Hydroquinone, also known as benzene-1,4-diol or quinol, is an aromatic organic compound that is a type of phenol, a derivative of benzene, having the chemical formula C6H4(OH)2.
Hydroquinone is known for its ability to inhibit the production of melanin, the pigment responsible for skin, hair, and eye color.
Hydroquinone bleaches the skin, which can be helpful when treating different forms of hyperpigmentation.

CAS Number: 123-31-9
Molecular Formula: C6H6O2
Molecular Weight: 110.11
EINECS Number: 204-617-8

Synonyms: hydroquinone, Benzene-1,4-diol, 123-31-9, 1,4-benzenediol, Quinol, 1,4-Dihydroxybenzene, p-Benzenediol, p-Hydroquinone, p-Hydroxyphenol, 4-Hydroxyphenol, p-Dihydroxybenzene, Benzoquinol, Eldoquin, hydroquinol, Eldopaque, Phiaquin, p-Dioxybenzene, Solaquin forte, Dihydroquinone, Hydroquinole, Idrochinone, Tecquinol, Benzohydroquinone, Hidroquinone, Arctuvin, Tequinol, Dihydroxybenzene, Eldopaque Forte, Eldoquin Forte, Derma-Blanch, Hydrochinon, Tenox HQ, Diak 5, Benzene, p-dihydroxy-, Hydrochinone, 1,4-Dihydroxy-benzol, Artra, Usaf ek-356, 1,4-Diidrobenzene, p-Dioxobenzene, 1,4-Dihydroxybenzen, para-Dioxybenzene, para-Hydroquinone, NCI-C55834, Pyrogentistic acid, Black and White Bleaching Cream, 1,4-Dihydroxy-benzeen, para-Dihydroxybenzene, beta-quinol, HE 5, Epiquin, Sunvanish, Idrochinone [Italian], p-Dihydroquinone, alpha-hydroquinone, para-Hydroxyphenol, CHEBI:17594, NSC 9247, Hydrochinon [Czech, Polish], CCRIS 714, 1,4-Dihydroxybenzen [Czech], 1,4-Diidrobenzene [Italian], quinnone, Eldopacque, HSDB 577, DTXSID7020716, p-Phenylenediol, 1,4-Dihydroxy-benzeen [Dutch], 1,4-Dihydroxy-benzol [German], p Benzendiol, p-Quinol, AI3-00072, CHEMBL537, UNII-XV74C1N1AE, NSC-9247, 1,4-Benzoquinol, EINECS 204-617-8, XV74C1N1AE, UN2662, 1,4-Hydroxybenzene, Hydroquinone [USP], MFCD00002339, HQ, BQ(H), DTXCID70716, Black & White Bleaching Cream, NSC9247, EC 204-617-8, Hydroquinone [UN2662] [Poison], 1,4-Dihydroxybenzene (ring-d4), Hydroquinone (USP), TRI-LUMA COMPONENT HYDROQUINONE, NCGC00015523-02, HYDROQUINONE COMPONENT OF TRI-LUMA, HYDROQUINONE (IARC), HYDROQUINONE [IARC], HYDROQUINONE (MART.), HYDROQUINONE [MART.], HYDROQUINONE (USP-RS), HYDROQUINONE [USP-RS], HYDROQUINONE (USP MONOGRAPH), HYDROQUINONE [USP MONOGRAPH], CAS-123-31-9, SMR000059154, SR-01000075920, BUTYLHYDROXYANISOLE IMPURITY A (EP IMPURITY), BUTYLHYDROXYANISOLE IMPURITY A [EP IMPURITY], 4-DIHYDROXYBENZENE, hydrokinone, hydroquinon, Hidroquinona, Hydrokinon, Hydroquinoue, Accutin, Elopaque, hydroq uinone, hydroquinone gr, p-fenilenediol, p-hidroquinona, p-hidroxifenol, Reduced quinone, a-Hydroquinone, p-Dioxibenceno, 4-hidroxifenol, p-Diphenol, p-Hydroxybenzene, b-Quinol, 4-Benzenediol, Dihydroxybenzen e, 14-Benzoquinol, p-Dihidroxibenceno, Hydroquinone, HQ, .beta.-Quinol, 1,4 benzenediol, 1,4-Bencenodiol, Hydroquinone,(S), p-dihydroxy benzene, p -Dihydroxybenzene, PLQ, 1,4-Benzendil, Artra (Salt/Mix), HYDROP, .alpha.-Hydroquinone, 1 4-p-Benzenediol, Hydroquinone (8CI), phenol derivative, 4, 1 4-Dihydroxybenzene, 1,4-Dihidroxibenceno, 4-hydroxyphenyl alcohol, Spectrum_001757, 4e3h, HDQ (CHRIS Code), PYROGENTISIC ACID, SpecPlus_000769, 1,4-Dihydrobenzoquinone, ELDOQUIN (TN), HYDROQUINONE BAKER, hydroquinone for synthesis, Spectrum2_001672, Spectrum3_000656, Spectrum4_000633, Spectrum5_001430, HYDROQUINONE [MI], Lopac-H-9003, WLN: QR DQ, bmse000293, D03UOT, D08LQA, Epitope ID:116206, HYDROQUINONE [HSDB], HYDROQUINONE [INCI], HYDROQUINONE [VANDF], 1,4-Dihydroxybenzene Quinol, Lopac0_000577, SCHEMBL15516, BSPBio_002291, KBioGR_001246, KBioSS_002237, 1,4-Dihydroxybenzene, XIII, MLS000069815, MLS001074911, BIDD, DivK1c_006865, HYDROQUINONE [WHO-DD], Hydroquinone, LR, >=99%, SPECTRUM1504237, Hydrochinon(CZECH, POLISH), SPBio_001883, BDBM26190, Hydroquinone, puriss., 99.0%, KBio1_001809, KBio2_002237, KBio2_004805, KBio2_007373, KBio3_001511, Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone), BENZENE, 1,4-DIHYDROXY-, HMS1922H15, HMS2093E08, HMS3261D16, HYDROQUINONE [ORANGE BOOK], LS-23, Pharmakon1600-01504237, HY-B0951, Hydroquinone [UN2662] [Poison], Tox21_110169, Tox21_202345, Tox21_300015, Tox21_500577, CCG-39082, NA2662, NSC758707, s4580, STK397446, UN3435, AKOS000119003, Tox21_110169_1, AM10548, DB09526, LP00577, NSC-758707, SDCCGSBI-0050559.P003, UN 2662, Hydroquinone, ReagentPlus(R), >=99%, Hydroquinone, USP, 99.0-100.5%, NCGC00015523-01, NCGC00015523-03, NCGC00015523-04, NCGC00015523-05, NCGC00015523-06, NCGC00015523-07, NCGC00015523-08, NCGC00015523-09, NCGC00015523-10, NCGC00015523-11, NCGC00015523-12, NCGC00015523-13, NCGC00015523-19, NCGC00090880-01, NCGC00090880-02, NCGC00090880-03, NCGC00090880-04, NCGC00090880-05, NCGC00254037-01, NCGC00259894-01, NCGC00261262-01, BP-21160, Hydroquinone, ReagentPlus(R), >=99.5%, SBI-0050559.P002, Hydroquinone, SAJ first grade, >=99.0%, EU-0100577, FT-0606877, H0186, Hydroquinone, SAJ special grade, >=99.0%, EN300-18053, Hydroquinone, meets USP testing specifications, C00530, D00073, H 9003, AB00053361_08, Quinol; 1,4-Benzenediol; 1,4-Dihydroxybenzene, Q419164, J-004910, J-521469, SR-01000075920-1, SR-01000075920-4, Q27102742, Z57127551, 094CADDB-59BF-4EDF-B278-59791B203EA2, F1908-0167, Hydroquinone, certified reference material, TraceCERT

Hydroquinone is a topical skin-bleaching agent used in the cosmetic treatment of hyperpigmented skin conditions.
The effect of skin lightening caused by hydroquinone is reversible when exposed to sunlight and therefore requires regular use until desired results are achieved.
Various preparations are available including creams, emulsions, gels, lotions and solutions.

Ultimately, this causes a decrease in the number of melanocytes and decreased transfer of melanin leading to lighter skin.
Hydroquinone is a potent skin-lightening agent that is often used to diminish skin discolouration and promote an even skin tone.
Hydroquinone functions by reducing the production and increasing the degradation of melanin pigments in the skin.

This two-pronged action not only helps lighten the skin but also ensures a more uniform skin tone.
Hydroquinone is a depigmenting agent used to lighten areas of darkened skin such as freckles, age spots, chloasma, and melisma caused by pregnancy, birth control pills, hormone medicine, or injury to the skin.
Hydroquinone decreases the formation of melanin in the skin.

Hydroquinone, a colorless, hexagonal prism, has been reported to be a good antimitotic and tumor-inhibiting agent.
Hydroquinone is a reducing agent used in a photographic developer, which polymerizes in the presence of oxidizing agents.
The reactivity of the hydroxyl groups of hydroquinone is weakly acidic, similar to that of other phenols.

The resulting conjugated base undergoes easy O-alkylation to give mono- and diethers.
Similarly, Hydroquinone is highly sensitive to ring substitution by Friedel-Crafts reactions such as alkylation.
This reaction is exploited to obtain popular antioxidants such as 2-tert-butyl-4-methoxyphenol (BHA).

The useful dye quinizarin is produced by diacylation of Hydroquinone with phthalic anhydride.
Hydroquinone undergoes oxidation under mild conditions to give benzoquinone.
Some naturally occurring Hydroquinone derivatives exhibit such reactivity; an example of this is coenzyme Q.

Industrially, this reaction is used both with Hydroquinone itself and more often with its derivatives in which an OH is present.
Colorless Hydroquinone and benzoquinone, a bright yellow solid, are co-crystallized in a 1:1 ratio to give a dark green crystal.
A charge-transfer complex (melting point 171 °C) called quinhydron (C6H6O2·C6H4O2) is formed.

This complex dissolves in hot water, where the two molecules dissociate in solution.
Hydroquinone has a variety of uses, mainly related to its action as a water-soluble reducing agent.
Hydroquinone is a key ingredient in most black and white photo developers for film and paper.

Hydroquinone methol reduces silver halides to elemental silver.
Hydroquinone, also known as benzene-1,4-diol or quinol, is an aromatic organic compound that is a type of phenol, a derivative of benzene, having the chemical formula C6H4(OH)2.
Hydroquinone is a dihydroxybenzene compound, and it is also known as p-dihydroxybenzene.

Hydroquinones chemical structure consists of two hydroxyl groups (-OH) attached to a benzene ring.
This structure makes it an effective inhibitor of melanin production in the skin.
Hydroquinone works by inhibiting the activity of an enzyme called tyrosinase, which is involved in the production of melanin. By reducing the amount of melanin produced, hydroquinone can help lighten areas of hyperpigmentation or dark spots on the skin.

In skincare products, hydroquinone is typically applied topically in the form of creams, gels, or lotions.
Hydroquinone is available in both over-the-counter (OTC) and prescription-strength formulations, with the latter being more potent.
Prescription-strength hydroquinone is often used for more severe cases of hyperpigmentation or melasma.

While hydroquinone can be effective in treating skin conditions, it is important to use it with caution.
Prolonged or excessive use of hydroquinone may lead to side effects such as skin irritation, redness, or a condition called ochronosis, which can result in a bluish-black pigmentation of the skin.
This is one reason why some countries have regulations and restrictions on the use of hydroquinone in cosmetics.

Hydroquinone is produced by the oxidation of aniline or phenol, by the reduction of quinone, or from a reaction of acetylene and carbon monoxide.
There are also various other uses associated with reducing power.
Leveraging its antioxidant properties as a polymerization inhibitor, hydroquinone prevents the polymerization of acrylic acid.

Hydroquinone, cyanoacrylate and other monomers susceptible to radical-initiated polymerization.
Hydroquinone serves to extend the shelf life of photosensitive resins by acting as a free radical scavenger.
Hydroquinone can lose a hydrogen cation from either hydroxyl group to form a diphenolate ion.

The disodium diphenolate salt of hydroquinone is used as an alternative comonomer unit in polymer production.
Skin depigmentation Hydroquinone is used as a topical application to reduce skin discoloration in skin whitening.
Hydroquinone does not have the same predisposition to cause dermatitis as methol.

This is a prescription-only ingredient in some countries under the Directives, including member states of the European Union.
In 2006, the United States Food and Drug Administration revoked the previous approval of hydroquinone and recommended that it be banned.
The FDA officially banned Hydroquinone in 2020 as part of a larger reform of the over-the-counter drug review process.

The FDA stated that Hydroquinone cannot be ruled out as a potential carcinogen.
Hydroquinone is typically used for a limited duration, and once the desired results are achieved, users are advised to discontinue its use.
Hydroquinone can make the skin more sensitive to the sun.

Hydroquinone's essential to use sunscreen and sun protection measures when using hydroquinone-containing products to prevent further hyperpigmentation and sun damage.
While hydroquinone is generally considered safe when used as directed, it can cause side effects in some individuals.
Common side effects may include skin dryness, redness, irritation, and a condition called "exogenous ochronosis," which can result in darkening of the skin in the treated areas.

This is more commonly associated with long-term or misuse of hydroquinone.
Before using hydroquinone, especially in higher concentrations or for more severe skin conditions, it's advisable to consult with a dermatologist.
They can recommend an appropriate treatment plan and monitor your progress.

In recent years, there has been growing interest in alternative skin-lightening agents, such as kojic acid, alpha arbutin, and licorice root extract, which are sometimes used as alternatives or in conjunction with hydroquinone for hyperpigmentation treatment.
Studies in which adult rats have found increased rates of tumors, including thyroid follicular cell hyperplasia, anisokaryosis (change in nucleus size), mononuclear cell leukemia, hepatocellular adenomas and renal tubule cell adenomas.
The Safe Cosmetics Campaign also drew attention to concerns.

Numerous studies have revealed that taking Hydroquinone by mouth can cause exogenous ochronosis, a disfiguring disease in the body, which blue-black pigments are deposited in the skin; but skin preparations containing this ingredient applied topically.
The FDA classified hydroquinone as a safe product in 1982; however, it was generally considered safe and effective (GRASE).
Additional studies have been proposed within the scope of the National Toxicology Program (NTP) in order to determine whether there is a risk from the use of hydroquinone to humans.

NTP evaluation showed some evidence of long-term carcinogenic and genotoxic effects.
In some countries, hydroquinone is available both by prescription and over-the-counter (OTC).
The concentration of hydroquinone in OTC products is typically lower than in prescription-strength products.

Hydroquinone is generally not recommended for long-term, continuous use.
Hydroquinone has two hydroxyl groups bonded to a benzene ring in a para position.
Hydroquinone's essential to consult with a healthcare provider or dermatologist for safe alternatives during pregnancy and breastfeeding.

In some cases, dermatologists may recommend combination therapies that include hydroquinone alongside other skin-lightening agents, such as retinoids or corticosteroids, to enhance the effectiveness of the treatment and reduce potential side effects.
Hydroquinone is typically used for a limited duration, often in cycles of a few months, to target specific areas of hyperpigmentation.
After achieving the desired results, users may be advised to switch to maintenance therapy, which typically involves milder products to prevent recurrence of hyperpigmentation.

Hydroquinone typically works gradually, and improvement in skin tone and reduction of hyperpigmentation may take several weeks to months, depending on the severity of the condition.
Individuals with darker skin tones may be more prone to side effects like skin irritation or darkening (exogenous ochronosis) when using hydroquinone.
Dermatologists often recommend lower concentrations or alternative treatments for individuals with darker skin.

Hydroquinone is applied topically to treat disorders characterized by excessive melanin in the epidermis, such as melasma.
In the United States, nonprescription skin-lightening products contain hydroquinone at concentrations of 2% or less; higher concentrations are available by prescription.
Hydroquinone is marketed most aggressively to women of color for its whitening ability in skin creams.

The chemical is allowed in personal care products in the United States in concentrations up to two percent.
Hydroquinone is a white granular solid.
Hydroquinone is most commonly used in skin lighteners, products heavily marketed towards women of color.

Hydroquinone is linked to cancer and organ-system toxicity.
Hydroquinone is frequently found in skin-lightening products like bleaching creams.
Hydroquinone works by limiting your production of melanin, the hormone that darkens your skin.

While some people use it to lighten their darker skin, hydroquinone creams are most commonly used to lighten small, dark patches like sunspots or hyperpigmentation.
Creams with Hydroquinone as an ingredient are an excellent non-surgical aesthetic procedure to help you achieve the skin they have always wanted.
Hydroquinone is also a skin irritant in humans.

Chronic (long-term) occupational exposure to hydroquinone dust can result in eye irritation, corneal effects, and impaired vision.
No information is available on the reproductive, developmental, or carcinogenic effects of hydroquinone in humans.
There was some evidence of carcinogenic activity in orally-exposed rodents.

Increased skin tumor incidence has been reported in mice treated dermally.
Hydroquinone has not classified hydroquinone for carcinogenicity.
Hydroquinone are one of the two primary reagents in the defensive glands of bombardier beetles, along with hydrogen peroxide (and perhaps other compounds, depending on the species), which collect in a reservoir.

The reservoir opens through a muscle-controlled valve onto a thick-walled reaction chamber.
In the manufacturing industry Hydroquinone may occur include bacteriostatic agent, drug, fur processing, motor fuel, paint, organic chemicals, plastics, stone coating, and styrene monomers.
Hydroquinone is a chemical compound that is commonly used in skincare products and cosmetics for its skin-lightening and depigmenting properties.

Hydroquinone is considered a skin-lightening agent and is used to treat various skin conditions related to hyperpigmentation, such as melasma, age spots, freckles, and post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation (dark spots left after skin inflammation or injury).
Melanin is the pigment in skin that gives it a brown color.
Hydroquinone is a chemical that a person can use to lighten their skin tone.

Hydroquinone is available as a cream, gel, lotion, or emulsion.
Hydroquinone is generally safe to use, but some people may experience side effects, such as dry skin.
Hydroquinone is frequently found in skin-lightening products like bleaching creams.

Hydroquinone works by limiting your production of melanin, the hormone that darkens skin.
While some people use it to lighten their darker skin, hydroquinone creams are most commonly used to lighten small, dark patches like sunspots or hyperpigmentation.
Hydroquinone produces reversible lightening of the skin by interfering with melanin production by the melanocytes.

Specifically, inhibition of the enzymatic conversion of tyrosine to DOPA (dihydroxyphenylalanine) results in the desired chemical reduction of pigment.
The name "hydroquinone" was coined by Friedrich Wöhler in 1843.
As a result, Hydroquinone is used topically in products such as creams, lotions, and serums to treat skin conditions like hyperpigmentation, melasma, age spots, and other forms of uneven skin tone.

Hydroquinone can help reduce the appearance of dark spots and promote a more even complexion.
Substituted derivatives of this parent compound are also referred to as hydroquinones.
Hydroquinone is a white granular solid.

Hydroquinone works by inhibiting the activity of an enzyme called tyrosinase, which is involved in the production of melanin, the pigment responsible for the color of the skin, hair, and eyes.
By blocking this enzyme, hydroquinone reduces the production of melanin, leading to a gradual lightening of the skin in areas where hyperpigmentation is present.
Hydroquinone is a skin-lightening agent.

Hydroquinone occurs naturally as a glucose ether, also known as arbutin, in the leaves of many plants and in fruits, as well as one of the agents used in the defense mechanism of the bombardier beetle, family Carabidae.
Hydroquinone has two hydroxyl groups bonded to a benzene ring in a para position.

Melting point: 172-175 °C(lit.)
Boiling point: 285 °C(lit.)
Density: 1.32
vapor density: 3.81 (vs air)
vapor pressure: 1 mm Hg ( 132 °C)
refractive index: 1.6320
Flash point: 165 °C
storage temp.: Store below +30°C.
solubility: H2O: 50 mg/mL, clear
pka: 10.35(at 20℃)
form: Needle-Like Crystals or Crystalline Powder
color: White to off-white
Odor: odorless
Water Solubility: 70 g/L (20 ºC)
Sensitive: Air & Light Sensitive
Merck: 14,4808
BRN: 605970
Henry's Law Constant (x 10-9 atm?m3/mol): Exposure limits NIOSH REL: 15-min ceiling 2, IDLH 50; OSHA PEL: TWA 2; ACGIH TLV: TWA 2 (adopted).
Stability: Stable. Combustible, Incompatible with strong oxidizing agents.
InChIKey: QIGBRXMKCJKVMJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N
LogP: 0.59 at 20℃

Hydroquinone has been shown to be one of the chemical constituents of the natural product propolis.
Hydroquinone is also one of the chemical compounds found in castoreum.
The detection of Hydroquinone along with resorcinol and phenol in air samples by synchronous fluorescence method has been proposed.

The electrochemical oxidation of Hydroquinone has been studied using cyclic and differential pulse voltammetry.
Hydroquinones enthalpies of sublimation, vaporization and fusion have been reported.
Hydroquinone may be used to synthesize bicyclic phosphonate derivative by reacting with phosphonic dichloride.

Unlike skin lightening surgery, hydroquinone creams are a cosmetic procedure that can be undertaken in the comfort of these home after the initial consultation with your dermatologist.
Hydroquinone is used as a developing agent in photography and as an antioxidant in rubber and food.
Tinnitus (ringing in the ears), dizziness, headache, nausea, vomiting, dyspnea, erosion of the gastric mucosa, edema of internal organs, cyanosis, convulsions, delirium, and collapse may result from the ingestion of a large amount of hydroquinone in humans.

When the contents of the reservoir are forced into the reaction chamber, the catalases and peroxidases rapidly break down the hydrogen peroxide and catalyze the oxidation of the hydroquinones into p-quinones.
These reactions release free oxygen and generate enough heat to bring the mixture to the boiling point and vaporize about a fifth of it, producing a hot spray from the beetle's abdomen.
Hydroquinone is produced as an inhibitor, an antioxidant, and an intermediate in the synthesis of dyes, motor fuels, and oils; in photographic processing; and naturally in certain plant species, Hydroquinone is a phenol derivative with antioxidant properties that can cause toxicity in several organs, notably the kidney.
Hydroquinone is used as a topical treatment for skin hyperpigmentation and in various cosmetic products, it is metabolized mainly to glutathione conjugates and forms mutagenic DNA adducts in in-vitro systems.

Hydroquinone appears as light colored crystals or solutions.
Hydroquinone may irritate the skin, eyes and mucous membranes.
Hydroquinone is a benzenediol comprising benzene core carrying two hydroxy substituents para to each other.

Hydroquinone has a role as a cofactor, a carcinogenic agent, an Escherichia coli metabolite, a human xenobiotic metabolite, a skin lightening agent, an antioxidant and a mouse metabolite. Hydroquinone is a benzenediol and a member of hydroquinones.
Hydroquinone is used as a developing agent in black-and-white photography, lithography, and x-ray films.
Hydroquinone is added to a number of industrial monomers to inhibit polymerization during shipping, storage, and processing.

Hydroquinones are one of the two primary reagents in the defensive glands of bombardier beetles, along with hydrogen peroxide (and perhaps other compounds, depending on the species), which collect in a reservoir.
The reservoir opens through a muscle-controlled valve onto a thick-walled reaction chamber.
When the contents of the reservoir are forced into the reaction chamber, the catalases and peroxidases rapidly break down the hydrogen peroxide and catalyze the oxidation of the hydroquinones into p-quinones.

These reactions release free oxygen and generate enough heat to bring the mixture to the boiling point and vaporize about a fifth of it, producing a hot spray from the beetle's abdomen.
Hydroquinone is produced industrially in two main ways.
The most widely used route is similar to the cumene process in reaction mechanism and involves the dialkylation of benzene with propene to give 1,4-diisopropylbenzene.

Hydroquinone reacts with air to afford the bis(hydroperoxide), which is structurally similar to cumene hydroperoxide and rearranges in acid to give acetone and hydroquinone.
A second route involves hydroxylation of phenol over a catalyst.
The conversion uses hydrogen peroxide and affords a mixture of hydroquinone and its ortho isomer catechol (benzene-1,2-diol): C6H5OH + H2O2 ⟶C6H4(OH)2 + H2O

A potentially significant synthesis of hydroquinone from acetylene and iron pentacarbonyl has been proposed Iron pentacarbonyl serves as a catalyst, rather than as a reagent, in the presence of free carbon monoxide gas.
Rhodium or ruthenium can substitute for iron as the catalyst with favorable chemical yields but are not typically used due to their cost of recovery from the reaction mixture.
Hydroquinone and its derivatives can also be prepared by oxidation of various phenols. Examples include Elbs persulfate oxidation and Dakin oxidation.

Hydroquinone was first obtained in 1820 by the French chemists Pelletier and Caventou via the dry distillation of quinic acid.
Hydroquinone is used to lighten the dark patches of skin (also called hyperpigmentation, melasma, "liver spots," "age spots," freckles) caused by pregnancy, birth control pills, hormone medicine, or injury to the skin.

This medicine works by blocking the process in the skin that leads to discoloration.
Hydroquinone is a chemical that a person can use to lighten their skin tone.
Hydroquinone is available as a cream, gel, lotion, or emulsion.

Hydroquinone is a chemical that bleaches the skin.
Hydroquinone can come as a cream, emulsion, gel, or lotion.
A person can apply these products directly to the skin.

Creams that contain hydroquinone are available with a prescription from a doctor.
People may use hydroquinone as a form of treatment for hyperpigmentation skin conditions, wherein some areas of skin grow darker than surrounding areas.
Hydroquinone is a depigmenting agent used to lighten areas of darkened skin such as freckles, age spots, chloasma, and melisma caused by pregnancy, birth control pills, hormone medicine, or injury to the skin.

Hydroquinone decreases the formation of melanin in the skin.
Melanin is the pigment in skin that gives it a brown color.
Hydroquinone is also known as 1,4-dihydroxy-benzene.

Hydroquinone is also used as an intermediate to produce antioxidants for rubber and food.
Hydroquinone is thought to be the active toxin in Agaricus hondensis mushrooms.
Due to concerns about its safety and potential side effects, some individuals seek alternative skin-lightening ingredients, such as alpha hydroxy acids (AHAs), beta hydroxy acids (BHAs), vitamin C, and natural extracts like licorice root or kojic acid.

These ingredients may offer skin-brightening benefits without the potential risks associated with hydroquinone.
The use of hydroquinone in cosmetics and skincare products is regulated by health authorities in different countries.
In some places, Hydroquinone may be available over-the-counter, while in others, it requires a prescription.

Some countries have banned or restricted Hydroquinone is use in cosmetics due to concerns about safety.
Before using products containing hydroquinone, it's advisable to consult with a dermatologist or healthcare professional to determine the most appropriate and safe treatment plan for your specific skin concerns. They can guide you on how to use hydroquinone effectively and minimize the risk of side effects.

Production Methods:
There are three current manufacturing processes for HQ: oxidative cleavage of diisopropylbenzene, oxidation of aniline, and hydroxylation of phenol.
Hydroquinone is air oxidized to the intermediate diisopropylbenzene bishydroperoxide.
This hydroperoxide is purified by extraction and reacted further to form hydroquinone.

The purified Hydroquinone is isolated by filtration and packaged.
The process can be almost entirely closed, continuous, computer-controlled, and monitored.
Hydroquinone can also be prepared by oxidizing aniline to quinone in the presence of manganese dioxide and sulfuric acid.

p-Benzoquinone is then reduced to Hydroquinone using iron oxide.
The resulting hydroquinone is crystallized and dried.
The process occurs in a closed system.

Hydroquinone is also manufactured by hydroxylation of phenol using hydrogen peroxide as a hydroxylation agent.
The reaction is catalyzed by strong mineral acids or ferrous or cobalt salts.

Uses:
Hydroquinone produces reversible lightening of the skin by interfering with melanin production by the melanocytes.
Hydroquinone has an industrial use resulting in manufacture of another substance (use of intermediates).
Hydroquinone is used in the following areas: printing and recorded media reproduction and formulation of mixtures and/or re-packaging.

Hydroquinone is used for the manufacture of: chemicals and plastic products.
Release to the environment of Hydroquinone can occur from industrial use: as processing aid, as an intermediate step in further manufacturing of another substance (use of intermediates) and for thermoplastic manufacture.
Hydroquinone is used in the following products: photo-chemicals.

Other release to the environment of Hydroquinone is likely to occur from: indoor use as reactive substance.
Hydroquinone has a variety of uses principally associated with its action as a reducing agent that is soluble in water.
Hydroquinone is a major component in most black and white photographic developers for film and paper where, with the compound metol, it reduces silver halides to elemental silver.

There are various other uses associated with its reducing power.
As a polymerisation inhibitor, exploiting its antioxidant properties, hydroquinone prevents polymerization of acrylic acid, methyl methacrylate, cyanoacrylate, and other monomers that are susceptible to radical-initiated polymerization.
Hydroquinone is a pigment-lightening agent used in bleaching creams.

Hydroquinone combines with oxygen very rapidly and becomes brown when exposed to air.
Although it occurs naturally, the synthetic version is the one commonly used in cosmetics.
Hydroquinone application to the skin may cause allergic reaction and increase skin sun sensitivity.

Hydroquinone is potentially carcinogenic and is associated with causing ochronosis, a discoloration of the skin.
The u.S. FDA has banned hydroquinone from oTC cosmetic formulations, but allows 4 percent in prescription products.
Hydroquinones use in cosmetics is prohibited in some european countries and in Australia.

Hydroquinone is a skin-lightening agent used topically for the treatment of hyperpigmentation.
Hydroquinone is used as a developing agent in black-and-white photography, lithography, and x-ray films.
Hydroquinone is also used as an intermediate to produce antioxidants for rubber and food.

Hydroquinone is added to a number of industrial monomers to inhibit polymerization during shipping, storage, and processing
Hydroquinone is primarily used to treat various forms of hyperpigmentation, including melasma, sunspots, age spots, and post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation.
Some individuals use hydroquinone for overall skin lightening to achieve a more even skin tone.

Hydroquinone is most commonly used to treat various forms of hyperpigmentation, which includes.
Hydroquinone is used skin condition characterized by dark patches on the face, often triggered by hormonal changes, pregnancy, or sun exposure.
Hydroquinone is used age Spots (Liver Spots): Dark spots that commonly appear on areas of the skin exposed to the sun, typically with age.

Hydroquinone is used small, brown spots on the skin, often related to sun exposure and genetics.
Hydroquinone is used dark spots or discoloration that remain after an inflammatory skin condition or injury, such as acne, eczema, or a wound.
Some individuals use hydroquinone for overall skin lightening to achieve a more even skin tone.

Hydroquinone can be used to address concerns about uneven pigmentation or dark areas on the skin.
Hydroquinone is sometimes used in combination with other dermatological treatments, such as retinoids or corticosteroids, to enhance its effectiveness in treating hyperpigmentation.
Dermatologists may recommend hydroquinone to prepare the skin for certain procedures, such as chemical peels or laser therapy, as it can help improve the uniformity of skin tone.

Hydroquinone has a variety of uses principally associated with its action as a reducing agent that is soluble in water.
Hydroquinone is a major component in most black and white photographic developers for film and paper where, with the compound metol, it reduces silver halides to elemental silver.
Hydroquinone is used as a polymerisation inhibitor, exploiting its antioxidant properties, hydroquinone prevents polymerization of acrylic acid, methyl methacrylate, cyanoacrylate, and other monomers that are susceptible to radical-initiated polymerization.

By acting as a free radical scavenger, hydroquinone serves to prolong the shelflife of light-sensitive resins such as preceramic polymers.
Hydroquinone can lose a hydrogen cation from both hydroxyl groups to form a diphenolate ion.

The disodium diphenolate salt of hydroquinone is used as an alternating comonomer unit in the production of the polymer PEEK.
Hydroquinone is most commonly used in skin lighteners, products heavily marketed towards women of color.

Hydroquinone is used in the following products: photo-chemicals, polymers, coating products, inks and toners and water treatment chemicals.
Hydroquinone is used in a cream or lotion formulation in a concentration of 1-5%.
Hydroquinone is often found in a combination formulation with other skin lightening agents such as topical retinoids (to increase efficiency) and low potency topical steroids (to reduce irritancy).

In New Zealand and many other countries, hydroquinone is only available on prescription, and may need to be compounded by the pharmacist.
Hydroquinone must be distinguished from monobenzyl ether of hydroquinone which can cause irreversible pigment loss.
Hydroquinone is a topical skin-bleaching agent used in the cosmetic treatment of hyperpigmented skin conditions.

The effect of skin lightening caused by hydroquinone is reversible when exposed to sunlight and therefore requires regular use until desired results are achieved.
Various preparations are available including creams, emulsions, gels, lotions and solutions.
Hydroquinone is available over the counter in a 2% cream and can be prescribed by your dermatologist in higher concentrations.

Health Hazard:
Hydroquinone is very toxic; the probable oral lethal dose for humans is 50-500 mg/kg, or between 1 teaspoon and 1 ounce for a 150 lb.
Hydroquinone is irritating but not corrosive.
Fatal human doses have ranged from 5-12 grams, but 300-500 mg have been ingested daily for 3-5 months without ill effects.

Exposures to hydroquinone in large quantities by accidental oral ingestion produce toxicity and poisoning.
The symptoms of poisoning include, but are not limited to, blurred speech, tinnitus, tremors, sense of suffocation, vomiting, muscular twitching, headache, convul- sions, dyspnea and cyanosis from methemoglobinemia, coma, and collapse from respira- tory failure.
Occupational workers should be allowed to work with protective clothing and dust masks with full-face or goggles to protect the eyes, and under proper management.

DESCRIPTION:

Hydroquinone is an aromatic organic compound that is a type of phenol, a derivative of benzene, having the chemical formula C6H4(OH)2.
Hydroquinone has two hydroxyl groups bonded to a benzene ring in a para position.
Hydroquinone is a white granular solid. Substituted derivatives of this parent compound are also referred to as hydroquinones.



CAS NUMBER: 123-31-9

EC NUMBER: 204-617-8

MOLECULAR FORMULA: C6H6O2

MOLECULAR WEIGHT: 110.12



DESCRIPTION:

Hydroquinone appears as light colored crystals or solutions.
Hydroquinone may irritates the skin, eyes and mucous membranes.
Hydroquinone is mildly toxic by ingestion or skin absorption.
Hydroquinone is a benzenediol comprising benzene core carrying two hydroxy substituents para to each other.
Hydroquinone has a role as a cofactor, a carcinogenic agent, an Escherichia coli metabolite, a human xenobiotic metabolite, a skin lightening agent, an antioxidant and a mouse metabolite.

Hydroquinone is a benzenediol and a member of hydroquinones.
Hydroquinone is a topical lightening product found in OTC products, and is used to correct skin discoloration associated with disorders of hyperpigmentation including melasma, post-inflammatory hyperpigmention, sunspots, and freckles.
Hydroquinone can be used alone, but is more frequently found in combination with other agents such as alpha-hydroxy acids, corticosteroids, retinoids, or sunscreen.
Hydroquinone has come under scrutiny due to several complications associated with its use, including dermal irritation, exogenous onchronosis, and carginogenicity.

As a result of these concerns, hydroquinone has been banned in the EU and UK.
Hydroquinone is used to lighten the dark patches of skin (also called hyperpigmentation, melasma, "liver spots," "age spots," freckles) caused by pregnancy, birth control pills, hormone medicine, or injury to the skin.This medicine works by blocking the process in the skin that leads to discoloration.
Hydroquinone is a skin-lightening agent used topically for the treatment of hyperpigmentation.
Hydroquinone is used in a cream or lotion formulation in a concentration of 1-5%.
Hydroquinone is often found in a combination formulation with other skin lightening agents such as topical retinoids (to increase efficiency) and low potency topical steroids.

Hydroquinone is used as a developing agent in photography and as an antioxidant in rubber and food.
Hydroquinone is a Melanin Synthesis Inhibitor. The mechanism of action of hydroquinone is as a Melanin Synthesis Inhibitor. The physiologic effect of hydroquinone is by means of Depigmenting Activity.
Hydroquinone is frequently found in skin-lightening products like bleaching creams.
Hydroquinone works by limiting your production of melanin, the hormone that darkens your skin.

While some people use it to lighten their darker skin, hydroquinone creams are most commonly used to lighten small, dark patches like sunspots or hyperpigmentation.
Hydroquinone is produced by the oxidation of aniline or phenol, by the reduction of quinone, or from a reaction of acetylene and carbon monoxide.
Hydroquinone has been reported to be a good antimitotic and tumor-inhibiting agent.
Hydroquinone is a reducing agent used in a photographic developer, which polymerizes in the presence of oxidizing agents.
In the manufacturing industry, Hydroquinone may occur include bacteriostatic agent, drug, fur processing, motor fuel, paint, organic chemicals, plastics, stone coating, and styrene monomers.

Hydroquinone is a pigment-lightening agent used in bleaching creams.
Hydroquinone combines with oxygen very rapidly and becomes brown when exposed to air.
Although Hydroquinone occurs naturally, the synthetic version is the one commonly used in cosmetics.
Application to the skin may cause allergic reaction and increase skin sun sensitivity.
Hydroquinone is potentially carcinogenic and is associated with causing ochronosis, a discoloration of the skin.
Hydroquinone interferes with the production of the pigment melanin by epidermal melanocytes through at least two mechanisms.

Hydroquinone competitively inhibits tyrosinase, one of the principal enzymes responsible for converting tyrosine to melanin, and it selectively damages melanocytes and melanosomes (the organelles within which melanin is stored).
Hydroquinone is used in photography developers (black and white, X-ray, and microfilms), in plastics, in hair dyes as an antioxidant and hair colorant.
Hydroquinone is found in many skin bleaching creams.

Creams with hydroquinone as an ingredient are an excellent non-surgical aesthetic procedure to help you achieve the skin you have always wanted. Unlike skin lightening surgery, hydroquinone creams are a cosmetic procedure that can be undertaken in the comfort of your own home after the initial consultation with your dermatologist.
If you have dark patches or old sunspots, creams with hydroquinone can lighten them and – when combined with other suitable skincare ingredients – can help your skin recover from sun damage.
Hydroquinone is a topical skin-bleaching agent used in the cosmetic treatment of hyperpigmented skin conditions.

The effect of skin lightening caused by hydroquinone is reversible when exposed to sunlight and therefore requires regular use until desired results are achieved. Various preparations are available including creams, emulsions, gels, lotions and solutions.
Hydroquinone is available over the counter in a 2% cream and can be prescribed by your dermatologist in higher concentrations.
Hydroquinone is used as an antioxidant in tire industry.
Hydroquinone is used as a small additive to prevent homopolymerization to all monomers in the liquid phase.

Hydroquinone is used as a barrier to polymerization in bone cement due to heat and light.
Hydroquinone is used in the photography sector in radiography and filmmaking.
Hydroquinone is an active substance used in creams that cause skin color in this sector.
Because of the side effects of hydroquinone such as skin irritation, cytotoxicity and exogenous ochronosis, it has been possible to develop alternative colorants.
Hydroquinone is an aromatic organic compound.

In the United States, Hydroquinone may be used as an active ingredient in OTC drug products.
When used as an active drug ingredient, the established name is Hydroquinone.
Hydroquinone is used as an inhibitor of polymerization.
Due to its outstanding photo developing properties, Hydroquinone is also used as a photo developer, and as a raw material in manufacturing dye intermediates.
Hydroquinone is produced as an inhibitor, an antioxidant, and an intermediate in the synthesis of dyes, motor fuels, and oils; in photographic processing; and naturally in certain plant species, Hydroquinone is a phenol derivative with antioxidant properties that can cause toxicity in several organs.

Hydroquinone is used as a topical treatment for skin hyperpigmentation and in various cosmetic products.
Hydroquinone is metabolized mainly to glutathione conjugates and forms mutagenic DNA adducts in in-vitro systems.
Hydroquinone, also benzene-1,4-diol, is an aromatic organic compound which is a type of phenol.
Hydroquinone is commonly used as a biomarker for benzene exposure.
The presence of hydroquinone in normal individuals stems mainly from direct dietary ingestion, catabolism of tyrosine and other substrates by gut bacteria, ingestion of arbutin containing foods, cigarette smoking, and the use of some over-the-counter medicines.

Hydroquinone is a white, odorless, crystalline solid with an extremely low vapor pressure.
Hydroquinone is moderately soluble in water and highly soluble in alcohol.
Hydroquinone occurs in the environment as a result of anthropogenic processes, as well as in natural products from plants.
In the soil, hydroquinone is expected to biodegrade under aerobic conditions.
Hydroquinone may be removed from the soil by oxidation processes or by direct photolysis on the surface.
In the water, Hydroquinone would degrade under either aerobic or anaerobic conditions.

Hydroquinone can also slowly oxidize to quinone, which is more volatile.
In the air, hydroquinone undergoes photochemical degradation.
Hydroquinone is a skin lightening agent available as either a pharmaceutical or a cosmeceutical.
Hydroquinone's mechanism of action depends on its ability to inhibit tyrosinase synthesis, thereby inhibiting the production of melanin.
Hydroquinone is an aromatic organic compound with the chemical formula C6H4(OH)2, also known as benzene-1,4-diol or quinol, which is a kind of phenol and also a derivative of benzene.

Hydroquinone contains two hydroxyl groups bonded in a para position to the benzene ring.
Hydroquinone is a granular white solid.
Hydroquinone has several applications, which are primarily associated with its function as a reducing agent that is soluble in water.
Hydroquinone is a major component of most black and white photographers for film and paper where, with the compound metol, it transforms silver halides into elemental silver.
Formula of hydroquinone is C6H6O2.

The Molecular Weight is 110.11 g/mol.
The Boiling Point of hydroquinone is 287°C
Also, the Melting Point of hydroquinone is 172°C.
The Density of hydroquinone is 1.3gcm−3.
Hydroquinone is soluble in water.

Hydroquinone has a white-solid appearance.
Industrial production of hydroquinone usually happens in two ways.
The most commonly used technique is identical to the cumene process in the reaction mechanism and, it includes the dialkylation of benzene with propene to produce 1,4diisopropyl benzene.
The compound reacts with air to form bishydroperoxide, which has a similar structure compared to cumene hydroperoxide and, it rearranges in acid to form acetone and hydroquinone.Hydroquinone is a topical lightening product found in OTC products, and is used to correct skin discoloration associated with disorders of hyperpigmentation including melasma, post-inflammatory hyperpigmention, sunspots, and freckles.
Hydroquinone can be used alone, but is more frequently found in combination with other agents such as alpha-hydroxy acids, corticosteroids, retinoids, or sunscreen.



APPLICATIONS:

-As a reducing agent.
-For the preventive measures of methyl methacrylate.
-In skin whitening.
-Helpful as a biomarker for benzene exposure.
-By photographic developers
-In the treatment of acne scars
-In various cosmetic products



APPLICATIONS:

-Hydroquinone has several applications, which are primarily associated with its function as a reducing agent that is soluble in water.
-Hydroquinone is a major component of most black and white photographers for film and paper where, with the compound metol, it transforms silver halides into elemental silver.
-There are several other applications for its reducing power.
-As a polymerization barrier, hydroquinone inhibits the polymerization of acrylic acid, methyl methacrylate, cyanoacrylate, and other monomers vulnerable to radical-initiated polymerization by using its antioxidant properties.
-By serving as a free-radical scavenger, hydroquinone helps in improving the shelflife of light-sensitive resins such as preceramic polymers.
-Hydroquinone can form a diphenolate ion by losing a hydrogen cation from both hydroxyl groups.



USAGE:

Hydroquinone has a variety of uses principally associated with its action as a reducing agent that is soluble in water.
Hydroquinone is a major component in most black and white photographic developers for film and paper where, with the compound metol, it reduces silver halides to elemental silver.
There are various other uses associated with its reducing power.

As a polymerisation inhibitor, exploiting its antioxidant properties, hydroquinone prevents polymerization of acrylic acid, methyl methacrylate, cyanoacrylate, and other monomers that are susceptible to radical-initiated polymerization.
By acting as a free radical scavenger, hydroquinone serves to prolong the shelflife of light-sensitive resins such as preceramic polymers.
Hydroquinone can lose a hydrogen cation from both hydroxyl groups to form a diphenolate ion.
The disodium diphenolate salt of hydroquinone is used as an alternating comonomer unit in the production of the polymer PEEK.


-Skin depigmentation:

Hydroquinone is used as a topical application in skin whitening to reduce the color of skin.
Hydroquinone does not have the same predisposition to cause dermatitis as metol does.
This is a prescription-only ingredient in some countries.
In 2006, the United States Food and Drug Administration revoked its previous approval of hydroquinone and proposed a ban on all over-the-counter preparations.
The FDA officially banned hydroquinone in 2020 as part of a larger reform of the over-the-counter drug review process.

The FDA stated that hydroquinone cannot be ruled out as a potential carcinogen.
This conclusion was reached based on the extent of absorption in humans and the incidence of neoplasms in rats in several studies where adult rats were found to have increased rates of tumours, including thyroid follicular cell hyperplasias, anisokaryosis (variation in nuclei sizes), mononuclear cell leukemia, hepatocellular adenomas and renal tubule cell adenomas.
The Campaign for Safe Cosmetics has also highlighted concerns.

Numerous studies have revealed that hydroquinone, if taken orally, can cause exogenous ochronosis, a disfiguring disease in which blue-black pigments are deposited onto the skin; however, skin preparations containing the ingredient are administered topically.
The FDA had classified hydroquinone in 1982 as a safe product - generally recognized as safe and effective (GRASE), however additional studies under the National Toxicology Program (NTP) were suggested in order to determine whether there is a risk to humans from the use of hydroquinone.
NTP evaluation showed some evidence of long-term carcinogenic and genotoxic effects.

While hydroquinone remains widely prescribed for treatment of hyperpigmentation, questions raised about its safety profile by regulatory agencies in the EU, Japan, and USA encourage the search for other agents with comparable efficacy.
Several such agents are already available or under research, including azelaic acid, kojic acid, retinoids, cysteamine, topical steroids, glycolic acid, and other substances.
One of these, 4-butylresorcinol, has been proven to be more effective at treating melanin-related skin disorders by a wide margin, as well as safe enough to be made available over the counter.

Hydroquinone is a chemical that a person can use to lighten their skin tone.
Hydroquinone is available as a cream, gel, lotion, or emulsion.
Hydroquinone is generally safe to use, but some people may experience side effects, such as dry skin.
Hydroquinone is a chemical that bleaches the skin.
Hydroquinone can come as a cream, emulsion, gel, or lotion.



PRODUCTION:

Hydroquinone is produced industrially in two main ways.
The most widely used route is similar to the cumene process in reaction mechanism and involves the dialkylation of benzene with propene to give 1,4-diisopropylbenzene. Hydroquinone reacts with air to afford the bis(hydroperoxide), which is structurally similar to cumene hydroperoxide and rearranges in acid to give acetone and hydroquinone.
A second route involves hydroxylation of phenol over a catalyst.

Other, less common methods include:

-A potentially significant synthesis of hydroquinone from acetylene and iron pentacarbonyl has been proposed Iron pentacarbonyl serves as a catalyst, rather than as a reagent, in the presence of free carbon monoxide gas.
-Rhodium or ruthenium can substitute for iron as the catalyst with favorable chemical yields but are not typically used due to their cost of recovery from the reaction mixture.
-Hydroquinone and its derivatives can also be prepared by oxidation of various phenols.
-Examples include Elbs persulfate oxidation and Dakin oxidation.
-Hydroquinone was first obtained in 1820 by the French chemists Pelletier and Caventou via the dry distillation of quinic acid.



MECHANISM OF ACTION:

Hydroquinone lightens epidermal, but not dermal, pigmentation by reducing the production of new melanin:

-Reversible inhibition of tyrosinase, an enzyme involved in converting L3,4-diphenylalanine to the skin pigment melanin
-Selective damage to melanocytes and melanosomes.



HOW TO USE IT:

Hydroquinone is applied topically just to the hyperpigmented skin only, twice daily for 3 months, after which time many patients maintain their improvement by using it twice each week.
If there has been no benefit after 3 months of treatment, then the hydroquinone should be stopped.
Management of the underlying cause of the hyperpigmentation is also recommended.

When initiating hydroquinone treatment, Hydroquinone is advisable to:

-Start with a test area about 1 cm in diameter.
-If there is no irritation or redness within 24 hours, the cream can be used more widely on the affected areas.
-Apply a thin film initially daily and if there is no irritation after one week, the application frequency can be increased to twice a day.
-Do not apply close to the eyes or mouth.
-Do not use any other topical medication, particularly benzoyl peroxide.
-Wait for 10 minutes before applying sunscreen or cosmetics over the hydroquinone.
-Treatment should be discontinued if undue redness, scaling, itch, or weeping occurs.



CHEMICAL PROPERTIES:

-Melting point: 172-175 °C(lit.)
-Boiling point: 285 °C(lit.)
-density: 1.32
-vapor density: 3.81 (vs air)
-vapor pressure: 1 mm Hg ( 132 °C)
-refractive index: 1.6320
-Fp: 165 °C
-storage temp.: Store below +30°C.
-solubility: H2O: 50 mg/mL, clear
-pka: 10.35(at 20℃)
-form: Needle-Like Crystals or Crystalline Powder
-color: White to off-white
-Odor: odorless
-Water Solubility: 70 g/L (20 ºC)
-Sensitive: Air & Light Sensitive




BENEFITS:

Hydroquinone is particularly effective for the treatment of postinflammatory hyperpigmentation which is unlikely to recur provided the underlying inflammatory dermatosis is also controlled.
In melasma, 70% of sufferers notice clearance or reduction in pigmentation with twice daily hydroquinone used for three months.
This improvement can be maintained in 50% of individuals with twice weekly application.


NATURAL OCCURRENCES:

Hydroquinones are one of the two primary reagents in the defensive glands of bombardier beetles, along with hydrogen peroxide, which collect in a reservoir.
The reservoir opens through a muscle-controlled valve onto a thick-walled reaction chamber.
This chamber is lined with cells that secrete catalases and peroxidases.
When the contents of the reservoir are forced into the reaction chamber, the catalases and peroxidases rapidly break down the hydrogen peroxide and catalyze the oxidation of the hydroquinones into p-quinones.

These reactions release free oxygen and generate enough heat to bring the mixture to the boiling point and vaporize about a fifth of it, producing a hot spray from the beetle's abdomen.
Hydroquinone is thought to be the active toxin in Agaricus hondensis mushrooms.
Hydroquinone has been shown to be one of the chemical constituents of the natural product propolis.
Hydroquinone is also one of the chemical compounds found in castoreum. This compound is gathered from the beaver's castor sacs.



USES:

-raw material
-intermediate or auxiliaries
-widely used in dye
-rubber
-photograph
-pesticides
-cosmetics
-pharmaceuticals industries



PROPERTIES:

-CAS No.：123-31-9
-Molecular formula：C6H6O2
-Molecular weight：110.12
-Appearance：White or off-white crystal
-Solubility：Easily soluble in hot water, soluble in cool water, ethanol and diethyl ether, slightly soluble in benzene
-Density：1.32g/cm3
-Flash point：141.6℃



REACTIONS:

The reactivity of hydroquinone's hydroxyl groups resembles that of other phenols, being weakly acidic.
The resulting conjugate base undergoes easy O-alkylation to give mono- and diethers.
Similarly, hydroquinone is highly susceptible to ring substitution by Friedel–Crafts reactions such as alkylation.
This reaction is exploited en route to popular antioxidants such as 2-tert-butyl-4-methoxyphenol (BHA).
The useful dye quinizarin is produced by diacylation of hydroquinone with phthalic anhydride.


-Redox:

Hydroquinone undergoes oxidation under mild conditions to give benzoquinone.
This process can be reversed.
Some naturally occurring hydroquinone derivatives exhibit this sort of reactivity, one example being coenzyme Q.
Industrially this reaction is exploited both with hydroquinone itself but more often with its derivatives where one OH has been replaced by an amine.

When colorless hydroquinone and benzoquinone, a bright yellow solid, are cocrystallized in a 1:1 ratio, a dark-green crystalline charge-transfer complex (melting point 171 °C) called quinhydrone (C6H6O2·C6H4O2) is formed.
This complex dissolves in hot water, where the two molecules dissociate in solution.



PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES:

-Boiling point: 287 °C (1013 hPa)
-Density: 1.332 g/cm3 (15 °C)
-Flash point: 165 °C
-Ignition temperature: 515 °C
-Melting Point: 171 °C (decomposition)
-pH value: 3.7 (70 g/l, H₂O)
-Vapor pressure: 1 hPa (132 °C)
-Bulk density: 600 kg/m3
-Solubility: 70 g/l



PROPERTIES:

-CAS number: 123-31-9
-EC index number: 604-005-00-4
-EC number: 204-617-8
-Hill Formula: C₆H₆O₂
-Chemical formula: C₆H₄(OH)₂
-Molar Mass: 110.11 g/mol



SPECIFICATIONS:

-Molecular Weight: 110.11 g/mol
-XLogP3: 0.6
-Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 2
-Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 2
-Rotatable Bond Count: 0
-Exact Mass: 110.036779430 g/mol
-Monoisotopic Mass: 110.036779430 g/mol
-Topological Polar Surface Area: 40.5Ų
-Heavy Atom Count: 8
-Complexity: 54.9
-Isotope Atom Count: 0
-Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
-Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
-Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
-Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
-Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 1
-Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes



STORAGE:

Stored in a cool, dry, ventilated place with sealed packing, abstaining from moistness and away from oxidizing agents, alkalis



SYNONYM:

hydroquinone
Benzene-1,4-diol
123-31-9
1,4-benzenediol
Quinol
1,4-Dihydroxybenzene
p-Benzenediol
p-Hydroquinone
p-Hydroxyphenol
4-Hydroxyphenol
p-Dihydroxybenzene
Benzoquinol
Eldoquin
hydroquinol
Eldopaque
Phiaquin
p-Dioxybenzene
Solaquin forte
Dihydroquinone
Hydroquinole
Idrochinone
Tecquinol
Benzohydroquinone
Hidroquinone
Arctuvin
Tequinol
Dihydroxybenzene
Eldopaque Forte
Eldoquin Forte
Derma-Blanch
Hydrochinon
Tenox HQ
Diak 5
Benzene, p-dihydroxy-
Hydrochinone
1,4-Dihydroxy-benzol
Artra
Usaf ek-356
1,4-Diidrobenzene
p-Dioxobenzene
1,4-Dihydroxybenzen
para-Dioxybenzene
para-Hydroquinone
NCI-C55834
Pyrogentistic acid
Black and White Bleaching Cream
1,4-Dihydroxy-benzeen
para-Dihydroxybenzene
beta-quinol
HE 5
Epiquin
Sunvanish
Idrochinone [Italian]
p-Dihydroquinone
alpha-hydroquinone
para-Hydroxyphenol
CHEBI:17594
NSC 9247
Hydrochinon [Czech, Polish]
CCRIS 714
1,4-Dihydroxybenzen [Czech]
1,4-Diidrobenzene [Italian]
quinnone
Eldopacque
HSDB 577
DTXSID7020716
p-Phenylenediol
1,4-Dihydroxy-benzeen [Dutch]
1,4-Dihydroxy-benzol [German]
p Benzendiol
p-Quinol
AI3-00072
CHEMBL537
UNII-XV74C1N1AE
NSC-9247
1,4-Benzoquinol
EINECS 204-617-8
XV74C1N1AE
UN2662
1,4-Hydroxybenzene
Hydroquinone [USP]
MFCD00002339
HQ
BQ(H)
DTXCID70716
Black & White Bleaching Cream
NSC9247
EC 204-617-8
Hydroquinone [UN2662] [Poison]
1,4-Dihydroxybenzene (ring-d4)
Hydroquinone (USP)
TRI-LUMA COMPONENT HYDROQUINONE
NCGC00015523-02
HYDROQUINONE COMPONENT OF TRI-LUMA
HYDROQUINONE (IARC)
HYDROQUINONE [IARC]
HYDROQUINONE (MART.)
HYDROQUINONE [MART.]
HYDROQUINONE (USP-RS)
HYDROQUINONE [USP-RS]
HYDROQUINONE (USP MONOGRAPH)
HYDROQUINONE [USP MONOGRAPH]
CAS-123-31-9
SMR000059154
SR-01000075920
BUTYLHYDROXYANISOLE IMPURITY A (EP IMPURITY)
BUTYLHYDROXYANISOLE IMPURITY A [EP IMPURITY]
4-DIHYDROXYBENZENE
hydrokinone
hydroquinon
Hidroquinona
Hydrokinon
Hydroquinoue
Accutin
Elopaque
hydroq uinone
hydroquinone gr
p-fenilenediol
p-hidroquinona
p-hidroxifenol
Reduced quinone
a-Hydroquinone
p-Dioxibenceno
4-hidroxifenol
p-Diphenol
p-Hydroxybenzene
b-Quinol
4-Benzenediol
Dihydroxybenzen e
14-Benzoquinol
p-Dihidroxibenceno
Hydroquinone, HQ
.beta.-Quinol
1,4 benzenediol
1,4-Bencenodiol
Hydroquinone,(S)
p-dihydroxy benzene
p -Dihydroxybenzene
PLQ
1,4-Benzendil
Artra (Salt/Mix)
HYDROP
.alpha.-Hydroquinone
1 4-p-Benzenediol
Hydroquinone (8CI)
phenol derivative, 4
1 4-Dihydroxybenzene
1,4-Dihidroxibenceno
4-hydroxyphenyl alcohol
Spectrum_001757
4e3h
HDQ (CHRIS Code)
PYROGENTISIC ACID
SpecPlus_000769
1,4-Dihydrobenzoquinone
ELDOQUIN (TN)
HYDROQUINONE BAKER
hydroquinone for synthesis
Spectrum2_001672
Spectrum3_000656
Spectrum4_000633
Spectrum5_001430
HYDROQUINONE [MI]
Lopac-H-9003
WLN: QR DQ
bmse000293
D03UOT
D08LQA
Epitope ID:116206
HYDROQUINONE [HSDB]
HYDROQUINONE [INCI]
HYDROQUINONE [VANDF]
1,4-Dihydroxybenzene Quinol
Lopac0_000577
SCHEMBL15516
BSPBio_002291
KBioGR_001246
KBioSS_002237
1,4-Dihydroxybenzene, XIII
MLS000069815
MLS001074911
BIDD:ER0340
DivK1c_006865
HYDROQUINONE [WHO-DD]
Hydroquinone, LR, >=99%
SPECTRUM1504237
Hydrochinon(CZECH, POLISH)
SPBio_001883
BDBM26190
Hydroquinone, puriss., 99.0%
KBio1_001809
KBio2_002237
KBio2_004805
KBio2_007373
KBio3_001511
Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone)
BENZENE, 1,4-DIHYDROXY-
HMS1922H15
HMS2093E08
HMS3261D16
HYDROQUINONE [ORANGE BOOK]
LS-23
Pharmakon1600-01504237
HY-B0951
Hydroquinone [UN2662] [Poison]
Tox21_110169
Tox21_202345
Tox21_300015
Tox21_500577
CCG-39082
NA2662
NSC758707
s4580
STK397446
UN3435
AKOS000119003
Tox21_110169_1
AM10548
DB09526
LP00577
NSC-758707
SDCCGSBI-0050559.P003
UN 2662
Hydroquinone, ReagentPlus(R), >=99%
Hydroquinone, USP, 99.0-100.5%
NCGC00015523-01
NCGC00015523-03
NCGC00015523-04
NCGC00015523-05
NCGC00015523-06
NCGC00015523-07
NCGC00015523-08
NCGC00015523-09
NCGC00015523-10
NCGC00015523-11
NCGC00015523-12
NCGC00015523-13
NCGC00015523-19
NCGC00090880-01
NCGC00090880-02
NCGC00090880-03
NCGC00090880-04
NCGC00090880-05
NCGC00254037-01
NCGC00259894-01
NCGC00261262-01
BP-21160
Hydroquinone, ReagentPlus(R), >=99.5%
SBI-0050559.P002
Hydroquinone, SAJ first grade, >=99.0%
EU-0100577
FT-0606877
H0186
Hydroquinone, SAJ special grade, >=99.0%
EN300-18053
Hydroquinone, meets USP testing specifications
C00530
D00073
H 9003
AB00053361_08
Quinol; 1,4-Benzenediol; 1,4-Dihydroxybenzene
Q419164
J-004910
J-521469
SR-01000075920-1
SR-01000075920-4
Q27102742
Z57127551
094CADDB-59BF-4EDF-B278-59791B203EA2
F1908-0167



IUPAC NAME:

1,4-Benzenediol
1,4-Benzenediol, 1,4-Dihydroxybenzene, HQ, Quinol
1,4-Benzodiol
1,4-Dihydroxybenzene
1,4-dihydroxybenzene
1,4-dihydroxybenzene; hydroquinone; quinol
1,4-dyhydroxybenzene; hydroquinone, quinol
benzene, 1,4-dihydroxy
Benzene-1,4-diol
benzene-1,4-diol
Benzene-4,1-diol
hydoquinone
Hydrochinon
HYDROQUINONE
Hydroquinone
hydroquinone
Hydroquinone
hydroquinone
hydroquinone
quinol

Hydroquinone, also known as benzene-1,4-diol or quinol, is an aromatic organic compound that is a type of phenol, a derivative of benzene, having the chemical formula C6H4(OH)2.
Hydroquinone has two hydroxyl groups bonded to a benzene ring in a para position.
Hydroquinone is a white granular solid.


CAS Number: 123-31-9
EC Number: 204-617-8
MDL number: MFCD00002339
Molecular Formula: C6H6O2 / C6H4-1,4-(OH)2


Hydroquinone is a chemical that a person can use to lighten their skin tone.
Hydroquinone is available as a cream, gel, lotion, or emulsion.
Hydroquinone has two hydroxyl groups bonded to a benzene ring in a para position.


Hydroquinone is a white granular solid.
Hydroquinone is a white granular solid at room temperature and pressure.
Hydroquinone is generally safe to use, but some people may experience side effects, such as dry skin


Hydroquinone in some countries, including the member states of the European Union under Directives 76/768/EEC:1976.
Hydroquinone is a chemical that bleaches the skin.
Hydroquinone's chemical structure has two hydroxyl groups bonded to a benzene ring in a para position.


Hydroquinone is a white granular solid at room temperature and pressure.
Some biochemical compounds in nature have this sort of Hydroquinone or quinone section in their structures, such as Coenzyme Q, and can undergo similar redox interconversions.


The hydroxyl groups of Hydroquinone are quite weakly acidic.
Hydroquinone can come as a cream, emulsion, gel, or lotion.
A person can apply these products directly to the skin.


Creams that contain Hydroquinone are available with a prescription from a doctor.
Hydroquinone is colourless, crystalline organic compound formed by chemical reduction of benzoquinone.
Hydroquinone is an aromatic organic compound that is a type of phenol, having the chemical formula C6H4(OH)2.


Hydroquinone comprising benzene core carrying two hydroxy substituents para to each other.
Hydroquinone, also known as Hydroquinone or quinol, is an aromatic organic compound that is a type of phenol, a derivative of benzene, having the chemical formula C6H4(OH)2.


Substituted derivatives of this parent compound are also referred to as hydroquinone.
Hydroquinone has a variety of uses principally associated with its action as a reducing agent which is soluble in water.
People may use hydroquinone as a form of treatment for hyperpigmentation skin conditions, wherein some areas of skin grow darker than surrounding areas.


Hydroquinone or quinol, is an aromatic organic compound which is a type of phenol, having the chemical formula C6H4(OH)2.
Hydroquinone, also known as Hydroquinone or quinol, is an aromatic organic compound that is a type of phenol, a derivative of benzene, having the chemical formula C6H4(OH)2.


Hydroquinone bleaches the skin, which can be helpful when treating different forms of hyperpigmentation.
Hydroquinone is a skin-lightening agent.
Hydroquinone, also known as benzene-1,4-diol or quinol, is an aromatic organic compound that is a type of phenol, a derivative of benzene, having the chemical formula C6H4(OH)2.


Hydroquinone belongs to the class of organic compounds known as hydroquinone.
Hydroquinone are compounds containing a hydroquinone moiety, which consists of a benzene ring with a hydroxyl groups at positions 1 and 4.
Hydroquinone can lose an H+ from one of the hydroxyls to form a monophenolate ion or lose an H+ from both to form a diphenolate ion.


Hydroquinone has two hydroxyl groups bonded to a benzene ring in a para position.
Hydroquinone is the name recommended for Hydroquinone by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) in its 1993 Recommendations for the Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry.


Hydroquinone can undergo mild oxidation to convert to the compound parabenzoquinone, C6H4O2, often called p-quinone or simply quinone.
Hydroquinone is an aromatic organic compound which is a type of phenol.
Hydroquinone can be considered a simple polyphenol.


Substituted derivatives of Hydroquinone are also referred to as hydroquinones.
Hydroquinone is a white crystalline solid, C6H4(OH)2; r.d. 1.33; m.p. 170°C; b.p. 285°C.
Hydroquinone is a white granular solid.


Substituted derivatives of this parent compound are also referred to as hydroquinone.
Hydroquinone is a benzenediol.
Hydroquinone, also known as Hydroquinone, is an aromatic organic compound which is a type of phenol, having the chemical formula C6H4(OH)2.


The name "hydroquinone" was coined by Friedrich Wöhler in 1843.
Hydroquinone appears as light colored crystals or solutions.
Hydroquinone has a variety of uses principally associated with its action as a reducing agent that is soluble in water.


Hydroquinone is a major component in most black and white photographic developers for film and paper where, with the compound metol, it reduces silver halides to elemental silver.
Hydroquinone is a major component in most photographic developers where, with the compound Metol, Hydroquinone reduces silver halides to elemental silver.


Substituted derivatives of Hydroquinone are also referred to as hydroquinones.
Hydroquinone is a benzenediol comprising benzene core carrying two hydroxy substituents para to each other.
Hydroquinone is a topical skin-bleaching agent used in the cosmetic treatment of hyperpigmented skin conditions.


The effect of skin lightening caused by hydroquinone is reversible when exposed to sunlight and therefore requires regular use until desired results are achieved.
Various preparations are available including creams, emulsions, gels, lotions and solutions.


The hydroxyl groups of Hydroquinone are quite weakly acidic.
Hydroquinone can lose an H+ from one of the hydroxyls to form a monophenolate ion or lose an H+ from both to form a diphenolate ion.
Reduction of quinone reverses this reaction back to Hydroquinone.
Hydroquinone's chemical structure has two hydroxyl groups bonded to a benzene ring in a para position.


Hydroquinone is available over the counter in a 2% cream and can be prescribed by your dermatologist in higher concentrations.
Hydroquinone has two hydroxyl groups bonded to a benzene ring in a para position.
Hydroquinone is a white granular solid.



USES and APPLICATIONS of HYDROQUINONE:
There are various other uses associated with Hydroquinone's reducing power.
Hydroquinone can lose a hydrogen cation from both hydroxyl groups to form a diphenolate ion.
Hydroquinone is used as a topical application in skin whitening to reduce the color of skin.


Hydroquinone is used as a topical treatment for skin hyperpigmentation and in various cosmetic products.
As a polymerisation inhibitor, exploiting its antioxidant properties, Hydroquinone prevents polymerization of acrylic acid, methyl methacrylate, cyanoacrylate, and other monomers that are susceptible to radical-initiated polymerization.


Hydroquinone is also used as a raw material of herbicides, rubber antioxidants and dye stuffs.
Hydroquinone is a topical lightening product found in OTC products, and is used to correct skin discoloration associated with disorders of hyperpigmentation including melasma, post-inflammatory hyperpigmention, sunspots, and freckles.


By acting as a free radical scavenger, Hydroquinone serves to prolong the shelflife of light-sensitive resins such as preceramic polymers.
In human medicine, Hydroquinone is used as a topical application in skin whitening to reduce the color of skin as Hydroquinone does not have the same predisposition to cause dermatitis as metal does.


Hydroquinone can lose a hydrogen cation from both hydroxyl groups to form a diphenolate ion.
The disodium diphenolate salt of hydroquinone is used as an alternating comonomer unit in the production of the polymer PEEK.
As a polymerisation inhibitor, exploiting its antioxidant properties, Hydroquinone prevents polymerization of acrylic acid, methyl methacrylate, cyanoacrylate, and other monomers that are susceptible to radical-initiated polymerization.


Hydroquinone is used to lighten the dark patches of skin (also called hyperpigmentation, melasma, "liver spots," "age spots," freckles) caused by pregnancy, birth control pills, hormone medicine, or injury to the skin.
The disodium diphenolate salt of Hydroquinone is used as an alternating comonomer unit in the production of the polymer PEEK.


This medicine works by blocking the process in the skin that leads to discoloration.
In the field of water treatment, Hydroquinone is added to the hot water and cooling water of the closed-circuit heating and cooling system, and the corrosion inhibition of the water side Metal energy is carried out.


Hydroquinone is used as raw material, intermediate or auxiliaries, and widely used in dye, rubber, photograph, pesticides, pharmaceuticals industries etc.
Hydroquinone has role skin lightening agent.
Hydroquinone is used in making dyes.


Hydroquinone is also used as a raw material of herbicides, rubber antioxidants and dye stuffs.
Hydroquinone cream is the standard depigmentation or skin-lightening agent.
Hydroquinone is a major component in most photographic developers where, with the compound Metol, Hydroquinone reduces silver halides to elemental silver.


Clinically Hydroquinone is used to treat areas of dyschromia, such as in melasma, chloasma, solar lentigines, freckles, and post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation.
Hydroquinone has a variety of uses principally associated with its action as a reducing agent that is soluble in water.


This activity outlines the indications, mechanism of action, methods of administration, important adverse effects, contraindications, and monitoring of hydroquinone, so providers can direct patient therapy to optimal outcomes in conditions where it is indicated.
Any cosmetic used to lighten the colour of skin by reducing the concentration of melanin.


Popularized by its usage as a photo-developer, hydroquinone can be used in any condition causing hyperpigmentation.
Hydroquinone is a white crystalline phenol, Hydroquinone, is used as an antioxidant, photographic developer, stabilizer, and reagent.
Common conditions include melasma, freckles, lentigines, age spots and acne scars.


Hydroquinone has a variety of uses principally associated with Hydroquinone's action as a reducing agent which is soluble in water.
Skin sensitivity to hydroquinone may be determined before treatment by applying a small amount of cream to the hyperpigmented area and noting any redness or itching.


If no reaction occurs, initiate treatment.
The disodium diphenolate salt of Hydroquinone is used as an alternating comonomer unit in the production of the polymer PEEK.
As a general rule, always ensure the area is clean and dry then apply a thin film to the lesion and rub Hydroquinone into the skin well.


Hydroquinone has a variety of uses principally associated with its action as a reducing agent which is soluble in water.
Hands should be washed after the application to avoid unwanted lightening of the fingers.
As a polymerization inhibitor, Hydroquinone prevents polymerization of acrylic acid, methyl methacrylate, etc.


To maintain the desired affect, hydroquinone should be used concurrently with a strong sunscreen.
Hydroquinone is a white crystalline compound, C6H6O2, formed by the reduction of quinone, used chiefly in photography and to inhibit autoxidation reactions.
Many preparations are available as a combination product.


Hydroquinone is commonly used as a biomarker for benzene exposure.
Hydroquinone is a depigmenting agent used to lighten areas of darkened skin such as freckles, age spots, chloasma, and melisma caused by pregnancy, birth control pills, hormone medicine, or injury to the skin.


Hydroquinone is a white crystalline soluble phenol used as a photographic developer.
Hydroquinone decreases the formation of melanin in the skin.
Melanin is the pigment in skin that gives it a brown color.


Hydroquinone is used as an OTC topical lightening agent for disorders of hyperpigmentation including melasma, post-inflammatory hyperpigmention, sunspots and freckles.
Hydroquinone is frequently found in skin-lightening products like bleaching creams.


Hydroquinone can be used alone, but is more frequently found in combination with other agents such as alpha-hydroxy acids, corticosteroids, retinoids, or sunscreen.
Hydroquinone works by limiting your production of melanin, the hormone that darkens your skin.


Hydroquinone has role antioxidant.
Hydroquinone has role cofactor.
A substance that opposes oxidation or inhibits reactions brought about by dioxygen or peroxides.


While some people use it to lighten their darker skin, Hydroquinone creams are most commonly used to lighten small, dark patches like sunspots or hyperpigmentation.
Hydroquinone is a major component of most photographic developers where, with the compound Metol, it reduces silver halides to elemental silver.


Creams with Hydroquinone as an ingredient are an excellent non-surgical aesthetic procedure to help you achieve the skin you have always wanted.
Hydroquinoneis a major component in most black and white photographic developers for film and paper where, with the compound metol, Hydroquinone reduces silver halides to elemental silver.


By acting as a free radical scavenger, Hydroquinone serves to prolong the shelflife of light-sensitive resins such as preceramic polymers.
The disodium diphenolate salt of Hydroquinone is used as an alternating comonomer unit in the production of the polymer PEEK.
Unlike skin-lightening surgery, Hydroquinone creams are a cosmetic procedure that can be undertaken in the comfort of your own home after the initial consultation with your dermatologist.


Hydroquinone has role Escherichia coli metabolite.
Hydroquinone has role human xenobiotic metabolites.
Hydroquinone is used as an oxygen scavenger for boiler water, and Hydroquinone is added thereto to remove residual dissolved oxygen when the boiler water is preheated for oxygen removal.


If you have dark patches or old sunspots, creams with Hydroquinone can lighten them and – when combined with other suitable skincare ingredients – can help your skin recover from sun damage.
Hydroquinone is produced as an inhibitor, an antioxidant, and an intermediate in the synthesis of dyes, motor fuels, and oils
Hydroquinone is used in photographic processing.


-Melasma:
People with melasma have brown or gray-brown patches on their skin.
These patches tend to develop on the face, such as the cheeks or nose.
They can also appear on areas of skin with high sun exposure, such as the forearms and neck.


-Freckles:
Freckles are darker spots or patches that usually occur in fair skin.
They can become more noticeable with exposure to sunlight.


-Lentigines:
Lentigines, or age spots, develop on areas of skin with the highest sun exposure.
For example, they can appear on the face or the backs of the hands.
They tend to be flat, dark, and between 0.2 centimeters (cm) and 2 cm in width.


-Acne scars:
Excess oil, dead skin cells, and bacteria can build up in skin pores and cause acne.
The body tries to repair the damage, but sometimes, it leaves scars.


-Other uses:
Some people may want to lighten their skin for cosmetic reasons.
This can have benefits for confidence and self-esteem.
However, it is important to note that the above conditions are all harmless.



PRODUCTION OF
Hydroquinone is produced industrially in two main ways.
The most widely used route is similar to the cumene process in reaction mechanism and involves the dialkylation of benzene with propene to give 1,4-diisopropylbenzene. This compound reacts with air to afford the bis(hydroperoxide), which is structurally similar to cumene hydroperoxide and rearranges in acid to give acetone and hydroquinone.

A second route involves hydroxylation of phenol over a catalyst.
The conversion uses hydrogen peroxide and affords a mixture of hydroquinone and its ortho isomer catechol (benzene-1,2-diol):
C6H5OH+H2O2⟶C6H4(OH)2+H2

A potentially significant synthesis of hydroquinone from acetylene and iron pentacarbonyl has been proposed.
Iron pentacarbonyl serves as a catalyst, rather than as a reagent, in the presence of free carbon monoxide gas.
Rhodium or ruthenium can substitute for iron as the catalyst with favorable chemical yields but are not typically used due to their cost of recovery from the reaction mixture.

Hydroquinone and its derivatives can also be prepared by oxidation of various phenols.
Examples include Elbs persulfate oxidation and Dakin oxidation.
Hydroquinone was first obtained in 1820 by the French chemists Pelletier and Caventou via the dry distillation of quinic acid.



REACTIONS OF
The reactivity of hydroquinone's hydroxyl groups resembles that of other phenols, being weakly acidic.
The resulting conjugate base undergoes easy O-alkylation to give mono- and diethers.
Similarly, hydroquinone is highly susceptible to ring substitution by Friedel–Crafts reactions such as alkylation.
This reaction is exploited en route to popular antioxidants such as 2-tert-butyl-4-methoxyphenol (BHA).
The useful dye quinizarin is produced by diacylation of hydroquinone with phthalic anhydride.



PRODUCTION of HYDROQUINONE:
Hydroquinone is produced industrially by two main routes.

*The most widely used route is similar to the cumene process in reaction mechanism and involves the dialkylation of benzene with propene to give 1,4-diisopropylbenzene.
This compound reacts with air to afford the bis(hydroperoxide), which is structurally similar to cumene hydroperoxide and rearranges in acid to give acetone and hydroquinone.

*A second route involves hydroxylation of phenol over a catalyst.
The conversion uses hydrogen peroxide and affords a mixture of hydroquinone and its ortho isomer catechol (benzene-1,2-diol):
C6H5OH + H2O2 → C6H4(OH)2 + H2O

Other, less common methods include:
A potentially significant synthesis of hydroquinone from acetylene and iron pentacarbonyl has been proposed Iron pentacarbonyl serves as a catalyst, rather than as a reagent, in the presence of free carbon monoxide gas.

Rhodium or ruthenium can substitute for iron as the catalyst with favorable chemical yields but are not typically used due to their cost of recovery from the reaction mixture.
Hydroquinone and its derivatives can also be prepared by oxidation of various phenols.

Examples include Elbs persulfate oxidation and Dakin oxidation.
Hydroquinone was first obtained in 1820 by the French chemists Pelletier and Caventou via the dry distillation of quinic acid.
Aniline is oxidized to p-benzoquinone with manganese dioxide in sulfuric acid medium and then reduced to hydroquinone with iron powder.



REDOX:
Hydroquinone undergoes oxidation under mild conditions to give benzoquinone.
This process can be reversed.
Some naturally occurring hydroquinone derivatives exhibit this sort of reactivity, one example being coenzyme Q.
Industrially this reaction is exploited both with hydroquinone itself but more often with its derivatives where one OH has been replaced by an amine.

When colorless Hydroquinone and benzoquinone, a bright yellow solid, are cocrystallized in a 1:1 ratio, a dark-green crystalline charge-transfer complex (melting point 171 °C) called quinhydrone (C6H6O2·C6H4O2) is formed.
This complex dissolves in hot water, where the two molecules dissociate in solution.



CATEGORIES of HYDROQUINONE:
*Antioxidants
*Benzene Derivatives
*Compounds used in a research, industrial, or household setting
*Depigmenting Agents
*Dermatologicals
*Melanin Synthesis Inhibitor
*Melanin Synthesis Inhibitors
*Mutagens
*Noxae
*Phenols
*Protective Agents
*Radiation-Protective Agents



HOW DOES HYDROQUINONE WORK?
Hydroquinone bleaches your skin by decreasing the number of melanocytes present.
Melanocytes make melanin, which is what produces your skin tone.
In cases of hyperpigmentation, more melanin is present due to an increase in melanocyte production.
By controlling these melanocytes, your skin will become more evenly toned over time.
It takes about four weeks on average for the ingredient to take effect.
It may take several months of consistent use before you see full results.



EXTERNAL DESCRIPTORS of HYDROQUINONE:
*Hydroquinones
*Benzenediol
*An electron-transfer-related quinol
*A benzenediol



REACTIONS of HYDROQUINONE:
The reactivity of Hydroquinone's hydroxyl groups resembles that of other phenols, being weakly acidic.
The resulting conjugate base undergoes easy O-alkylation to give mono- and diethers.

Similarly, hydroquinone is highly susceptible to ring substitution by Friedel–Crafts reactions such as alkylation.
This reaction is exploited en route to popular antioxidants such as 2-tert-butyl-4-methoxyphenol (BHA).
The useful dye quinizarin is produced by diacylation of hydroquinone with phthalic anhydride.



AMINATION OF HYDROQUINONE:
An important reaction is the conversion of hydroquinone to the mono- and diamine derivatives.
Methylaminophenol, used in photography, is produced in this way:

C6H4(OH)2+CH3NH2methylamine⟶HOC6H4NHCH3+H2O
Diamines, useful in the rubber industry as antiozone agents, are similarly produced from aniline:
C6H4(OH)2+2C6H5NH2 aniline⟶C6H4(N(H)6H5)2+2H2O



SKIN DEPIGMENTATION OF HYDROQUINONE:
Hydroquinone is used as a topical application in skin whitening to reduce the color of skin.
Hydroquinone does not have the same predisposition to cause dermatitis as metol does.
This is a prescription-only ingredient in some countries, including the member states of the European Union under Directives 76/768/EEC:1976.



REDOX of HYDROQUINONE:
Hydroquinone undergoes oxidation under mild conditions to give benzoquinone.
This process can be reversed.
Some naturally occurring hydroquinone derivatives exhibit this sort of reactivity, one example being coenzyme Q.
Industrially this reaction is exploited both with hydroquinone itself but more often with its derivatives where one OH has been replaced by an amine.

When colorless hydroquinone and benzoquinone, a bright yellow solid, are cocrystallized in a 1:1 ratio, a dark-green crystalline charge-transfer complex (melting point 171 °C) called quinhydrone (C6H6O2•C6H4O2) is formed.
This complex dissolves in hot water, where the two molecules dissociate in solution.



NATURAL OCCURRENCES OF HYDROQUINONE:
Hydroquinones are one of the two primary reagents in the defensive glands of bombardier beetles, along with hydrogen peroxide (and perhaps other compounds, depending on the species), which collect in a reservoir.
The reservoir opens through a muscle-controlled valve onto a thick-walled reaction chamber.

This chamber is lined with cells that secrete catalases and peroxidases.
When the contents of the reservoir are forced into the reaction chamber, the catalases and peroxidases rapidly break down the hydrogen peroxide and catalyze the oxidation of the hydroquinones into p-quinones.
These reactions release free oxygen and generate enough heat to bring the mixture to the boiling point and vaporize about a fifth of it, producing a hot spray from the beetle's abdomen.

Hydroquinone has been shown to be one of the chemical constituents of the natural product propolis.
It is also one of the chemical compounds found in castoreum.
This compound is gathered from the beaver's castor sacs.



AMINATION of HYDROQUINONE:
An important reaction is the conversion of Hydroquinone to the mono- and diamine derivatives.
Methylaminophenol, used in photography, is produced in this way:
C6H4(OH)2 + CH3NH2 → HOC6H4NHCH3 + H2O

Diamines, useful in the rubber industry as antiozone agents, are similarly produced from aniline:
C6H4(OH)2 + 2 C6H5NH2 → C6H4(N(H)C6H5)2 + 2 H2O



HOW TO USE HYDROQUINONE CREAM:
Follow all directions on the product package, or use as directed by your doctor.
Before using, apply a small amount of this medicine to an area of unbroken skin, and check the area within 24 hours for any serious side effects.
If the test area is itching, red, puffy, or blistering, do not use this product and contact your doctor.
If there is just mild redness, then treatment with this product may begin.

Apply this medication to the affected areas of skin, usually twice daily or as directed by your doctor.
This medication is for use on the skin only.
If it is used incorrectly, unwanted skin lightening may occur.
If you do get this medication in those areas, flush with plenty of water.

This medication may make the treated areas of skin more sensitive to the sun.
Use a sunscreen and wear protective clothing on the treated areas of skin when outdoors.
Use this medication regularly to get the most benefit from it.
To help you remember, use it at the same times each day.



NATURAL OCCURRENCES of HYDROQUINONE:
Hydroquinone are one of the two primary reagents in the defensive glands of bombardier beetles, along with hydrogen peroxide (and perhaps other compounds, depending on the species), which collect in a reservoir.
The reservoir opens through a muscle-controlled valve onto a thick-walled reaction chamber.

This chamber is lined with cells that secrete catalases and peroxidases.
When the contents of the reservoir are forced into the reaction chamber, the catalases and peroxidases rapidly break down the hydrogen peroxide and catalyze the oxidation of the Hydroquinones into p-quinones.

These reactions release free oxygen and generate enough heat to bring the mixture to the boiling point and vaporize about a fifth of it, producing a hot spray from the beetle's abdomen.
It is also one of the chemical compounds found in castoreum.
This compound is gathered from the beaver's castor sacs.
In bearberry (Arctostaphylos uva-ursi), arbutin is converted to hydroquinone.



MECHANISM OF HYDROQUINONE:
Hydroquinone produces reversible lightening of the skin by interfering with melanin production by the melanocytes.
Specifically, inhibition of the enzymatic conversion of tyrosine to DOPA (dihydroxyphenylalanine) results in the desired chemical reduction of pigment.
Ultimately, this causes a decrease in the number of melanocytes and decreased transfer of melanin leading to lighter skin.



OBJECTIVES OF HYDROQUINONE:
Outline the indications for using hydroquinone therapy.
Describe the mechanism of action of hydroquinone.
Summarize the potential adverse events associated with hydroquinone.
Review interprofessional team strategies for improving care coordination and communication to advance improved outcomes using hydroquinone when indicated.



REACTIONS KNOWN to PRODUCE HYDROQUINONE:
4-aminophenol degradation :
4-aminophenol + H2O + H+ → Hydroquinone + ammonium

4-hydroxyacetophenone degradation :
4-hydroxyphenylacetate + H2O → Hydroquinone + acetate

4-nitrophenol degradation I :
1,4-benzoquinone + NADPH + H+ → Hydroquinone + NADP+

echinenone and zeaxanthin biosynthesis (Synechocystis) :
all-trans-β-carotene + 2 1,4-benzoquinone + H2O → echinenone + 2 Hydroquinone

Not in pathways:
arbutin-6-phosphate + H2O → β-D-glucose 6-phosphate + Hydroquinone
4-hydroxybenzoate + NAD(P)H + oxygen + 2 H+ → CO2 + Hydroquinone + NAD(P)+ + H2O



HOW DOES HYDROQUINONE WORK?
For some people, melanocytes produce excessive amounts of melanin, resulting in dark patches of skin — a condition known as Melasma.
These can appear as grey-brown patches, normally on the cheeks, nose, chin, forehead, and upper lip.
In some cases, dark patches may also appear on the neck and the arms.

Although it’s women who are normally affected by Melasma, Hydroquinone does affect a small number of men too.
Melasma is also very common among pregnant women due to the fluctuation of their hormones.
Sun exposure can also be a common cause of the condition.

Whatever your reasons for considering using creams with hydroquinone, it’s vital you discuss treatment with a trained professional.
The effects are not immediate, and you will need to apply the hydroquinone cream correctly for the time specified by your doctor.
Generally, it takes around four weeks for effects to become noticeable, although some patients may find that it takes longer to see visible results with even the best hydroquinone creams.



HYDROQUINONE in NATURE:
White needle-like crystals.
Soluble in alcohol and ether, soluble in water, slightly soluble in benzene.
Visible light in the air easily turned to light red.

The aqueous solution can be oxidized to Brown in air.
Hydroquinone is a weak acid.
Hydroquinone reacts with most of the oxidizing agents and is converted to O-and p-benzoquinones.
Hydroquinone has a, beta and gamma; Three crystal forms.

Type A is a triangular needle-like or diamond-like crystal, crystallized from water and stable.
Lu is a triangular crystal, crystallized from methanol, unstable.
The & gamma; Type is monoclinic crystal, which is obtained by sublimation method and is unstable.
All three crystals can be rubbed to emit fluorescence.
Hydroquinone is the flash point is high, the vapor pressure is low.



WHAT SKIN CONDITIONS CAN BENEFIT FROM HYDROQUINONE CREAMS?
The most common use of hydroquinone creams is to treat skin conditions that cause hyperpigmentation.
Besides Melasma, these conditions include:
– Acne scars
– Age spots
– Freckles
– Psoriasis and/or eczema marks.

What’s often overlooked by those untrained in the use of hydroquinone is that it can’t treat actively inflamed areas.
Hydroquinone creams can certainly help with old acne scars, for example, but they can’t help if you currently have an active acne breakout that’s causing dark redness.



ALTERNATIVE PARENTS of HYDROQUINONE:
*1-hydroxy-2-unsubstituted benzenoids
*Benzene and substituted derivatives
*Organooxygen compounds
*Hydrocarbon derivatives



SUBSTITUENTS of HYDROQUINONE:
*Hydroquinone
*1-hydroxy-2-unsubstituted benzenoid
*Monocyclic benzene moiety
*Organic oxygen compound
*Hydrocarbon derivative
*Organooxygen compound
*Aromatic homomonocyclic compound



THE REASON FOR THE BOILING POINT of HYDROQUINONE BEING HIGHER THAN THAT OF BENZENE-1,3-DIOL:
Hydroquinone has a boiling point of 287°C and Benzene-1,3-diol has a boiling point of 277°C and Benzene-1,2-diol has a boiling point of 245.5°C.
This could be attributed to the ease of formation of 2 intermolecular hydrogen bonds with the 2 hydroxy groups of these molecules increasing when the hydroxy groups are placed apart, to minimise steric hindrance and repulsion.
Hydroquinone could form intermolecular hydrogen bonds with more stability than Benzene-1,3-diol or Benzene-1,2-diol as these two will get destabilised by steric repulsion when large groups have to reach nearer to form hydrogen bonds.

Thus, the extent of intermolecular hydrogen bonding in :
Hydroquinone > Benzene-1,3-diol > Benzene-1,2-diol
To overcome this attraction, more energy is needed.
Hence the same is the order of their Boiling Points.




PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of HYDROQUINONE:
CAS No.：123-31-9
Molecular formula：C6H6O2
Molecular weight：110.12
Appearance：White or off-white crystal
Solubility：Easily soluble in hot water, soluble in cool water, ethanol and diethyl ether, slightly soluble in benzene
Density：1.32g/cm3
Flash point：141.6℃
Molecular Weight: 110.11
Appearance Form: crystalline
Color: colorless
Odor: No data available
Odor Threshold: No data available
pH: 3,7 at 70 g/l
Melting point/freezing point:
Melting point/range: 172 - 175 °C - lit.
Initial boiling point and boiling range: 285 °C - lit.
Flash point: 165 °C at ca.1.013 hPa

Evaporation rate: No data available
Flammability (solid, gas): The product is not flammable.
Upper/lower flammability or explosive limits: No data available
Vapor pressure: 1 hPa at 132 °C
Vapor density: 3,80 - (Air = 1.0)
Density: 1,332 g/cm3 at 15 °C
Relative density: No data available
Water solubility 72 g/l at 25 °C - completely soluble
Partition coefficient: n-octanol/water
log Pow: 0,59 - Bioaccumulation is not expected.
Autoignition temperature: 515,56 °C at 1.013 hPa
Decomposition temperature: No data available
Viscosity
Viscosity, kinematic: No data available
Viscosity, dynamic: No data available
Explosive properties: No data available
Oxidizing properties: No data available
Other safety information:
Relative vapor density: 3,80 - (Air = 1.0)

Water Solubility: 95.5 g/L
logP: 0.71
logP: 1.37
logS: -0.06
pKa (Strongest Acidic): 9.68
pKa (Strongest Basic): -5.9
Physiological Charge: 0
Hydrogen Acceptor Count: 2
Hydrogen Donor Count: 2
Polar Surface Area: 40.46 Ų
Rotatable Bond Count: 0
Refractivity: 30.02 m³·mol⁻¹
Polarizability: 10.75 ų
Number of Rings: 1
Bioavailability: Yes
Rule of Five: Yes
Ghose Filter: No
Veber's Rule: No
MDDR-like Rule: No



FIRST AID MEASURES of HYDROQUINONE:
-Description of first-aid measures:
*General advice:
Show this material safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
*If inhaled
After inhalation:
Fresh air.
Call in physician.
*In case of skin contact:
Take off immediately all contaminated clothing.
Rinse skin with water/ shower.
Consult a physician.
*In case of eye contact
After eye contact:
Rinse out with plenty of water.
Immediately call in ophthalmologist.
Remove contact lenses.
*If swallowed:
After swallowing:
Immediately make victim drink water (two glasses at most).
Consult a physician.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed:
No data available



ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of HYDROQUINONE:
-Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures:
Advice for non-emergency personnel:
Ensure adequate ventilation.
Evacuate the danger area, observe emergency procedures, consult an expert.
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Cover drains.
Collect, bind, and pump off spills.
Observe possible material restrictions.
Take up dry.
Dispose of properly.
Clean up affected area.



FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of HYDROQUINONE:
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Water
Foam
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Dry powder
*Unsuitable extinguishing media:
For this substance/mixture no limitations of extinguishing agents are given.



EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of HYDROQUINONE:
-Control parameters:
--Ingredients with workplace control parameters:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use safety goggles.
Full contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Splash contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
*Body Protection:
Use protective clothing.
-Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.



HANDLING and STORAGE of HYDROQUINONE:
-Precautions for safe handling:
*Advice on safe handling:
Work under hood.
Do not inhale substance/mixture.
*Hygiene measures:
Wash hands and face after working with substance.
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
Storage conditions:
Tightly closed.
Dry.



STABILITY and REACTIVITY of HYDROQUINONE:
-Chemical stability
The product is chemically stable under standard ambient conditions (room temperature) .



SYNONYMS:
Hydroquinone
Idrochinone
Quinol
1,4-Dihydroxybenzene
p-dihydroxybenzene
1,4-Hydroxy benzene
1,4-Benzenediol
HQ
1,4-Dihydroxybenzene
Hydroquinone
Quinol
P-Hydroquinone
Hydrochinon
Dihydroquinone
Hydroquinol
Benzoquinol
Hydrochinone
Hidroquinone
Hidroquin
Idrochinone
Para-Hydroquinone
Hydroquinole
Hidroquilaude
1, 4-Dihydroxy-Benzeen
1, 4-Diidrobenzene
Pyrogentistic Acid
Hydroquinoue
Ccris 714
Diak 5
1,4-Benzenediol
1,4-Dihydroxybenzene
4-Hydroxyphenol
Benzene-1,4-diol
Eldoquin
Hydroquinone
hydroquinone
p-Benzenediol
p-Hydroquinone
p-hydroxyphenol
Quinol
1,4-benzenediol
benzene-1,4-diol
p-dihydroxybenzene
1,4-dihydroxybenzene
hydroquinol
p-hydroquinone

Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol) is produced by the oxidation of aniline or phenol, by the reduction of quinone, or from a reaction of acetylene and carbon monoxide.
Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol) occurs naturally as a glucose ether, also known as arbutin, in the leaves of many plants and in fruits, as well as one of the agents used in the defense mechanism of the bombardier beetle, family Carabidae.
White needle-like crystals or crystalline powder.

CAS: 123-31-9
MF: C6H6O2
MW: 110.11
EINECS: 204-617-8

Synonyms
Hydroquinone, 99.5%, 99.5%;HYDROXYQUINOL;HYDROCHINONE;HYDROQUINONE;AKOS BBS-00004220;hydroquinone--1,4-benzenediol;Idrochinone;Melanex;hydroquinone;123-31-9;Benzene-1,4-diol;1,4-benzenediol;Quinol;1,4-Dihydroxybenzene;p-Benzenediol;p-Hydroquinone;p-Hydroxyphenol;4-Hydroxyphenol;p-Dihydroxybenzene;Benzoquinol;hydroquinol;Dihydroquinone;Eldoquin;p-Dioxybenzene;Solaquin forte;Eldopaque;Hydroquinole;Idrochinone;Tecquinol;Phiaquin;Benzohydroquinone;Hidroquinone;Arctuvin;Tequinol;Dihydroxybenzene;Eldopaque Forte;Eldoquin Forte;Derma-Blanch;Hydrochinon;Tenox HQ
;Diak 5;Benzene, p-dihydroxy-;Hydrochinone;1,4-Dihydroxy-benzol;Artra;Usaf ek-356;1,4-Diidrobenzene;p-Dioxobenzene;1,4-Dihydroxybenzen;para-Dioxybenzene;para-Hydroquinone;NCI-C55834;Black and White Bleaching Cream;1,4-Dihydroxy-benzeen;para-Dihydroxybenzene;beta-quinol;HE 5;Pyrogentistic acid;Epiquin;Melanex;Sunvanish;Idrochinone [Italian];p-Dihydroquinone;alpha-hydroquinone;CHEBI:17594;NSC 9247;Hydrochinon [Czech, Polish];CCRIS 714;1,4-Dihydroxybenzen [Czech];1,4-Diidrobenzene [Italian];HSDB 577;DTXSID7020716;1,4-Dihydroxy-benzeen [Dutch];1,4-Dihydroxy-benzol [German];AI3-00072;CHEMBL537;UNII-XV74C1N1AE;NSC-9247;EINECS 204-617-8;XV74C1N1AE;UN2662;Hydroquinone (USP);Hydroquinone [USP];MFCD00002339;HQ;DTXCID70716;NSC9247;EC 204-617-8;Hydroquinone [UN2662] [Poison];1,4-Dihydroxybenzene (ring-d4);TRI-LUMA COMPONENT HYDROQUINONE;NCGC00015523-02;HYDROQUINONE COMPONENT OF TRI-LUMA;HYDROQUINONE (IARC);HYDROQUINONE [IARC];para-Hydroxyphenol;Quinol; 1,4-Benzenediol; 1,4-Dihydroxybenzene;HYDROQUINONE (MART.);HYDROQUINONE [MART.];HYDROQUINONE (USP-RS);HYDROQUINONE [USP-RS];quinnone;Eldopacque;p-Phenylenediol;p Benzendiol;HYDROQUINONE (USP MONOGRAPH);HYDROQUINONE [USP MONOGRAPH];p-Quinol;1,4-Benzoquinol;CAS-123-31-9;SMR000059154;1,4-Hydroxybenzene;SR-01000075920;BUTYLHYDROXYANISOLE IMPURITY A (EP IMPURITY);BUTYLHYDROXYANISOLE IMPURITY A [EP IMPURITY];4-DIHYDROXYBENZENE;hydroquinon;BQ(H)

Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol) interferes with the production of the pigment melanin by epidermal melanocytes through at least two mechanisms: it competitively inhibits tyrosinase, one of the principal enzymes responsible for converting tyrosine to melanin, and it selectively damages melanocytes and melanosomes (the organelles within which melanin is stored).
Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol) is used to lighten the dark patches of skin (also called hyperpigmentation, melasma, "liver spots," "age spots," freckles) caused by pregnancy, birth control pills, hormone medicine, or injury to the skin.
Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol) works by blocking the process in the skin that leads to discoloration.
Hydroquinone, also known as benzene-1,4-diol or quinol, is an aromatic organic compound that is a type of phenol, a derivative of benzene, having the chemical formula C6H4(OH)2.
Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol) has two hydroxyl groups bonded to a benzene ring in a para position.
Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol) is a white granular solid.
Substituted derivatives of this parent compound are also referred to as hydroquinones.
The name "Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol)" was coined by Friedrich Wöhler in 1843.
In 2021, Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol) was the 282nd most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 800,000 prescriptions.

Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol) Chemical Properties
Melting point: 172-175 °C(lit.)
Boiling point: 285 °C(lit.)
Density: 1.32
Vapor density: 3.81 (vs air)
Vapor pressure: 1 mm Hg ( 132 °C)
Refractive index: 1.6320
Fp: 165 °C
Storage temp.: Store below +30°C.
Solubility H2O: 50 mg/mL, clear
Pka: 10.35(at 20℃)
Form: Needle-Like Crystals or Crystalline Powder
Color: White to off-white
Odor: odorless
Water Solubility: 70 g/L (20 ºC)
Sensitive: Air & Light Sensitive
Merck: 14,4808
BRN: 605970
Henry's Law Constant: (x 10-9 atm?m3/mol): <2.07 at 20 °C (approximate - calculated from water solubility and vapor pressure)
Exposure limits NIOSH REL: 15-min ceiling 2, IDLH 50; OSHA PEL: TWA 2; ACGIH TLV: TWA 2 (adopted).
Stability: Stable. Combustible. Incompatible with strong oxidizing agents, strong bases, oxygen, ferric salts. Light and air-sensitive. Discolours in air.
InChIKey: QIGBRXMKCJKVMJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N
LogP: 0.59 at 20℃
CAS DataBase Reference: 123-31-9(CAS DataBase Reference)
NIST Chemistry Reference: Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol) (123-31-9)
IARC: 3 (Vol. 15, Sup 7, 71) 1999
EPA Substance Registry System: Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol) (123-31-9)

Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol), a colorless, hexagonal prism, has been reported to be a good antimitotic and tumor-inhibiting agent.
Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol) is a reducing agent used in a photographic developer, which polymerizes in the presence of oxidizing agents.
In the manufacturing industry Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol) may occur include bacteriostatic agent, drug, fur processing, motor fuel, paint, organic chemicals, plastics, stone coating, and styrene monomers.

Uses
Reducing agent prevents polymerization of resin monomers lightens darkened skin, light sensitive.
Use as photographic reducer and developer; as reagent in the determination of small quantities of phosphate; as antioxidant.
Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol) is a pigment-lightening agent used in bleaching creams.
Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol) combines with oxygen very rapidly and becomes brown when exposed to air.
Although Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol) occurs naturally, the synthetic version is the one commonly used in cosmetics.
Application to the skin may cause allergic reaction and increase skin sun sensitivity.
Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol) is potentially carcinogenic and is associated with causing ochronosis, a discoloration of the skin.
The u.S. FDA has banned hydroquinone from oTC cosmetic formulations, but allows 4 percent in prescription products.
Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol)'s use in cosmetics is prohibited in some european countries and in Australia.
Photographic reducer and developer; antioxidant; stabilizing agent for some polymers; intermediate in the manufacturing of some dyes and pigments; in cosmetic formulations.

Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol) has a variety of uses principally associated with its action as a reducing agent that is soluble in water.
Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol) is a major component in most black and white photographic developers for film and paper where, with the compound metol, it reduces silver halides to elemental silver.
There are various other uses associated with its reducing power.
As a polymerisation inhibitor, exploiting its antioxidant properties, Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol) prevents polymerization of acrylic acid, methyl methacrylate, cyanoacrylate, and other monomers that are susceptible to radical-initiated polymerization.
By acting as a free radical scavenger, hydroquinone serves to prolong the shelflife of light-sensitive resins such as preceramic polymers.
Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol) can lose a hydrogen cation from both hydroxyl groups to form a diphenolate ion.
The disodium diphenolate salt of Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol) is used as an alternating comonomer unit in the production of the polymer PEEK.

Skin depigmentation
Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol) is used as a topical application in skin whitening to reduce the color of skin.
Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol) does not have the same predisposition to cause dermatitis as metol does.
In 2006, the United States Food and Drug Administration revoked its previous approval of Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol) and proposed a ban on all over-the-counter preparations.
The FDA officially banned hydroquinone in 2020 as part of a larger reform of the over-the-counter drug review process.
The FDA stated that Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol) cannot be ruled out as a potential carcinogen.
This conclusion was reached based on the extent of absorption in humans and the incidence of neoplasms in rats in several studies where adult rats were found to have increased rates of tumours, including thyroid follicular cell hyperplasias, anisokaryosis (variation in nuclei sizes), mononuclear cell leukemia, hepatocellular adenomas and renal tubule cell adenomas.
The Campaign for Safe Cosmetics has also highlighted concerns.

Numerous studies have revealed that Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol), if taken orally, can cause exogenous ochronosis, a disfiguring disease in which blue-black pigments are deposited onto the skin; however, skin preparations containing the ingredient are administered topically.
The FDA had classified Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol) in 1982 as a safe product - generally recognized as safe and effective (GRASE), however additional studies under the National Toxicology Program (NTP) were suggested in order to determine whether there is a risk to humans from the use of hydroquinone.
NTP evaluation showed some evidence of long-term carcinogenic and genotoxic effects.

While Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol) remains widely prescribed for treatment of hyperpigmentation, questions raised about its safety profile by regulatory agencies in the EU, Japan, and USA encourage the search for other agents with comparable efficacy.
Several such agents are already available or under research, including azelaic acid, kojic acid, retinoids, cysteamine, topical steroids, glycolic acid, and other substances.
One of these, 4-butylresorcinol, has been proved to be more effective at treating melanin-related skin disorders by a wide margin, as well as safe enough to be made available over the counter.

Clinical Use
Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol) is applied topically to treat disorders characterized by excessive melanin in the epidermis, such as melasma.
In the United States, nonprescription skin-lightening products contain Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol) at concentrations of 2% or less; higher concentrations are available by prescription.

Production Methods
There are three current manufacturing processes for HQ: oxidative cleavage of diisopropylbenzene, oxidation of aniline, and hydroxylation of phenol.
Diisopropylbenzene is air oxidized to the intermediate diisopropylbenzene bishydroperoxide.
This Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol)hydroperoxide is purified by extraction and reacted further to form hydroquinone.
The purified product is isolated by filtration and packaged.
The process can be almost entirely closed, continuous, computer-controlled, and monitored.
Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol) can also be prepared by oxidizing aniline to quinone in the presence of manganese dioxide and sulfuric acid.
p-Benzoquinone is then reduced to HQ using iron oxide.
The resulting hydroquinone is crystallized and dried.
The process occurs in a closed system.
HQis also manufactured by hydroxylation of phenol using hydrogen peroxide as a hydroxylation agent.
The reaction is catalyzed by strong mineral acids or ferrous or cobalt salts.

Manufacturing Process
Into a pressure reactor there was charged 100 ml of methanol and 1 g of diruthenium nonacarbonyl.
The reactor was closed, cooled in solid carbon dioxide/acetone, and evacuated.
Acetylene, to the extent of 1 mol (26 g), was metered into the cold reactor.
Carbon monoxide was then pressured into this vessel at 835-980 atmospheres, during a period of 16.5 hours; while the reactor was maintained at 100°C to 150°C.
The reactor was then cooled to room temperature and opened.
The reaction mixture was removed from the vessel and distilled at a pressure of 30-60 mm, and a bath temperature of 30°C to 50°C until the methanol had all been removed.

The extremely viscous tarry residue remaining in the still pot was given a very crude distillation, the distillate boiling at 82°C to 132°C/2 mm.
In an attempt to purify this distillate by a more careful distillation, 5.3 g of a liquid distilling from 53°C to 150°C/5 mm was collected.
At this point, much solid sublimate was noted not only in this distillate but in the condenser of the still. 7 g of the solid sublimate was scraped out of the condenser of the still.
Recrystallization of the sublimate from ethyl acetate containing a small amount of petroleum ether gave beautiful crystals melting at 175°C to 177°C (5 g).
Infrared analysis confirmed that this compound was hydroquinone (9% conversion).

Reactivity Profile
Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol) is a slight explosion hazard when exposed to heat. Incompatible with strong oxidizing agents.
Also incompatible with bases.
Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol) reacts with oxygen and sodium hydroxide.
Reacts with ferric salts.
Hot and/or concentrated NaOH can cause Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol) to decompose exothermically at elevated temperature.
Exposures to Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol) in large quantities by accidental oral ingestion produce toxicity and poisoning.

The symptoms of poisoning include, but are not limited to, blurred speech, tinnitus, tremors, sense of suffocation, vomiting, muscular twitching, headache, convul- sions, dyspnea and cyanosis from methemoglobinemia, coma, and collapse from respira- tory failure.
Occupational workers should be allowed to work with protective clothing and dust masks with full-face or goggles to protect the eyes, and under proper management.
Hydroquinone is very toxic; the probable oral lethal dose for humans is 50-500 mg/kg, or between 1 teaspoon and 1 ounce for a 150 lb. person.
Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol) is irritating but not corrosive.
Fatal human doses have ranged from 5-12 grams, but 300-500 mg have been ingested daily for 3-5 months without ill effects.
Death is apparently initiated by respiratory failure or anoxia.

Production
Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol) is produced industrially in two main ways.
The most widely used route is similar to the cumene process in reaction mechanism and involves the dialkylation of benzene with propene to give 1,4-diisopropylbenzene.
Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol) reacts with air to afford the bis(hydroperoxide), which is structurally similar to cumene hydroperoxide and rearranges in acid to give acetone and hydroquinone.
Other, less common methods include:

A potentially significant synthesis of hydroquinone from acetylene and iron pentacarbonyl has been proposed.
Iron pentacarbonyl serves as a catalyst, rather than as a reagent, in the presence of free carbon monoxide gas.
Rhodium or ruthenium can substitute for iron as the catalyst with favorable chemical yields but are not typically used due to their cost of recovery from the reaction mixture.
Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol) and its derivatives can also be prepared by oxidation of various phenols, such as aniline and DIPB.
Examples include Elbs persulfate oxidation and Dakin oxidation.
Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol) was first obtained in 1820 by the French chemists Pelletier and Caventou via the dry distillation of quinic acid.
Hydrolysis of chlorinated phenol, described as being used in China.
Note that methods such as hydrolysis of chlorinated phenol and oxidation of phenols are much more polluting methods than some others.

Reactions
The reactivity of Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol)'s hydroxyl groups resembles that of other phenols, being weakly acidic.
The resulting conjugate base undergoes easy O-alkylation to give mono- and diethers.
Similarly, Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol) is highly susceptible to ring substitution by Friedel–Crafts reactions such as alkylation.
This reaction is exploited en route to popular antioxidants such as 2-tert-butyl-4-methoxyphenol (BHA).
The useful dye quinizarin is produced by diacylation of Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol) with phthalic anhydride.

Redox
Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol) undergoes oxidation under mild conditions to give benzoquinone.
This process can be reversed.
Some naturally occurring hydroquinone derivatives exhibit this sort of reactivity, one example being coenzyme Q.
Industrially this reaction is exploited both with Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol) itself but more often with its derivatives where one OH has been replaced by an amine.
When colorless Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol) and benzoquinone, a bright yellow solid, are cocrystallized in a 1:1 ratio, a dark-green crystalline charge-transfer complex (melting point 171 °C) called quinhydrone (C6H6O2·C6H4O2) is formed.
This complex dissolves in hot water, where the two molecules dissociate in solution.

Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol) is a Melanin Synthesis Inhibitor.
Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol) is a benzenediol and a member of hydroquinones.


CAS Number: 123-31-9
EC Number: 204-617-8
MDL number: MFCD00002339
Molecular Formula: C6H6O2 / C6H4-1,4-(OH)2 / C6H4(OH)2



Hydroquinone, Idrochinone, Quinol, 1,4-Dihydroxybenzene, p-dihydroxybenzene, 1,4-Hydroxy benzene, 1,4-Benzenediol, HQ, 1,4-Dihydroxybenzene, Hydroquinone, Quinol, P-Hydroquinone, Hydrochinon, Dihydroquinone, Hydroquinol, Benzoquinol, Hydrochinone, Hidroquinone, Hidroquin, Idrochinone, Para-Hydroquinone, Hydroquinole, Hidroquilaude, 1, 4-Dihydroxy-Benzeen, 1, 4-Diidrobenzene, Pyrogentistic Acid, Hydroquinoue, Ccris 714, Diak 5, 1,4-Benzenediol, 1,4-Dihydroxybenzene, 4-Hydroxyphenol, Benzene-1,4-diol, Eldoquin, Hydroquinone, hydroquinone, p-Benzenediol, p-Hydroquinone, p-hydroxyphenol, Quinol, 1,4-benzenediol, benzene-1,4-diol, p-dihydroxybenzene, 1,4-dihydroxybenzene, hydroquinol, p-hydroquinone, hydroquinone, 123-31-9, Benzene-1,4-diol, 1,4-benzenediol, Quinol, 1,4-Dihydroxybenzene, p-Benzenediol, p-Hydroquinone, p-Hydroxyphenol, 4-Hydroxyphenol, p-Dihydroxybenzene, Benzoquinol, hydroquinol, Dihydroquinone, Eldoquin, p-Dioxybenzene, Solaquin forte, Eldopaque, Hydroquinole, Idrochinone, Tecquinol, Phiaquin, Benzohydroquinone, Hidroquinone, Arctuvin, Tequinol, Dihydroxybenzene, Eldopaque Forte, Eldoquin Forte, Hydrochinon, Tenox HQ, Diak 5, Benzene, p-dihydroxy-, Hydrochinone, 1,4-Dihydroxy-benzol, Artra, Usaf ek-356, 1,4-Diidrobenzene, p-Dioxobenzene, 1,4-Dihydroxybenzen, para-Dioxybenzene, para-Hydroquinone, NCI-C55834, para-Dihydroxybenzene, beta-quinol, HE 5, Pyrogentistic acid, Epiquin, Melanex, Sunvanish, p-Dihydroquinone, alpha-hydroquinone, CHEBI:17594, NSC 9247, HSDB 577, DTXSID7020716, AI3-00072, CHEMBL537, UNII-XV74C1N1AE, NSC-9247, EINECS 204-617-8, XV74C1N1AE, UN2662, Hydroquinone (USP), Hydroquinone [USP], MFCD00002339, HQ, DTXCID70716, NSC9247, EC 204-617-8, Hydroquinone, TRI-LUMA COMPONENT HYDROQUINONE, NCGC00015523-02, quinnone, Eldopacque, p-Phenylenediol, p Benzendiol, p-Quinol, 1,4-Benzoquinol, CAS-123-31-9, SMR000059154, 1,4-Hydroxybenzene, SR-01000075920, 4-DIHYDROXYBENZENE, hydroquinon, BQ(H), Hydroquinoue, Balancer, MedisilkeNight, Supermax, hydroq uinone, hydroquinone gr, MiracleFade, Reduced quinone, a-Hydroquinone, Hydroquinone gel, Idole Carrot, Movate Carrot, Movate Lemon, p-Hydroxybenzene, Scarlight Md, b-Quinol, Caro Light, Hot Movate, Idole Black, 4-Benzenediol, Hydroquinone 4%, 1,4 benzenediol, Clarite 4, Hydro-Q, Obagi-C, Active 4, Hydroquinone,(S), p-dihydroxy benzene, PLQ, HQLA, HYDROP, 4-hydroxyphenyl alcohol, Spectrum_001757, Lopac-H-9003, HYDROQUINONE 8%., WLN: QR DQ, bmse000293, Sh18, Lopac0_000577, SCHEMBL15516, BSPBio_002291, KBioGR_001246, KBioSS_002237, 1,4-Dihydroxybenzene, XIII, MLS000069815, MLS001074911, HYDROQUINONE [WHO-DD], Hydroquinone, LR, >=99%, SPECTRUM1504237, s4580, AKOS000119003, Tox21_110169_1, AM10548, DB09526, LP00577, NSC-758707, RP10102, SDCCGSBI-0050559.P003, UN 2662, BP-21160, EU-0100577, FT-0606877, EN300-18053, C00530, D00073, H 9003, AB00053361_08, Q419164, J-004910,
J-521469, SR-01000075920-1, SR-01000075920-4, Q27102742, Z57127551, F1908-0167, Benzene-1,4-diol, Hydroquinone, Idrochinone, Quinol, 1,4-Dihydroxybenzene,
p-dihydroxybenzene, p-hydroxyphenol, 1,4-Hydroxy benzene, Calcium Dobesilate Monohydrate Imp. A (EP), Dobesilate Imp. A (EP), Hydroquinone, 1,4-Benzoquinol, 1,4-Dihydroxybenzene, 1,4-Phenylenediol, 1,4-p-Benzenediol, 4-Hydroxyphenol, Aida, Arctuvin, BQ(H), Benzohydroquinone, Benzoquinol, Black & White Bleaching Cream, Diak 5, Dihydroquinone, Eldopacque, Eldopaque, Eldopaque Forte, Eldoquin, Eldoquin Forte, HE 5, Hydroquinol, NSC 9247, Phiaquin, Quinol, Solaquin Forte, Solution Q, Tecquinol, Tenox HQ, p-Benzenediol, p-Dihydroquinone, p-Dihydroxybenzene, p-Dioxybenzene, p-Hydroquinone, p-Hydroxyphenol, p-Phenylenediol, p-Quin, Calcium Dobesilate Monohydrate Impurity A, Etamsylate Impurity A, Calcium Dobesilate Impurity A, 1,4-Benzenediol, 1,4-Dihydroxybenzene, 4-Hydroxyphenol, Benzene-1,4-diol, Eldoquin, p-Benzenediol, p-Hydroquinone, p-Hydroxyphenol, Quinol, Artra, Eldopaque, Esoterica, Hidroquilaude, Hidroquin, Hidroquinona isdin, Licostrata, Lustra, Melanasa, Melanex, Melpaque, Melquin, Neostrata HQ, Phiaquin, Solaquin, Ultraquin, beta-Quinol, Hydroquinone, copper (1+) salt, Hydroquinone, lead (2+) salt (2:1), Hydroquinone, monocopper (2+) salt, 1,4-Dihydroxy-benzeen, 1,4-Dihydroxy-benzol,
1,4-Dihydroxybenzen, 1,4-Diidrobenzene, a-Hydroquinone, alpha-Hydroquinone, b-Quinol, Benzohydroquinone, Benzoquinol, Dihydroquinone, Dihydroxybenzene, Hydrochinon, Hydrochinone, Hydroquinol, Hydroquinole, Hydroquinone for synthesis, Hydroquinone GR, Hydroquinoue, Idrochinone, p-Dihydroxybenzene, P-Dioxobenzene, p-Dioxybenzene, P-Hydroxybenzene, Solaquin forte, Eldoquin forte, Stratus brand 1 OF hydroquinone, ICN brand 1 OF hydroquinone,
Plough brand 2 OF hydroquinone, Eldopaque forte, ICN brand 4 OF hydroquinone, Black and white, ICN brand 2 OF hydroquinone, ICN brand 3 OF hydroquinone,
Plough brand 1 OF hydroquinone, Stratus brand 2 OF hydroquinone, 1,4-Benzoquinol, 1,4-Phenylenediol, 1,4-p-Benzenediol, p-Dihydroquinone, p-Phenylenediol, p-Quinol, hydroquinone, 1,4-benzenediol, quinol, 1,4-dihydroxybenzene, p-benzenediol, 4-hydroxyphenol, p-hydroquinone, p-hydroxyphenol, p-dihydroxybenzene, benzoquinol, ?-Hydroquinone, ?-Quinol, P-Hydroquinone, Hydrochinon, Dihydroquinone, Hydroquinol, Benzoquinol, Hydrochinone, Hidroquinone, Hidroquin, Idrochinone, Para-Hydroquinone, Hydroquinole, Hidroquilaude, 1, 4-Dihydroxy-Benzeen, 1, 4-Diidrobenzene, Pyrogentistic Acid, Hydroquinoue, Ccris 714, Diak 5, 1,4-Benzene-2,3,5,6-d4-diol-d2, 1,2,4,5-Tetradeuterio-3,6-dideuteriooxybenzene, 1,4-Hydroquinone-d6, Hydroquinone-d6, Perdeuteriohydroquinone, 1,4-Benzenediol, 1,4-Dihydroxybenzene, 1,4-p-Benzenediol, 1,4-Phenylenediol, 4-Hydroxyphenol, Benzene-1,4-diol, 1,4-Benzenediol, 1,4-Dihydroxybenzene, 4-Hydroxyphenol, benzene-1,4-diol, Benzene-1,4-diol, Eldoquin, hydroquinone, Hydroquinone, p-Benzenediol, p-Hydroquinone, p-hydroxyphenol, Quinol



Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol) appears as light colored crystals or solutions.
Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol) is a benzenediol comprising benzene core carrying two hydroxy substituents para to each other.
Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol) has a role as a cofactor, a carcinogenic agent, an Escherichia coli metabolite, a human xenobiotic metabolite, a skin lightening agent, an antioxidant and a mouse metabolite.


Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol) is a benzenediol and a member of hydroquinones.
Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol) is a metabolite found in or produced by Escherichia coli.
Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol) is a Melanin Synthesis Inhibitor.


The mechanism of action of Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol) is as a Melanin Synthesis Inhibitor.
The physiologic effect of Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol) is by means of Depigmenting Activity.
Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol) is a natural product found in Spiranthes vernalis, Phomopsis velata, and other organisms with data available.


Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol) is an aromatic organic compound which is a type of phenol.
Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol) is commonly used as a biomarker for benzene exposure.
The presence of Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol) in normal individuals stems mainly from direct dietary ingestion, catabolism of tyrosine and other substrates by gut bacteria, ingestion of arbutin containing foods, cigarette smoking, and the use of some over-the-counter medicines.


Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol) is an aromatic organic compound that is a type of phenol, a derivative of benzene, having the chemical formula C6H4(OH)2.
Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol) has two hydroxyl groups bonded to a benzene ring in a para position.
Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol) is a white granular solid.


Substituted derivatives of this parent compound are also referred to as Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol).
The name "Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol)" was coined by Friedrich Wöhler in 1843.
In 2021, Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol) was the 282nd most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 800,000 prescriptions.


Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol) is thought to be the active toxin in Agaricus hondensis mushrooms.
Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol) has been shown to be one of the chemical constituents of the natural product propolis.
Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol) is also one of the chemical compounds found in castoreum.


Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol) is gathered from the beaver's castor sacs.
Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol) belongs to the class of organic compounds known as hydroquinone.
Hydroquinones (benzene-1,4-diol) are compounds containing a hydroquinone moiety, which consists of a benzene ring with a hydroxyl groups at positions 1 and 4.


Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol) is an aromatic organic compound which is a type of phenol, having the chemical formula C6H4(OH)2.
Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol)'s chemical structure has two hydroxyl groups bonded to a benzene ring in a para position.
Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol) is a white granular solid at room temperature and pressure.


The hydroxyl groups of Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol) are quite weakly acidic.
Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol) can lose an H+ from one of the hydroxyls to form a monophenolate ion or lose an H+ from both to form a diphenolate ion.
Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol) has a variety of uses principally associated with its action as a reducing agent which is soluble in water.


Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol) is a major component of most photographic developers where, with the compound Metol, it reduces silver halides to elemental silver.
Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol), also known quinol, is an aromatic organic compound that is a type of phenol, a derivative of benzene, having the chemical formula C6H4(OH)2.


Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol) is used route is similar to the cumene process in reaction mechanism and involves the dialkylation of benzene with propene to give 1,4-diisopropylbenzene.
Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol) reacts with air to afford the bis(hydroperoxide), which is structurally similar to cumene hydroperoxide and rearranges in acid to give acetone and hydroquinone.


Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol) appears as a white to white-grayish powder.
Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol) is an aromatic organic compound which is a type of phenol, having the chemical formula C6H4(OH)2.
Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol)'s chemical structure, shown in the table at right, has two hydroxyl groups bonded to a benzene ring in a para position.


Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol) is a white granular solid at room temperature and pressure.
Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol) is an aromatic organic compound with a chemical formula C6H6O2.
Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol) has two hydroxyl groups binding to a benzene ring in the para position.


Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol) is a melanin synthesis Inhibitor.
Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol) is also known as benzene-1, 4-diol or Quinol.
Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol) is a derivative of phenol and has antioxidant properties.


Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol) appears as a granular solid white in colour.
The name Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol) was coined in the year 1843 by Friedrich Wohler.



USES and APPLICATIONS of HYDROQUINONE (BENZENE-1,4-DIOL):
Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol) has a variety of uses principally associated with its action as a reducing agent which is soluble in water.
Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol) is a major component in most photographic developers where, with the compound Metol, it reduces silver halides to elemental silver.


In human medicine, Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol) is used as a topical application in skin whitening to reduce the color of skin as it does not have the same predisposition to cause dermatitis as Metol does.
The disodium diphenolate salt of Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol) is used as an alternating comonomer unit in the production of the polymer PEEK.


As a polymerization inhibitor, Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol) prevents polymerization of acrylic acid, methyl methacrylate, etc.
Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol) is also used as a raw material of herbicides, rubber antioxidants and dye stuffs.
Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol) is a topical lightening product found in OTC products, and is used to correct skin discoloration associated with disorders of hyperpigmentation including melasma, post-inflammatory hyperpigmention, sunspots, and freckles.


Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol) can be used alone, but is more frequently found in combination with other agents such as alpha-hydroxy acids, corticosteroids, retinoids, or sunscreen.
Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol) is used as a developing agent in photography and as an antioxidant in rubber and food.


Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol) is produced as an inhibitor, an antioxidant, and an intermediate in the synthesis of dyes, motor fuels, and oils; in photographic processing; and naturally in certain plant species,
Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol) is used as a topical treatment for skin hyperpigmentation and in various cosmetic products.


In human medicine, Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol) is used as a topical application in skin whitening to reduce the color of skin.
Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol) has a variety of uses principally associated with its action as a reducing agent that is soluble in water.
Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol) is a major component in most black and white photographic developers for film and paper where, with the compound metol, it reduces silver halides to elemental silver.


There are various other uses associated with Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol)'s reducing power.
As a polymerisation inhibitor, exploiting its antioxidant properties, Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol) prevents polymerization of acrylic acid, methyl methacrylate, cyanoacrylate, and other monomers that are susceptible to radical-initiated polymerization.


By acting as a free radical scavenger, Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol) serves to prolong the shelflife of light-sensitive resins such as preceramic polymers.
Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol) can lose a hydrogen cation from both hydroxyl groups to form a diphenolate ion.


The disodium diphenolate salt of Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol) is used as an alternating comonomer unit in the production of the polymer PEEK.
Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol) is usually associated with use in skin lighteners.
Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol) is commonly used as a biomarker for benzene exposure.


The presence of Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol) in normal individuals stems mainly from direct dietary ingestion, catabolism of tyrosine and other substrates by gut bacteria, ingestion of arbutin-containing foods, cigarette smoking, and the use of some over-the-counter medicines.
Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol) works by decreasing the production of melanin pigments in the skin.


Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol) is used as a reducing agent.
Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol) is used to treat melasma.
Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol) is used in the prevention of methyl methacrylate.


Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol) is used in skin whitening.
Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol) is used for benzene exposure as a biomarker.
Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol) is used by photographic developers.


Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol) is used in the treatment of acne scars.
Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol) is used in various cosmetic products.



PRODUCTION OF HYDROQUINONE (BENZENE-1,4-DIOL):
Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol) is produced industrially in two main ways.
The most widely used route is similar to the cumene process in reaction mechanism and involves the dialkylation of benzene with propene to give 1,4-diisopropylbenzene.

This compound reacts with air to afford the bis(hydroperoxide), which is structurally similar to cumene hydroperoxide and rearranges in acid to give acetone and Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol).

A second route involves hydroxylation of phenol over a catalyst.
The conversion uses hydrogen peroxide and affords a mixture of Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol)and its ortho isomer catechol (benzene-1,2-diol):
C6H5OH+H2O2⟶C6H4(OH)2+H2O



ALTERNATIVE PARENTS OF HYDROQUINONE (BENZENE-1,4-DIOL):
*1-hydroxy-2-unsubstituted benzenoids
*Benzene and substituted derivatives
*Organooxygen compounds
*Hydrocarbon derivatives



SUBSTITUENTS OF HYDROQUINONE (BENZENE-1,4-DIOL):
*Hydroquinone
*1-hydroxy-2-unsubstituted benzenoid
*Monocyclic benzene moiety
*Organic oxygen compound
*Hydrocarbon derivative
*Organooxygen compound
*Aromatic homomonocyclic compound



THE MOST WIDELY USED INDUSTRIAL METHODS OF PRODUCING, HYDROQUINONE (BENZENE-1,4-DIOL):
Hydroquinones (benzene-1,4-diol) are hydroxylation of phenol and cumene process.
Other less common methods are oxidation of various phenols, oxidation of aniline by manganese dioxide, and the dry distillation of quinic acid or from acetylene and iron pentacarbonyl.
Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol) is widely used for benzene exposure as a biomarker.
Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol) naturally occurs in the defensive glands of bombardier beetles.



NATURAL OCCURRENCES OF HYDROQUINONE (BENZENE-1,4-DIOL):
Hydroquinones (benzene-1,4-diol) are one of the two primary reagents in the defensive glands of bombardier beetles, along with hydrogen peroxide (and perhaps other chemicals, depending on the species), which collect in a reservoir.

The reservoir opens through a muscle-controlled valve onto a thick-walled reaction chamber.
This chamber is lined with cells that secrete catalases and peroxidases.

When the contents of the reservoir are forced into the reaction chamber, the catalases and peroxidases rapidly break down the hydrogen peroxide and catalyze the oxidation of the Hydroquinones (benzene-1,4-diol) into p-quinones.
These reactions release free oxygen and generate enough heat to bring the mixture to the boiling point and vaporize about a fifth of it, producing a hot spray from the beetle's abdomen.



OTHER, LESS COMMON METHODS INCLUDE:
A potentially significant synthesis of Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol) from acetylene and iron pentacarbonyl has been proposed
Iron pentacarbonyl serves as a catalyst, rather than as a reagent, in the presence of free carbon monoxide gas.

Rhodium or ruthenium can substitute for iron as the catalyst with favorable chemical yields but are not typically used due to their cost of recovery from the reaction mixture.
Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol) and its derivatives can also be prepared by oxidation of various phenols, such as aniline and DIPB.
Examples include Elbs persulfate oxidation and Dakin oxidation.

Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol) was first obtained in 1820 by the French chemists Pelletier and Caventou via the dry distillation of quinic acid.
Hydrolysis of chlorinated phenol, described as being used in China.
Note that methods such as hydrolysis of chlorinated phenol and oxidation of phenols are much more polluting methods than some others.



REACTIONS OF HYDROQUINONE (BENZENE-1,4-DIOL):
The reactivity of Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol)'s hydroxyl groups resembles that of other phenols, being weakly acidic.
The resulting conjugate base undergoes easy O-alkylation to give mono- and diethers.

Similarly, Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol) is highly susceptible to ring substitution by Friedel–Crafts reactions such as alkylation.
This reaction is exploited en route to popular antioxidants such as 2-tert-butyl-4-methoxyphenol (BHA).
The useful dye quinizarin is produced by diacylation of Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol) with phthalic anhydride.



REDOX OF HYDROQUINONE (BENZENE-1,4-DIOL):
Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol) undergoes oxidation under mild conditions to give benzoquinone.
This process can be reversed.

Some naturally occurring Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol) derivatives exhibit this sort of reactivity, one example being coenzyme Q.
Industrially this reaction is exploited both with Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol) itself but more often with its derivatives where one OH has been replaced by an amine.

When colorless Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol) and benzoquinone, a bright yellow solid, are cocrystallized in a 1:1 ratio, a dark-green crystalline charge-transfer complex (melting point 171 °C) called quinhydrone (C6H6O2·C6H4O2) is formed.
This complex dissolves in hot water, where the two molecules dissociate in solution.



AMINATION OF HYDROQUINONE (BENZENE-1,4-DIOL):
An important reaction is the conversion of Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol) to the mono- and diamine derivatives. Methylaminophenol, used in photography, is produced in this way:
C6H4(OH)2+CH3NH2methylamine⟶HOC6H4NHCH3+H2O
Diamines, useful in the rubber industry as antiozone agents, are similarly produced from aniline:
C6H4(OH)2+2C6H5NH2aniline⟶C6H4(N(H)C6H5)2+2H2O



SKIN DEPIGMENTATION OF HYDROQUINONE (BENZENE-1,4-DIOL):
Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol) is used as a topical application in skin whitening to reduce the color of skin.
Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol) does not have the same predisposition to cause dermatitis as metol does.
This is a prescription-only ingredient in some countries, including the member states of the European Union under Directives 76/768/EEC:1976.



NATURAL OCCURRENCES OF HYDROQUINONE (BENZENE-1,4-DIOL):
Hydroquinones (benzene-1,4-diol) are one of the two primary reagents in the defensive glands of bombardier beetles, along with hydrogen peroxide (and perhaps other compounds, depending on the species), which collect in a reservoir.

The reservoir opens through a muscle-controlled valve onto a thick-walled reaction chamber.
This chamber is lined with cells that secrete catalases and peroxidases.
When the contents of the reservoir are forced into the reaction chamber, the catalases and peroxidases rapidly break down the hydrogen peroxide and catalyze the oxidation of the Hydroquinones (benzene-1,4-diol) into p-quinones.

These reactions release free oxygen and generate enough heat to bring the mixture to the boiling point and vaporize about a fifth of it, producing a hot spray from the beetle's abdomen.



NOMENCLATURE OF HYDROQUINONE (BENZENE-1,4-DIOL):
Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol) is the name recommended by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) in its 1993 Recommendations for the Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry.



PROPERTIES OF HYDROQUINONE (BENZENE-1,4-DIOL):
Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol) can undergo mild oxidation to convert to the compound parabenzoquinone, C6H4O2, often called p-quinone or simply quinone.
Reduction of quinone reverses this reaction back to Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol).

Some biochemical compounds in nature have this sort of Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol) or quinone section in their structures, such as Coenzyme Q, and can undergo similar redox interconversions.
The hydroxyl groups of Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol) are quite weakly acidic.
Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol) can lose an H+ from one of the hydroxyls to form a monophenolate ion or lose an H+ from both to form a diphenolate ion.



PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of HYDROQUINONE (BENZENE-1,4-DIOL):
Molecular Weight: 110.11
Appearance Form: crystalline
Color: colorless
Odor: No data available
Odor Threshold: No data available
pH: 3,7 at 70 g/l
Melting point/freezing point:
Melting point/range: 172 - 175 °C - lit.
Initial boiling point and boiling range: 285 °C - lit.
Flash point: 165 °C at ca.1.013 hPa
Evaporation rate: No data available
Flammability (solid, gas): The product is not flammable.
Upper/lower flammability or explosive limits: No data available
Vapor pressure: 1 hPa at 132 °C
Vapor density: 3,80 - (Air = 1.0)

Density: 1,332 g/cm3 at 15 °C
Relative density: No data available
Water solubility 72 g/l at 25 °C - completely soluble
Partition coefficient: n-octanol/water
log Pow: 0,59 - Bioaccumulation is not expected.
Autoignition temperature: 515,56 °C at 1.013 hPa
Decomposition temperature: No data available
Viscosity
Viscosity, kinematic: No data available
Viscosity, dynamic: No data available
Explosive properties: No data available
Oxidizing properties: No data available
Other safety information:
Relative vapor density: 3,80 - (Air = 1.0)
Water Solubility: 95.5 g/L

logP: 0.71
logP: 1.37
logS: -0.06
pKa (Strongest Acidic): 9.68
pKa (Strongest Basic): -5.9
Physiological Charge: 0
Hydrogen Acceptor Count: 2
Hydrogen Donor Count: 2
Polar Surface Area: 40.46 Ų
Rotatable Bond Count: 0
Refractivity: 30.02 m³·mol⁻¹
Polarizability: 10.75 ų
Number of Rings: 1
Bioavailability: Yes
Rule of Five: Yes
Ghose Filter: No

Veber's Rule: No
MDDR-like Rule: No
IUPAC Name: benzene-1,4-diol
Traditional IUPAC Name: α-hydroquinone
Formula: C6H6O2
InChI: InChI=1S/C6H6O2/c7-5-1-2-6(8)4-3-5/h1-4,7-8H
InChI Key: QIGBRXMKCJKVMJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Molecular weight: 110.1106
Exact mass: 110.036779436
SMILES: OC1=CC=C(O)C=C1
Chemical Formula: C6H6O2
Average Molecular Weight: 110.1106
Monoisotopic Molecular Weight: 110.036779436
IUPAC Name: benzene-1,4-diol
Traditional Name: α-hydroquinone

CAS Registry Number: 123-31-9
SMILES: OC1=CC=C(O)C=C1
InChI Identifier: InChI=1S/C6H6O2/c7-5-1-2-6(8)4-3-5/h1-4,7-8H
InChI Key: QIGBRXMKCJKVMJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Melting Point: 170.0°C to 174.0°C
Color: White
Density: 1.32
Boiling Point: 285.0°C to 287.0°C
Flash Point: 165°C
Infrared Spectrum: Authentic
Assay Percent Range: 98.5% min. (HPLC)
Beilstein: 06, 836

Fieser: 05,341; 14,249
Merck Index: 15, 4845
Solubility Information: Solubility in water: 70g/L in water (20°C).
Other solubilities: soluble in alcohol and ether,slightly soluble in benzene,
readily soluble in ethanol,acetone and methanol
Formula Weight: 110.11
Percent Purity: 99%
Physical Form: Needle-like Crystals or Crystalline Powder
Chemical Name or Material: Hydroquinone, 99%
C6H6O2: Hydroquinone
Molecular Weight/ Molar Mass: 110.11 g/mol
Density: 1.3 g cm−3
Boiling Point: 287 °C
Melting Point: 172 °C



FIRST AID MEASURES of HYDROQUINONE (BENZENE-1,4-DIOL):
-Description of first-aid measures:
*General advice:
Show this material safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
*If inhaled
After inhalation:
Fresh air.
Call in physician.
*In case of skin contact:
Take off immediately all contaminated clothing.
Rinse skin with water/ shower.
Consult a physician.
*In case of eye contact
After eye contact:
Rinse out with plenty of water.
Immediately call in ophthalmologist.
Remove contact lenses.
*If swallowed:
After swallowing:
Immediately make victim drink water (two glasses at most).
Consult a physician.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed:
No data available



ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of HYDROQUINONE (BENZENE-1,4-DIOL):
-Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures:
Advice for non-emergency personnel:
Ensure adequate ventilation.
Evacuate the danger area, observe emergency procedures, consult an expert.
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Cover drains.
Collect, bind, and pump off spills.
Observe possible material restrictions.
Take up dry.
Dispose of properly.
Clean up affected area.



FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of HYDROQUINONE (BENZENE-1,4-DIOL):
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Water Foam Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Dry powder
*Unsuitable extinguishing media:
For this substance/mixture no limitations of extinguishing agents are given.



EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of HYDROQUINONE (BENZENE-1,4-DIOL):
-Control parameters:
--Ingredients with workplace control parameters:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use safety goggles.
Full contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Splash contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
*Body Protection:
Use protective clothing.
-Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.



HANDLING and STORAGE of HYDROQUINONE (BENZENE-1,4-DIOL):
-Precautions for safe handling:
*Advice on safe handling:
Work under hood.
Do not inhale substance/mixture.
*Hygiene measures:
Wash hands and face after working with substance.
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
Storage conditions:
Tightly closed.
Dry.



STABILITY and REACTIVITY of HYDROQUINONE (BENZENE-1,4-DIOL):
-Chemical stability
The product is chemically stable under standard ambient conditions (room temperature) .

DESCRIPTION:
Hydroquinone (quinol), also known as benzene-1,4-diol or quinol, is an aromatic organic compound that is a type of phenol, a derivative of benzene, having the chemical formula C6H4(OH)2.
Hydroquinone (quinol) has two hydroxyl groups bonded to a benzene ring in a para position.
Hydroquinone (quinol) is a white granular solid. Substituted derivatives of this parent compound are also referred to as hydroquinones.
The name "hydroquinone" was coined by Friedrich Wöhler in 1843.

CAS Number: 123-31-9
EC Number: 204-617-8
IUPAC Name: benzene-1,4-diol
Molecular Formula: C6H6O2


Hydroquinone (quinol) is an aromatic organic compound with the chemical formula C6H4(OH)2, also known as benzene-1,4-diol or quinol, which is a kind of phenol and also a derivative of benzene.
Hydroquinone (quinol) contains two hydroxyl groups bonded in a para position to the benzene ring.
Hydroquinone (quinol) is a granular white solid.

This parent compound’s substituted derivatives are also known as hydroquinones.
Friedrich Wöhler coined the term “hydroquinone” in 1843.


Hydroquinone (quinol) appears as light colored crystals or solutions.
May irritate the skin, eyes and mucous membranes.
Mildly toxic by ingestion or skin absorption.


Hydroquinone (quinol) is a benzenediol comprising benzene core carrying two hydroxy substituents para to each other.
Hydroquinone (quinol) has a role as a cofactor, a carcinogenic agent, an Escherichia coli metabolite, a human xenobiotic metabolite, a skin lightening agent, an antioxidant and a mouse metabolite.
Hydroquinone (quinol) is a benzenediol and a member of hydroquinones.

Hydroquinone (quinol) is a topical lightening product found in OTC products, and is used to correct skin discoloration associated with disorders of hyperpigmentation including melasma, post-inflammatory hyperpigmention, sunspots, and freckles.
Hydroquinone (quinol) can be used alone, but is more frequently found in combination with other agents such as alpha-hydroxy acids, corticosteroids, retinoids, or sunscreen.

Hydroquinone (quinol) has come under scrutiny due to several complications associated with its use, including dermal irritation, exogenous onchronosis, and carginogenicity.
As a result of these concerns, Hydroquinone (quinol) has been banned in the EU and UK.







PRODUCTION OF HYDROQUINONE (QUINOL):
Hydroquinone (quinol) is produced industrially in two main ways.
The most widely used route is similar to the cumene process in reaction mechanism and involves the dialkylation of benzene with propene to give 1,4-diisopropylbenzene.
Hydroquinone (quinol) reacts with air to afford the bis(hydroperoxide), which is structurally similar to cumene hydroperoxide and rearranges in acid to give acetone and hydroquinone.


A second route involves hydroxylation of phenol over a catalyst.
The conversion uses hydrogen peroxide and affords a mixture of hydroquinone and its ortho isomer catechol (benzene-1,2-diol):
C6H5OH+H2O2⟶C6H4(OH)2+H2O


Other, less common methods include:
A potentially significant synthesis of hydroquinone from acetylene and iron pentacarbonyl has been proposed
Iron pentacarbonyl serves as a catalyst, rather than as a reagent, in the presence of free carbon monoxide gas.
Rhodium or ruthenium can substitute for iron as the catalyst with favorable chemical yields but are not typically used due to their cost of recovery from the reaction mixture.


Hydroquinone (quinol) and its derivatives can also be prepared by oxidation of various phenols, such as aniline and DIPB.
Examples include Elbs persulfate oxidation and Dakin oxidation.
Hydroquinone (quinol) was first obtained in 1820 by the French chemists Pelletier and Caventou via the dry distillation of quinic acid.

Hydrolysis of chlorinated phenol, described as being used in China.
Note that methods such as hydrolysis of chlorinated phenol and oxidation of phenols are much more polluting methods than some others.

Industrial production of hydroquinone usually happens in two ways.
The most commonly used technique is identical to the cumene process in the reaction mechanism and, it includes the dialkylation of benzene with propene to produce 1,4-diisopropyl benzene.
The compound reacts with air to form bishydroperoxide, which has a similar structure compared to cumene hydroperoxide and, it rearranges in acid to form acetone and hydroquinone.


The second method includes the hydroxylation of phenol over a catalyst.
The conversion process uses hydrogen peroxide and provides a combination of hydroquinone and catechol (benzene-1,2-diol):
C6H5OH+H2O2⟶C6H4(OH)2+H2O


Some other methods for producing hydroquinone are:
Oxidation of various phenols can also produce hydroquinone and its derivatives.
Examples of such method are Elbs persulfate oxidation and Dakin oxidation.
French chemists Pelletier and Caventou first obtained hydroquinone in 1820 through the dry distillation process of quinic acid.





REACTIONS OF HYDROQUINONE (QUINOL):
The reactivity of hydroquinone's hydroxyl groups resembles that of other phenols, being weakly acidic.
The resulting conjugate base undergoes easy O-alkylation to give mono- and diethers.
Similarly, hydroquinone is highly susceptible to ring substitution by Friedel–Crafts reactions such as alkylation.


This reaction is exploited en route to popular antioxidants such as 2-tert-butyl-4-methoxyphenol (BHA).
The useful dye quinizarin is produced by diacylation of hydroquinone with phthalic anhydride.


Redox:
Hydroquinone undergoes oxidation under mild conditions to give benzoquinone.
This process can be reversed.
Some naturally occurring hydroquinone derivatives exhibit this sort of reactivity, one example being coenzyme Q.

Industrially this reaction is exploited both with hydroquinone itself but more often with its derivatives where one OH has been replaced by an amine.
When colorless hydroquinone and benzoquinone, a bright yellow solid, are cocrystallized in a 1:1 ratio, a dark-green crystalline charge-transfer complex (melting point 171 °C) called quinhydrone (C6H6O2•C6H4O2) is formed.
This complex dissolves in hot water, where the two molecules dissociate in solution.

Amination:
An important reaction is the conversion of hydroquinone to the mono- and diamine derivatives.
Methylaminophenol, used in photography, is produced in this way:
C6H4(OH)2+CH3NH2methylamine⟶HOC6H4NHCH3+H2O

Diamines, useful in the rubber industry as antiozone agents, are similarly produced from aniline:
C6H4(OH)2+2C6H5NH2aniline⟶C6H4(N(H)C6H5)2+2H2O

USES OF HYDROQUINONE (QUINOL):
Hydroquinone (quinol) has a variety of uses principally associated with its action as a reducing agent that is soluble in water.
Hydroquinone (quinol) is a major component in most black and white photographic developers for film and paper where, with the compound metol, it reduces silver halides to elemental silver.
There are various other uses associated with its reducing power.

As a polymerisation inhibitor, exploiting its antioxidant properties, hydroquinone prevents polymerization of acrylic acid, methyl methacrylate, cyanoacrylate, and other monomers that are susceptible to radical-initiated polymerization.
By acting as a free radical scavenger, hydroquinone serves to prolong the shelflife of light-sensitive resins such as preceramic polymers.
Hydroquinone can lose a hydrogen cation from both hydroxyl groups to form a diphenolate ion.

The disodium diphenolate salt of hydroquinone is used as an alternating comonomer unit in the production of the polymer PEEK.


Skin depigmentation:
Hydroquinone (quinol) is used as a topical application in skin whitening to reduce the color of skin.
Hydroquinone (quinol) does not have the same predisposition to cause dermatitis as metol does.
This is a prescription-only ingredient in some countries, including the member states of the European Union under Directives 76/768/EEC:1976.


In 2006, the United States Food and Drug Administration revoked its previous approval of hydroquinone and proposed a ban on all over-the-counter preparations.
The FDA officially banned hydroquinone in 2020 as part of a larger reform of the over-the-counter drug review process.
The FDA stated that hydroquinone cannot be ruled out as a potential carcinogen.

This conclusion was reached based on the extent of absorption in humans and the incidence of neoplasms in rats in several studies where adult rats were found to have increased rates of tumours, including thyroid follicular cell hyperplasias, anisokaryosis (variation in nuclei sizes), mononuclear cell leukemia, hepatocellular adenomas and renal tubule cell adenomas.
The Campaign for Safe Cosmetics has also highlighted concerns.


Numerous studies have revealed that hydroquinone, if taken orally, can cause exogenous ochronosis, a disfiguring disease in which blue-black pigments are deposited onto the skin; however, skin preparations containing the ingredient are administered topically.
The FDA had classified hydroquinone in 1982 as a safe product - generally recognized as safe and effective (GRASE), however additional studies under the National Toxicology Program (NTP) were suggested in order to determine whether there is a risk to humans from the use of hydroquinone.


NTP evaluation showed some evidence of long-term carcinogenic and genotoxic effects
While hydroquinone remains widely prescribed for treatment of hyperpigmentation, questions raised about its safety profile by regulatory agencies in the EU, Japan, and USA encourage the search for other agents with comparable efficacy.
Several such agents are already available or under research, including azelaic acid, kojic acid, retinoids, cysteamine, topical steroids, glycolic acid, and other substances.

One of these, 4-butylresorcinol, has been proved to be more effective at treating melanin-related skin disorders by a wide margin, as well as safe enough to be made available over the counter.

The uses of hydroquinone are:
Hydroquinone is used As a reducing agent.
Hydroquinone is used For the preventive measures of methyl methacrylate.
Hydroquinone is used In skin whitening.


Hydroquinone is used Helpful as a biomarker for benzene exposure.
Hydroquinone is used By photographic developers
Hydroquinone is used In the treatment of acne scars
Hydroquinone is used In various cosmetic products


APPLICATIONS OF HYDROQUINONE
Hydroquinone has several applications, which are primarily associated with its function as a reducing agent that is soluble in water. It is a major component of most black and white photographers for film and paper where, with the compound metol, it transforms silver halides into elemental silver.
There are several other applications for its reducing power. As a polymerization barrier, hydroquinone inhibits the polymerization of acrylic acid, methyl methacrylate, cyanoacrylate, and other monomers vulnerable to radical-initiated polymerization by using its antioxidant properties.
By serving as a free-radical scavenger, hydroquinone helps in improving the shelflife of light-sensitive resins such as preceramic polymers.
Hydroquinone can form a diphenolate ion by losing a hydrogen cation from both hydroxyl groups.







NATURAL OCCURRENCES OF HYDROQUINONE (QUINOL):
Hydroquinones are one of the two primary reagents in the defensive glands of bombardier beetles, along with hydrogen peroxide (and perhaps other compounds, depending on the species), which collect in a reservoir.
The reservoir opens through a muscle-controlled valve onto a thick-walled reaction chamber.
This chamber is lined with cells that secrete catalases and peroxidases. When the contents of the reservoir are forced into the reaction chamber, the catalases and peroxidases rapidly break down the hydrogen peroxide and catalyze the oxidation of the hydroquinones into p-quinones.

These reactions release free oxygen and generate enough heat to bring the mixture to the boiling point and vaporize about a fifth of it, producing a hot spray from the beetle's abdomen.
Hydroquinone (quinol) is thought to be the active toxin in Agaricus hondensis mushrooms.

Hydroquinone (quinol) has been shown to be one of the chemical constituents of the natural product propolis.
Hydroquinone (quinol) is also one of the chemical compounds found in castoreum.
Hydroquinone (quinol) is gathered from the beaver's castor sacs.

SAFETY INFORMATION ABOUT HYDROQUINONE (QUINOL):
First aid measures:
Description of first aid measures:
General advice:
Consult a physician.
Show this safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
Move out of dangerous area:

If inhaled:
If breathed in, move person into fresh air.
If not breathing, give artificial respiration.
Consult a physician.
In case of skin contact:
Take off contaminated clothing and shoes immediately.
Wash off with soap and plenty of water.
Consult a physician.

In case of eye contact:
Rinse thoroughly with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes and consult a physician.
Continue rinsing eyes during transport to hospital.

If swallowed:
Do NOT induce vomiting.
Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person.
Rinse mouth with water.
Consult a physician.

Firefighting measures:
Extinguishing media:
Suitable extinguishing media:
Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.
Special hazards arising from the substance or mixture
Carbon oxides, Nitrogen oxides (NOx), Hydrogen chloride gas

Advice for firefighters:
Wear self-contained breathing apparatus for firefighting if necessary.
Accidental release measures:
Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures
Use personal protective equipment.

Avoid breathing vapours, mist or gas.
Evacuate personnel to safe areas.

Environmental precautions:
Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so.
Do not let product enter drains.
Discharge into the environment must be avoided.

Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Soak up with inert absorbent material and dispose of as hazardous waste.
Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.

Handling and storage:
Precautions for safe handling:
Avoid inhalation of vapour or mist.

Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place.
Containers which are opened must be carefully resealed and kept upright to prevent leakage.
Storage class (TRGS 510): 8A: Combustible, corrosive hazardous materials

Exposure controls/personal protection:
Control parameters:
Components with workplace control parameters
Contains no substances with occupational exposure limit values.
Exposure controls:
Appropriate engineering controls:
Handle in accordance with good industrial hygiene and safety practice.
Wash hands before breaks and at the end of workday.

Personal protective equipment:
Eye/face protection:
Tightly fitting safety goggles.
Faceshield (8-inch minimum).
Use equipment for eye protection tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or EN 166(EU).

Skin protection:
Handle with gloves.
Gloves must be inspected prior to use.
Use proper glove
removal technique (without touching glove's outer surface) to avoid skin contact with this product.
Dispose of contaminated gloves after use in accordance with applicable laws and good laboratory practices.
Wash and dry hands.

Full contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0.11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Material tested:Dermatril (KCL 740 / Aldrich Z677272, Size M)
Splash contact
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0.11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Material tested:Dermatril (KCL 740 / Aldrich Z677272, Size M)
It should not be construed as offering an approval for any specific use scenario.

Body Protection:
Complete suit protecting against chemicals, The type of protective equipment must be selected according to the concentration and amount of the dangerous substance at the specific workplace.
Respiratory protection:
Where risk assessment shows air-purifying respirators are appropriate use a fullface respirator with multi-purpose combination (US) or type ABEK (EN 14387) respirator cartridges as a backup to engineering controls.

If the respirator is the sole means of protection, use a full-face supplied air respirator.
Use respirators and components tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or CEN (EU).
Control of environmental exposure
Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so.
Do not let product enter drains.
Discharge into the environment must be avoided.

Stability and reactivity:
Chemical stability:
Stable under recommended storage conditions.
Incompatible materials:
Strong oxidizing agents:
Hazardous decomposition products:
Hazardous decomposition products formed under fire conditions.
Carbon oxides, Nitrogen oxides (NOx), Hydrogen chloride gas.

Disposal considerations:
Waste treatment methods:
Product:
Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company.
Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material.
Contaminated packaging:
Dispose of as unused product





QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS ABOUT HYDROQUINONE (QUINOL):
Q.1. How is hydroquinone used in hyperpigmentation treatment?
Answer. Hydroquinone is useful in lightening the dark areas of skin, also known as hyperpigmentation, melasma, “liver marks,” “ageing spots,” and freckles that occur due to pregnancy, birth control drugs, hormone therapy, or damage to the skin.
This drug works by suppressing the process in the skin that leads to discolouration.


Q.2. What is an appropriate alternative for hydroquinone?
Answer. Mequinol (4-Hydroxyanisole) is the most common prescription substitute for hydroquinone.
Methoxy phenol is also known as monomethyl ether with hydroquinone and p-hydroxyanisole.
Hydroquinone is equally as effective as hydroquinone.

Q.3. What are the side-effects of hydroquinone?
Answer. The most common side-effects of hydroquinone are mild burning, stinging, redness, and dryness may occur.
Unlikely but serious side effects that occur include blistering, skin cracking, blue-black darkening of the skin.
Rare side-effects that may occur include symptoms of a serious allergic reaction, including rash, itching/swelling (especially of the face/tongue/throat), severe dizziness, trouble breathing



CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF HYDROQUINONE (QUINOL):
Chemical formula, C6H6O2
Molar mass, 110.112 g•mol−1
Appearance, White solid
Density, 1.3 g cm−3, solid
Melting point, 172 °C (342 °F; 445 K)
Boiling point, 287 °C (549 °F; 560 K)
Solubility in water, 5.9 g/100 mL (15 °C)
Vapor pressure, 10−5 mmHg (20 °C)[2]
Acidity (pKa), 9.9[3]
Magnetic susceptibility (χ), −64.63×10−6 cm3/mol
Molecular Weight
110.11 g/mol
Computed by PubChem 2.1 (PubChem release 2021.05.07)
XLogP3
0.6
Computed by XLogP3 3.0 (PubChem release 2021.05.07)
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count
2
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count
2
Rotatable Bond Count
0
Exact Mass
110.036779430 g/mol
Monoisotopic Mass
110.036779430 g/mol
Topological Polar Surface Area
40.5Ų
Heavy Atom Count
8
Formal Charge
0
Complexity
54.9
Isotope Atom Count
0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count
0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count
0
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count
0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count
0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count
1
Compound Is Canonicalized
Yes






SYNONYMS OF HYDROQUINONE (QUINOL):
1,4-benzenediol
1,4-dihydroxybenzene
Artra
beta-quinol
Eldopaque
Eldoquin
Esoterica
Hidroquilaude
Hidroquin
Hidroquinona Isdin
hydroquinone
hydroquinone, copper (1+) salt
hydroquinone, lead (2+) salt (2:1)
hydroquinone, monocopper (2+) salt
Licostrata
Lustra
Melanasa
Melanex
Melpaque
Melquin
Neostrata HQ
p-benzenediol
Phiaquin
Solaquin
Ultraquin
hydroquinone
Benzene-1,4-diol
123-31-9
1,4-benzenediol
Quinol
1,4-Dihydroxybenzene
p-Benzenediol
p-Hydroquinone
p-Hydroxyphenol
4-Hydroxyphenol
p-Dihydroxybenzene
Benzoquinol
hydroquinol
Eldoquin
p-Dioxybenzene
Solaquin forte
Dihydroquinone
Eldopaque
Hydroquinole
Idrochinone
Tecquinol
Phiaquin
Benzohydroquinone
Hidroquinone
Arctuvin
Tequinol
Dihydroxybenzene
Eldopaque Forte
Eldoquin Forte
Derma-Blanch
Hydrochinon
Tenox HQ
Diak 5
Benzene, p-dihydroxy-
Hydrochinone
1,4-Dihydroxy-benzol
Artra
Usaf ek-356
1,4-Diidrobenzene
p-Dioxobenzene
1,4-Dihydroxybenzen
para-Dioxybenzene
para-Hydroquinone
NCI-C55834
Black and White Bleaching Cream
1,4-Dihydroxy-benzeen
para-Dihydroxybenzene
beta-quinol
HE 5
Pyrogentistic acid
Epiquin
Melanex
Sunvanish
Idrochinone [Italian]
p-Dihydroquinone
alpha-hydroquinone
CHEBI:17594
NSC 9247
Hydrochinon [Czech, Polish]
CCRIS 714
1,4-Dihydroxybenzen [Czech]
1,4-Diidrobenzene [Italian]
HSDB 577
DTXSID7020716
1,4-Dihydroxy-benzeen [Dutch]
1,4-Dihydroxy-benzol [German]
AI3-00072
CHEMBL537
UNII-XV74C1N1AE
NSC-9247
EINECS 204-617-8
XV74C1N1AE
UN2662
Hydroquinone (USP)
Hydroquinone [USP]
MFCD00002339
HQ
DTXCID70716
NSC9247
EC 204-617-8
Hydroquinone [UN2662] [Poison]
1,4-Dihydroxybenzene (ring-d4)
TRI-LUMA COMPONENT HYDROQUINONE
NCGC00015523-02
HYDROQUINONE COMPONENT OF TRI-LUMA
HYDROQUINONE (IARC)
HYDROQUINONE [IARC]
para-Hydroxyphenol
HYDROQUINONE (MART.)
HYDROQUINONE [MART.]
HYDROQUINONE (USP-RS)
HYDROQUINONE [USP-RS]
quinnone
Eldopacque
p-Phenylenediol
p Benzendiol
HYDROQUINONE (USP MONOGRAPH)
HYDROQUINONE [USP MONOGRAPH]
p-Quinol
1,4-Benzoquinol
CAS-123-31-9
SMR000059154
1,4-Hydroxybenzene
SR-01000075920
BUTYLHYDROXYANISOLE IMPURITY A (EP IMPURITY)
BUTYLHYDROXYANISOLE IMPURITY A [EP IMPURITY]
4-DIHYDROXYBENZENE
hydroquinon
BQ(H)
Hydroquinoue
Balancer
MedisilkeNight
Supermax
hydroq uinone
hydroquinone gr
MiracleFade
Reduced quinone
a-Hydroquinone
Activator Light
Corrector Light
Skin Lightener
Black & White Bleaching Cream
Clear Action
Double White
Exence White
Hydroquinone gel
Idole Carrot
Movate Carrot
Movate Lemon
p-Hydroxybenzene
Scarlight Md
b-Quinol
Caro Light
Hot Movate
Idole Black
4-Benzenediol
Hydroquinone 4%
Hydroquinone cream
Nova Complex HQ
Hydroquinone, HQ
Light The Way
.beta.-Quinol
1,4 benzenediol
Clarite 4
Hydro-Q
Obagi-C
Seequin 2
Seequin 4
Active 4
Hydroquinone,(S)
p-dihydroxy benzene
PLQ
Artra (Salt/Mix)
HQLA
HYDROP
I-max Lightening 5
PIONA
.alpha.-Hydroquinone
Skin lightening Cream
African Formula Black
NeovaComplex HQ Plus
phenol derivative, 4
Skin Beautifying Milk
African Formula Carrot
Essential Fade Complex
Clear-N-Smooth PLUS
4-hydroxyphenyl alcohol
NU-DERM BLENDER
NU-DERM CLEAR
Skin Lightening Complex
Spectrum_001757
SYMBA Skin Lightening
4e3h
Image Md Lightening Rx
BRIGHTENLIGHTENING
HYDROQUINONE 6%
HYDROQUINONE 8%
SpecPlus_000769
1,4-Dihydrobenzoquinone
Clear-N-Smooth Ultimate
Clear-N-Smooth SuperMax
Clear-N-Smooth UltraMax
ELDOQUIN (TN)
EB5 Age Spot Treatment
Gold Cosmetics Adi Clear
hydroquinone for synthesis
Hydroquinone Time Release
Rejuvaderm Medispa Fading
Spectrum2_001672
Spectrum3_000656
Spectrum4_000633
Spectrum5_001430
HYDROQUINONE [MI]
Lopac-H-9003
HYDROQUINONE 8%.
WLN: QR DQ
bmse000293
Dark Spot Lightening Cream
Epitope ID:116206
Sh18
HYDROQUINONE [HSDB]
HYDROQUINONE [INCI]
Skin LighteningRodan Fields
PLUS Skin lightening Cream
Gold Cosmetics Bleach Cream
Vividly Brilliant Perfecting
HYDROQUINONE [VANDF]
1,4-Dihydroxybenzene Quinol
Lopac0_000577
SCHEMBL15516
BSPBio_002291
KBioGR_001246
KBioSS_002237
1,4-Dihydroxybenzene, XIII
MLS000069815
MLS001074911
Pure Valley Miracle Age Spot
BIDD:ER0340
DivK1c_006865
HYDROQUINONE [WHO-DD]
Hydroquinone, LR, >=99%
SPECTRUM1504237
Clear-N-Smooth Super-Ultimate
Hydrochinon(CZECH, POLISH)
SPBio_001883
Precious Beauty Skin Lightening
Body Fade CremeMaximum Strength
PLEXADERM Dark Spot Fade Gel
ULTIMATE Skin lightening Cream
BDBM26190
Hydroquinone, puriss., 99.0%
KBio1_001809
KBio2_002237
KBio2_004805
KBio2_007373
KBio3_001511
Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone)
Gold Cosmetics Bleach Cream Forte
HQ Plus Brightening CreamVI Derm
HMS1922H15
HMS2093E08
HMS3261D16
HYDROQUINONE [ORANGE BOOK]
OLIVIA QUIDO BLEMISH ERASER
Pharmakon1600-01504237
Ageless Total Skin Bleaching Serum
DermisaSkin Fade Vitamin C infused
Gold Cosmetics Bleach Cream Silver
Divine Derrier Skin Bleaching cream
Dr. Lightening Ultra-Potent Facial
HY-B0951
Obagi-C Rx system C-Therapy Night
Tox21_110169
Tox21_202345
Tox21_300015
Tox21_500577
141010 HYDROQUINONE 4%
141011 HYDROQUINONE 6%
141030 HYDROQUINONE 8%
141055 HYDROQUINONE 6%
141067 HYDROQUINONE 8%
CCG-39082
MD Acne Medicated Dark Spot Remover
NSC758707
Olivia Quido Skincare Blemish Eraser
s4580
AKOS000119003
Obagi C Rx System C Clarifying Serum
Teatrical Pro-Aclarant Skin Lightening
Tox21_110169_1
AM10548
DB09526
LP00577
NSC-758707
SDCCGSBI-0050559.P003
UN 2662
Hydroquinone, ReagentPlus(R), >=99%
Hydroquinone, USP, 99.0-100.5%
NCGC00015523-01
NCGC00015523-03
NCGC00015523-04
NCGC00015523-05
NCGC00015523-06
NCGC00015523-07
NCGC00015523-08
NCGC00015523-09
NCGC00015523-10
NCGC00015523-11
NCGC00015523-12
NCGC00015523-13
NCGC00015523-19
NCGC00090880-01
NCGC00090880-02
NCGC00090880-03
NCGC00090880-04
NCGC00090880-05
NCGC00254037-01
NCGC00259894-01
NCGC00261262-01
BP-21160
Dr. Throwers Skin Lightening Moisturizing
Hydroquinone, ReagentPlus(R), >=99.5%
SBI-0050559.P002
Hydroquinone, SAJ first grade, >=99.0%
NU-DERM CLEARSkin Bleaching and Corrector
EU-0100577
FT-0606877
H0186
Hydroquinone, SAJ special grade, >=99.0%
MEDITOWELILLUMINATING SKIN BRIGHTENING
NU-DERM BLENDERSkin Lightener and Blending
EN300-18053
Hydroquinone, meets USP testing specifications
Advanced Dual Complex FadeMaximum Strength Plus
C00530
D00073
H 9003
AB00053361_08
Quinol; 1,4-Benzenediol; 1,4-Dihydroxybenzene
Q419164
ZO Skin Health Pigment Control Creme Hydroquinone
J-004910
J-521469
SR-01000075920-1
SR-01000075920-4
Q27102742
Z57127551
094CADDB-59BF-4EDF-B278-59791B203EA2
F1908-0167
Hydroquinone, certified reference material, TraceCERT(R)
OBAGI-C Rx system C-CLARIFYING SERUM NORMAL TO oily
ZO Skin Health Pigment Control Program Plus Hydroquinone
CONDITION AND ENHANCE BLENDERSkin Lightener and Blending
CONDITION AND ENHANCE CLEARSkin Bleaching and Corrector
ZO Skin Health Pigment Control Plus Blending Creme Hydroquinone
ELASTIDERM DECOLLETAGE SKIN LIGHTENING COMPLEXChest and Neck
Hydroquinone, United States Pharmacopeia (USP) Reference Standard
InChI=1/C6H6O2/c7-5-1-2-6(8)4-3-5/h1-4,7-8
Obagi-C Rx system C-Therapy NightSkin Lightening with Vitamins C and E
Hydroquinone, Pharmaceutical Secondary Standard; Certified Reference Material
ZO MEDICAL MELAMIN-C Skin Bleaching and Correcting with Vitamin C Hydroquinone
ZO Skin Health Pigment Control plus Brightening Creme Hydroquinone plus Vitamin C
OBAGI-C Rx system C-CLARIFYING SERUM NORMAL TO oilySKIN LIGHTENING SERUM WITH VITAMIN C

Hydroquinone (quinol) is a granular white solid.
Hydroquinone (quinol) is a skin-lightening agent.
Its chemical formula is C6H4(OH)2, Hydroquinone (quinol) is also known as benzene-1,4-diol or quinol.


CAS Number: 123-31-9
EC Number: 204-617-8
MDL number: MFCD00002339
Molecular Formula: C6H6O2 / C6H4-1,4-(OH)2 / C6H4(OH)2



SYNONYMS:
Hydroquinone, Idrochinone, Quinol, 1,4-Dihydroxybenzene, p-dihydroxybenzene, 1,4-Hydroxy benzene, 1,4-Benzenediol, HQ, 1,4-Dihydroxybenzene, Hydroquinone, Quinol, P-Hydroquinone, Hydrochinon, Dihydroquinone, Hydroquinol, Benzoquinol, Hydrochinone, Hidroquinone, Hidroquin, Idrochinone, Para-Hydroquinone, Hydroquinole, Hidroquilaude, 1, 4-Dihydroxy-Benzeen, 1, 4-Diidrobenzene, Pyrogentistic Acid, Hydroquinoue, Ccris 714, Diak 5, 1,4-Benzenediol, 1,4-Dihydroxybenzene, 4-Hydroxyphenol, Benzene-1,4-diol, Eldoquin, Hydroquinone, hydroquinone, p-Benzenediol, p-Hydroquinone, p-hydroxyphenol, Quinol, 1,4-benzenediol, benzene-1,4-diol, p-dihydroxybenzene, 1,4-dihydroxybenzene, hydroquinol, p-hydroquinone, hydroquinone, 123-31-9, Benzene-1,4-diol, 1,4-benzenediol, Quinol, 1,4-Dihydroxybenzene, p-Benzenediol, p-Hydroquinone, Dihydroquinone, 1,4-Dihydroxybenzene, Quinol, 1,4-benzenediol, p Benzendiol, Benzoquinol, para-Hydroxyphenol, Dihydroxybenzene, 1,4-Hydroxybenzene, p-Hydroquinone, p-Dihydroxybenzene, 1,4-Benzendil, Aida, Black and White Bleaching Cream, Eldoquin, Elopaque, quinnone, Tecquinol, Hydroquinol, p-Diphenol, Hydrochinon, hydrokinone, p-benzenediol, p-dioxobenzene, alpha-hydroquinone, benzohydroquinone, beta-quinol, arctuvin, eldopaque, tenox hq, tequinol, Benzene-1,4-diol, HQ, 1,4-Benzenediol, p-Benzenediol, p-Dihydroxybenzene, p-Dioxybenzene, p-Hydroquinone, p-Hydroxyphenol, Arctuvin, Benzohydroquinone, Benzoquinol, Diak 5, Eldopaque, Eldoquin, Hidroquinone, Hydroquinol, HE 5, Phiaquin, Quinol, Tecquinol, Tenox HQ, 1,4-Dihydroxybenzene, 4-Hydroxyphenol, p-Dioxobenzene, Hydrochinone, Benzene, p-dihydroxy-, Black and White Bleaching Cream, Derma-Blanch, Hydrochinon, Hydroquinole, Idrochinone, NCI-C55834, Tequinol, USAF EK-356, 1,4-Dihydroxy-benzeen, 1,4-Dihydroxy-benzol, 1,4-Dihydroxybenzen, 1,4-Diidrobenzene, UN 2662, Dihydroquinone, Aida, Eldopacque, Eldopaque forte, Eldoquin forte, Solaquin forte, p-Dihydroquinone, Black & White Bleaching Cream, 1,4-Benzenediol (hydroquinone), Artra (Salt/Mix) p-Hydroxyphenol, 4-Hydroxyphenol, p-Dihydroxybenzene, Benzoquinol, hydroquinol, Dihydroquinone, Eldoquin, p-Dioxybenzene, Solaquin forte, Eldopaque, Hydroquinole, Idrochinone, Tecquinol, Phiaquin, Benzohydroquinone, Hidroquinone, Arctuvin, Tequinol, Dihydroxybenzene, Eldopaque Forte, Eldoquin Forte, Hydrochinon, Tenox HQ, Diak 5, Benzene, p-dihydroxy-, Hydrochinone, 1,4-Dihydroxy-benzol, Artra, Usaf ek-356, 1,4-Diidrobenzene, p-Dioxobenzene, 1,4-Dihydroxybenzen, para-Dioxybenzene, para-Hydroquinone, NCI-C55834, para-Dihydroxybenzene, beta-quinol, HE 5, Pyrogentistic acid, Epiquin, Melanex, Sunvanish, p-Dihydroquinone, alpha-hydroquinone, CHEBI:17594, NSC 9247, HSDB 577, DTXSID7020716, AI3-00072, CHEMBL537, UNII-XV74C1N1AE, NSC-9247, EINECS 204-617-8, XV74C1N1AE, UN2662, Hydroquinone (USP), Hydroquinone [USP], MFCD00002339, HQ, DTXCID70716, NSC9247, EC 204-617-8, Hydroquinone, TRI-LUMA COMPONENT HYDROQUINONE, NCGC00015523-02, quinnone, Eldopacque, p-Phenylenediol, p Benzendiol, p-Quinol, 1,4-Benzoquinol, CAS-123-31-9, SMR000059154, 1,4-Hydroxybenzene, SR-01000075920, 4-DIHYDROXYBENZENE, hydroquinon, BQ(H), Hydroquinoue, Balancer, MedisilkeNight, Supermax, hydroq uinone, hydroquinone gr, MiracleFade, Reduced quinone, a-Hydroquinone, Hydroquinone gel, Idole Carrot, Movate Carrot, Movate Lemon, p-Hydroxybenzene, Scarlight Md, b-Quinol, Caro Light, Hot Movate, Idole Black, 4-Benzenediol, Hydroquinone 4%, 1,4 benzenediol, Clarite 4, Hydro-Q, Obagi-C, Active 4, Hydroquinone,(S), p-dihydroxy benzene, PLQ, HQLA, HYDROP, 4-hydroxyphenyl alcohol, Spectrum_001757, Lopac-H-9003, HYDROQUINONE 8%., WLN: QR DQ, bmse000293, Sh18, Lopac0_000577, SCHEMBL15516, BSPBio_002291, KBioGR_001246, KBioSS_002237, 1,4-Dihydroxybenzene, XIII, MLS000069815, MLS001074911, HYDROQUINONE [WHO-DD], Hydroquinone, LR, >=99%, SPECTRUM1504237, s4580, AKOS000119003, Tox21_110169_1, AM10548, DB09526, LP00577, NSC-758707, RP10102, SDCCGSBI-0050559.P003, UN 2662, BP-21160, EU-0100577, FT-0606877, EN300-18053, C00530, D00073, H 9003, AB00053361_08, Q419164, J-004910,
J-521469, SR-01000075920-1, SR-01000075920-4, Q27102742, Z57127551, F1908-0167, Benzene-1,4-diol, Hydroquinone, Idrochinone, Quinol, 1,4-Dihydroxybenzene,
p-dihydroxybenzene, p-hydroxyphenol, 1,4-Hydroxy benzene, Calcium Dobesilate Monohydrate Imp. A (EP), Dobesilate Imp. A (EP), Hydroquinone, 1,4-Benzoquinol, 1,4-Dihydroxybenzene, 1,4-Phenylenediol, 1,4-p-Benzenediol, 4-Hydroxyphenol, Aida, Arctuvin, BQ(H), Benzohydroquinone, Benzoquinol, Black & White Bleaching Cream, Diak 5, Dihydroquinone, Eldopacque, Eldopaque, Eldopaque Forte, Eldoquin, Eldoquin Forte, HE 5, Hydroquinol, NSC 9247, Phiaquin, Quinol, Solaquin Forte, Solution Q, Tecquinol, Tenox HQ, p-Benzenediol, p-Dihydroquinone, p-Dihydroxybenzene, p-Dioxybenzene, p-Hydroquinone, p-Hydroxyphenol, p-Phenylenediol, p-Quin, Calcium Dobesilate Monohydrate Impurity A, Etamsylate Impurity A, Calcium Dobesilate Impurity A, 1,4-Benzenediol, 1,4-Dihydroxybenzene, 4-Hydroxyphenol, Benzene-1,4-diol, Eldoquin, p-Benzenediol, p-Hydroquinone, p-Hydroxyphenol, Quinol, Artra, Eldopaque, Esoterica, Hidroquilaude, Hidroquin, Hidroquinona isdin, Licostrata, Lustra, Melanasa, Melanex, Melpaque, Melquin, Neostrata HQ, Phiaquin, Solaquin, Ultraquin, beta-Quinol, Hydroquinone, copper (1+) salt, Hydroquinone, lead (2+) salt (2:1), Hydroquinone, monocopper (2+) salt, 1,4-Dihydroxy-benzeen, 1,4-Dihydroxy-benzol,
1,4-Dihydroxybenzen, 1,4-Diidrobenzene, a-Hydroquinone, alpha-Hydroquinone, b-Quinol, Benzohydroquinone, Benzoquinol, Dihydroquinone, Dihydroxybenzene, Hydrochinon, Hydrochinone, Hydroquinol, Hydroquinole, Hydroquinone for synthesis, Hydroquinone GR, Hydroquinoue, Idrochinone, p-Dihydroxybenzene, P-Dioxobenzene, p-Dioxybenzene, P-Hydroxybenzene, Solaquin forte, Eldoquin forte, Stratus brand 1 OF hydroquinone, ICN brand 1 OF hydroquinone,
Plough brand 2 OF hydroquinone, Eldopaque forte, ICN brand 4 OF hydroquinone, Black and white, ICN brand 2 OF hydroquinone, ICN brand 3 OF hydroquinone,
Plough brand 1 OF hydroquinone, Stratus brand 2 OF hydroquinone, 1,4-Benzoquinol, 1,4-Phenylenediol, 1,4-p-Benzenediol, p-Dihydroquinone, p-Phenylenediol, p-Quinol, hydroquinone, 1,4-benzenediol, quinol, 1,4-dihydroxybenzene, p-benzenediol, 4-hydroxyphenol, p-hydroquinone, p-hydroxyphenol, p-dihydroxybenzene, benzoquinol, ?-Hydroquinone, ?-Quinol, P-Hydroquinone, Hydrochinon, Dihydroquinone, Hydroquinol, Benzoquinol, Hydrochinone, Hidroquinone, Hidroquin, Idrochinone, Para-Hydroquinone, Hydroquinole, Hidroquilaude, 1, 4-Dihydroxy-Benzeen, 1, 4-Diidrobenzene, Pyrogentistic Acid, Hydroquinoue, Ccris 714, Diak 5, 1,4-Benzene-2,3,5,6-d4-diol-d2, 1,2,4,5-Tetradeuterio-3,6-dideuteriooxybenzene, 1,4-Hydroquinone-d6, Hydroquinone-d6, Perdeuteriohydroquinone, 1,4-Benzenediol, 1,4-Dihydroxybenzene, 1,4-p-Benzenediol, 1,4-Phenylenediol, 4-Hydroxyphenol, Benzene-1,4-diol, 1,4-Benzenediol, 1,4-Dihydroxybenzene, 4-Hydroxyphenol, benzene-1,4-diol, Benzene-1,4-diol, Eldoquin, hydroquinone, Hydroquinone, p-Benzenediol, p-Hydroquinone, p-hydroxyphenol, Quinol, Hydroquinone, p-Benzenediol, 1,4-Benzenediol, 1,4-Dihydroxybenzene, Benzene-1,4-diol, Quinol, 4-Hydroxyphenol, Quinol, Melanex, Idrochinone, HYDROQUINONE, HYDROCHINONE, Hydroquinone, HYDROXYQUINOL, Hydroxyquinone, 1,4-Benzenediol, benzene-1,4-diol, AKOS BBS-00004220, 1,4-Dihydroxybenzene, 1,4-Dihydroxy benzene, hydroquinone--1,4-benzenediol, 6,7-dihydroxy-2H-chromen-2-one, 1,4-Benzenediol, 1,4-Benzenediol (hydroquinone), 1,4-Dihydroxy-benzeen, 1,4-Dihydroxy-benzol, 1,4-Dihydroxybenzen, 1,4-Dihydroxybenzene, 1,4-Diidrobenzene, 4-Hydroxyphenol, Aida, Arctuvin, Benzene, p-dihydroxy-, Benzohydroquinone, Benzoquinol, Black & White Bleaching Cream, Black and White Bleaching Cream, Derma-Blanch, Diak 5, Dihydroquinone, Eldopacque, Eldopaque, Eldopaque forte, Eldoquin, Eldoquin forte, HE 5, Hidroquinone, Hydrochinon, Hydrochinone, Hydroquinol, Hydroquinole, Idrochinone, NCI-C55834, Phiaquin, Quinol, Solaquin forte, Tecquinol, Tenox HQ, Tequinol, UN 2662, USAF EK-356, p-Benzenediol, p-Dihydroquinone, p-Dihydroxybenzene, p-Dioxobenzene, p-Dioxybenzene, p-Hydroquinone, p-Hydroxyphenol, p-quinol, 1,4-Benzenediol, Quinol, 1,4-Dihydroxybenzene, HQ



Hydroquinone (quinol) is a metabolite found in the aging mouse brain.
Hydroquinone (quinol) is a Melanin Synthesis Inhibitor.
The mechanism of action of Hydroquinone (quinol) is as a Melanin Synthesis Inhibitor.


The physiologic effect of Hydroquinone (quinol) is by means of Depigmenting Activity.
Hydroquinone (quinol) is registered under the REACH Regulation and is manufactured in and / or imported to the European Economic Area, at ≥ 10 000 to < 100 000 tonnes per annum.


Hydroquinone (quinol) is an aromatic organic compound with the chemical formula C6H4(OH)2, also known as benzene-1,4-diol or quinol, which is a kind of phenol and also a derivative of benzene.
Hydroquinone (quinol) contains two hydroxyl groups bonded in a para position to the benzene ring.


Hydroquinone (quinol) is a granular white solid.
Hydroquinone (quinol)’s substituted derivatives are also known as hydroquinones.
Friedrich Wöhler coined the term “Hydroquinone (quinol)” in 1843.


Hydroquinone (quinol) is a skin-lightening agent used topically for the treatment of hyperpigmentation.
Hydroquinone (quinol) is an inhibitor and antioxidant, also is an intermediate in the synthesis of dyes, motor fuels, and oils.
Hydroquinone (quinol) is a white to off-white needle form crystal or freely flowable crystalline powder; Assay: Not less than 99.5%; Melting Point: 171 175.


Hydroquinone (quinol) is a skin-lightening agent.
Hydroquinone (quinol) bleaches the skin, which can be helpful when treating different forms of hyperpigmentation.
Historically, there’s been some back-and-forth on the safety of Hydroquinone (quinol).


In 1982, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration recognized Hydroquinone (quinol) as safe and effective.
Hydroquinone (quinol) is a white needle-like crystal with a molecular formula of C6H4(OH)2, a molecular weight of 110.11, a specific gravity of 1.332, a melting point of 172 degC, a boiling point of 286 degC, and a flash point of 165 degC.


Hydroquinone (quinol) is soluble in water, ethanol and ether, and slightly soluble in benzene.
Hydroquinone (quinol) is an aromatic organic compound.
Its chemical formula is C6H4(OH)2, Hydroquinone (quinol) is also known as benzene-1,4-diol or quinol.


Two hydroxyl groups bound to a benzene ring in the para position to form Hydroquinone (quinol).
Hydroquinone (quinol) is known as a melanin synthesis inhibitor and is a phenol derivative that has antioxidant properties.
Hydroquinone (quinol) has the appearance of granular solid white.


Hydroquinone (quinol) has several applications, which are primarily associated with its function as a reducing agent that is soluble in water.
Hydroquinone (quinol) is a major component of most black and white photographers for film and paper where, with the compound metol, it transforms silver halides into elemental silver.


Hydroquinone (quinol) is a white needle-like crystals.
Hydroquinone (quinol) is soluble in alcohol and ether, soluble in water, slightly soluble in benzene.
Hydroquinone (quinol) is visible light in the air easily turned to light red.


The aqueous solution oof Hydroquinone (quinol) can be oxidized to Brown in air.
Reactions with strong oxidants may occur.
Hydroquinone (quinol) is a weak acid.


Hydroquinone (quinol) reacts with most of the oxidizing agents and is converted to O-and p-benzoquinones.
Hydroquinone (quinol) has a, beta and gamma; Three crystal forms.
Type A is a triangular needle-like or diamond-like crystal, crystallized from water and stable.


Lu is a triangular crystal, crystallized from methanol, unstable.
The & gamma; Type is monoclinic crystal, which is obtained by sublimation method and is unstable.
All three crystals can be rubbed to emit fluorescence.
Hydroquinone (quinol), also benzene-1,4-diol or quinol, is an aromatic organic compound which is a type of phenol, having the chemical formula C6H4(OH)2.


Hydroquinone (quinol)'s chemical structure, shown in the table at right, has two hydroxyl groups bonded to a benzene ring in a para position.
Hydroquinone (quinol) is a white granular solid at room temperature and pressure.
Hydroquinone (quinol) is a quinone small molecule with efficacy as a topical preparation.



USES and APPLICATIONS of HYDROQUINONE (QUINOL):
Hydroquinone (quinol) is mainly used as a developer in photography.
Hydroquinone (quinol) and its alkylates are widely used as polymerization inhibitors added during the storage and transportation of monomers, the commonly used concentration is about 200ppm;2.


Hydroquinone (quinol) is used as antioxidant for rubber and gasoline.
Hydroquinone (quinol) is used as corrosion inhibitor, stabilizer and antioxidant in detergents, etc.
In the treatment field, Hydroquinone (quinol) is added to the hot water and cooling water of the closed-circuit heating and cooling system to inhibit corrosion of metals on the water side.


Hydroquinone (quinol) is also used as a deoxidizer for boiler water.
Hydroquinone (quinol) is added to the boiler water when it is preheated and deoxygenated to remove residual dissolved oxygen.
Hydroquinone (quinol) is a raw material for manufacturing anthraquinone dyes, azo dyes, medicines, etc.


Hydroquinone (quinol) is an intermediate of some herbicides, including quizalofop-ethyl, lactofen, haloxyfop, fenoxaprop-ethyl, fenthiaprop, fluazifop-butyl, etc.
Hydroquinone (quinol) is also used in the hair dye field of cosmetics.


Hydroquinone (quinol) is used as analytical reagent, reducing agent and developer for copper and gold.
Hydroquinone (quinol) is a major component of most black and white photographers for film and paper where, with the compound metol, it transforms silver halides into elemental silver.


There are several other applications for Hydroquinone (quinol)'s reducing power.
As a polymerization barrier, Hydroquinone (quinol) inhibits the polymerization of acrylic acid, methyl methacrylate, cyanoacrylate, and other monomers vulnerable to radical-initiated polymerization by using its antioxidant properties.


By serving as a free-radical scavenger, Hydroquinone (quinol) helps in improving the shelflife of light-sensitive resins such as preceramic polymers.
Hydroquinone (quinol) can form a diphenolate ion by losing a hydrogen cation from both hydroxyl groups.
Hydroquinone (quinol) has several applications, which are primarily associated with its function as a reducing agent that is soluble in water.


Hydroquinone (quinol) is used by consumers, by professional workers (widespread uses), in formulation or re-packing, at industrial sites and in manufacturing.
Hydroquinone (quinol) is used in the following products: photo-chemicals.


Other release to the environment of Hydroquinone (quinol) is likely to occur from: indoor use as reactive substance.
Hydroquinone (quinol) is used in the following products: photo-chemicals, coating products, inks and toners and polymers.
Hydroquinone (quinol) is used in the following areas: printing and recorded media reproduction, health services and scientific research and development.


Other release to the environment of Hydroquinone (quinol) is likely to occur from: indoor use (e.g. machine wash liquids/detergents, automotive care products, paints and coating or adhesives, fragrances and air fresheners).
Hydroquinone (quinol) is used in the following products: photo-chemicals, water treatment chemicals and fuels.


Release to the environment of Hydroquinone (quinol) can occur from industrial use: formulation of mixtures and formulation in materials.
Hydroquinone (quinol) is used in the following products: photo-chemicals, polymers, coating products, inks and toners and water treatment chemicals.
Hydroquinone (quinol) has an industrial use resulting in manufacture of another substance (use of intermediates).


Hydroquinone (quinol) is used in the following areas: printing and recorded media reproduction and formulation of mixtures and/or re-packaging.
Release to the environment of Hydroquinone (quinol) can occur from industrial use: as processing aid, as an intermediate step in further manufacturing of another substance (use of intermediates) and for thermoplastic manufacture.


Hydroquinone (quinol) is used as a photographic reducer and developer (except in color film), as a dye intermediate inhibitor, as a stabilizer in paints, varnishes, motor fuels and oils, as an antioxidant for fats and oils, as an inhibitor of polymerization, as a reagent in the determination of small quantities of phosphate and as a depigmentor.


Hydroquinone (quinol) is used inhibitor in acrylic monomers and polyester resins.
Hydroquinone (quinol) is used antioxidant in animal feed.
Hydroquinone (quinol) is used present in many bleaching creams.


Hydroquinone (quinol) is used occupational exposure in people working with antioxidants, bacteriostatics, furs, organic chemical synthesis, paints, plastics, rubber, drugs.
Hydroquinone (quinol) has a variety of uses principally associated with its action as a reducing agent which is soluble in water.


Hydroquinone (quinol) is a major component in most photographic developers where, with the compound Metol, it reduces silver halides to elemental silver.
In the field of water treatment, Hydroquinone (quinol) is added to the hot water and cooling water of the closed-circuit heating and cooling system, and the corrosion inhibition of the water side Metal energy is carried out.


Hydroquinone (quinol) is used as an oxygen scavenger for boiler water, and Hydroquinone (quinol) is added thereto to remove residual dissolved oxygen when the boiler water is preheated for oxygen removal.
Release to the environment of Hydroquinone (quinol) can occur from industrial use: manufacturing of the substance.


Hydroquinone (quinol) is used for the manufacture of: chemicals and plastic products.
In human medicine, Hydroquinone (quinol) is used as a topical application in skin whitening to reduce the color of skin as it does not have the same predisposition to cause dermatitis as Metol does.


The disodium diphenolate salt of Hydroquinone (quinol) is used as an alternating comonomer unit in the production of the polymer PEEK.
As a polymerization inhibitor, Hydroquinone (quinol) prevents polymerization of acrylic acid, methyl methacrylate, etc.
Hydroquinone (quinol) is also used as a raw material of herbicides, rubber antioxidants and dye stuffs.


Hydroquinone (quinol) has been found to reduce the viable cell number of some tumor cells.
Hydroquinone (quinol) is used as an intermediate in the production of dyes and other organic compounds.
Hydroquinone (quinol) also acts as a antioxidant and bleaching agent.


Hydroquinone (quinol) is used as imaging agent and dye, drug raw material
Hydroquinone (quinol) is used as a reducing agent.
Hydroquinone (quinol) is used for the preventive measures of methyl methacrylate.


Hydroquinone (quinol) is used in skin whitening.
Hydroquinone (quinol) is used helpful as a biomarker for benzene exposure.
Hydroquinone (quinol) is used by photographic developers


Hydroquinone (quinol) is used in the treatment of acne scars
Hydroquinone (quinol) is used in various cosmetic products



WHO USES HYDROQUINONE (QUINOL)?
Hydroquinone (quinol) is most commonly used in bleaching creams by patients aged 13 years and over with a dark skin type.
Hydroquinone (quinol) can be used, often in combination with other medications, to treat:
*Melasma
*Postinflammatory hyperpigmentation such as subsequent to acne
*Freckles and lentigines
*Poikiloderma of Civatte
*Drug-induced pigmentation due to chemotherapy agents
*Folliculitis barbae and pseudofolliculitis barbae
*Hydroquinone (quinol) may also be used as a pretreatment before fractional laser therapy or chemical peels.



WHAT SKIN CONDITIONS CAN BENEFIT FROM HYDROQUINONE (QUINOL)?
Hydroquinone (quinol) is used to treat skin conditions related to hyperpigmentation.
This includes:
*acne scars
*age spots
*freckles
*melasma
*post-inflammatory marks from psoriasis and eczema

Although Hydroquinone (quinol) can help fade red or brown spots that have lingered, it won’t help with active inflammation.
For example, Hydroquinone (quinol) can help minimize acne scarring, but it won’t have an effect on redness from active breakouts.



ALTERNATIVE PARENTS OF HYDROQUINONE (QUINOL):
*1-hydroxy-2-unsubstituted benzenoids
*Benzene and substituted derivatives
*Organooxygen compounds
*Hydrocarbon derivatives



SUBSTITUENTS OF HYDROQUINONE (QUINOL):
*Hydroquinone
*1-hydroxy-2-unsubstituted benzenoid
*Monocyclic benzene moiety
*Organic oxygen compound
*Hydrocarbon derivative
*Organooxygen compound
*Aromatic homomonocyclic compound



NATURAL OCCURRENCES OF HYDROQUINONE (QUINOL):
Hydroquinone (quinol) is one of the two primary reagents in the defensive glands of bombardier beetles, along with hydrogen peroxide (and perhaps other chemicals, depending on the species), which collect in a reservoir.

The reservoir opens through a muscle-controlled valve onto a thick-walled reaction chamber.
This chamber is lined with cells that secrete catalases and peroxidases.

When the contents of the reservoir are forced into the reaction chamber, the catalases and peroxidases rapidly break down the hydrogen peroxide and catalyze the oxidation of the Hydroquinone (quinol) into p-quinones.

These reactions release free oxygen and generate enough heat to bring the mixture to the boiling point and vaporize about a fifth of it, producing a hot spray from the beetle's abdomen.



HOW DOES HYDROQUINONE (QUINOL) WORK?
Hydroquinone (quinol) bleaches your skin by decreasing the number of melanocytes present.
Melanocytes make melanin, which is what produces your skin tone.

In cases of hyperpigmentation, more melanin is present due to an increase in melanocyte production.
By controlling these melanocytes, your skin will become more evenly toned over time.
It takes about four weeks on average for the ingredient to take effect.

It may take several months of consistent use before you see full results.
If you don’t see any improvements within three months of OTC use, talk to your dermatologist.
They may be able to recommend a prescription-strength formula better suited to your needs.



PROPERTIES OF HYDROQUINONE (QUINOL):
Hydroquinone (quinol) can undergo mild oxidation to convert to the compound parabenzoquinone, C6H4O2, often called p-quinone or simply quinone.
Reduction of quinone reverses this reaction back to Hydroquinone (quinol).

Some biochemical compounds in nature have this sort of Hydroquinone (quinol) or quinone section in their structures, such as Coenzyme Q, and can undergo similar redox interconversions.

The hydroxyl groups of Hydroquinone (quinol) are quite weakly acidic.
Hydroquinone (quinol) can lose an H+ from one of the hydroxyls to form a monophenolate ion or lose an H+ from both to form a diphenolate ion.



NOMENCLATURE OF HYDROQUINONE (QUINOL):
Hydroquinone (quinol) is the name recommended by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) in its 1993 Recommendations for the Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry



PREPARATION METHOD OF HYDROQUINONE (QUINOL):
Aniline is oxidized to p-benzoquinone with manganese dioxide in sulfuric acid medium and then reduced to Hydroquinone (quinol) with iron powder.



PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF HYDROQUINONE (QUINOL):
Physical and Chemical Properties
Character: White needle crystal.
melting point 172~175 ℃
boiling point 285~287 ℃
relative density 1.328g/cm3
flash point 165 ℃
solubility, ethanol and ether, benzene-soluble.



PRODUCTION OF HYDROQUINONE (QUINOL):
Industrial production of Hydroquinone (quinol) usually happens in two ways.
The most commonly used technique is identical to the cumene process in the reaction mechanism and, Hydroquinone (quinol) includes the dialkylation of benzene with propene to produce 1,4-diisopropyl benzene.

Hydroquinone (quinol) reacts with air to form bishydroperoxide, which has a similar structure compared to cumene hydroperoxide and, it rearranges in acid to form acetone and Hydroquinone (quinol).

The second method includes the hydroxylation of phenol over a catalyst.
The conversion process uses hydrogen peroxide and provides a combination of Hydroquinone (quinol) and catechol (benzene-1,2-diol):

C6H5OH+H2O2⟶C6H4(OH)2+H2O
Some other methods for producing Hydroquinone (quinol) are:

Oxidation of various phenols can also produce Hydroquinone (quinol) and its derivatives.
Examples of such method are Elbs persulfate oxidation and Dakin oxidation.
French chemists Pelletier and Caventou first obtained Hydroquinone (quinol) in 1820 through the dry distillation process of quinic acid.



PROPERTIES OF HYDROQUINONE (QUINOL):
*Formula of Hydroquinone (quinol) is C6H6O2.
*The Molecular Weight of Hydroquinone (quinol) is 110.11 g/mol.
*The Boiling Point of Hydroquinone (quinol) is 287°C
*Also, the Melting Point of Hydroquinone (quinol) is 172°C.
*The Density of Hydroquinone (quinol) is 1.3gcm−3.
*Hydroquinone (quinol) is soluble in water.
*Hydroquinone (quinol) has a white-solid appearance.



PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of HYDROQUINONE (QUINOL):
CAS number: 123-31-9
EC index number: 604-005-00-4
EC number: 204-617-8
Hill Formula: C₆H₆O₂
Chemical formula: C₆H₄(OH)₂
Molar Mass: 110.11 g/mol
HS Code: 2907 22 00
Boiling point: 287 °C (1013 hPa)
Density: 1.332 g/cm3 (15 °C)
Flash point: 165 °C
Ignition temperature: 515 °C
Melting Point: 171 °C (decomposition)
pH value: 3.7 (70 g/l, H₂O)
Vapor pressure: 1 hPa (132 °C)
Bulk density: 600 kg/m3
Solubility: 70 g/l

Chemical Name: HYDROQUINONE
CAS No: 123-31-9
Main Material: HYDROQUINONE
Storage: Other
Boiling point: 287 °C (549 F; 560 K)
HS Code: 29072200
Grade: Industrial Grade
Taste: Other
Molecular Weight: 110.112 g/mol
Molecular Formula: 110.112 g/mol
Classification: Other
Smell: Other
Other Names: Quinol

Density: 1.3 g/cm3, solid Kilogram per litre (kg/L)
Melting Point: 172 °C (342 F; 445 K)
Solubility: 5.9 g/100 mL (15 °C)
Structural Formula: C6H6O2
Form: Solid
CAS: 123-31-9
EINECS: 204-617-8
InChI: InChI=1/C9H6O4/c10-6-3-5-1-2-9(12)13-8(5)4-7(6)11/h1-4,10-11H
InChIKey: QIGBRXMKCJKVMJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Molecular Formula: C6H6O2
Molar Mass: 110.11
Density: 1.32
Melting Point: 172-175°C (lit.)
Boiling Point: 285°C (lit.)
Flash Point: 165 °C

Water Solubility: 70 g/L (20 ºC)
Solubility: H2O: 50 mg/mL, clear
Vapor Pressure: 1 mm Hg (132 °C)
Vapor Density: 3.81 (vs air)
Appearance: Needle-Like Crystals or Crystalline Powder
Color: White to off-white
Merck: 14,4808
BRN: 605970
pKa: 10.35 (at 20°C)
Storage Condition: Store below +30°C.
Stability: Stable.
Sensitive: Air & Light Sensitive
Refractive Index: 1.6320
Molecular Weight: 110.11
Appearance Form: crystalline

Color: colorless
Odor: No data available
Odor Threshold: No data available
pH: 3,7 at 70 g/l
Melting point/freezing point:
Melting point/range: 172 - 175 °C - lit.
Initial boiling point and boiling range: 285 °C - lit.
Flash point: 165 °C at ca.1.013 hPa
Evaporation rate: No data available
Flammability (solid, gas): The product is not flammable.
Upper/lower flammability or explosive limits: No data available
Vapor pressure: 1 hPa at 132 °C
Vapor density: 3,80 - (Air = 1.0)

Density: 1,332 g/cm3 at 15 °C
Relative density: No data available
Water solubility 72 g/l at 25 °C - completely soluble
Partition coefficient: n-octanol/water
log Pow: 0,59 - Bioaccumulation is not expected.
Autoignition temperature: 515,56 °C at 1.013 hPa
Decomposition temperature: No data available
Viscosity
Viscosity, kinematic: No data available
Viscosity, dynamic: No data available
Explosive properties: No data available
Oxidizing properties: No data available
Other safety information:

Relative vapor density: 3,80 - (Air = 1.0)
Water Solubility: 95.5 g/L
logP: 0.71
logP: 1.37
logS: -0.06
pKa (Strongest Acidic): 9.68
pKa (Strongest Basic): -5.9
Physiological Charge: 0
Hydrogen Acceptor Count: 2
Hydrogen Donor Count: 2
Polar Surface Area: 40.46 Ų
Rotatable Bond Count: 0
Refractivity: 30.02 m³·mol⁻¹
Polarizability: 10.75 ų
Number of Rings: 1

Bioavailability: Yes
Rule of Five: Yes
Ghose Filter: No
Veber's Rule: No
MDDR-like Rule: No
IUPAC Name: benzene-1,4-diol
Traditional IUPAC Name: α-hydroquinone
Formula: C6H6O2
InChI: InChI=1S/C6H6O2/c7-5-1-2-6(8)4-3-5/h1-4,7-8H
InChI Key: QIGBRXMKCJKVMJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Molecular weight: 110.1106
Exact mass: 110.036779436
SMILES: OC1=CC=C(O)C=C1
Chemical Formula: C6H6O2
Average Molecular Weight: 110.1106
Monoisotopic Molecular Weight: 110.036779436

IUPAC Name: benzene-1,4-diol
Traditional Name: α-hydroquinone
CAS Registry Number: 123-31-9
SMILES: OC1=CC=C(O)C=C1
InChI Identifier: InChI=1S/C6H6O2/c7-5-1-2-6(8)4-3-5/h1-4,7-8H
InChI Key: QIGBRXMKCJKVMJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Melting Point: 170.0°C to 174.0°C
Color: White
Density: 1.32
Boiling Point: 285.0°C to 287.0°C
Flash Point: 165°C
Infrared Spectrum: Authentic
Assay Percent Range: 98.5% min. (HPLC)
Beilstein: 06, 836

Fieser: 05,341; 14,249
Merck Index: 15, 4845
Solubility Information: Solubility in water: 70g/L in water (20°C).
Other solubilities: soluble in alcohol and ether,slightly soluble in benzene,
readily soluble in ethanol,acetone and methanol
Formula Weight: 110.11
Percent Purity: 99%
Physical Form: Needle-like Crystals or Crystalline Powder
Chemical Name or Material: Hydroquinone, 99%
C6H6O2: Hydroquinone
Molecular Weight/ Molar Mass: 110.11 g/mol
Density: 1.3 g cm−3
Boiling Point: 287 °C
Melting Point: 172 °C



FIRST AID MEASURES of HYDROQUINONE (QUINOL):
-Description of first-aid measures:
*General advice:
Show this material safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
*If inhaled
After inhalation:
Fresh air.
Call in physician.
*In case of skin contact:
Take off immediately all contaminated clothing.
Rinse skin with water/ shower.
Consult a physician.
*In case of eye contact
After eye contact:
Rinse out with plenty of water.
Immediately call in ophthalmologist.
Remove contact lenses.
*If swallowed:
After swallowing:
Immediately make victim drink water (two glasses at most).
Consult a physician.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed:
No data available



ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of HYDROQUINONE (QUINOL):
-Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures:
Advice for non-emergency personnel:
Ensure adequate ventilation.
Evacuate the danger area, observe emergency procedures, consult an expert.
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Cover drains.
Collect, bind, and pump off spills.
Observe possible material restrictions.
Take up dry.
Dispose of properly.
Clean up affected area.



FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of HYDROQUINONE (QUINOL):
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Water Foam Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Dry powder
*Unsuitable extinguishing media:
For this substance/mixture no limitations of extinguishing agents are given.



EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of HYDROQUINONE (QUINOL):
-Control parameters:
--Ingredients with workplace control parameters:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use safety goggles.
Full contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Splash contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
*Body Protection:
Use protective clothing.
-Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.



HANDLING and STORAGE of HYDROQUINONE (QUINOL):
-Precautions for safe handling:
*Advice on safe handling:
Work under hood.
Do not inhale substance/mixture.
*Hygiene measures:
Wash hands and face after working with substance.
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
Storage conditions:
Tightly closed.
Dry.



STABILITY and REACTIVITY of HYDROQUINONE (QUINOL):
-Chemical stability
The product is chemically stable under standard ambient conditions (room temperature) .

Hydroquınone Monomethyl Ether, 99% is a common active ingredient in topical drugs used for skin depigmentation.
Hydroquınone Monomethyl Ether is a performance chemical and is an organic compound and synthetic derivative of hydroquinone.
Hydroquınone Monomethyl Ether is commercially manufactured by the hydroxylation of anisole or by free radical reaction between p-benzoquinone and methanol.

CAS: 150-76-5
MF: C7H8O2
MW: 124.14
EINECS: 205-769-8

Synonyms
Eastman HQMME;ethermonomethyliqued’hydroquinone;Hqmme;Hydroquinone methyl ether;hydroquinonemethylether;Leucobasal;Leucodine b;leucodineb;4-Methoxyphenol;Mequinol;150-76-5;4-Hydroxyanisole;p-Hydroxyanisole;p-Methoxyphenol;Phenol, 4-methoxy-;HYDROQUINONE MONOMETHYL ETHER;Leucobasal;MEHQ;Leucodine B;Mechinolum;P-Guaiacol;Novo-Dermoquinona;Hydroquinone methyl ether;HQMME;p-Hydroxymethoxybenzene;para-methoxyphenol;1-Hydroxy-4-methoxybenzene;Monomethyl ether hydroquinone;PMF (antioxidant)
;Phenol, p-methoxy-;USAF AN-7;4-Methoxy-phenol;Mechinolo;Mequinolum;Mono methyl ether hydroquinone;NSC 4960;CCRIS 5531;BMS 181158;BMS-181158;DTXSID4020828;HSDB 4258;UNII-6HT8U7K3AM;NSC-4960;EINECS 205-769-8;6HT8U7K3AM;MFCD00002332;AI3-00841;NSC4960;DTXCID60828;SOLAGE COMPONENT MEQUINOL;CHEBI:69441;EC 205-769-8;Mequinol (INN);MEQUINOL COMPONENT OF SOLAGE;NCGC00091390-02;MEQUINOL [INN];MEQUINOL (MART.);MEQUINOL [MART.];Mechinolo [DCIT];Mequinolum [INN-Latin];CAS-150-76-5;Mequinol [USAN:INN:DCF];4methoxyphenol;paramethoxyphenol;p- methoxyphenol;p-methoxy phenol;p-methoxy-phenol;4-methoxy phenol;Eastman HQMME;para-hydroxyanisole;4-(methoxy)phenol;4HA;4KS;para- hydroxyanisole;4-(methyloxy)phenol;HQME;hydroquinone methylether;MEQUINOL [HSDB];MEQUINOL [USAN];Mequinol (USAN/INN);Mequinol, INN, USAN;MEQUINOL [VANDF];PHENOL,4-METHOXY;hydroxyquinone methyl ether;hydroquinone monomethylether;CHEMBL544;MEQUINOL [WHO-DD];NCIMech_000709

Mequinol, Hydroquınone Monomethyl Ether or 4-methoxyphenol, is an organic compound with the formula CH3OC6H4OH.
Hydroquınone Monomethyl Ether is a phenol with a methoxy group in the para position.
A colorless solid, Hydroquınone Monomethyl Ether is used in dermatology and organic chemistry.
Mequinol, Hydroquınone Monomethyl Ether or 4-methoxyphenol, is an organic compound with the formula CH3OC6H4OH.
Hydroquınone Monomethyl Ether is a phenol with a methoxy group in the para position.
A colorless solid, Hydroquınone Monomethyl Ether is used in dermatology and organic chemistry.
Hydroquınone Monomethyl Ether is used as a Polymerization inhibitor in the manufacturing of Acrylic acids, primarily involved in the manufacturing of acrylic fibres, paints and inks, adhesives, and super absorbent polymers.
Hydroquınone Monomethyl Ether is also used in the manufacturing of Methacrylic, other Acrylates, Vinyl Acetate Monomer (VAM), Styrene Monomer and in Unsaturated Polyesters, etc.

Hydroquınone Monomethyl Ether Chemical Properties
Melting point: 56 °C
Boiling point: 243 °C(lit.)
Density: 1,55 g/cm3
Vapor density: 4.3 (vs air)
Vapor pressure: Refractive index: 1.5286 (estimate)
Fp: >230 °F
Storage temp.: Store below +30°C.
Solubility: Soluble in acetone, ethyl acetate, ethanol, ether, benzene and carbon tetrachloride.
Form: Liquid
pka: 10.21(at 25℃)
Color: Clear colorless to pale yellow
Odor: at 1.00?%?in?dipropylene glycol. phenolic
PH: 5.1 (30g/l, H2O, 20℃)
Odor Threshold: 0.0027ppm
Water Solubility: 40 g/L (25 ºC)
BRN: 507924
Exposure limits ACGIH: TWA 5 mg/m3
NIOSH: TWA 5 mg/m3
Stability: Stable. Combustible. Incompatible with halogens, oxidizing agents.
InChIKey: NWVVVBRKAWDGAB-UHFFFAOYSA-N
LogP: 1.3 at 20℃
CAS DataBase Reference: 150-76-5(CAS DataBase Reference)
NIST Chemistry Reference: Hydroquınone Monomethyl Ether (150-76-5)
EPA Substance Registry System: Hydroquınone Monomethyl Ether (150-76-5)

Uses
Hydroquınone Monomethyl Ether is an active ingredient and used in dermatology.
Hydroquınone Monomethyl Ether is employed as a pharmaceutical drug in skin depigmentation.
Hydroquınone Monomethyl Ether is used as polymerization inhibitors.
For example, in the radical polymerization of acryaltes and styrene monomers.
Hydroquınone Monomethyl Ether is also used as an intermediate in the preparationagrochemicals, liquid crystals.
Hydroquınone Monomethyl Ether acts as a stabilizer for the formulation of inks, toners and adhesives.
Hydroquınone Monomethyl Ether is mainly used as an additive for textile and leather industries.

Hydroquinone sulfate has a role as a marine xenobiotic metabolite.
Hydroquinone sulfate is a conjugate acid of a quinol sulfate(1-).


CAS Number: 17438-29-8
Chemical Formula: C6H6O5S
Molecular Formula: C6H5O5S-



SYNONYMS:
hydroquinone sulfate, quinol sulfate(1-), 4-hydroxyphenyl sulfate, (4-hydroxyphenyl) sulfate, 1,4-benzenediol monosulfate, CHEBI:133073, 1,4-benzenediol monosulfate 4-hydroxyphenyl sulfate hydroquinone monosulfate hydroquinone sulfate quinol monosulfate quinol sulfate, quinol sulfate 1,4-Benzenediol, 1-(hydrogen sulfate), Hydrochinonmonoschwefelsaeure, Schwefelsaeure-[4-hydroxy-phenylester], sulfuric acid mono-(4-hydroxy-phenyl ester), O-Sulfo-hydrochinon, Schwefelsaeure-mono-(4-hydroxy-phenylester), (4-Hydroxy-phenyl)-hydrogensulfate, 4-Oxy-phenylschwefelsaeure, 1,4-Benzenediol, 1-(hydrogen sulfate), Hydroquinone, mono(hydrogen sulfate), 1,4-Benzenediol, mono(hydrogen sulfate), Hydroquinone, hydrogen sulfate, Quinol sulfate, Hydroquinone monosulfonate, Quinol monosulfate, Hydroquinone monosulfate, p-Hydroxyphenyl sulfate, (4-Hydroxyphenyl)oxidanesulfonic acid, 1,4-Benzenediol,mono(hydrogen sulfate) (9CI), Hydroquinone, hydrogen sulfate (6CI), Hydroquinone, mono(hydrogen sulfate) (8CI), Hydroquinone monosulfate, Hydroquinone monosulfonate, Quinol monosulfate, Quinol sulfate, p-Hydroxyphenylsulfate, quinol sulfate, 4-Hydroxyphenyl hydrogen sulfate, 1,4-Benzenediol, 1-(hydrogen sulfate), Hydroquinone monosulfonate, p-Hydroxyphenyl sulfate, Quinol Monosulfate, 1,4-Benzenediol,1-(hydrogen sulfate), Hydroquinone,mono(hydrogen sulfate), 1,4-Benzenediol,mono(hydrogen sulfate), Hydroquinone,hydrogen sulfate, Quinol sulfate, Hydroquinone monosulfonate, Quinol monosulfate, Hydroquinone monosulfate, p-Hydroxyphenyl sulfate, (4-Hydroxyphenyl)oxidanesulfonic acid, hydroquinone mono(hydrogen sulfate)



Hydroquinone sulfate is an organosulfonate oxoanion that is the conjugate base of quinol sulfate, obtained by deprotonation of the sulfo group; major species at pH 7.3.
Hydroquinone sulfate has a role as a marine xenobiotic metabolite.


Hydroquinone sulfate is a conjugate base of a quinol sulfate.
Hydroquinone sulfate is an aryl sulfate that is quinol (hydroquinone) with one of the two hydroxy groups substituted by a sulfo group.
Hydroquinone sulfate is an aryl sulfate that is quinol (hydroquinone) with one of the two hydroxy groups substituted by a sulfo group.


Hydroquinone sulfate has a role as a human xenobiotic metabolite and a marine xenobiotic metabolite.
Hydroquinone sulfate is an aryl sulfate and a member of phenols.
Hydroquinone sulfate is functionally related to a hydroquinone.


Hydroquinone sulfate is a conjugate acid of a quinol sulfate(1-).
Hydroquinone sulfate is an organosulfonate oxoanion that is the conjugate base of quinol sulfate, obtained by deprotonation of the sulfo group; major species at pH 7.3.


The exact mass of Hydroquinone sulfate is unknown and the complexity rating of the compound is unknown.
Hydroquinone sulfate's Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) category is Chemicals and Drugs Category - Organic Chemicals - Hydrocarbons - Hydrocarbons, Cyclic - Hydrocarbons, Aromatic - Benzene Derivatives - Phenols - Hydroquinones - Supplementary Records.


Hydroquinone sulfate belongs to the ontological category of phenols in the ChEBI Ontology tree.
Hydroquinone sulfate is a chemical compound that has been widely used in scientific research due to its unique properties.
Hydroquinone sulfate has been studied extensively for its potential applications in various fields, including medicine, agriculture, and environmental science.



USES and APPLICATIONS of HYDROQUINONE SULFATE:
-Scientific Research Applications
*Antimicrobial Activity of Hydroquinone sulfate
Quinolines, including Hydroquinone sulfate derivatives, have demonstrated notable antimicrobial properties.

A study investigated the antimicrobial activities of various quinolines against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, including strains of meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA).
Some quinolines showed significant activity, comparable to established antibiotics like vancomycin.


*Cancer Research
Quinolines have been identified as promising compounds in cancer research due to their potent anti-cancer properties.
One study reviewed quinoline compounds and their analogs, focusing on their anticancer activities, mechanisms of action, and potential as cancer drug targets.


*Bioactive Compounds Discovery
Sesquiterpene quinols, a class closely related to Hydroquinone sulfate, have been isolated from marine sponges, showing potential in CDK4/cyclin D1 complexation inhibition, a mechanism relevant in cancer treatment.


*Anticoagulant Research
A study discovered new sulfated quinoline alkaloids with potential anticoagulant and antiplatelet activities.
These findings suggest that quinoline derivatives could be useful in the development of new anticoagulants.


*Antioxidant Activity Evaluation of Hydroquinone sulfate:
Quinolinic acid, related to Hydroquinone sulfate, was used as an iron chelating agent in a study to determine the antioxidant activity of plant extracts.
This research demonstrated the potential of quinoline derivatives in evaluating antioxidant properties.


*Antibacterial Resistance of Hydroquinone sulfate:
The mechanisms of resistance to quinolines, including alterations in quinol targets and decreased accumulation, have been extensively studied.
Understanding these resistance mechanisms is crucial for developing effective antibacterial agents.



PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of HYDROQUINONE SULFATE:
Molecular Weight: 189.17 g/mol
XLogP3-AA: 0.5
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 1
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 5
Rotatable Bond Count: 1
Exact Mass: 188.98576943 g/mol
Monoisotopic Mass: 188.98576943 g/mol
Topological Polar Surface Area: 95Ų
Heavy Atom Count: 12
Formal Charge: -1
Complexity: 208
Isotope Atom Count: 0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0

Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 1
Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes
Name: Hydroquinone sulfate
Systematic Name: Not Available
Synonyms: Not Available
CAS Number: Not Available
Average Mass: 190.17
Monoisotopic Mass: 189.993594467
Chemical Formula: C6H6O5S
IUPAC Name: (4-hydroxyphenyl)oxidanesulfonic acid

InChI Key: FPXPQMOQWJZYBL-UHFFFAOYSA-N
InChI Identifier: InChI=1S/C6H6O5S/c7-5-1-3-6(4-2-5)11-12(8,9)10/h1-4,7H,(H,8,9,10)
SMILES: OC1=CC=C(OS(O)(=O)=O)C=C1
Solubility (ALOGPS): 5.86e+00 g/l
LogS (ALOGPS): -1.51
LogP (ALOGPS): -0.88
Hydrogen Acceptors: 4
Hydrogen Donors: 2
Rotatable Bond Count: 2
Polar Surface Area: 83.83
Refractivity: 40.0116
Polarizability: 15.879416904230789
Formal Charge: 0

Physiological Charge: -1
pKa (strongest basic): -5.953792236729969
pKa (strongest acidic): -2.4583959376494575
Number of Rings: 1
Rule of Five: Yes
Bioavailability: Yes
Ghose Filter: No
Veber's Rule: No
MDDR-like Rule: No
Density: 1.669±0.06 g/cm³ (Predicted)
pKa: -3.67±0.18 (Predicted)
CAS Number: 17438-29-8
Molecular Formula: C6H6O5S

Molecular Weight: 190.17
EINECS: Not Available
MOL File: 17438-29-8.mol
CAS: 17438-29-8
MF: C6H6O5S
MW: 190.17
EINECS: Not Available
Mol File: 17438-29-8.mol
Product Name: Quinol sulfate
IUPAC Name: (4-hydroxyphenyl) hydrogen sulfate
Molecular Formula: C6H6O5S
Molecular Weight: 190.18 g/mol
InChI: InChI=1S/C6H6O5S/c7-5-1-3-6(4-2-5)11-12(8,9)10/h1-4,7H,(H,8,9,10)
InChI Key: FPXPQMOQWJZYBL-UHFFFAOYSA-N
SMILES: C1=CC(=CC=C1O)OS(=O)(=O)O

Synonyms: hydroquinone mono(hydrogen sulfate), quinol sulfate
Canonical SMILES: C1=CC(=CC=C1O)OS(=O)(=O)O
Chemical Name: quinol sulfate
CAS Number: 17438-29-8
Molecular Formula: C6H6O5S
Molecular Weight: 190.17400
Appearance: NA
Storage: 2-8°C Refrigerator
Shipping Conditions: Ambient
Applications: NA
InChI: InChI=1S/C6H6O5S/c7-5-1-3-6(4-2-5)11-12(8,9)10/h1-4,7H,(H,8,9,10)
InChIKey: FPXPQMOQWJZYBL-UHFFFAOYSA-N
SMILES: O(S(=O)(=O)O)C1=CC=C(O)C=C1
Canonical SMILES: O=S(=O)(O)OC1=CC=C(O)C=C1

Synonyms: (4-hydroxyphenyl) hydrogen sulfate
CAS No.: 17438-29-8
MDL No.: MFCD19705194
Molecular Formula: C6H6O5S
Molecular Weight: 190.17
Storage: 2-8 °C
Purity: 95.0%
CAS RN: 17438-29-8
Product Name: Quinol sulfate
Molecular Formula: C6H6O5S
Molecular Weight: 190.18 g/mol
IUPAC Name: (4-hydroxyphenyl) hydrogen sulfate
InChI: InChI=1S/C6H6O5S/c7-5-1-3-6(4-2-5)11-12(8,9)10/h1-4,7H,(H,8,9,10)
InChI Key: FPXPQMOQWJZYBL-UHFFFAOYSA-N
SMILES: C1=CC(=CC=C1O)OS(=O)(=O)O

Canonical SMILES: C1=CC(=CC=C1O)OS(=O)(=O)O
Other CAS RN: 61162-95-6, 17438-29-8
Related CAS: 61162-95-6 (sulfate, MF unknown)
Molecular Weight:190.18
XLogP3:0.6
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count:2
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count:5
Rotatable Bond Count:2
Exact Mass:189.99359446
Monoisotopic Mass:189.99359446
Topological Polar Surface Area:92.2
Heavy Atom Count:12
Complexity:221
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count:1
Compound Is Canonicalized:Yes



FIRST AID MEASURES of HYDROQUINONE SULFATE:
-General Advice:
If symptoms persist, call a physician.
*Eye Contact:
Rinse immediately with plenty of water, also under the eyelids, for at least 15 minutes.
Get medical attention.
*Skin Contact:
Wash off immediately with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes.
Get medical attention.
*Ingestion:
Clean mouth with water and drink afterwards plenty of water.
Get medical attention.
*Inhalation:
Remove to fresh air.
If breathing is difficult, give oxygen.
Get medical attention.
-Self-Protection of the First Aider:
Use personal protective equipment as required.
-Notes to Physician:
Treat symptomatically.



ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of HYDROQUINONE SULFATE:
-Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures:
Use personal protective equipment as required.
-Environmental precautions:
Prevent product from entering drains.
Collect spillage.
-Methods and material for containment and cleaning up:
Sweep up and shovel into suitable containers for disposal.
Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.



FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of HYDROQUINONE SULFATE:
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable Extinguishing Media:
Water spray, carbon dioxide (CO2), dry chemical, alcohol-resistant foam.
*Extinguishing media which must not be used for safety reasons:
No information available.



EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of HYDROQUINONE SULFATE:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye Protection:
Tight sealing safety goggles Goggles.
*Hand Protection:
Protective gloves



HANDLING and STORAGE of HYDROQUINONE SULFATE:
-Precautions for safe handling:
Wear personal protective equipment/face protection.
Ensure adequate ventilation.
*Hygiene Measures:
Handle in accordance with good industrial hygiene and safety practice.
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
Keep containers tightly closed in a dry, cool and well-ventilated place.



STABILITY and REACTIVITY of HYDROQUINONE SULFATE:
-Reactivity:
None known, based on information available
-Chemical stability:
Stable under normal conditions.

Hydroviton Plus 2290 is easy to formulate, water-soluble compound.
Hydroviton Plus 2290 is an active ingredient that offers immediate and long-term hydration to the skin.


CAS Number: 7647-14-5, 69-79-4, 50-99-7, 9067-32-7, 97-59-6, 28874-51-3, 77-92-9, 5949-29-1, 57-48-7, 56-81-5, 57-13-6, 5343-92-0
INCI Name: Water (Aqua) (and) Pentylene Glycol (and) Glycerin (and) Fructose (and) Urea (and) Citric Acid (and) Sodium Hydroxide (and) Maltose (and) Sodium PCA (and) Sodium Chloride (and) Sodium Lactate (and) Trehalose (and) Allantoin (and) Sodium Hyaluronate (and) Glucose



Hydroviton Plus 2290 is a smart blend of small hygroscopic molecules that penetrate the skin and restore the NMF.
Hydroviton Plus 2290 is an instant, long lasting moisturizer proven to deliver intense hair hydration and 72h skin moisturization.
Hydroviton Plus 2290 is a smart blend of small hygroscopic molecules that penetrate the skin and restore the NMF.


Hydroviton Plus 2290 is an instant, long lasting moisturizer proven to deliver intense hair hydration and 72h skin moisturization.
Hydroviton Plus 2290 is a colorless, clear liquid used in moisturizing and hair care products.
Hydroviton Plus 2290 is a colorless to light yellow clear liquid, odorless.


Hydroviton Plus 2290 is easy to formulate, water-soluble compound.
Hydroviton Plus 2290 is an active ingredient that offers immediate and long-term hydration to the skin.


Hydroviton Plus 2290 is a smart blend of small hygroscopic molecules that penetrate the skin and restore the NMF.
Hydroviton Plus 2290 is an instant, long lasting moisturizer proven to deliver intense hair hydration and 72h skin moisturization.



USES and APPLICATIONS of HYDROVITON PLUS 2290:
Hydroviton Plus 2290 is an instant, long lasting moisturizer proven to deliver intense hair hydration and 72h skin moisturization.
Hydroviton Plus 2290 acts as a moisturizing agent. Offers instant, long lasting and intense effects to hair and skin (48 hours).
Hydroviton Plus 2290 is nature-inspired biomimetic synergistic complex with hyaluronic acid.


Hydroviton Plus 2290 is skin friendly active: contains sugars & moisturizers naturally occurring in the skin.
Hydroviton Plus 2290 provides short-term and long-lasting moisturization for maximum skin hydration
72 hours of intense and continuous hydration.


Hydroviton Plus 2290 maintains and restores the water content in the epidermis by moisturizing and providing suppleness to the skin.
In addition, Hydroviton Plus 2290 improves the management of the skin's own moisture reserves.


Hydroviton Plus 2290 increases water content of hair by 51%.
Hydroviton Plus 2290 and Hydroviton Plus – clinically proven to increase skin hydration by 17% for up to 48 hours and by 10% for up to 72 hours after a single application.


In particular, Hydroviton Plus 2290 is a biomimetic complex which is able to penetrate and remain in the skin for a long time.
Based on a mixture of natural ingredients, Hydroviton Plus 2290 works through dual hydration methods combining small hygroscopic molecules (whose role is to restore the skin's ability to retain water) and polymers (which create a film on the skin's surface that protects against possible dehydration) ).


Hydroviton Plus 2290 is a long-lasting moisturizing complex, saturates the skin with highly hygroscopic substances that retain and bind water in the epidermis; plant ceramides - restore and supplement the natural lipids of the intercellular cement of the stratum corneum.


By sealing the cement, they prevent water from escaping from the epidermis (TEWL), moisturize and smooth; extracts from rosemary leaves, willow bark and birch - have astringent, bacteriostatic and smoothing properties.
They improve skin color and normalize the secretory activity of sebaceous glands; allantoin – moisturizes and soothes irritations.



HYDROVITON PLUS 2290 CONSISTS OF:
- Natural Moisturizing Factors (such as sodium lactate, lactic acid, urea, allantoin, sodium PCA, glycerin, Hydrolite 5).
Thanks to their hygroscopic properties, they retain moisture within the skin and help maintain skin elasticity.

- Natural Hydrating Sugars (such as D-Trehalose, Maltose & Fructose).
They offer excellent moisturizing benefits and thanks to their low molecular weight they are able to penetrate the skin.

- Hyaluronic acid
Water-soluble, Hydroviton Plus 2290 is used at room temperature and is preferably incorporated at the end of the production process.
1% to 4% is recommended for applications such as face and body moisturizers, baby care products, hand and foot products, after sun products , etc.

Clinical studies show that Hydroviton Plus 2290 prevents dehydration of the skin, increases its ability to retain water and prevents premature aging of the skin.

In addition, in just 2 hours of application Hydroviton Plus 2290 hydrates the surface layers and offers up to 72 hours of comfort to the skin with a +10% increase in hydration.



HOW TO USE HYDROVITON PLUS 2290:
Hydroviton Plus 2290 is an intensive moisturiser that uplifts your skin with up to 72 hours hydration.



CLAIMS OF HYDROVITON PLUS 2290:
*Moisturizing Agents
*long-lasting
*moisturizing



BENEFITS OF HYDROVITON PLUS 2290:
• Hydroviton Plus 2290 increases skin hydration
• Hydroviton Plus 2290 lifts and tightens the appearance of skin
• Hydroviton Plus 2290 improves elasticity
• Hydroviton Plus 2290 boosts radiance
• Hydroviton Plus 2290 smooths the appearance of lines and wrinkles



INGEDIENTS OF HYDROVITON PLUS 2290:
• Hydroviton Plus 2290: An instant, long lasting moisturiser proven to deliver 48-hour skin moisturisation.
• Hydroviton Plus 2290: Increases skin hydration by 17% for up to 48 hours and by 10% for up to 72 hours.



PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of HYDROVITON PLUS 2290:
CAS Number: 7647-14-5, 69-79-4, 50-99-7, 9067-32-7, 97-59-6, 28874-51-3, 77-92-9, 5949-29-1, 57-48-7, 56-81-5, 57-13-6, 5343-92-0
INCI Name: Water (Aqua) (and) Pentylene Glycol (and) Glycerin (and) Fructose (and) Urea (and) Citric Acid (and) Sodium Hydroxide (and) Maltose (and) Sodium PCA (and) Sodium Chloride (and) Sodium Lactate (and) Trehalose (and) Allantoin (and) Sodium Hyaluronate (and) Glucose



FIRST AID MEASURES of HYDROVITON PLUS 2290:
-Description of first-aid measures
*General advice:
Show this material safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
*If inhaled:
After inhalation:
Fresh air.
*In case of skin contact:
Take off immediately all contaminated clothing.
Rinse skin with
water/ shower.
*In case of eye contact:
After eye contact:
Rinse out with plenty of water.
Call in ophthalmologist.
Remove contact lenses.
*If swallowed:
After swallowing:
Immediately make victim drink water (two glasses at most).
Consult a physician.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed.
No data available



ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of HYDROVITON PLUS 2290:
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Cover drains.
Collect, bind, and pump off spills.
Observe possible material restrictions.
Take up dry.
Dispose of properly.
Clean up affected area.



FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of HYDROVITON PLUS 2290:
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Foam
Dry powder
*Unsuitable extinguishing media:
For this substance/mixture no limitations of extinguishing agents are given.
-Further information:
Prevent fire extinguishing water from contaminating surface water or the ground water system.



EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of HYDROVITON PLUS 2290:
-Control parameters:
--Ingredients with workplace control parameters:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use equipment for eye protection.
Safety glasses
*Body Protection:
protective clothing
*Respiratory protection:
Recommended Filter type: Filter A
-Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.



HANDLING and STORAGE of HYDROVITON PLUS 2290:
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
*Storage conditions:
Tightly closed.
Dry.



STABILITY and REACTIVITY of HYDROVITON PLUS 2290:
-Chemical stability:
The product is chemically stable under standard ambient conditions (room temperature) .
-Possibility of hazardous reactions:
No data available

Hydroviton 24 is an advanced 24 hour moisturizing complex comprised of a synergistic blend of natural moisturizing factors.
Hydroviton 24 is non occlusive, so it allows skin to breathe and can be easily formulated into products.
Hydroviton 24 is also non-animal derived, preservative free, cost effective, light in color, and odorless in your formulation.

CAS: 50-70-4
MF: C6H14O6
MW: 182.17
EINECS: 200-061-5

Synonyms
Esasorb;Glucitol, D-;Gulitol;Hexahydric alcohol;Hydex 100 gran.206;Karion, sionit;L-gulitol;Liponic 70-NC

Hydroviton 24 acts as a moisturizer.
Hydroviton 24 is a synergistic blend of NMFs, humectants, hygroscopic substances, skin rejuvenators, skin protectants and penetration enhancer.
Hydroviton 24 is a non-animal derived and preservative free product.
Hydroviton 24 is dermatologically and toxicologically safe and can be easily formulated into products.
Hydroviton 24 provides 24 hours moisturizing effects demonstrated in vivo test.
Hydroviton 24 is used in skin care formulations.
Hydroviton 24 is China compliant.
A polyhydric alcohol, CH2OH(CHOH)4CH2OH, derived from glucose; Hydroviton 24 is isomeric with mannitol.
Hydroviton 24 is found in rose hips and rowan berries and is manufactured by the catalytic reduction of glucose with hydrogen.
Hydroviton 24 is used as a sweetener (in diabetic foods) and in the manufacture of vitamin C and various cosmetics, foodstuffs, and medicines.

Use
Hydroviton 24 is a liquid moisturizing factor and consists of a mixture of amino acid, sodium lactate, urea, allantoin and polyvalent alcohols.
Hydroviton 24 improves the natural moisturizing factors (NMF) in the corneocytes of the stratum corneum for 24 h moisturized skin.
Hydroviton 24 is a non occlusive ingredient that allows skin to breathe.

Hydroviton 24 Chemical Properties
Melting point: 98-100 °C (lit.)
alpha: 4 º (per eur. pharm.)
Boiling point: bp760 105°
Density: 1.28 g/mL at 25 °C
Vapor density: Vapor pressure: Refractive index: n20/D 1.46
FEMA: 3029 | D-SORBITOL
Fp: >100°C
Storage temp.: room temp
Solubility: Very soluble in water, slightly soluble in ethanol
Form: liquid
pka: pKa (17.5°): 13.6
Color: White
Specific Gravity: 1.28
Odor: Odorless
PH Range: 5 - 7 at 182 g/l at 25 °C
PH: 5.0-7.0 (25℃, 1M in H2O)
Optical activity: [α]20/D 1.5±0.3°, c = 10% in H2O
Odor Type: caramellic
Water Solubility: SOLUBLE
Sensitive: Hygroscopic
λmax λ: 260 nm Amax: 0.04
λ: 280 nm Amax: 0.045
Merck: 14,8725
BRN: 1721899
Dielectric constant: 33.5（27℃）
Stability: Stable. Avoid strong oxidizing agents. Protect from moisture.
InChIKey: FBPFZTCFMRRESA-JGWLITMVSA-N
LogP: -4.67
CAS DataBase Reference: 50-70-4(CAS DataBase Reference)
NIST Chemistry Reference: Hydroviton 24 (50-70-4)
EPA Substance Registry System: Hydroviton 24 (50-70-4)

Uses
Hydroviton 24 is a humectant that is a polyol (polyhydric alcohol) produced by hydrogenation of glucose with good solubility in water and poor solubility in oil.
Hydroviton 24 is approximately 60% as sweet as sugar, and has a caloric value of 2.6 kcal/g.
Hydroviton 24 is highly hygroscopic and has a pleasant, sweet taste.
Hydroviton 24 maintains moistness in shredded coconut, pet foods, and candy.
In sugarless frozen desserts, Hydroviton 24 depresses the freezing point, adds solids, and contributes some sweetness.
Hydroviton 24 is used in low-calorie beverages to provide body and taste.
Hydroviton 24 is used in dietary foods such as sugarless candy, chewing gum, and ice cream.
Hydroviton 24 is also used as a crystallization modifier in soft sugar-based confections.

Production method
1. Pour the prepared 53% aqueous solution of glucose into the autoclave, adding the nickel catalyst of 0.1% the weight of glucose; after replacement of the air, add hydrogen at about 3.5MPa, 150 °C, and pH8.2-8.4; control the endpoint with residual sugar content being lower than 0.5%.
After precipitation for 5 min, put the resulting solution of sorbitol through ion exchange resin to obtain the refined product.
Material fixed consumption amount: hydrochloric acid 19kg/t, caustic 36kg/ t, solid base 6kg/t, aluminum-nickel alloy powder 3kg/t, orally administrated glucose 518kg/t, activated carbon 4kg/t.

2. Hydroviton 24 is obtained from the hydrogenation of glucose with the nickel catalyst at high temperature and high pressure after which the product is further refined through the ion exchange resin, concentrated,crystallized, and, separated to obtain the final product.

3. Domestic production of sorbitol mostly applied continuously or intermittently hydrogenation of refined glucose obtained from starch saccharification:
C6H12O6 + H2 [Ni] → C6H14O6
Pour the prepared 53% aqueous solution of glucose into the autoclave, adding the nickel catalyst of 0.1% the weight of glucose; after replacement of the air, add hydrogen at about 3.5MPa, 150 °C, and pH8.2-8.4; control the endpoint with residual sugar content being lower than 0.5%. After precipitation for 5 min, put the resulting solution of sorbitol through ion exchange resin to obtain the refined product.
The above-mentioned process is simple without the necessity of isolation before obtaining qualified products as well as without "three wastes" pollution.
However, for the starch, the yield is only 50%, and thus has a higher cost.
Introduction of new technology by direct hydrogenation on starch saccharification liquid can obtain a yield up to 85%.

Cellulose hydroxyethylate; Cellulose hydroxyethyl ether; 2-Hydroxyethyl cellulose ether; Cellulose, 2-hydroxyethyl ether; Hydroxyethyl ether cellulose; AW 15 (Polysaccharide); CAS NO : 9004-62-0

Cellulose, hydroxyethyl ether; Hydroxyethylcellulose; 2-Hydroxyethyl cellulose; Hyetellose; Natrosol; Cellosize CAS NO:9004-62-0

Hydroxyacetic Acid is a compound that naturally occurs in certain fruits, beets, and sugarcane.
In its pure form, Hydroxyacetic Acid is odorless and colorless.


CAS Number: 79-14-1
EC Number: 201-180-5
MDL Number: MFCD00004312
Molecular Formula: C2H4O3 / HOCH2COOH



Glycollate, -Hydroxy Fatty Acid, Glycollic Acid, Glycocide, Caswell No. 470, Dexon (Polyester), Polyglycollic Acid, Glycolate, Poly(L-Glycolic Acid), Glycolic Acid, Glycolic Acid Homopolymer, Glycolic acid, Glycollic acid, Hydroxyacetic acid, Hydroxyethanoic acid, Acetic acid, hydroxy-, glycolic acid, 2-Hydroxyacetic acid, hydroxyacetic acid, 79-14-1, Hydroxyethanoic acid, Glycollic acid, Acetic acid, hydroxy-, glycolate, Polyglycolide, Caswell No. 470, 2-Hydroxyethanoic acid, HOCH2COOH, alpha-Hydroxyacetic acid, Acetic acid, 2-hydroxy-, EPA Pesticide Chemical Code 000101, HSDB 5227, NSC 166, Glycocide, GlyPure, BRN 1209322, NSC-166, EINECS 201-180-5, UNII-0WT12SX38S, MFCD00004312, GlyPure 70, 0WT12SX38S, CCRIS 9474, DTXSID0025363, CHEBI:17497, Hydroxyacetic acid-13C2, .alpha.-Hydroxyacetic acid, GLYCOLLATE, DTXCID105363, NSC166, EC 201-180-5, 4-03-00-00571 (Beilstein Handbook Reference), GOA, GLYCOLIC ACID (MART.), GLYCOLIC ACID [MART.], C2H3O3-, glycolicacid, C2H4O3, Glycolate Standard: C2H3O3- @ 1000 microg/mL in H2O, Hydroxyethanoate, a-Hydroxyacetate, OceanBlu Barrier, OceanBlu Pre-Post, hydroxy-acetic acid, 2-Hydroxyaceticacid, alpha-Hydroxyacetate, a-Hydroxyacetic acid, 2-hydroxy acetic acid, 2-hydroxy-acetic acid, 2-hydroxyl ethanoic acid, HO-CH2-COOH, Hydroxyacetic acid solution, bmse000245, WLN: QV1Q, GLYCOLIC ACID [MI], Glycolic acid (7CI,8CI), GLYCOLIC ACID [INCI], GLYCOLIC ACID [VANDF], Glycolic acid, p.a., 98%, pari 30% Glycolic Acid Peel, pari 70% Glycolic Acid Peel, Acetic acid, hydroxy- (9CI), CHEMBL252557, GLYCOLIC ACID [WHO-DD], Glycolic Acid, Crystal, Reagent, HYDROXYACETIC ACID [HSDB], BCP28762, Glycolic acid, >=97.0% (T), STR00936, Tox21_301298, s6272, AKOS000118921, Glycolic acid, ReagentPlus(R), 99%, CS-W016683, DB03085, HY-W015967, SB83760, CAS-79-14-1, USEPA/OPP Pesticide Code: 000101, NCGC00160612-01, NCGC00160612-02, NCGC00257533-01, FT-0612572, FT-0669047, G0110, G0196, Glycolic acid 100 microg/mL in Acetonitrile, EN300-19242, Glycolic acid, SAJ special grade, >=98.0%, C00160, C03547, D78078, Glycolic acid, Vetec(TM) reagent grade, 98%, HYDROXYACETIC ACID, HYDROXYETHANOIC ACID, Glycolic acid, BioXtra, >=98.0% (titration), Q409373, J-509661, F2191-0224, Hydroxyacetic acid, Hydroxyethanoic acid, Glycollic acid, Z104473274, 287EB351-FF9F-4A67-B4B9-D626406C9B13, Glycolic acid, certified reference material, TraceCERT(R), Glycolic acid, anhydrous, free-flowing, Redi-Dri(TM), ReagentPlus(R), 99%, Glycolic Acid, Pharmaceutical Secondary Standard, Certified Reference Material O7Z, Hydroxyacetic acid, Glycolic acid, Glycolic Acid, Hydroxyacetic Acid, Aceticacid,hydroxy-, acidehydroxyacetique, hydroxyaceticacid, glycolic, AHA, 2-HYDROXYACETIC ACID, GLYCOLATE, glycolic, HYDROXYACETIC ACID, HOCH2COOH, GLYCOLLIC ACID, Glycolic acid 70%, GLYCOLIC ACID SIGMAULTRA, glycolate (hydroxyacetate), GLYCOLIC ACID, HIGH PURITY, 70 WT.% SOLU TION IN WATER, 2-Hydroxyacetate, 2-Hydroxyacetic acid, A-Hydroxyacetate, A-Hydroxyacetic acid, Alpha-Hydroxyacetate, Alpha-Hydroxyacetic acid, Glycocide, Glycolate, Glycolic acid, Glycollate, Glycollic acid, GlyPure, GlyPure 70, Hydroxyacetate, Hydroxyacetic acid, Hydroxyethanoate, Hydroxyethanoic acid, Sodium glycolate, Sodium glycolic acid, α-Hydroxyacetate, α-Hydroxyacetic acid, 2-Hydroxy carboxylate, 2-Hydroxy carboxylic acid, 2-Hydroxyacetate, 2-Hydroxyacetic acid, 2-Hydroxyethanoate, 2-Hydroxyethanoic acid, a-Hydroxyacetate, a-Hydroxyacetic acid, Acetic acid, 2-hydroxy-, Acetic acid, hydroxy- (9CI),



Hydroxyacetic Acid that cosmetic companies use tends to come from a laboratory rather than natural sources.
Hydroxyacetic Acid is a constituent of sugar cane juice
Hydroxyacetic Acid is a 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid where the methyl group has been hydroxylated.


Hydroxyacetic Acid has a role as a metabolite and a keratolytic drug.
Hydroxyacetic Acid belongs to a group of acids experts refer to as alpha hydroxy acids (AHAs).
Hydroxyacetic Acid is an alpha hydroxy acid; used in chemical peels and anti-aging skin products.


Hydroxyacetic Acid is a type of alpha hydroxy acid (AHA).
Alpha hydroxy acids are natural acids found in foods.
Hydroxyacetic Acid comes from sugarcane.


Don't confuse Hydroxyacetic Acid with other alpha hydroxy acids, including citric acid, lactic acid, malic acid, and tartaric acid.
These are not the same.
Hydroxyacetic Acid is an organic substance with the chemical formula C2H4O3.


Hydroxyacetic Acids are popular ingredients in skin care products.
Hydroxyacetic Acid is a naturally occurring alpha hydroxy acids (or AHAs).
Hydroxyacetic Acid is colorless and easily deliquescent crystal.


Hydroxyacetic Acid is soluble in water, methanol, ethanol, ethyl acetate and other organic solvents, slightly soluble in ether, insoluble in hydrocarbons.
Once applied, Hydroxyacetic Acid reacts with the upper layer of the epidermis, weakening the binding properties of the lipids that hold the dead skin cells together.


This allows the outer skin to dissolve revealing the underlying skin.
Hydroxyacetic Acid is the only domestically produced hydroxyacetic acid.
Hydroxyacetic Acid is supplied in a 70% chloride-free solution resulting in low corrosivity, making it ideal for a versatile range of cleaning and industrial applications.


Hydroxyacetic Acid is a colorless, odorless and hygroscopic crystalline solid, highly soluble in water.
Hydroxyacetic Acid, also known as hydroxy acetic acid, is one of the alpha-hydroxy acids (AHA’s).
These acids occur naturally in fruits, sugar cane and milk.


When used topically, Hydroxyacetic Acid can assist with the removal of dead skin cells helping to renew the skin.
Hydroxyacetic Acid is an organic acid from the family of alpha-hydroxy carboxylic acids that naturally occurs in sugarcane, beets, grapes, and fruits.
Hydroxyacetic Acid has the duality of alcohol and acid and decomposes when heated to boiling point.


Hydroxyacetic Acid is one of the simplest organic compounds, used on a broad scale in contemporary cosmetology and in the chemical industry.
This is because that hydracid has many valuable properties.
Hydroxyacetic Acid in cosmetics: a regenerating glycol for the face and body.


Industrialists and pharmacists discovered long ago that Hydroxyacetic Acids are worth using on the face and skin.
They are ingredients of creams, conditioners, shampoos, ointments and tonics as well as additives in washing gels, exfoliation products, etc.
Hydroxyacetic Acid is the first member of the series of alpha-hydroxy carboxylic acids, which means it is one of the smallest organic molecules with both acid and alcohol functionality.


Hydroxyacetic Acid is a 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid and a primary alcohol.
Hydroxyacetic Acid is functionally related to an acetic acid.
Hydroxyacetic Acid is a conjugate acid of a glycolate.


Hydroxyacetic Acid is a metabolite found in or produced by Escherichia coli.
Hydroxyacetic Acid is the smallest alpha-hydroxy acid (AHA).
This colorless, odorless, and hygroscopic crystalline solid, Hydroxyacetic Acid, is highly soluble in water.


Hydroxyacetic Acid is the first member of the series of alpha-hydroxy carboxylic acids, which means it is one of the smallest organic molecules with both acid and alcohol functionality
Hydroxyacetic Acid is the smallest α-hydroxy acid (AHA).


This colorless, odorless, and hygroscopic crystalline solid, Hydroxyacetic Acid, is highly soluble in water.
A water solution form is also available.
Hydroxyacetic Acid is slightly stronger than acetic acid due to the electron-withdrawing power of the terminal hydroxyl group.


The carboxylate group can coordinate to metal ions forming coordination complexes.
Of particular note are the complexes with Pb2+ and Cu2+ which are significantly stronger than complexes with other carboxylic acids.
This indicates that the hydroxyl group is involved in complex formation, possibly with the loss of its proton.


Due to its excellent capability to penetrate the skin, Hydroxyacetic Acid finds applications in skin care products, most often as a chemical peel.
Hydroxyacetic Acid may reduce wrinkles, acne scarring, hyperpigmentation and improve many other skin conditions, including actinic keratosis, hyperkeratosis, and seborrheic keratosis.


Hydroxyacetic Acid is soluble in water, alcohol, and ether.
AHA acids (alpha hydroxyacids) cover various types of popular acids that we use on a daily basis.
Examples include citric, lactic or malic acid.


The AHAs also cover Hydroxyacetic Acid.
Hydroxyacetic Acid is the smallest α-hydroxy acid (AHA).
Hydroxyacetic Acid appears in the form of a colorless, odorless and hygroscopic crystalline solid that is highly soluble in water and related solvents.


Hydroxyacetic Acid is associated with sugar-crops and is isolated from sugarcane, sugar beets, pineapple, canteloupe, and unripe grapes.
Hydroxyacetic Acid is the first member of the series of alpha-hydroxy carboxylic acids, which means it is one of the smallest organic molecules with both acid and alcohol functionality.


Hydroxyacetic Acid is soluble in water, alcohol, and ether.
Hydroxyacetic Acid is the smallest alpha-hydroxy acid (AHA).
Hydroxyacetic Acid is mainly supplemented to various skin-care products to improve the skin’s appearance and texture.


Hydroxyacetic Acid can also reduce wrinkles, acne scarring, and hyperpigmentation.
Hydroxyacetic Acid is a colorless, odourless, and hygroscopic crystalline solid with the chemical formula C2H4O3.
Hydroxyacetic Acid is also known as hydroacetic acid, or 2-hydroxyethanoic acid, and its IUPAC name is hydroxyacetic acid.


Hydroxyacetic Acid is a solid that excellently absorbs water molecules from the environment.
There are several names denoting Hydroxyacetic Acid: its chemical name is 2-Hydroxyethanoic acid.
That name was introduced by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) to facilitate the identification of that substance on a global market.


Hydroxyacetic Acid compound can also be found under the following names: hydroxyacetic acid, alpha-hydroxyacetic acid, hydroxyethanoic acid.
Hydroxyacetic Acid is a 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid where the methyl group has been hydroxylated.
Hydroxyacetic Acid has a role as a metabolite and a keratolytic drug.


Hydroxyacetic Acid is a 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid where the methyl group has been hydroxylated.
Hydroxyacetic Acid is an alpha hydroxy acid that has antibacterial, antioxidant, keratolytic, and anti-inflammatory properties.
Hydroxyacetic Acid is functionally related to acetic acid and is slightly stronger than it.


The salts or esters of glycolic acid are called glycolates.
Hydroxyacetic Acid is widespread in nature and can be separated from natural sources like sugarcane, sugar beets, pineapple, cantaloupe, and unripe grapes.
Hydroxyacetic Acid is a routine essential.


Hydroxyacetic Acid can be found amongst our exfoliating, fine line fighting beauty products – it’s nothing new but that doesn’t mean it doesn’t deserve a shoutout for being a damn powerhouse.
Various oligomers or polymers of lactic and/or Hydroxyacetic Acid (low molecular weight) have been prepared.


Hydroxyacetic Acid can be determined via plant tissue coupled flow injection chemiluminescence biosensors, which can be used both as a plant-tissue based biosensor and chemiluminescence flow sensor.
Hydroxyacetic Acid is a naturally occurring alpha hydroxy acids (or AHAs).


Hydroxyacetic Acid is a type of alpha hydroxy acid (AHA) made from sugar cane that can act like a water-binding agent.
Glycolic is the most researched and purchased type of alpha hydroxy acid on the market that has all its effects backed up by studies.
Hydroxyacetic Acid; chemical formula C2H4O3 (also written as HOCH2CO2H), is the smallest α-hydroxy acid (AHA).


Hydroxyacetic Acid is the smallest alpha-hydroxy acid.
Hydroxyacetic Acid solution is a useful solution of acid.
Hydroxyacetic Acid is an AHA, aka alpha hydroxy acid.


Some other acids that fall under the Hydroxyacetic Acid umbrella include lactic and citric acids.
Hydroxyacetic Acid’s are usually derived from natural sources; lactic from milk, citric from citrus and glycolic from sugarcane, pineapple, canteloupe or unripe grapes.


Hydroxyacetic Acid is a useful intermediate for synthesis.
The most useful synthesis use is for oxidation reduction esterification and long chain polymerization.
Hydroxyacetic Acid, also known as 2-hydroxyacetate or glycolate, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as alpha hydroxy acids and derivatives.


These are organic compounds containing a carboxylic acid substituted with a hydroxyl group on the adjacent carbon.
Hydroxyacetic Acid is an extremely weak basic (essentially neutral) compound (based on its pKa).
Hydroxyacetic Acid exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans.


In humans, Hydroxyacetic Acid is involved in rosiglitazone metabolism pathway.
Outside of the human body, Hydroxyacetic Acid has been detected, but not quantified in, several different foods, such as sourdocks, pineappple sages, celeriacs, cloves, and feijoa.


Hydroxyacetic Acid’s are not only beneficial when applied topically but due to their molecular size (teeny tiny), they’re pretty good at getting under the skin and putting in the extra effort from the inside too.
You will commonly find Hydroxyacetic Acid in your cleansers, toners, exfoliants, and collagen stimulating products.


Hydroxyacetic Acid is an α-hydroxy acid.
Hydroxyacetic Acid solutions having concentration of 70% and pH range of 0.08 to 2.75 are widely employed as superficial chemical peeling agents.
This could make Hydroxyacetic Acid a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods.


Hydroxyacetic Acid, with regard to humans, has been found to be associated with several diseases such as transurethral resection of the prostate and biliary atresia; glycolic acid has also been linked to several inborn metabolic disorders including glutaric acidemia type 2, glycolic aciduria, and d-2-hydroxyglutaric aciduria.


Hydroxyacetic Acid and oxalic acid, along with excess lactic acid, are responsible for the anion gap metabolic acidosis.
Hydroxyacetic Acid, also known as 2-hydroxyacetate or glycolate, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as alpha hydroxy acids and derivatives.
These are organic compounds containing a carboxylic acid substituted with a hydroxyl group on the adjacent carbon.


Hydroxyacetic Acid is an extremely weak basic (essentially neutral) compound (based on its pKa).
Hydroxyacetic Acid exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans.
Hydroxyacetic Acid; chemical formula C2H4O3 (also written as HOCH2CO2H), is the smallest α-hydroxy acid (AHA).


This colorless, odorless, and hygroscopic crystalline solid, Hydroxyacetic Acid, is highly soluble in water.
Hydroxyacetic Acid 99% crystals reagent is a highly pure form of glycolic acid that is commonly used in various industries, including cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, and chemical manufacturing.


Hydroxyacetic Acid is known for its ability to exfoliate and improve skin texture, making it a popular ingredient in skincare products.
Once applied, Hydroxyacetic Acid reacts with the upper layer of the epidermis, weakening the binding properties of the lipids that hold the dead skin cells together.



USES and APPLICATIONS of HYDROXYACETIC ACID:
Cosmetic and pharmaceutical companies include Hydroxyacetic Acid in topical products to treat skin conditions or to improve skin texture and appearance.
Hydroxyacetic Acid is used to evaluate the efficacy of glycolic peels treatment for all types of acne.
Hydroxyacetic Acid is used in the fine synthesis of medicine and as a raw material of cosmetics and organic synthesis.


Hydroxyacetic Acid can be used as an exfoliant if concentrated properly at 5%.
Hydroxyacetic Acid can help shed dead skin and renew surface skin, improving visible signs of ageing, such as uneven skin tone, sun damage, fine lines, rough or patchy skin, and vastly reduce the size of wrinkles.


To obtain all these benefits you will need a leave-on AHA exfoliator which is 5%-10% Hydroxyacetic Acid that is formulated at a pH level of 3-4 and then the product must be rinsed off thoroughly.
Hydroxyacetic Acid is not only a popular ingredient in skincare products, it is also used in the textile industry and in food processing as a flavoring agent and a preservative.


Hydroxyacetic Acid is used Facial care (exfoliating products, peelings, purifying creams and lotions, cleansing gels, radiance masks, eye contour creams, anti-imperfections care, beard creams, unifying care).
Hydroxyacetic Acid is used Body care (body milks, shower gels).


Hydroxyacetic Acid is used Hair care (anti-dandruff shampoos, purifying hair masks).
Alpha hydroxy acids like Hydroxyacetic Acid work by removing the top layers of dead skin cells.
Hydroxyacetic Acid is used Peels, creams, lotions, masks, cleansers.


Due to Hydroxyacetic Acid's acidity the final product needs to be tested for safe pH.
Hydroxyacetic Acid also seems to help reverse sun damage to the skin.
People use Hydroxyacetic Acid for acne, aging skin, dark skin patches on the face, and acne scars.


Hydroxyacetic Acid is also used for stretch marks and other conditions, but there is no good scientific evidence to support these other uses.
Uses of Hydroxyacetic Acid: Acid Cleaners, Concrete Cleaners, Food Processing, Hard Surface Cleaners, Leather-Dyeing and Tanning, Petroleum Refining, Textile, and Water Treatment.


Textiles uses of Hydroxyacetic Acid: In addition to Hydroxyacetic Acid acne products, the chemical is an excellent product for the textile industry, where it is used for dyeing and tanning purposes.
The optimal pH range of Hydroxyacetic Acid is from 3.5-5.0.


Some over the counter products, after adding Hydroxyacetic Acid, will separate as a result of the low pH, and need to be stabilized.
Hydroxyacetic Acid is commonly used in chemical milling, cleaning, and polishing of metals, and in copper pickling solutions.
Food: One of the key Hydroxyacetic Acid benefits is that it works as a flavor enhancer and food preservative.


Hydroxyacetic Acid is used in the processing of textiles, leather, and metals; in pH control, and wherever a cheap organic acid is needed, e.g. in the manufacture of adhesives, in copper brightening, decontamination cleaning, dyeing, electroplating, in pickling, cleaning and chemical milling of metals.
Hydroxyacetic Acid is often useful for dyeing and tanning, and is often included in emulsion polymers, solvents and additives for ink and paint.


Hydroxyacetic Acid is metabolized by cells in vitro to become oxalic acid which kills cells.
Hydroxyacetic Acid is synthesized many ways but is often isolated from sugarcane, pineapples and other acidic tasting fruits.
Hydroxyacetic Acid is the smallest alpha-hydroxy acid (AHA).


In its pure form, Hydroxyacetic Acid is a colorless crystalline solid.
Due to its excellent capability to penetrate skin, Hydroxyacetic Acid finds applications in skin care products, most often as a chemical peel.
Hydroxyacetic Acid is also used for tattoo removal.


In E coli Hydroxyacetic Acid is involved in glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism.
Additionally, Hydroxyacetic Acid is used in the production of various chemicals, such as polymers and esters, and as a pH adjuster in various formulations.
Its high purity and effectiveness make Hydroxyacetic Acid a valuable tool in many applications.


Hydroxyacetic Acid was once most commonly used as a chemical peel by dermatologists, this was because out of all AHAs, glycolic has the lowest molecular weight, meaning it has the ability to penetrate the skin even deeper than most other AHAs, making it more effective when it comes to reducing wrinkles, acne scarring, hyperpigmentation and improving other skin conditions.


Due to its excellent capability to penetrate skin, Hydroxyacetic Acid is often used in skin care products, most often as a chemical peel.
Hydroxyacetic Acid is an inhibitor of tyrosinase, suppressing melanin formation and lead to a lightening of skin colour.
Hydroxyacetic Acid is the most commonly used natural AHA (= alpha hydroxy acid).


Hydroxyacetic Acid is used as an intermediate in organic synthesis and several reactions, such as oxidation-reduction, esterification, and long chain polymerization.
Hydroxyacetic Acid is extracted from sugar cane, grapes and wine leaves.


Typical use level of Hydroxyacetic Acid is between 1-20% (final concentration of glycolic acid).
For making a 10% AHA peel, use about 14.5% of Hydroxyacetic Acid, making a 5% AHA peel, use about 7.2%.
For home use, Hydroxyacetic Acid is not recommended to make AHA peels higher than 20% (equals about 28.5% of glycolic acid).


Hydroxyacetic Acid is used Peels, creams, lotions, masks, cleansers.
Due to Hydroxyacetic Acid's acidity the final product needs to be tested for safe pH.
Optimal pH range of Hydroxyacetic Acid is from 3.5-5.0.


Some over the counter products, after adding Hydroxyacetic Acid, will separate as a result of the low pH, and need to be stabilized.
Hydroxyacetic Acid has been used in the preparation of PLGA-PEG-PLGA copolymer (PLGA = poly(lactic/glycolic, PEG = polyethylene glycol).
Hydroxyacetic Acid is used as a monomer to create PLGA and other biocompatible copolymers.


Hydroxyacetic Acid reduces corenocyte cohesion and corneum layer thickening where an excess buildup of dead skin cells can be associated with many common skin problems, such as acne, dry and severely dry skin, and wrinkles.
Hydroxyacetic Acid acts by dissolving the internal cellular cement responsible for abnormal keratinization, facilitating the sloughing of dead skin cells.


Hydroxyacetic Acid is also used in the cosmetic industry in skin peels.
Hydroxyacetic Acid is also used for diminishing the signs of age spots, as well as actinic keratosis.
However, Hydroxyacetic Acid is most popularly employed in anti-aging cosmetics because of its hydrating, moisturizing, and skin-normalizing abilities, leading to a reduction in the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles.


Regardless of the G skin type, Hydroxyacetic Acid use is associated with softer, smoother, healthier, and younger looking skin.
Hydroxyacetic Acid is naturally found in sugarcane but synthetic versions are most often used in cosmetic formulations.
Hydroxyacetic Acid is also an excellent alternative to toxic and low penetration acids such as sulfuric, phosphoric, and sulfamic in cleaners, water treatment chemicals, and O&G applications.


Hydroxyacetic Acid is preffered nowadays due to its high speed of action, scale removal performance, less corrosivity, biodegredability, and less hazardous waste stream.
Personal and Skincare Products uses of Hydroxyacetic Acid: Anti-aging creams, acne treatments, exfoliating scrubs, hair conditioners, and other hair care products.


Hydroxyacetic Acid also improves skin hydration by enhancing moisture uptake as well as increasing the skin’s ability to bind water.
This occurs in the cellular cement through an activation of Hydroxyacetic Acid and the skin’s own hyaluronic acid content.
Hyaluronic acid is known to retain an impressive amount of moisture and this capacity is enhanced by Hydroxyacetic Acid.


Household, Institutional, and Industrial Cleaning Products uses of Hydroxyacetic Acid: Hard surface cleaners, metal cleaners, toilet bowl cleaners, and laundry sours.
Water Treatment Applications of Hydroxyacetic Acid: Boiler cleaning chemicals, well stimulating solutions, and process cleaning products.


Hydroxyacetic Acid is used as a monomer in the preparation of polyglycolic acid and other biocompatible copolymers (e.g. PLGA).
Among other uses Hydroxyacetic Acid finds employment in the textile industry as a dyeing and tanning agent, in food processing as a flavoring agent and as a preservative.


Hydroxyacetic Acid is often included into emulsion polymers, solvents and additives for ink and paint in order to improve flow properties and impart gloss.
Hydroxyacetic Acid is used in the textile industry as a dyeing and tanning agent.
Hydroxyacetic Acid is widely used in skin care products as an exfoliant and keratolytic.


Hydroxyacetic Acid is used in the textile industry as a dyeing and tanning agent.
Hydroxyacetic Acid is used in the processing of textiles, leather, and metals.
Electronics and Metal Surface Treatment uses of Hydroxyacetic Acid: Etching chemicals, printed circuit board fluxes, electropolishing chemicals, and metal surface preparations.


Oil and Gas Applications of Hydroxyacetic Acid: Oil drilling chemicals, well stimulation, mid-and downstream descalers, and general process scale removers.
Hydroxyacetic Acid is used for organic synthesis, etc
Industries: Adhesives | Building & Construction | Care Chemicals | Energy | Inks | Maintenance, Repair, Overhaul | Metal Processing & Fabrication | Transportation | Water Treatment


As a result, the skin’s own ability to raise Hydroxyacetic Acid's moisture content is increased.
Hydroxyacetic Acid is the simplest alpha hydroxyacid (AHA).
Hydroxyacetic Acid is also the AHA that scientists and formulators believe has greater penetration potential largely due to its smaller molecular weight.


Due to its excellent capability to penetrate skin, Hydroxyacetic Acid finds applications in skin care products, most often as a chemical peel performed by a dermatologist in concentrations of 20%-80% or at-home kits in lower concentrations of 10%.
Hydroxyacetic Acid is used to improve the skin's appearance and texture.


Hydroxyacetic Acid may reduce wrinkles, acne scarring, hyperpigmentation and improve many other skin conditions.
Once applied, Hydroxyacetic Acid reacts with the upper layer of the epidermis, weakening the binding properties of the lipids that hold the dead skin cells together.


This allows the outer skin to "dissolve" revealing the underlying skin.
Hydroxyacetic Acid is also a useful intermediate for organic synthesis, in a range of reactions including: oxidation-reduction, esterification and long chain polymerization.


Hydroxyacetic Acid is mildly irritating to the skin and mucous membranes if the formulation contains a high glycolic acid concentration and/ or a low pH.
Hydroxyacetic Acid proves beneficial for acne-prone skin as it helps keep pores clear of excess keratinocytes.
Formulations based on that acid are also used in beauty salons as part of rejuvenating treatments.


Hydroxyacetic Acid is used in the textile industry as a dyeing and tanning agent.
Cleaning and washing concentrates with Hydroxyacetic Acid quickly remove dirt and microbes from different surfaces.
Hydroxyacetic Acid is also used in adhesives and plastics.
Hydroxyacetic Acid is often included into emulsion polymers, solvents and additives for ink and paint in order to improve flow properties and impart gloss.


Hydroxyacetic Acid is used in surface treatment products that increase the coefficient of friction on tile flooring.
Hydroxyacetic Acid is the active ingredient in the household cleaning liquid Pine-Sol.
In textile industry, Hydroxyacetic Acid can be used as a dyeing and tanning agent.


Hydroxyacetic Acid can also be used as a flavoring agent in food processing, and as a skin care agent in the pharmaceutical industry.
Hydroxyacetic Acid can also be added into emulsion polymers, solvents and ink additives to improve flow properties and impart gloss.
Moreover, Hydroxyacetic Acid is a useful intermediate for organic synthesis including oxidative-reduction, esterification and long chain polymerization.


Hydroxyacetic Acid can be used in organic synthesis and printing and dyeing industry.
Hydroxyacetic Acid can be used for sterilization of soap.
Hydroxyacetic Acid can be used as a complexing agent for electroless nickel plating to improve the coating quality, and can also be used as an additive for other electroplating or electroless plating


Available in various quantities, Hydroxyacetic Acid is used as a dyeing and tanning agent, a flavoring agent and preservative, an intermediate for organic synthesis, etc.
Hydroxyacetic Acid is most commonly used for hyperpigmentation, fine lines and acne.


Hydroxyacetic Acid is mostly found in exfoliating products (peels), or in creams and lotions but at a much lower concentration. Hydroxyacetic Acid is obtained by synthesis.
Hydroxyacetic Acid is an acid and should never be used undiluted.


This is why they are widely used in private homes, industrial plants and public facilities.
Hydroxyacetic Acid is also desired by entities from the food, logistic and catering industries.
Hydroxyacetic Acid can also be found at schools and kindergartens.


Hydroxyacetic Acid is classed as an advanced skincare ingredient and should not be used unless you understand the usage and applications of Glycolic Acid.
Glycolic is a commonly known ingredient in the personal care and cosmetics market and Hydroxyacetic Acid is also widely used in several household and industrial cleaning applications.


Hydroxyacetic Acid is commonly used in chemical milling, cleaning, and polishing of metals, and in copper pickling solutions. Hydroxyacetic Acid is also used in the cosmetic industry in skin peels.
Hydroxyacetic Acid is a naturally occurring alpha hydroxy Hydroxyacetic Acid is very useful in exfoliating products as alpha-hydroxy acid peel, or in creams & lotions at a lower concentration for a more gentle acid-based peel.


Hydroxyacetic Acid is widely used to rejuvenate the skin by encouraging the shedding of old surface skin cells.
Hydroxyacetic Acid is used in the textile industry as a dyeing and tanning agent, in food processing as a flavoring agent and as a preservative, and in the pharmaceutical industry as a skin care agent.


Hydroxyacetic Acid is used in various skin-care products.
Hydroxyacetic Acid is widespread in nature.
A glycolate (sometimes spelled "glycollate") is a salt or ester of Hydroxyacetic Acid.


-Applications of Hydroxyacetic Acid:
Today’s drug or household chemical stores offer various types of agents and formulations containing Hydroxyacetic Acid.
Their application is very wide.

Hydroxyacetic acid is a component of:
*concentrates designed for the cleaning of Gres tiles, joints and porous surfaces,
*specialised preparations for washing and sterilizing tanks, cisterns, *production lines or equipment having contact with food,
*liquids used for cleaning public sanitary facilities.


-Skin care uses of Hydroxyacetic Acid:
Dermatologists commonly use Hydroxyacetic Acid for acne treatment and other skin condition.
Hydroxyacetic Acid skin care products are made to safely penetrate skin to exfoliate skin, reduce scarring from acne and reduce wrinkling.



BENEFITS OF HYDROXYACETIC ACID FOR THE SKIN:
Research suggests that Hydroxyacetic Acid may help with the following:

*Acne:
Older research from 1999 examined the effect of a peel containing 70% Hydroxyacetic Acid on 80 females with acne.
The research found that it quickly improved all types of acne, particularly comedonal acne, which occurs when pores become clogged with oil and dead skin cells.

Hydroxyacetic Acid is of note, however, that this strength of Hydroxyacetic Acid is only available as a chemical peel.
Over-the-counter (OTC) Hydroxyacetic Acid products are not this strong.

*UV damage
Exposure to UV light can cause skin damage.
The visible signs of this include:
-sunspots,
-hyperpigmentation,
-wrinkles,

Health experts refer to this as photoaging.
A 2020 study notes that Hydroxyacetic Acid is an effective treatment for sun damage in the skin.
A 2018 paper also reports that Hydroxyacetic Acid has a protective effect against UVB rays, meaning it may help prevent photoaging.


*Lines and wrinkles:
Over time, the skin loses its plumpness and elasticity.
As a result, fine lines and wrinkles can form.
This is a natural process and not necessarily something a person needs to treat.
However, for those who choose to, Hydroxyacetic Acid may help.

According to a 2020 study, Hydroxyacetic Acid:
-increases skin levels of hyaluronic acid, a substance that helps keep the skin moisturized
-stimulates the production of collagen, the main structural protein in the skin
-increases fibroblast and keratinocyte proliferation rates, which help with skin repair and regeneration
-improves quality of elastin, which promotes skin elasticity


*Warts:
Warts are small, hard growths on the skin that occur due to viruses.
An older 2011 study tested the effectiveness of a 15% Hydroxyacetic Acid treatment in 31 HIV-positive children with warts.
The results indicate that the treatment helped flatten and normalize the color of the warts, but Hydroxyacetic Acid only completely cleared them in 10% of the participants.
Other research from 2011 evaluated the effectiveness of a gel containing 15% Hydroxyacetic Acid and 2% salicylic acid in 20 people with warts.
The research found that the gel worked very well.



FUNCTIONS OF HYDROXYACETIC ACID:
*The 70% solution can be used as cleaning agent.
*The 99.5% Crystal can be used in the fine synthesis of medicine.
*Hydroxyacetic Acid is used as ingredient of cosmetics, adhesives, petroleum emulsion splitter, soldering paster and coatings.



CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF HYDROXYACETIC ACID:
Hydroxyacetic Acid, CH20HCOOH, also known as hydroxyacetic acid, is composed of colorless deliquescent leaflets that decompose at approximately 78° C (172 OF).
Hydroxyacetic Acid is soluble in water,alcohol,and ether.
Hydroxyacetic Acid is used in dyeing, tanning, electropolishing,and in foodstuffs.
Hydroxyacetic Acid is produced by oxidizing glycol with dilute nitric acid.



PRODUCTION METHOD OF HYDROXYACETIC ACID:
The contemporary cosmetic and chemical markets would be hard to imagine without substances such as AHAs, including Hydroxyacetic Acid. What is this semi-finished product made of?
For decades, various methods of producing Hydroxyacetic Acid were developed.

Hydroxyacetic Acid can be obtained, for example, by:
A reaction of acetic (chloroacetic) acid derivative with sodium hydroxide (NaOH), which is a strong base.
Obviously, Hydroxyacetic Acid will not be produced immediately.

The production of Hydroxyacetic Acid is only possible if the environment of both reacting ingredients is acidified.
A reaction of formaldehyde with water gas (it is one of the most popular methods of the mass production of Hydroxyacetic Acid; however, the acquisition of the semi-finished product with this method generates a lot of waste).



OTHER TYPES OF HYDROXYACETIC ACID INCLUDE:
*citric acid, which is present in citrus fruits
*malic acid, which is present in apples
*lactic acid, which is present in milk
Of these, Hydroxyacetic Acid has the smallest molecular structure, which likely allows it to penetrate deeper into the skin.



CHEMICAL AND STRUCTURAL FORMULAS OF HYDROXYACETIC ACID:
Hydroxyacetic Acid'structural formula is the following: HOCH2COOH.
The molecular formula of Hydroxyacetic Acid is: C2H4O3.
Both formulas indicate that Hydroxyacetic Acid contains both carboxyl and the hydroxyl groups, which are typical of alpha-hydroxyacids.



OCCURRENCE OF HYDROXYACETIC ACID:
Plants produce Hydroxyacetic Acid during photorespiration.
Hydroxyacetic Acid is recycled by conversion to glycine within the peroxisomes and to tartronic acid semialdehyde within the chloroplasts.



HOW TO RECOGNISE HYDROXYACETIC ACID?
The characteristics of that Hydroxyacetic Acid are as follows: it is a solid having the form of a white or transparent, crystalline, odourless powder.
Hydroxyacetic Acid decomposes at 100°C and melts at 80°C.
It is assumed that Hydroxyacetic Acid has a density of 1.49 g/cm³ at around 25°C.



PROPERTIES OF HYDROXYACETIC ACID:
Hydroxyacetic Acid has the following properties:
*Exfoliative:
As a chemical exfoliant, Hydroxyacetic Acid removes the outermost layer of skin cells and oil by dissolving them.
Unlike mechanical exfoliants, such as face scrubs and brushes, Hydroxyacetic Acid does not require harsh scrubbing.


*Humectant:
Hydroxyacetic Acid is also a humectant, which means it attracts and binds water to skin cells.
Hydroxyacetic Acid does this by increasing the synthesis of glycosaminoglycans, which are molecules that draw water in the skin.


*Antibacterial:
A 2020 study states that, at certain concentrations, Hydroxyacetic Acid can inhibit the growth of bacteria.


*Anti-aging:
Hydroxyacetic Acid can reduce some of the processes that cause visible signs of skin aging.
For example, Hydroxyacetic Acid can reduce sun damage and increase collagen and hyaluronic acid in the skin.
These substances give skin elasticity and structure.



PREPARATION OF HYDROXYACETIC ACID:
Hydroxyacetic Acid can be synthesized in various ways.
The predominant approaches use a catalyzed reaction of formaldehyde with synthesis gas (carbonylation of formaldehyde), for its low cost.

Hydroxyacetic Acid is also prepared by the reaction of chloroacetic acid with sodium hydroxide followed by re-acidification.
Other methods, not noticeably in use, include hydrogenation of oxalic acid, and hydrolysis of the cyanohydrin derived from formaldehyde.

Some of today's Hydroxyacetic Acids are formic acid-free.
Hydroxyacetic Acid can be isolated from natural sources, such as sugarcane, sugar beets, pineapple, cantaloupe and unripe grapes.
Hydroxyacetic Acid can also be prepared using an enzymatic biochemical process that may require less energy.



PROPERTIES OF HYDROXYACETIC ACID:
Hydroxyacetic Acid is slightly stronger than acetic acid due to the electron-withdrawing power of the terminal hydroxyl group.
The carboxylate group can coordinate to metal ions, forming coordination complexes.
Of particular note are the complexes with Pb2+ and Cu2+ which are significantly stronger than complexes with other carboxylic acids.
This indicates that the hydroxyl group is involved in complex formation, possibly with the loss of Hydroxyacetic Acid's proton.



ALTERNATIVE PARENTS OF HYDROXYACETIC ACID:
*Monocarboxylic acids and derivatives
*Carboxylic acids
*Primary alcohols
*Organic oxides
*Hydrocarbon derivatives
*Carbonyl compounds



SUBSTITUENTS OF HYDROXYACETIC ACID:
*Alpha-hydroxy acid
*Monocarboxylic acid or derivatives
*Carboxylic acid
*Carboxylic acid derivative
*Organic oxygen compound
*Organic oxide
*Hydrocarbon derivative
*Primary alcohol
*Organooxygen compound
*Carbonyl group
*Alcohol
*Aliphatic acyclic compound



PREPARATION OF HYDROXYACETIC ACID:
Hydroxyacetic Acid is isolated from natural sources and is inexpensively available.
Hydroxyacetic Acid can be prepared by the reaction of chloroacetic acid with sodium hydroxide followed by re-acidification.
Hydroxyacetic Acid can also be prepared using an enzymatic biochemical process which produces fewer impurities compared to traditional chemical synthesis, requires less energy in production and produces less co-product.



CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF HYDROXYACETIC ACID:
Hydroxyacetic Acid is used as an intermediate in organic synthesis and several reactions, such as oxidation-reduction, esterification, and long chain polymerization.
Hydroxyacetic Acid is used as a monomer in the preparation of Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA).
Hydroxyacetic Acid reacts with lactic acid to form PLGA using ring-opening co-polymerization.
Polyglycolic acid (PGA) is prepared from the monomer Hydroxyacetic Acid using polycondensation or ring-opening polymerization.



THE BENEFITS OF HYDROXYACETIC ACID:
Exfoliates dead skin cells to reveal softer, smoother skin
- Hydroxyacetic Acid works by loosening the binding between dead skin cells, allowing them to slough off.

Reduces acne:
- by encouraging the shedding or peeling of cells on the skin's surface and lining the pores, Hydroxyacetic Acid prevents the formation of clogged pores—it also has antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties.

Stimulates collagen production from within:
- Hydroxyacetic Acid's work on the skin's deeper layers to boost collagen production.
You will notice smooth skin almost immediately however Hydroxyacetic Acid can take a wee bit of time to notice an improvement in those fine lines and wrinkles.



PREPARATION OF HYDROXYACETIC ACID:
There are different preparation methods to synthesize Hydroxyacetic Acid.
However, the most common method is the catalyzed reaction of formaldehyde with synthesis gas, which costs less.
Hydroxyacetic Acid can be produced when chloroacetic acid reacts with sodium hydroxide and then undergoes re-acidification.

Hydroxyacetic Acid can also be synthesized by electrolytic reduction of oxalic acid.
Hydroxyacetic Acid can be separated from natural sources like sugarcane, sugar beets, pineapple, cantaloupe, and unripe grapes.
Hydroxyacetic Acid can be prepared by hydrolyzing the cyanohydrin that is derived from formaldehyde.



CHEMICAL, HYDROXYACETIC ACID:
Hydroxyacetic Acid, due to its OH group, reacts with hydrogen halides, such as hydrogen chloride, to give their respective monohaloacetic acid, in this case chloroacetic acid.
Hydroxyacetic Acid is slightly stronger than acetic acid due to the electron-withdrawing power of the terminal hydroxyl group.

The carboxylate group can coordinate to metal ions forming coordination complexes.
Of particular note are the complexes with Pb2+ and Cu2+ which are significantly stronger than complexes with other carboxylic acids.
This indicates that the hydroxyl group is involved in complex formation, possibly with the loss of its proton.



PHYSICAL, HYDROXYACETIC ACID:
Hydroxyacetic Acid is a colorless solid, very soluble in water.
Hydroxyacetic Acid is odorless.



BENEFITS OF HYDROXYACETIC ACID:
*Hydroxyacetic Acid can reduce the appearance of fine lines, irregular pigmentation, age spots & decreases enlarged pores
*Hydroxyacetic Acid is very useful in exfoliating products as alpha-hydroxy acid peel, or in creams & lotions at a lower concentration for a more gentle acid-based peel
*Hydroxyacetic Acid is widely used to rejuvenate the skin by encouraging the shedding of old surface skin cells



PREPARATION OF HYDROXYACETIC ACID:
Hydroxyacetic Acid is often prepared by the reaction of chloroacetic acid with sodium hydroxide, followed by re-acidification.
Cl-CH2COOH + 2 NaOH → OH-CH2COONa + NaCl + H2O
OH-CH2COONa + HCl → OH-CH2COOH + NaCl

Another route involves the reaction of potassium cyanide with formaldehyde.
The resulting potassium glycolate is treated with acid and purified.
Hydroxyacetic Acid was historically first prepared by treating hippuric acid with nitric acid and nitrogen dioxide.

This forms and ester of benzoic acid and Hydroxyacetic Acid, which is hydrolyzed to glycolic acid by boiling it in sulfuric acid.
Hydrogenation of oxalic acid is another route.
Hydroxyacetic Acid can be isolated from natural sources, such as sugarcane, sugar beets, pineapple, cantaloupe and unripe grapes.



INCORPORATING HYDROXYACETIC ACID INTO YOUR DAILY REGIME
All skin types can tolerate the use of Hydroxyacetic Acid; it’s best suited to acne-prone or oily skin



SCIENTIFIC FACTS OF HYDROXYACETIC ACID:
Hydroxyacetic Acid and Lactic Acid are alpha hydroxy acids (AHAs).
They may be either naturally occurring or synthetic.
They are often found in products intended to improve the overall look and feel of the skin.
Hydroxyacetic Acid is the most widely used of out of the group and is usually manufactured from sugar cane.
Lactic acid, derived primarily from milk and its origins can be traced back to Cleopatra, who purportedly used sour milk on her skin.



WHAT IS HYDROXYACETIC ACID?
Glycolic Acid and Lactic Acid are naturally occuring organic acids also known as Alpha Hydroxy Acids or AHAs.
The salts of Hydroxyacetic Acid (Ammonium Glycolate, Sodium Glycolate), the salts of Lactic Acid (Ammonium Lactate, Calcium Lactate, Potassiu
Lactate, Sodium Lactate, TEA-Lactate) and the esters of Lactic Acid (Methyl Lactate, Ethyl Lactate, Butyl Lactate, Lauryl Lactate, Myristyl Lactate, Cetyl Lactate) may also be used in cosmetics and personal care products.
In cosmetics and personal care products, these ingredients are used in the formulation of moisturizers, cleansing products, and other skin care products, as well as in makeup, shampoos, hair dyes and colors and other hair care products.



PREPARATION OF HYDROXYACETIC ACID:
There are different preparation methods to synthesize Hydroxyacetic Acid.
However, the most common method is the catalyzed reaction of formaldehyde with synthesis gas, which costs less.

Hydroxyacetic Acid can be prepared when chloroacetic acid reacts with sodium hydroxide and undergoes re-acidification. Electrolytic reduction of oxalic acid also could synthesize this compound.
Hydroxyacetic Acid can be separated from natural sources like sugarcane, sugar beets, pineapple, cantaloupe, and unripe grapes.
Hydroxyacetic Acid can be prepared by hydrolyzing the cyanohydrin that is derived from formaldehyde.



BENEFITS OF HYDROXYACETIC ACID:
Hydroxyacetic Acid addresses skin issues by exfoliating dead skin cells that accumulate on the surface of the epidermis and contribute to dull, discolored, and uneven looking skin.



ORGANIC SYNTHESIS OF HYDROXYACETIC ACID:
Hydroxyacetic Acid is a useful intermediate for organic synthesis, in a range of reactions including: oxidation-reduction, esterification and long chain polymerization.
Hydroxyacetic Acid is used as a monomer in the preparation of polyglycolic acid and other biocompatible copolymers (e.g. PLGA).

Commercially, important derivatives include the methyl (CAS# 96-35-5) and ethyl (CAS# 623-50-7) esters which are readily distillable (boiling points 147–149 °C and 158–159 °C, respectively), unlike the parent acid.
The butyl ester (b.p. 178–186 °C) is a component of some varnishes, being desirable because it is nonvolatile and has good dissolving properties.



BENEFITS OF HYDROXYACETIC ACID FOR THE SKIN:
Hydroxyacetic Acid is a substance that chemically exfoliates a person’s skin by dissolving dead skin cells and oils.
Hydroxyacetic Acid may also help boost collagen production, and support skin moisture.

Hydroxyacetic Acid can remove the very top layer of skin cells without the need for scrubbing, which can cause irritation.
Hydroxyacetic Acid is also useful in treatments for acne, hyperpigmentation, and the visible signs of aging.

However, as with all chemical exfoliants, using Hydroxyacetic Acid too frequently, at too high a concentration, or incorrectly can result in skin irritation or damage.



WHAT ELSE DISTINGUISHES HYDROXYACETIC ACID?
The water solubility of Hydroxyacetic Acid is very good and largely depends on the temperature of the liquid: the higher it is, the better the powder will dissolve to form a solution.
Hydroxyacetic Acid can also be dissolved in alcohols: ethanol, methanol or acetone.
Hydroxyacetic Acid reacts with aluminium and oxidants, which may even cause ignition.



OPINIONS OF HYDROXYACETIC ACID:
Contemporary consumers search for proven, high-quality chemicals that bring rapid effects and do not cause allergies.
People are increasingly eager to choose natural Hydroxyacetic Acid and use cosmetics and chemicals which contain that ingredient.
Hydroxyacetic Acid, designed for professional use, is globally recognised as a substitute of many other acids produced artificially.
Industrial plants use C2H4O3, for example, instead of Hydroxyacetic Acid which, once used, turns into highly poisonous and hazardous waste.



WHY IS HYDROXYACETIC ACID INCREASINGLY POPULAR?
Hydroxyacetic Acid's effects can be noticed within a few days.
With that Hydroxyacetic Acid, the epidermis regenerates faster and recovers its natural colour and flexibility.
Hydroxyacetic Acid can also be used against discolouration, inflammatory conditions and scars.
Amongst cosmetic ingredients, we can find it under the INCI name Hydroxyacetic Acid.



HISTORY OF HYDROXYACETIC ACID:
The name "Hydroxyacetic Acid" was coined in 1848 by French chemist Auguste Laurent (1807–1853).
He proposed that the amino acid glycine—which was then called glycocolle—might be the amine of a hypothetical acid, which he called "Hydroxyacetic Acid" (acide glycolique).

Hydroxyacetic Acid was first prepared in 1851 by German chemist Adolph Strecker (1822–1871) and Russian chemist Nikolai Nikolaevich Sokolov (1826–1877).
They produced it by treating hippuric acid with nitric acid and nitrogen dioxide to form an ester of benzoic acid and Hydroxyacetic Acid (C6H5C(=O)OCH2COOH), which they called "benzoglycolic acid" (Benzoglykolsäure; also benzoyl glycolic acid).
They boiled the ester for days with dilute sulfuric acid, thereby obtaining benzoic acid and Hydroxyacetic Acid (Glykolsäure).



HYDROXYACETIC ACID VS. INORGANIC ACIDS:
Hydroxyacetic Acid has been replacing mineral acids in multiple applications to avoid the high corrosivity and toxicity of strong inorganic acids.
Hydroxyacetic Acid is commonly used in concrete and masonry cleaners, replacing the long hydrochloric history in this application.
The high penetration and limited damage to the metal surfaces and truck beds make Hydroxyacetic Acid a better option than mineral acids in such applications.



HYDROXYACETIC ACID VS. ORGANIC ACIDS:
Hydroxyacetic Acid has the smallest molecule of the Alpha Hydroxy Acids (AHA) family, so it offers deeper penetration and works faster than other organic acids, including lactic, citric, and maleic acids.

Hydroxyacetic Acid is also preferred over many Beta Hydroxy Acids (BHA) as it provides improved skin moisturization and reduces the visible signs of sun damage and aging wrinkles.
Hydroxyacetic Acid is an excellent choice to replace citric, formic, and acetic acids in industrial applications due to its rapid descaling efficacy combined with superior chelation performance.



CHEMISTRY PROFILE OF HYDROXYACETIC ACID:
Hydroxyacetic Acid is a green acid that is readily biodegradable, VOC-free, and less corrosive than inorganic acids and many other organic acids.



BIODEGRADABLE HYDROXYACETIC ACID: OPINIONS AND BENEFITS:
Many manufacturers believe that powdered Hydroxyacetic Acid, derived from natural sources, is an excellent alternative to aggressive chemicals.
Hydroxyacetic Acid has a very broad range of application; when used in appropriate proportions and conditions, it is not harmful to humans or the environment.

In addition, biodegradable Hydroxyacetic Acid for the face, or a cleaning fluid containing that ingredient, do not increase the amount of toxic waste.
They are only made of raw materials of natural origin, which quickly decompose under the influence of micro-organisms.
Vegetable waste remaining after production can be converted, for example, into compost without occupying any additional space for landfills.



PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of HYDROXYACETIC ACID:
Molecular Weight: 76.05 g/mol
XLogP3: -1.1
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 2
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 3
Rotatable Bond Count: 1
Exact Mass: 76.016043985 g/mol
Monoisotopic Mass: 76.016043985 g/mol
Topological Polar Surface Area: 57.5Ų
Heavy Atom Count: 5
Formal Charge: 0
Complexity: 40.2
Isotope Atom Count: 0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0

Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 1
Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes
Boiling point: 112 °C (1013 hPa)
Density: 1.26 g/cm3 (20 °C)
Melting Point: 10 °C
pH value: 0.5 (700 g/l, H₂O, 20 °C)
Vapor pressure: 27.5 hPa (25 °C)
Color: colorless liquid
Assay (acidimetric): 69.0 - 74.0 %
Density: (d 20 °C/ 4 °C) 1.260 - 1.280
Heavy metals (as Pb): ≤ 3 ppm
Refractive index (n 20°/D): 1.410 - 1.415
pH-value: 0.0 - 1.0

Chemical formula: C2H4O3
Molar mass: 76.05 g/mol
Appearance: White powder or colorless crystals
Density: 1.49 g/cm3
Melting point: 75 °C (167 °F; 348 K)
Boiling point: Decomposes
Solubility in water: 70% solution
Solubility in other solvents: Alcohols, acetone,
acetic acid and ethyl acetate
log P: −1.05
Acidity (pKa): 3.83

Physical state: liquid
Color: No data available
Odor: No data available
Melting point/freezing point:
Melting point/range: 10 °C
Initial boiling point and boiling range 112 °C
Flammability (solid, gas): No data available
Upper/lower flammability or explosive limits: No data available
Flash point: No data available
Autoignition temperature: No data available
Decomposition temperature: No data available
pH: No data available

Viscosity
Viscosity, kinematic: No data available
Viscosity, dynamic: No data available
Water solubility: No data available
Partition coefficient: n-octanol/water: No data available
Vapor pressure: No data available
Density: 1,25 g/mL at 25 °C
Relative density: No data available
Relative vapor density: No data available
Particle characteristics: No data available
Explosive properties: Not classified as explosive.
Oxidizing properties: none

Other safety information: No data available
Product name: Glycolic Acid
Other name: Hydroxyacetic Acid
EINECS: 201-180-5
Boiling Point: 112 °C
Purity: 99% White crystal; 70% Yellowish solution
Sample: Free
CAS number: 79-14-1
EC number: 201-180-5
Hill Formula: C₂H₄O₃
Chemical formula: HOCH₂COOH
Molar Mass: 76.05 g/mol

HS Code: 2918 19 98
Boiling point: 100 °C (decomposition)
Density: 1.49 g/cm3 (25 °C)
Flash point: >300 °C (decomposition)
Melting Point: 78 - 80 °C
pH value: 2 (50 g/l, H₂O, 20 °C)
Vapor pressure: 0.00093 hPa (25 °C)
Bulk density: 600 kg/m3
Melting point: 75-80 °C (lit.)
Boiling point: 112 °C
Density: 1.25 g/mL at 25 °C
vapor pressure: 10.8 hPa (80 °C)

refractive index: n20/D 1.424
Flash point: 112°C
storage temp.: Store below +30°C.
solubility: H2O: 0.1 g/mL, clear
pka: 3.83(at 25℃)
form: Solution
color: White to off-white
PH: 2 (50g/l, H2O, 20℃)
Odor: at 100.00 %. odorless very mild buttery
Odor Type: buttery
Viscosity: 6.149mm2/s

Water Solubility: SOLUBLE
Sensitive: Hygroscopic
Merck: 14,4498
BRN: 1209322
Stability: Stable.
Incompatible with bases, oxidizing agents and reducing agents.
InChIKey: AEMRFAOFKBGASW-UHFFFAOYSA-N
LogP: -1.07 at 20℃
Indirect Additives used in Food Contact Substances: GLYCOLIC ACID
FDA 21 CFR: 175.105
CAS DataBase Reference: 79-14-1(CAS DataBase Reference)
EWG's Food Scores: 1-4
NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms: glycolic acid
FDA UNII: 0WT12SX38S
NIST Chemistry Reference: Acetic acid, hydroxy-(79-14-1)

EPA Substance Registry System: Glycolic acid (79-14-1)
Pesticides Freedom of Information Act (FOIA): Glycolic Acid
Melting Point: 10.0°C
Boiling Point: 113.0°C
Color: Yellow
Linear Formula: CH2OHCOOH
Formula Weight: 76.04
Percent Purity: 70%
Density: 1.2700 g/mL
Physical Form: Solution
Specific Gravity: 1.27
Chemical Name or Material: Glycolic acid, 70% in water

Chemical Formula: C2H4O3
Weight: Average: 76.0514
Monoisotopic: 76.016043994
InChI Key: AEMRFAOFKBGASW-UHFFFAOYSA-N
InChI: InChI=1S/C2H4O3/c3-1-2(4)5/h3H,1H2,(H,4,5)
CAS number: 79-14-1
IUPAC Name: 2-hydroxyacetic acid
Traditional IUPAC Name: glycolic acid
SMILES: OCC(O)=O
Water Solubility: 608 g/L
logP: -1
logP: -1
logS: 0.9

pKa (Strongest Acidic): 3.53
pKa (Strongest Basic): -3.6
Physiological Charge: -1
Hydrogen Acceptor Count: 3
Hydrogen Donor Count: 2
Polar Surface Area: 57.53 Ų
Rotatable Bond Count: 1
Refractivity: 14.35 m³•mol⁻¹
Polarizability: 6.2 ų
Number of Rings: 0
Bioavailability: 1
Rule of Five: Yes
Ghose Filter: Yes
Veber's Rule: Yes
MDDR-like Rule: Yes



FIRST AID MEASURES of HYDROXYACETIC ACID:
-Description of first-aid measures:
*General advice:
First aiders need to protect themselves.
Show this material safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
*If inhaled:
After inhalation:
Fresh air.
Call in physician.
*In case of skin contact:
Take off immediately all contaminated clothing.
Rinse skin with water/ shower.
Call a physician immediately.
*In case of eye contact:
After eye contact:
Rinse out with plenty of water.
Immediately call in ophthalmologist.
Remove contact lenses.
*If swallowed:
After swallowing:
Make victim drink water (two glasses at most).
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed:
No data available



ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of HYDROXYACETIC ACID:
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Cover drains.
Collect, bind, and pump off spills.
Observe possible material restrictions.
Take up with liquid-absorbent material.
Dispose of properly.
Clean up affected area.



FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of HYDROXYACETIC ACID:
-Extinguishing media:
*Unsuitable extinguishing media:
For this substance/mixture no limitations of extinguishing agents are given.
-Further information:
Prevent fire extinguishing water from contaminating surface water or the ground water system.



EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of HYDROXYACETIC ACID:
-Control parameters:
--Ingredients with workplace control parameters:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use equipment for eye protection.
Tightly fitting safety goggles
*Skin protection:
required
*Body Protection:
protective clothing
*Respiratory protection:
Recommended Filter type: Filter type ABEK
-Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.



HANDLING and STORAGE of HYDROXYACETIC ACID:
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
*Storage conditions:
Tightly closed.
*Storage class:
Storage class (TRGS 510): 8B:
Non-combustible



STABILITY and REACTIVITY of HYDROXYACETIC ACID:
-Reactivity:
No data available
-Chemical stability:
The product is chemically stable under standard ambient conditions (room temperature) .
-Possibility of hazardous reactions:
No data available
-Conditions to avoid:
no information available

Hydroxyacetic acid (or Glycolic acid; chemical formula HOCH2CO2H) is a odorless and hygroscopic crystalline solid, highly soluble in water.
Hydroxyacetic acid is a colorless, deliquescent crystals that occur naturally as a component in sugarcane.
Hydroxyacetic acid is the smallest alpha-hydroxy acid (AHA).

CAS Number: 79-14-1
Molecular Formula: C2H4O3
Molecular Weight: 76.05
EINECS Number: 201-180-5

Hydroxyacetic acid is used in various skin-care products.
Hydroxyacetic acid is widespread in nature.
A glycolate (sometimes spelled "glycollate") is a salt or ester of Hydroxyacetic acid.

Hydroxyacetic acid is mainly supplemented to various skin-care products to improve the skin’s appearance and texture.
Hydroxyacetic acid can also reduce wrinkles, acne scarring, and hyperpigmentation.
In textile industry, it can be used as a dyeing and tanning agent.

Hydroxyacetic acid can also be used as a flavoring agent in food processing, and as a skin care agent in the pharmaceutical industry.
Hydroxyacetic acid can also be added into emulsion polymers, solvents and ink additives to improve flow properties and impart gloss.
Moreover, Hydroxyacetic acid is a useful intermediate for organic synthesis including oxidative-reduction, esterification and long chain polymerization.

Hydroxyacetic acid, CH20HCOOH, is composed of colorless deliquescent leaflets that decompose at approximately 78° C (172 OF).
Hydroxyacetic acid is soluble in water,alcohol,and ether.
Hydroxyacetic acid is used in dyeing, tanning, electropolishing,and in foodstuffs.

Hydroxyacetic acid is produced by oxidizing glycol with dilute nitric acid.
Hydroxyacetic acid, or glycolic acid, is a weak acid.
Hydroxyacetic acid is sold commercially as a 70% solution.

Hydroxyacetic acid is used in processing and dyeing textiles and Leather.
Hydroxyacetic acid is also used for cleaning, polishing, and soldering metals.
Hydroxyacetic acid is a colorless, odourless, and hygroscopic crystalline solid with the chemical formula C2H4O3.

Hydroxyacetic acid is also known as 2-hydroxyethanoic acid, and its IUPAC name is hydroxyacetic acid.
Hydroxyacetic acid is a 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid where the methyl group has been hydroxylated.
Hydroxyacetic acid is an alpha hydroxy acid that has antibacterial, antioxidant, keratolytic, and anti-inflammatory properties.

Hydroxyacetic acid is functionally related to acetic acid and is slightly stronger than it.
The salts or esters of Hydroxyacetic acid are called glycolates.
Hydroxyacetic acid is widespread in nature and can be separated from natural sources like sugarcane, sugar beets, pineapple, cantaloupe, and unripe grapes.

Hydroxyacetic acid is widely used in the skincare and cosmetic industry due to its ability to exfoliate the skin, promote skin cell turnover, and improve the overall texture and appearance of the skin.
Hydroxyacetic acid works by breaking down the bonds between dead skin cells on the surface of the skin, allowing them to be sloughed off more easily.
This process can help with various skin concerns, including acne, fine lines and wrinkles, hyperpigmentation, and uneven skin tone.

Hydroxyacetic acid, also known as 2-hydroxyacetate or glycolate, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as alpha hydroxy acids and derivatives.
These are organic compounds containing a carboxylic acid substituted with a hydroxyl group on the adjacent carbon.
Hydroxyacetic acid is an extremely weak basic (essentially neutral) compound (based on its pKa).

Hydroxyacetic acid exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans.
In humans, Hydroxyacetic acid is involved in rosiglitazone metabolism pathway.
Outside of the human body, Hydroxyacetic acid has been detected, but not quantified in, several different foods, such as sourdocks, pineappple sages, celeriacs, cloves, and feijoa.

This could make Hydroxyacetic acid a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods.
Once applied, Hydroxyacetic acid reacts with the upper layer of the epidermis, weakening the binding properties of the lipids that hold the dead skin cells together.
Hydroxyacetic acid is a potentially toxic compound.

Hydroxyacetic acid, with regard to humans, has been found to be associated with several diseases such as transurethral resection of the prostate and biliary atresia; Hydroxyacetic acid has also been linked to several inborn metabolic disorders including glutaric acidemia type 2, Hydroxyacetic aciduria, and d-2-hydroxyglutaric aciduria.
Glycolic and oxalic acid, along with excess lactic acid, are responsible for the anion gap metabolic acidosis.

Hydroxyacetic acid is slightly stronger than acetic acid due to the electron-withdrawing power of the terminal hydroxyl group.
The carboxylate group can coordinate to metal ions forming coordination complexes.
Of particular note are the complexes with Pb2+ and Cu2+ which are significantly stronger than complexes with other carboxylic acids.

This indicates that the hydroxyl group is involved in complex formation, possibly with the loss of its proton.
Hydroxyacetic acid addresses skin issues by exfoliating dead skin cells that accumulate on the surface of the epidermis and contribute to dull, discolored, and uneven looking skin.
Common side effects of Hydroxyacetic acid include dry skin, erythema (skin redness), burning sensation, itching, skin irritation, and skin rash.

Hydroxyacetic acid can make the skin more sensitive in the sunlight, hence always use sunscreen and protective clothing before you step outdoors.
Plants produce Hydroxyacetic acid during photorespiration.
Hydroxyacetic acid is recycled by conversion to glycine within the peroxisomes and to tartronic acid semialdehyde within the chloroplasts.

Hydroxyacetic acid (or hydroxyacetic acid) is the smallest alpha-hydroxy acid (AHA).
This colourless, odourless, and hygroscopic crystalline solid is highly soluble in water.
Due to its excellent capability to penetrate skin, Hydroxyacetic acid is often used in skin care products, most often as a chemical peel.

Hydroxyacetic acid may reduce wrinkles, acne scarring, and hyperpigmentation and improve many other skin conditions, including actinic keratosis, hyperkeratosis, and seborrheic keratosis.
Once applied, Hydroxyacetic acid reacts with the upper layer of the epidermis, weakening the binding properties of the lipids that hold the dead skin cells together.
This allows the outer skin to dissolve, revealing the underlying skin.

Hydroxyacetic acid is thought that this is due to the reduction of calcium ion concentrations in the epidermis and the removal of calcium ions from cell adhesions, leading to desquamation.
Hydroxyacetic acid is a known inhibitor of tyrosinase.
This can suppress melanin formation and lead to a lightening of skin colour.

Acute doses of Hydroxyacetic acid on skin or eyes leads to local effects that are typical of a strong acid (e.g. dermal and eye irritation).
Glycolate is a nephrotoxin if consumed orally.
A nephrotoxin is a compound that causes damage to the kidney and kidney tissues.

Hydroxyacetic acid's renal toxicity is due to its metabolism to oxalic acid.
Glycolic and oxalic acid, along with excess lactic acid, are responsible for the anion gap metabolic acidosis.
Oxalic acid readily precipitates with calcium to form insoluble calcium oxalate crystals.

Renal tissue injury is caused by widespread deposition of oxalate crystals and the toxic effects of Hydroxyacetic acid.
Hydroxyacetic acid does exhibit some inhalation toxicity and can cause respiratory, thymus, and liver damage if present in very high levels over long periods of time.
Hydroxyacetic acid is used in the textile industry as a dyeing and tanning agent in food processing as a flavoring agent and as a preservative, and in the pharmaceutical industry as a skin care agent.

Hydroxyacetic acid is also used in adhesives and plastics.
Hydroxyacetic acid is often included in emulsion polymers, solvents and additives for ink and paint in order to improve flow properties and impart gloss.
Hydroxyacetic acid is used in surface treatment products that increase the coefficient of friction on tile flooring.

Hydroxyacetic acid is the active ingredient in the household cleaning liquid.
Due to its capability to penetrate skin, Hydroxyacetic acid finds applications in skin care products, most often as a chemical peel.
Physician-strength peels can have a pH as low as 0.6 (strong enough to completely keratolyze the epidermis), while acidities for home peels can be as low as 2.5.

Once applied, Hydroxyacetic acid reacts with the upper layer of the epidermis, weakening the binding properties of the lipids that hold the dead skin cells together.
This allows the stratum corneum to be exfoliated, exposing live skin cells.
Hydroxyacetic acid is a useful intermediate for organic synthesis, in a range of reactions including: oxidation-reduction, esterification and long chain polymerization.

Hydroxyacetic acid is used as a monomer in the preparation of polyHydroxyacetic acid and other biocompatible copolymers (e.g. PLGA).
Commercially, important derivatives include the methyl and ethyl esters which are readily distillable (boiling points 147–149 °C and 158–159 °C, respectively), unlike the parent acid.
The butyl ester (b.p. 178–186 °C) is a component of some varnishes, being desirable because it is nonvolatile and has good dissolving properties.

Many plants make Hydroxyacetic acid during photorespiration.
Hydroxyacetic acids role consumes significant amounts of energy.
In 2017 researchers announced a process that employs a novel protein to reduce energy consumption/loss and prevent plants from releasing harmful ammonia.

The process converts glycolate into glycerate without using the conventional BASS6 and PLGG1 route.
Hydroxyacetic acid is a water-soluble alpha hydroxy acid (AHA) that is derived from sugar cane.
Hydroxyacetic acid is one of the most well-known and widely used alphahydroxy acids in the skincare industry.

Other alpha-hydroxy acids include lactic acid, malic acid, tartaric acid, and citric acid.
Hydroxyacetic acid has the smallest sized molecules of all the alpha-hydroxy acids Because of these super tiny molecules, Hydroxyacetic acid can easily penetrate the skin.
This allows Hydroxyacetic acid to exfoliate the skin more effectively than other AHAs.

Hydroxyacetic acid works by speeding up cell turnover It helps dissolve the bonds that hold skin cells together, allowing dead skin cells to slough off more rapidly than they would on their own.
Hydroxyacetic acid also stimulates your skin to create more collagen.
Collagen is the protein that gives skin its firmness, plumpness, and elasticity.

Hydroxyacetic acid is an incredibly popular treatment because of the many benefits it has for the skin.
Hydroxyacetic acid has effective skin-renewing properties, so it is often used in anti-aging products.
Hydroxyacetic acid can help smooth fine wrinkles and improve the skin's tone and texture.

Hydroxyacetic acid plumps the skin and helps boost hydration levels.
Hydroxyacetic acid provides far greater solubility than silicafluorides or hydrofluosilicic acid.
Electrochemical Energy Systems permits higher concentrations of acid in solution than citric acid for greater neutralizing efficiency while avoiding salting or rust discoloration problems.

Hydroxyacetic acid reaches a final pH of 5-6 more quickly than silicafluorides, especially at lower wash temperatures.
High solubility means a lower possibility of damaged fabric—even if it’s ironed while wet.
Hydroxyacetic acid liquid doesn’t cake in storage and measures easily out of automatic dispensing equipment.

Hydroxyacetic acid fulfills many roles across a wide range of industries, thanks to its low odor and toxicity, biodegradability, phosphate-free composition, and ability to chelate metal salts.
A glycolate or glycollate is a salt or ester of Hydroxyacetic acid.
(C6H5C(=O)OCH2COOH), which they called "benzoHydroxyacetic acid" (Benzoglykolsäure; also benzoyl Hydroxyacetic acid).

They boiled the ester for days with dilute sulfuric acid, thereby obtaining benzoic acid and Hydroxyacetic acid.
Hydroxyacetic acid can be synthesized in various ways. The predominant approaches use a catalyzed reaction of formaldehyde with synthesis gas (carbonylation of formaldehyde), for its low cost.
Hydroxyacetic acid is also prepared by the reaction of chloroacetic acid with sodium hydroxide followed by re-acidification.

Other methods, not noticeably in use, include hydrogenation of oxalic acid, and hydrolysis of the cyanohydrin derived from formaldehyde.
Some of today's Hydroxyacetic acids are formic acid-free.
Hydroxyacetic acid can be isolated from natural sources, such as sugarcane, sugar beets, pineapple, cantaloupe and unripe grapes.

Hydroxyacetic acid is a simple organic compound with a hydroxyl group (-OH) and a carboxylic acid group (-COOH) on adjacent carbon atoms in its chemical structure.
This gives it its acidic properties.
Hydroxyacetic acid is known for its exfoliating properties.

Hydroxyacetic acid penetrates the skin effectively due to its small molecular size, helping to remove dead skin cells and debris from the surface.
This can lead to a smoother, brighter complexion.
The use of Hydroxyacetic acid in skincare products is associated with several benefits, including reducing the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles, improving skin texture, minimizing the appearance of pores, and fading hyperpigmentation and acne scars.

Hydroxyacetic acid can be used as part of an acne treatment regimen.
Hydroxyacetic acid helps to unclog pores, reduce the formation of comedones (blackheads and whiteheads), and promote the shedding of dead skin cells that can contribute to acne.
Dermatologists often use Hydroxyacetic acid in chemical peels, which are cosmetic procedures designed to improve the skin's appearance.

When using products containing Hydroxyacetic acid, it's important to use sunscreen regularly because Hydroxyacetic acid can increase skin sensitivity to the sun.
Sun protection helps prevent sunburn and further skin damage.
Hydroxyacetic acid can be found in a range of skincare products, including cleansers, toners, serums, and creams.

The concentration of Hydroxyacetic acid in these products can vary, with higher concentrations generally being available in professional treatments.
While Hydroxyacetic acid can benefit many skin types, it may not be suitable for everyone, especially those with very sensitive or reactive skin.

Hydroxyacetic acid's essential to patch test and gradually introduce products containing Hydroxyacetic acid into your skincare routine to monitor how your skin responds.
Hydroxyacetic acid's advisable to consult with a dermatologist or skincare professional.

Melting point: 75-80 °C (lit.)
Boiling point: 112 °C
Density: 1.25 g/mL at 25 °C
vapor pressure: 10.8 hPa (80 °C)
refractive index: n20/D 1.424
Flash point: 112°C
storage temp.: Store below +30°C.
solubility: H2O: 0.1 g/mL, clear
pka: 3.83(at 25℃)
form: Solution
color: White to off-white
PH: 2 (50g/l, H2O, 20℃)
Odor: at 100.00 %. odorless very mild buttery
Odor Type: buttery
Viscosity: 6.149mm2/s
Water Solubility: SOLUBLE
Sensitive: Hygroscopic
Merck: 14,4498
BRN: 1209322
Stability: Stable. Incompatible with bases, oxidizing agents and reducing agents.
InChIKey: AEMRFAOFKBGASW-UHFFFAOYSA-N
LogP: -1.07 at 20℃
Indirect Additives used in Food Contact Substances: Hydroxyacetic acid
FDA 21 CFR: 175.105

Hydroxyacetic acid can be synthesized in various ways.
The predominant approaches use a catalyzed reaction of formaldehyde with synthesis gas (carbonylation of formaldehyde), for its low cost.
Hydroxyacetic acid is also prepared by the reaction of chloroacetic acid with sodium hydroxide followed by re-acidification.

Other methods, not noticeably in use, include hydrogenation of oxalic acid, and hydrolysis of the cyanohydrin derived from formaldehyde.
Some of today's Hydroxyacetic acids are formic acid-free.
Hydroxyacetic acid can be isolated from natural sources, such as sugarcane, sugar beets, pineapple, cantaloupe and unripe grapes.

Hydroxyacetic acid can also be prepared using an enzymatic biochemical process that may require less energy.
For stronger treatments, Hydroxyacetic acid is also utilized in chemical peels available at the salon or dermatologist's office.
Light duty Hydroxyacetic acid peels up to 30% strength can be done by an esthetician at the salon or skin spa.

Stronger peels of up to 70% can be had at the dermatology office.
Skincare products contain other thoughtfully chosen ingredients to give a specific end result.
The Hydroxyacetic acid treatment you choose depends a lot on skin type and what end goals are.

Using low concentrations of Hydroxyacetic acid over long periods of time creates a cumulative effect; skin will look better the longer use.
For treating specific skin issues like noticeable sun damage, dark spots or acne marks, and deeper lines and wrinkles, or for marked improvement of the skin quickly, a professional peel is a good option.
But because peels deliver a higher percentage of Hydroxyacetic acid than daily use products they will be more irritating and have a greater chance of side effects.

When choosing any Hydroxyacetic acid treatment, the percentage of Hydroxyacetic acid is just one factor.
A more acidic product will deliver a stronger and more effective treatment than a less acidic product, regardless of the percentage of Hydroxyacetic acid.
So a product containing a low percentage of Hydroxyacetic acid but with a lower (i.e. more acidic) pH will be more effective than a high percentage but low acidity product.

Unfortunately, the vast majority of skincare products simply list the percentage of Hydroxyacetic acid used.
They are not required to list the pH, so it can make it difficult to compare products apples-to-apples.
Hydroxyacetic acid OTC products and professional peels have been around a long time and have a safe and effective track record.

Most skin types can use them without much trouble.
These aren't quite as irritating as leaveon Hydroxyacetic acid treatments and allow your skin to build up a tolerance without (hopefully) too much irritation.
While Hydroxyacetic acid is a wonderful skincare ingredient.

Hydroxyacetic acid is an Alpha Hydroxy Acid (AHA).
The word acid might scare, but Hydroxyacetic acid usually comes in lower concentrations for at-home use.

It works as an exfoliant to turn over dead skin cells and reveal new skin cells.
It’s also one of the smallest AHAs, meaning that it can penetrate deeply to give the best results.

Hydroxyacetic acid can be used in a skincare routine: as a face wash, as a toner, and as a mask.
Hydroxyacetic acid is the smallest α-hydroxy acid (AHA).
This colorless, odorless, and hygroscopic crystalline solid is highly soluble in water.

Hydroxyacetic acid is found in some sugar-crops.
Hydroxyacetic acid is one of the most well-known and widely used alpha-hydroxy acids in the skincare industry.
Hydroxyacetic acid is slightly stronger than acetic acid due to the electron-withdrawing power of the terminal hydroxyl group.

The carboxylate group can coordinate to metal ions forming coordination complexes.
Of particular note are the complexes with Pb2+ and Cu2+ which are significantly stronger than complexes with other carboxylic acids.
This indicates that the hydroxyl group is involved in complex formation, possibly with the loss of its proton.

Hydroxyacetic acid enhances cleaning and descaling processes in oil field and petroleum refining applications.
This acid also provides metal complexing in a biodegradable form without adding undesirable biological or chemical oxygen demand to formulated products.

Hydroxyacetic acid's slower reactivity compared to mineral acids helps with acid finishing during well completion.
Desalting crude oil, well acidizing, and synthetic drilling mud also rely on Hydroxyacetic acid.

Hydroxyacetic acid products for home use typically have lower concentrations (usually ranging from 5% to 20%), while professional treatments may use higher concentrations (up to 70% or more).
Professional treatments are performed by dermatologists or licensed skincare professionals.
When incorporating Hydroxyacetic acid into your skincare routine, it's important to start slowly and gradually increase usage to allow the skin to acclimate.

While Hydroxyacetic acid can be highly effective, it can also cause side effects, especially if used incorrectly or at high concentrations.
Potential side effects include redness, irritation, peeling, and dryness.
These side effects are usually temporary and can be minimized by following product instructions and using moisturizers as needed.

Hydroxyacetic acid is often combined with other skincare ingredients such as hyaluronic acid, antioxidants, and peptides to enhance its benefits and minimize potential irritation.
These combinations can be found in various skincare products to address specific skin concerns.
The pH level of Hydroxyacetic acid products is an important factor in their effectiveness.

Lower pH levels (more acidic) can enhance the exfoliating properties of Hydroxyacetic acid.
Many Hydroxyacetic acid products are formulated at an optimal pH to maximize their exfoliating effects.
Hydroxyacetic acid is often included in anti-aging skincare routines because it can help stimulate collagen production in the skin, leading to improved elasticity and a reduction in the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles over time.

Individuals with certain skin conditions, such as eczema, rosacea, or open wounds, should exercise caution when using Hydroxyacetic acid products, as it can exacerbate these conditions.
Hydroxyacetic acid's advisable to consult with a healthcare professional before use in such cases.
Before using any new skincare product containing Hydroxyacetic acid, it's a good practice to perform a patch test.

Apply a small amount of the product to a discreet area of skin (like the inner forearm) and wait to see if any adverse reactions occur before applying it to face or a larger skin area.
Results may not be immediate, and it may take several weeks to notice significant changes.

History Of Hydroxyacetic acid:
The name "Hydroxyacetic acid" was coined in 1848 by French chemist Auguste Laurent (1807–1853).
He proposed that the amino acid glycine—which was then called glycocolle—might be the amine of a hypothetical acid, which he called "Hydroxyacetic acid" (acide glycolique).

Hydroxyacetic acid was first prepared in 1851 by German chemist Adolph Strecker (1822–1871) and Russian chemist Nikolai Nikolaevich Sokolov (1826–1877).
They produced it by treating hippuric acid with nitric acid and nitrogen dioxide to form an ester of benzoic acid and Hydroxyacetic acid (C6H5C(=O)OCH2COOH), which they called "benzoHydroxyacetic acid" (Benzoglykolsäure; also benzoyl Hydroxyacetic acid).
They boiled the ester for days with dilute sulfuric acid, thereby obtaining benzoic acid and Hydroxyacetic acid (Glykolsäure).

Uses
Hydroxyacetic acid is used in the textile industry as a dyeing and tanning agent.
In the processing of textiles, leather, and metals; in pH control, and wherever a cheap organic acid is needed, e.g. in the manufacture of adhesives, in copper brightening, decontamination cleaning, dyeing, electroplating, in pickling, cleaning and chemical milling of metals.

Hydroxyacetic acid is used as an intermediate in organic synthesis and several reactions, such as oxidation-reduction, esterification, and long chain polymerization.
Hydroxyacetic acid is used as a monomer in the preparation of Poly(lactic-co-Hydroxyacetic acid) (PLGA).
Hydroxyacetic acid reacts with lactic acid to form PLGA using ring-opening co-polymerization.,

PolyHydroxyacetic acid (PGA) is prepared from the monomer Hydroxyacetic acid using polycondensation or ring-opening polymerization.
Hydroxyacetic acid is widely used in skin care products as an exfoliant and keratolytic.
Hydroxyacetic acid is used in the textile industry as a dyeing and tanning agent.

Hydroxyacetic acid is used in the processing of textiles, leather, and metals.
Hydroxyacetic acid is used as an intermediate in organic synthesis and several reactions, such as oxidation-reduction, esterification, and long chain polymerization.
Hydroxyacetic acid reduces corenocyte cohesion and corneum layer thickening where an excess buildup of dead skin cells can be associated with many common skin problems, such as acne, dry and severely dry skin, and wrinkles.

Hydroxyacetic acid acts by dissolving the internal cellular cement responsible for abnormal keratinization, facilitating the sloughing of dead skin cells.
Hydroxyacetic acid also improves skin hydration by enhancing moisture uptake as well as increasing the skin’s ability to bind water.
This occurs in the cellular cement through an activation of Hydroxyacetic acid and the skin’s own hyaluronic acid content.

Hyaluronic acid is known to retain an impressive amount of moisture and this capacity is enhanced by Hydroxyacetic acid.
As a result, the skin’s own ability to raise its moisture content is increased.
Hydroxyacetic acid is the simplest alpha hydroxyacid (AHA).

Hydroxyacetic acid is also the AHA that scientists and formulators believe has greater penetration potential largely due to its smaller molecular weight.
Hydroxyacetic acid is mildly irritating to the skin and mucous membranes if the formulation contains a high Hydroxyacetic acid concentration and/ or a low pH.
Hydroxyacetic acid proves beneficial for acne-prone skin as it helps keep pores clear of excess keratinocytes.

Hydroxyacetic acid is also used for diminishing the signs of age spots, as well as actinic keratosis.
However, Hydroxyacetic acid is most popularly employed in anti-aging cosmetics because of its hydrating, moisturizing, and skin-normalizing abilities, leading to a reduction in the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles.
Regardless of the G skin type, Hydroxyacetic acid use is associated with softer, smoother, healthier, and younger looking skin.

Hydroxyacetic acid is naturally found in sugarcane but synthetic versions are most often used in cosmetic formulations.
Hydroxyacetic acid is a useful intermediate for organic synthesis, in a range of reactions including: oxidation-reduction, esterification and long chain polymerization.
Hydroxyacetic acid is used as a monomer in the preparation of polyHydroxyacetic acid and other biocompatible copolymers (e.g. PLGA).

Commercially, important derivatives include the methyl and ethyl esters which are readily distillable (boiling points 147–149 °C and 158–159 °C, respectively), unlike the parent acid.
The butyl ester is a component of some varnishes, being desirable because it is nonvolatile and has good dissolving properties.
Hydroxyacetic acid can be used with hydrochloric or sulfamic acids to prevent iron precipitation in cleaning operations or water flooding.

Hydroxyacetic acid also effectively eliminates harmful deposits while minimizing corrosion damage to steel or copper systems.
Hydroxyacetic acid reacts more slowly and thus penetrates more deeply into formations before fully reacting.
That characteristic leads to enhanced worm holing, because Hydroxyacetic acid dissolves the equivalent amount of calcium carbonate (CaCO₃) as hydrochloric acid without the resulting corrosion.

One of the primary uses of Hydroxyacetic acid in skincare is as an exfoliant.
Hydroxyacetic acid helps remove dead skin cells from the surface of the skin, resulting in a smoother and more radiant complexion.
Hydroxyacetic acid is used to treat acne by unclogging pores, reducing the formation of comedones (blackheads and whiteheads), and promoting the shedding of dead skin cells that can contribute to acne.

Hydroxyacetic acid is commonly used in anti-aging products to stimulate collagen production, which can improve skin elasticity and reduce the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles.
Hydroxyacetic acid can help fade dark spots, sunspots, and post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation by promoting even skin tone.
Hydroxyacetic acid can improve skin texture, making it feel smoother and look more youthful.

Hydroxyacetic acid can minimize the appearance of enlarged pores.
Hydroxyacetic acid is used in chemical peels, both at home and in dermatologist's offices or skincare clinics.
Chemical peels with Hydroxyacetic acid can be tailored to address various skin concerns, including wrinkles, uneven skin tone, and acne scars.

These peels involve the application of a higher concentration of Hydroxyacetic acid to the skin, followed by exfoliation and skin rejuvenation.
In medicine, Hydroxyacetic acid has been used in wound care products to help promote the healing of minor cuts, abrasions, and surgical incisions.
Hydroxyacetic acid can be used to manage keratosis pilaris, a common skin condition characterized by small, rough bumps on the skin, often found on the arms and thighs.

Some over-the-counter products containing Hydroxyacetic acid are used to soften and help remove calluses and corns on the feet.
In some hair care products, Hydroxyacetic acid may be included to help exfoliate the scalp, remove product buildup, and improve hair texture.
Hydroxyacetic acid can help repair sun-damaged skin by promoting the shedding of damaged skin cells and stimulating the production of healthier, more youthful-looking skin.

Hydroxyacetic acid is often used in products designed for sun-damaged or aging skin.
Hydroxyacetic acid can be used to prevent and treat ingrown hairs, particularly in areas prone to razor bumps and irritation, such as the beard area in men.
Hydroxyacetic acid is sometimes combined with other skincare ingredients like salicylic acid, hyaluronic acid, and retinol to create more comprehensive skincare products that address multiple concerns, such as acne, aging, and hydration.

In addition to over-the-counter products, dermatologists and skincare professionals often use Hydroxyacetic acid in more concentrated forms for in-office treatments like chemical peels and microdermabrasion.
These treatments can provide more immediate and dramatic results but require professional oversight.

While Hydroxyacetic acid is commonly associated with facial skincare, it can also be used on other parts of the body to address issues like keratosis pilaris, rough skin on elbows and knees, and body acne.
Hydroxyacetic acid may be used to adjust the pH level of the product.
This can help optimize the effectiveness of other active ingredients.

Hydroxyacetic acid can also act as a humectant, meaning it can attract and retain moisture in the skin, which is beneficial for individuals with dry or dehydrated skin.
However, it's essential to use moisturizers alongside Hydroxyacetic acid products to prevent excessive dryness.
In industrial and household applications, Hydroxyacetic acid is sometimes used to remove stains and scale deposits, such as those caused by hard water, rust, or mineral buildup.

When using Hydroxyacetic acid-containing products in your skincare routine, be cautious about mixing them with other active ingredients, especially strong acids like salicylic acid or vitamin C.
Combining certain active ingredients can lead to skin irritation or reduce effectiveness, so it's advisable to consult with a skincare professional for guidance.

Safety Profile:
Hydroxyacetic acid is a strong acid that causes severe skin and eye irritation at high concentrations (70%).
Hydroxyacetic acid is harmful if swallowed, and inhalation may irritate the respiratory tract and lungs.

Synonyms
Hydroxyacetic acid
2-Hydroxyacetic acid
hydroxyacetic acid
79-14-1
Glycollic acid
Hydroxyethanoic acid
Acetic acid, hydroxy-
glycolate
Polyglycolide
Caswell No. 470
Kyselina glykolova
alpha-Hydroxyacetic acid
Kyselina hydroxyoctova
2-Hydroxyethanoic acid
HOCH2COOH
EPA Pesticide Chemical Code 000101
HSDB 5227
NSC 166
Kyselina glykolova [Czech]
AI3-15362
Kyselina hydroxyoctova [Czech]
C2H4O3
Glycocide
GlyPure
BRN 1209322
NSC-166
Acetic acid, 2-hydroxy-
EINECS 201-180-5
UNII-0WT12SX38S
MFCD00004312
GlyPure 70
0WT12SX38S
CCRIS 9474
DTXSID0025363
CHEBI:17497
Hydroxyacetic acid-13C2
.alpha.-Hydroxyacetic acid
GLYCOLLATE
DTXCID105363
NSC166
EC 201-180-5
4-03-00-00571 (Beilstein Handbook Reference)
GLYCOLIC-2,2-D2 ACID
GOA
Hydroxyacetic acid (MART.)
Hydroxyacetic acid [MART.]
C2H3O3-
glycolicacid
Glycolate Standard: C2H3O3- @ 1000 microg/mL in H2O
Hydroxyethanoate
a-Hydroxyacetate
hydroxy-acetic acid
2-Hydroxyaceticacid
alpha-Hydroxyacetate
a-Hydroxyacetic acid
2-hydroxy acetic acid
2-hydroxy-acetic acid
2-hydroxyl ethanoic acid
HO-CH2-COOH
Hydroxyacetic acid solution
bmse000245
WLN: QV1Q
Hydroxyacetic acid [MI]
Hydroxyacetic acid (7CI,8CI)
Hydroxyacetic acid [INCI]
Hydroxyacetic acid [VANDF]
Hydroxyacetic acid, p.a., 98%
Acetic acid, hydroxy- (9CI)
CHEMBL252557
Hydroxyacetic acid [WHO-DD]
Hydroxyacetic acid, Crystal, Reagent
HYDROXYACETIC ACID [HSDB]
BCP28762
Hydroxyacetic acid, >=97.0% (T)
STR00936
Tox21_301298
s6272
STL197955
AKOS000118921
Hydroxyacetic acid, ReagentPlus(R), 99%
CS-W016683
DB03085
HY-W015967
SB83760
CAS-79-14-1
USEPA/OPP Pesticide Code: 000101
NCGC00160612-01
NCGC00160612-02
NCGC00257533-01
FT-0612572
FT-0669047
G0110
G0196
Hydroxyacetic acid 100 microg/mL in Acetonitrile
EN300-19242
Hydroxyacetic acid, SAJ special grade, >=98.0%
C00160
C03547
D78078
Hydroxyacetic acid, Vetec(TM) reagent grade, 98%
HYDROXYACETIC ACID; HYDROXYETHANOIC ACID
Hydroxyacetic acid, BioXtra, >=98.0% (titration)
Q409373
J-509661
F2191-0224
Hydroxyacetic acid; Hydroxyethanoic acid; Glycollic acid
Z104473274
287EB351-FF9F-4A67-B4B9-D626406C9B13
Hydroxyacetic acid, certified reference material, TraceCERT(R)
InChI=1/C2H4O3/c3-1-2(4)5/h3H,1H2,(H,4,5
Hydroxyacetic acid, anhydrous, free-flowing, Redi-Dri(TM), ReagentPlus(R), 99%
Hydroxyacetic acid, Pharmaceutical Secondary Standard; Certified Reference Material
O7Z

Hydroxyacetic acid (or Glycolic acid; chemical formula HOCH2CO2H) is a colourless, odourless and hygroscopic crystalline solid, highly soluble in water.
Hydroxyacetic acid is widespread in nature.
A glycolate (sometimes spelled "glycollate") is a salt or ester of Hydroxyacetic acid.


CAS Number: 79-14-1
EC-Number: 201-180-5
Chemical Formula: C2H4O3 / HOCH2COOH


Hydroxyacetic acid is the smallest alpha-hydroxy acid.
Hydroxyacetic acid is the smallest α-hydroxy acid (AHA).
This colorless, odorless, and hygroscopic crystalline solid, Hydroxyacetic acid, is highly soluble in water.
A water solution form of Hydroxyacetic acid is also available.


Hydroxyacetic acid is slightly stronger than acetic acid due to the electron-withdrawing power of the terminal hydroxyl group.
The carboxylate group can coordinate to metal ions forming coordination complexes.
Of particular note are the complexes with Pb2+ and Cu2+ which are significantly stronger than complexes with other carboxylic acids.
This indicates that the hydroxyl group is involved in complex formation, possibly with the loss of its proton.


Hydroxyacetic acid is a compound that naturally occurs in certain fruits, beets, and sugarcane.
In its pure form, Hydroxyacetic acid is odourless and colourless.
Hydroxyacetic acid belongs to a group of acids experts refer to as alpha hydroxy acids (AHAs).
AHAs are popular ingredients in skin care products.


Other types of AHA include:
*citric acid, which is present in citrus fruits
*malic acid, which is present in apples
*lactic acid, which is present in milk


Of these, Hydroxyacetic acid has the smallest molecular structure, which likely allows it to penetrate deeper into the skin.
Hydroxyacetic acid; the chemical formula C2H4O3 (also written as HOCH2CO2H), is the smallest α-hydroxy acid (AHA).
This colorless, odorless, and hygroscopic crystalline solid, Hydroxyacetic acid, is highly soluble in water.
Hydroxyacetic acid is found in some sugar-crops.


A glycolate is a salt or ester of Hydroxyacetic acid.
Hydroxyacetic acid is an extract of sugar cane, sugar beet or grape.
However, 99% of AHAs used in cosmetics come from laboratory synthesis.
Hydroxyacetic acid is the smallest α-hydroxy acid (AHA).


Hydroxyacetic acid appears in the form of a colorless, odorless and hygroscopic crystalline solid that is highly soluble in water and related solvents.
Hydroxyacetic acid is associated with sugar-crops and is isolated from sugarcane, sugar beets, pineapple, canteloupe, and unripe grapes.
Hydroxyacetic acid is a colorless, odourless, and hygroscopic crystalline solid with the chemical formula C2H4O3.


Hydroxyacetic acid is also known as hydroacetic acid, or 2-hydroxyethanoic acid, and its IUPAC name is hydroxyacetic acid.
Hydroxyacetic acid is a 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid where the methyl group has been hydroxylated.
Hydroxyacetic acid is an alpha hydroxy acid that has antibacterial, antioxidant, keratolytic, and anti-inflammatory properties.
Hydroxyacetic acid is functionally related to acetic acid and is slightly stronger than it.


The salts or esters of Hydroxyacetic acid are called glycolates.
Hydroxyacetic acid is also a useful intermediate for organic synthesis, in a range of reactions including: oxidation-reduction, esterification and long chain polymerization.
Hydroxyacetic acid is the smallest alpha-hydroxy acid (AHA).


Hydroxyacetic acid is mainly supplemented to various skin-care products to improve the skin’s appearance and texture.
Hydroxyacetic acid can also reduce wrinkles, acne scarring, and hyperpigmentation.
In textile industry, Hydroxyacetic acid can be used as a dyeing and tanning agent.
Hydroxyacetic acid is a water-soluble alpha hydroxy acid (AHA) made from sugar cane.


Hydroxyacetic acid is one of the most widely used AHAs in skincare products.
AHAs are natural acids that come from plants.
They consist of tiny molecules that are very easy for your skin to absorb.
This makes them ideal for smoothing fine lines, improving skin texture, and other anti-aging uses.


Hydroxyacetic acid (or hydroxyacetic acid) is the smallest alpha-hydroxy acid (AHA).
This colorless, odorless, and hygroscopic crystalline solid, Hydroxyacetic acid, is highly soluble in water.
Due to its excellent capability to penetrate skin, Hydroxyacetic acid finds applications in skin care products, most often as a chemical peel.


Hydroxyacetic acid may reduce wrinkles, acne scarring, and hyperpigmentation and improve many other skin conditions, including actinic keratosis, hyperkeratosis, and seborrheic keratosis.
Once applied, Hydroxyacetic acid reacts with the upper layer of the epidermis, weakening the binding properties of the lipids that hold the dead skin cells together.


This allows the outer skin to dissolve revealing the underlying skin.
Hydroxyacetic acid is one of the simplest organic compounds, used on a broad scale in contemporary cosmetology and in the chemical industry.
This is because that hydracid has many valuable properties.
AHA acids (alpha hydroxyacids) cover various types of popular acids that we use on a daily basis.


Examples include citric, lactic or malic acid.
The AHAs also cover Hydroxyacetic acid.
There are several names denoting Hydroxyacetic acid: its chemical name is 2-Hydroxyethanoic acid.
That name was introduced by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) to facilitate the identification of that substance on a global market.


Hydroxyacetic acid's structural formula is the following: HOCH2COOH.
The molecular formula of Hydroxyacetic acid is: C2H4O3.
Both formulas indicate that the substance contains both carboxyl and the hydroxyl groups, which are typical of alpha-hydroxyacids.
Hydroxyacetic acid is a solid that excellently absorbs water molecules from the environment.


Hydroxyacetic acid is the first member of the series of alpha-hydroxy carboxylic acids, which means it is one of the smallest organic molecules with both acid and alcohol functionality.
Hydroxyacetic acid is combustible but not considered a fire hazard.
Hydroxyacetic acid is soluble in water, alcohol, and ether.


Hydroxyacetic acid 70% (cosmetic grade) is the smallest molecule of the Alpha Hydroxy Acid.
Due to its small size it is able to penetrate the skin, getting into the pores to clear out debris and unclog the pores.
This stimulates new growth of skin and removal of old, dead, dull skin.
Hydroxyacetic acid is a type of alpha hydroxy acid (AHA).


Alpha hydroxy acids are natural acids found in foods.
Hydroxyacetic acid comes from sugarcane.
Alpha hydroxy acids like Hydroxyacetic acid work by removing the top layers of dead skin cells.
Hydroxyacetic acid also seems to help reverse sun damage to the skin.


Don't confuse Hydroxyacetic acid with other alpha hydroxy acids, including citric acid, lactic acid, malic acid, and tartaric acid.
These are not the same.
Hydroxyacetic acid, also known as 2-hydroxyacetate or glycolate, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as alpha hydroxy acids and derivatives.


These are organic compounds containing a carboxylic acid substituted with a hydroxyl group on the adjacent carbon.
Hydroxyacetic acid is an extremely weak basic (essentially neutral) compound (based on its pKa).
Hydroxyacetic acid exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans.
In humans, Hydroxyacetic acid is involved in rosiglitazone metabolism pathway.


Outside of the human body, Hydroxyacetic acid has been detected, but not quantified in, several different foods, such as sourdocks, pineappple sages, celeriacs, cloves, and feijoa.
This could make Hydroxyacetic acid a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods.
Once applied, Hydroxyacetic acid reacts with the upper layer of the epidermis, weakening the binding properties of the lipids that hold the dead skin cells together.


Hydroxyacetic acid is a potentially toxic compound.
Hydroxyacetic acid, with regard to humans, has been found to be associated with several diseases such as transurethral resection of the prostate and biliary atresia; Hydroxyacetic acid has also been linked to several inborn metabolic disorders including glutaric acidemia type 2, glycolic aciduria, and d-2-hydroxyglutaric aciduria.


Hydroxyacetic acid and oxalic acid, along with excess lactic acid, are responsible for the anion gap metabolic acidosis.
Belongs to the class of organic compounds known as alpha hydroxy acids and derivatives.
These are organic compounds containing a carboxylic acid substituted with a hydroxyl group on the adjacent carbon.
Hydroxyacetic acid is the most commonly used natural AHA (= alpha hydroxy acid).


Hydroxyacetic acid is extracted from sugar cane, grapes and wine leaves.
Biodegradable Hydroxyacetic acid for the face, or a cleaning fluid containing that ingredient, do not increase the amount of toxic waste.
They are only made of raw materials of natural origin, which quickly decompose under the influence of micro-organisms.
Vegetable waste remaining after production can be converted, for example, into compost without occupying any additional space for landfills.


At this point you probably have already heard of Hydroxyacetic acid as it's a staple in the anti skin care world.
Hydroxyacetic acid is also one of the more popular alpha hydroxyl acids used in peeling skin care products.
This type of alpha hydroxyl acid works great at removing dead skin cells and promoting the growth of new collagen and elastin cells.
Hydroxyacetic acid does this by creating microscopic tears in the cells and allowing the firming ingredients in your product to get to the inside of these tears and stimulate the collagen and elastin to grow.


If you are looking for a way to dramatically improve the texture of your skin, you may want to try a Hydroxyacetic acid serum or cream along with a regular application of a high quality cleanser.
Glycolic peels can be applied by using a soft washcloth with warm water.
Glycolic peels can leave your skin very dry so it's important that you only use a small amount.


Applying the product evenly and using a gentle buffing motion while scrubbing into the skin will result in the best results possible.
Be patient as this process may take up to an hour or two depending on how much you've applied.
As with any product you are applying to your skin you should always test a small area first.
If your skin doesn't immediately react to the cream then you may want to wait until you are ready to try it on a larger area of skin.


There are no serious side effects with either regular use or Hydroxyacetic acid peels so don't be afraid to use it as often as you like.
Applying your face only once or twice a day to treat problems with your skin will help you maintain great looking skin.
Remember to also follow the directions on the packaging for proper product use.


Hydroxyacetic acid is also a useful intermediate for organic synthesis, in a range of reactions including: oxidation-reduction, esterification and long chain polymerization.
Hydroxyacetic acid is an organic acid from the family of alpha-hydroxy carboxylic acids that naturally occurs in sugarcane, beets, grapes, and fruits.


Hydroxyacetic acid is the smallest α-hydroxy acid (AHA).
Hydroxyacetic acid appears in the form of a colorless, odorless and hygroscopic crystalline solid that is highly soluble in water and related solvents.
Hydroxyacetic acid is associated with sugar-crops and is isolated from sugarcane, sugar beets, pineapple, canteloupe, and unripe grapes.



USES and APPLICATIONS of HYDROXYACETIC ACID:
Hydroxyacetic acid is used in various skin-care products.
Hydroxyacetic acid is used in the textile industry as a dyeing and tanning agent, in food processing as a flavoring agent and as a preservative, and in the pharmaceutical industry as a skin care agent.
Hydroxyacetic acid is also used in adhesives and plastics.


Hydroxyacetic acid is often included into emulsion polymers, solvents and additives for ink and paint in order to improve flow properties and impart gloss.
Hydroxyacetic acid is used in surface treatment products that increase the coefficient of friction on tile flooring.
Hydroxyacetic acid is the active ingredient in the household cleaning liquid Pine-Sol.


Cosmetic and pharmaceutical companies include Hydroxyacetic acid in topical products to treat skin conditions or to improve skin texture and appearance.
Hydroxyacetic acid is an alpha hydroxy acid; used in chemical peels and anti-aging skin products.
Hydroxyacetic acid is used in various skin-care products.


Due to its excellent capability to penetrate skin, Hydroxyacetic acid finds applications in skin care products, most often as a chemical peel performed by a dermatologist in concentrations of 20%-80% or at-home kits in lower concentrations of 10%.
Hydroxyacetic acid is used to improve the skin's appearance and texture.
Hydroxyacetic acid may reduce wrinkles, acne scarring, hyperpigmentation and improve many other skin conditions.


Once applied, Hydroxyacetic acid reacts with the upper layer of the epidermis, weakening the binding properties of the lipids that hold the dead skin cells together.
This allows the outer skin to "dissolve" revealing the underlying skin.
Hydroxyacetic acid is used as a monomer in the preparation of polyglycolic acid and other biocompatible copolymers (e.g. PLGA).


Among other uses Hydroxyacetic acid finds employment in the textile industry as a dyeing and tanning agent, in food processing as a flavoring agent and as a preservative.
Hydroxyacetic acid is often included into emulsion polymers, solvents and additives for ink and paint in order to improve flow properties and impart gloss.


Hydroxyacetic acid is widespread in nature and can be separated from natural sources like sugarcane, sugar beets, pineapple, cantaloupe, and unripe grapes.
Hydroxyacetic acid is used in the textile industry as a dyeing and tanning agent.
Hydroxyacetic acid is widely used in skin care products as an exfoliant and keratolytic.


Hydroxyacetic acid is used in the textile industry as a dyeing and tanning agent.
Hydroxyacetic acid is used in the processing of textiles, leather, and metals.
Hydroxyacetic acid is used as an intermediate in organic synthesis and several reactions, such as oxidation-reduction, esterification, and long chain polymerization.


Hydroxyacetic acid can also be used as a flavoring agent in food processing, and as a skin care agent in the pharmaceutical industry.
Hydroxyacetic acid can also be added into emulsion polymers, solvents and ink additives to improve flow properties and impart gloss.
Moreover, Hydroxyacetic acid is a useful intermediate for organic synthesis including oxidative-reduction, esterification and long chain polymerization.


Hydroxyacetic acid is used in the processing of textiles, leather, and metals; in pH control, and wherever a cheap organic acid is needed, e.g. in the manufacture of adhesives, in copper brightening, decontamination cleaning, dyeing, electroplating, in pickling, cleaning and chemical milling of metals.
Hydroxyacetic acid reduces corenocyte cohesion and corneum layer thickening where an excess buildup of dead skin cells can be associated with many common skin problems, such as acne, dry and severely dry skin, and wrinkles.


Hydroxyacetic acid acts by dissolving the internal cellular cement responsible for abnormal keratinization, facilitating the sloughing of dead skin cells.
Hydroxyacetic acid also improves skin hydration by enhancing moisture uptake as well as increasing the skin’s ability to bind water.
This occurs in the cellular cement through an activation of Hydroxyacetic acid and the skin’s own hyaluronic acid content.


Hyaluronic acid is known to retain an impressive amount of moisture and this capacity is enhanced by Hydroxyacetic acid.
As a result, the skin’s own ability to raise its moisture content is increased.
Hydroxyacetic acid is the simplest alpha hydroxyacid (AHA).
Hydroxyacetic acid is also the AHA that scientists and formulators believe has greater penetration potential largely due to its smaller molecular weight.


Hydroxyacetic acid is mildly irritating to the skin and mucous membranes if the formulation contains a high Hydroxyacetic acid concentration and/ or a low pH.
Hydroxyacetic acid proves beneficial for acne-prone skin as it helps keep pores clear of excess keratinocytes.
Hydroxyacetic acid is also used for diminishing the signs of age spots, as well as actinic keratosis.


However, Hydroxyacetic acid is most popularly employed in anti-aging cosmetics because of its hydrating, moisturizing, and skin-normalizing abilities, leading to a reduction in the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles.
Regardless of the G skin type, Hydroxyacetic acid use is associated with softer, smoother, healthier, and younger looking skin.
Hydroxyacetic acid is naturally found in sugarcane but synthetic versions are most often used in cosmetic formulations.


Hydroxyacetic acid is used in the textile industry as a dyeing and tanning agent.
Cleaning and washing concentrates with Hydroxyacetic acid quickly remove dirt and microbes from different surfaces.
This is why they are widely used in private homes, industrial plants and public facilities.
Hydroxyacetic acid is also desired by entities from the food, logistic and catering industries.


Hydroxyacetic acid can also be found at schools and kindergartens.
Hydroxyacetic acid is commonly used in chemical milling, cleaning, and polishing of metals, and in copper pickling solutions.
Hydroxyacetic acid is also used in the cosmetic industry in skin peels.
Hydroxyacetic acid 70% (cosmetic grade) is mainly used to improve the appearance and texture of the skin through chemical peel process.


Once applied to the skin Hydroxyacetic acid breaks down the lipids that hold the dead skin cells on the surface, speeding their removal, resulting in an improved appearance with fewer spots, refined pores, and a more even skin tone that is more radiant.
People use Hydroxyacetic acid for acne, aging skin, dark skin patches on the face, and acne scars.
Hydroxyacetic acid is also used for stretch marks and other conditions, but there is no good scientific evidence to support these other uses.


Hydroxyacetic acid consists of tiny molecules that skin absorbs very well.
Hydroxyacetic acid protects collagen and helps your skin shed dead skin cells.
This process smooths and brightens your skin, keeps your pores clean, and prevents ingrown hairs and acne.
Hydroxyacetic acid is not only a popular ingredient in skincare products, it is also used in the textile industry and in food processing as a flavoring agent and a preservative.


Due to its excellent capability to penetrate skin, Hydroxyacetic acid is often used in skin care products, most often as a chemical peel.
Hydroxyacetic acid is an inhibitor of tyrosinase, suppressing melanin formation and lead to a lightening of skin colour.
Hydroxyacetic acid is used as a monomer in the preparation of polyglycolic acid and other biocompatible copolymers (e.g. PLGA).
Among other uses, Hydroxyacetic acid finds employment in the textile industry as a dyeing and tanning agent, in food processing as a flavouring agent and as a preservative.


Hydroxyacetic acid is often included in emulsion polymers, solvents and additives for ink and paint in order to improve flow properties and impart gloss.
Glycolic is a commonly known ingredient in the personal care and cosmetics market and it is also widely used in several household and industrial cleaning applications.


Due to its excellent capability to penetrate skin, Hydroxyacetic acid finds applications in skin care products, most often as a chemical peel performed by a dermatologist in concentrations of 20%-80% or at-home kits in lower concentrations of 10%.
Hydroxyacetic acid is used to improve the skin's appearance and texture.


Hydroxyacetic acid may reduce wrinkles, acne scarring, and hyperpigmentation and improve many other skin conditions.
Once applied, Hydroxyacetic acid reacts with the upper layer of the epidermis, weakening the binding properties of the lipids that hold the dead skin cells together.
This allows the outer skin to "dissolve" revealing the underlying skin.


-Applications of Hydroxyacetic acid:
Today’s drug or household chemical stores offer various types of agents and formulations containing Hydroxyacetic acid.
Their application is very wide.
Hydroxyacetic acid is a component of:
*concentrates designed for the cleaning of Gres tiles, joints and porous surfaces,
*specialised preparations for washing and sterilizing tanks, cisterns, *production lines or equipment having contact with food,
*liquids used for cleaning public sanitary facilities.


-Uses of Hydroxyacetic acid:
*Acid Cleaners
*Concrete Cleaners
*Food Processing
*Hard Surface Cleaners
*Leather-Dyeing and Tanning
*Petroleum Refining
*Textile
*Water Treatment


-Hydroxyacetic acid for Household and Industrial Use:
Hydroxyacetic acid (also known as hydroxyacetic acid) combines a unique set of properties that enables its use across a broad range of applications.
Many of these properties depend on Hydroxyacetic acid's very high affinity for calcium and manganese ions.


-Hydroxyacetic acid enhances cleaning products and increases the efficacy of the cleaning solution's other ingredients.
Offering relatively low corrosion rates with extremely low volatility and excellent ability to cut through hard water salts and scales, Hydroxyacetic acid is:
*Environmentally friendly
*Biodegradable
*Able to clean many surfaces, including concrete, mortar, and various metal
*Readily rinsable
*Completely dilutable
*Compatible with many formulation components


-Hydroxyacetic acid Applications:
*Personal and Skincare Products: ​
Anti-aging creams, acne treatments, exfoliating scrubs, hair conditioners, and other hair care products.
*Household, Institutional, and Industrial Cleaning Products:
Hard surface cleaners, metal cleaners, toilet bowl cleaners, and laundry sours.
*Water Treatment Applications:
Boiler cleaning chemicals, well stimulating solutions, and process cleaning products.


-Hydroxyacetic acid Applications:
*Electronics and Metal Surface Treatment:
Etching chemicals, printed circuit board fluxes, electropolishing chemicals, and metal surface preparations.
*Oil and Gas Applications:
Oil drilling chemicals, well stimulation, mid-and downstream descalers, and general process scale removers.



HYDROXYACETIC ACID FEATURES AND BENEFITS:
*Molecular Size:
Glycolic has a low molecular weight that provides excellent penetration when used in cleaning formulations and personal care products.
*Functionality:
Glycolic has dual functional groups (COOH & OH) that make it act as an acid, descaler, and chelating agent for iron and heavy metals.
*Chemistry profile:
Glycolic acid is a green acid that is readily biodegradable, VOC-free, and less corrosive than inorganic acids and many other organic acids.



HYDROXYACETIC ACID VS. ORGANIC ACIDS:
Hydroxyacetic acid has the smallest molecule of the Alpha Hydroxy Acids (AHA) family, so it offers deeper penetration and works faster than other organic acids, including lactic, citric, and maleic acids.
Hydroxyacetic acid is also preferred over many Beta Hydroxy Acids (BHA) as it provides improved skin moisturization and reduces the visible signs of sun damage and aging wrinkles.
Hydroxyacetic acid is an excellent choice to replace citric, formic, and acetic acids in industrial applications due to its rapid descaling efficacy combined with superior chelation performance.



HYDROXYACETIC ACID VS. INORGANIC ACIDS:
Hydroxyacetic acid has been replacing mineral acids in multiple applications to avoid the high corrosivity and toxicity of strong inorganic acids.
Hydroxyacetic acid is commonly used in concrete and masonry cleaners, replacing the long hydrochloric history in this application.
The high penetration and limited damage to the metal surfaces and truck beds make Hydroxyacetic acid a better option than mineral acids in such applications.

Hydroxyacetic acid is also an excellent alternative to toxic and low penetration acids such as sulfuric, phosphoric, and sulfamic in cleaners, water treatment chemicals, and O&G applications.
Hydroxyacetic acid is preffered nowadays due to its high speed of action, scale removal performance, less corrosivity, biodegredability, and less hazardous waste stream.



PROPERTIES OF HYDROXYACETIC ACID:
Hydroxyacetic acid is slightly stronger than acetic acid due to the electron-withdrawing power of the terminal hydroxyl group.
The carboxylate group can coordinate to metal ions forming coordination complexes.
Of particular note are the complexes with Pb2+ and Cu2+ which are significantly stronger than complexes with other carboxylic acids.
This indicates that the hydroxyl group is involved in complex formation, possibly with the loss of its proton.

Hydroxyacetic acid has the following properties:
*Exfoliative:
As a chemical exfoliant, Hydroxyacetic acid removes the outermost layer of skin cells and oil by dissolving them.
Unlike mechanical exfoliants, such as face scrubs and brushes, Hydroxyacetic acid does not require harsh scrubbing.

*Humectant:
Hydroxyacetic acid is also a humectant, which means it attracts and binds water to skin cells.
Hydroxyacetic acid does this by increasing the synthesis of glycosaminoglycans, which are molecules that draw water in the skin.

*Antibacterial:
A 2020 study states that, at certain concentrations, Hydroxyacetic acid can inhibit the growth of bacteria.
*Anti-aging:
Hydroxyacetic acid can reduce some of the processes that cause visible signs of skin aging.
For example, it can reduce sun damage and increase collagen and hyaluronic acid in the skin.
These substances give skin elasticity and structure.



CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF HYDROXYACETIC ACID:
Hydroxyacetic acid is used as an intermediate in organic synthesis and several reactions, such as oxidation-reduction, esterification, and long chain polymerization.
Hydroxyacetic acid is used as a monomer in the preparation of Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA).
Hydroxyacetic acid reacts with lactic acid to form PLGA using ring-opening co-polymerization.
Polyglycolic acid (PGA) is prepared from the monomer Hydroxyacetic acid using polycondensation or ring-opening polymerization.

Glycolic acid, CH20HCOOH, also known as hydroxyacetic acid, is composed of colorless deliquescent leaflets that decompose at approximately 78° C (172 OF).
Hydroxyacetic acid is soluble in water,alcohol,and ether.
Hydroxyacetic acid is used in dyeing, tanning, electropolishing,and in foodstuffs.
Hydroxyacetic acid is produced by oxidizing glycol with dilute nitric acid.



CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF HYDROXYACETIC ACID:
How to recognise Hydroxyacetic acid?
The characteristics of that substance are as follows:
Hydroxyacetic acid is a solid having the form of a white or transparent, crystalline, odourless powder.
Hydroxyacetic acid decomposes at 100°C and melts at 80°C.
Hydroxyacetic acid is assumed that Hydroxyacetic acid has a density of 1.49 g/cm³ at around 25°C.
Hydroxyacetic acid is a substance which should be used with particular caution, as it irritates skin, the eye mucosa and respiratory system organs.



BENEFITS OF HYDROXYACETIC ACID FOR THE SKIN:
Hydroxyacetic acid is a substance that chemically exfoliates the skin by dissolving dead skin cells and oils.
Hydroxyacetic acid may also help boost collagen production, and support skin moisture.
Hydroxyacetic acid can remove the very top layer of skin cells without the need for scrubbing.
Hydroxyacetic acid is also useful in treatments for acne, hyperpigmentation, and the visible signs of aging.
However, as with all chemical exfoliants, using Hydroxyacetic acid too frequently, at too high a concentration.

Research suggests that Hydroxyacetic acid may help with the following:
*Acne
Older research from 1999 examined the effect of a peel containing 70% Hydroxyacetic acid on 80 females with acne.
The research found that Hydroxyacetic acid quickly improved all types of acne, particularly comedonal acne, which occurs when pores become clogged with oil and dead skin cells.

It is of note, however, that this strength of Hydroxyacetic acid is only available as a chemical peel.
Over-the-counter (OTC) Hydroxyacetic acid products are not this strong.
Hydroxyacetic acid addresses skin issues by exfoliating dead skin cells that accumulate on the surface of the epidermis and contribute to dull, discolored, and uneven looking skin.



HISTORY OF HYDROXYACETIC ACID:
The name "glycolic acid" was coined in 1848 by French chemist Auguste Laurent (1807–1853).
He proposed that the amino acid glycine—which was then called glycocolle—might be the amine of a hypothetical acid, which he called "glycolic acid" (acide glycolique).
Hydroxyacetic acid was first prepared in 1851 by German chemist Adolph Strecker (1822–1871) and Russian chemist Nikolai Nikolaevich Sokolov (1826–1877).
They produced it by treating hippuric acid with nitric acid and nitrogen dioxide to form an ester of benzoic acid and Hydroxyacetic acid (C6H5C(=O)OCH2COOH), which they called "benzoglycolic acid" (Benzoglykolsäure; also benzoyl glycolic acid).
They boiled the ester for days with dilute sulfuric acid, thereby obtaining benzoic acid and glycolic acid (Glykolsäure).



PREPARATION OF HYDROXYACETIC ACID:
Hydroxyacetic acid can be synthesized in various ways.
The predominant approaches use a catalyzed reaction of formaldehyde with synthesis gas (carbonylation of formaldehyde), for its low cost.
Hydroxyacetic acid is also prepared by the reaction of chloroacetic acid with sodium hydroxide followed by re-acidification.
Other methods, not noticeably in use, include hydrogenation of oxalic acid, and hydrolysis of the cyanohydrin derived from formaldehyde.
Some of today's Hydroxyacetic acids are formic acid-free.
Hydroxyacetic acid can be isolated from natural sources, such as sugarcane, sugar beets, pineapple, cantaloupe and unripe grapes.
Hydroxyacetic acid can also be prepared using an enzymatic biochemical process that may require less energy.



PREPARATION OF HYDROXYACETIC ACID:
There are different preparation methods to synthesize Hydroxyacetic acid.
However, the most common method is the catalyzed reaction of formaldehyde with synthesis gas, which costs less.
It can be produced when chloroacetic acid reacts with sodium hydroxide and then undergoes re-acidification.

It can also be synthesized by electrolytic reduction of oxalic acid.
Hydroxyacetic acid can be separated from natural sources like sugarcane, sugar beets, pineapple, cantaloupe, and unripe grapes.
Hydroxyacetic acid can be prepared by hydrolyzing the cyanohydrin that is derived from formaldehyde.

Hydroxyacetic acid is isolated from natural sources and is inexpensively available.
Hydroxyacetic acid can be prepared by the reaction of chloroacetic acid with sodium hydroxide followed by re-acidification.
Hydroxyacetic acid can also be prepared using an enzymatic biochemical process which produces fewer impurities compared to traditional chemical synthesis, requires less energy in production and produces less co-product.



ORGANIC SYNTHESIS OF HYDROXYACETIC ACID:
Hydroxyacetic acid is a useful intermediate for organic synthesis, in a range of reactions including: oxidation-reduction, esterification and long chain polymerization.
Hydroxyacetic acid is used as a monomer in the preparation of polyglycolic acid and other biocompatible copolymers (e.g. PLGA).
Commercially, important derivatives include the methyl (CAS# 96-35-5) and ethyl (CAS# 623-50-7) esters which are readily distillable (boiling points 147–149 °C and 158–159 °C, respectively), unlike the parent acid.
The butyl ester (b.p. 178–186 °C) is a component of some varnishes, being desirable because it is nonvolatile and has good dissolving properties.



OCCURRENCE OF HYDROXYACETIC ACID:
Plants produce Hydroxyacetic acid during photorespiration.
Hydroxyacetic acid is recycled by conversion to glycine within the peroxisomes and to tartronic acid semialdehyde within the chloroplasts.
Because photorespiration is a wasteful side reaction with regards to photosynthesis, much effort has been devoted to suppressing its formation.
One process converts glycolate into glycerate without using the conventional BASS6 and PLGG1 route; see glycerate pathway

Hydroxyacetic acid is a 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid where the methyl group has been hydroxylated.
Hydroxyacetic acid has a role as a metabolite and a keratolytic drug.
Hydroxyacetic acid is a 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid and a primary alcohol.
Hydroxyacetic acid is functionally related to an acetic acid.
Hydroxyacetic acid is a conjugate acid of a glycolate.



WHAT ELSE DISTINGUISHES HYDROXYACETIC ACID?
The water solubility of that powder is very good and largely depends on the temperature of the liquid: the higher it is, the better the powder will dissolve to form a solution.
Hydroxyacetic acid can also be dissolved in alcohols: ethanol, methanol or acetone.
Hydroxyacetic acid reacts with aluminium and oxidants, which may even cause ignition.



PRODUCTION OF HYDROXYACETIC ACID:
The contemporary cosmetic and chemical markets would be hard to imagine without substances such as AHAs, including Hydroxyacetic acid.
What is this semi-finished product made of?
For decades, various methods of producing C2H4O3 were developed. It can be obtained, for example, by:
A reaction of acetic (chloroacetic) acid derivative with sodium hydroxide (NaOH), which is a strong base.

Obviously, Hydroxyacetic acid will not be produced immediately.
The production of that substance is only possible if the environment of both reacting ingredients is acidified.
A reaction of formaldehyde with water gas (it is one of the most popular methods of the mass production of Hydroxyacetic acid; however, the acquisition of the semi-finished product with this method generates a lot of waste).

Currently there is intensive work carried out on safe and ecological methods of producing hydroxyacetic acids.
Chemists have already developed several new patents, which made it possible to isolate this precious compound from arable crops such as grapevine or sugar cane.
These are highly promising technologies which reduce the consumption and emission of harmful compounds derived from manufacturing processes.



HOW HYDROXYACETIC ACID WORKS:
Hydroxyacetic acid has the smallest-sized molecules of all the AHAs.
This allows Hydroxyacetic acid to absorb into the skin and exfoliate it even better than other AHAs.
Hydroxyacetic acid works by speeding up cell turnover.
In other words, Hydroxyacetic acid dissolves the bonds that hold skin cells together.

In effect, your skin is able to shed dead skin cells more quickly than Hydroxyacetic acid would on its own.
Hydroxyacetic acid triggers your skin to make more collagen as well.
Collagen is the protein that makes skin firm, plump, and elastic.
Hydroxyacetic acid also gives your bones and connective tissues their strength.
Your skin makes less collagen as you age.

Collagen is also destroyed when you spend too much time in the sun.
Using Hydroxyacetic acid each day can help prevent the breakdown of collagen.
What Is Liquid Collagen?
What It Does for Your Skin
Hydroxyacetic acid is a very popular treatment for many reasons, including:1

*Anti-aging:
Hydroxyacetic acid smooths fine wrinkles and improves the skin's tone and texture.
*Hydration:
Hydroxyacetic acid plumps the skin and prevents it from getting dry.

*Sun damage:
Hydroxyacetic acid fades dark patches caused by sun damage and protects collagen from the sun.
*Complexion:
Hydroxyacetic acid brightens the skin when used regularly.

*Exfoliation:
Hydroxyacetic acid prevents ingrown hairs and makes pores appear smaller by helping the skin shed dead skin cells.
*Acne:
Hydroxyacetic acid cleans out pores to prevent comedones, blackheads, and inflamed breakouts.

Although many sources claim Hydroxyacetic acid gets rid of scars, this is one thing it simply can't do.
Hydroxyacetic acid can lighten dark patches left by acne or other wounds.
Hydroxyacetic acid may also soften the look of raised scars and pitted scars, but it will not make them go away.
A better treatment for scars is either a professional strength Hydroxyacetic acid peel or a different scar treatment altogether.



MECHANISM OF ACTION OF HYDROXYACETIC ACID:
Hydroxyacetic acid is a common cosmetic ingredient, which is known for its properties as an exfoliative agent.
Hydroxyacetic acid has anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and keratolytic effects.
Reportedly, Hydroxyacetic acid has inhibitory effects on UV-induced skin tumorigenesis in the hairless mouse model.
Unfortunately, only a very limited number of studies demonstrate this property of Hydroxyacetic acid.

Hydroxyacetic acid has the lowest molecular weight of all the alpha hydroxy acids, which renders it with the ability to penetrate skin very easily.
There have been two proposed mechanisms by which Hydroxyacetic acid functions.
The first theory is that Hydroxyacetic acid stimulates the epidermis to produce new cells by inducing a mild sub-clinical irritation.

The second theory suggests that Hydroxyacetic acid weakens the intercellular bonding of the corneocytes.
At low concentration (between 2% and 5%), Hydroxyacetic acid enhances progressive weakening of cohesion of the intercellular material (corneodesmosomes) of the stratum corneum, which results in a steady exfoliation of the outermost layers (known as the stratum disjunctum) causing desquamation.

The function of Hydroxyacetic acid is pH dependent.
It can exist as the free acid (protonated form) or glycolate ion (deprotonated form).
In solution, or in formulation, there is an equilibrium that exists between these two species equilibrium reaction between free Hydroxyacetic acid and the ionized form

The free acid form of the molecule (at low pH) is the most biologically active form.
In part, this is believed to stem from the ability of the free acid to more freely penetrate the skin.
The glycolate ion, which normally would be associated with a weak alkali metal, does not have the ability to penetrate into the skin as freely as the free acid form of the molecule.
Therefore, the free acid form has a greater degree of bioavailibity.



WHY IS HYDROXYACETIC ACID INCREASINGLY POPULAR?
Hydroxyacetic acid's effects can be noticed within a few days.
With Hydroxyacetic acid, the epidermis regenerates faster and recovers its natural colour and flexibility.
Hydroxyacetic acid can also be used against discolouration, inflammatory conditions and scars.
Amongst cosmetic ingredients, we can find it under the INCI name Hydroxyacetic acid.



HYDROXYACETIC ACID: OPINIONS
Contemporary consumers search for proven, high-quality chemicals that bring rapid effects and do not cause allergies.
People are increasingly eager to choose natural Hydroxyacetic acid and use cosmetics and chemicals which contain that ingredient.
Hydroxyacetic acid, designed for professional use, is globally recognised as a substitute of many other acids produced artificially.
Industrial plants use C2H4O3, for example, instead of hydrochloric acid which, once used, turns into highly poisonous and hazardous waste.



BIODEGRADABLE HYDROXYACETIC ACID: OPINIONS AND BENEFITS
Many manufacturers believe that powdered Hydroxyacetic acid, derived from natural sources, is an excellent alternative to aggressive chemicals.
Hydroxyacetic acid has a very broad range of application; when used in appropriate proportions and conditions, it is not harmful to humans or the environment.



HYDROXYACETIC ACID IN COSMETICS:
a regenerating glycol for the face and body.
Industrialists and pharmacists discovered long ago that Hydroxyacetic acids are worth using on the face and skin.
They are ingredients of creams, conditioners, shampoos, ointments and tonics as well as additives in washing gels, exfoliation products, etc.
Formulations based on that Hydroxyacetic acid are also used in beauty salons as part of rejuvenating treatments.



EFFECT OF HYDROXYACETIC ACID:
Due to its small molecular size, Hydroxyacetic acid is able to penetrate very deep into the skin.
The powerful exfoliant gets rid of dead skin cells and hydrates the skin at the same time.
Hydroxyacetic acid strengthens the collagen fibers, stimulates cell regeneration, cleanses and minimizes pores and improves small lines and wrinkles.
Hydroxyacetic acid is also great for treating acne.



ALTERNATIVE PARENTS OF HYDROXYACETIC ACID:
*Monocarboxylic acids and derivatives
*Carboxylic acids
*Primary alcohols
*Organic oxides
*Hydrocarbon derivatives
*Carbonyl compounds



SUBSTITUENTS OF HYDROXYACETIC ACID:
*Alpha-hydroxy acid
*Monocarboxylic acid or derivatives
*Carboxylic acid
*Carboxylic acid derivative
*Organic oxygen compound
*Organic oxide
*Hydrocarbon derivative
*Primary alcohol
*Organooxygen compound
*Carbonyl group
*Alcohol
*Aliphatic acyclic compound



PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of HYDROXYACETIC ACID:
Physical state: crystalline
Color: colorless
Odor: No data available
Melting point/freezing point:
Melting point/range: 75 - 80 °C
Initial boiling point and boiling range: 169 °C at 998 hPa
Flammability (solid, gas): No data available
Upper/lower flammability or explosive limits: No data available
Flash point: > 300 °C - (decomposition)
Autoignition temperature: No data available
Decomposition temperature: No data available
pH: 2 at 50 g/l at 20 °C
Viscosity
Viscosity, kinematic: 6,149 mm2/s at 23 °C
Viscosity, dynamic: No data available
Water solubility: 300 g/l at 22 °C

Partition coefficient: n-octanol/water:
log Pow: < 0,3 at 25 °C
Bioaccumulation is not expected.
Vapor pressure: 0,0041 hPa at 25 °C
Density: 1,26 g/cm3 at 20 °C
Relative density: No data available
Relative vapor density: No data available
Particle characteristics: No data available
Explosive properties: No data available
Oxidizing properties: none
Other safety information:
Solubility in other solvents:
Methanol: > 1,402 g/l at 22 °C
Surface tension: 57 mN/m at 20 °C
Dissociation constant: 3,1 at 25 °C

Molecular Weight: 76.05
XLogP3: -1.1
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 2
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 3
Rotatable Bond Count: 1
Exact Mass: 76.016043985
Monoisotopic Mass: 76.016043985
Topological Polar Surface Area: 57.5 Ų
Heavy Atom Count: 5
Formal Charge: 0
Complexity: 40.2
Isotope Atom Count: 0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0

Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 1
Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes
Appearance: colorless crystals (est)
Assay: 95.00 to 100.00
Food Chemicals Codex Listed: No
Melting Point: 79.50 °C. @ 760.00 mm Hg
Boiling Point: 265.57 °C. @ 760.00 mm Hg (est)
Vapor Pressure: 0.001000 mmHg @ 25.00 °C. (est)
Flash Point: 264.00 °F. TCC ( 128.70 °C. ) (est)
logP (o/w): -1.204 (est)
Soluble in: alcohol, water, 1e+006 mg/L @ 25 °C (est)

Chemical formula : C2H4O3
IUPAC Name: Hydroxyacetic acid
Molar mass: 76.05 g/mol
Appearance: White powdery solid
Odour: odourless
Density: 1.49 g/cm3
Melting point: 75 °C
Boiling point: Decomposes
Solubility: soluble in water, ether, and alcohols, acetone, and acetic acid
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count : 2
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 3
Rotatable Bond Count: 1
Acidity (pKa): 3.83
Melting point: 75-80 °C (lit.)
Boiling point: 112 °C
Density: 1.25 g/mL at 25 °C
vapor pressure: 10.8 hPa (80 °C)
refractive index: n20/D 1.424
Flash point: 112°C
storage temp.: Store below +30°C.

solubility: H2O: 0.1 g/mL, clear
pka: 3.83(at 25℃)
form: Solution
color: White to off-white
PH: 2 (50g/l, H2O, 20℃)
Viscosity: 6.149mm2/s
Water Solubility: SOLUBLE
Sensitive: Hygroscopic
Merck: 14,4498
BRN: 1209322
Stability: Stable.
Min. Purity Spec: 95%
Physical Form (at 20°C): Solid
Melting Point: 72-82°C
Boiling Point: 113°C
Flash Point: >300°C
Density: 1.49
Long-Term Storage: Store long-term in a cool, dry place

Chemical formula: C2H4O3
Molar mass: 76.05 g/mol
Appearance: White powder or colorless crystals
Density: 1.49 g/cm3
Melting point: 75 °C (167 °F; 348 K)
Boiling point: Decomposes
Solubility in water: 70% solution
Solubility in other solvents: Alcohols, acetone, acetic acid and ethyl acetate
log P: −1.05
Acidity (pKa): 3.83
Boiling point: 100 °C
Density: 1.26 g/cm3 (20 °C)
Flash point: >300 °C
Melting Point: 78 - 80 °C
pH value: 2 (50 g/l, H₂O, 20 °C)
Vapor pressure: 0.0041 hPa (25 °C)
Bulk density: 600 kg/m3



FIRST AID MEASURES of HYDROXYACETIC ACID:
-Description of first-aid measures:
*General advice:
First aiders need to protect themselves.
Show this material safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
*If inhaled:
After inhalation:
Fresh air.
Immediately call in physician.
*In case of skin contact:
Take off immediately all contaminated clothing.
Rinse skin with water/ shower.
Call a physician immediately.
*In case of eye contact:
After eye contact:
Rinse out with plenty of water.
Immediately call in ophthalmologist.
Remove contact lenses.
*If swallowed:
After swallowing:
Make victim drink water (two glasses at most).
Call a physician immediately.
Do not attempt to neutralise.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed:
No data available



ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of HYDROXYACETIC ACID:
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Cover drains.
Collect, bind, and pump off spills.
Take up dry.
Dispose of properly.



FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of HYDROXYACETIC ACID:
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Water
Foam
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Dry powder
*Unsuitable extinguishing media:
For this substance/mixture no limitations of extinguishing agents are given.
-Further information:
Prevent fire extinguishing water from contaminating surface water or the ground water system.



EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of HYDROXYACETIC ACID:
-Control parameters:
--Ingredients with workplace control parameters:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use equipment for eye protection.
Tightly fitting safety goggles
*Skin protection:
Full contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Splash contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
-Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.



HANDLING and STORAGE of HYDROXYACETIC ACID:
-Precautions for safe handling:
*Advice on safe handling:
Work under hood.
*Hygiene measures:
Immediately change contaminated clothing.
Wash hands and face after working with substance.
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
*Storage conditions:
Tightly closed.
Dry.



STABILITY and REACTIVITY of HYDROXYACETIC ACID:
-Chemical stability:
The product is chemically stable under standard ambient conditions (room temperature) .



SYNONYMS:
Hydroxyacetic acid
Hydroacetic acid
2-Hydroxyethanoic acid
glycolic acid
2-Hydroxyacetic acid
hydroxyacetic acid
79-14-1
Glycollic acid
Hydroxyethanoic acid
Acetic acid, hydroxy-
glycolate
Caswell No. 470
Glycocide
alpha-Hydroxyacetic acid
Kyselina glykolova
Kyselina hydroxyoctova
HOCH2COOH
2-Hydroxyethanoic acid
Polyglycolide
EPA Pesticide Chemical Code 000101
GlyPure
HSDB 5227
NSC 166
Acetic acid, 2-hydroxy-
AI3-15362
MFCD00004312
GlyPure 70
BRN 1209322
26124-68-5
Glycolic acid solution
NSC-166
Acetic acid, hydroxy-, homopolymer
.alpha.-Hydroxyacetic acid
GLYCOLLATE
0WT12SX38S
NSC166
CHEBI:17497
Polyglycollic acid
GOA
glycolicacid
Dexon (polyester)
Poly(glycolic acid)
Poly(L-glycolic acid)
Glypure 70 homopolymer
Glycolic acid homopolymer
EINECS 201-180-5
UNII-0WT12SX38S
Hydroxyacetic acid homopolymer
Hydroxyethanoate
a-Hydroxyacetate
CCRIS 9474
hydroxy-acetic acid
2-Hydroxyaceticacid
alpha-Hydroxyacetate
a-Hydroxyacetic acid
Acetic acid, 2-hydroxy-, homopolymer
Glycolic Acid 70%
2-hydroxy acetic acid
2-hydroxy-acetic acid
omega-Hydroxy fatty acid
2-hydroxyl ethanoic acid
Glycolic acid, polyesters
HO-CH2-COOH
DSSTox_CID_5363
Hydroxyacetic acid solution
bmse000245
WLN: QV1Q
EC 201-180-5
GLYCOLIC ACID
DSSTox_RID_77763
Glycolic acid (7CI,8CI)
DSSTox_GSID_25363
GLYCOLIC ACID
4-03-00-00571 (Beilstein Handbook Reference)
Glycolic acid, p.a., 98%
GLYCOLIC ACID
Acetic acid, hydroxy- (9CI)
CHEMBL252557
GLYCOLIC ACID
DTXSID0025363
Glycolic Acid, Crystal, Reagent
HYDROXYACETIC ACID
Glycolic acid solution, 56-58%
BCP28762
Glycolic acid, >=97.0% (T)
STR00936
ZINC4658557
Tox21_301298
s6272
STL197955
AKOS000118921
Glycolic acid, ReagentPlus(R), 99%
CS-W016683
DB03085
Glycolic acid solution, puriss., 70%
HY-W015967
SB83760
CAS-79-14-1
NCGC00160612-01
NCGC00160612-02
NCGC00257533-01
Glycolic acid, 66-70% aqueous solution
Glycolic acid solution, CP, 70% in H2O
FT-0612572
FT-0669047
G0110
G0196
Glycolic acid 100 microg/mL in Acetonitrile
EN300-19242
Glycolic acid, SAJ special grade, >=98.0%
C00160
C03547
D78078
Glycolic acid, Vetec(TM) reagent grade, 98%
HYDROXYACETIC ACID
HYDROXYETHANOIC ACID
Glycolic acid, BioXtra, >=98.0% (titration)
Glycolic acid solution, technical, ~55% in H2O
Q409373
J-509661
F2191-0224
Glycolic acid solution, high purity, 70 wt. % in H2O
Hydroxyacetic acid
Hydroxyethanoic acid
Glycollic acid
Z104473274
287EB351-FF9F-4A67-B4B9-D626406C9B13
Glycolic acid solution, technical grade, 70 wt. % in H2O
Glycolic acid, certified reference material, TraceCERT(R)
Glycolic Acid, Pharmaceutical Secondary Standard
2-Hydroxyacetic Acid-13C2
2-Hydroxyethanoic Acid-13C2
GlyPure-13C2
GlyPure 70-13C2
GlyPure 99-13C2
Glycocide-13C2
Hydroxyacetic Acid-13C2
Hydroxyethanoic Acid-13C2
NSC 166-13C2
α-Hydroxyacetic Acid-13C2
&alpha
-hydroxyacetic acid
2-Hydroxy carboxylate
2-Hydroxy carboxylic acid
2-Hydroxyacetate
2-Hydroxyacetic acid
2-Hydroxyethanoate
2-Hydroxyethanoic acid
a-Hydroxyacetate
a-Hydroxyacetic acid
Acetic acid, 2-hydroxy-
2-Hydroxyacetate
2-Hydroxyacetic acid
a-Hydroxyacetate
a-Hydroxyacetic acid
Acetic acid, hydroxy-
alpha-Hydroxyacetate
alpha-Hydroxyacetic acid
Glycocide
Glycolate
Glycolic acid
Glycollate
Glycollic acid
Hydroxyacetate
hydroxyacetic acid
Hydroxyethanoate
Hydroxyethanoic acid
Kyselina glykolova
Kyselina hydroxyoctova
Polyglycolic acid
Sodium glycolate
2-Hydroxyethanoic acid
HOCH2COOH
2-Hydroxyethanoate
Α-hydroxyacetate
Α-hydroxyacetic acid
GlyPure
GlyPure 70
Glycolic acid, 2-(14)C-labeled
Glycolic acid, 1-(14)C-labeled
Glycolic acid, potassium salt
Glycolic acid, monopotassium salt
Glycolic acid, calcium salt
Glycolic acid, monoammonium salt
Glycolic acid, monolithium salt
Glycolic acid, monosodium salt
Potassium glycolate

Hydroxyacetic acid (glycolic acid) is a colorless, odorless and hygroscopic crystalline solid, highly soluble in water.
Hydroxyacetic acid (glycolic acid) is used in various skin-care products.
Hydroxyacetic acid (glycolic acid) is widespread in nature.

CAS: 79-14-1
MF: C2H4O3
MW: 76.05
EINECS: 201-180-5

Hydroxyacetic acid (glycolic acid) is a salt or ester of glycolic acid.
Hydroxyacetic acid (glycolic acid) is the smallest alpha-hydroxy acid (AHA).
Hydroxyacetic acid (glycolic acid) is mainly supplemented to various skin-care products to improve the skin’s appearance and texture.
Hydroxyacetic acid (glycolic acid) can also reduce wrinkles, acne scarring, and hyperpigmentation.
In textile industry, Hydroxyacetic acid (glycolic acid) can be used as a dyeing and tanning agent.
Hydroxyacetic acid (glycolic acid) can also be used as a flavoring agent in food processing, and as a skin care agent in the pharmaceutical industry.
Hydroxyacetic acid (glycolic acid) can also be added into emulsion polymers, solvents and ink additives to improve flow properties and impart gloss.

Moreover, Hydroxyacetic acid (glycolic acid) is a useful intermediate for organic synthesis including oxidative-reduction, esterification and long chain polymerization.
A 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid where the methyl group has been hydroxylated.
Hydroxyacetic acid (glycolic acid) addresses skin issues by exfoliating dead skin cells that accumulate on the surface of the epidermis and contribute to dull, discolored, and uneven looking skin.
The name "Hydroxyacetic acid (glycolic acid)" was coined in 1848 by French chemist Auguste Laurent (1807–1853).
He proposed that the amino acid glycine—which was then called glycocolle—might be the amine of a hypothetical acid, which he called "Hydroxyacetic acid (glycolic acid)" (acide glycolique).

Hydroxyacetic acid (glycolic acid) was first prepared in 1851 by German chemist Adolph Strecker (1822–1871) and Russian chemist Nikolai Nikolaevich Sokolov (1826–1877).
They produced Hydroxyacetic acid (glycolic acid) by treating hippuric acid with nitric acid and nitrogen dioxide to form an ester of benzoic acid and glycolic acid (C6H5C(=O)OCH2COOH), which they called "benzoglycolic acid" (Benzoglykolsäure; also benzoyl glycolic acid).
They boiled the ester for days with dilute sulfuric acid, there by obtaining benzoic acid and Hydroxyacetic acid (glycolic acid) (Glykolsäure).
Hydroxyacetic acid (glycolic acid) is a 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid where the methyl group has been hydroxylated. It has a role as a metabolite and a keratolytic drug.
Hydroxyacetic acid (glycolic acid) is a 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid and a primary alcohol.
Hydroxyacetic acid (glycolic acid) is functionally related to an acetic acid.
Hydroxyacetic acid (glycolic acid) is a conjugate acid of a glycolate.

Hydroxyacetic acid (glycolic acid), also known as 2-hydroxyacetate or glycolate, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as alpha hydroxy acids and derivatives.
These are organic compounds containing a carboxylic acid substituted with a hydroxyl group on the adjacent carbon.
Hydroxyacetic acid (glycolic acid) is an extremely weak basic (essentially neutral) compound (based on its pKa).
Hydroxyacetic acid (glycolic acid) exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans.
In humans, Hydroxyacetic acid (glycolic acid) is involved in rosiglitazone metabolism pathway.
Outside of the human body, Glycolic acid has been detected, but not quantified in, several different foods, such as sourdocks, pineappple sages, celeriacs, cloves, and feijoa.

This could make Hydroxyacetic acid (glycolic acid) a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods.
Once applied, glycolic acid reacts with the upper layer of the epidermis, weakening the binding properties of the lipids that hold the dead skin cells together.
Hydroxyacetic acid (glycolic acid) is a potentially toxic compound.
Hydroxyacetic acid (glycolic acid), with regard to humans, has been found to be associated with several diseases such as transurethral resection of the prostate and biliary atresia; Hydroxyacetic acid (glycolic acid) has also been linked to several inborn metabolic disorders including glutaric acidemia type 2, glycolic aciduria, and d-2-hydroxyglutaric aciduria.
Glycolic and oxalic acid, along with excess lactic acid, are responsible for the anion gap metabolic acidosis.

Hydroxyacetic acid (glycolic acid) Chemical Properties
Melting point: 75-80 °C (lit.)
Boiling point: 112 °C
Density: 1.25 g/mL at 25 °C
Vapor pressure: 10.8 hPa (80 °C)
Refractive index: n20/D 1.424
Fp: 112°C
Storage temp.: Store below +30°C.
Solubility H2O: 0.1 g/mL, clear
Pka: 3.83(at 25℃)
Form: Solution
Color: White to off-white
PH: 2 (50g/l, H2O, 20℃)
Odor: at 100.00 %. odorless very mild buttery
Odor Type: buttery
Water Solubility: SOLUBLE
Sensitive: Hygroscopic
Merck: 14,4498
BRN: 1209322
Stability: Stable. Incompatible with bases, oxidizing agents and reducing agents.
InChIKey: AEMRFAOFKBGASW-UHFFFAOYSA-N
LogP: -1.07 at 20℃
CAS DataBase Reference: 79-14-1(CAS DataBase Reference)
NIST Chemistry Reference: Hydroxyacetic acid (glycolic acid)(79-14-1)
EPA Substance Registry System: Hydroxyacetic acid (glycolic acid) (79-14-1)

Hydroxyacetic acid (glycolic acid), CH20HCOOH, also known as hydroxyacetic acid, is composed of colorless deliquescent leaflets that decompose at approximately 78° C (172 OF).
Hydroxyacetic acid (glycolic acid) is soluble in water,alcohol,and ether.
Hydroxyacetic acid (glycolic acid) is used in dyeing, tanning, electropolishing,and in foodstuffs.
Hydroxyacetic acid (glycolic acid) is produced by oxidizing glycol with dilute nitric acid.
Hydroxyacetic acid (glycolic acid) is slightly stronger than acetic acid due to the electron-withdrawing power of the terminal hydroxyl group.
The carboxylate group can coordinate to metal ions forming coordination complexes.
Of particular note are the complexes with Pb2+ and Cu2+ which are significantly stronger than complexes with other carboxylic acids.
This indicates that the hydroxyl group is involved in complex formation, possibly with the loss of its proton.

Uses
In the processing of textiles, leather, and metals; in pH control, and wherever a cheap organic acid is needed, e.g. in the manufacture of adhesives, in copper brightening, decontamination cleaning, dyeing, electroplating, in pickling, cleaning and chemical milling of metals.
Hydroxyacetic acid (glycolic acid) reduces corenocyte cohesion and corneum layer thickening where an excess buildup of dead skin cells can be associated with many common skin problems, such as acne, dry and severely dry skin, and wrinkles.
Hydroxyacetic acid (glycolic acid) acts by dissolving the internal cellular cement responsible for abnormal keratinization, facilitating the sloughing of dead skin cells.
Hydroxyacetic acid (glycolic acid) also improves skin hydration by enhancing moisture uptake as well as increasing the skin’s ability to bind water.

This occurs in the cellular cement through an activation of Hydroxyacetic acid (glycolic acid) and the skin’s own hyaluronic acid content.
Hydroxyacetic acid (glycolic acid) is known to retain an impressive amount of moisture and this capacity is enhanced by glycolic acid.
As a result, the skin’s own ability to raise its moisture content is increased.
Hydroxyacetic acid (glycolic acid) is the simplest alpha hydroxyacid (AHA).
Hydroxyacetic acid (glycolic acid) is also the AHA that scientists and formulators believe has greater penetration potential largely due to its smaller molecular weight.
Hydroxyacetic acid (glycolic acid) is mildly irritating to the skin and mucous membranes if the formulation contains a high glycolic acid concentration and/ or a low pH.
Hydroxyacetic acid (glycolic acid) proves beneficial for acne-prone skin as it helps keep pores clear of excess keratinocytes.

Hydroxyacetic acid (glycolic acid) is also used for diminishing the signs of age spots, as well as actinic keratosis.
However, Hydroxyacetic acid (glycolic acid) is most popularly employed in anti-aging cosmetics because of its hydrating, moisturizing, and skin-normalizing abilities, leading to a reduction in the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles.
Regardless of the G skin type, Hydroxyacetic acid (glycolic acid) use is associated with softer, smoother, healthier, and younger looking skin.
Hydroxyacetic acid (glycolic acid) is naturally found in sugarcane but synthetic versions are most often used in cosmetic formulations.

Preparation
Hydroxyacetic acid (glycolic acid) can be synthesized in various ways.
The predominant approaches use a catalyzed reaction of formaldehyde with synthesis gas (carbonylation of formaldehyde), for its low cost.
Hydroxyacetic acid (glycolic acid) is also prepared by the reaction of chloroacetic acid with sodium hydroxide followed by re-acidification.
Other methods, not noticeably in use, include hydrogenation of oxalic acid, and hydrolysis of the cyanohydrin derived from formaldehyde.
Some of today's Hydroxyacetic acid (glycolic acid) is formic acid-free.
Hydroxyacetic acid (glycolic acid) can be isolated from natural sources, such as sugarcane, sugar beets, pineapple, cantaloupe and unripe grapes.
Hydroxyacetic acid (glycolic acid) can also be prepared using an enzymatic biochemical process that may require less energy.

Side effects
Common side effects of Glycolic acid include dry skin, erythema (skin redness), burning sensation, itching, skin irritation, and skin rash.
Hydroxyacetic acid (glycolic acid) can make the skin more sensitive in the sunlight, hence always use sunscreen and protective clothing before you step outdoors.

Synonyms
glycolic acid
2-Hydroxyacetic acid
hydroxyacetic acid
79-14-1
Glycollic acid
Hydroxyethanoic acid
Acetic acid, hydroxy-
glycolate
Polyglycolide
Caswell No. 470
Kyselina glykolova
alpha-Hydroxyacetic acid
Kyselina hydroxyoctova
2-Hydroxyethanoic acid
HOCH2COOH
EPA Pesticide Chemical Code 000101
HSDB 5227
NSC 166
Kyselina glykolova [Czech]
AI3-15362
Kyselina hydroxyoctova [Czech]
C2H4O3
Glycocide
GlyPure
BRN 1209322
NSC-166
Acetic acid, 2-hydroxy-
EINECS 201-180-5
UNII-0WT12SX38S
MFCD00004312
GlyPure 70
0WT12SX38S
CCRIS 9474
DTXSID0025363
CHEBI:17497
Hydroxyacetic acid-13C2
.alpha.-Hydroxyacetic acid
GLYCOLLATE
DTXCID105363
NSC166
EC 201-180-5
4-03-00-00571 (Beilstein Handbook Reference)
GLYCOLIC-2,2-D2 ACID
GOA
GLYCOLIC ACID (MART.)
GLYCOLIC ACID [MART.]
C2H3O3-
glycolicacid
Glycolate Standard: C2H3O3- @ 1000 microg/mL in H2O
Biofix
Bondek
glycolsyre-
Hydroxyethanoate
SyntheSorb
a-Hydroxyacetate
Acido poliglicolico
hydroxy-acetic acid
2-Hydroxyaceticacid
alpha-Hydroxyacetate
a-Hydroxyacetic acid
26009-03-0
2-hydroxy acetic acid
2-hydroxy-acetic acid
Dexon TC 33
2-hydroxyl ethanoic acid
HO-CH2-COOH
Hydroxyacetic acid solution
bmse000245
D01HNP
UNII-H1IL6F7KB8
WLN: QV1Q
(C2-H2-O2)mult-
GLYCOLIC ACID [MI]
Glycolic acid (7CI,8CI)
GLYCOLIC ACID [INCI]
GLYCOLIC ACID [VANDF]
Glycolic acid, p.a., 98%
Acetic acid, hydroxy- (9CI)
CHEMBL252557
GLYCOLIC ACID [WHO-DD]
Glycolic Acid, Crystal, Reagent
HYDROXYACETIC ACID [HSDB]
Acido poliglicolico [INN-Spanish]
(C2-H4-O3)x-
BCP28762
Glycolic acid, >=97.0% (T)
PHO 3836
STR00936
Tox21_301298
s6272
STL197955
AKOS000118921
Glycolic acid, ReagentPlus(R), 99%
CS-W016683
DB03085
HY-W015967
LS-2184
SB83760
CAS-79-14-1
USEPA/OPP Pesticide Code: 000101
NCGC00160612-01
NCGC00160612-02
NCGC00257533-01
FT-0612572
FT-0669047
G0110
G0196
Glycolic acid 100 microg/mL in Acetonitrile
EN300-19242
Glycolic acid, SAJ special grade, >=98.0%
C00160
C03547
D78078
Glycolic acid, Vetec(TM) reagent grade, 98%
HYDROXYACETIC ACID; HYDROXYETHANOIC ACID
Glycolic acid, BioXtra, >=98.0% (titration)
Q409373
J-509661
F2191-0224
Hydroxyacetic acid; Hydroxyethanoic acid; Glycollic acid
Z104473274
287EB351-FF9F-4A67-B4B9-D626406C9B13
Glycolic acid, certified reference material, TraceCERT(R)
InChI=1/C2H4O3/c3-1-2(4)5/h3H,1H2,(H,4,5
Glycolic acid, anhydrous, free-flowing, Redi-Dri(TM), ReagentPlus(R), 99%
Glycolic Acid, Pharmaceutical Secondary Standard; Certified Reference Material

ETHYLPARABEN, N° CAS : 120-47-8 - 4-Hydroxybenzoate d'éthyle, Origine(s) : Synthétique, Nom INCI : ETHYLPARABEN , Nom chimique : Ethyl 4-hydroxybenzoate , N° EINECS/ELINCS : 204-399-4, Additif alimentaire : E214. Ses fonctions (INCI). Conservateur : Inhibe le développement des micro-organismes dans les produits cosmétiques.

HYDROXYBENZOMORPHOLINE, N° CAS : 26021-57-8, Nom INCI : HYDROXYBENZOMORPHOLINE, Nom chimique : 3,4-Dihydro-2H-1,4-benzoxazin-6-ol, N° EINECS/ELINCS : 247-415-5, Classification : Règlementé, Colorant capillaire. Ses fonctions (INCI) : Agent colorant pour cheveux : Colore les cheveux

HYDROXYCAPRIC ACID, N° CAS : 5393-81-7, Nom INCI : HYDROXYCAPRIC ACID. Nom chimique : Decanoic acid, 2-hydroxy-, (DL)-. Ses fonctions (INCI) : Agent d'entretien de la peau : Maintient la peau en bon état

Hydroxybenzotriazole; 1-Hydroxy-1H-benzotriazole; HOBt; N-Hydroxybenzotriazole; 1-Hydroxybenzotriazole; Benzazimidol; 1-Hydroxy-1,2,3-benzotriazole; 1H-Benzotriazol-1-ol; cas no: 80029-43-2

(2-Hydroxyethyl)(2-hydroxyhexadecyl)dimethylammonium chloride; HYDROXYCETYL HYDROXYETHYL DIMONIUM CHLORIDE

HYDROXYCINNAMIC ACID, N° CAS : 7400-08-0, Nom INCI : HYDROXYCINNAMIC ACID, Nom chimique : 4-Hydroxycinnamic acid; 4-Coumaric acid, N° EINECS/ELINCS : 231-000-0, Ses fonctions (INCI) : Agent d'entretien de la peau : Maintient la peau en bon état

Hydroxychloroquine; Hydroxychloroquine sulfate; Plaquenil; cas no: 118-42-3

HYDROXYCITRONELLOL, N° CAS : 107-74-4, Nom INCI : HYDROXYCITRONELLOL, Nom chimique : 3,7-Dimethyloctane-1,7-diol, N° EINECS/ELINCS : 203-517-1, Ses fonctions (INCI): Agent parfumant : Utilisé pour le parfum et les matières premières aromatiques

Noms français : Diméthyl-3,7 hydroxy-7 octanal-1; Hydroxy-7 citronellal; Hydroxycitronellal. Noms anglais : 1-Octanal, 3,7-dimethyl-7-hydroxy-; 7-Hydroxycitronellal; Hydroxycitronellal; Laurin; HYDROXYCITRONELLAL, N° CAS : 107-75-5 - Hydroxycitronellal, Origine(s) : Synthétique, Autre langue : Hidroxicitronellal, Nom INCI : HYDROXYCITRONELLAL, Nom chimique : 7-Hydroxycitronellal, N° EINECS/ELINCS : 203-518-7, Agent parfumant : Utilisé pour le parfum et les matières premières aromatiques

CALCIUM HYDROXIDE, N° CAS : 1305-62-0 - Hydroxyde de calcium, Nom INCI : CALCIUM HYDROXIDE, Nom chimique : Calcium dihydroxide, N° EINECS/ELINCS : 215-137-3, Additif alimentaire : E526, L'hydroxyde de calcium s'appelle aussi "chaux éteinte" ou encore "chaux hydratée". Cet élément est formé avec de l'eau et de la chaux. L'eau de chaux est l'ingrédient de base indispensable pour la réalisation des liniments oléo-calcaires. On retrouve l'hydroxyde de calcium dans les produits défrisant, il a en effet la capcité à modifier la structure du cheveux : il détruit les liaisons sulfure qui relient les acides aminés dans les mèches des cheveux et modifie leur structure physique. Pour finir, il est aussi utilisé dans certains produits en tant que régulateur de PH, étant à la base très alcalin.Régulateur de pH : Stabilise le pH des cosmétiques

STRONTIUM HYDROXIDE, N° CAS : 18480-07-4 / 1311-10-0 - Hydroxyde de strontium, Nom INCI : STRONTIUM HYDROXIDE, Nom chimique : Strontium hydroxide, N° EINECS/ELINCS : 242-367-1. Classification : Règlementé. Restriction en Europe : III/63. Régulateur de pH pour dépilatoires La concentration maximale autorisée est la suivante : 3,5 % (en strontium), PH <= 12,7 Régulateur de pH : Stabilise le pH des cosmétiques

2-hydroxyethylcelluloseether;ah15; aw15(polysaccharide); aw15[polysaccharide]; bl15; cellosize; The blood coHydroxyethyl cellulose etherngeals the appearance board; Hydroxyethyl cellulose - Viscosity 1500 ~ 2500 CAS NO: 9004-62-0

hydroxyethyl cellulose; Cellulose, hydroxyethyl ether; Hydroxyethylcellulose; 2-Hydroxyethyl cellulose; Hyetellose; Natrosol; Cellosize cas no: 9004-62-0

Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) is a non-ionic cellulose ether made through a series of chemical processes, with the natural polymer celluloses as raw materials.
Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) is a nonionic, water-soluble polymer.
Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) is odorless, tasteless, and non-toxic in the shape of white to off-white powders or granules.


CAS Number: 9004-62-0
MDL number: MFCD00072770
E number: E1525 (additional chemicals)


Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) can be dissolved in water to form a transparent viscous solution.
Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) has thickening, adhesion, dispersion, emulsification, film-formation, suspension, absorption, surface activity, salt tolerance, water retention, providing protective colloids and other properties.


Hydroxyethyl Cellulose (HEC) forms a non-ionic gel without the effect of electrolyte, suitable for formulations containing electrolyte.
Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) is a non-ionic, water-soluble polymer derived from cellulose through a series of chemical and physical processes.
Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) is a white to light yellowish, oderless and tastless powder, readily soluble in hot or cold water to form a viscous gel solution.


When pH in solution is within 2 to 12, the solution is quite stable.
Since Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) group is nonionic one in water solution, it won't be reacted with other anions or cations and insensitive to the salts.
But Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) molecule is capable of generating esterification, etherification and acetal reaction, so Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) is possible to make it insoluble in water or improve its properties.


Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC)also has good film-forming ability and surface activity.
Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) is a line of nonionic, water-soluble, cellulose based polymers from Dow.
Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) is produced by treating reacting alkali-cellulose with ethylene oxide.


This reaction converts some of the hydroxyl groups on the cellulose polymer to hydroxyethyl groups.
Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) is a white, free-flowing granular powder and is made by reacting ethylene oxide with alkali-cellulose.
Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) is a water-soluble synthetic polymer derived from cellulose in which ethylene oxide groups have been added to the hydroxyl groups.


Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) is a nonionic, water-soluble polymer.
Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) consists of two components: cellulose and hydroxyethyl side chain.
Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) has many properties.


Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) is like water retention, thickening, suspension, anti-microbial, high salt tolerance, and ion/PH insensitivity.
Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) is a non-ionic, water soluble polymer used as a thickening agent for aqueous cosmetic and personal care formulations.
Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) will produce crystal clear gel products and thicken the aqueous phase of cosmetic emulsions.


Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) can be also be used to efficiently thicken shampoos, body washes and shower gels.
One of the problems normally associated with this and other water-soluble thickeners is the tendency of the particles to agglomerate or lump when first wetted with water.
The high-purity cosmetic grade of Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) we offer is an R-grade, designed to be added to water without lumping, and thus greatly facilitating solution preparation.


Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) is also the most efficient grade of non-ionic thickener available from the manufacturer.
Hydration of the R-grade particles has been inhibited.
When the particles are added to water, they disperse without lumping, and following a predetermined delay, begin to dissolve.


This process permits the preparation of clear, smooth, viscous solutions in a short period of time by simply adding the R-grade to water and stirring until the polymer is completely dissolved to prevent settling of the particles.
The inhibition period, from the initial wetting to the start of dissolution, is referred to as the hydration time.


This hydration time can vary from 4-25 min.
Hydration time is markedly affected by two factors: pH and temperature of the water.
A higher temperature and a higher pH decrease the hydration time, but a too high temperature or pH can result in lumping.


So, Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) is recommended that it be added to room temperature water with a neutral pH.
Once hydrated, Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) can be heated and the pH can be adjusted as may be needed.
Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) is an excellent thickening agent for cosmetic and personal care formulations.


This nonionic, water soluble polymer, Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC), offers efficient and cost-effective options for making crystal clear gel products.
Hydroxethyl Cellulose (HEC) has an exceptional skin feel and is the perfect ingredient to make crystal clear serums for water soluble active ingredients.
Recommended Percentages of Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC):


For Building water phase Viscosity/Stability: 0.1%- 0.5%
For high viscosity crystal clear gel: 1.0%-3.0%
Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) features good water retention and an excellent thickening effect.


Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC)'s beneficial to various construction projects.
Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) is derived from cellulose.
Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC)'s nature's most abundant biopolymer in plants, wood, and cotton cell walls.
Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) is a gelling and thickening agent derived from cellulose.


Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) is a white, odorless, tasteless, non-toxic, which is often used as a thickener for methyl hydroxyethyl cellulose or hydroxyethyl cellulose grades in industry agent.
Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) is white or light yellowish powder.
Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) is natural colloids derived from natural fiber.


Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) is a water soluble, non-ionic, highly esterified hydroxyethyl cellulose powder.
Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) provides enhanced biostability, very high thickening and water retention, moderate foam stabilization and high solution clarity, gloss appearance, pigment compatibility and pseudoplasticity.


This grade of Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) is particularly well suited for use in interior paints and nonwovens.
Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) is a nonionic cellulose ether with delayed solubility to ensure a lump free solution in aqueous systems.
Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) exhibits high compatibility with other raw materials such as surfactant.


Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) is easily dissolved in cold or hot water to give crystal-clear solutions of varying viscosities.
Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) is nonionic cellulose ether and its solution are more tolerant to the presence of cations,anions and organic solvents.
Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) is bio-degradable,non-toxic and environmental friendly natural product.


Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) is soluble in cold or hot water to give clarified solution.
Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) is a a non-ionic, water-soluble polymer efficient thickening agent and suspending agent.
Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) acts as a thickening and stabilizing agent.


Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) is a nonionic cellulose ether with delayed solubility to ensure a lump free solution in aqueous systems.
Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) exhibits high compatibility with other raw materials such as surfactant.
Hydration time is affected by several factors- pH and temperature of the solution, and concentration level of the Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC), and the presence of alkalis like TEA, Sodium hydroxide (pH) solution.


Higher pH and higher temperatures DECREASE hydration time, but the higher pH and temperature adjustments too quickly may result in lumping.
It's recommended that the Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) be added to room temperature water, with a neutral pH.
Once hydrated, Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) can be heated and the pH can be adjusted (typically using TEA) as needed.
(The inhibition period, from the initial wetting to the start of dissolution, hydration time, may vary from 5-25 min)



USES and APPLICATIONS of HYDROXYETHYL CELLULOSE (HEC):
Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) acts as a non-ionic thickening agent.
Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) is easy to use and provides exceptional skin feel, viscosity and stability.
Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) offers efficient and cost-effective options for making crystal clear gel products.


Moreover, Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) easily disperses into room temperature in water without clumping or forming fish-eyes.
Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) is not an emulsifier and will not emulsify oils into water.
Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) finds application in formulating hair styling gels, cosmetic products and personal care formulations.


Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) can be used in building materials, paints industry, petrochemicals, synthetic resin, ceramic industry, pharmaceutical, food, textile, agriculture, cosmetics, tobacco, ink, papermaking and other industries.
Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) is a cellulose ether that is primarily used as a thickener for water-based paint, ink, and adhesive formulations.


Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) grades are defined by their molecular weight or more specifically the viscosity of the aqueous solution that they produce at 2% by weight.
Solutions of low molecular weight Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) grades have a rheology that is near Newtonian and useful for applications that require a stable viscosity regardless of shear.


Solutions of high molecular weight Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC), however, behave in a non-Newtonian manner and will have a pseudo-plastic rheology.
This pseudoplasticity makes high viscosity grades of Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) an ideal thickener for latex paint applications where the paint must stay on the brush, yet flow out easily upon brushing.


In addition to its useful nature as a thickening agent, Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) also provides the benefits of a suspension aid, binder, emulsifier, film former, emulsion stabilizer, dispersant, water retention aid, and protective colloid.
Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) offers narrow viscosity ranges, consistent viscosity reproducibility, and excellent solution clarities.


The applications for Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) range but in the industrial space it is primarily used for general thickening applications in latex paints, household cleaners and tape-joint compounds.
Hydroxyethyl cellulose(HEC) is a gelling and thickening agent derived from cellulose.


Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) is non-ionic, water-soluble materials that provide good properties of thickening, suspending, binding, emulsify, film-forming, stabilize, disperse, retain water and etc.
And Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) is widely used in coatings, construction, medicine, food, papermaking and polymer polymerization industry.


In medicine field, Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) and methyl cellulose(MHEC) are frequently used with hydrophobic drugs in capsule formulations, to improve the drugs' dissolution in the gastrointestinal fluids.
Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) has uses in the cosmetics and personal care industries as a gelling and thickening agent.


In pharmaceuticals, cellulose has been used as an adsorbent, glidant, drug solvent, and suspending agent.
Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) is one of the main components of the personal lubricant brand known as K-Y Jelly.
Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) can also be found in household cleaning products.


Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) is suitable for latex paint, oil drilling, adhesives, and personal care.
Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) is mainly used in water-based products.
Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) finds applications as a binder, film former, rheology modifer (thickener), adhesion promoter, dispersion stabilizer, extender and slumping reducer in numerous products including paints, inks, adhesives, cosmetics, personal care products, textiles, cements, ceramics and paper products.


One of the most important applications of Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) and HMHEC are waterborne architectual coatings.
They are either used alone or in combination with other thickeners.
Infact, Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) is the most widely used thickener in exterior latex paints because it is compatible with many coating ingredients such as pigments, surfactants, emulsifiers, preservatives, and binders.


Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) is characterized by the formation of viscous gels in water, useful for making paints, adhesives for construction, as well as in the paper and oil industry, among others.
With good water retention, thickening, suspension properties, Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) offers functional properties and enhance product performancein emulsion-based building materials.


Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) scientific research team specifically for the texture paint, latex paint development of a product, product thickening suspension effect is good, high water retention rate, a small amount of addition, low product unit price can reduce the production cost.
Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) is recommended as thickening agent in water-based paint.


Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) provides excellent thickening efficiency, color development, open time, and superior resistance to biodegradation.
Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) also play a role in the emulsion, dispersion, stability and water retention.
Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) has good rheological properties at different shear rates, and has good workability and leveling, not easy to drop, good splash and sag resistance.


Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) polymer is a hydroxyethyl ether of cellulose, obtained by treating cellulose with sodium hydroxide and reacting with ethylene oxide.
Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) polymers are largely used as water-binder and thickening agent in many industry applications, that is, personal care products, pharmaceutical formulations, building materials, adhesives, etc., and as stabilizer for liquid soaps.


They are available as white free-flowing granular powders that easily dissolve in cold and hot water to give transparent solutions with varying viscosities depending on polymer concentration, type and temperature.
Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) is a non-ionic soluble cellulose ether, soluble in both cold and hot water, thickening, suspension, adhesion, emulsification, film formation, water retention, protective colloids and other properties, used in coatings.


The fluidity and color pigments, emulsion polymers, surfactants, emulsifiers, defoamers and preservatives are widely compatible with slip.
Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) is used to obtain the optimum hydration time to prevent agglomeration caused by accelerators greater than the optimal dissolution rate.
Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) powders consolidate many advantages and contribute to the construction field.


Specifically, they apply in paints and coatings, oil drilling, adhesives and sealants.
Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) is widely used in cosmetics, cleaning solutions, and other household products. Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) and methyl cellulose are frequently used with hydrophobic drugs in capsule formulations, to improve the drugs' dissolution in the gastrointestinal fluids.


This process is known as hydrophilization.
Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) is also used extensively in the oil and gas industry as a drilling mud additive under the name
Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) as well in industrial applications, paint and coatings, ceramics, adhesives, emulsion polymerization, inks, construction, welding rods, pencils and joint fillers.


Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) can be one of the main ingredients in water-based personal lubricants.
Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) is also a key ingredient in the formation of large bubbles as it possesses the ability to dissolve in water but also provide structural strength to the soap bubble.


Among other similar chemicals, Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) is often used as slime (and gunge, in the UK).
Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) is a commonly used thickener in paint&coating formulations.
Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) is used in paint&coating formulations to increase the viscosity of the paint and to improve its flow and leveling properties.


Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) can also be used to make crystal clear, water soluble hair styling gels.
In addition, Hydroxethyl Cellulose (HEC) offers excellent functionality when used in the water phase of emulsions to build viscosity and stability.
However, Hydroxethyl Cellulose (HEC) is not an emulsifier and will not emulsify oils into water.


Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) include antiperspirants & deodorants, conditioners, body care, facial care, styling products, sunscreens, liquid soaps, shave gels and foams, wipes (baby and adult), makeup/mascara, AP/Deodorant solids, and lubricant gels.
Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) is used as a non-ionic cellulose thickener, usually to enhance viscosity, increase concentration by absorbing water, increase viscosity, increase stability, increase degradability, and increase gloss.


Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) is used as a thickener for a series of organic solvents.
Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) is used in various formulations such as film formulations, emulsifiers, flow regulators, and anti-mildew.
Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) is commonly used in the production of water-based resins, the production of interior paints, the adhesive industry, the polymerization of vinyl acetate, the copolymer lactate with vinyl acrylic acid, the hydraulic fracturing process, the production of nonwovens and detergents, cosmetics, Layering of tiles.


In the production of paper, in the production of pet bedding for the production of aqueous polymer emulsions based on ethylene-derived compounds, in the production of pharmaceuticals for the production of various creams and lotions, in the production of toothpaste, in the plastics industry.
Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) enhances the viscosity of drilling fluid.


Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) acts as a thickening and stabilizing agent.
Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) acts as a thickening and stabilizing agent.
Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) is used to thicken shampoos, gels, body washes, and add body and after feel to bubble baths, body care products, lotions and creams.


Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) is used in broad range of applications includes cosmetic & personnel care, Paint & coating, oilfield, construction, etc.
Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) is used as a thickener,binder, stabilizer,film forming, protective colloids and suspending agent.
Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) is used as adhesives, bonding aids, filling cement admixtures


Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) is used as coatings and optical brightener additives, coating polymers, filter control additives
Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) is used as wet strength enhancer, protective colloid, rebound and slip reducing agent, rheology control modifier
Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) is used as a gelling and thickening agent in the development of biological structures for hydrophobic drugs.


Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) is used in rinses, hair conditioner, hair gel and shaving products.
Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) is a hydroxyethyl cellulose powder recommended for use in interior and exterior paints.


-Uses of Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC):
*Construction uses of Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC): Cement mortar, Concrete mix， Thickening
*Dyeing： Latex paint, polymer emulsifying, Thickening, water retention, retarding
*Papermaking：Sizing agent，Thickener, water-retaining
*Cosmetic：Toothpaste, shampoo, Detergent， Thickener, stabilizer
*Petroleum Oil：Drilling well, completing fluids，Water retention, Thickening，Control of fluid loss


-Recommended fields of application of Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC):
*Interior paints
*Exterior paints


-Recommended Field Application of Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC):
*Interior paints
*Solid paints
*Exterior paints
*Silicon resin paints
*Tinters
*Glazes


-Application properties of Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC):
Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) is majnly recommended for ready mixed joint compounds (RMJC).
Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) provroes a very creamy and easy wôrkability.
Usually Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) is used in combination with Tylose@ MHPC or MHEC grades to Typical data further improve the workability


-Uses of Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC):
*solubility
*thickening effect
*surface activity


-Typical recommended for thickening and hydration using Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC).
Disperse Hydroxyethyl cellulose in solution, usually water, and by stir vigorously or using a blender.
Continue to hydrate the HEC in water until completely dissolved.
The thickening will be delayed, this is normal and how the product is designed to work. (Stir until all particles are dissolved.
This process allows the preparation of clear, smooth, viscous solutions in a short period of time by simply adding the R-grade to water and stirring until the polymer is completely dissolved to prevent settling of the particles.


-Aplications of Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC):
• Paint and coating thickener.
• Preparation of water-based latex paints.
• Preparation and synthesis of binder.
• Extraction of petroleum.
• Construction and building materials.
• Manufacture of paper.
• Binder.
• Adhesive.


-Applications of Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC):
*Water-based paint
*Polymerization
*Cosmetics
*Others


-Application Field of Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC):
*Interior wall latex paint
*Exterior wall latex paint
*Real stone paint
*Texture paint



FEATURE OF HYDROXYETHYL CELLULOSE (HEC):
*Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) dissolves readily in both cold water and hot water.
*Aqueous solutions of Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) are stable and do not gel at either high or low temperatures.
*Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) is a nonionic cellulose ether that remains chemically and physically stable over a wide pH range.
*Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) shows excellent performance as athickener, as a water-retention agent, as a suspending and dispersing agent, and as a protective colloid.
*Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) can be stored for log periods without degrading significantly, and in aqueous solutions its viscosity remains stable.
*Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) is a water-soluble polymer synthesized by the reaction of ethylene oxide with cellulose.
Aqueous solutions of Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) have excellent characterisstics for applications as thickeners, water-retention agents, suspending and dispersing agents, and as protective colloids.
In the synthesis of hydroxyethylcellulose, the avarage number of moles of ethylene oxide that combines with each mole of cellulose (MS) is used as an index.
The value of MS in Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) is controlled within 1.5 to 2.5.



PROPERTIES AND FUNCTIONALITY OF HYDROXYETHYL CELLULOSE (HEC):
*Benefit from the non-anionic nature, Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) is high stable to broad range of salt, soluble and high resistance even in high brine concentration.
*High-performance thickening, efficient high viscosity build up
*Outstanding pseudoplasticity, Unique shear-thinning characteristic and viscosity reversible
*Film-forming agent, protective colloid action.
*Water retention,maintain water content at formulation
*Excellent compatibility to broad range of water soluble materials or ingredients



IMPORTANT PROPERTIES OF HYDROXYETHYL CELLULOSE (HEC):
Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) can be used as a non-ionic surface active agent.
In addition to thickening, suspending, adhesion, emulsifying, film-forming, dispersing, water-retaining and providing protective colloid properties, but also has the following properties.
1. Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) is soluble in hot or cold water, does not precipitate by heat or boiling, and enables it to have a wide range of solubility and viscosity characteristics, as well as non-thermal gelation;
2. Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC)’s non-ionic itself and can coexist with a wide range of other water-soluble polymers, surfactants, and salts, a fine colloidal thickener for the solution containing a high concentration of electrolytes;
3. Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC)'s water retention capacity is twice as that of methyl cellulose, and it has better flow-regulating property;
4. Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) is stable in viscosity and prevented from mildew.
Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) enables the paint to have good can-opening effects and better leveling properties in construction.



PROPERTIES OF HYDROXYETHYL CELLULOSE (HEC):
Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) is a free-flowing powder or granules that range in color from white to slightly yellowish.
Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) is odorless and tasteless and contains residual moisture determined by the conditions of production, as well as a small amount of residual salts.
Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) can also contain other additives which, for example, regulate the solubility and dispersibility or purposefully influence the development of viscosity.
Depending on the field of application, Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) is offered in unmodified and modified form.
The most important properties of Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC):
*solubility
*thickening effect
*surface activity



BENEFITS OF HYDROXYETHYL CELLULOSE (HEC):
Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) is used as a high performance non-ionic thickener, water-retaining aid and rheological additive in all types of water-based paints and surface coatings, adhesives and many other water-based industrial products.
Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) gives these systems excellent rheological properties.
*Additional purification to reduce ash content Excellent salt tolerance
*Imparts slip and lubricity
*Ability to create clear formulations
*Stabilizes emulsion systems
*Surface-treated to aid incorporation into water
*Vegan suitable



PROPERTIES AND APPLICATIONS OF HYDROXYETHYL CELLULOSE (HEC):
Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) is an important non-ionic, water-soluble cellulose derivative.
Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) is a completely odorless, tasteless, and non-toxic white to light-yellow powder that readily dissolves in hot and cold water but is insoluble in most organic solvents.
When dissolved in water, Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) forms a transparent viscous solution which has a non-Newtonian behavior.

The hydroxyl groups of Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) present in the side chains can be reacted with hydrophobic moities to modify the properties of HEC.
For example, attaching polyether chains onto the cellulose (alkoxylation) yields hydrophobically modified Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC).
Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) is an associative thickener that forms a reversible three-dimensional supramolecular network in solution through intra- and intermolecular associations of the hydrophobic groups.



PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF HYDROXYETHYL CELLULOSE (HEC):
Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) is soluble in both cold and hot water, but under normal circumstances does not dissolve in most organic solvents.
When the pH value is within the range of 2-12, the change in viscosity is small, but if beyond this range, the viscosity will decrease.
The surface-treated Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) can be dispersed in cold water without agglomeration, but dissolution rate is slower, and generally it requires about 30 minutes.
With heat or adjusting the pH value to 8-10, it can be rapidly dissolved.



THE MANUFACTURING PROCESS OF HYDROXYETHYL CELLULOSE (HEC) IS AS FOLLOWS:
1. Purify the cellulose.
2. Mix it with sodium hydroxide to form swollen alkaline cellulose.
3. Then react it with ethylene oxide.



SPECIFICATIONS OF HYDROXYETHYL CELLULOSE (HEC):
-Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) provides viscosity at 3,400-5,000 mPa s (cPs) at 1% in water.
- Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) melts and forms a gel at about 70 degrees and dissolves well at pH higher than 7 (use an alkali such as Triethanolamine helps to raise the pH value, after dissolving, can adjust the pH later)
- Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) can be used in formulations that are acidic down to pH 3 and alkaline up to pH 9.
- Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) has no smell



DRILL INTO BETTER OIL PRODUCTION:
Useful in different forms of oil production, Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) is a family of nonionic, water-soluble polymers that can thicken, suspend, bind, stabilize, disperse, form films, emulsify, retain water and provide protective colloid action.
These unique materials can be used to prepare solutions with a wide range of viscosities – including moderate viscosities with normal colloidal properties to maximum viscosities with minimal dissolved solids.

In workover and completion fluids, Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) is a viscosifier.
Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) helps oil producers provide clear, low-solids fluids that help minimize damage to the formation.
Fluids thickened with Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) are easily broken with acid, enzymes or oxidating agents to maximize the potential for hydrocarbon recovery.
In fracturing fluids, Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) materials act as carriers for proppant.

These fluids also can be broken down easily with acid, enzymes or oxidating agents.
Using the low-solids concept, drilling fluids that are formulated with Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) offer increased penetration rates with good borehole stability.
Property-inhibited fluids can be used in drilling medium-to-hard rock formations, as well as heaving or sloughing shales.
In cementing operations, Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) materials reduce hydraulic friction of the slurry and minimize water loss to the formation.



PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of HYDROXYETHYL CELLULOSE (HEC):
Appearance Form: powder
Color: beige
Odor: No data available
Odor Threshold: No data available
pH: No data available
Melting point/freezing point: No data available
Initial boiling point and boiling range: No data available
Flash point: No data available
Evaporation rate: No data available
Flammability (solid, gas): No data available
Upper/lower flammability or explosive limits: No data available
Vapor pressure: No data available
Vapor density: No data available
Density: No data available
Relative density: No data available
Water solubility: No data available
Partition coefficient: n-octanol/water: No data available
Autoignition temperature: No data available
Decomposition temperature: No data available
Viscosity
Viscosity, kinematic: No data available
Viscosity, dynamic: No data available
Explosive properties: No data available
Oxidizing properties: No data available
Other safety information: No data available
Chemical formula: variable
Molar mass: variable
Melting point: 140 °C (284 °F; 413 K)
Appearance: white or similar to white powder
Moisture(%): Max. 8.0
PH: 6.0-8.5
Apparent Density: 0.30-0.50 g/ml

Type: Interior / Exterior / Solid Paints
Form: Powder
Appearance: white powder
Etherification: high etherification
Particle size: powder
Delayed solubility: yes
Biostability: yes
Viscosity level (according to Höppler): hydroxyethyl cellulose
Viscosity: 4200 - 5500 mPa-s
solution pH: 6-8.5
Moisture content (packed): <6%
Ash (calculated as Na2SO4): <6%
particle size: no more than 10%
Esterification (MS): 2.70
swelling time: 20 minutes.
Bulk densit: 0.45g/l
Lower explosion limits: 30 g/m³
Upper explosion limits:
Density (at 20 °C): 1,1-1,5 g/cm³
Water solubility: (at 20 °C) > 10 g/L

Partition coefficient: log POW < 0
Ignition temperature: > 460 °C
Auto-ignition temperature > 120 °C
Explosive properties The product is considered non-explosive.
Bulk density: 200 - 600 g/l
Conbustion class: 5
Smoulder temperature: 280 °C
pmax: 10 bar
KSt: < 200 bar*m/s
Dust explosion class: ST1
Minimum ignition energy: > 10 mJ
Physical state: Powder
Colour:Whitish
Odour: characteristic
Test method
pH-Value (at 20 °C): 6 - 8 10 g/l
Changes in the physical state
Melting point: n.a.
Initial boiling point and boiling range: n.a.
Flash point: n.a



FIRST AID MEASURES of HYDROXYETHYL CELLULOSE (HEC):
-Description of first-aid measures:
*If inhaled:
If breathed in, move person into fresh air.
*In case of skin contact:
Wash off with soap and plenty of water.
*In case of eye contact:
Flush eyes with water as a precaution.
*If swallowed:
Rinse mouth with water.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed:
No data available



ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of HYDROXYETHYL CELLULOSE (HEC):
-Environmental precautions:
No special environmental precautions required.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Sweep up and shovel.
Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal



FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of HYDROXYETHYL CELLULOSE (HEC):
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.
-Further information:
No data available



EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of HYDROXYETHYL CELLULOSE (HEC):
-Control parameters:
--Ingredients with workplace control parameters:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use equipment for eye protection.
*Skin protection:
Handle with gloves.
Wash and dry hands.
Full contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Splash contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
*Body Protection:
Choose body protection in relation to its type
*Respiratory protection:
Respiratory protection is not required.
-Control of environmental exposure:
No special environmental precautions required.



HANDLING and STORAGE of HYDROXYETHYL CELLULOSE (HEC):
-Precautions for safe handling:
*Hygiene measures:
General industrial hygiene practice.
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
*Storage conditions:
Store in cool place.
Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place.
*Storage class:
Storage class (TRGS 510): 13: Non Combustible Solids



STABILITY and REACTIVITY of HYDROXYETHYL CELLULOSE (HEC):
-Reactivity:
No data available
-Chemical stability:
Stable under recommended storage conditions.
-Possibility of hazardous reactions:
No data available
-Conditions to avoid:
No data available



SYNONYMS:
2-Hydroxyethyl cellulose
Cellulose, hydroxyethyl ether
Hydroxyethylcellulose
2-Hydroxyethyl cellulose
Hyetellose
Natrosol
Cellosize
Hydroxyethyl cellulose
HS 100,000 YP2
Cellulose, 2 – hydroxyethyl ether
hydroxyethyl cellulose
Methyl 2-hydroxyethyl cellulose cas no: 9004-62-0
Hydroxyethyl Cellulose,2-hydroxyethylcelluloseether
ah15
aw15(polysaccharide)
aw15[polysaccharide]
bl15
cellosize
Hydroxyethyl cellulose – Viscosity 1500 ~ 2500
5-[6-[[3,4-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-5-methoxyoxan-2-yl]oxymethyl]-3,4-dihydroxy-5-[4-hydroxy-3-(2-hydroxyethoxy)-6-(hydroxymethyl)-5-methoxyoxan-2-yl]oxyoxan-2-yl]oxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methyloxane-3,4-diol