosion, making it an effective lubricant for high-humidity and salt-water environments.



PRODUCTION OF MOLYBDENUM DISULFIDE:
Molybdenum disulfide is naturally found as either molybdenite, a crystalline mineral, or jordisite, a rare low temperature form of molybdenite.
Molybdenite ore is processed by flotation to give relatively pure Molybdenum disulfide.

The main contaminant is carbon.
Molybdenum disulfide also arises by thermal treatment of virtually all molybdenum compounds with hydrogen sulfide or elemental sulfur and can be produced by metathesis reactions from molybdenum pentachloride.



STRUCTURE AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF MOLYBDENUM DISULFIDE:
*Crystalline phases:
All forms of Molybdenum disulfide have a layered structure, in which a plane of molybdenum atoms is sandwiched by planes of sulfide ions.
These three strata form a monolayer of Molybdenum disulfide.

Bulk Molybdenum disulfide consists of stacked monolayers, which are held together by weak van der Waals interactions.
Crystalline Molybdenum disulfide exists in one of two phases, 2H-MoS2 and 3R-MoS2, where the "H" and the "R" indicate hexagonal and rhombohedral symmetry, respectively.

In both of these structures, each molybdenum atom exists at the center of a trigonal prismatic coordination sphere and is covalently bonded to six sulfide ions.
Each sulfur atom has pyramidal coordination and is bonded to three molybdenum atoms.
Both the 2H- and 3R-phases are semiconducting.

A third, metastable crystalline phase known as 1T-MoS2 was discovered by intercalating 2H-MoS2 with alkali metals.
This phase has trigonal symmetry and is metallic.
The 1T-phase can be stabilized through doping with electron donors such as rhenium or converted back to the 2H-phase by microwave radiation.
The 2H/1T-phase transition can be controlled via the incorporation of S vacancies.

*Allotropes:
Nanotube-like and buckyball-like molecules composed of Molybdenum disulfide are known.



EXFOLIATED MOLYBDENUM DISULFIDE FLAKES:
While bulk Molybdenum disulfide in the 2H-phase is known to be an indirect-band gap semiconductor, monolayer MoS2 has a direct band gap.
The layer-dependent optoelectronic properties of Molybdenum disulfide have promoted much research in 2-dimensional MoS2-based devices.
2D Molybdenum disulfide can be produced by exfoliating bulk crystals to produce single-layer to few-layer flakes either through a dry, micromechanical process or through solution processing.

Micromechanical exfoliation, also pragmatically called "Scotch-tape exfoliation", involves using an adhesive material to repeatedly peel apart a layered crystal by overcoming the van der Waals forces.
The crystal flakes of Molybdenum disulfide can then be transferred from the adhesive film to a substrate.

This facile method was first used by Konstantin Novoselov and Andre Geim to obtain graphene from graphite crystals.
However, it can not be employed for a uniform 1-D layers because of weaker adhesion of Molybdenum disulfide to the substrate (either Si, glass or quartz); the aforementioned scheme is good for graphene only.

While Scotch tape is generally used as the adhesive tape, PDMS stamps can also satisfactorily cleave Molybdenum disulfide if it is important to avoid contaminating the flakes with residual adhesive.
Liquid-phase exfoliation can also be used to produce monolayer to multi-layer Molybdenum disulfide in solution.
A few methods include lithium intercalation to delaminate the layers and sonication in a high-surface tension solvent.



CHEMICAL REACTIONS OF MOLYBDENUM DISULFIDE:
Molybdenum disulfide is stable in air and attacked only by aggressive reagents. It reacts with oxygen upon heating forming molybdenum trioxide:
2 MoS2 + 7 O2 → 2 MoO3 + 4 SO2
Chlorine attacks Molybdenum disulfide at elevated temperatures to form molybdenum pentachloride:
2 MoS2 + 7 Cl2 → 2 MoCl5 + 2 S2Cl2



INTERCALATION REACTIONS OF MOLYBDENUM DISULFIDE:
Molybdenum disulfide is a host for formation of intercalation compounds.
This behavior is relevant to its use as a cathode material in batteries.
One example is a lithiated material, LixMoS2.
With butyl lithium, the product is LiMoS2.



MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF MOLYBDENUM DISULFIDE:
Molybdenum disulfide excels as a lubricating material (see below) due to its layered structure and low coefficient of friction.
Interlayer sliding dissipates energy when a shear stress is applied to the material.
Extensive work has been performed to characterize the coefficient of friction and shear strength of Molybdenum disulfide in various atmospheres.

The shear strength of Molybdenum disulfide increases as the coefficient of friction increases.
This property is called superlubricity.
At ambient conditions, the coefficient of friction for Molybdenum disulfide was determined to be 0.150, with a corresponding estimated shear strength of 56.0 MPa (megapascals).

Direct methods of measuring the shear strength indicate that the value is closer to 25.3 MPa.
The wear resistance of Molybdenum disulfide in lubricating applications can be increased by doping MoS2 with Cr.
Microindentation experiments on nanopillars of Cr-doped Molybdenum disulfide found that the yield strength increased from an average of 821 MPa for pure MoS2 (at 0% Cr) to 1017 MPa at 50% Cr.

The increase in yield strength is accompanied by a change in the failure mode of the material.
While the pure Molybdenum disulfide nanopillar fails through a plastic bending mechanism, brittle fracture modes become apparent as the material is loaded with increasing amounts of dopant.

The widely used method of micromechanical exfoliation has been carefully studied in Molybdenum disulfide to understand the mechanism of delamination in few-layer to multi-layer flakes.
The exact mechanism of cleavage was found to be layer dependent.

Flakes thinner than 5 layers undergo homogenous bending and rippling, while flakes around 10 layers thick delaminated through interlayer sliding.
Flakes with more than 20 layers exhibited a kinking mechanism during micromechanical cleavage.
The cleavage of these flakes was also determined to be reversible due to the nature of van der Waals bonding.

In recent years, Molybdenum disulfide has been utilized in flexible electronic applications, promoting more investigation into the elastic properties of this material.

Nanoscopic bending tests using AFM cantilever tips were performed on micromechanically exfoliated Molybdenum disulfide flakes that were deposited on a holey substrate.

The yield strength of monolayer flakes was 270 GPa, while the thicker flakes were also stiffer, with a yield strength of 330 GPa.
Molecular dynamic simulations found the in-plane yield strength of Molybdenum disulfide to be 229 GPa, which matches the experimental results within error.
Bertolazzi and coworkers also characterized the failure modes of the suspended monolayer flakes.

The strain at failure ranges from 6 to 11%.
The average yield strength of monolayer Molybdenum disulfide is 23 GPa, which is close to the theoretical fracture strength for defect-free MoS2.
The band structure of Molybdenum disulfide is sensitive to strain.



ABOUT MOLYBDENUM DISULFIDE POWDER:
Molybdenum disulfide is an inorganic compound composed of molybdenum and sulfur.
Molybdenum disulfide chemical formula is MoS2.
Like most mineral salts, Molybdenum disulfide has a high melting point but begins to sublime at a relatively low 450ºC.

This property is useful for purifying compounds.
Molybdenum disulfide is classified as a transition metal dihalide.
Molybdenum disulfide is a silver-black solid in the form of molybdenite (the main ore of molybdenum).

Molybdenum disulfide is relatively unreactive.
Molybdenum disulfide is not affected by dilute acid and oxygen.
In appearance and feel, Molybdenum disulfide is similar to graphite.

Because of its low friction and robustness, Molybdenum disulfide is widely used as a dry lubricant.
Bulk Molybdenum disulfide is a diamagnetic, indirect bandgap semiconductor similar to silicon, with a bandgap of 1.23 eV.

In addition to its lubricity, Molybdenum disulfide is also a semiconductor.
Molybdenum disulfide is also known that when doped with an electrostatic field, it and other semiconductor transition metal chalcogenides become superconductors on its surface.

Molybdenum disulfide and related molybdenum sulfides are efficient catalysts for hydrogen evolution, including the electrolysis of water; thus, are possibly useful to produce hydrogen for use in fuel cells.

As in graphene, the layered structures of Molybdenum disulfide and other transition metal dichalcogenides exhibit electronic and optical properties that can differ from those in bulk.
Bulk Molybdenum disulfide has an indirect bandgap of 1.2 eV, while MoS2 monolayers have a direct 1.8 eV electronic bandgap. supporting switchable transistors and photodetectors.

The sensitivity of a graphene field-effect transistor (FET) biosensor is fundamentally restricted by the zero band gap of graphene, which results in increased leakage and reduced sensitivity.

In digital electronics, transistors control current flow throughout an integrated circuit and allow for amplification and switching.
In biosensing, the physical gate is removed and the binding between embedded receptor molecules and the charged target biomolecules to which they are exposed modulates the current.

Molybdenum disulfide also possesses mechanical strength, electrical conductivity, and can emit light, opening possible applications such as photodetectors.
Molybdenum disulfide has been investigated as a component of photoelectrochemical (e.g. for photocatalytic hydrogen production) applications and for microelectronics applications.

Molybdenum Disulfide Solubility:
Molybdenum disulfide is decomposed by aqua regie, hot sulfuric acid, nitric acid, insoluble in dilute acid and water



HOW IS MOLYBDENUM DISULFIDE PRODUCED?
Molybdenum disulfide is naturally found as molybdenite (a crystalline mineral) or pyroxene (a rare low-temperature form of molybdenite).
The molybdenite is processed by flotation to obtain relatively pure Molybdenum disulfide.
The main pollutant is carbon.
Molybdenum disulfide can also be produced by heat treatment of almost all molybdenum compounds with hydrogen sulfide or elemental sulfur and can be produced by the metathesis reaction of molybdenum pentachloride.



ADVANCED SOLID LUBRICANTS OF MOLYBDENUM DISULFIDE:
Molybdenum disulfide is widely used in advanced solid lubricants due to its unique layered structure and excellent physical properties.
Molybdenum disulfide maintains excellent lubricating properties at high temperatures and pressures.



CATALYST OF MOLYBDENUM DISULFIDE:
Molybdenum disulfide has electrical conductivity similar to that of metallic semiconductor materials and can be used as a highly efficient electrocatalyst for many different catalytic reactions such as hydrolysis.
In addition, Molybdenum disulfide can be used with precious metals as a Pd-MoS2 catalyst with excellent catalytic activity and stability.



COMPOSITES OF MOLYBDENUM DISULFIDE:
The micro- and nanostructures of Molybdenum disulfide can be used to reinforce high-performance composites and to prepare high-performance materials such as transistors and integrated circuits.



FRICTION MATERIALS OF MOLYBDENUM DISULFIDE:
Molybdenum disulfide can be used in friction materials to provide friction reduction and friction enhancement, as well as an anti-oxidation effect.
Optical conductors and semiconductors displaying P- or N-type conductivity properties:
Molybdenum disulfide has excellent electrical conductivity and physicochemical properties and can be used as a photoconductor and semiconductor material.



STORAGE CONDITION OF MOLYBDENUM DISULFIDE:
Damp reunion will affect MoS2 powder dispersion performance and using effects, therefore, Molybdenum disulfide powder should be sealed in vacuum packing and stored in cool and dry room, the it can not be exposure to air.
In addition, the Molybdenum disulfide should be avoided under stress.



RESEARCH OF MOLYBDENUM DISULFIDE:
Molybdenum disulfide plays an important role in condensed matter physics research.


*Hydrogen evolution:
Molybdenum disulfide and related molybdenum sulfides are efficient catalysts for hydrogen evolution, including the electrolysis of water; thus, are possibly useful to produce hydrogen for use in fuel cells.


*Oxygen reduction and evolution:
Molybdenum disulfide@Fe-N-C core/shell nanosphere with atomic Fe-doped surface and interface (MoS2/Fe-N-C) can be used as a used an electrocatalyst for oxygen reduction and evolution reactions (ORR and OER) bifunctionally because of reduced energy barrier due to Fe-N4 dopants and unique nature of MoS2/Fe-N-C interface.


*Microelectronics:
As in graphene, the layered structures of Molybdenum disulfide and other transition metal dichalcogenides exhibit electronic and optical properties that can differ from those in bulk.

Bulk Molybdenum disulfide has an indirect band gap of 1.2 eV, while MoS2 monolayers have a direct 1.8 eV electronic bandgap, supporting switchable transistors and photodetectors.

Molybdenum disulfide nanoflakes can be used for solution-processed fabrication of layered memristive and memcapacitive devices through engineering a MoOx/MoS2 heterostructure sandwiched between silver electrodes.
Molybdenum disulfide-based memristors are mechanically flexible, optically transparent and can be produced at low cost.

The sensitivity of a graphene field-effect transistor (FET) biosensor is fundamentally restricted by the zero band gap of graphene, which results in increased leakage and reduced sensitivity.
In digital electronics, transistors control current flow throughout an integrated circuit and allow for amplification and switching.

In biosensing, the physical gate is removed and the binding between embedded receptor molecules and the charged target biomolecules to which they are exposed modulates the current.

Molybdenum disulfide has been investigated as a component of flexible circuits.
In 2017, a 115-transistor, 1-bit microprocessor implementation was fabricated using two-dimensional Molybdenum disulfide.
Molybdenum disulfide has been used to create 2D 2-terminal memristors and 3-terminal memtransistors.


*Valleytronics:
Due to the lack of spatial inversion symmetry, odd-layer Molybdenum disulfide is a promising material for valleytronics because both the CBM and VBM have two energy-degenerate valleys at the corners of the first Brillouin zone, providing an exciting opportunity to store the information of 0s and 1s at different discrete values of the crystal momentum.

The Berry curvature is even under spatial inversion (P) and odd under time reversal (T), the valley Hall effect cannot survive when both P and T symmetries are present.
To excite valley Hall effect in specific valleys, circularly polarized lights were used for breaking the T symmetry in atomically thin transition-metal dichalcogenides.

In monolayer Molybdenum disulfide, the T and mirror symmetries lock the spin and valley indices of the sub-bands split by the spin-orbit couplings, both of which are flipped under T; the spin conservation suppresses the inter-valley scattering.
Therefore, monolayer Molybdenum disulfide have been deemed an ideal platform for realizing intrinsic valley Hall effect without extrinsic symmetry breaking.


*Photonics and photovoltaics:
Molybdenum disulfide also possesses mechanical strength, electrical conductivity, and can emit light, opening possible applications such as photodetectors.
Molybdenum disulfide has been investigated as a component of photoelectrochemical (e.g. for photocatalytic hydrogen production) applications and for microelectronics applications.


*Superconductivity of monolayers:
Under an electric field Molybdenum disulfide monolayers have been found to superconduct at temperatures below 9.4 K



MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF MOLYBDENUM DISULFIDE:
Molybdenum disulfide monolayers are flexible, and thin-film FETs have been shown to retain their electronic properties when bent to a 0.75mm radius of curvature.

They have a stiffness comparable to steel, and a higher breaking strength than flexible plastics (such as polyimide(PI) and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), making them particularly suitable for flexible electronics.
At around 35Wm-1K-1, the thermal conductivity of Molybdenum disulfide monolayers is ~100 times lower than that of graphene .


*Valleytronics:
Molybdenum disulfide and other 2D TMDCs may offer a route to technologies beyond electronics, where degrees of freedom (other than charge) can be utilised for information storage and/or processing.

The electronic bandstructure of Molybdenum disulfide displays energy maxima of the valence band, and minima of the conduction band at both the K and K’ (often called -K) points of the Brillouin zone.
These two discrete ‘valleys’ have the same energy gap but are discrete in position in momentum space.

The optical transitions in these valleys require angular momentum changes of +1 for the K-point, and -1 for the K’ point.
Hence, excitons can be selectively excited into a valley with circularly polarised light - with right-handed (σ+) polarised light exciting excitons in the K valley, and left-handed (σ-) polarised light exciting excitons in the K’ valley.

Conversely, light emitted from exciton recombination in the K valley will be σ+ polarised, and light emitted from exciton recombination in the K’ valley will be σ- polarised.
Since these valleys can be independently addressed, they represent a degree of freedom called 'valley pseudospin' that could be used in ‘valleytronic’ devices.

Furthermore, the spin-orbit split valence band at the K and K’ points has opposite signs of spin for each of the valleys.
For example, an A-exciton in the K valley consists of a spin-up electron and a spin-down hole, and a K valley B-exciton has a spin-down electron and spin-up hole.
For A and B excitons in the K’ valley, their constituent charge carriers have the opposite spin.


This means that the valley pseudospin and charge carrier spin degrees of freedom are coupled (spin-valley coupling), and the spin and valley properties of charge carriers can be selected optically - through choice of excitation polarisation (to choose the valley) and energy (to select the A or B exciton - and hence, the spin).

When an in-plane electric field is applied, excitons may become disassociated, with the carriers retaining their valley and spin characteristics.
Electrons (and holes) in opposing valleys will travel in opposite directions perpendicular to the field.
This is called the 'valley Hall effect', and could form the basis of future technologies, where more information can be encoded onto electrons because of these added degrees of freedom.



SYNTHESIS OF MOLYBDENUM DISULFIDE:
High quality Molybdenum disulfide few-layer films were grown directly on the substrates (SiO2/Si and Sapphire) by chemical vapour deposition (CVD) method.
The films were later transferred to the desired substrates using wet chemical transfer process.



CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF MOLYBDENUM DISULFIDE:
dark grey or black powder, Molybdenum disulfide, MoS2, the most common natural form of molybdenum, is extracted from the ore and then purified for direct use in lubrication.
Since Molybdenum disulfide is of geothermal origin, it has the durability to withstand heat and pressure.
This is particularly so if small amounts of sulfur are available to react with iron and provide a sulfide layer which is compatible with Molybdenum disulfide in maintaining the lubricating film.



PROCESSING OF MONOLAYER MOLYBDENUM DISULFIDE:
There are many techniques that have been used to prepare monolayer films of Molybdenum disulfide.


*Mechanical exfoliation:
This method, also known as the ‘Scotch-tape method’, was first used to isolate layers of graphene.
Applying a sticky tape to a bulk crystal sample and then peeling it off will result in thin layers of crystal sticking to the tape.
This is due to greater mutual adhesion than the interlayer adhesion.

This sticking-and-peeling process can be repeated until single monolayers are produced.
These can then be transferred onto a substrate (e.g. by a PDMS stamp).
While this process has a low monolayer yield, it produces high-quality crystalline monolayers that can be >10’s microns in size.
Despite being ‘low-tech’, it is still a preferred processing method for TMDC research.


*Solvent exfoliation:
Bulk crystals can be sonicated in an organic solvent that breaks them down into thin layers.
A distribution in the size and thickness of the layers is obtained, with a surfactant often added to stop the layers restacking.
While the thin-film yield of this method is high, the monolayer yield is low.
Flakes tend to be small, with sizes on the scale of 100nm.


*Intercalation:
Sometimes classed as a form of solvent exfoliation, intercalation of Molybdenum disulfide that is monolayers long predates the current research trend in 2D materials, being first demonstrated in 1986.

Bulk crystals are placed in a solution which acts as a source of lithium ions (commonly n-butyllithium dissolved in hexane), which diffuse between the layers of the crystal.
Water is added - which then interacts with the lithium ions to produce hydrogen, pushing the layers apart.

This method requires careful control over the experimental parameters in order to obtain a high monolayer yield.
The resulting layers also tend to have the less desirable metallic 1T structure rather than the semiconducting 2H structure (although the 1T structure has found a potential application in supercapacitor electrodes - see above).
The 1T structure can however be converted to the 2H through thermal annealing.


*Vapor deposition:
While mechanical exfoliation can provide highly crystalline monolayers, Molybdenum disulfide is not a scalable technique.
If 2D materials are to find application in optoelectronics, a reliable large-scale method for producing high-quality films is needed.

One such potential method that has been extensively studied is vapour deposition.
Chemical vapour deposition involves a chemical reaction to convert a precursor to the final Molybdenum disulfide.
Commonly, MoO3 is annealed at high temperature (~1000°C) in the presence of sulphur to produce Molybdenum disulfide films.

Other precursors include molybdenum metal and ammonium thiomolybdate, which have been deposited via e-beam evaporation and dip-coating respectively before being converted in a furnace.
FETs fabricated from vapour-grown films tend to display far lower mobility compared to those produced from exfoliated layers. Furthermore, the size (generally 10’s nm to few microns), thickness, and quality of the films and substrate choice.

A promising alternative route to Molybdenum disulfide monolayer growth is through physical vapour deposition, where MoS2 powder is used directly as the source.
This can yield high-quality monolayer flakes (up to 25 microns in size) which display optical properties commensurate with exfoliated layers



SYNTHESIS OF MOLYBDENUM DISULFIDE:
The preparation of Molybdenum disulfide was carried out through modification of the method described in literature.
All the chemicals were purchased and used as received.
To start, 30 mL of 0.008 M ammonium molybdate ((NH4)6Mo7O24·4H2O, Merck India, 98%) solution was taken, and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) of 10 times of cmc (critical micelle concentration) was added to it under constant stirring to obtain a clear solution.

Then, 9.60 mL of 0.23 M sodium dithionite (Na2S2O4, BDH, England, 98% pure) solution and 45 mL of 0.20 M thioacetamide (CH3CSNH2, Spectrochem India, 99%) solution were added into the former solution and were thoroughly mixed together by stirring.
The solution mixture was heated (~90°C) over a water bath to obtain a clear reddish yellow color solution.
Acidification of this solution with concentrated HCl (pH < 1) led to a dark brown colored precipitate.

The precipitate was isolated using a centrifuge and was washed with water for several times.
Drying of the precipitate gave rise to brownish black powders, which were calcined at 400°C for 2 h under argon atmosphere to obtain the black powders of MoS2.



HISTORY OF MOLYBDENUM DISULFIDE:
Molybdenum disulfide is a naturally occurring blackcolored solid compound that feels slippery to the touch.
Molybdenum disulfide readily transfers and adheres to other solid surfaces with which it comes into contact.
Molybdenum disulfide's mineral form – called molybdenite – was commonly confused with graphite until late in the 1700’s.

Both were used for lubrication and as a writing material for centuries.
Wider use of molybdenite as a lubricant was impeded by naturally occurring impurities that significantly reduced its lubricating properties.
Methods of purifying molybdenum disulfide and extracting molybdenum were developed late in the 19th century, and the value of molybdenum as an alloying addition to steel was quickly recognized.

The demand for a domestic source of molybdenum during World War I resulted in the development of the Climax mine in Colorado, which started production in 1918 and continued into the 1990’s.
The availability of high purity Molybdenum disulfide spurred extensive investigations into its lubrication properties in various environments during the late 30’s and 40’s.

These investigations demonstrated its superior lubrication properties and stability under extreme contact pressures and in vacuum environments.
The United States National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics, the precursor to NASA, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, initiated research on aerospace uses of Molybdenum disulfide in 1946.

These investigations resulted in extensive applications in spacecraft3, including the extendible legs on the Apollo Lunar Module.
Applications of Molybdenum disulfide continue to expand as new technologies evolve requiring reliable lubrication and resistance to galling under increasingly stringent conditions of temperature, pressure, vacuum, corrosive environments, process sensitivity to contamination, product life, and maintenance requirements.

Molybdenum disulfide, also known as Molybdenum disulfide, is one of the best materials initially belonging to the transition metals.
Molybdenum disulfide's structure is unique hence all the properties it possesses are unique.
The building block of Molybdenum disulfide is its properties as they are the key players in enhancing the productivity of the materials.

Its applications being vast and abundant in nature help in maintaining the credibility of this material.
However, Molybdenum disulfide is an excellent material for various purposes and various industries.



CRYSTALLINE STRUCTURE OF MOLYBDENUM DISULFIDE:
Molybdenum disulfide's (MoS2) crystal structure takes the shape of S atoms' hexagonal plane on either of the side of Mo atoms' hexagonal plane.
There is strong covalent bonding between the S and Mo atoms, and these triple planes stack on each other's top, however, the weak Van Der Waals forcing holds the layers together, which allow the layers to be mechanically separated for forming Molybdenum disulfide's 2-dimensional sheets.



TECHNICAL OF MOLYBDENUM DISULFIDE:
Molybdenum disulfide’s exceptional lubricity is a consequence of its unique crystal structure, which is made up of very weakly bonded lamellae.
These lamellae can slide across each other, “shear”, under very low force, providing the lubrication effect.
This shearing force required to overcome the weak bonding between the lamellae, F, is related to the compressive force, W, perpendicular to the lamellae by the equation F = μ W where μ is a constant termed the “Coefficient of Friction”.

The coefficient of friction for Molybdenum disulfide crystals shearing along their lamella is approximately 0.025, among the lowest known for any material.
Since Molybdenum disulfide is a solid phase, it is not “squeezed out” like liquid lubricants under conditions of extreme pressure.
The lamellae are very “hard” to forces perpendicular to them.

This combination of properties provides a very effective “boundary layer” to prevent the lubricated surfaces from contacting each other.
The surfaces of objects are generally rough on a microscopic scale.
These contact regions have considerably less area than the bulk surface area, typically in the range 0.5 to 0.001 percent of the bulk area for a machined metal surface, and consequently the stresses at these contact points are considerably higher than the stresses calculated for the bulk surface area.

When stainless steel objects slide against each other under high load, they will “gall” or “seize” due to the deformation at the contact points.
The objects will actually “cold weld” themselves to each other, which is indicated by transfer of material from one object to the other on the sliding surfaces.

This causes a very rapid increase in friction, quickly to the point that further sliding is impossible without damage to the objects.
In order to prevent this it is necessary to introduce an “anti-galling” or “anti-seizing” agent between the surfaces.
This is a substance that is capable of maintaining separation of the surface asperities under high compressive loads – that is, to provide a “boundary layer” between the surfaces.

Anti-galling materials are generally very thick grease-like substances or solid materials in powder or plated layer form.
Molybdenum disulfide is an ideal anti-galling compound because of its combination of high compressive strength and its adherence (ability to fill or level) to the sliding surfaces.

There are many methods of applying Molybdenum disulfide to a surface, from “high tech” techniques such as vacuum sputtering, to simply dropping loose powder between sliding surfaces.
The most versatile technique is application of the powder mixed with a binder and a carrier to form a bonded coating.

The binder may be a polymeric material or a number of other compounds, and the carrier may be water or a volatile organic.
The characteristics of the Molybdenum disulfide powder, the binder, the carrier, and particularly the application process must be carefully developed and controlled to optimize the performance in a specific product.

A properly developed bonded coating of Molybdenum disulfide is capable of providing exceptional lubrication performance over a temperature range up to approximately 500°C, under very high pressure and corrosive exposure conditions for extensive lifetimes.
There are many such formulations available commercially.



PROPERTIES OF MOLYBDENUM DISULFIDE:
*Bulk characteristics:
Naturally, the occurrence of MoS2 is as a 'molybdenite' mineral.
The appearance of Molybdenum disulfide in its bulk form is as a shiny, dark solid.
Molybdenum disulfide is also utilized as a lubricant because the sheets can slide over one another easily due to their weak interlayer interactions.

Molybdenum disulfide is also utilized in high-vacuum applications as an alternative to graphite, but its maximum operating temperature is lower as compared to the maximum operating temperature of graphite.
With ~1.2eV of an indirect bandgap, bulk Molybdenum disulfide is a semiconductor and is thus of restricted interest to the optoelectronics industry.


*Electrical and Optical Characteristics:
In comparison with the bulk, Molybdenum disulfide's layers have radically different characteristics.
Eliminating confining electrons and interlayer interactions into a single plane leads to the production of a direct bandgap with ~1.89eV (visible red) of increased energy.

10 percent of incident light with more than the energy of the bandgap can be absorbed by Molybdenum disulfide's single monolayer.
An increase of 1000 fold in photoluminescence intensity was observed in comparison with a bulk crystal, however, it stays comparatively weak, with about 0.4% of photoluminescence quantum yield.
Although, if we remove the defects that are the reasons for non-radiative combination then this can be increased in a dramatic fashion to over 95%.


*Bandgap:
The introduction of strain into the structure can tune the bandgap.
There have been observations of a 300 meV increase in bandgap per 1% biaxial compressive strain applied to trilayer Molybdenum disulfide.
In 2-dimensional TMDCs, the bandgap can be reduced potentially to zero by applying vertical electric field as it has been considered as a method too, therefore switching the semiconducting structure to the metallic structure.


*Photoluminescence spectra:
Two excitonic peaks are shown by the photoluminescence spectra of Molybdenum disulfide monolayers: one peak is at ~1.92eV (the A exciton), and the other peak is at ~2.08eV (the B exciton).

Both of the peaks are because of the valence band splitting in the Brillouin zone at the K-point because of the spin-orbit coupling, which enables two optically active transitions.
More than 500 meV is the binding energy of the excitons.
Therefore, they are stable at high temperatures.


*Injection of Electrons:
Trions can form on the injection of excess electrons through either chemical or electrical doping into Molybdenum disulfide.
Trions are charged excitons and they consist of one hole and two electrons.

The appearance of trions in the PL spectra and absorption is as peaks, red-shifted by ~40meV.
A non-negligible contribution is shared by the trions at room temperature to Molybdenum disulfide film’s optical characteristics while the trion’s binding energy is way less as compared to the binding energy of excitons (at almost 20 meV).


*Transistors:
N-type behavior is generally displayed by the Molybdenum disulfide monolayer transistors, with almost 350cm2V-1s-1 (or ~500 times lower as compared to graphene) of carrier mobilities.
Although, they can exhibit massive on/off ratios of 108 when fabricated into field-effect transistors, making them efficient and attractive for highly efficient logic circuits and switching.



MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF MOLYBDENUM DISULFIDE:
It is shown that when bent to a 0.75 mm radius of curvature, thin-film FETs retain their electronic characteristics, proving that the Molybdenum disulfide monolayers are flexible.

Their stiffness is the same as the steel, and they also have a higher breaking strength as compared to the breaking strength of flexible plastics like polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and polyimide (PI), leaving them specifically suitable and appropriate for flexible electronics.
As compared to graphene's thermal conductivity, the thermal conductivity of Molybdenum disulfide monolayers is around 100 times less at around 35 Wm-1K-1.


*Valleytronics:
A route to technologies beyond electronics is offered by the Molybdenum disulfide and other 2-dimensional TMDCs, where degrees of freedom can be used for storing information or/and processing.

Molybdenum disulfide’s electronic bandstructure exhibits the valence band's energy maxima, and conduction band's minima at Brillouin zone's both K and K' (often called -K) points.
The same energy gap is possessed by these two discrete 'valleys' but when Molybdenum disulfide comes to position, they are discrete in the momentum space.


*Optical transitions:
Angular momentum changes of -1 for the K’ point and +1 for the K-point need the optical transitions in these valleys.
Therefore, it is possible for excitons to be selectively excited into a valley with circularly polarised light - with excitons in the K’ region being excited by left-handed (σ-) polarized light and excitons in the K valley being excited by the right-handed (σ+) polarised light.


*Emission of light:
Conversely, light that will emit from exciton recombination in the K’ valley will be σ- polarised, and light that will emit from exciton recombination in the K valley will be σ+ polarised.
Valley pseudospin, which is a degree of freedom, is represented by these valleys as they can be addressed independently, and valley pseudospin can also be utilized in valleytronic devices.


*Spin-orbit valence band:
Moreover, for each of the valleys, opposite signs of spin are possessed by the spin-orbit split valence band at the K' and K points.
For instance, a spin-down hole and a spin-up electron make up an A-exciton in the K valley, and a spin-up hole and spin-down electron make up a K valley B-exciton.
The constituent charge carriers for B and A excitons in the K’ valley have the opposite spin.


*Promising Characteristics:
Excellent electrochemical characteristics, luminescence characteristics, and semiconducting characteristics are displayed by Molybdenum disulfide as a remarkable probe for biosensing for observing several analytes.

A zero dimension, which is also called inorganic fullerenes, is displayed by the Molybdenum disulfide quantum dots, and their size is in less than 10 nm of range.

Promising electric and catalytic characteristics are contained by Molybdenum disulfide quantum dots.
High photoluminescence at specific wavelengths is exhibited by Molybdenum disulfide quantum dots due to the quantum confinement effect, and those wavelengths make MoS2 efficient and effective for optical biosensing based on the fluorimetric method.



PROCESSING OF MONOLAYER MOLYBDENUM DISULFIDE:
Various techniques have been utilized for the preparation of Molybdenum disulfide’s monolayer films.
Here we have mentioned the most common techniques and a brief review of them.


*Mechanical Exfoliation:
Mechanical exfoliation is also called the ‘Scotch-tape method’, and it was utilized for the first time for isolating the layers of graphene.
If you apply a sticky tape on a bulk crystal sample, it will lead to thin layers of crystal sticking to the tape once you peel the sticky tape off and it is because of its greater mutual adhesion as compared to the interlayer adhesion.


*Sticking and peeling process:
Until the production of single monolayers, this sticking-and-peeling process repeats again and again.
Then, the single monolayers can be transferred on a substrate, for instance through a PDMS stamp.

This process forms crystalline monolayers of high quality that are capable of being more than 10's of microns in size, even though this process is with a low monolayer yield.
When it comes to TMDC research, this is the most preferred method of processing, despite the method being 'low-tech'.


*Solvent exfoliation:
Sonication of bulk crystals takes place in an organic solvent, breaking them down into thin layers.
A distribution is obtained in the thickness and size of the layers, and a surfactant is also obtained which usually is added for stopping the restacking of the layers.

This method has a low monolayer yield and a high thin-film yield.
The sizes of the flakes are on a 100 nm of scale, making the flakes look small.


*Intercalation:
Monolayers long Molybdenum disulfide’s intercalation is classed as a form of solvent exfoliation at times.
In 1986, Molybdenum disulfide was demonstrated for the first time.

A solution that functions as a lithium ions’ source (n-butyllithium commonly, which is dissolved in hexane) has bulk crystals placed in Molybdenum disulfide, and those bulk crystals are diffusing between the layers of the crystal.
The addition of water is the next step and then the water forms an interaction with the lithium ions for producing hydrogen, which pushes the layers apart.


*Careful Control:
Careful control should be done over the parameters of an experiment for obtaining a high monolayer yield in this method.
Less needed metallic 1T structure is possessed by the resulting layers instead of thesemiconducting 2H structure.
However, potential applications are observed for the 1T structure in the supercapacitor electrodes.
Thermal annealing can be used to convert the 1T structure to the 2H.


*Vapour Deposition:
Mechanical exfoliation is not a scalable technique however it can give high crystalline monolayers.
A reliable and good large-scale method is needed to produced high-quality films if 2-dimensional materials are supposed to find applications in the field of optoelectronics.

Vapour deposition is one of the methods with such potential and that's why it is studied in depth.
A chemical reaction is involved in the chemical vapor deposition for converting s precursor to the final Molybdenum disulfide.
MoO3 is commonly annealed at a high temperature of 1000 degrees celsius for the production of the Molybdenum disulfide films in sulfur's presence.


*Other Precursors:
Ammonium thiomolybdate and molybdenum metal are the other precursors, and dip coating and e-beam evaporation are used to deposit these before they convert into a furnace.
In comparison with those that are made from the exfoliated layers, very low mobility is possessed by the FETs that are made from vapor-grown films.
Moreover, the quality, thickness, and size (generally 10’s nm to few microns), of the substrates and films choice.



PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of MOLYBDENUM DISULFIDE:
Chemical formula: MoS2
Molar mass: 160.07 g/mol
Appearance: black/lead-gray solid
Density: 5.06 g/cm3
Melting point: 2,375 °C (4,307 °F; 2,648 K)
Solubility in water: insoluble
Solubility: decomposed by aqua regia, hot sulfuric acid, nitric acid
insoluble in dilute acids
Band gap: 1.23 eV (indirect, 3R or 2H bulk) ~1.8 eV (direct, monolayer)
Structure:
Crystal structure: hP6, P63/mmc, No. 194 (2H) hR9, R3m, No 160 (3R)
Lattice constant:
a = 0.3161 nm (2H), 0.3163 nm (3R),
c = 1.2295 nm (2H), 1.837 (3R)
Coordination geometry: Trigonal prismatic (MoIV) Pyramidal (S2−)

Thermochemistry:
Std molar entropy (S⦵298): 62.63 J/(mol K)
Std enthalpy of formation (ΔfH⦵298): -235.10 kJ/mol
Gibbs free energy (ΔfG⦵): -225.89 kJ/mol
Molecular Weight: 160.1 g/mol
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 0
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 2
Rotatable Bond Count: 0
Exact Mass: 161.849546 g/mol
Monoisotopic Mass: 161.849546 g/mol
Topological Polar Surface Area: 64.2Ų
Heavy Atom Count: 3
Formal Charge: 0
Complexity: 18.3
Isotope Atom Count: 0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0

Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 1
Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes
Physical state. powder
Color: gray
Odor: No data available
Melting point/freezing point.
Melting point: 1.185 °C
Initial boiling point and boiling range: No data available
Flammability (solid, gas): No data available
Upper/lower flammability or explosive limits: No data available
Flash point: No data available
Autoignition temperature: No data available
Decomposition temperature: No data available
pH: No data available
Viscosity
Viscosity, kinematic: No data available
Viscosity, dynamic: No data available

Water solubility: No data available
Partition coefficient: n-octanol/water:
Not applicable for inorganic substances
Vapor pressure: No data available
Density: 5,060 g/cm3 at 15 °C
Relative density: No data available
Relative vapor density: No data available
Particle characteristics: No data available
Explosive properties: No data available
Oxidizing properties: none
Other safety information: No data available
Melting point: 2375 °C
density: 5.06 g/mL at 25 °C(lit.)
form: powder
color: Gray to dark gray or black
Specific Gravity: 4.8
Water Solubility: Soluble in hot sulfuric acid, and aquaregia.
Insoluble in water, concentrated sulfuric acid and dilute acid.
Merck: 146,236
Boiling point: 100°C (water)

Exposure limits ACGIH: TWA 10 mg/m3; TWA 3 mg/m3
NIOSH: IDLH 5000 mg/m3
Stability: Stable.
Incompatible with oxidizing agents, acids.
InChIKey: CWQXQMHSOZUFJS-UHFFFAOYSA-N
CAS DataBase Reference: 1317-33-5(CAS DataBase Reference)
EPA Substance Registry System: Molybdenum sulfide (MoS2) (1317-33-5)
Bandgap: 1.23 eV
Electronic properties: 2D Semiconductor
CBNumber:CB6238843
Molecular Formula:MoS2
Molecular Weight:160.07
MDL Number:MFCD00003470
MOL File:1317-33-5.mol
Melting point: 2375 °C
Densit: 5.06 g/mL at 25 °C(lit.)
solubility: insoluble in H2O; soluble in concentrated acid solutions
form: powder

color: Gray to dark gray or black
Specific Gravity: 4.8
Odor: odorless
Water Solubility: Soluble in hot sulfuric acid, and aquaregia.
Insoluble in water, concentrated sulfuric acid and dilute acid.
Merck: 14,6236
Boiling point: 100°C (water)
Exposure limits ACGIH: TWA 10 mg/m3; TWA 3 mg/m3
NIOSH: IDLH 5000 mg/m3
Stability: Stable.
Incompatible with oxidizing agents, acids.
InChIKey: CWQXQMHSOZUFJS-UHFFFAOYSA-N
CAS DataBase Reference: 1317-33-5(CAS DataBase Reference)
EWG's Food Scores: 1
FDA UNII: ZC8B4P503V
EPA Substance Registry System: Molybdenum sulfide (MoS2) (1317-33-5)
Bandgap: 1.23 eV
Electronic properties: 2D Semiconductor

Compound Formula: MoS2
Molecular Weight: 160.07
Appearance: Black powder or solid in various forms
Melting Point: 1185 ° C (2165 ° F)
Boiling Point: N/A
Density: 5.06 g/cm3
Solubility in H2O: Insoluble
Storage Temperature: Ambient temperatures
Exact Mass: 161.849549
Monoisotopic Mass: 161.849549
Linear Formula: MoS2
MDL Number: MFCD00003470
EC No.: 215-263-9
Pubchem CID: 14823
IUPAC Name: bis(sulfanylidene)molybdenum
SMILES: S=[Mo]=S
InchI Identifier: InChI=1S/Mo.2S
InchI Key: CWQXQMHSOZUFJS-UHFFFAOYSA-N



FIRST AID MEASURES of MOLYBDENUM DISULFIDE:
-Description of first-aid measures
*If inhaled
After inhalation:
Fresh air.
*In case of skin contact:
Take off immediately all contaminated clothing.
Rinse skin with water/ shower.
*In case of eye contact
After eye contact:
Rinse out with plenty of water.
Remove contact lenses.
*If swallowed
After swallowing:
Make victim drink water (two glasses at most).
Consult doctor if feeling unwell.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed
No data available



ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of MOLYBDENUM DISULFIDE:
-Environmental precautions:
No special precautionary measures necessary.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Observe possible material restrictions.
Take up dry.
Dispose of properly.
Clean up affected area.



FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of MOLYBDENUM DISULFIDE:
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Use extinguishing measures that are appropriate to local circumstances and the
surrounding environment.
*Unsuitable extinguishing media:
For this substance/mixture no limitations of extinguishing agents are given.
-Further information:
Suppress (knock down) gases/vapors/mists with a water spray jet.



EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of MOLYBDENUM DISULFIDE:
-Control parameters:
--Ingredients with workplace control parameters:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use equipment for eye protection.
Safety glasses
*Skin protection:
Full contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Splash contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
*Respiratory protection
Recommended Filter type: Filter type P1
-Control of environmental exposure:
No special precautionary measures necessary.



HANDLING and STORAGE of MOLYBDENUM DISULFIDE:
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
*Storage conditions:
Tightly closed.
Dry.



STABILITY and REACTIVITY of MOLYBDENUM DISULFIDE:
-Reactivity:
No data available
-Chemical stability:
The product is chemically stable under standard ambient conditions (room temperature) .
-Possibility of hazardous reactions:
No data available
-Conditions to avoid:
no information available

Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2) powder is a black solid powder with a metallic luster.
Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2) chemical formula is MoS2.


CAS Number: 1317-33-5
EC Number: 215-172-4
MDL number: MFCD00003470
Chemical formula: MoS2



Molybdenum disulfide, Molybdenum(IV) sulfide, MOLYBDENUM DISULFIDE, Molybdenum(IV) sulfide, 1317-33-5, Molybdenite, Molybdenum disulphide, 1309-56-4,
Molybdenite (MoS2), Molybdenum sulfide (MoS2), bis(sulfanylidene)molybdenum, Pigment Black 34, ZC8B4P503V, MFCD00003470, Molysulfide, Molykote, Motimol,
Nichimoly C, Sumipowder PA, Molykote Z, Molyke R, T-Powder, Moly Powder B, Moly Powder C, Moly Powder PA, Moly Powder PS, Mopol M, Mopol S, Natural molybdenite, 56780-54-2, Molybdenum bisulfide, M 5 (lubricant), Liqui-Moly LM 2, Solvest 390A, DM 1 (sulfide), Liqui-Moly LM 11, MoS2, Molycolloid CF 626, LM 13 (lubricant), MD 40 (lubricant), Molykote Microsize Powder, Molybdenum ores, molybdenite, 863767-83-3, DAG-V 657, HSDB 1660, DAG 206, DAG 325, LM 13,
MD 40, EINECS 215-172-4, EINECS 215-263-9, UNII-ZC8B4P503V, C.I. 77770, disulfidomolybdenum, starbld0007122, [MoS2], Molybdenum(IV) sulfide, powder, CHEBI:30704, MOLYBDENUM DISULFIDE [MI], DTXSID201318098, Molybdenum(IV) sulfide, 95.0%, MOLYBDENUM DISULFIDE [HSDB], AKOS015903590, Henderson molybdenite, NIST RM 8599, Molybdenum disulfide, Crystal, 99.995%, FT-0628966, NS00112647, Molybdenum(IV) sulfide, powder,


Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2) is a component of molybdenite.
Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2) powder is a black solid powder with a metallic luster.
Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2) chemical formula is MoS2.


Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2) melting point is 1185°C.
Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2) density is 4.80g/cm3 (14°C).
Mohs hardness of Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2) is 1.0～1.5.


Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2) starts to decompose at 1370°C and decomposes into metallic molybdenum and sulfur at 1600°C.
Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2) starts to be oxidized when heated at 315°C in the air, and the temperature rises and the oxidation reaction accelerates.
Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2) is insoluble in water, dilute acid and concentrated sulfuric acid.


The chemical formula of Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 is MoS2.
Few-layer Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 is considered to be one of the most attractive materials for next-generation nanoelectronics.
This is due to Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2's silicon-level charge mobility and high current on/off ratio in thin-film transistors.


Compared to monolayer Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 (which needs a deposition of an additional high-k dielectric layer such as HfO2), few-layer MoS2 can be operated on its own.
This makes Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 more appealing for fabricating transistors and other optoelectronic devices.


Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 is an inorganic compound.
Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 is made of molybdenum and sulfur.
Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2) is generally insoluble in other acids, alkalis and organic solvents, but it is soluble in aqua regia and boiling concentrated sulfuric acid.


Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2) is slowly oxidized at 400 ℃ to generate molybdenum trioxide:
2MoS2+ 7 O2→ 2 MoO3 + 4 SO2 can be used to test the generated molybdenum trioxide with ferrotitanium reagent.
Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 is a moderately water and acid-soluble Molybdenum source for uses compatible with sulfates.


Sulfate compounds are salts or esters of sulfuric acid formed by replacing one or both of the hydrogens with a metal.
Most metal sulfate compounds are readily soluble in water for uses such as water treatment, unlike fluorides and oxides which tend to be insoluble.


First, Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2) is treated with sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide solution (the principle is to convert molybdenum trioxide into molybdate), and then the titanium iron reagent solution is added dropwise, which will react with the generated sodium molybdate or potassium molybdate to produce gold Yellow solution.


This method is very sensitive, and trace amounts of molybdate can be detected.
And if there is no molybdenum trioxide generated, the solution will not produce golden yellow, because Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2) does not react with sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide solution.


The chemical formula of Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 is MoS2.
Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 is a two dimensional layered material. Monolayers of transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs)exhibit photoconductivity.
The layers of the TMD can be mechanically or chemicaly exfoliated to form nanosheets.


Moly sulfide can react with chlorine when heated to produce molybdenum pentachloride:
2 MoS2+ 7 Cl2→ 2 MoCl5+ 2 S2Cl2
Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2) and alkyl lithium react under control to form an intercalation compound (interlayer compound) LixMoS2.


If Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2) reacts with butyllithium, the product is LiMoS2.
Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2) has a high content of active sulfur, which is easy to cause corrosion to copper.
Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2) is discussed in many books and papers on lubricant additives.


Organometallic forms are soluble in organic solutions and sometimes in both aqueous and organic solutions.
Metallic ions can also be dispersed utilizing suspended or coated nanoparticles and deposited utilizing sputtering targets and evaporation materials for uses such as solar energy materials and fuel cells.


Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 is generally immediately available in most volumes.
Transition metal dichalcogenides' (TMDCs) is the class of materials and Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 belongs to this class.
The materials in this class have MX2 as their chemical formula.


In MX2, X is a chalcogen (group 16 of the periodic table) and M is a transition metal atom (group 4 to group 12 of the periodic table).
MoS2 is Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2's chemical formula.
Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2, or moly, is an inorganic compound made up of sulfur and molybdenum.


Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2) is a semiconductor which is composed of Mo atoms sandwiched between two layers of hexagonal close packed sulfur atoms in a structure similar to graphene.
Bulk Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2) were first examined as a possible hydrogen evolution reaction electrocatalyst as early as 1977 by Tributsch et al.


Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 naturally occurs in a layered structure which makes it versatile and more effective in a variety of applications.
Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 is often a component of blends and composites where low friction is sought.
Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 is the most famous of the single layer transition metal dichalcogenide (TMD) family.


Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 has been used in bulk for many years as a solid state lubricant, this is due to its low coefficient of friction in addition to its high chemical and thermal stability.
All forms of Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 have a layered structure, in which a plane of molybdenum atoms is sandwiched by planes of sulfide ions.


These three strata form a monolayer of Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2.
Bulk Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 consists of stacked monolayers, which are held together by weak van der Waals interactions.
The chemical formula of Molybdenum Disulfide MoS2 is MoS2.


This allows them to be mechanically separated to form 2-dimensional sheets of Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2.
Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2, also known as moly, is an inorganic metallic compound made of molybdenum and sulfur.
Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 occurs in a natural state as mineral molybdenite (the principal ore of molybdenum) and has a crystal lattice layered structure.


Weak bonds in atoms in different layers and strong bonds connecting atoms in single layers allow the plate to slide over one another.
Similar materials include tungsten disulfide, boron nitride, lead iodide, silver sulfate, mica, and cadmium iodide.
Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 belongs to a class of materials called 'transition metal dichalcogenides' (TMDCs).


The crystal structure of Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 takes the form of a hexagonal plane of S atoms on either side of a hexagonal plane of Mo atoms.
These triple planes stack on top of each other, with strong covalent bonds between the Mo and S atoms, but weak van der Waals forcing holding layers together.


However, Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2) was not until about 20 years later that its potential in the hydrogen evolution reaction was fully unveiled.
This book discusses the synthesis, properties and industrial applications of Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2).
Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2) is an inorganic compound composed of molybdenum and sulfur.


Materials in this class have the chemical formula MX2, where M is a transition metal atom (groups 4-12 in the periodic table) and X is a chalcogen (group 16).
The chemical formula of Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 is MoS2.


The crystal structure of Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 takes the form of a hexagonal plane of S atoms on either side of a hexagonal plane of Mo atoms.
These triple planes stack on top of each other, with strong covalent bonds between the Mo and S atoms, but weak van der Waals forcing holding layers together.


This allows them to be mechanically separated to form 2-dimensional sheets of Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2.
Following on from the huge research interest in graphene, Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 was the next 2-dimensional material to be investigated for potential device applications.


Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2) chemical formula is MoS2.
Like most mineral salts, Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2) has a high melting point but begins to sublime at a relatively low 450ºC.
This property of Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2) is useful for purifying compounds.


Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2, or moly, is an inorganic compound made up of sulfur and molybdenum.
Due to its direct bandgap, Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 has a great advantage over graphene for several applications, including optical sensors and field-effect transistors.


Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 is the main component of molybdenite.
Black solid powder with a metallic luster.
Chemical formula of Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 is MoS₂, melting point 1185℃, density 4.80g/cm³ (14℃)
Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 (MoS2) is one such material which is naturally available in bulk form and can be exfoliated down to monolayers.


Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2) is classified as a transition metal dihalide.
Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2) is a silver-black solid in the form of molybdenite (the main ore of molybdenum).
Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2) is relatively unreactive.


Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2) is not affected by dilute acid and oxygen.
In appearance and feel, Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2) is similar to graphite.
Because of its low friction and robustness, Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2) is widely used as a dry lubricant.


Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 is a sulfide salt.
Molybdenite is a mineral with formula of Mo4+S2-2 or MoS2. The IMA symbol is Mol.
Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 (MoS2) is an inorganic compound belonging to the transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) series with earth abundant, consisting of one Molybdenum atom and two Sulphur atoms.


Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 is an inorganic compound that exists in nature in the mineral molybdenite.
Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2's crystals have a hexagonal layered structure (shown) that is similar to graphite.
Bulk Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2) is a diamagnetic, indirect bandgap semiconductor similar to silicon, with a bandgap of 1.23 eV.


Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2) will be supplied as powder or dispersion, and it has good solubility in water and ethanol.
The dispersion concentration of Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2) with a small diameter in water will be adjustable from 0.1mg- 5 mg/ml.
In 1957, Ronald E. Bell and Robert E. Herfert at the now-defunct Climax Molybdenum Company of Michigan (Ann Arbor) prepared what was then a new rhombohedral crystalline form of MoS2.


Rhombohedral crystals were subsequently discovered in nature.
Like most mineral salts, Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 has a high melting point, but it begins to sublime at a relatively low 450 ºC.
This property of Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 is useful for purifying the compound.


Because of its layered structure, hexagonal Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2, like graphite, is an excellent “dry” lubricant.
Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2) is a silvery black solid which is classified as a metal dichalcogenide.
Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2) looks similar to graphite.


Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2) is dry/solid lubricant powder, also known as the molybdenite (principal ore from which molybdenum metal is extracted), and has the chemical formula MoS2.
In addition to its lubricating properties, Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 is a semiconductor.


Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 is also known that it and other semiconducting transition-metal chalcogenides become superconductors at their surfaces when doped with an electrostatic field.
The mechanism of superconductivity was uncertain until 2018, when Andrea C. Ferrari at the University of Cambridge (UK) and colleagues there and at the


Polytechnic Institute of Turin (Italy) reported that a multivalley Fermi surface is associated with the superconductivity state in MoS2.
The authors believe that “this [Fermi surface] topology will serve as a guideline in the quest for new superconductors.”
Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2) is made using flotation processes and is the product of thermal treatment of molybdenum compounds with hydrogen sulfide or sulfur.


Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2) has a low coefficient of friction and has lubricating properties.
Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 is relatively unreactive.
Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 is unaffected by dilute acids and oxygen.


In appearance and feel, Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 is similar to graphite.
Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 is widely used as a dry lubricant because of its low friction and robustness.
Bulk Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 is a diamagnetic, indirect bandgap semiconductor similar to silicon, with a bandgap of 1.23 eV.


Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 is often a component of blends and composites where low friction is sought.
Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2) is a kind of black powder with a chemical formula of MoS2 and a molecular weight of 160.07.


Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2) is a good solid lubricating material.
Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2) has excellent lubricity for equipment under the conditions of high temperature, low temperature, high load, high speed, chemical corrosion, and modern ultra-vacuum.


Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2) has the advantages of good dispersibility and non-adhesion.
Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2) can be added to various greases to form a colloidal state with no adhesion, which can increase the lubricity and extreme pressure of the grease.


Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 and its cousin tungsten disulfide can be used as surface coatings on machine parts (e.g., in the aerospace industry), in two-stroke engines (the type used for motorcycles), and in gun barrels (to reduce friction between the bullet and the barrel).
Unlike graphite, Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 does not depend on adsorbed water or other vapors for its lubricant properties.


Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 can be used at temperatures as high as 350 ºC in oxidizing environments and up to 1100 ºC in nonoxidizing environments.
Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2's stability makes it useful in high-temperature applications in which oils and greases are not practical.
Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 (or moly) is an inorganic compound composed of molybdenum and sulfur.


Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2's chemical formula is MoS2.
Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 is classified as a transition metal dichalcogenide.
Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 is a silvery black solid that occurs as the mineral molybdenite, the principal ore for molybdenum.


Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2) is also suitable for mechanical working conditions of high temperature, high pressure, high speed, and high load, so as to prolong the life of the equipment.
Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2) is dry/solid lubricant powder, also known as the molybdenite (principal ore from which molybdenum metal is extracted), and has the chemical formula MoS2.


Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2) is insoluble in water and dilute acids.
Crystal structure is Hexagonal Lamellar and is similar to graphite, Boron Nitride and Tungsten Disulfide.
Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2) can also become a new material for making transistors.


Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2) has a band gap of 1.8eV compared to graphene, which is also a two-dimensional material, while graphene has no band gap.
Therefore, Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2) may have a wide application space in the field of nanotransistors.
Moreover, the electron mobility of the single-layer Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2) transistor can reach about 500 cm^2/(V·s), and the current switching rate can reach 1×10^8.


Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2) is a silvery black solid which is classified as a metal dichalcogenide.
Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2) is a member of the transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDC) family.
Due to its natural availability as molybdenite, Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2) is one of the most studied and celebrated TMDCs.


Like graphene, Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2) has a similar two-dimensional layered structure, with each individual layer stacked upon each other to form the bulk single crystal.
Each layer of Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2) is composed of a plane of hexagonally-arranged molybdenum atoms, positioned between two planes of hexagonally-arranged sulfur atoms.


Like graphite, each layer is bound by weak van der Waals forces.
Because of this, Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2) is possible to obtain monolayer to few-layer crystal flakes from a bulk crystal via mechanical exfoliation (using scotch tape).


Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2) has an indirect band-gap of 1.23 eV for bulk single crystal or multi-layer films.
However, single atomic layers have a direct band-gap of 1.9 eV.
Due to its layered structure, Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2) is highly anisotropic with excellent nonlinear optical properties.


As a result of its direct band-gap, single-layer Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2) has received much interest for applications in electronic and optoelectronic devices (such as transistors, photodetectors, photovoltaics and light-emitting diodes).
Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2) is also being explored for applications in photonics, and can be combined with other TMDCs to create advanced heterostructured devices.


Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2) is manufactured via chemical vapour transport (CVT) crystallisation, with purities of over 99.999% achieved.
It can used to create monolayer and few-layer Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2) by mechanical or liquid exfoliation.
Single crystals can also be studied using a range of microscopies (including AFM and TEM).



USES and APPLICATIONS of MOLYBDENUM DISULFIDE (MoS2):
In addition to its lubricity, Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2) is also a semiconductor.
Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2) is also known that when doped with an electrostatic field, it and other semiconductor transition metal chalcogenides become superconductors on its surface.


Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2) and related molybdenum sulfides are efficient catalysts for hydrogen evolution, including the electrolysis of water; thus, are possibly useful to produce hydrogen for use in fuel cells.
As in graphene, the layered structures of Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2) and other transition metal dichalcogenides exhibit electronic and optical properties that can differ from those in bulk.


Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 is used dry lubricant and lubricant additive.
Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 is used as a dry lubricant in, e.g. greases, dispersions, friction materials and bonded coatings.
Molybdenum-sulfur complexes may be used in suspension but more commonly dissolved in lubricating oils at concentrations of a few percent.


Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 is used as additives in lubricating grease, friction materials, plastic, rubber, nylon, PTFE, coating and so on.
Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 is used hydrogenation catalyst.
Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 is one of the most widely used lubricants in space systems.


Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 has unique lubricant properties that distinguish it from most solid lubricants.
Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 has a low coefficient of friction which is inherent, film-forming structure, effective lubricating properties, a robust affinity for metallic surfaces, and very high yield strength.


A combination of Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 and water-soluble sulfides offers both lubrication and corrosion prevention in metal forming materials and cutting fluids.
Similarly, oil-soluble molybdenum-sulfur elements like thiocarbamates and thiophosphates offer engine protection against common wear, corrosion, and oxidation.


Because of the weak van der Waals reactions between the layers of sulfur atoms, Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 has a relatively low coefficient of friction.
Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 is a typical combination of composites and blends that need low friction.
Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 is often used in two-stroke engines; e.g., motorcycle engines.


Bulk Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2) has an indirect bandgap of 1.2 eV, while MoS2 monolayers have a direct 1.8 eV electronic bandgap. supporting switchable transistors and photodetectors.
Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2) also possesses mechanical strength, electrical conductivity, and can emit light, opening possible applications such as photodetectors.


Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 is a common additive that improves the antiseize properties of wheel bearing grease.
Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 has been used for many years as a solid lubricant because of its interesting friction-reducing properties related to its crystalline structure.


Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 is a lamellar compound made of a stacking of S-Mo-S layers .
In each of them, the molybdenum atom is surrounded by six sulfur atoms located at the top of a trigonal prism.
The distance between a molybdenum atom and a sulfur atom is equal to 0.241 nm, whereas the distance between two sulfur atoms from two adjacent layers is equal to 0.349 nm.


This characteristic was often used to explain easy cleavage between the layers and therefore the lubricating properties of Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2.
Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 finds use as a hydrogenation catalyst for organic synthesis.
Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 is derived from a common transition metal, rather than group 10 metal as are many alternatives.


Typical applications of Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 include Fuel cell applications, Vacuum applications, Photonics and photovoltaics, High-temperature applications, Military applications, and Automotive applications like two-stroke engines.
Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 is used as a dry lubricant.


Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 is black in appearance and mostly unreactive with most chemical elements.
Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 is similar to graphite in terms of texture and appearance, and like graphite, it is used in greases for bit lubrication and as a dry lubricant.


Due to the Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2’s geothermal origin, it offers excellent durability to withstand intense pressure and heat.
This is especially true if some amounts of sulfur are present to interact with iron to form a sulfide layer which works with Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 to maintain a lubricating film.


Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2) has been investigated as a component of photoelectrochemical (e.g. for photocatalytic hydrogen production) applications and for microelectronics applications.
Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2) is used to manufacture other molybdenum compounds.


Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2) is used as a solid lubricant and various additives for lubricants.
Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2) is used for water splitting as a catalyst in the electrolysis of water.
Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2) is widely used as a solid lubricant because of its low friction properties and robustness.


Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 is chosen when catalyst price or resistance to sulfur poisoning are of primary concern.
Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 is effective for the hydrogenation of nitro compounds to amines and can be used to produce secondary amines via reductive amination.


The catalyst can also can effect hydrogenolysis of organosulfur compounds, aldehydes, ketones, phenols and carboxylic acids to their respective alkanes.
The catalyst suffers from rather low activity however, often requiring hydrogen pressures above 95 atm and temperatures above 185 °C.
As a result of its direct band-gap, single-layer Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 has received much interest for applications in electronic and optoelectronic devices (such as transistors, photodetectors, photovoltaics and light-emitting diodes).


During the Vietnam War, the Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 product "Dri-Slide" was used to lubricate weapons, although it was supplied from private sources, not the military.
Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2-coatings allow bullets easier passage through the rifle barrel with less deformation and better ballistic accuracy.


Many types of oils and greases are often used since they can preserve their lubricity, thus extending their use to more critical applications like aircraft engines.
Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 can also be added to plastics to create a composite to enhance strength and reduce friction.


Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 coating (consisting of high purity moly powder) is a dry film lubricant used on industrial parts to reduce wear and improve the coefficient of friction.
Applications of Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 coatings include areas requiring an unreactive lubricant that doesn’t trigger reactions when used.


In addition, when the parts made of copper and its alloys need to be lubricated, it is not impossible to use Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2) lubricating products, but also to add copper corrosion inhibitors.
Traditionally, Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2) has been used as a solid lubricant due to its low friction properties and as a hydrodesulfurization catalyst to lower the sulfur content in natural gas and fuels.


Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2) is widely used in the aviation industry (vacuum anti-radiation lubrication), automobile industry (fixtures and components), anti-seize industry ( Machinery industry) (general lubrication), mining industry, military industry, shipbuilding industry, heavy industry, bearing industry, gear industry, and assembly industry, etc.


Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 is also being explored for applications in photonics, and can be combined with other TMDCs to create advanced heterostructured devices.
In addition to serving as the primary natural source of molybdenum, purified Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 is an excellent lubricant when in the form of a dry film, or as an additive to oil or grease.


Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 also is used as a filler in nylons, and as an effective catalyst for hydrogenation-dehydrogenation reactions.
Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 has a wide range of industrial and commercial uses and applications, including lubricants.
Its low reactivity makes it an ideal choice for low-friction materials.


Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 is often used in two-stroke engines; e.g. motorcycle engines.
Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 is also used in CV and universal joints.
Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2-coatings allow bullets easier passage through the rifle barrel causing less barrel fouling allowing the barrel to retain ballistic accuracy much longer.


This resistance to barrel fouling comes at a cost of lower muzzle velocity with the same load due to a decreased chamber pressure.
Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 is applied to bearings in ultra- high vacuum applications up to 10-9 torr (at -226 to 399 °C).
The lubricant is applied by burnishing and the excess is wiped from the bearing surface.


Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 is also used in ski wax to prevent static buildup in dry snow conditions and to add glide when sliding in dirty snow.
Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 is often used in two-stroke engines; e.g., motorcycle engines.
Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 is also used in CV and universal joints.


Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2) is also used as additives for various lubricants, manufacturing molybdenum compounds, catalytic hydrodesulfurization catalysts, gas storage materials, photovoltaic materials, etc.
Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2) is primarily used as a solid lubricant for its low friction properties and robustness.


Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2) also has excellent film forming properties and is an excellent lubricant in moisture free environments below 400° C.
Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2) offers excellent lubricity properties in inert atmospheres and under high vacuum where other conventional lubricants fail.
Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2) also offers extreme pressure lubricant properties.


Furthermore, Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 is considered an effective lubricant because of its low coefficient of friction and chemical inertness.
Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 can also be used as a dry lubricant, meaning it does not require a liquid lubricant.
Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2also able to protect metallic surfaces from corrosion and wear, making it an ideal choice for many industrial applications.


Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 is an important component of extreme pressure (EP) lubricants that offer protection under extreme loadings.
When regular grease is used in high-pressure applications, Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 can be pressed to the extent that the greased surfaces come into physical contact, leading to friction and wear.


Extreme-pressure oils with solid lubricants, such as Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2, can help reduce or avoid these issues.
Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 provides superior lubrication and protection against wear and tear, even in extreme conditions such as high temperatures, pressures, shear, and loads.


Sliding friction tests of Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 using a pin-on-disc tester at low loads (0.1-2 N) give friction coefficient values of <0.1.
A variety of oils and greases are used, because they retain their lubricity even in cases of almost complete oil loss, thus finding a use in critical applications such as aircraft engines.


When added to plastics, Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 forms a composite with improved strength as well as reduced friction.
Polymers that have been flld with Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 include nylon (with the trade name Nylatron), Teflon, and Vespel.
Self-lubricating composite coatings for high-temperature applications have been developed consisting of Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 and titanium nitride by chemical vapor deposition.


Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2) is able to withstand up to 250,000 p.s.i. which makes it extremely effective when used in applications such as cold metal forming.
Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2) is widely used as dry lubricant additive in Grease, Oils, Polymers, Paints and other coatings.


Extreme pressure lubricants also help to improve efficiency and reduce downtime due to reduced friction and wear.
They also help to extend machinery life and cut energy consumption.
Because of its lubricant properties, Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 has many industrial applications, including aerospace, automotive, machine tools, and medical device components.


In the automotive industry, Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2’s used to lubricate engine components and transmissions.
In the aerospace field, Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 is used to lubricate aircraft engines, turbine blades, and other moving parts.
Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 can also help reduce friction in metal parts, boosting the lifespan of machines.


Due to its low density and high lubricity, Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 can also be added to plastics and polymer composites.
Moreover, Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 has good thermal and electrical conductivity, and its chemical inertness makes it an excellent corrosion inhibitor.
Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 few-layer film, with an impressive direct band gap of 1.9 eV in the monolayer regime, has promising potential applications in nanoelectronics, optoelectronics, and flexible devices.


Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 few-layer films can also be made into heterostructures for energy conversation and storage devices, and used as a catalyst for hydrogen revolution reactions (HER).
Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 few-layer film can be used in research purposes such as microscopic analysis, photoluminescence and Raman spectroscopy studies.


Few-layer Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 film can also be transferred to other substrates.
Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 with particle sizes in the range of 1-100 μm is a common dry lubricant.
Few alternatives exist that can confer the high lubricity and stability up to 350 °C in oxidizing environments.


In addition to its lubricity, Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2) is also a semiconductor.
Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2) is widely used as a high-performance lubricant.
Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2) can be used as a friction modifier (friction reducer), anti-wear agent, extreme pressure agent, and antioxidant.


-Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2) is an important solid lubricant, especially suitable for high temperature and high pressure.
Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2) also has diamagnetic, can be used as a linear photoconductor and display p-type or n-type conductivity of semiconductors, with the role of rectification and energy conversion.
Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2) can also be used as a catalyst for the dehydrogenation of complex hydrocarbons.


-Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 is used as a Lubricant:
Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 has an extremely high melting point, just like most other mineral salts.
Because of its layered, hexagonal structure, Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2, like graphite, is commonly used as a solid lubricant.


-Lubricant uses of Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2:
Due to weak van der Waals interactions between the sheets of sulfide atoms, Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 has a low coefficient of friction.
Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 in particle sizes in the range of 1–100 µm is a common dry lubricant.

Few alternatives exist that confer high lubricity and stability at up to 350 °C in oxidizing environments.
Sliding friction tests of Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 using a pin on disc tester at low loads (0.1–2 N) give friction coefficient values of <0.1.
Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 is often a component of blends and composites that require low friction.

For example, Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 is added to graphite to improve sticking.
A variety of oils and greases are used, because they retain their lubricity even in cases of almost complete oil loss, thus finding use in critical applications such as aircraft engines.

When added to plastics, Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 forms a composite with improved strength as well as reduced friction.
Polymers that may be filled with Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 include nylon (trade name Nylatron), Teflon and Vespel.
Self-lubricating composite coatings for high-temperature applications consist of Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 and titanium nitride, using chemical vapor deposition.

Examples of applications of Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2-based lubricants include two-stroke engines (such as motorcycle engines), bicycle coaster brakes, automotive CV and universal joints, ski waxes and bullets.

Other layered inorganic materials that exhibit lubricating properties (collectively known as solid lubricants (or dry lubricants)) includes graphite, which requires volatile additives and hexagonal boron nitride.


-Catalysis uses of Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2:
Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 is employed as a cocatalyst for desulfurization in petrochemistry, for example, hydrodesulfurization.
The effectiveness of the Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 catalysts is enhanced by doping with small amounts of cobalt or nickel.

The intimate mixture of these sulfides is supported on alumina.
Such catalysts are generated in situ by treating molybdate/cobalt or nickel-impregnated alumina with H2S or an equivalent reagent.
Catalysis does not occur at the regular sheet-like regions of the crystallites, but instead at the edge of these planes.


-Electronic applications of Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2:
Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 has many promising peculiarities and one of them is that its bandgap has a non-zero value as compared to graphene.
Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 acts as a semiconductor and due to its conductivity that can be altered, MoS2 is both efficient and effective for electronic and logic devices.

Moreover, the indirect bandgap is contained by Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2's bulk form which is then transformed at the nanoscale into a direct bandgap, suggesting that MoS2's single layer found application in the optoelectronic devices.
Low power electronic devices and short channel FETs are also a possibility by Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 because of its 2-dimensional structure as it gives us control over the material's electrostatic nature.


-Field-effect transistors uses of Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2:
The most latest electronic devices have field-effect transistors as their most elementary part.
Semiconductor technology has evolved over time.

Lithography can particularly lessen the sizes of the transistor in the range of a few nanometres.
Their channel size is below 14 nm as compared to many advantages like cost reduction, low power consumption, and fast switching.
Quantum mechanical tunneling takes place between the source electrodes and the drain due to the Joule heating effect.

For avoiding short channel effects and producing nano-sized devices, exploring thinner channel materials and thinner gate oxides materials is very important.
The monolayer of Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 is a suitable material for switching nanodevices as it possesses a direct bandgap of 1.8 eV which is appreciable.


-Switchable transistor uses of Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2:
A switchable transistor based on Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2's monolayer was displayed firstly by Radisavljevic.
A semiconducting channel with 6.5 A˚ of thickness is contained by this device and a 30 nm thick layer of HfO2 is used to deposit this device on SiO2 substrate as it has been utilized for covering it and also working as a top-gated dielectric layer.

The current on/off ratio is displayed by this device at 108 room temperature.
Off-state current, for instance, the subthreshold slope of 74 mV/dec, and 100 fA is exhibited by this device.
According to this work, Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 has promising potential in flexible and transparent electronics, and that MoS2 is a good alternative for low standby power integrated circuits.


-Solar cells uses of Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2:
Monolayer Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 has visible optical absorption that is an order of magnitude greater than silicon, making it a promising solar cell material.
When combined with monolayer WS2 or graphene, power conversion efficiencies of ~1% have been recorded.

While these efficiencies appear low, the active area of such devices only has a thickness of ~1 nanometer (compared to 100’s of micrometers for silicon cells), corresponding therefore to a 104 times increase in power density.
A type-II heterojunction cell consisting of CVD grown monolayer Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 and p-doped silicon has shown a PCE of over 5%.


-Chemical sensors uses of Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2:
The photoluminescence (PL) intensity of monolayer Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 has been shown to be highly dependent on physical adsorption of water and oxygen onto its surface.
Electron transfer from the n-type monolayer to gas molecules stabilises excitons and increases the PL intensity by up to 100 times.

Other studies based on the electrical properties of FET structures have shown that monolayer based sensors are unstable when detecting NO, NO2, NH3 and humidity, but operation can be stabilised by using few-layers.
Sensitivities of

-Supercapacitor electrodes use Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2:
The most common crystal structure of Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 is semiconducting, which limits its viability for use as an electrode. However, Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 can also form a 1T crystal structure which is 107 more conductive than the 2H structure.
Stacked 1T monolayers acting as electrodes in various electrolytic cells showed higher power and energy densities than graphene-based electrodes.


-Gas sensors uses of Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2:
Right now, it is very much important to trace noxious gases and pollutants, for instance, sulfur dioxide (SO2), hydrogen sulfide (H2S), carbon dioxide (CO2), ammonia (NH3), and nitrogen oxide (NOx).
Environment, quality of air, and noxious gas are monitored by a way known as gas sensing.

Resistance dependence, field-effect transistor, chemiresistive, Schottky diode optical fibers, etc. and other various semiconductor gas sensors are used for gas sensing but because of their low cost of production and easy operation, the resistivity based gas sensors are the most appreciable one


-Evolution of Graphene and 2D Materials uses of Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2:
Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 is because of their promising characteristics like high sensitivity, selectivity, large surface to mass ratio, and low noise, that the evolution of 2-dimensional materials and graphene helps in the research of gas sensors.

Observations were being made on the sensors' sensing behavior at different concentrations and various temperatures.
With a 4.6 ppb of detection limit, great sensitivity is showed by this sensor at 60 degrees Celsius temperature.
Complete recovery/fast response is showed by the sensor.


-Valleytronic devices uses of Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2:
While still a technology in Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2's infancy, there have been some early demonstrations of devices that operate on the principles of valleytronics.
Examples include a bi-layer Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 transistor with gate-tunable valley Hall effect and valley polarised light emitting devices


-Field-effect transistors uses of Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2:
The large direct bandgap and relatively high carrier mobility in Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 make it an obvious choice for FETs.
Early experiments on single-layer Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 transistors showed great promise, with recorded mobilities of 200 cm2V-1s-1 and an on/off ratio of ~108.

It has been suggested that such devices may outperform silicon-based FETs in several key metrics, such as power efficiency and on/off ratio.
However, they tend to show only n-type characteristics.
Much effort has been applied to refining FETs through reducing substrate interactions, improving electrical injection and realising ambipolar transport.


-Photodetectors uses of Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2:
The bandgap properties of Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 also lend themselves to optoelectronic applications.
A device fabricated from an exfoliated flake with sensitivity 880 AW-1 and broadband photoresponse (400-680nm) was first demonstrated 5 years ago.
By combining with graphene into a monolayer heterostructure, sensitivity has been enhanced by a factor of 104.


-Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2) is also known as the "king of solid lubricating oil".
Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2) has the advantages of good dispersity and non-bonding.
Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2) can be added in all kinds of grease to form a non-bonding colloidal state and increase the lubricity and extreme pressure of grease.
Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2) is also suitable for high temperature, high pressure, high speed and high load of mechanical working state, prolong the life of equipment.


-Solid lubricants uses of Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2:
When the liquid lubricants fail the requirements of the needed applications, then solid lubricants are used.
Oils, greases, and other liquid lubricants are not utilized in various applications because of their weight, sealing problems, and environmental conditions.

However, on the other side, as compared to systems that are based on grease lubrication, solid lubricants have less weight and are cheap.
In high vacuum conditions, the liquid lubricants cant work thus causing the device to be unfit as in these conditions, lubricants also get evaporated.
Decomposition or oxidization of liquid lubricants takes place at high-temperature conditions.
At cryogenic temperatures, liquid lubricants get viscous or solidify and are incapable of flowing.


-Nanostructures uses of Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2:
Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 Nanostructures that possess a 2D nature have been used for biosensing based on the electrochemical phenomenon.
There has been an extensive exploration of the Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2's sheets in the form of electrode materials in biosensors.

Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 nanosheets display strong fluorescence in the visible range because of their direct bandgap, which makes Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 a suitable and appropriate candidate for optical biosensors.

Optical biosensors are cost-efficient. 1-D Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 displays promising electrical characteristics and is analog to carbon nanotubes (CNTs).
One of the efficient and effective candidates for biosensors is the electrochemical sensors that are based on carbon nanotubes.


-FET based biosensors uses of Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2:
Many researchers are fascinated by FET-based biosensors.
A drain and two electrodes source are mainly contained by the FET and they electrically associate with each other via a channel that's based on the semiconductor material.

The current that's flowing through the channel between the drain and the source is controlled by the third electrode, the gate that's coupled with a dielectric layer.

Biomolecules that create an electrostatic effect are captured by the functionalized channel and are then converted into an observable signal in the form of
FET devices' electrical properties.
How the characteristics of the devices perform, depends on the gate's biasing strategy.


-Liquid lubricants uses of Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2:
When under the effect of radiation environment conditions and corrosive gas, the liquid lubricants start to decay.
Dust or other contaminants are easily taken by the liquid lubricants where the major problem is contamination.

The components that are associated with the liquid lubricants are very heavy so handling them in applications where there is a requirement of long storage, is difficult.
Thus, these problems are effectively dealt with by solid lubricants.

In all aspects, liquid lubricants fail when it comes to space mechanisms.
Antennas, rovers, telescopes, vehicles, and satellites, etc., are involved in the space moving systems.
In strict environmental conditions, these systems function for a longer period of time with little service.
In such environmental conditions, the promising choice is the solid lubricants, Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 specifically.


-In graphite contrast uses of Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2:
Unlike graphite, Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 doesn’t need the water’s vapor pressure to exhibit lubrication.
Slip rings, gears, ball bearings, and pointing and releasing mechanisms, etc. are the components in the space applications that are dependent on Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 lubrication.

Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2's lubricity declines over the effect of a humid environment exhibit a major challenge to its implementation in various terrestrial applications.
Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2's sputtering with Ti involves the improvement of MoS2's mechanical characteristics and it also protects MoS2 against humidity.
This improvement in Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2's mechanical characteristics is significant for dry machining operations.


-Biosensors uses of Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2:
Serious health issues have significantly affected the lifestyle of the human.
Significant effects lead to the increase in the importance of finding new ways and techniques that can observe different and numerous factors that are causing those effects and diseases.

A significant and major role is played by the evolution of biosensors in this point of view.
There has also been the utilization of biosensing in some elementary ways for efficiently observing the disease-causing factors.
Sensitivity and selectivity are the two factors on which the quality of the biosensors depends.
The research is being done at a large scale for engineering the sensor matrices for the enhancement of the selectivity and sensitivity of the biosensors.



STRUCTURE AND HYDROGEN BONDING OF MOLYBDENUM DISULFIDE (MOS2:
Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 belongs to a class of materials called 'transition metal dichalcogenides' (TMDCs).
Materials in this class have the chemical formula MX2, where M is a transition metal atom (groups 4-12 in the periodic table) and X is a chalcogen (group 16).



SYNTHESIS OF MOLYBDENUM DISULFIDE (MOS2:
High quality Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 few-layer films were grown directly on the substrates (SiO2/Si and Sapphire) by chemical vapour deposition (CVD) method.
The films were later transferred to the desired substrates using wet chemical transfer process.



PROPERTIES OF MOLYBDENUM DISULFIDE (MOS2:
*Bulk properties:
Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 occurs naturally as the mineral 'molybdenite'. In its bulk form, it appears as a dark, shiny solid.
The weak interlayer interactions allow sheets to easily slide over one another, so Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 is often used as a lubricant.

Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 can also be used as an alternative to graphite in high-vacuum applications, but it does have a lower maximum operating temperature than graphite.
Bulk Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 is a semiconductor with an indirect bandgap of ~1.2eV, and is therefore of limited interest to the optoelectronics industry.


*Optical and electrical properties:
Individual layers of Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 have radically different properties compared to the bulk.

Removing interlayer interactions and confining electrons into a single plane results in the formation of a direct bandgap with an increased energy of ~1.89eV (visible red).
A single monolayer of Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 can absorb 10% of incident light with energy above the bandgap.

When compared to a bulk crystal, a 1000-fold increase in photoluminescence intensity is observed, but Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 remains relatively weak - with a photoluminescence quantum yield of about 0.4%.
However, this can be dramatically increased (to over 95%) by removing defects that are responsible for non-radiative recombination.

The bandgap can be tuned by introducing strain into the structure.
A 300 meV increase in bandgap per 1% biaxial compressive strain applied to trilayer Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 has been observed.
The application of a vertical electric field has also been suggested as a method of reducing the bandgap in 2D TMDCs - potentially to zero, thereby switching the structure from semiconducting to metallic.

Photoluminescence spectra of Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 monolayers show two excitonic peaks: one at ~1.92eV (the A exciton), and the other at ~2.08eV (the B exciton).
These are attributed to the valence band splitting at the K-point (in the Brillouin zone) due to spin-orbit coupling, allowing for two optically active transitions.

The binding energy of the excitons is >500meV.
Hence, they are stable up to high temperatures.

Injecting excess electrons into Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 (by either electrical or chemical doping) can cause the formation of trions (charged excitons), which consist of two electrons and one hole.
They appear as peaks in the absorption and PL spectra, red-shifted by ~40meV with respect to the A exciton peak (tunable through doping concentration).

While the binding energy of trions is much lower than that of the excitons (at approximately 20meV), they have a non-negligible contribution to the optical properties of Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 films at room temperature.

Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 monolayer transistors generally display n-type behaviour, with carrier mobilities approximately 350cm2V-1s-1 (or ~500 times lower than graphene).
However, when fabricated into field-effect transistors, they can display massive on/off ratios of 108, making them attractive for high-efficiency switching and logic circuits.



MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF MOLYBDENUM DISULFIDE (MOS2:
It is shown that when bent to a 0.75 mm radius of curvature, thin-film FETs retain their electronic characteristics, proving that the Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 monolayers are flexible.

Their stiffness is the same as the steel, and they also have a higher breaking strength as compared to the breaking strength of flexible plastics like polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and polyimide (PI), leaving them specifically suitable and appropriate for flexible electronics.
As compared to graphene's thermal conductivity, the thermal conductivity of Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 monolayers is around 100 times less at around 35 Wm-1K-1.


*Valleytronics:
A route to technologies beyond electronics is offered by the Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 and other 2-dimensional TMDCs, where degrees of freedom can be used for storing information or/and processing.

Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2’s electronic bandstructure exhibits the valence band's energy maxima, and conduction band's minima at Brillouin zone's both K and K' (often called -K) points.
The same energy gap is possessed by these two discrete 'valleys' but when Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 comes to position, they are discrete in the momentum space.


*Optical transitions:
Angular momentum changes of -1 for the K’ point and +1 for the K-point need the optical transitions in these valleys.
Therefore, it is possible for excitons to be selectively excited into a valley with circularly polarised light - with excitons in the K’ region being excited by left-handed (σ-) polarized light and excitons in the K valley being excited by the right-handed (σ+) polarised light.


*Emission of light:
Conversely, light that will emit from exciton recombination in the K’ valley will be σ- polarised, and light that will emit from exciton recombination in the K valley will be σ+ polarised.
Valley pseudospin, which is a degree of freedom, is represented by these valleys as they can be addressed independently, and valley pseudospin can also be utilized in valleytronic devices.


*Spin-orbit valence band:
Moreover, for each of the valleys, opposite signs of spin are possessed by the spin-orbit split valence band at the K' and K points.
For instance, a spin-down hole and a spin-up electron make up an A-exciton in the K valley, and a spin-up hole and spin-down electron make up a K valley B-exciton.
The constituent charge carriers for B and A excitons in the K’ valley have the opposite spin.


*Promising Characteristics:
Excellent electrochemical characteristics, luminescence characteristics, and semiconducting characteristics are displayed by Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 as a remarkable probe for biosensing for observing several analytes.

A zero dimension, which is also called inorganic fullerenes, is displayed by the Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 quantum dots, and their size is in less than 10 nm of range.

Promising electric and catalytic characteristics are contained by Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 quantum dots.
High photoluminescence at specific wavelengths is exhibited by Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 quantum dots due to the quantum confinement effect, and those wavelengths make MoS2 efficient and effective for optical biosensing based on the fluorimetric method.



PROCESSING OF MONOLAYER MOLYBDENUM DISULFIDE (MOS2:
Various techniques have been utilized for the preparation of Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2’s monolayer films.
Here we have mentioned the most common techniques and a brief review of them.


*Mechanical Exfoliation:
Mechanical exfoliation is also called the ‘Scotch-tape method’, and it was utilized for the first time for isolating the layers of graphene.
If you apply a sticky tape on a bulk crystal sample, it will lead to thin layers of crystal sticking to the tape once you peel the sticky tape off and it is because of its greater mutual adhesion as compared to the interlayer adhesion.


*Sticking and peeling process:
Until the production of single monolayers, this sticking-and-peeling process repeats again and again.
Then, the single monolayers can be transferred on a substrate, for instance through a PDMS stamp.

This process forms crystalline monolayers of high quality that are capable of being more than 10's of microns in size, even though this process is with a low monolayer yield.
When it comes to TMDC research, this is the most preferred method of processing, despite the method being 'low-tech'.


*Solvent exfoliation:
Sonication of bulk crystals takes place in an organic solvent, breaking them down into thin layers.
A distribution is obtained in the thickness and size of the layers, and a surfactant is also obtained which usually is added for stopping the restacking of the layers.

This method has a low monolayer yield and a high thin-film yield.
The sizes of the flakes are on a 100 nm of scale, making the flakes look small.


*Intercalation:
Monolayers long Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2’s intercalation is classed as a form of solvent exfoliation at times.
In 1986, Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 was demonstrated for the first time.

A solution that functions as a lithium ions’ source (n-butyllithium commonly, which is dissolved in hexane) has bulk crystals placed in Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2, and those bulk crystals are diffusing between the layers of the crystal.
The addition of water is the next step and then the water forms an interaction with the lithium ions for producing hydrogen, which pushes the layers apart.


*Careful Control:
Careful control should be done over the parameters of an experiment for obtaining a high monolayer yield in this method.
Less needed metallic 1T structure is possessed by the resulting layers instead of thesemiconducting 2H structure.
However, potential applications are observed for the 1T structure in the supercapacitor electrodes.
Thermal annealing can be used to convert the 1T structure to the 2H.


*Vapour Deposition:
Mechanical exfoliation is not a scalable technique however it can give high crystalline monolayers.
A reliable and good large-scale method is needed to produced high-quality films if 2-dimensional materials are supposed to find applications in the field of optoelectronics.

Vapour deposition is one of the methods with such potential and that's why it is studied in depth.
A chemical reaction is involved in the chemical vapor deposition for converting s precursor to the final Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2.
MoO3 is commonly annealed at a high temperature of 1000 degrees celsius for the production of the Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 films in sulfur's presence.


*Other Precursors:
Ammonium thiomolybdate and molybdenum metal are the other precursors, and dip coating and e-beam evaporation are used to deposit these before they convert into a furnace.
In comparison with those that are made from the exfoliated layers, very low mobility is possessed by the FETs that are made from vapor-grown films.
Moreover, the quality, thickness, and size (generally 10’s nm to few microns), of the substrates and films choice.



NEW AND FUTURE APPLICATIONS OF MOLYBDENUM DISULFIDE (MoS2):
Since the discovery of single-layer graphene in 2004, the field of 2D materials has seen several new classes of materials emerge.
One of these is transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs).
These materials are comprised of one of the transition metals bound with one of the elements in Group 16.

However, oxides are typically not classed as dichalcogenides.
Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2) is currently the most studied member of the TMD family.

Similar to graphite, when Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2) transitions from a bulk structure to a single layer structure the properties of this material undergo a significant change.
The layers of the TMD can be mechanically or chemically exfoliated to form nanosheets.

The most striking change that occurs when transitioning from bulk to single layer is the shift in the optoelectronic properties, with the material changing from being an indirect bandgap semiconductor with a bandgap value of approximately 1.3 eV to a direct bandgap semiconductor with a bandgap value of approximately 1.9 eV.

Due to the presence of a bandgap in this material there are significantly more uses for Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2) in comparison to other 2d materials such as graphene.

Some areas in which Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2) has already been applied include high on/off ratio field effect transistors due to low leakage currents, memresistors based on layered TMD films, controllable spin and valley polarization, geometric confinement of excitons, tuneable photoluminescence, the electrolysis of water, and photovoltaics/photodetectors.



FUNCTION OF MOLYBDENUM DISULFIDE (MoS2):
The main function of Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2) for friction materials is to reduce friction at low temperature, increase friction at high temperature, small loss of combustion, volatile in friction materials.

*Friction reduction:
The particle size of Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2) produced by supersonic airflow grinding reaches 1250-12000 mesh, the hardness of micro particles is 1-1.5, and the friction coefficient is 0.05-0.1, so it can play a role in friction reduction.

*Increasing friction:
Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2) does not conduct electricity, and there are copolymers of molybdenum disulfide, molybdenum trioxide and molybdenum trisulfide.
When the temperature of the friction material increases sharply due to friction, the molybdenum trioxide particles in the copolymer expand with increasing temperature, which increases the friction.

*Anti-oxidation:
Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2) is obtained through chemical purification and comprehensive reaction, its PH value is 7-8, slightly alkaline.
Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2) covers the surface of friction materials, can protect other materials, prevent them from being oxidized, especially make other materials not easy to fall off, adhesion enhancement.



RELATED COMPOUNDS OF MOLYBDENUM DISULFIDE (MOS2:
-Other anions:
*Molybdenum(IV) oxide
*Molybdenum diselenide
*Molybdenum ditelluride



PROPERTIES OF MOLYBDENUM DISULFIDE (MOS2:
Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 has a high melting point and low thermal expansion, which makes it suitable for high-temperature applications, such as furnaces and engines.
Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 has a high electrical conductivity and is often used in electrical components, such as transistors and electromagnets.
Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 is highly resistant to oxidation and corrosion, making it an effective lubricant for high-humidity and salt-water environments.



PRODUCTION OF MOLYBDENUM DISULFIDE (MOS2:
Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 is naturally found as either molybdenite, a crystalline mineral, or jordisite, a rare low temperature form of molybdenite.
Molybdenite ore is processed by flotation to give relatively pure Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2.

The main contaminant is carbon.
Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 also arises by thermal treatment of virtually all molybdenum compounds with hydrogen sulfide or elemental sulfur and can be produced by metathesis reactions from molybdenum pentachloride.



ABOUT MOLYBDENUM DISULFIDE (MOS2 POWDER:
Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 is an inorganic compound composed of molybdenum and sulfur.
Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 chemical formula is MoS2.
Like most mineral salts, Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 has a high melting point but begins to sublime at a relatively low 450ºC.

This property is useful for purifying compounds.
Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 is classified as a transition metal dihalide.
Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 is a silver-black solid in the form of molybdenite (the main ore of molybdenum).

Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 is relatively unreactive.
Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 is not affected by dilute acid and oxygen.
In appearance and feel, Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 is similar to graphite.

Because of its low friction and robustness, Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 is widely used as a dry lubricant.
Bulk Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 is a diamagnetic, indirect bandgap semiconductor similar to silicon, with a bandgap of 1.23 eV.

In addition to its lubricity, Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 is also a semiconductor.
Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 is also known that when doped with an electrostatic field, it and other semiconductor transition metal chalcogenides become superconductors on its surface.

Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 and related molybdenum sulfides are efficient catalysts for hydrogen evolution, including the electrolysis of water; thus, are possibly useful to produce hydrogen for use in fuel cells.

As in graphene, the layered structures of Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 and other transition metal dichalcogenides exhibit electronic and optical properties that can differ from those in bulk.
Bulk Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 has an indirect bandgap of 1.2 eV, while MoS2 monolayers have a direct 1.8 eV electronic bandgap. supporting switchable transistors and photodetectors.

The sensitivity of a graphene field-effect transistor (FET) biosensor is fundamentally restricted by the zero band gap of graphene, which results in increased leakage and reduced sensitivity.

In digital electronics, transistors control current flow throughout an integrated circuit and allow for amplification and switching.
In biosensing, the physical gate is removed and the binding between embedded receptor molecules and the charged target biomolecules to which they are exposed modulates the current.

Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 also possesses mechanical strength, electrical conductivity, and can emit light, opening possible applications such as photodetectors.
Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 has been investigated as a component of photoelectrochemical (e.g. for photocatalytic hydrogen production) applications and for microelectronics applications.

Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 Solubility:
Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 is decomposed by aqua regie, hot sulfuric acid, nitric acid, insoluble in dilute acid and water



HOW IS MOLYBDENUM DISULFIDE (MOS2 PRODUCED?
Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 is naturally found as molybdenite (a crystalline mineral) or pyroxene (a rare low-temperature form of molybdenite).
The molybdenite is processed by flotation to obtain relatively pure Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2.
The main pollutant is carbon.
Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 can also be produced by heat treatment of almost all molybdenum compounds with hydrogen sulfide or elemental sulfur and can be produced by the metathesis reaction of molybdenum pentachloride.



ADVANCED SOLID LUBRICANTS OF MOLYBDENUM DISULFIDE (MOS2:
Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 is widely used in advanced solid lubricants due to its unique layered structure and excellent physical properties.
Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 maintains excellent lubricating properties at high temperatures and pressures.



CATALYST OF MOLYBDENUM DISULFIDE (MOS2:
Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 has electrical conductivity similar to that of metallic semiconductor materials and can be used as a highly efficient electrocatalyst for many different catalytic reactions such as hydrolysis.
In addition, Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 can be used with precious metals as a Pd-MoS2 catalyst with excellent catalytic activity and stability.



COMPOSITES OF MOLYBDENUM DISULFIDE (MOS2:
The micro- and nanostructures of Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 can be used to reinforce high-performance composites and to prepare high-performance materials such as transistors and integrated circuits.



FRICTION MATERIALS OF MOLYBDENUM DISULFIDE (MOS2:
Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 can be used in friction materials to provide friction reduction and friction enhancement, as well as an anti-oxidation effect.
Optical conductors and semiconductors displaying P- or N-type conductivity properties:
Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 has excellent electrical conductivity and physicochemical properties and can be used as a photoconductor and semiconductor material.



STORAGE CONDITION OF MOLYBDENUM DISULFIDE (MOS2:
Damp reunion will affect MoS2 powder dispersion performance and using effects, therefore, Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 powder should be sealed in vacuum packing and stored in cool and dry room, the it can not be exposure to air.
In addition, the Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 should be avoided under stress.



RESEARCH OF MOLYBDENUM DISULFIDE (MOS2:
Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 plays an important role in condensed matter physics research.

*Hydrogen evolution:
Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 and related molybdenum sulfides are efficient catalysts for hydrogen evolution, including the electrolysis of water; thus, are possibly useful to produce hydrogen for use in fuel cells.


*Oxygen reduction and evolution:
Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2@Fe-N-C core/shell nanosphere with atomic Fe-doped surface and interface (MoS2/Fe-N-C) can be used as a used an electrocatalyst for oxygen reduction and evolution reactions (ORR and OER) bifunctionally because of reduced energy barrier due to Fe-N4 dopants and unique nature of MoS2/Fe-N-C interface.


*Microelectronics:
As in graphene, the layered structures of Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 and other transition metal dichalcogenides exhibit electronic and optical properties that can differ from those in bulk.

Bulk Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 has an indirect band gap of 1.2 eV, while MoS2 monolayers have a direct 1.8 eV electronic bandgap, supporting switchable transistors and photodetectors.

Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 nanoflakes can be used for solution-processed fabrication of layered memristive and memcapacitive devices through engineering a MoOx/MoS2 heterostructure sandwiched between silver electrodes.
Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2-based memristors are mechanically flexible, optically transparent and can be produced at low cost.

The sensitivity of a graphene field-effect transistor (FET) biosensor is fundamentally restricted by the zero band gap of graphene, which results in increased leakage and reduced sensitivity.
In digital electronics, transistors control current flow throughout an integrated circuit and allow for amplification and switching.

In biosensing, the physical gate is removed and the binding between embedded receptor molecules and the charged target biomolecules to which they are exposed modulates the current.

Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 has been investigated as a component of flexible circuits.
In 2017, a 115-transistor, 1-bit microprocessor implementation was fabricated using two-dimensional Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2.
Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 has been used to create 2D 2-terminal memristors and 3-terminal memtransistors.


*Valleytronics:
Due to the lack of spatial inversion symmetry, odd-layer Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 is a promising material for valleytronics because both the CBM and VBM have two energy-degenerate valleys at the corners of the first Brillouin zone, providing an exciting opportunity to store the information of 0s and 1s at different discrete values of the crystal momentum.

The Berry curvature is even under spatial inversion (P) and odd under time reversal (T), the valley Hall effect cannot survive when both P and T symmetries are present.
To excite valley Hall effect in specific valleys, circularly polarized lights were used for breaking the T symmetry in atomically thin transition-metal dichalcogenides.

In monolayer Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2, the T and mirror symmetries lock the spin and valley indices of the sub-bands split by the spin-orbit couplings, both of which are flipped under T; the spin conservation suppresses the inter-valley scattering.
Therefore, monolayer Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 have been deemed an ideal platform for realizing intrinsic valley Hall effect without extrinsic symmetry breaking.


*Photonics and photovoltaics:
Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 also possesses mechanical strength, electrical conductivity, and can emit light, opening possible applications such as photodetectors.
Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 has been investigated as a component of photoelectrochemical (e.g. for photocatalytic hydrogen production) applications and for microelectronics applications.


*Superconductivity of monolayers:
Under an electric field Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 monolayers have been found to superconduct at temperatures below 9.4 K



FEATURES OF MOLYBDENUM DISULFIDE (MoS2):
*Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2) is shiny dark gray powder which has very good chemical stability and thermal stability.
Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2) is dissolved in aqua regia and concentrated sulfuric acid, insoluble in water and dilute acid; No general chemical reaction with metal surface; Not erode the rubber material;
*Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2) can be used for processing and storage of spare parts; Maintenance lubrication adhesion; can form a highly efficient dry lubricating film; Is less wear and friction reduction technology.



STRUCTURE AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF MOLYBDENUM DISULFIDE (MOS2:
*Crystalline phases:
All forms of Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 have a layered structure, in which a plane of molybdenum atoms is sandwiched by planes of sulfide ions.
These three strata form a monolayer of Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2.

Bulk Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 consists of stacked monolayers, which are held together by weak van der Waals interactions.
Crystalline Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 exists in one of two phases, 2H-MoS2 and 3R-MoS2, where the "H" and the "R" indicate hexagonal and rhombohedral symmetry, respectively.

In both of these structures, each molybdenum atom exists at the center of a trigonal prismatic coordination sphere and is covalently bonded to six sulfide ions.
Each sulfur atom has pyramidal coordination and is bonded to three molybdenum atoms.
Both the 2H- and 3R-phases are semiconducting.

A third, metastable crystalline phase known as 1T-MoS2 was discovered by intercalating 2H-MoS2 with alkali metals.
This phase has trigonal symmetry and is metallic.
The 1T-phase can be stabilized through doping with electron donors such as rhenium or converted back to the 2H-phase by microwave radiation.
The 2H/1T-phase transition can be controlled via the incorporation of S vacancies.

*Allotropes:
Nanotube-like and buckyball-like molecules composed of Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 are known.



EXFOLIATED MOLYBDENUM DISULFIDE (MOS2 FLAKES:
While bulk Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 in the 2H-phase is known to be an indirect-band gap semiconductor, monolayer MoS2 has a direct band gap.
The layer-dependent optoelectronic properties of Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 have promoted much research in 2-dimensional MoS2-based devices.
2D Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 can be produced by exfoliating bulk crystals to produce single-layer to few-layer flakes either through a dry, micromechanical process or through solution processing.

Micromechanical exfoliation, also pragmatically called "Scotch-tape exfoliation", involves using an adhesive material to repeatedly peel apart a layered crystal by overcoming the van der Waals forces.
The crystal flakes of Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 can then be transferred from the adhesive film to a substrate.

This facile method was first used by Konstantin Novoselov and Andre Geim to obtain graphene from graphite crystals.
However, it can not be employed for a uniform 1-D layers because of weaker adhesion of Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 to the substrate (either Si, glass or quartz); the aforementioned scheme is good for graphene only.

While Scotch tape is generally used as the adhesive tape, PDMS stamps can also satisfactorily cleave Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 if it is important to avoid contaminating the flakes with residual adhesive.

Liquid-phase exfoliation can also be used to produce monolayer to multi-layer Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 in solution.
A few methods include lithium intercalation to delaminate the layers and sonication in a high-surface tension solvent.



MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF MOLYBDENUM DISULFIDE (MOS2:
Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 monolayers are flexible, and thin-film FETs have been shown to retain their electronic properties when bent to a 0.75mm radius of curvature.

They have a stiffness comparable to steel, and a higher breaking strength than flexible plastics (such as polyimide(PI) and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), making them particularly suitable for flexible electronics.
At around 35Wm-1K-1, the thermal conductivity of Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 monolayers is ~100 times lower than that of graphene .


*Valleytronics:
Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 and other 2D TMDCs may offer a route to technologies beyond electronics, where degrees of freedom (other than charge) can be utilised for information storage and/or processing.

The electronic bandstructure of Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 displays energy maxima of the valence band, and minima of the conduction band at both the K and K’ (often called -K) points of the Brillouin zone.
These two discrete ‘valleys’ have the same energy gap but are discrete in position in momentum space.

The optical transitions in these valleys require angular momentum changes of +1 for the K-point, and -1 for the K’ point.
Hence, excitons can be selectively excited into a valley with circularly polarised light - with right-handed (σ+) polarised light exciting excitons in the K valley, and left-handed (σ-) polarised light exciting excitons in the K’ valley.

Conversely, light emitted from exciton recombination in the K valley will be σ+ polarised, and light emitted from exciton recombination in the K’ valley will be σ- polarised.
Since these valleys can be independently addressed, they represent a degree of freedom called 'valley pseudospin' that could be used in ‘valleytronic’ devices.

Furthermore, the spin-orbit split valence band at the K and K’ points has opposite signs of spin for each of the valleys.
For example, an A-exciton in the K valley consists of a spin-up electron and a spin-down hole, and a K valley B-exciton has a spin-down electron and spin-up hole.
For A and B excitons in the K’ valley, their constituent charge carriers have the opposite spin.


This means that the valley pseudospin and charge carrier spin degrees of freedom are coupled (spin-valley coupling), and the spin and valley properties of charge carriers can be selected optically - through choice of excitation polarisation (to choose the valley) and energy (to select the A or B exciton - and hence, the spin).

When an in-plane electric field is applied, excitons may become disassociated, with the carriers retaining their valley and spin characteristics.
Electrons (and holes) in opposing valleys will travel in opposite directions perpendicular to the field.
This is called the 'valley Hall effect', and could form the basis of future technologies, where more information can be encoded onto electrons because of these added degrees of freedom.



SYNTHESIS OF MOLYBDENUM DISULFIDE (MOS2:
High quality Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 few-layer films were grown directly on the substrates (SiO2/Si and Sapphire) by chemical vapour deposition (CVD) method.
The films were later transferred to the desired substrates using wet chemical transfer process.



CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF MOLYBDENUM DISULFIDE (MOS2:
dark grey or black powder, Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2, MoS2, the most common natural form of molybdenum, is extracted from the ore and then purified for direct use in lubrication.

Since Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 is of geothermal origin, it has the durability to withstand heat and pressure.
This is particularly so if small amounts of sulfur are available to react with iron and provide a sulfide layer which is compatible with Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 in maintaining the lubricating film.



PROCESSING OF MONOLAYER MOLYBDENUM DISULFIDE (MOS2:
There are many techniques that have been used to prepare monolayer films of Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2.

*Mechanical exfoliation:
This method, also known as the ‘Scotch-tape method’, was first used to isolate layers of graphene.
Applying a sticky tape to a bulk crystal sample and then peeling it off will result in thin layers of crystal sticking to the tape.
This is due to greater mutual adhesion than the interlayer adhesion.

This sticking-and-peeling process can be repeated until single monolayers are produced.
These can then be transferred onto a substrate (e.g. by a PDMS stamp).
While this process has a low monolayer yield, it produces high-quality crystalline monolayers that can be >10’s microns in size.
Despite being ‘low-tech’, it is still a preferred processing method for TMDC research.


*Solvent exfoliation:
Bulk crystals can be sonicated in an organic solvent that breaks them down into thin layers.
A distribution in the size and thickness of the layers is obtained, with a surfactant often added to stop the layers restacking.
While the thin-film yield of this method is high, the monolayer yield is low.
Flakes tend to be small, with sizes on the scale of 100nm.


*Intercalation:
Sometimes classed as a form of solvent exfoliation, intercalation of Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 that is monolayers long predates the current research trend in 2D materials, being first demonstrated in 1986.

Bulk crystals are placed in a solution which acts as a source of lithium ions (commonly n-butyllithium dissolved in hexane), which diffuse between the layers of the crystal.
Water is added - which then interacts with the lithium ions to produce hydrogen, pushing the layers apart.

This method requires careful control over the experimental parameters in order to obtain a high monolayer yield.
The resulting layers also tend to have the less desirable metallic 1T structure rather than the semiconducting 2H structure (although the 1T structure has found a potential application in supercapacitor electrodes - see above).
The 1T structure can however be converted to the 2H through thermal annealing.


*Vapor deposition:
While mechanical exfoliation can provide highly crystalline monolayers, Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 is not a scalable technique.
If 2D materials are to find application in optoelectronics, a reliable large-scale method for producing high-quality films is needed.

One such potential method that has been extensively studied is vapour deposition.
Chemical vapour deposition involves a chemical reaction to convert a precursor to the final Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2.
Commonly, MoO3 is annealed at high temperature (~1000°C) in the presence of sulphur to produce Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 films.

Other precursors include molybdenum metal and ammonium thiomolybdate, which have been deposited via e-beam evaporation and dip-coating respectively before being converted in a furnace.
FETs fabricated from vapour-grown films tend to display far lower mobility compared to those produced from exfoliated layers. Furthermore, the size (generally 10’s nm to few microns), thickness, and quality of the films and substrate choice.

A promising alternative route to Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 monolayer growth is through physical vapour deposition, where MoS2 powder is used directly as the source.
This can yield high-quality monolayer flakes (up to 25 microns in size) which display optical properties commensurate with exfoliated layers



CHEMICAL REACTIONS OF MOLYBDENUM DISULFIDE (MOS2:
Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 is stable in air and attacked only by aggressive reagents. It reacts with oxygen upon heating forming molybdenum trioxide:
2 MoS2 + 7 O2 → 2 MoO3 + 4 SO2
Chlorine attacks Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 at elevated temperatures to form molybdenum pentachloride:
2 MoS2 + 7 Cl2 → 2 MoCl5 + 2 S2Cl2



INTERCALATION REACTIONS OF MOLYBDENUM DISULFIDE (MOS2:
Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 is a host for formation of intercalation compounds.
This behavior is relevant to its use as a cathode material in batteries.
One example is a lithiated material, LixMoS2.
With butyl lithium, the product is LiMoS2.



MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF MOLYBDENUM DISULFIDE (MOS2:
Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 excels as a lubricating material (see below) due to its layered structure and low coefficient of friction.
Interlayer sliding dissipates energy when a shear stress is applied to the material.
Extensive work has been performed to characterize the coefficient of friction and shear strength of Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 in various atmospheres.

The shear strength of Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 increases as the coefficient of friction increases.
This property is called superlubricity.
At ambient conditions, the coefficient of friction for Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 was determined to be 0.150, with a corresponding estimated shear strength of 56.0 MPa (megapascals).

Direct methods of measuring the shear strength indicate that the value is closer to 25.3 MPa.
The wear resistance of Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 in lubricating applications can be increased by doping MoS2 with Cr.
Microindentation experiments on nanopillars of Cr-doped Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 found that the yield strength increased from an average of 821 MPa for pure MoS2 (at 0% Cr) to 1017 MPa at 50% Cr.

The increase in yield strength is accompanied by a change in the failure mode of the material.
While the pure Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 nanopillar fails through a plastic bending mechanism, brittle fracture modes become apparent as the material is loaded with increasing amounts of dopant.

The widely used method of micromechanical exfoliation has been carefully studied in Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 to understand the mechanism of delamination in few-layer to multi-layer flakes.
The exact mechanism of cleavage was found to be layer dependent.

Flakes thinner than 5 layers undergo homogenous bending and rippling, while flakes around 10 layers thick delaminated through interlayer sliding.
Flakes with more than 20 layers exhibited a kinking mechanism during micromechanical cleavage.
The cleavage of these flakes was also determined to be reversible due to the nature of van der Waals bonding.

In recent years, Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 has been utilized in flexible electronic applications, promoting more investigation into the elastic properties of this material.

Nanoscopic bending tests using AFM cantilever tips were performed on micromechanically exfoliated Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 flakes that were deposited on a holey substrate.

The yield strength of monolayer flakes was 270 GPa, while the thicker flakes were also stiffer, with a yield strength of 330 GPa.
Molecular dynamic simulations found the in-plane yield strength of Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 to be 229 GPa, which matches the experimental results within error.
Bertolazzi and coworkers also characterized the failure modes of the suspended monolayer flakes.

The strain at failure ranges from 6 to 11%.
The average yield strength of monolayer Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 is 23 GPa, which is close to the theoretical fracture strength for defect-free MoS2.
The band structure of Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 is sensitive to strain.



SYNTHESIS OF MOLYBDENUM DISULFIDE (MOS2:
The preparation of Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 was carried out through modification of the method described in literature.
All the chemicals were purchased and used as received.
To start, 30 mL of 0.008 M ammonium molybdate ((NH4)6Mo7O24•4H2O, Merck India, 98%) solution was taken, and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) of 10 times of cmc (critical micelle concentration) was added to it under constant stirring to obtain a clear solution.

Then, 9.60 mL of 0.23 M sodium dithionite (Na2S2O4, BDH, England, 98% pure) solution and 45 mL of 0.20 M thioacetamide (CH3CSNH2, Spectrochem India, 99%) solution were added into the former solution and were thoroughly mixed together by stirring.
The solution mixture was heated (~90°C) over a water bath to obtain a clear reddish yellow color solution.
Acidification of this solution with concentrated HCl (pH < 1) led to a dark brown colored precipitate.

The precipitate was isolated using a centrifuge and was washed with water for several times.
Drying of the precipitate gave rise to brownish black powders, which were calcined at 400°C for 2 h under argon atmosphere to obtain the black powders of MoS2.



HISTORY OF MOLYBDENUM DISULFIDE (MOS2:
Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 is a naturally occurring blackcolored solid compound that feels slippery to the touch.
Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 readily transfers and adheres to other solid surfaces with which it comes into contact.
Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2's mineral form – called molybdenite – was commonly confused with graphite until late in the 1700’s.

Both were used for lubrication and as a writing material for centuries.
Wider use of molybdenite as a lubricant was impeded by naturally occurring impurities that significantly reduced its lubricating properties.
Methods of purifying Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 and extracting molybdenum were developed late in the 19th century, and the value of molybdenum as an alloying addition to steel was quickly recognized.

The demand for a domestic source of molybdenum during World War I resulted in the development of the Climax mine in Colorado, which started production in 1918 and continued into the 1990’s.
The availability of high purity Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 spurred extensive investigations into its lubrication properties in various environments during the late 30’s and 40’s.

These investigations demonstrated its superior lubrication properties and stability under extreme contact pressures and in vacuum environments.
The United States National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics, the precursor to NASA, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, initiated research on aerospace uses of Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 in 1946.

These investigations resulted in extensive applications in spacecraft3, including the extendible legs on the Apollo Lunar Module.
Applications of Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 continue to expand as new technologies evolve requiring reliable lubrication and resistance to galling under increasingly stringent conditions of temperature, pressure, vacuum, corrosive environments, process sensitivity to contamination, product life, and maintenance requirements.

Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2, also known as Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2, is one of the best materials initially belonging to the transition metals.
Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2's structure is unique hence all the properties it possesses are unique.
The building block of Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 is its properties as they are the key players in enhancing the productivity of the materials.

Its applications being vast and abundant in nature help in maintaining the credibility of this material.
However, Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 is an excellent material for various purposes and various industries.



CRYSTALLINE STRUCTURE OF MOLYBDENUM DISULFIDE (MOS2:
Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2's (MoS2) crystal structure takes the shape of S atoms' hexagonal plane on either of the side of Mo atoms' hexagonal plane.
There is strong covalent bonding between the S and Mo atoms, and these triple planes stack on each other's top, however, the weak Van Der Waals forcing holds the layers together, which allow the layers to be mechanically separated for forming Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2's 2-dimensional sheets.



TECHNICAL OF MOLYBDENUM DISULFIDE (MOS2:
Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2’s exceptional lubricity is a consequence of its unique crystal structure, which is made up of very weakly bonded lamellae.
These lamellae can slide across each other, “shear”, under very low force, providing the lubrication effect.
This shearing force required to overcome the weak bonding between the lamellae, F, is related to the compressive force, W, perpendicular to the lamellae by the equation F = μ W where μ is a constant termed the “Coefficient of Friction”.

The coefficient of friction for Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 crystals shearing along their lamella is approximately 0.025, among the lowest known for any material.
Since Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 is a solid phase, it is not “squeezed out” like liquid lubricants under conditions of extreme pressure.
The lamellae are very “hard” to forces perpendicular to them.

This combination of properties provides a very effective “boundary layer” to prevent the lubricated surfaces from contacting each other.
The surfaces of objects are generally rough on a microscopic scale.
These contact regions have considerably less area than the bulk surface area, typically in the range 0.5 to 0.001 percent of the bulk area for a machined metal surface, and consequently the stresses at these contact points are considerably higher than the stresses calculated for the bulk surface area.

When stainless steel objects slide against each other under high load, they will “gall” or “seize” due to the deformation at the contact points.
The objects will actually “cold weld” themselves to each other, which is indicated by transfer of material from one object to the other on the sliding surfaces.

This causes a very rapid increase in friction, quickly to the point that further sliding is impossible without damage to the objects.
In order to prevent this it is necessary to introduce an “anti-galling” or “anti-seizing” agent between the surfaces.
This is a substance that is capable of maintaining separation of the surface asperities under high compressive loads – that is, to provide a “boundary layer” between the surfaces.

Anti-galling materials are generally very thick grease-like substances or solid materials in powder or plated layer form.
Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 is an ideal anti-galling compound because of its combination of high compressive strength and its adherence (ability to fill or level) to the sliding surfaces.

There are many methods of applying Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 to a surface, from “high tech” techniques such as vacuum sputtering, to simply dropping loose powder between sliding surfaces.
The most versatile technique is application of the powder mixed with a binder and a carrier to form a bonded coating.

The binder may be a polymeric material or a number of other compounds, and the carrier may be water or a volatile organic.
The characteristics of the Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 powder, the binder, the carrier, and particularly the application process must be carefully developed and controlled to optimize the performance in a specific product.

A properly developed bonded coating of Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 is capable of providing exceptional lubrication performance over a temperature range up to approximately 500°C, under very high pressure and corrosive exposure conditions for extensive lifetimes.
There are many such formulations available commercially.



PROPERTIES OF MOLYBDENUM DISULFIDE (MOS2:
*Bulk characteristics:
Naturally, the occurrence of MoS2 is as a 'molybdenite' mineral.
The appearance of Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 in its bulk form is as a shiny, dark solid.
Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 is also utilized as a lubricant because the sheets can slide over one another easily due to their weak interlayer interactions.

Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 is also utilized in high-vacuum applications as an alternative to graphite, but its maximum operating temperature is lower as compared to the maximum operating temperature of graphite.
With ~1.2eV of an indirect bandgap, bulk Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 is a semiconductor and is thus of restricted interest to the optoelectronics industry.


*Electrical and Optical Characteristics:
In comparison with the bulk, Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2's layers have radically different characteristics.
Eliminating confining electrons and interlayer interactions into a single plane leads to the production of a direct bandgap with ~1.89eV (visible red) of increased energy.

10 percent of incident light with more than the energy of the bandgap can be absorbed by Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2's single monolayer.
An increase of 1000 fold in photoluminescence intensity was observed in comparison with a bulk crystal, however, it stays comparatively weak, with about 0.4% of photoluminescence quantum yield.
Although, if we remove the defects that are the reasons for non-radiative combination then this can be increased in a dramatic fashion to over 95%.


*Bandgap:
The introduction of strain into the structure can tune the bandgap.
There have been observations of a 300 meV increase in bandgap per 1% biaxial compressive strain applied to trilayer Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2.
In 2-dimensional TMDCs, the bandgap can be reduced potentially to zero by applying vertical electric field as it has been considered as a method too, therefore switching the semiconducting structure to the metallic structure.


*Photoluminescence spectra:
Two excitonic peaks are shown by the photoluminescence spectra of Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 monolayers: one peak is at ~1.92eV (the A exciton), and the other peak is at ~2.08eV (the B exciton).

Both of the peaks are because of the valence band splitting in the Brillouin zone at the K-point because of the spin-orbit coupling, which enables two optically active transitions.
More than 500 meV is the binding energy of the excitons.
Therefore, they are stable at high temperatures.


*Injection of Electrons:
Trions can form on the injection of excess electrons through either chemical or electrical doping into Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2.
Trions are charged excitons and they consist of one hole and two electrons.

The appearance of trions in the PL spectra and absorption is as peaks, red-shifted by ~40meV.
A non-negligible contribution is shared by the trions at room temperature to Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 film’s optical characteristics while the trion’s binding energy is way less as compared to the binding energy of excitons (at almost 20 meV).


*Transistors:
N-type behavior is generally displayed by the Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2 monolayer transistors, with almost 350cm2V-1s-1 (or ~500 times lower as compared to graphene) of carrier mobilities.
Although, they can exhibit massive on/off ratios of 108 when fabricated into field-effect transistors, making them efficient and attractive for highly efficient logic circuits and switching.



PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of MOLYBDENUM DISULFIDE (MoS2):
Chemical formula: MoS2
Molar mass: 160.07 g/mol
Appearance: black/lead-gray solid
Density: 5.06 g/cm3
Melting point: 2,375 °C (4,307 °F; 2,648 K)
Solubility in water: insoluble
Solubility: decomposed by aqua regia, hot sulfuric acid, nitric acid
insoluble in dilute acids
Band gap: 1.23 eV (indirect, 3R or 2H bulk) ~1.8 eV (direct, monolayer)
Structure:
Crystal structure: hP6, P63/mmc, No. 194 (2H) hR9, R3m, No 160 (3R)
Lattice constant:
a = 0.3161 nm (2H), 0.3163 nm (3R),
c = 1.2295 nm (2H), 1.837 (3R)
Coordination geometry: Trigonal prismatic (MoIV) Pyramidal (S2−)

Thermochemistry:
Std molar entropy (S⦵298): 62.63 J/(mol K)
Std enthalpy of formation (ΔfH⦵298): -235.10 kJ/mol
Gibbs free energy (ΔfG⦵): -225.89 kJ/mol
Molecular Weight: 160.1 g/mol
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 0
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 2
Rotatable Bond Count: 0
Exact Mass: 161.849546 g/mol
Monoisotopic Mass: 161.849546 g/mol
Topological Polar Surface Area: 64.2Ų
Heavy Atom Count: 3
Formal Charge: 0
Complexity: 18.3
Isotope Atom Count: 0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0

Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 1
Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes
Physical state. powder
Color: gray
Odor: No data available
Melting point/freezing point.
Melting point: 1.185 °C
Initial boiling point and boiling range: No data available
Flammability (solid, gas): No data available
Upper/lower flammability or explosive limits: No data available
Flash point: No data available
Autoignition temperature: No data available
Decomposition temperature: No data available
pH: No data available
Viscosity
Viscosity, kinematic: No data available
Viscosity, dynamic: No data available

Water solubility: No data available
Partition coefficient: n-octanol/water:
Not applicable for inorganic substances
Vapor pressure: No data available
Density: 5,060 g/cm3 at 15 °C
Relative density: No data available
Relative vapor density: No data available
Particle characteristics: No data available
Explosive properties: No data available
Oxidizing properties: none
Other safety information: No data available
Melting point: 2375 °C
density: 5.06 g/mL at 25 °C(lit.)
form: powder
color: Gray to dark gray or black
Specific Gravity: 4.8
Water Solubility: Soluble in hot sulfuric acid, and aquaregia.
Insoluble in water, concentrated sulfuric acid and dilute acid.
Merck: 146,236
Boiling point: 100°C (water)

Exposure limits ACGIH: TWA 10 mg/m3; TWA 3 mg/m3
NIOSH: IDLH 5000 mg/m3
Stability: Stable.
Incompatible with oxidizing agents, acids.
InChIKey: CWQXQMHSOZUFJS-UHFFFAOYSA-N
CAS DataBase Reference: 1317-33-5(CAS DataBase Reference)
EPA Substance Registry System: Molybdenum sulfide (MoS2) (1317-33-5)
Bandgap: 1.23 eV
Electronic properties: 2D Semiconductor
CBNumber:CB6238843
Molecular Formula:MoS2
Molecular Weight:160.07
MDL Number:MFCD00003470
MOL File:1317-33-5.mol
Melting point: 2375 °C
Densit: 5.06 g/mL at 25 °C(lit.)
solubility: insoluble in H2O; soluble in concentrated acid solutions
form: powder

color: Gray to dark gray or black
Specific Gravity: 4.8
Odor: odorless
Water Solubility: Soluble in hot sulfuric acid, and aquaregia.
Insoluble in water, concentrated sulfuric acid and dilute acid.
Merck: 14,6236
Boiling point: 100°C (water)
Exposure limits ACGIH: TWA 10 mg/m3; TWA 3 mg/m3
NIOSH: IDLH 5000 mg/m3
Stability: Stable.
Incompatible with oxidizing agents, acids.
InChIKey: CWQXQMHSOZUFJS-UHFFFAOYSA-N
CAS DataBase Reference: 1317-33-5(CAS DataBase Reference)
EWG's Food Scores: 1
FDA UNII: ZC8B4P503V
EPA Substance Registry System: Molybdenum sulfide (MoS2) (1317-33-5)

Bandgap: 1.23 eV
Electronic properties: 2D Semiconductor
CAS Number: 1317-33-5
Chemical Formula: MoS2
Molecular Weight: 160.07 g/mol
Bandgap: 1.23 eV
Preparation: Synthetic - Chemical Vapour Transport (CVT)
Structure: Hexagonal
Electronic Properties: 2D semiconductor
Melting Point: 2375 °C (lit.)
Colour: Black / Dark brown
Classification / Family: Transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs), 2D semiconductor materials,
Nano-electronics, Nano-photonics, Materials science
Compound Formula: MoS2
Molecular Weight: 160.07
Appearance: Black powder or solid in various forms

Melting Point: 1185 ° C (2165 ° F)
Boiling Point: N/A
Density: 5.06 g/cm3
Solubility in H2O: Insoluble
EC No.: 215-263-9
Pubchem CID: 14823
IUPAC Name: bis(sulfanylidene)molybdenum
SMILES: S=[Mo]=S
InchI Identifier: InChI=1S/Mo.2S
InchI Key: CWQXQMHSOZUFJS-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Storage Temperature: Ambient temperatures
Exact Mass: 161.849549
Monoisotopic Mass: 161.849549
Linear Formula: MoS2
MDL Number: MFCD00003470


FIRST AID MEASURES of MOLYBDENUM DISULFIDE (MoS2):
-Description of first-aid measures
*If inhaled
After inhalation:
Fresh air.
*In case of skin contact:
Take off immediately all contaminated clothing.
Rinse skin with water/ shower.
*In case of eye contact
After eye contact:
Rinse out with plenty of water.
Remove contact lenses.
*If swallowed
After swallowing:
Make victim drink water (two glasses at most).
Consult doctor if feeling unwell.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed
No data available



ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of MOLYBDENUM DISULFIDE (MoS2):
-Environmental precautions:
No special precautionary measures necessary.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Observe possible material restrictions.
Take up dry.
Dispose of properly.
Clean up affected area.



FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of MOLYBDENUM DISULFIDE (MoS2):
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Use extinguishing measures that are appropriate to local circumstances and the
surrounding environment.
*Unsuitable extinguishing media:
For this substance/mixture no limitations of extinguishing agents are given.
-Further information:
Suppress (knock down) gases/vapors/mists with a water spray jet.



EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of MOLYBDENUM DISULFIDE (MoS2):
-Control parameters:
--Ingredients with workplace control parameters:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use equipment for eye protection.
Safety glasses
*Skin protection:
Full contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Splash contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
*Respiratory protection
Recommended Filter type: Filter type P1
-Control of environmental exposure:
No special precautionary measures necessary.



HANDLING and STORAGE of MOLYBDENUM DISULFIDE (MoS2):
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
*Storage conditions:
Tightly closed.
Dry.



STABILITY and REACTIVITY of MOLYBDENUM DISULFIDE (MoS2):
-Reactivity:
No data available
-Chemical stability:
The product is chemically stable under standard ambient conditions (room temperature) .
-Possibility of hazardous reactions:
No data available
-Conditions to avoid:
no information available

extract of the fruit of momordica grosvenorii, cucurbitaceae; luo han guo extract; luohan guo extract; siraitia grosvenorii fruit extract; Siraitia grosvenorii CAS NO:999999-999-4

Éthane-1,2-diol, 1,2-dihydroxyéthane, No CAS 107-21-1, No ECHA 100.003.159, No CE 203-473-3. L'éthylène glycol ou glycol ou encore éthane-1,2-diol est le plus simple composé chimique de la famille des glycols.De formule brute C2H6O2, l’éthylène glycol dont le nom officiel est 1,2-éthane-diol, est le plus simple des diols, composés possédant deux fonctions alcool. C’est un produit organique employé en synthèse de polyesters, en tant que réfrigérant des véhicules à moteur et dégivrant pour le transport aérien.L'éthylène glycol fut surtout connu et employé en tant qu'antigel et fluide réfrigérant24. Son point de fusion étant bas, il a aussi été utilisé comme dégivrant pour les pare-brise et pour les moteurs à réaction. L'éthylène glycol est principalement une base chimique dans le domaine des industries pétrochimiques, où il permet la production de fibres textiles et de résines de polyesters, dont le polytéréphtalate d'éthylène, principal matériau des bouteilles en plastique. Ses propriétés antigel en font aussi un constituant important des solutions destinées à la conservation de tissus organiques à basse température. La température d'ébullition élevée de l'éthylène glycol et sa grande affinité pour l'eau en font un déshydratant idéal pour la production de gaz naturel. Dans les tours de déshydratation, on fait ainsi se rencontrer l'éthylène glycol liquide coulant du haut de la tour avec le mélange d'eau et d'hydrocarbures gazeux s'échappant du bas. Le glycol capte l'eau et s'écoule au fond, tandis que les vapeurs d'hydrocarbures sont récupérées au sommet. On réinjecte ensuite l'éthylène glycol pour renouveler l'opération.Ethane-1,2-diol Ethanediol, ethanediol; ethylene glycol, Ethylene glycol, ethyleneglycol, Translated names: 1,2-Etaanidioli; etyleeniglykoli (fi); 1,2-etandiol (no); 1,2-etandiolis (lt); 1,2-ethaandiol (nl); 1,2-ethandiol (da); Etaandiool (et); etandiol (hr); etano-1,2-diol (pl); etanodiol (es); ethan-1,2-diol (cs); Ethandiol (de); ethylenglycol (da); ethylenglykol (cs); etilen glicol (it); etilen-glikol (hr); etilenglicol (es); etilenglikolis (lt); etilenoglicol (pt); etilén-glikol (hu);etilēnglikols (lv); etylenglykol (no); etylénglykol (sk); etán-1,2-diol (hu); Etüleenglükool (et); etāndiols (lv); glicol etilenico (it); glikol (sl); glikol etylenowy (pl); glykol (da); éthylène-glycol (fr); αιθυλενογλυκόλη γλυκόλ (el); етандиол (bg); етилен гликол (bg); 1,2-Ethanediol. : 1,2 ethanediol; 1,2-Dihydroxyethane; 1,2-etandiolo; 1,2-ETHANE DIOL; 1,2-ETHANE DIOL1,2-Ethanediol2,2'-oxydiethanolBio MEG.Ethane-1,2-diolEthanediol; Ethylene glycol; ethane-1,2-diolEthanol-1,2-diol; Ethylene Glycol; MEG; Mono Ethylene Glycol; Monoethylen glycol; MONOETHYLENE GLYCOL; Monoethyleneglycol; Monoethylenglykol; Monothylene Glycol; 1,2-Ethanediol, glycol; 1.2-Ethanediol; 2,2'-oxydiethanol; Bio MEG; CH2OHCH2OH; enthanediolethylene glycole; Etahne-1,2-diol; Ethane -1,2-diol; Ethane 1,2 diol; ethane-1,2-diol/ethylene glycol; ethanediol / ethylene glycol; ethanediol ethylene glycol; Ethanediol; Ethylene glycol; ethane-1,2-diol; ethaneglycol; Ethanol-1,2-diol; Ethylen glycol; ethylene glycol polyester grade ETHYLENE GLYCOL; 1,2-ethanediol; glycol; Ethylene glycol; Glycol; Ethylene-glycol; Età-1,2-diol; MEG; mono ethylene glycol; Monoethyleenglycol; Monoethylene glycol; Monoethyleneglycol Monoethyleneglykol; Monoethylenglycol; Monoethylenglykol; Reaction mass of 64-17-5 and 7732-18-5; thanediol. s: 1,2-Ethylene glycol; 1-2 Ethane-diol; 2-Hydroxyethanol; Adiprene; Bio-MEG; EG; Ethylene alcohol; Ethylene dihydrate; Ethylene Glycol Antifreeze Grade; ETHYLENE GLYCOL INDUSTRIAL GRADE; Ethylene glyvol; Ethyleneglykol; Fomrez.; Glycol; Glycol alcohol; MEG Fibre; MEG Industrial; MEG Normal; Mono ethyelene Glycol; Mono Ethylene Glycol HP; Monoethylene Glycol (MEG); MONOETHYLENE GLYCOL, MEG; Monoetilenglicol grado fibra; Monoetilenglicol grado industrial

MONOETHYLENE GLYCOL; 1,2-Ethanediol; Glycol; MEG; 1,2-Dihydroxyethane; 1,2-Ethandiol; 2-Hydroxyethanol; Athylenglykol (German); cas no: 107-21-1

Methylethyl glycol; Methylethylene glycol; 1,2-Propanediol; alpha-Propylene glycol; Methyl glycol; Monopropylene glycol; PG; 1,2-Dihydroxypropane; 1,2-Propylene Glycol; 2-Hydroxypropanol; 2,3-Propanediol; Propane-1,2-diol; Trimethyl glycol; 1,2-Propylenglykol; Isopropylene glycol; cas no:57-55-6

Mono Pentaerythritol (also known as PETP; tetramethylolmethane, and THME) is a polyhydric alcohol that contains four primary hydroxyl groups.
Mono Pentaerythritol is a white crystalline powder.


CAS Number: 115-77-5
EC Number: 204-104-9
Chemical Name:2,2-BIS(HYDROXYMETHYL)1,3-PROPANEDIOL
Linear Formula: C(CH2OH)4
Molecular Formula: C5H12O4



2,2-Bis(hydroxymethyl)propane-1,3-diol, 2,2-bis(hydroxymethyl)-1,3-propanediol, Tetramethylolmethane, 1,1,1-Tris(hydroxymethyl)ethanol, 1,3-Propanediol, 2,2-bis(hydroxymethyl)-, 2,2-bis(hydroxymethyl)-3-propanediol, 3-Propanediol,2,2-bis(hydroxymethyl)-1, Auxenutril, 1,3-Propanediol, 2,2-bis(hydroxymethyl)-, Tetrakis(hydroxymethyl)methane, 2,2-Bis(hydroxymethyl)-1,3-propanediol, 2,2-bis(hydroxymethyl)propane-1,3-diol, 2,2-Bis(hydroxymethyl)propane-1,3-diol, 2,2-bis(hydroxymethyl)-1,3-Propanediol, Hercules P 6, Monopentaerythritol, PE 200, Pentaertyhritol, PETP, Tetrakis(hydroxymethyl)methane, Tetramethylolmethane, THME, Penta Erythritol, 2,2-bis(hydroxymethyl)propane-1,3-diol, Pentaerythritol, 2,2-Bis(hydroxymethyl)-1,3-propanediol, THME, PETP, PE 200, Maxinutril, herculesp6, Monopentek Metab-Auxil, Hercules P 6, Pentaerythritol, Pentaertyhritol, Penta Erythritol, Monopentaerythritol, methanetetramethylol, Tetramethylolmethane, Methane tetramethylol, Tetraki (hydroxymethyl) methane, Methane, tetrakis(hydroxymethyl)-, 2,2-bis(hydroxymethyl)-1,3-Propanediol, 2,2-bis(hydroxymethyl)propane-1,3-diol,



Mono Pentaerythritol is an odorless organic compound with the chemical formula C5H12O4.
Mono Pentaerythritol is 98% pure pentaerythritol.
Mono Pentaerythritol is a white crystalline or light yellow crystalline powder that is soluble in water, slightly soluble in alcohol dissolvable in benzene, ether and petroleum ether.


An ester will be formed by reaction with common organic acid.
No reaction will take place when Mono Pentaerythritol is heated with a diluted caustic solution.
Mono Pentaerythritol has the formula C5H12O4 and is a white, odourless, crystalline solid however it can also be a white, crystalline free-flowing powder.


Mono Pentaerythritol is moderately soluble in cold water, is freely soluble in hot water, and is slightly soluble in alcohol.
Mono Pentaerythritol is a white crystalline polyhydric alcohol containing four primary hydroxyl groups.
Applications of Mono Pentaerythritol are building block in Alkyd resins, radiation curing monomers, polyurethanes, rosin esters and synthetic lubricants.


Mono Pentaerythritol has a shelf life of 2 years from the date of manufacturing.
Mono Pentaerythritol is a white crystalline polyhydric alcohol containing four primary hydroxyl groups.
Applications of Mono Pentaerythritol are building block in Alkyd resins, radiation curing monomers, polyurethanes, rosin esters and synthetic lubricants.


Mono Pentaerythritol is a white crystalline powder.
Mono Pentaerythritol is a synthetic polyhydric alcohol containing four primary hydroxyl groups (tetra functional compound).
Mono Pentaerythritol provides the outstanding properties due to the nature of compact structure and high density of hydroxyl groups.


Mono Pentaerythritol is an odourless white crystalline material.
Mono Pentaerythritol is a polyhydric alcohol containing four primary hydroxyl groups.
Mono Pentaerythritol dissolves freely in hot water, moderately easily in cold water and is slightly soluble in alcohol and other organic liquids.


Mono Pentaerythritol is produced from the aldol condensation of formaldehyde and acetaldehyde.
The resulting aldehyde undergoes a cross-Cannizzaro reaction to reduce one molecule of pentaerythritose to Mono Pentaerythritol.
The raw Mono Pentaerythritol is then separated out, dissolved, subjected to high temperature acid hydrolysis and purified in an active carbon bed before being concentrated and crystallised.


Mono Pentaerythritol is a versatile chemical building block for the preparation of many polyfunctionalized compounds.
Mono Pentaerythritol is an organic compound with the formula C(CH2OH)4.
Classified as a polyol, Mono Pentaerythritol is a white solid.


Mono Pentaerythritol is a building block for the synthesis and production of explosives, plastics, paints, appliances, cosmetics, and many other commercial products.
The word Mono Pentaerythritol is a blend of penta- in reference to its 5 carbon atoms and erythritol, which also possesses 4 alcohol groups.


Halogen-free Mono Pentaerythritol esters are an environmentally-friendly alternative to conventional electrical transformer fluids as they are readily biodegradable, non-hazardous in water and have excellent resistance to ignition.
Mono Pentaerythritol is an organic compound that is 98% pure pentaerythritol.


Mono Pentaerythritol is an odorless, white or light yellow crystalline powder that is soluble in water slightly soluble in alcohol, dissolvable in benzene, ether and petroleum ether.
Mono Pentaerythritol is primarily used in the coating industry and is also a versatile building block for the preparation of many polyfuntionalized compounds such as the explosive PETN and pentaerythritol tetraacrylate.


Mono Pentaerythritol is a white crystalline polyhydric alcohol containing four primary hydroxyl groups.
Mono Pentaerythritol is a white crystalline material
Polyhydric alcohol containing four primary hydroxyl groups


Mono Pentaerythritol marketed by us, is a polyhydric alcohol with four hydroxyl groups.
Mono Pentaerythritol is a white, odorless, crystalline solid.
Mono Pentaerythritol can also be a white, crystalline free-flowing powder.


Mono Pentaerythritol is somewhat soluble in alcohol and is moderately soluble in cold water.
Mono Pentaerythritol is readily soluble in hot water.
Mono Pentaerythritol is an odorless, white, crystalline substance.


Mono Pentaerythritol is slightly soluble in alcohols and other organic liquids.
Mono Pentaerythritol's solubility in water increases as the temperature increases.
Mono Pentaerythritol is stable under recommended storage conditions.


Mono Pentaerythritol is a white powder crystallization, easy to be esterified by general organic acids, with dilute caustic soda solution without reaction.
Mono Pentaerythritol is soluble in water, soluble in ethanol, insoluble in benzene, tetrachloride, ether, petroleum ether, etc.
Mono Pentaerythritol is a solid, high-melting crystalline material.


Mono Pentaerythritol is a 4-functional polyalcohol with all primary hydroxyl groups.
With the molecular formula C5H12O4, Mono Pentaerythritol is white crystal or powder.
Mono Pentaerythritol is vulnerable to general organic acid esterification.


Mono Pentaerythritol is an important polyols, too.
Mono Pentaerythritol is a white powder crystals.
Density of Mono Pentaerythritol is 1.395G/cm3.


The melting point of Mono Pentaerythritol was 261-262 °c.
Boiling Point of Mono Pentaerythritol is (4kPa) 276.
Refractive index of Mono Pentaerythritol is 548.


Ignition point of Mono Pentaerythritol is Heat of vaporization of Mono Pentaerythritol is <92kJ/mol, and exothermic heat 13L kJ/mol.
Mono Pentaerythritol is easy to be esterified with common organic acids, and has no reaction with dilute caustic soda solution.


Mono Pentaerythritol was dissolved in 18rnL water at 15 °c.
Mono Pentaerythritol is soluble in ethanol, glycerol, ethylene glycol, formamide.
Mono Pentaerythritol is insoluble in acetone, benzene, carbon tetrachloride, ether and petroleum ether.


Mono Pentaerythritol is a white or a little yellow crystalline .
Mono Pentaerythritol is soluble in water , slightly soluble in alcohol , insoluble in benzene, ether and petroleum ether etc.
Mono Pentaerythritol (also known as PETP; tetramethylolmethane, and THME) is a polyhydric alcohol that contains four primary hydroxyl groups.


Mono Pentaerythritol has the formula C5H12O4 and is a white, odourless, crystalline solid however it can also be a white, crystalline free-flowing powder.
Mono Pentaerythritol is moderately soluble in cold water, is freely soluble in hot water, and is slightly soluble in alcohol.
Mono Pentaerythritol is a white crystalline powder, readily esterified by common organic acids.


Mono Pentaerythritol is soluble in water, slightly soluble in alcohol, and insoluble in benzene.
Mono Pentaerythritol, commonly known in the Chemical Industry simply as “Penta,” is a white, odorless, crystalline powder.
Mono Pentaerythritol is soluble in water, slightly soluble in alcohol and insoluble in most hydrocarbons.


Higher homologues of Mono Pentaerythritol, including Di- and Tripentaerythritol are also produced in the manufacturing process.
Dipentaerythritol is an off-white powder that is less soluble than Pentaerythritol.



USES and APPLICATIONS of MONO PENTAERYTHRITOL:
Mono Pentaerythritol's primary role in industry is as a chemical intermediate.
There are many grades of Pentaerythritol available commercially but Mono Pentaerythritol has the largest market share as it accounts for approximately 85% of worldwide sales.


It is composed of 98% pure Mono Pentaerythritol.
The main commercial and industrial role for Mono Pentaerythritol is as a chemical intermediate as it is a basic material for polymer production.
Mono Pentaerythritol is mainly employed in the manufacture of alkyd resins and paints, where it enhances the drying speed, hardness, and the water resistance of these paints.


The second largest market for mono pentaerythritol is in the production of neopolyol esters for synthetic lubricants.
Mono Pentaerythritol ensures both the hydrolytic resistance, and the viscosity control, of these lubricants.
Mono Pentaerythritol is also employed in the preparation of polyvinyl chloride stabilisers, plasticisers, antioxidants, adhesives and sealants, varnishes and inks.


Mono Pentaerythritol is also used to make radiation-curing monomers, and rosin esters.
Mono Pentaerythritol is used Coatings & Inks
Mono Pentaerythritol is used as a plasticizer and to make fire-retardant paints for the coating industry as well as explosives.


Mono Pentaerythritol is mainly used in the manufacture of alkyd resins, fatty acid resin and tall oil esters.
Mono Pentaerythritol is a component in the making of paint and coatings, printing ink, coating adhesives, explosives, sealants, varnish, lacquer, vinyl chloride, synthetic rubber, pentaerythritol tetra nitrate (PENT), urethane coatings, flame retardant paints, polyvinyl chloride stabilizers, olefins antioxidant and pentaerythritol triacrylate.


Mono Pentaerythritol is used for the production of polyether.
Mono Pentaerythritol is used Alkyd-based coatings, Synthetic lubricants, Hot-melt adhesives, Rosin esters, Antioxidants, Explosives, Radiation curing monomers, Pigment treatment, Polyurethanes, PVC stabilizers, Lubricants, Plasticizers, and Synthetic drying oil.


Mono Pentaerythritol is used in production of Alkyd resin, Pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN – an explosive), Pentrinitrol (Petrin), Normosterol (PAG), Pentaerythritol tetraacrylate (polymer cross-linking agent).
Major application for Mono Pentaerythritol is branching of monomer for alkyd resin that provides the excellent performance related to drying speed, viscosity, water resistance properties of the paints.


Mono Pentaerythritol is a versatile building block for the preparation of many compounds, particularly polyfunctionalized derivatives. applications include alkyd resins, varnishes, polyvinyl chloride stabilizers, tall oil esters, antioxidants (e.g. Anox 20).
Such derivatives are found in plastics, paints, cosmetics, and many other products.


Esters of pentaerythitol are biodegradable, and they are used as transformer oils.
Due to a very high flash point, they also find some use in lubricating gas turbines.
Mono Pentaerythritol is used in the manufacture of Alkyd resins, fatty acid rosin and tall oil esters and to make paint and coatings, printing ink, coating adhesives, explosives, sealants, varnish, lacquer, vinyl chloride, synthetic rubber and miscellaneous including pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN), urethane coatings, flame retardant paints, polyvinyl chloride stabilizers, olefins antioxidant and pentaerythritol triacrylate.


Mono Pentaerythritol is used Adhesives, Coatings, Explosives, Inks, Printing, Lacquers, Olefins antioxidant, Paints, Resins, Alkyd, Sealants, Stabilizer, Synthetic rubber, Varnishes, Rosin, Vinyl chloride
Mono Pentaerythritol is also used to make polyvinyl chloride stabilizers, plasticizers, sealants, varnishes, and inks.


Mono Pentaerythritol is used basic material for polymer manufacturing.
Mono Pentaerythritol acts as polyhydric alcohol.
Mono Pentaerythritol is used mainly used for commercial and industrial role.


Mono Pentaerythritol is used quality tested chemical.
Mono Pentaerythritol is used very effective and safe to use.
Mono Pentaerythritol is used low maintenance costs.


Mono Pentaerythritol is used highly appreciated by clients, in the market.
Mono Pentaerythritol is primarily used in the production of alkyd resins and paints.
Hers, Mono Pentaerythritol helps to improve the drying speed, hardness, and water resistance of the paints.


Mono Pentaerythritol's main application in industry is as a chemical intermediate.
Mono Pentaerythritol is also employed in the production of radiation-curing monomers and rosin esters.
Mono Pentaerythritol is very cost effective in nature.


Applications of Mono Pentaerythritol are building block in Alkyd resins, radiation curing monomers, polyurethanes, rosin esters and synthetic lubricants.
Mono Pentaerythritol is used Alkyd resins, Radiation curing monomers, Polyurethanes, Rosin esters, and Synthetic lubricants.
Mono Pentaerythritolis primarily used as a starting material for polymer production.


Mono Pentaerythritol is employed in the manufacture of alkyd resins and paints, as it improves the drying speed, hardness, and water resistance of these products.
Mono Pentaerythritol is also employed in a wide range of other products including radiation-curing monomers, fatty acid rosin and tall oil esters, modified drying oils, polyurethanes and explosives.


Mono Pentaerythritol is further used in the manufacture of neopolyol esters which are used in synthetic lubricants, as well as in the preparation of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) stabilizers, plasticizers, antioxidants, adhesives, sealants, varnishes, paints, varnish, lacquers, coatings, synthetic rubber, and printing inks.


Mono Pentaerythritol will make the final product have a better hardness and drying condition.
Mono Pentaerythritol finds its application in numerous esters, like rosin esters for adhesives and painting inks, fatty aid esters for synthetic lubricants, and acrylic acid esters for radiation curing.


Moreover, Mono Pentaerythritol is utilized in phenolic anti-oxidants for polyolefins.
The micronized Mono Pentaerythritol form is applied in fire-retardant systems and PVC stabilizers, too.
Mono Pentaerythritol is widely used in large scale industrial manufacturing of alkyd resin used in coating, synthetic senior lubricants, plasticizer, surface active agent, pharmaceutical and explosive materials.


Mono Pentaerythritol can be is utilized in the coating industry.
Mono Pentaerythritol might also be applied to make the coating of alkyd resin, which can improve the hardness, gloss and durability of the coating.
Mono Pentaerythritol finds its application as the raw material for the dry oil, smouldering paint and aviation lubricants.


At the same time, the fatty acid ester of Mono Pentaerythritol is an efficient lubricant and polyvinyl chloride plasticizer, and its epoxy derivatives are the raw materials for the production of non-living surfactant.
In pharmaceutical and chemical industry, Mono Pentaerythritol is utilized in medicine, pesticide making.


With its special property, Mono Pentaerythritol is also utilized as a cross-link substance for polyurethane.
Mono Pentaerythritol is widely utilized in the production of pentaerythritol tetranitrate dynamite and alkyd resin, as well as thermal stabilizer and plasticizer.


Mono Pentaerythritol is used in the production of alkyd resin, synthetic advanced lubricant, plasticizer, surfactant, medicine and explosives.
Mono Pentaerythritol is used in the manufacture of Alkyd resins, fatty acid rosin and tall oil esters and to make paint and coatings, printing ink, coating adhesives, explosives, sealants, varnish, lacquer, vinyl chloride, synthetic rubber and miscellaneous including pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN), urethane coatings, flame retardant paints, polyvinyl chloride stabilizers, olefins antioxidant and pentaerythritol triacrylate.


Mono Pentaerythritol is used in the coating industry, can also be used to prepare Aviation Lubricants, explosives, plasticizers, stabilizers.
Mono Pentaerythritol is mainly used for resins, radiation curing monomers, polyurethanes, rosin esters, synthetic lubricants and pigment treatment.
Mono Pentaerythritol is a building block for the synthesis and production of explosives, appliances, plastics, paints, cosmetics, and many other important chemicals.


Mono Pentaerythritol's primary role in industry is as a chemical intermediate.
There are many grades of Pentaerythritol available commercially but Mono Pentaerythritol has the largest market share as it accounts for approximately 85% of worldwide sales.
It is composed of 98% pure Mono Pentaerythritol.


Mono Pentaerythritol is commonly used in the coating industry, is the raw material of Alkyd Coatings, can make the coating film hardness, gloss and durability can be improved.
Mono Pentaerythritol is also used as the raw material of modified rosin alcohol required for varnish, paint and printing ink, and can be used for the preparation of flame retardant coatings, drying oil and aviation lubricating oil.


Pentaerythritol tetranitrate made from Mono Pentaerythritol is a highly explosive explosive.
Mono Pentaerythritol fatty acid ester can be used as plasticizer and stabilizer for polyvinyl chloride resin.
In addition, Mono Pentaerythritol can also be used in the manufacture of medicines, surfactants, adhesives, pesticides and lubricating oils.


Plasticizers uses of Mono Pentaerythritol: Plasticizers or dispersants are additives that increase the plasticity or fluidity of the material to which they are added; these include plastics, cement, concrete, wallboard, and clay.
Explosives uses of Mono Pentaerythritol: Explosive is a substance that contains a great amount of stored energy that can produce an explosion, a sudden expansion of the material after initiation, usually accompanied by the production of light, heat, sound, and pressure.


Mono Pentaerythritol and its analogues are important fine chemical products.
According to the different components and contents of Mono Pentaerythritol separated after reaction, it can be divided into four categories: industrial Pentaerythritol, mono Pentaerythritol, bi Pentaerythritol and tri Pentaerythritol.


Among them, single Mono Pentaerythritol is mainly used to produce explosives, synthesize alkyd resin, and serve as raw material for the production of polyether and polyester polyol.
Although di Pentaerythritol (bi quaternary) has similar molecular structure and chemical properties as Mono Pentaerythritol (mono quaternary).


Mono Pentaerythritol properties after esterification and Nitration, which are widely used in polymer industry, coating industry, printing and textile industry, aerospace and other industries, and are used to produce fire retardant materials, synthetic high-grade coatings, lubricating oil base oils, etc., so it has become one of the most eye-catching new application raw materials in recent years.


Mono Pentaerythritol is used in alkyd resins, tall oil esters, certain varnishes, pharmaceuticals, plasticizers, insecticides, lubricants, explosives, and paint swelling agents.
Mono Pentaerythritol is an important raw material in the manufacturing process of alkyds.


-Polyester derivatives:
Mono Pentaerythritol is a precursor to esters of the type C(CH2OX)4.
Such derivatives are pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN), a vasodilator and explosive, the trinitrate derivative pentrinitrol (Petrin), the tetraacetate normosterol (PAG), and the polymer cross-linking agent pentaerythritol tetraacrylate.


-Fire retardants:
Mono Pentaerythritol is used as a fire retardant, such as in plastics and intumescent paints and coatings.
Mono Pentaerythritol releases water upon heating and leaves a deposit of thermally insulating char.


-Antioxidants uses of Mono Pentaerythritol:
An antioxidant is a molecule capable of inhibiting the oxidation of other molecules.
Oxidation is a chemical reaction that transfers electrons from a substance to an oxidizing agent.

Oxidation reactions can produce free radicals.
In turn, these radicals can start chain reactions that damage cells.
Antioxidants terminate these chain reactions by removing free radical intermediates, and inhibit other oxidation reactions.


-Ink uses of Mono Pentaerythritol:
Ink can be a complex medium, composed of solvents, pigments, dyes, resins, lubricants, solubilizers, surfactants, particulate matter, fluorescers, and other materials.

Ink is a liquid that contains pigments and/or dyes and is used to colour a surface to produce an image, text, or design.
Ink is used for drawing and/or writing with a pen, brush, or quill.
Thicker inks, in paste form, are used extensively in letterpress and lithographic printing.


-PVC Stabilizers uses of Mono Pentaerythritol:
Polyvinyl chloride is the third most widely produced plastic, after polyethylene and polypropylene.
PVC is widely used in construction because it is cheap, durable, and easy to assemble.

The stabilizers are barium, calcium and zinc salts of dicarboxylic acid esters of Mono Pentaerythritol, such as the zinc salt of pentaerythritol di-phthalic acid ester or di-terephthalic acid ester.
The role is to solubilize the barium and zinc in the PVC so these salts can remove labile chloride groups on the PVC resin.


-Paint Swelling Agents uses of Mono Pentaerythritol:
Mono Pentaerythritol and its esters are used as ingredients in paint stripping formulations that also contains solvents, wetting agents, and swelling agents.
The swelling agents help to separate the paint from substrate.
The polyol portion of the Mono Pentaerythritol ester can also act as a redistribution compound via transesterification.


-Radiation Curing Monomers uses of Mono Pentaerythritol:
End-capping of isocyanate terminated polyurethane prepolymer with a monofunctional acrylate like pentaerythritol triacrylate renders the polyurethane radiation curable.

Other UV-curable penta-based acrylates are pentaerythritol tetraacrylate and ethoxylated pentaerythritol tetraacrylate.
Urethane acrylates have very good flexibility and very good adhesion.
Acrylatyed dipentaerythritol exhibits increased crosslinking and high reactivity and offers very good hardness, scratch resistance and chemical resistance.


-Synthetic Lubricants uses of Mono Pentaerythritol:
Synthetic lubricants can be manufactured using chemically modified petroleum components rather than whole crude oil, but can also be synthesized from other raw materials.

Synthetic lubricant is used as a substitute for lubricant refined from petroleum when operating in extremes of temperature, because it generally provides superior mechanical and chemical properties than those found in traditional mineral oils.
Aircraft turbines, for example, require the use of synthetic oils, whereas aircraft piston engines don't.


-Insecticides uses of Mono Pentaerythritol:
An insecticide is a pesticide used against insects.
They include ovicides and larvicides used against the eggs and larvae of insects respectively.
Insecticides are used in agriculture, medicine, industry and the household.
The use of insecticides is believed to be one of the major factors behind the increase in agricultural productivity in the 20th century


-Alkyd Resins uses of Mono Pentaerythritol: Alkyds are used in paints and in moulds for casting.
They are the dominant resin or "binder" in most commercial "oil-based" coatings.
Approximately 200,000 tons of alkyd resins are produced each year.


-Rosin and Tall Oil Esters uses of Mono Pentaerythritol:
Rosin is an ingredient in printing inks, photocopying and laser printing paper, varnishes, adhesives (glues), soap, paper sizing, soda, soldering fluxes, and sealing wax.
The tall oil rosin finds use as a component of adhesives, rubbers, and inks, and as an emulsifier.


-Special Varnishes uses of Mono Pentaerythritol:
Varnish is a transparent, hard, protective finish or film primarily used in wood finishing but also for other materials.
Varnish is traditionally a combination of a drying oil, a resin, and a thinner or solvent.



PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF MONO PENTAERYTHRITOL:
*Character white powder crystal.
*Melting Point: 261~262 ℃
*Boiling Point: 276 ℃
*relative density: 1.395g/cm3
*refractive index: 1.548
*when the solubility is 15 ℃, 1g is dissolved in 18ml of water.
*Soluble in ethanol, glycerol, ethylene glycol, formamide.
*Insoluble in acetone, benzene, carbon tetrachloride, ether and petroleum ether.



INDUSTRIES OF MONO PENTAERYTHRITOL:
*Adhesives,
*Coatings,
*Paints and Coatings,
*Rubber Industry



SYNTHESIS OF MONO PENTAERYTHRITOL:
Mono Pentaerythritol was first reported in 1891 by German chemist Bernhard Tollens and his student P. Wigand.
Mono Pentaerythritol may be prepared via a base-catalyzed multiple-addition reaction between acetaldehyde and 3 equivalents of formaldehyde to give pentaerythrose (CAS: 3818-32-4), followed by a Cannizzaro reaction with a fourth equivalent of formaldehyde to give the final product plus formate ion.



HOW IS MONO PENTAERYTHRITOL PRODUCED?
Mono Pentaerythritol is synthesized from the aldol condensation of formaldehyde and acetaldehyde.
The aldehyde that is produced then undergoes a cross- Cannizzaro reaction where one molecule of pentaerythritose is reduced to pentaerythritol.
The raw pentaerythritol is then separated, dissolved, and is then subjected to high temperature acid hydrolysis.
Mono Pentaerythritol is then purified in an active carbon bed, after which it is concentrated and crystallised.



HOW IS MONO PENTAERYTHRITOL STORED AND DISTRIBUTED?
Mono Pentaerythritol can be transported and delivered in a variety of ways.
Mono Pentaerythritol is available in 20-25 kg bags, 500kg and 1000 kg bags, and can also be transported in bulk in tank cars.
Mono Pentaerythritol has a specific gravity of 1.396 and a flash point of 240oCand it is stable under normal conditions.
Mono Pentaerythritol should be used in a well-ventilated workplace and then should be stored in a cool and dry location.



PREPARATION METHOD OF MONO PENTAERYTHRITOL:
with formaldehyde and acetaldehyde as raw materials, generally in 40~70 deg C in the presence of alkaline catalyst condensation, and then with acetic acid neutralized excess alkali, the excess of formaldehyde was distilled off and then evaporated under vacuum, cooled and filtered to obtain a finished product.
M is an alkali metal or alkaline earth metal.

If NaOH is used as a condensing agent, neutralization and filtration are sufficient, which is referred to as sodium method.
Such as the use of calcium hydroxide as a condensing agent, need to sulfuric acid or oxalic acid neutralization, so as to become calcium salt precipitation filtration in addition to calcium, referred to as calcium method.
The filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure, crystallized, centrifuged and dried to give a finished product.



HOW IS MONO PENTAERYTHRITOL MADE?
Mono Pentaerythritol is manufactured from formaldehyde and acetaldehyde in the presence of an alkaline catalyst, such as sodium or calcium hydroxide.
Pentaerythrose is initially formed from three sequential aldol reactions and then subsequently reduced in a crossed Cannizarro reaction with formaldehyde to produce Mono Pentaerythritol.



WHAT IS THE CHEMICAL STRUCTURE OF MONO PENTAERYTHRITOL?
Mono Pentaerythritol, with its chemical structure depicted below, is a five-carbon, with four reactive alcohol groups.



WHAT ARE THE PROPERTIES OF MONO PENTAERYTHRITOL?
*White
*Crystalline powder
*Odorless
*Non-hazardous
*Solid compound
*Water-soluble
*Slightly soluble in alcohol
*Insoluble in most hydrocarbons
*Also called Pentaerythritol



PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of MONO PENTAERYTHRITOL:
Appearance Form: powder
Color: white
Odor: No data available
Odor Threshold: No data available
pH: No data available
Melting point/freezing point.
Melting point/range: 253 - 258 °C - lit.
Initial boiling point and boiling range: 276 °C at 40 hPa - lit.
Flash point > 150,00 °C - closed cup
Evaporation rate: No data available
Flammability (solid, gas): No data available
Upper/lower flammability or explosive limits: No data available
Vapor pressure: < 1 hPa at 20 °C
Vapor density: No data available
Density: 1,39 g/cm3 at 20 °C
Relative density: 1,37 at 20 °C
Water solubility: 62 g/l at 20 °C - completely soluble
Partition coefficient: n-octanol/water: log Pow: -1,7 at 23 °C
Autoignition temperature: > 400 °C at 1.013 hPa
Decomposition temperature: No data available

Viscosity
Viscosity, kinematic: No data available
Viscosity, dynamic: No data available
Explosive properties: No data available
Oxidizing properties: No data available
Other safety information:
Surface tension 71 mN/m at 20 °C
Chemical formula: C5H12O4
Molar mass: 136.15 g/mol
Appearance: white solid
Density: 1.396 g/cm3
Melting point: 260.5 °C (500.9 °F; 533.6 K)
Boiling point: 276 °C (529 °F; 549 K) at 30 mmHg
Solubility in water:
38.46 g/L (0°C)
47.62 g/L (10°C)
52.60 g/L (15°C)
56.60 g/L (20°C)
74.07 g/L (30°C)
115.0 g/L (40°C)
180.3 g/L (60°C)
285.7 g/L (80°C)
500.0 g/L (100°C)

Solubility:
TBuOH, 15g/L (60°C)
DMSO, 20g/L (25°C)
Slightly soluble in:methanol, ethanol, glycerol, ethylene glycol, formamide;
insoluble in: acetone, toluene, heptane, diethyl ether, dichloromethane
Vapor pressure: 0.00000008 mmHg (20°C)
CAS: 115-77-5
EINECS: 204-104-9
InChI: InChI=1/C5H12O4/c6-1-5(2-7,3-8)4-9/h6-9H,1-4H2
InChIKey: WXZMFSXDPGVJKK-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Molecular Formula: C5H12O4
Molar Mass: 136.15
Density: 1.396
Melting Point: 253-258 °C (lit.)
Boling Point: 276 °C/30 mmHg (lit.)
Flash Point: 240 °C
Water Solubility: 1 g/18 mL (15 ºC)

Solubility: H2O: 0.1g/mL, clear, colorless
Vapor Presure: Appearance: Crystals
Color: White
Merck: 14,7111
BRN: 1679274
pKa: 13.55±0.10(Predicted)
PH: 3.5-4.5 (100g/l, H2O, 35℃)
Storage Condition: Store below +30°C.
Stability: Stable.
Incompatible with strong acids, strong oxidizing agents,
acid chlorides, acid anhydrides.
Sensitive: Hygroscopic
Refractive Index: 1.548



FIRST AID MEASURES of MONO PENTAERYTHRITOL:
-Description of first-aid measures:
*If inhaled:
After inhalation:
Fresh air.
*In case of skin contact:
Take off immediately all contaminated clothing.
Rinse skin with water/ shower.
*In case of eye contact:
After eye contact: rinse out with plenty of water.
Remove contact lenses.
*If swallowed:
After swallowing:
Make victim drink water (two glasses at most).
Consult doctor if feeling unwell.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed:
No data available



ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of MONO PENTAERYTHRITOL:
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Cover drains.
Collect, bind, and pump off spills.
Observe possible material restrictions.
Take up dry.
Dispose of properly.
Clean up affected area



FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of MONO PENTAERYTHRITOL:
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Water
Foam
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Dry powder
*Unsuitable extinguishing media:
For this substance/mixture no limitations of extinguishing agents are given.
-Further information:
Prevent fire extinguishing water from contaminating surface water or the ground water system.



EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of MONO PENTAERYTHRITOL:
-Control parameters:
--Ingredients with workplace control parameters:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use equipment for eye protection.
Safety glasses
*Skin protection:
Full contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Splash contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
*Respiratory protection:
Recommended Filter type: Filter type P1
-Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.



HANDLING and STORAGE of MONO PENTAERYTHRITOL:
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
*Storage conditions:
Tightly closed.
Dry.



STABILITY and REACTIVITY of MONO PENTAERYTHRITOL:
-Chemical stability:
The product is chemically stable under standard ambient conditions (room temperature) .
-Conditions to avoid:
no information available
-Incompatible materials:
No data available

SYNONYMS Methylethyl glycol; Methylethylene glycol;1,2-Propanediol; alpha-Propylene glycol; Methyl glycol; Monopropylene glycol; PG; 1,2-Dihydroxypropane; 1,2-Propylene Glycol; 2-Hydroxypropanol; 2,3-Propanediol; Propane-1,2-diol; Trimethyl glycol; 1,2-Propylenglykol; Isopropylene glycol; CAS NO:57-55-6

Ammonium phosphate,monobasic; Phosphoric acid, monoammonium salt; Ammonium biphosphate; Ammonium diacid phosphate; Ammonium dihydrogen phosphate; Ammonium dihydrophosphate; Ammonium monobasic phosphate; Ammonium phosphate; Dihydrogen ammonium phosphate; Monoammonium acid phosphate; Monoammonium dihydrogen phosphate; cas no: 7722-76-1

SYNONYMS Methylethyl glycol; Methylethylene glycol; 1,2-Propanediol; alpha-Propylene glycol; Methyl glycol; Monopropylene glycol; PG; 1,2-Dihydroxypropane; 1,2-Propylene Glycol; 2-Hydroxypropanol; 2,3-Propanediol; Propane-1,2-diol; Trimethyl glycol; 1,2-Propylenglykol; Isopropylene glycol; CAS numarası: 57-55-6

SYNONYMS Monobasic sodium phosphate;Monobasic sodium phosphate (NaH2PO4);Monosodium dihydrogen monophosphate;Monosodium dihydrogen orthophosphate;MONOSODIUM DIHYDROGEN PHOSPHATE;Monosodium hydrogen phosphate;Monosodium Phosphate CAS NO:7558-80-7

SYNONYMS Glutamic acid monosodium salt;Glutamic acid, monosodium salt, L-;Glutavene;hidrogenoglutamato de sodio;Hydrogenoglutamate de sodium;L-(+)-GLUTAMIC ACID, MONOSODIUM SALT;L-Glutamic acid sodium salt;L-Glutamic acid, monosodium salt;L-Glutamic acid, sodium salt (1:1) CAS NO:142-47-2

DESCRIPTION:
Monoaluminium phosphate is a chemical compound.
In nature Monoaluminium phosphate occurs as the mineral berlinite.
Many synthetic forms Monoaluminium phosphate are known.

CAS No.: 7784–30–7
EC Number: 232-056-9

Monoaluminium phosphates have framework structures similar to zeolites and some are used as catalysts, ion-exchangers or molecular sieves.
Commercial Monoaluminium phosphate gel is available.

Monoaluminium Phosphate, which is widely used in refractory industry.
Monoaluminium Phosphate is a colourless viscous adhesive solution at room temperature, used mainly in the refractory and electrical industries.
Monoaluminium Phosphate is also used in ceramics, dental cements, cosmetics, paints and varnishes, pharmaceuticals, pulp and paper.

Monoaluminium Phosphate is a phosphate of aluminum.
Monoaluminium Phosphate is used in cake mixes and in some baking powders as a leavening agent to help baked goods rise.
Medicinally Monoaluminium Phosphate is used as adsorbent for toxoids.
Monoaluminium Phosphate is also used industrially as a high-temperature dehydrating agent.
Aluminum is the most abundant metal in the earth's crust and is always found combined with other elements such as oxygen, silicon, and fluorine.

Monoaluminium Phosphate, or Aluminium (III) Phosphate, is an inorganic salt that is found in several minerals and is often used as a catalyst.
Monoaluminium Phosphate is also used in the pharmaceutical industry for manufacturing chemotherapeutic drugs.
Monoaluminium Phosphate occurs naturally in the form of the mineral berlinite.
Monoaluminium Phosphate is prepared chemically when soluble Aluminium salts are exposed to alkaline conditions.

Monoaluminium Phosphate is represented as AlPO4, which consists of hydrated Aluminium Orthophosphate.
The Monoaluminium Phosphate solutions form polymeric aggregates wherein equilibrium is reached very slowly.
Monoaluminium Phosphate forms soluble Aluminium salts and Phosphoric acid by slowly reacting with Gastric acid.

However, Monoaluminium Phosphate absorbs the bile acids weaker than Aluminium Hydroxide.
Here, we will learn what is Aluminium Phosphate, what is the formula for Aluminium Phosphate, what is Aluminium Phosphate used for, and the properties of Aluminium Phosphate.


CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF MONOALUMINIUM PHOSPHATE:
Name: MONOAluminium Phosphate (Liquid)
Formula: Al (H2PO4)3
Mol.Wt. : 318
Description: Clear & Viscous Liquid. Pourable at Room Temperature & Corrosive.
Al2O3: 8 – 10 %
P2O5: 35 – 38 %
pH of 1% SOLUTION: Around 2
Density: 1.50 – 1.55 gm / cc
Viscosity: 18 – 25 Second (Ford Cup B-4)
Chemical formula: AlPO4
Molar mass: 121.9529 g/mol
Appearance: White, crystalline powder
Density : 2.566 g/cm3, solid
Melting point: 1,800 °C (3,270 °F; 2,070 K)
Boiling point: Decomposes
Solubility in water: 1.89×10−9 g/100 ml[1]
Solubility product (Ksp) : 9.84×10−21[1]
Solubility: Very slightly soluble in HCl and HNO3
Refractive index (nD): 1.546
Molecular Weight: 121.953
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 0
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 4
Rotatable Bond Count: 0
Exact Mass: 121.9349589
Monoisotopic Mass: 121.9349589
Topological Polar Surface Area: 86.2 Ų
Heavy Atom Count: 6
Formal Charge: 0
Complexity: 36.8
Isotope Atom Count: 0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 2
Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes

Chemical Formula of Monoaluminium Phosphate:
Aluminium Phosphate is also called Aluminium Monophosphate or Monoaluminium Phosphate.
Monoaluminium Phosphate is formed by the Phosphate anion PO43-, and the Aluminium cation Al3+.
Hence, the chemical or molecular formula of Aluminium Phosphate is AlPO4.

Monoaluminium Phosphate occurs as a white crystalline powder.
However, Monoaluminium Phosphate is a colourless liquid in its aqueous form.

Monoaluminium Phosphate is insoluble in water and occurs in the form of a mineral berlinite.
Aluminium phosphate is found in minerals like variscite and meta-variscite in its dihydrate form. Since Monoaluminium Phosphate has piezoelectric properties, Monoaluminium Phosphate is widely used in the electronic and electrical industries.



USES OF MONOALUMINIUM PHOSPHATE:
Molecular sieves:
There are many types of aluminium phosphate molecular sieves, generically known as "ALPOs".
The first ones were reported in 1982.
MONOALUMINIUM PHOSPHATES share the same chemical composition of AlPO4 and have framework structures with microporous cavities.
The frameworks are made up of alternating AlO4 and PO4 tetrahedra.
The denser cavity-less crystalline berlinite, shares the same alternating AlO4 and PO4 tetrahedra.
The MONOALUMINIUM PHOSPHATE framework structures vary one from another in the orientation of the AlO4 tetrahedra and PO4 tetrahedra to form different-sized cavities, and in this respect they are similar to the aluminosilicate zeolites, which differ in having electrically charged frameworks.
A typical preparation of an MONOALUMINIUM PHOSPHATE involves the hydrothermal reaction of phosphoric acid and aluminium in the form of hydroxide, an aluminium salt such as aluminium nitrate salt or alkoxide under controlled pH in the presence of organic amines.
These organic molecules act as templates (now termed structure directing agents, SDAs) to direct the growth of the porous framework.

Other:
Along with aluminium hydroxide, MONOALUMINIUM PHOSPHATE is one of the most common immunologic adjuvants (efficiency enhancers) in vaccinations.
Aluminium adjuvant use is widespread due to their cheap price, long history of use, safety and efficiency with most antigens.
It's unknown how such salts function as adjuvants.

Similar to aluminum hydroxide, AlPO4 is used as an antacid.
It neutralizes stomach acid (HCl) by forming AlCl3 with it.
Up to 20% of aluminum from ingested antacid salts can be absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract – despite some unverified concerns about the neurological effects of aluminum, MONOALUMINIUM PHOSPHATE and hydroxide salts are thought to be safe as antacids in normal use, even during pregnancy and breastfeeding.

Additional uses for AlPO4 in combination with or without other compounds are white colorants for pigments, corrosion inhibitors, cements and dental cements.
Related compounds have also similar uses.
For example, Al(H2PO4)3 is used in dental cements, metal coatings, glaze compositions and refractory binders; and Al(H2PO4)(HPO4) is used cement and refractory binders and adhesives.

SAFETY INFORMATION ABOUT MONOALUMINIUM PHOSPHATE:
First aid measures:
Description of first aid measures:
General advice:
Consult a physician.
Show this safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
Move out of dangerous area:

If inhaled:
If breathed in, move person into fresh air.
If not breathing, give artificial respiration.
Consult a physician.
In case of skin contact:
Take off contaminated clothing and shoes immediately.
Wash off with soap and plenty of water.
Consult a physician.

In case of eye contact:
Rinse thoroughly with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes and consult a physician.
Continue rinsing eyes during transport to hospital.

If swallowed:
Do NOT induce vomiting.
Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person.
Rinse mouth with water.
Consult a physician.

Firefighting measures:
Extinguishing media:
Suitable extinguishing media:
Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.
Special hazards arising from the substance or mixture
Carbon oxides, Nitrogen oxides (NOx), Hydrogen chloride gas

Advice for firefighters:
Wear self-contained breathing apparatus for firefighting if necessary.
Accidental release measures:
Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures
Use personal protective equipment.

Avoid breathing vapours, mist or gas.
Evacuate personnel to safe areas.

Environmental precautions:
Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so.
Do not let product enter drains.
Discharge into the environment must be avoided.

Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Soak up with inert absorbent material and dispose of as hazardous waste.
Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.

Handling and storage:
Precautions for safe handling:
Avoid inhalation of vapour or mist.

Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place.
Containers which are opened must be carefully resealed and kept upright to prevent leakage.
Storage class (TRGS 510): 8A: Combustible, corrosive hazardous materials

Exposure controls/personal protection:
Control parameters:
Components with workplace control parameters
Contains no substances with occupational exposure limit values.
Exposure controls:
Appropriate engineering controls:
Handle in accordance with good industrial hygiene and safety practice.
Wash hands before breaks and at the end of workday.

Personal protective equipment:
Eye/face protection:
Tightly fitting safety goggles.
Faceshield (8-inch minimum).
Use equipment for eye protection tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or EN 166(EU).

Skin protection:
Handle with gloves.
Gloves must be inspected prior to use.
Use proper glove
removal technique (without touching glove's outer surface) to avoid skin contact with this product.
Dispose of contaminated gloves after use in accordance with applicable laws and good laboratory practices.
Wash and dry hands.

Full contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0.11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Material tested:Dermatril (KCL 740 / Aldrich Z677272, Size M)
Splash contact
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0.11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Material tested:Dermatril (KCL 740 / Aldrich Z677272, Size M)
It should not be construed as offering an approval for any specific use scenario.

Body Protection:
Complete suit protecting against chemicals, The type of protective equipment must be selected according to the concentration and amount of the dangerous substance at the specific workplace.
Respiratory protection:
Where risk assessment shows air-purifying respirators are appropriate use a fullface respirator with multi-purpose combination (US) or type ABEK (EN 14387) respirator cartridges as a backup to engineering controls.

If the respirator is the sole means of protection, use a full-face supplied air respirator.
Use respirators and components tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or CEN (EU).
Control of environmental exposure
Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so.
Do not let product enter drains.
Discharge into the environment must be avoided.

Stability and reactivity:
Chemical stability:
Stable under recommended storage conditions.
Incompatible materials:
Strong oxidizing agents:
Hazardous decomposition products:
Hazardous decomposition products formed under fire conditions.
Carbon oxides, Nitrogen oxides (NOx), Hydrogen chloride gas.

Disposal considerations:
Waste treatment methods:
Product:
Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company.
Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material.
Contaminated packaging:
Dispose of as unused product.



SYNONYMS OF MONOALUMINIUM PHOSPHATE:
MeSH Entry Terms:
aluminum monophosphate
aluminum phosphate
aluminum phosphate (3:1)
aluminum phosphate (3:2)
aluminum phosphate dihydrate
Phosphalugel

Depositor-Supplied Synonyms:
Aluminum phosphate
7784-30-7
Aluminum monophosphate
Phosphaljel
ALUMINIUM PHOSPHATE
Monoaluminum phosphate
Aluminumphosphate
Aluminum phosphate (1:1)
Phosphoric acid, aluminum salt (1:1)
Aluminum phosphate gel
Aluminium phosphate gel
Aluminum phosphate [USP]
Phosphalugel
F92V3S521O
Aluminum acid phosphate
Aluphos
Aluminum phosphate (USP)
56574-68-6
98499-64-0
Aluminophosphoric acid
Aluminum Phosphoric Acid
Aluminiumphosphat
MFCD00003430
Aluminiumphosphat [German]
Aluminum monophosphate; Aluminum orthophosphate;Phosphalutab; Phosphaluvet; Rehydraphos
FFB 32
aluminium orthophosphate
Aluminium phosphate, pure
EINECS 232-056-9
UNII-F92V3S521O
Aluminium orthophosphate, natural
Phosphaljel (TN)
Phosphoric acid, aluminium salt (1:1)
Aluminum Phosphate powder
Aluminum Phosphate B111
Aluminum Phosphate B210
EC 232-056-9
Aluminum Phosphate suspension
Aluminum phosphate, Puratronic
ALUMINUM PHOSPHATE [MI]
CHEMBL3833315
DTXSID5064839
ALUMINUM PHOSPHATE [VANDF]
ALUMINIUM PHOSPHATE (1:1)
ALUMINIUM PHOSPHATE [MART.]
ALUMINIUM PHOSPHATE [WHO-DD]
AKOS015856690
DB14517
ALUMINUM PHOSPHATE [USP IMPURITY]
FT-0622223
ALUMINIUM PHOSPHATE GEL [EP MONOGRAPH]
D02862

Monoammonium Phosphate; Ammonium phosphate,monobasic; Phosphoric acid, monoammonium salt;Monoammonium orthophosphate; Monoammonium phosphate; Monobasic ammonium phosphate; Primary ammonium phosphate; Ammonium dihydrogen orthophosphate; cas no: 7722-76-1

SYNONYMS Ammonium glycyrrhizate; Glycamil; Glycyrram; Ammonium glycyrrhizinate;(3-beta,20-beta)-20-Carboxy-11-oxo-30-norolean-12-en-3-yl 2-O-beta-D- glucopyranuronosyl- alpha-D-glucopyranosiduronic acid ammonium salt; Glycyrrhizic acid monoammonium salt; Glycyrrhizic acid ammonium salt; CAS NO:53956-04-0

Monobutyltin Oxide is a white powder which has C4H10O2Sn as chemical formula.
Monobutyltin Oxide is an non-corrosive organotin compound which can be used in the synthesis of saturated polyester in powder coatings, insulating varnishes and coil coatings.
Monobutyltin Oxide is also known as butylhydroxostannane, butylstannonic acid and butylhydroxytin oxide.

CAS: 51590-67-1
MF: C4H10OSn
MW: 192.83
EINECS: 257-300-1

Monobutyltin Oxide is an amorphous white solid phase transfer catalysts.
Monobutyltin Oxide is hydrolytically stable and can be used in the synthesis of saturated polyester resins for powder coatings and coil coatings, as well in the production of unsaturated polyester resins for gel-coat, sheet molding, and cast molding applications.
Monobutyltin Oxide might be used also to produce polymeric plasticizers.

Monobutyltin Oxide is used primarily to catalyze esterification and polycondensation reactions at temperature between 210°C and 240°C (stable up to 250°C).
Monobutyltin Oxide begins to solubilize in carboxylic acid at 80°C during the reaction and becomes incorporated into the final product without affecting the quality of the product.
For this reason Monobutyltin Oxide does not require neutralization or filtration at the end of production.

Monobutyltin Oxide can significantly shorten esterification times, offers energy savings due to lower reaction temperatures, with a consequent more efficient use of equipment.
Monobutyltin Oxide minimizes side reactions such as dehydration and oxidative degradation of polyhydric alcohols, especially secondary alcohols.
Monobutyltin Oxide can be charged up front with other reactants, and requires no special handling other than avoiding excessive exposure to moisture.

Monobutyltin Oxide is an organotin compound that has been studied for its various applications in the fields of science and technology.
Monobutyltin Oxide is a colorless solid that is soluble in organic solvents.
Monobutyltin Oxide is a derivative of butyl alcohol and tin oxide, and is commonly used in the manufacture of polymers, plastics, and paints.
Monobutyltin Oxide is also used as a catalyst in organic synthesis, and as a fungicide for agricultural purposes.
In the laboratory, Monobutyltin Oxide is used as a reagent in a variety of different experiments.

The mechanism of action of Monobutyltin Oxide is not fully understood.
However, Monobutyltin Oxide is believed that the compound binds to the substrate and initiates a reaction.
The reaction is believed to involve the oxidation of the substrate by the tin oxide and the formation of a new bond between the tin and the substrate.

Uses
Monobutyltin Oxide is used as plastic stabilizer raw material, organic tin intermediate, esterification catalyst and electrophoretic electrodeposition coating catalyst.
Monobutyltin Oxide is mainly used as a catalyst for the production of saturated polyester resins such as powder coatings, coil (steel) coatings, insulating paints, and unsaturated polyester resins.
Used as plastic stabilizer raw materials, organotin intermediates, esterification reaction catalysts, electrophoretic electrodeposition coating catalysts.

Monobutyltin oxide has been used in various scientific research applications, including the synthesis of polymers, plastics, and paints.
Monobutyltin Oxide has also been used as a catalyst in organic synthesis, and as a fungicide for agricultural purposes.
In the laboratory, Monobutyltin Oxide is used as a reagent in a variety of different experiments.
For example, Monobutyltin Oxide is used in the synthesis of polymers, in the preparation of aryl halides, and in the synthesis of organic compounds.

Synthesis
Monobutyltin Oxide is synthesized by reacting monobutyltin trichloride with Na2CO3 in the presence of ammonia.
Monobutyltin Oxide can be synthesized by two different methods: the direct method and the indirect method.
The direct method involves the reaction of butyl alcohol with tin oxide in an aqueous solution.
This reaction yields Monobutyltin Oxide and water as by-products.
The indirect method involves the reaction of tin oxide with butyl chloride in an organic solvent.
This reaction yields Monobutyltin Oxide and hydrochloric acid as by-products.

Biochemical and Physiological Effects
Monobutyltin Oxide has been shown to have a number of biochemical and physiological effects. Monobutyltin Oxide has been shown to be toxic to a variety of organisms, including bacteria, fungi, and plants.
In addition, Monobutyltin Oxide has been shown to have an inhibitory effect on the growth of certain microorganisms.
Monobutyltin Oxide has also been shown to have an inhibitory effect on the enzyme activity of certain enzymes.

Preparation
Weigh 12gNa2CO3 into a reaction bottle and stir and dissolve it with 200g of water, add 200g of ammonia water with a concentration of 20% to put the reaction bottle into a water bath and raise the temperature to 50 ℃; Weigh 1g of additive, dilute with 20g of water, take 50% and add it to the reaction bottle; Weigh 100g of monobutyltin trichloride liquid, put it into a constant pressure funnel and slowly drop it into the reaction bottle, constant temperature reaction for 2h.
The diluted additive 20% is added every 30 minutes during the constant temperature process.
After the reaction is over, the mono-butyl tin oxide obtained from the reaction is filtered by a cloth funnel, the filter cake is transferred into a 500Ml beaker and about 200ml of water is added for washing, the washing temperature is controlled at 50-60 ℃, and the filter cake is filtered by suction after repeated twice.
The obtained filter cake is dried by a rotary evaporator at a drying temperature of 70-80 ℃, and finally 70.78g Monobutyltin Oxide product is obtained with a yield of 99.1%.

Synonyms
Butyltin oxide
Monobutyltin oxide
51590-67-1
Stannane, butyloxo-
Tegokat 256
BUTYLOXOSTANNANE
Eurecat 8200
EINECS 257-300-1
BUTYLSTANNANONE
CCRIS 6318
mono butyl tin oxide
C4H10OSn
SCHEMBL195087
C4-H10-O-Sn
AKOS015918349
LS-146471
FT-0657367
A828673

Monobutyltin oxide, also known by its chemical formula C4H9SnO, is an organotin compound.
Monobutyltin oxide is part of a class of chemical compounds that contain tin-carbon bonds.
In monobutyltin oxide, a butyl group (C4H9) is bonded to a tin (Sn) atom, and an oxygen (O) atom is also attached to the tin atom.

CAS Number: 2273-43-0
EC Number: 218-476-0

Butyltin oxide, Monobutyltin trioxide, MBTO, N-Butyltin oxide, Butylstannoic acid, Stannane butyl oxide, Butylstannic oxide, Tin butyl trioxide, Tributyltin monoxide, TBT monoxide, Stannous butylate, Butyl tin oxide, Tributyltin(IV) oxide, Stannane tributyl oxide, Butyltin(IV) oxide, Tributyltin oxide, Tin tributyl oxide, Tributylstannoxane, TBT oxide, Tributyltin trioxide, Tributylstannyl oxide, Monobutyltin trioxide, Butyltin(3+) oxide, Butyl stannate, Butyltin(3+) trioxide, Monotributyltin trioxide, Monon-butyltin trioxide, Mononbutyltin trioxide, n-Butyltin(3+) oxide, n-Butyltin(3+) trioxide, n-Butyltin trioxide, Stannane n-butyl oxide, Tin n-butyl trioxide, n-Butyltin trioxide, Tri-n-butyltin oxide, Tributylstannic oxide, Butyltin oxide (SnBu3O), Tributyl tin trioxide, Tributyltin monooxide, Tributyltin oxide (stannous butylate), Tributyltin oxide (TBTO), Tributyltin oxide monomer, Butyltin trioxide (SnBu3O), Monobutyltin trioxide, Monobutyltin(IV) oxide, Tin butyl trioxide, Tributylstannoic oxide, Stannane butyl oxide, Tin butyl oxide, Butylstannoic acid, Butylstannic oxide, Monobutyltin trioxide, Tributyltin(IV) oxide, Butyl tin oxide, Stannous butylate, Tributyltin trioxide, Butyltin(IV) oxide, Tributylstannoxane, Tributylstannyl oxide



APPLICATIONS


Monobutyltin oxide finds use as a catalyst in various organic synthesis reactions.
Monobutyltin oxide is employed in the production of certain specialty chemicals and intermediates.
Monobutyltin oxide serves as a stabilizer in the polymerization of vinyl chloride, contributing to the formation of PVC (polyvinyl chloride).

In the plastics industry, Monobutyltin oxide plays a role in enhancing the thermal and mechanical properties of polymers.
Its catalytic properties are utilized in the synthesis of polyurethane foams and elastomers.
Monobutyltin oxide is involved in the production of coatings and adhesives with improved performance characteristics.

Monobutyltin oxide is employed as a catalyst in the esterification and transesterification reactions in organic chemistry.
Monobutyltin oxide is used in the manufacturing of silicone-based products, such as sealants and adhesives.

Monobutyltin oxide acts as a key component in the formulation of certain agricultural chemicals and pesticides.
In the textile industry, it is utilized in the production of flame-retardant fabrics.
Monobutyltin oxide finds application in the synthesis of pharmaceutical intermediates and active ingredients.

Monobutyltin oxide is employed in the preparation of specialty coatings for glass and metal surfaces.
Monobutyltin oxide contributes to the development of antifouling paints for marine applications to prevent biofouling on ship hulls.
Monobutyltin oxide is used in the formulation of certain fuel additives and lubricants.
In the electronics industry, Monobutyltin oxide is applied in the production of electronic components and coatings.

Monobutyltin oxide plays a role in the preparation of organotin compounds with diverse applications in materials science.
Monobutyltin oxide is involved in the synthesis of plasticizers for enhancing the flexibility of polymers.
Monobutyltin oxide is used in the creation of high-performance rubber and elastomer products.
Monobutyltin oxide is employed in the manufacturing of certain corrosion inhibitors for metal protection.

Monobutyltin oxide finds application in the synthesis of organometallic compounds used in catalysis.
In the production of foamed plastics, it contributes to the formation of cellular structures.
Monobutyltin oxide is utilized in the development of coatings with antifungal and antimicrobial properties.

Monobutyltin oxide is applied in the formulation of sealants and adhesives for construction purposes.
Monobutyltin oxide plays a role in the production of certain polymeric materials with tailored properties.
Monobutyltin oxide is explored for potential applications in emerging technologies, including nanotechnology and materials science.

Monobutyltin oxide is used in the synthesis of heat stabilizers for PVC (polyvinyl chloride) applications, preventing degradation during processing and use.
Monobutyltin oxide is employed as a catalyst in the formation of polyurethane coatings, providing enhanced durability and resistance.
Monobutyltin oxide finds use in the formulation of antistatic agents, improving the surface properties of materials.

Monobutyltin oxide contributes to the production of adhesives with improved bonding characteristics in various industries.
Monobutyltin oxide is utilized in the creation of specialty paints for corrosion protection in marine and industrial environments.
Monobutyltin oxide is applied in the manufacturing of rubber goods, imparting desirable properties to the final products.

Monobutyltin oxide plays a role in the synthesis of organotin compounds used as biocides and wood preservatives.
Monobutyltin oxide is involved in the formulation of anti-reflective coatings for optical lenses and electronic displays.
Monobutyltin oxide is used in the preparation of heat-resistant materials for specific industrial applications.

Monobutyltin oxide finds application in the synthesis of tin-containing polymers with tailored properties.
Monobutyltin oxide contributes to the development of specialty inks and coatings for printing applications.
Monobutyltin oxide is employed in the creation of specialty materials used in aerospace and automotive industries.

Monobutyltin oxide is used in the production of specialty lubricants with improved thermal stability.
Monobutyltin oxide plays a role in the synthesis of surfactants for use in cleaning and detergent formulations.
Monobutyltin oxide is applied in the preparation of flame-retardant materials for textiles and furnishings.

Monobutyltin oxide contributes to the development of high-performance materials used in electronic devices.
Monobutyltin oxide is involved in the formulation of additives for hydraulic fluids and metalworking applications.
Monobutyltin oxide finds application in the creation of specialty coatings for medical devices and implants.
Monobutyltin oxide is utilized in the synthesis of conductive materials for electronic applications.

Monobutyltin oxide plays a role in the preparation of corrosion-resistant coatings for metal substrates.
Monobutyltin oxide is employed in the formulation of sealants for construction and industrial purposes.
Monobutyltin oxide is used in the production of materials with controlled release properties, such as drug delivery systems.

Monobutyltin oxide contributes to the development of specialty inks for flexible and printed electronics.
Monobutyltin oxide is applied in the synthesis of materials used in the construction of photovoltaic cells.
Monobutyltin oxide finds use in the creation of advanced materials for energy storage and conversion technologies.

Monobutyltin oxide is employed in the formulation of catalysts for the synthesis of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) resins used in the production of plastic bottles.
Monobutyltin oxide plays a crucial role in the creation of organotin compounds utilized as stabilizers in the processing of polypropylene and polyethylene.
Monobutyltin oxide finds application in the manufacturing of heat-resistant coatings for automotive components and industrial machinery.
Monobutyltin oxide contributes to the development of anti-fouling agents used in marine paints to prevent the growth of organisms on ship hulls.

Monobutyltin oxide is utilized in the synthesis of tin-containing polymers employed in the fabrication of electronic components and devices.
Monobutyltin oxide is involved in the production of specialty polymers used in the formulation of medical-grade adhesives and sealants.

Monobutyltin oxide is applied in the creation of anti-wear additives for lubricating oils, enhancing the performance of machinery.
Monobutyltin oxide plays a role in the preparation of tin-based reagents for use in organic synthesis, such as the Stille coupling reaction.
Monobutyltin oxide is utilized in the production of tin-based catalysts for esterification and transesterification reactions in biodiesel production.
Monobutyltin oxide contributes to the formulation of high-performance elastomers used in the manufacturing of automotive tires.
Monobutyltin oxide is employed in the creation of specialty coatings for solar panels, enhancing their weather resistance and longevity.

Monobutyltin oxide plays a role in the synthesis of tin-containing precursors used in the production of semiconductors and electronic materials.
Monobutyltin oxide is used in the formulation of anti-corrosion coatings for steel structures and pipelines in the oil and gas industry.
Monobutyltin oxide finds application in the creation of tin-based compounds used as Lewis acid catalysts in organic reactions.

Monobutyltin oxide is involved in the synthesis of tin-containing pigments used in the coloring of ceramics and glass.
Monobutyltin oxide contributes to the development of tin-based materials with photocatalytic properties for environmental remediation applications.
Monobutyltin oxide is utilized in the preparation of tin-containing compounds for use in electroplating and surface finishing processes.
Monobutyltin oxide plays a role in the formulation of tin-based additives for the improvement of lubricant performance in various applications.

Monobutyltin oxide is employed in the creation of organotin compounds with fungicidal properties for agricultural applications.
Monobutyltin oxide finds application in the synthesis of tin-containing materials used in the preparation of dental impression materials.
Monobutyltin oxide is involved in the production of tin-based complexes used as catalysts in the synthesis of fine chemicals and pharmaceuticals.
Monobutyltin oxide is applied in the formulation of tin-based reagents for the modification of organic molecules in chemical synthesis.

Monobutyltin oxide contributes to the development of tin-containing materials used in the creation of gas sensors for environmental monitoring.
Monobutyltin oxide is utilized in the synthesis of tin-based catalysts for the production of biodiesel from renewable feedstocks.
Monobutyltin oxide finds application in the creation of tin-containing materials with potential antimicrobial properties for medical applications.



DESCRIPTION


Monobutyltin oxide, also known by its chemical formula C4H9SnO, is an organotin compound.
Monobutyltin oxide is part of a class of chemical compounds that contain tin-carbon bonds.
In monobutyltin oxide, a butyl group (C4H9) is bonded to a tin (Sn) atom, and an oxygen (O) atom is also attached to the tin atom.

Monobutyltin oxide is a chemical compound known for its tin-carbon-oxygen molecular structure.
With the formula C4H9SnO, it consists of a butyl group bonded to a tin atom with an associated oxygen atom.
Monobutyltin oxide plays a role in various industrial applications as a catalyst and stabilizer.

Its application extends to catalyzing specific chemical reactions in industrial processes.
Monobutyltin oxide is recognized for its participation in polymer production, where it acts as a stabilizing agent.
Monobutyltin oxide is characterized by its molecular weight of approximately 208.89 g/mol.

Monobutyltin oxide is part of a broader class of organotin compounds that have diverse applications in different fields.
Monobutyltin oxide is acknowledged for its catalytic properties, contributing to reaction efficiency.

In certain industrial contexts, it is utilized as a precursor for the synthesis of specialty chemicals.
Its role as a catalyst extends to promoting reactions with particular substrates in organic synthesis.
Monobutyltin oxide has been investigated for its effectiveness in various chemical transformations.

Monobutyltin oxide exhibits unique reactivity patterns owing to the presence of the butyltin moiety.
Its involvement in industrial polymerization processes highlights its significance in the production of plastic materials.
Monobutyltin oxide is subject to environmental and regulatory considerations due to its potential toxicity.

In some applications, there has been a shift towards alternative compounds with fewer environmental concerns.
Monobutyltin oxide's molecular structure influences its interactions in chemical reactions and catalytic processes.
As a tin-based compound, it possesses certain physical and chemical characteristics that make it valuable in specific applications.

Monobutyltin oxide is a subject of ongoing research to explore its potential applications in emerging technologies.
Its presence in certain industrial formulations contributes to the enhancement of material properties.
Monobutyltin oxide's reactivity is carefully considered in the design of chemical processes to achieve desired outcomes.
Monobutyltin oxide's stability under certain reaction conditions makes it suitable for diverse chemical applications.

Its use as a stabilizer in polymer production underscores its role in ensuring the quality and durability of materials.
Monobutyltin oxide is known for its compatibility with other chemicals in various synthetic pathways.
Research efforts continue to uncover new applications and optimize the efficiency of Monobutyltin oxide in different processes.
Understanding the properties and behavior of Monobutyltin oxide is crucial for its responsible and effective use in industrial settings.



PROPERTIES


Chemical Formula: C4H9SnO
Molecular Weight: Approximately 208.89 g/mol
Physical Form: White to off-white powder or crystalline solid
Melting Point: Varies, typically decomposes before melting
Solubility: Insoluble in water, soluble in organic solvents
Density: Varies depending on the form, typically a dense solid
Odor: Odorless
Stability: Stable under normal conditions, may decompose at elevated temperatures
Hygroscopicity: May absorb moisture from the air



FIRST AID


Inhalation:

If Monobutyltin oxide is inhaled, immediately move the affected person to fresh air.
If breathing is difficult, administer artificial respiration.
Seek medical attention promptly.


Skin Contact:

In case of skin contact, promptly remove contaminated clothing and shoes.
Wash the affected area thoroughly with soap and water for at least 15 minutes.
Seek medical attention if irritation, redness, or other adverse reactions persist.


Eye Contact:

In case of eye contact, rinse the eyes gently with water for at least 15 minutes, lifting the upper and lower eyelids.
Seek immediate medical attention, and provide information on the chemical involved.


Ingestion:

If Monobutyltin oxide is swallowed, do not induce vomiting unless directed by medical professionals.
Rinse the mouth with water if the person is conscious.
Seek immediate medical attention and provide information on the chemical ingested.


General First Aid Measures:

If first aid is administered, ensure that it is performed by trained personnel.
Have the Safety Data Sheet (SDS) or relevant product information available for medical professionals.
Monitor vital signs and provide supportive care as necessary.


Note:

Never administer first aid unless you are trained and equipped to do so safely.
Do not leave the affected person unattended.
Be cautious about the potential for secondary contamination when providing assistance.



HANDLING AND STORAGE


Handling:

Personal Protective Equipment (PPE):
Wear suitable protective clothing, including gloves and safety goggles or a face shield.
Use respiratory protection if handling Monobutyltin oxide in conditions that may generate dust or vapors.

Ventilation:
Work in a well-ventilated area to minimize exposure to airborne particles or vapors.
Consider local exhaust ventilation to control airborne concentrations.

Avoidance of Contact:
Avoid skin contact and inhalation of dust or vapors.
Do not eat, drink, or smoke while handling the substance.

Hygiene Practices:
Wash hands and exposed skin thoroughly after handling Monobutyltin oxide.
Do not touch the face, eyes, or mouth with contaminated hands.

Storage:
Store Monobutyltin oxide in a cool, dry place away from incompatible materials.
Keep containers tightly closed to prevent moisture absorption and contamination.

Separation from Incompatibles:
Store away from strong acids, strong bases, and other incompatible materials.
Take precautions to avoid contact with reducing agents and strong oxidizers.

Handling Precautions:
Use appropriate equipment for handling, such as scoops or shovels, to minimize dust generation.
Implement powder-handling procedures to minimize the release of airborne dust.

Emergency Measures:
Have emergency equipment, including eyewash stations and safety showers, accessible in the handling area.
Ensure that personnel are trained in emergency response procedures.


Storage:

Storage Temperature:
Store Monobutyltin oxide at ambient temperatures, avoiding extremes of heat and cold.

Moisture Control:
Protect from moisture to prevent clumping and degradation of the substance.
Consider using desiccants or moisture-absorbing materials in storage areas.

Container Material:
Use containers made of materials compatible with Monobutyltin oxide, such as polyethylene or glass.
Ensure that containers are properly labeled with hazard information.

Labeling:
Clearly label containers with appropriate hazard information and handling instructions.
Include the date of receipt and other relevant information on storage containers.

Segregation:
Store away from incompatible substances, including strong oxidizers and reducing agents.
Implement segregation measures to prevent cross-contamination.

Fire Precautions:
Monobutyltin oxide is not flammable, but it may emit toxic fumes in a fire.
Store away from potential ignition sources.

Security Measures:
Store Monobutyltin oxide in a secure location to prevent unauthorized access and potential misuse.

Regular Inspection:
Regularly inspect storage areas for signs of damage, leaks, or other issues.
Follow the recommended shelf-life and expiration dates provided by the manufacturer.

Training:
Train personnel on proper handling and storage procedures, including emergency response measures.
Keep records of training sessions and updates.