Detergents, Cosmetics, Disinfectants, Pharma Chemicals

FERULIC ACID
Ferulic acid is a pale yellow solid, It belongs to the family of hydroxycinnamic acids.
Ferulic acid is an abundant phenolic phytochemical found in plant cell wall components.
Natural sources of ferulic acid are leaves and seeds of many plants, such as cereals, coffee, apples, artichokes, peanuts, oranges, pineapples and wine.

CAS Number: 1135-24-6
Molecular Formula: C10H10O4
Molecular Weight: 194.18
EINECS Number: 214-490-0

Ferulic acid is widely found in plants, especially in artichoke, eggplant and corn bran.
In addition, Ferulic acid is also present in a variety of Chinese herbal medicines, such as angelica, dome, motherwort, snow ganoderma lucidum and so on.
Ferulic acid is a hydroxycinnamic acid, is an organic compound with the formula (CH3O)HOC6H3CH=CHCO2H.
The name is derived from the genus Ferula, referring to the giant fennel (Ferula communis).

Classified as a phenolic phytochemical, ferulic acid is an amber colored solid.
Esters of ferulic acid are found in plant cell walls, covalently bonded to hemicellulose such as arabinoxylans.
Ferulic acid is biosynthesized in plants from caffeic acid by the action of the enzyme caffeate O-methyltransferase.

Ferulic acid is a naturally occurring organic compound that belongs to the group of hydroxycinnamic acids.
Ferulic acid is found in various plants, especially in seeds and cell walls, where it plays a role in plant defense mechanisms.
Ferulic acid is known for its antioxidant and UV protection properties, and it has gained significant attention in the skincare and cosmetic industries due to its potential benefits for human skin.

Ferulic acid is a kind of phenolic acid extracted from the resin of ferula asafetida.
Ferula asafetida is a kind of Umbelliferae perennial herb with a strong garlic smell and living in sandy areas.
Ferulic acid is mainly produced in Xinjiang. During the nascent stage, there are only root leaves.

Ferulic acid is naturally found in a variety of plants, including bran and bamboo, and it’s often used as an antioxidant in skincare products.
Ferulic acid, together with dihydroferulic acid, is a component of lignocellulose, serving to crosslink the lignin and polysaccharides, thereby conferring rigidity to the cell walls.

Ferulic acid is an intermediate in the synthesis of monolignols, the monomers of lignin, and is also used for the synthesis of lignans.
Ferulic acid is light yellow crystalline powder.
Ferulic acid is slightly soluble in cold water; soluble in hot water, with poor stability in aqueous solution; easily decomposed when encounter light; soluble in ethanol and ethyl acetate; slightly soluble in ether; insoluble in benzene and petroleum ether.

Ferulic acid is a potent antioxidant, which means it helps neutralize harmful free radicals that can damage cells and contribute to premature aging, skin damage, and other health issues.
When combined with other antioxidants like vitamins C and E, ferulic acid has been shown to enhance the protective effects against UV radiation from the sun.
Ferulic acid makes it a popular ingredient in skincare products designed to protect the skin from sun damage.

Ferulic acid can potentially help even out skin tone and reduce the appearance of hyperpigmentation, such as age spots and sunspots, by inhibiting the production of melanin.
Some studies suggest that ferulic acid may promote the production of collagen, a protein that gives skin its structure and elasticity.
This can contribute to a more youthful and firm appearance.

Ferulic acid has shown anti-inflammatory properties that can be beneficial for soothing and calming irritated or sensitive skin.
Ferulic acid is known to enhance the stability of certain vitamins, particularly vitamin C.
When combined with vitamin C, it helps prevent oxidation and degradation, allowing the product to remain effective for a longer time.

Due to its various beneficial properties, ferulic acid is often included in serums, moisturizers, sunscreens, and other skincare products targeting anti-aging, protection, and overall skin health.
Ferulic acid is an aromatic acid widely being presented in plant kingdom and is the components of suberin.
It amount is very small presented in plants in its free state but with its main form in forming bound state with oligosaccharides, polyamines, lipids and polysaccharides.

Ferulic acid has many health functions, such as free radical scavenging, anti-thrombotic, anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, prevention and treatment of hypertension, heart disease, and enhanced sperm activity and so on.
Ferulic acid has a low toxicity and is easy for being metabolized by human.
It can be used as a food preservative and has a wide range of applications in the field of food and medication.

Ferulic acid can be obtained through chemical synthesis and extraction.
Laboratory dissolves the vanillin, malonic acid and piperidine in pyridine for reaction of three weeks after which with hydrochloric acid precipitation, you can obtain ferulic acid.

Ferulic acid is a derivative of cinnamic acid with molecular formula C10H10O4.
In 1886, Hlasiwetz Barth, an Austrian, isolated 3-methoxy-4-hydroxycinnamic acid from the genus Ferula foetida for structure determination.
Ferulic acid together with dihydroferulic acid, is a component of lignocelluloses, conferring cell wall rigidity by cross linking lignin and polysaccharides.

Ferulic acid is commonly found in seeds of plant such as rice, wheat and oats.
Besides, Ferulic Acid exhibited biochemical role in the inhibition of seed germination, inhibition of indole-acetic acid and enzyme, inhibition of decarboxylation activity & other protective effect on micro-organisms and pets.
The syntheis of Ferulic acid was established by Dutt in 1935 when ferulic acid was used as a precursor in the manufacturing of vanillin and malonic acid.

There are vast numbers of studies documented on the bio-medical properties of ferulic acid such as antioxidant activity, UV-absorbing capacity & its effect of lignin as precursor in plants metabolic pathway.
Ferulic acid, being highly abundant, is indeed difficult to synthesize, Oryza Oil & Fat Chemical has successfully developed an efficient method to extract ferulic acid from rice bran and suitable for applications in the health and beauty arena.

Melting point: 168-172 °C(lit.)
Boiling point: 250.62°C (rough estimate)
Density: 1.316(20.0000℃)
vapor pressure: 0Pa at 25℃
refractive index: 1.5168 (estimate)
storage temp.: 2-8°C
solubility: DMSO (Slightly), Methanol (Slightly)
pka: 4.58±0.10(Predicted)
form: powder
color: slightly yellow
Water Solubility: soluble
InChIKey: KSEBMYQBYZTDHS-HWKANZROSA-N
LogP: 1.51

Ferulic acid, aka hydroxycinnamic acid, is a powerful antioxidant that neutralizes free-radical damage from pollution, ultraviolet light, or infrared radiation, all of which accelerate skin aging.
Ferulic acid's found in the cell wall of plants like oats, brown rice, peanuts, and oranges, but Levin says you typically hear of it associated with apples.
Naturally, ferulic acid is botanically derived, but it can be created in a lab for quality control, consistency, and consumer safety.

Ferulic acid mostly comes in a liquid form and can be found in serums, but can also be in the form of cream when packaged in a pump.
Ferulic acid can competitively inhibit the liver mevalonate-5-pyrophosphate dehydrogenase activity, inhibiting the synthesis of cholesterol in the liver, so as to achieve the purpose of lowering blood pressure.

Ferulic acid is naturally present in a variety of plant-based foods, including whole grains, seeds (such as rice bran and wheat germ), fruits (such as oranges and apples), and vegetables (such as spinach and tomatoes).
Ferulic acid's antioxidant properties are also utilized in the food industry as a natural preservative to prevent oxidative deterioration and extend the shelf life of various products.

Beyond skincare, ferulic acid has been studied for potential health benefits.
Ferulic acid's been associated with anti-inflammatory effects and may have a role in promoting heart health and reducing the risk of certain chronic diseases.
Ferulic acid's antioxidant and protective properties can also extend to hair care products.

Ferulic acid might be included in shampoos, conditioners, and serums to help protect hair from environmental stressors and damage.
Ferulic acid has been the subject of numerous scientific studies investigating its potential benefits for skin health, sun protection, and overall wellness.
Research is ongoing to further understand its mechanisms of action and potential applications.

Ferulic acid can be derived from natural sources, such as plant extracts, or it can be synthesized for use in skincare and cosmetic products.
Natural sources are often preferred due to their potential to contain other beneficial compounds.
Ferulic acid, like other antioxidants, can be sensitive to light and air, which can cause it to degrade over time.

Ferulic acid is also being explored for potential medical applications, such as in wound healing, anti-inflammatory treatments, and even as a possible adjuvant in cancer therapies.
However, these areas of research are still in their early stages.
Ferulic acid exhibits a broader anti-bacterial spectrum.

Ferulic acid has been found that ferulic acid is able to inhibit pathogenic bacteria such as Shigella sonnei, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterobacter, Escherichia coli, Citrobacter, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and 11 kinds of microorganisms which causing food corruption.
Ferulic acid has various effects of inhibiting platelet aggregation, expectorant, and inhibition of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and so on.

Clinically ferulic acid is mainly applied to the adjuvant treatment of various kinds of vascular diseases such as atherosclerosis, coronary heart disease, cerebrovascular, renal disease, pulmonary hypertension, diabetic vascular disease, and vasculitis as well as neutropenia and thrombocytopenia.
Ferulic acid can be used for treating migraine and vascular headache.

As a leukocyte-enhancement drug, this drug also has enhanced hematopoietic function.
Therefore, ferulic acid may also be for the treatment of leukopenia and thrombocytopenia.
Ferulic acid is an antioxidant compound in plant cells.

Manufacturers add Ferulic acid to certain skin care products to help reduce inflammation and signs of aging and even the skin’s tone.
Ferulic Acid (FA) is a goodie that can be found naturally in plant cell walls.
There is a lot of it especially in the bran of grasses such as rice, wheat and oats.

Ferulic acid owes its fame to a 2005 research that discovered that adding in 0.5% FA to a 15% Vitamin C + 1% Vitamin E solution not only stabilizes the highly unstable, divaish Vit C, but it also doubles the photoprotection abilities of the formula.
Chemically reactive molecules known as free radicals are produced as byproducts of normal biochemical processes.

Ferulic acid is excellent at neutralizing free radicals, especially the free radicals known as "superoxide", "hydroxyl radical" and "nitric oxide".
Ferulic acid also acts synergistically with other antioxidants to increase their efficacy.
Interestingly, Ferulic Acid's antioxidant activity is boosted by exposure to UV light, indicating it may be helpful in protecting skin fro sun damage.

Uses
Ferulic acid can be used as a food preservative and a kind of organic chemicals.
Ferulic acid can be used as the intermediates of cinametic acid. It can also be used as food preservative.
Ferulic acid can also be applied to biochemical studies.

Ferulic acid is a plant-derived anti-oxidant and free-radical scavenger, it protects the skin against uVB-induced redness.
When incorporated into formulas with ascorbic acid and tocopherol, ferulic acid can improve their stability and double the photoprotection capacities offered by the formulation.
In clinical studies, ferulic acid exhibits good permeation capacities through the stratum corneum, which can be attributed to its lipophilic properties.

Ferulic acid is available in both supplemental form and as part of anti-aging serums.
Ferulic acid’s primarily used to fight off free radicals, which play a role in age-related skin issues, including age spots and wrinkles.
Ferulic acid is commonly used in skincare products for its antioxidant benefits.

Ferulic acid's often included in serums, moisturizers, and sunscreens to provide protection against environmental stressors, UV radiation, and free radicals that can lead to premature aging, hyperpigmentation, and other skin concerns.
Due to its ability to neutralize free radicals and promote collagen production, ferulic acid is included in many anti-aging skincare products.

Ferulic acid helps reduce the appearance of fine lines, wrinkles, and sagging skin.
When combined with vitamins C and E, ferulic acid can enhance the UV protection provided by sunscreens.
This combination helps prevent sun-induced skin damage, including sunburn and long-term photodamage.

Ferulic acid's ability to inhibit melanin production can contribute to more even skin tone and reduced hyperpigmentation, making it a popular ingredient in products designed to address sunspots, age spots, and melasma.
Ferulic acid's antioxidant properties can benefit hair health as well.

Ferulic acid's used in hair care products like shampoos, conditioners, and leave-in treatments to protect hair from damage caused by environmental factors and styling tools.
Ferulic acid's anti-inflammatory properties have led to its exploration in wound healing and tissue repair.

Ferulic acid might be used in topical formulations for minor cuts, burns, and skin irritations.
Ferulic acid can be found in various cosmetic products, including foundations, primers, and makeup setting sprays.
Its antioxidant properties can help protect the skin from the oxidative stress caused by makeup application and wear.

Ferulic acid supplements are available for those seeking to boost their antioxidant intake.
These supplements are often marketed for overall health and wellness benefits.
Ferulic acid is naturally present in various foods and acts as a natural antioxidant and preservative.

Ferulic acid's used in the food industry to prevent oxidation and prolong the shelf life of products.
Beyond skincare and cosmetics, ferulic acid is being studied for its potential health benefits in the medical field.
Research is ongoing to explore its potential role in conditions such as inflammation, heart health, and cancer treatment.

In the plant kingdom, ferulic acid acts as a natural sunscreen, absorbing UV radiation and protecting plant tissues from damage.
Ferulic acid’s also available as a supplement intended for daily use.
Some studies suggest that ferulic acid may be helpful for people with diabetes and pulmonary hypertension.

Ferulic acid is often used in combination with other antioxidants, such as vitamin C (ascorbic acid) and vitamin E (tocopherol), to create a synergistic effect.
This combination enhances the overall antioxidant and photoprotective properties of the formulation.
Ferulic acid supplements are available in capsule or tablet form.

Ferulic acid is being studied for its potential health benefits beyond skincare.
Ferulic acid's being investigated for its anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, and anticancer properties.
Research is ongoing to understand how ferulic acid may be used in the prevention and management of various health conditions.

Ferulic acid can be added to food and beverages as a natural antioxidant.
Ferulic acid's used to improve the stability of products, enhance their color, and extend their shelf life.

Ferulic acid's antioxidant properties can contribute to the preservation of cosmetic formulations by slowing down the oxidation of ingredients.
This can help maintain the effectiveness and stability of the product.

In agriculture, ferulic acid can be used as a growth promoter for plants.
Ferulic acid has been shown to enhance the growth of certain crops by improving nutrient uptake and providing protection against environmental stressors.
Ferulic acid has been explored as a natural dye in various industries, including textiles.

Ferulic acids antioxidant properties can contribute to color stability and longevity.
Ferulic acid is being researched for potential applications in drug delivery systems and as a component in pharmaceutical formulations due to its bioactive properties.

Ferulic acid can be found in some essential oils due to its presence in certain plant sources.
Essential oils containing ferulic acid are sometimes used in aromatherapy for their potential health benefits.

Ferulic acid is sometimes added to functional foods, which are designed to provide specific health benefits beyond basic nutrition.
These foods might include fortified cereals, beverages, and snacks.
In textiles, ferulic acid has been investigated as a potential agent for producing wrinkle-resistant fabrics by cross-linking cellulose fibers.

Safety
While allergic reactions to ferulic acid are rare, individuals with known allergies to certain plants or compounds should exercise caution.
It's a good practice to perform a patch test before using products that contain ferulic acid, especially if you have a history of skin sensitivities or allergies.

Some studies suggest that high concentrations of ferulic acid in combination with sunlight exposure might increase the skin's photosensitivity.
This means that when exposed to sunlight, skin treated with high concentrations of ferulic acid could potentially be more prone to sunburn.
However, the concentrations used in most skincare products are generally within safe ranges.

In some cases, individuals with very sensitive skin might experience mild irritation when using products containing ferulic acid.
This is more likely to occur when using high concentrations or in combination with other active ingredients.
When taken as a dietary supplement, ferulic acid is generally considered safe for most people.

Ferulic acid's advisable to consult with a healthcare professional before adding it to your regimen, especially if you have underlying health conditions or are taking other medications.
While there is limited research on the safety of ferulic acid during pregnancy and breastfeeding, it's generally recommended to exercise caution and consult with a healthcare provider before using products containing ferulic acid in these periods.

Synonyms
ferulic acid
trans-Ferulic Acid
1135-24-6
537-98-4
4-Hydroxy-3-methoxycinnamic acid
trans-4-Hydroxy-3-methoxycinnamic acid
3-(4-Hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)acrylic acid
(E)-Ferulic acid
Coniferic acid
ferulate
2-Propenoic acid, 3-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-
Ferulic acid, trans-
3-(4-Hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-2-propenoic acid
(E)-3-(4-Hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-2-propenoic acid
Cinnamic acid, 4-hydroxy-3-methoxy-
3-methoxy-4-hydroxycinnamic acid
Fumalic acid
(2E)-3-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)prop-2-enoic acid
Cinnamic acid, 4-hydroxy-3-methoxy-, (E)-
(E)-4-Hydroxy-3-methoxycinnamic acid
UNII-AVM951ZWST
(E)-4'-Hydroxy-3'-methoxycinnamic acid
2-Propenoic acid, 3-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-, (2E)-
AVM951ZWST
4-Hydroxy-3-methoxy cinnamic acid
ferulic acid, (E)-isomer
EINECS 208-679-7
Cinnamic acid, 4-hydroxy-3-methoxy-, trans-
MFCD00004400
2-Propenoic acid, 3-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-, (E)-
(E)-3-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)acrylic acid
CCRIS 3256
CCRIS 7127
CIS-FERULICACID
CHEBI:17620
HSDB 7663
NSC 2821
NSC-2821
EINECS 214-490-0
NSC 51986
NSC-51986
(2E)-3-(4-Hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)acrylic acid
NSC 674320
(E)-3-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)prop-2-enoic acid
Fumalic acid (Ferulic acid)
4-Hydroxy-3-methoxycinnamate
(2E)-3-(4-Hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-2-propenoic acid
(E)-3-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxy-phenyl)prop-2-enoic acid
CHEMBL32749
CCRIS 7575
3-(4-Hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)propenoic acid
C10H10O4
NSC2821
3-Methoxy-4-hydroxy-trans-cinnamate
NSC-674320
97274-61-8
3-methoxy-4-hydroxy-trans-cinnamic acid
(E)-Ferulate
trans-Ferulic Acid (purified by sublimation)
4-HYDROXY-3-METHOXY-D3-CINNAMIC ACID
FERULIC ACID (USP-RS)
FERULIC ACID [USP-RS]
CINNAMIC ACID,4-HYDROXY,3-METHOXY FERULIC ACID
caffeic acid 3-methyl ether
SMR000112202
3-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)prop-2-enoic acid
DTXSID5040673
ferulasaure
Ferulicacid
4-Hydroxy-3-methoxy cinnammic acid
trans-Ferulate
(E)-3-(4-Hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-2-propenoate
trans-FerulicAcid
Ferulic acid, E-
Ferulic acid (FA)
(E)-Coniferic acid
trans-4-Hydroxy-3-methoxycinnamicacid
Ferulic acid (M5)
Ferulic Acid ,(S)
FERULIC-ACID
Spectrum5_000554
bmse000459
bmse000587
bmse010211
D03SLR
FERULIC ACID [MI]
trans-Ferulic acid, 99%
FERULIC ACID [HSDB]
FERULIC ACID [INCI]
SCHEMBL15673
BSPBio_003168
MLS001066385
MLS001332483
MLS001332484
MLS002207079
MLS006011435
SPECTRUM1501017
trans-Ferulic acid, >=99%
FERULIC ACID [WHO-DD]
DTXCID3020673
DTXSID70892035
HMS1921D05
HMS2269P04
(E)-4-Hydroxy-3-methoxycinnamate
trans-4-Hydroxy-3-methoxycinnamate
BCP21231
BCP21789
HY-N0060
NSC51986
STR00961
(E)-4-hydroxy-3-methoxy-Cinnamate
TRANS-FERULIC ACID [WHO-DD]
(E)4-hydroxy-3-methoxycinnamic acid
AC7905
BBL010345
BDBM50214744
CCG-38860
s2300
STK801551
4- hydroxy- 3- methoxycinnamic acid
AKOS000263735
AC-7965
BCP9000163
DB07767
PS-3435
SDCCGMLS-0066667.P001
trans-3-methoxy-4-hydroxycinnamic acid
(E)-4-hydroxy-3-methoxy-Cinnamic acid
3-(4-Hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)propenoate
4-Hydroxy-3-methoxycinnamic acid, trans
NCGC00094889-01
NCGC00094889-02
NCGC00094889-03
NCGC00094889-04
AC-10321
BS-17543
LS-54115
SMR004703246
AM20060784
CS-0007108
F1257
H0267
SW219616-1
EN300-16798
C01494
Trans-3-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)acrylic acid
A829775
FERULIC ACID (CONSTITUENT OF BLACK COHOSH)
Q417362
SR-01000765539
(2E)-3-(4-Hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-2-propenoate
(E)-3-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)prop-2-enoicacid
J-002980
SR-01000765539-3
Z56782558
(E)-3-(3-methoxy-4-oxidanyl-phenyl)prop-2-enoic acid
FERULIC ACID (CONSTITUENT OF BLACK COHOSH) [DSC]
055E203F-B305-4B7F-8CE7-F9C0C03AB609
3986A1BE-A670-4B06-833B-E17253079FD8
Ferulic acid, European Pharmacopoeia (EP) Reference Standard
trans-Ferulic acid, certified reference material, TraceCERT(R)
Diethyl2-(acetamido)-2-(2-(bromomethyl)-5-nitrobenzyl)malonate
Ferulic acid, United States Pharmacopeia (USP) Reference Standard
trans-Ferulic acid, matrix substance for MALDI-MS, >=99.0% (HPLC)
Ferulic Acid, Pharmaceutical Secondary Standard; Certified Reference Material
831-85-6
Fesleğen Yağı
BASIL OIL ;ocimum basilicum herb oil; sweet basil oil; lemon basil; basil type linalool ; basil methyl chavicol; tropical basil oil CAS NO:8015-73-4
Fexofenadine Hcl
SYNONYMS Fexofenadine hydrochloride, Fexofenidine hydrochloride, MDL 16455 hydrochloride, Terfenidine carboxylate hydrochloride cas no:153439-40-8
FINNTALC M15
DESCRIPTION:
FINNTALC M15 is a hydrated magnesium silicate with chemical formula of Mg3Si4O10(OH)2.
Finntalc grades are purified in a cascade of multiple flotation cells.
This process results in a tight definition of the talc composition, making this natural product similar to a synthetic chemical.

CAS-number: 14807-96-6

In combination with a precisely controlled particle size distribution, this ensures exact reproducibility in formulations.
Finntalc M15 is floated, medium sized, laminar talc (Mg-silicate).
Finntalc M15 is recommended for paints & coatings.


Finntalc M15 is a part of the most tightly defined talc product lines worldwide, with the highest consistency and reproducibility, and has 18% of the particle size Finntalc M15 has applications in interior flat emulsion paints, exterior flat emulsion paints, multi-purpose interior/exterior paints, flexible exterior wall paints, semi-gloss emulsion paints, outdoor wood paints, elastomeric coatings, silk and eggshell paints, general industrial protective coatings, heavy duty maintenance coatings, high solids-low VOC coatings, alkyd, epoxy, RU primers - solvent based, water based epoxies, ballast coatings, marine coatings, offshore/onshore coatings, automotive OEM-intermediate coatings, commercial vehicles, freight container, yacht paints, and gel coats.


APPLICATIONS OF FINNTALC M15:
Paints & Coatings: General purpose architectural, industrial coatings with dry film thickness of 50 - 60 µm.
Plastics: For automotive cabin and under the hood, appliances, pipes, powdering, profiles, packaging, sheets and furniture.
FINNTALC M15 can be used in Polyester Putties

FINNTALC M15 can be used as a functional extender to achieve following results:
Paints & Coatings: Good barrier properties, excellent wet scrub resistance, balanced optical properties, good outdoor durability, good anti-corrosion properties, good sandability and adhesion.
Plastics: Consistent color, low abrasion and longer tool life.
Compacted grades are available for low dust generation and easy handling resulting in higher compounding throughput.

LEVELS OF USE:
Typical use levels for paints and coatings applications are 5 - 30 % depending upon the application and the desired properties.
Typical use levels for talc in plastics depending upon the application.
Please contact your local sales representative for advice.

HEALTH AND SAFETY:
Before using this product please consult our Safety Data Sheet (SDS) for information on safe handling and storage.
The SDS can be found on the company website.

STORAGE RECOMMENDATIONS:
Store dry.
SHELF LIFE:
FINNTALC M15 has a shelf life of 5 (five) years from the date of manufacture.
QUALITY ASSURANCE:
Since 1992 the company is a holder of the ISO 9001 certificate, which guarantees that all operations are conducted according to the stipulated standards.


SAFETY INFORMATION ABOUT FINNTALC M15:
First aid measures:
Description of first aid measures:
General advice:
Consult a physician.
Show this safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
Move out of dangerous area:

If inhaled:
If breathed in, move person into fresh air.
If not breathing, give artificial respiration.
Consult a physician.
In case of skin contact:
Take off contaminated clothing and shoes immediately.
Wash off with soap and plenty of water.
Consult a physician.

In case of eye contact:
Rinse thoroughly with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes and consult a physician.
Continue rinsing eyes during transport to hospital.

If swallowed:
Do NOT induce vomiting.
Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person.
Rinse mouth with water.
Consult a physician.

Firefighting measures:
Extinguishing media:
Suitable extinguishing media:
Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.
Special hazards arising from the substance or mixture
Carbon oxides, Nitrogen oxides (NOx), Hydrogen chloride gas

Advice for firefighters:
Wear self-contained breathing apparatus for firefighting if necessary.
Accidental release measures:
Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures
Use personal protective equipment.

Avoid breathing vapours, mist or gas.
Evacuate personnel to safe areas.

Environmental precautions:
Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so.
Do not let product enter drains.
Discharge into the environment must be avoided.

Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Soak up with inert absorbent material and dispose of as hazardous waste.
Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.

Handling and storage:
Precautions for safe handling:
Avoid inhalation of vapour or mist.

Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place.
Containers which are opened must be carefully resealed and kept upright to prevent leakage.
Storage class (TRGS 510): 8A: Combustible, corrosive hazardous materials

Exposure controls/personal protection:
Control parameters:
Components with workplace control parameters
Contains no substances with occupational exposure limit values.
Exposure controls:
Appropriate engineering controls:
Handle in accordance with good industrial hygiene and safety practice.
Wash hands before breaks and at the end of workday.

Personal protective equipment:
Eye/face protection:
Tightly fitting safety goggles.
Faceshield (8-inch minimum).
Use equipment for eye protection tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or EN 166(EU).

Skin protection:
Handle with gloves.
Gloves must be inspected prior to use.
Use proper glove
removal technique (without touching glove's outer surface) to avoid skin contact with this product.
Dispose of contaminated gloves after use in accordance with applicable laws and good laboratory practices.
Wash and dry hands.

Full contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0.11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Material tested:Dermatril (KCL 740 / Aldrich Z677272, Size M)
Splash contact
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0.11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Material tested:Dermatril (KCL 740 / Aldrich Z677272, Size M)
It should not be construed as offering an approval for any specific use scenario.

Body Protection:
Complete suit protecting against chemicals, The type of protective equipment must be selected according to the concentration and amount of the dangerous substance at the specific workplace.
Respiratory protection:
Where risk assessment shows air-purifying respirators are appropriate use a fullface respirator with multi-purpose combination (US) or type ABEK (EN 14387) respirator cartridges as a backup to engineering controls.

If the respirator is the sole means of protection, use a full-face supplied air respirator.
Use respirators and components tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or CEN (EU).
Control of environmental exposure
Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so.
Do not let product enter drains.
Discharge into the environment must be avoided.

Stability and reactivity:
Chemical stability:
Stable under recommended storage conditions.
Incompatible materials:
Strong oxidizing agents:
Hazardous decomposition products:
Hazardous decomposition products formed under fire conditions.
Carbon oxides, Nitrogen oxides (NOx), Hydrogen chloride gas.

Disposal considerations:
Waste treatment methods:
Product:
Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company.
Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material.
Contaminated packaging:
Dispose of as unused product


CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF FINNTALC M15:
pH: 9.1
VOC content: none
SVOC content: none
BIT (ppm): not added
CMIT/MIT mix (ppm) : not added
MIT (ppm) : not added
Bronopol (ppm) : not added
Type: Filler
Avarage particle size, μm: 44320
Surface area: 6
Form: Powder
Density g/mL: 2.7
Density for calculations: 2.70

























FINNTALC M15

TANIM:
FINNTALC M15, kimyasal formülü Mg3Si4O10(OH)2 olan hidratlı bir magnezyum silikattır.
Finntalc sınıfları, çoklu flotasyon hücrelerinin bir kademesinde saflaştırılır.
Bu işlem, talk bileşiminin kesin bir tanımıyla sonuçlanır ve bu doğal ürünü sentetik bir kimyasala benzer hale getirir.

CAS numarası: 14807-96-6

Kesin olarak kontrol edilen bir parçacık boyutu dağılımı ile birlikte bu, formülasyonlarda tam tekrarlanabilirlik sağlar.
Finntalc M15 yüzer, orta boy, laminer talktır (Mg-silikat).
Boyalar ve kaplamalar için Finntalc M15 önerilir.


Finntalc M15, dünya çapında en sıkı şekilde tanımlanmış talk ürün serilerinin bir parçasıdır, en yüksek tutarlılık ve yeniden üretilebilirliğe sahiptir ve partikül boyutunun %18'i Finntalc M15'in iç cephe düz emülsiyon boyaları, dış cephe düz emülsiyon boyaları, çok amaçlı iç/dış cephe boyaları, esnek dış cephe boyaları, yarı parlak emülsiyon boyaları, dış mekan ahşap boyaları, elastomerik kaplamalar, ipek ve yumurta kabuğu boyaları, genel endüstriyel koruyucu kaplamalarda uygulamaları vardır. , ağır hizmet bakım kaplamaları, yüksek katı madde-düşük VOC kaplamaları, alkid, epoksi, RU astarları - solvent bazlı, su bazlı epoksiler, balast kaplamaları, denizcilik kaplamaları, açık deniz/kara kaplamaları, otomotiv OEM-ara kaplamaları, ticari araçlar, yük konteyneri, yat boyaları ve jelkotlar.


FINNTALC M15 UYGULAMALARI:
Boyalar ve Kaplamalar: Kuru film kalınlığı 50 - 60 µm olan genel amaçlı mimari, endüstriyel kaplamalar.
Plastikler: Otomotiv kabini ve kaporta altı, cihazlar, borular, tozlama, profiller, ambalajlar, levhalar ve mobilyalar için.
Polyester Macunlarda kullanılabilir

FINNTALC M15, aşağıdaki sonuçları elde etmek için işlevsel bir genişletici olarak kullanılabilir:
Boyalar ve Kaplamalar: İyi bariyer özellikleri, mükemmel ıslak ovalama direnci, dengeli optik özellikler, iyi dış mekan dayanıklılığı, iyi korozyon önleme özellikleri, iyi zımparalanabilirlik ve yapışma.
Plastikler: Tutarlı renk, düşük aşınma ve daha uzun takım ömrü.
Düşük toz üretimi ve daha yüksek bileşik verimi sağlayan kolay kullanım için kompakt kaliteler mevcuttur.

KULLANIM SEVİYELERİ:
Boya ve kaplama uygulamaları için tipik kullanım seviyeleri, uygulamaya ve istenen özelliklere bağlı olarak %5 - 30'dur.
Uygulamaya bağlı olarak plastiklerde talk için tipik kullanım seviyeleri.
Tavsiye için lütfen yerel satış temsilcinizle iletişime geçin.

SAĞLIK VE GÜVENLİK:
Bu ürünü kullanmadan önce, güvenli kullanım ve depolama hakkında bilgi için lütfen Güvenlik Veri Sayfamıza (SDS) bakın.
SDS şirketin web sitesinde bulunabilir.

DEPOLAMA ÖNERİLERİ:
Kuru saklayın.
RAF ÖMRÜ:
FINNTALC M15'in raf ömrü üretim tarihinden itibaren 5 (beş) yıldır.
KALİTE GÜVENCESİ:
1992 yılından beri şirket, tüm operasyonların öngörülen standartlara göre yürütüldüğünü garanti eden ISO 9001 sertifikasına sahiptir.


FINNTALC M15 HAKKINDA GÜVENLİK BİLGİLERİ:
İlk YARDIM TEDBİRLERİ:
İlk yardım önlemlerinin açıklaması:
Genel tavsiye:
Bir doktora danışın.
Bu güvenlik bilgi formunu görevli doktora gösterin.
Tehlikeli bölgeden uzaklaşın:

Solunması halinde:
Solunursa, kişiyi temiz havaya çıkarın.
Nefes almıyorsa suni teneffüs yapın.
Bir doktora danışın.
Cilt ile teması halinde:
Kirlenmiş giysi ve ayakkabıları hemen çıkarın.
Sabun ve bol su ile yıkayınız.
Bir doktora danışın.

Göz teması halinde:
En az 15 dakika bol su ile iyice yıkayınız ve bir doktora başvurunuz.
Hastaneye nakil sırasında gözleri yıkamaya devam edin.

Yutulması halinde:
KUSTURMAYIN.
Bilinci yerinde olmayan bir kişiye asla ağızdan bir şey vermeyin.
Ağzı suyla çalkalayın.
Bir doktora danışın.

Yangınla mücadele önlemleri:
Yıkıcı medya:
Uygun söndürücü maddeler:
Su spreyi, alkole dayanıklı köpük, kuru kimyasal veya karbondioksit kullanın.
Madde veya karışımdan kaynaklanan özel tehlikeler
Karbon oksitler, Azot oksitler (NOx), Hidrojen klorür gazı

İtfaiyeciler için tavsiyeler:
Gerekirse yangınla mücadele için bağımsız solunum aparatı kullanın.
Kazalara KARŞI ALINACAK ÖNLEMLER:
Kişisel önlemler, koruyucu ekipman ve acil durum prosedürleri
Kişisel koruyucu ekipman kullanın.

Buharları, sisi veya gazı solumaktan kaçının.
Personeli güvenli alanlara tahliye edin.

Çevresel önlemler:
Yapılması güvenliyse daha fazla sızıntı veya dökülme olmasını önleyin.
Ürünün kanalizasyona girmesine izin vermeyin.
Çevreye deşarjından kaçınılmalıdır.

Muhafaza etme ve temizleme için yöntemler ve malzemeler:
İnert emici malzeme ile emdirin ve tehlikeli atık olarak imha edin.
Bertaraf için uygun, kapalı kaplarda saklayın.

TAŞIMA VE DEPOLAMA:
Güvenli kullanım için önlemler:
Buhar veya sisi solumaktan kaçının.

Herhangi bir uyumsuzluk da dahil olmak üzere güvenli depolama koşulları:
Kabı sıkıca kapalı olarak kuru ve iyi havalandırılan bir yerde saklayın.
Açılan kaplar, sızıntıyı önlemek için dikkatlice kapatılmalı ve dik tutulmalıdır.
Depolama sınıfı (TRGS 510): 8A: Yanıcı, aşındırıcı tehlikeli maddeler

Maruz kalma kontrolleri / kişisel korunma:
Kontrol parametreleri:
İş yeri kontrol parametrelerine sahip bileşenler
Mesleki maruziyet sınır değerleri olan hiçbir madde içermez.
Pozlama kontrolleri:
Uygun mühendislik kontrolleri:
İyi endüstriyel hijyen ve güvenlik uygulamalarına uygun olarak taşıyın.
Molalardan önce ve iş gününün sonunda ellerinizi yıkayın.

Kişisel koruyucu ekipman:
Göz/yüz koruması:
Sıkıca oturan güvenlik gözlükleri.
Yüz siperi (en az 8 inç).
NIOSH (ABD) veya EN 166(AB) gibi uygun hükümet standartlarına göre test edilmiş ve onaylanmış göz koruması ekipmanı kullanın.

Cilt koruması:
Eldivenle tutun.
Eldivenler kullanılmadan önce kontrol edilmelidir.
Uygun eldiven kullanın
Bu ürünle cilt temasını önlemek için (eldivenin dış yüzeyine dokunmadan) çıkarma tekniği.
Kirlenmiş eldivenleri kullandıktan sonra yürürlükteki yasalara ve iyi laboratuvar uygulamalarına uygun olarak atın.
Ellerinizi yıkayın ve kurulayın.

Tam iletişim:
Malzeme: Nitril kauçuk
Minimum katman kalınlığı: 0,11 mm
Geçiş süresi: 480 dakika
Test edilen malzeme: Dermatril (KCL 740 / Aldrich Z677272, Boyut M)
Sıçrama teması
Malzeme: Nitril kauçuk
Minimum katman kalınlığı: 0,11 mm
Geçiş süresi: 480 dakika
Test edilen malzeme: Dermatril (KCL 740 / Aldrich Z677272, Boyut M)
Herhangi bir özel kullanım senaryosu için onay verdiği şeklinde yorumlanmamalıdır.

Vücut koruması:
Kimyasallara karşı tam koruma sağlayan tulum, İşyerine özgü tehlikeli maddenin konsantrasyonuna ve miktarına göre koruyucu ekipman türü seçilmelidir.
Solunum koruma:
Risk değerlendirmesinin hava temizleyici solunum cihazlarının uygun olduğunu gösterdiği durumlarda, mühendislik kontrollerinin yedeği olarak çok amaçlı kombinasyon (ABD) veya ABEK (EN 14387) tipi solunum kartuşları ile tam yüz maskesi kullanın.

Solunum cihazı tek koruma aracıysa, yüzü tamamen kapatan bir hava respiratörü kullanın.
NIOSH (ABD) veya CEN (AB) gibi uygun hükümet standartları kapsamında test edilmiş ve onaylanmış solunum cihazlarını ve bileşenlerini kullanın.
Çevresel maruziyetin kontrolü
Yapılması güvenliyse daha fazla sızıntı veya dökülme olmasını önleyin.
Ürünün kanalizasyona girmesine izin vermeyin.
Çevreye deşarjından kaçınılmalıdır.

KARARLILIK VE reaktivite:
Kimyasal stabilite:
Tavsiye edilen saklama koşullarında kararlıdır.
Uyumsuz malzemeler:
Güçlü oksitleyici maddeler:
Tehlikeli atık:
Yangın koşullarında oluşan tehlikeli bozunma ürünleri.
Karbon oksitler, Azot oksitler (NOx), Hidrojen klorür gazı.

İmha hususları:
Atık arıtma yöntemleri:
Ürün:
Lisanslı bir imha şirketine fazla ve geri dönüştürülemez çözümler sunun.
Bu malzemeyi atmak için lisanslı bir profesyonel atık imha servisiyle iletişime geçin.
Kirlenmiş ambalaj:
Kullanılmayan ürün olarak imha edin


FINNTALC M15'İN KİMYASAL VE FİZİKSEL ÖZELLİKLERİ:
pH: 9.1
VOC içeriği: yok
SVOC içeriği: yok
BIT (ppm): eklenmedi
CMIT/MIT karışımı (ppm) : eklenmedi
MIT (ppm) : eklenmemiş
Bronopol (ppm) : eklenmemiş
Tür: Dolgu
Ortalama parçacık boyutu, μm: 44320
Yüzey alanı: 6
Form: Pudra
Yoğunluk g/mL: 2,7
Hesaplamalar için yoğunluk: 2.70



FIREMASTER 600/602
Firemaster 600/602 is a low viscosity, high efficiency, phosphorus and bromine based flame retardant.
Firemaster 600/602 does not contain brominated diphenyl ether (PBDE).
Firemaster 600/602 shows outstanding resistance to foam discoloration, minimal effect upon IFD and compression set and produces white foam.

CAS: 26040-51-7
MF: C24H34Br4O4
MW: 706.14
EINECS: 247-426-5

Synonyms
1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid, 3,4,5,6-tetrabromo-, bis(2-ethylhexyl) ester;bis(2-ethylhexyl) 3,4,5,6-tetrabromobenzene-1,2-dicarboxylate;Bis(2-ethylhexyl)tetrabromphthalat;2-benzenedicarboxylic acid, 3,4,5,6-tetrabromo-bis(2-ethylhexyl) ester;Phthalic acid, tetrabromo-, di(2-ethylhexyl) ester;Phthalic acid,tetrabromo-,di(2-ethylhexyl)ester;3,4,5,6-Tetrabromo-1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid dioctyl ester;tetrabromophthalic acid bis(2-ethylhexyl) ester

Firemaster 600/602 eliminates center softening in HR foams and even distribution throughout foam.
Firemaster 600/602 shows increased compatibility with polyols and good smolder performance in high density foam.
Firemaster 600/602 is used in HR, viscoelastic (memory) and conventional polyurethane foams.
The shelf life of this product is 6-12 months.
Firemaster 600/602 flame retardant is made from a mixture of brominated and phosphorus-based substancesthat significantly reduce the combustibility of flexible polyurethane (PU) foam. Firemaster 600/602 flame retardant is added to the foam formulation as a raw material during the foam manufacturing process.
Firemaster 600/602 contains the chemicals tetrabromobenzoate, tetrabromophthalate, tert-butylated triphenyl phosphate and triphenyl phosphate.
The resulting flame retardant mixture provides performance characteristics superior to those that the individual flame retardant substances would provide for PU foam on their own.
The chemicals that go into the production of Firemaster 600/602 flame retardant have been registered with appropriate regulatory agencies who have approved them for their intended use in flexible PU foam for furniture and other similar products.

Production:
The reaction product mixtures and substances used to make Firemaster 600/602 flame retardant are produced in dedicated manufacturing units.
During production, the raw materials are combined in separate chemical production units designed for the manufacture of chemicals.
The respective resulting reaction mixtures and individual substances are combined to formulate Firemaster 600/602 flame retardant.
Firemaster 600/602 is then packaged in bulk, semi-bulk and smaller packages for distribution to manufacturers that use it in their foam products.

Uses:
Firemaster 600/602 flame retardant is designed for use in flexible PU foam for upholstered furniture.
PU foam is highly flammable, unless a flame retardant is incorporated into the product during manufacturing.
When evaluated using standard test protocols, foam containing Firemaster 600/602 flame retardant takes longer to ignite and, if ignited, longer to become fully engulfed by flames versus untreated PU foam.
Unlike many other potential flame-retarding chemicals, Firemaster 600/602 flame retardant effectively retards flames while minimally
impacting foam color, cell structure, firmness, comfort and other qualities that are important to furniture manufacturers and consumers.

Health Effects:
Firemaster 600/602 flame retardant is safe to use in industrial settings equipped with suitable engineering controls when appropriate personal protective equipment is worn and proper hygiene measures are applied.
Consumers are not at risk of harm to exposure from Firemaster 600 in end-use consumer products.
Excessive exposure to the substances used to make Firemaster 600 flame retardant is unlikely to occur under normal working conditions.
In the unlikely event that a worker is subjected to excessive dermal or vapor exposures of the substances used to make Firemaster 600 flame retardant for a substantial length of time, adverse effects could result.
When mixed into polyurethane, which is then reacted to produce comfort foam, Firemaster 600/602 flame retardant becomes part of the polymer matrix of the foam, making direct exposure much less likely.
Further, in most furniture applications, foam is also covered by fabric and additional barriers that make intimate contact with the foam unlikely.
In any event, mere contact with the foam is not sufficient to produce adverse health effects.

Industrial Use:
Firemaster 600/602 flame retardant is used primarily to make flexible PU foam products that are used in the manufacture of furniture.
Firemaster 600/602 is only sold for use in highly controlled manufacturing facilities employing people trained in the handling of chemicals.
Firemaster 600/602 flame retardant used in a manufacturing setting should be handled using best practice techniques developed to minimize any potential risk of exposure to liquids and vapors.
Sites utilize highly-engineered systems to minimize the potential for exposure to all the chemicals used in the process.
Unplanned releases or spills of Firemaster 600 flame retardant are not likely to represent a lifethreatening situation.
In any spill or release incident, all non-essential personnel should be immediately evacuated upwind of the spilled material.
All personnel involved with correcting a spill situation are trained and properly equipped with the required personal protective equipment.
Filipendula ulmaria
filipendula ulmaria extract; drop wort extract; meadow sweet extract; queen of the meadow extract; extract of the drop wort, spiraea ulmaria l., rosaceae CAS NO:84775-57-5
Filtre UV (Dioxyde de titane)
FLUORESCENT BRIGHTENER 230 N° CAS : 27344-06-5 Nom INCI : FLUORESCENT BRIGHTENER 230 Nom chimique : 2,2'-(1,2-Ethanedyil) bis[5-[[4-[(3-amino-3-oxopropyl) (2-hydroxyethyl)amino]-6-(phenylamino)-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl]amino]-benzenesulfonic acid, disodium salt N° EINECS/ELINCS : 248-420-5 Ses fonctions (INCI) Absorbant UV : Protège le produit cosmétique contre les effets de la lumière UV
Fine graded sugar
SYNONYMS Saccarose; Table sugar; Beet sugar; Cane sugar CAS NO:57-50-1
FLAME RETARDANT
Flame retardant is part of the group of Brominated and Chlorinated Flame Retardants.
Flame retardant is a flame retardant containing both aromatic and aliphatic bromine.
Flame retardant's is designed for use in polyolefin and styrenic resins, providing a UL94 V-2 rating.

CAS: 21850-44-2
MF: C21H20Br8O2
MW: 943.61
EINECS: 244-617-5

Flame retardant Chemical Properties
Melting point: 117°C
Boiling point: 676.5±55.0 °C(Predicted)
Density: 2.169±0.06 g/cm3(Predicted)
Vapor pressure: 0.029Pa at 20℃
Storage temp.: Hygroscopic, -20°C Freezer, Under inert atmosphere
Solubility: Chloroform (Slightly), DMSO (Slightly), Methanol (Slightly)
Form: Solid
Color: White
Water Solubility: 144ng/L at 20℃
LogP: 7.2
CAS DataBase Reference: 21850-44-2(CAS DataBase Reference)
EPA Substance Registry System: Flame retardant (21850-44-2)

Uses
Flame retardant can also be applied to polypropylene, to reach a V-0 rating.
Flame retardant is a the DBP-based flame retardant for polyolefins and polymers, including PP, high-density polyethylene (HDPE), and low-density polyethylene (LDPE).
Flame retardant is also used in fabricated plastic sheet materials for application in the formation of a part of many electrical cabinets.
Flame retardant is an additive brominated flame retardants, can be widely used in polyolefin (pp), high impact polystyrene (HIPS) and ABS and other products.
Flame retardant is a good flame retardant of olefin resin, mainly used for various grades of polypropylene, polypropylene fiber, styrene butadiene rubber, cis butadiene rubber, etc.

Synthesis
Add bromine reaction and matting: in reactor, squeeze into 780 kilograms of chloroforms, get tetrabromo bisphenol A diene propyl ether and be dissolved in the chloroform solvent for 400 kilograms.
Squeeze into 216 kilograms of bromines after in the bromine header tank, adding 18 kilograms of aluminum bromides.
Start reactor and stir, open the reactor coolant valve, keep material in reactor, open bromine header tank baiting valve, in reactant, splash into bromine and catalyzer in the material continuously at 15~25 ℃.
Drip bromine and catalyzer and finish off-response still coolant valve.
40~45 ℃ of slakings 1 hour.
Add mass percent in the reactor and be 150 kilograms of 3% soda ash salt brine solutions, stirred 1 hour, tell washing soda salt solution, the clear water secondary washing is added in the back, tells washing water, makes the chloroformic solution of two (2, the 3-dibromopropyl) ethers of tetrabromo-bisphenol.

Spraying desolventizing and finished product operation: in the washing still, inject 1200 kilograms in clear water, open the steam system and the stirring of washing still, keep near 60 ℃ of the water lotion temperature.
Open the coolant system of atomizing precipitation tower middle part water vapor intake valve and atomizing precipitation top of tower interchanger.
Open the tetrabromo-bisphenol two (2 of atomizing precipitation tower top injector, the 3-dibromopropyl) ether chloroformic solution spraying feed valve, open baiting valve and still bottomspump at the bottom of the still of reactor, in atomizing precipitation tower, spray tetrabromo-bisphenol two (2, the 3-dibromopropyl) ether chloroformic solution, adjust two (2, the 3-dibromopropyl) the ether chloroformic solution input speeds of material pump discharge pressure and tetrabromo-bisphenol, make spray effect reach necessary requirement.

Two (2, the 3-dibromopropyl) the ether particle gravitates of tetrabromo-bisphenol that remove behind the chloroform solvent fall into the washing still, keep washing still temperature of charge and continue 2 hours for 60 ℃, finish spray atomization, the imitative solvent of dechlorination, granulation powder process, matting process.
Open the baiting valve of washing at the bottom of the still, emit in the washing still material and go into whizzer, carry out centrifuge dripping, filtration cakes torrefaction, make 712 kilograms of two (2, the 3-dibromopropyl) ether finished products of tetrabromo-bisphenol, yield 98.8%.
Analysis records 109~111 ℃ of fusing points, and the HPLC purity assay is 98.37%, and the GB2917-82 congo red method records 228 ℃ of heat decomposition temperatures.

Synonyms
21850-44-2
2,2-Bis[3,5-dibromo-4-(2,3-dibromopropoxy)phenyl]propane
1,3-dibromo-5-[2-[3,5-dibromo-4-(2,3-dibromopropoxy)phenyl]propan-2-yl]-2-(2,3-dibromopropoxy)benzene
DTXSID3032129
YH2252CV63
Tetrabromobisphenol A bis(2,3-dibromopropyl ether)
Tetrabromobisphenol A bis(2,3-dibromopropyl) ether
Tetrabromobisphenol A-bis(2,3-dibromopropyl ether)
Bis(2,3-dibromopropoxy)tetrabromobisphenol A
5,5'-(propane-2,2-diyl)bis(1,3-dibromo-2-(2,3-dibromopropoxy)benzene)
Tetrabromobisphenol A bis(dibromopropyl ether)
1,1'-(Isopropylidene)bis[3,5-dibromo-4-(2,3-dibromopropoxy)benzene]
Benzene, 1,1'-(1-methylethylidene)bis(3,5-dibromo-4-(2,3-dibromopropoxy)-
2,2-BIS(3,5-DIBROMO-4-(2,3-DIBROMOPROPOXY)PHENYL)PROPANE
1,1'-(Isopropylidene)bis(3,5-dibromo-4-(2,3-dibromopropoxy)benzene)
1,1'-propane-2,2-diylbis[3,5-dibromo-4-(2,3-dibromopropoxy)benzene]
TBBPA-DBPE
TetraBromoBisphenol A (2,3-Dibromopropyl)ether
SCHEMBL574246
UNII-YH2252CV63
CHEMBL1314089
DTXCID1012129
WAA85044
EINECS 244-617-5
Tox21_202540
MFCD00017887
AKOS015895746
FG-3100
NCGC00091462-01
NCGC00260089-01
Tetrabromobisphenol A-dibromopropyl ether
AS-13479
CAS-21850-44-2
B2022
CS-0435405
FT-0638155
EC 244-617-5
H11252
A815697
W-107516
Q27294521
2,2-BIS(4-(2,3-DIBROMOPROPOXY)-3,5-DIBROMOPHENYL)PROPANE
4,4'-Isopropylidenebis(2,6-dibromophenyl 2,3-dibromopropyl ether)
Propane, 2,2-bis[4-(2,3-dibromopropoxy)-3,5-dibromophenyl-]-
1,1'-(1-Methylethylidene)bis(3,5-dibromo-4-(2,3-dibromopropoxy))benzene
1,1'-(isopropylidene)bis[3,5-dibromo-4-(2,3-dibromo-propoxy)-benzene]
1,1'-ISOPROPYLIDENEBIS(3,5-DIBROMO-4-(2,3-DIBROMOPROPOXY)BENZENE)
2,2-BIS((3,5-DIBROMO-4-(2,3-DIBROMOPROPYLOXY))PHENYL)PROPANE
2,2-BIS(4-(2,3-DIBROMOPROPYLOXY)-3,5-DIBROMOPHENYL)PROPANE
2,2-Bis[3,5-dibromo-4-(2,3-dibromopropoxy)phenyl]propane(Granular)
3,3',5,5'-TETRABROMOBISPHENOL A BIS(2,3-DIBROMOPROPYL) ETHER
4,4'-ISOPROPYLIDENEBIS(2,6-DIBROMO-1-(2,3-DIBROMOPROPOXY)BENZENE)
PROPANE, 2,2-BIS(3,5-DIBROMO-4-(2,3-DIBROMOPROPOXY)PHENYL)-
2-[2,3-bis(bromanyl)propoxy]-5-[2-[4-[2,3-bis(bromanyl)propoxy]-3,5-bis(bromanyl)phenyl]propan-2-yl]-1,3-bis(bromanyl)benzene
FLAME RETARDANTS
Flame retardants are various chemicals applied to materials to prevent burning or slow the spread of fire.
The term applies to the function, not a specific composition, of such chemicals.
Flame Retardents chemicals are added to products including furniture foam, electronics, children’s products, and building insulation to meet flammability standards.



SYNONYMS:
Tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD), Ethane, 1,2-dibromo, Antimony oxide (Sb203), Triphenyl phosphate (TPP), Tricresyl phosphate (TCP), Phenol, isopropylated, phosphate (3:1)



Unfortunately, these standards are often poor predictors of real-life fire risks and lead to the unnecessary use of these toxic chemicals.
Flame retardants are various chemicals applied to materials to prevent burning or slow the spread of fire.
The term applies to the function, not a specific composition, of these chemicals.


Flame retardants refer to a variety of substances that are added to combustible materials to help prevent fires from starting or to slow the spread of fire and provide additional escape time.
Flame Retardants are any chemicals added to manufactured materials such as plastics, textiles and surface coatings, to inhibit, suppress, or delay the production of flames and prevent the spread of fire.


Flame Retardents have been used in many consumer and industrial products, since the 1970s, to decrease the ability of materials to ignite. Inorganic and organic flame retardant have been used.
There are three primary types of organic frame retardants: bromine (Br), chlorine (Cl) and phosphate (P).


Flame retardants are chemicals which are added to many materials to increase their fire safety.
Flame retardants refer to a variety of substances that are added to synthetic materials to prevent fires from starting or to slow the spread of fire, leaving more time for people to escape and firefighters to respond.


Flame retardants are derived from naturally-sourced elements and are incorporated into materials such as plastics, textiles, foams, and paints.
Flame retardants can be liquids or solids.
Flame Retardents can be chemically transformed to create a new fire resistant material (reactive) or physically incorporated into a material (additive).


Flame retardants are added to products to meet flammability standards.
Flame Retardents often don’t improve fire safety.
Flame retardants are chemicals that are supposed to slow ignition and prevent fires.


Flame retardants of concern include organohalogen and organophosphate chemicals such as polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and chlorinated tris (TDCPP).
The term Flame Retardents subsumes a diverse group of chemicals that are added to manufactured materials, such as plastics and textiles, and surface finishes and coatings.


Flame retardants are used to meet flammability regulations.
Flame Retardents are activated by the presence of an ignition source and prevent or slow the further development of flames by a variety of different physical and chemical mechanisms.



USES and APPLICATIONS of FLAME RETARDANTS:
Flame retardants are made up of various types of chemicals and may be found in or applied to products available in Canada.
They're used to help prevent items from catching on fire and to limit the spread of fire.
Examples of products that may contain flame retardants include the following:
household items, such as: appliances, electronics
polyurethane foam products, such as: mattresses, pillows and cushions, upholstered furniture, children's toys and foam products


Flame retardants are used to meet flammability regulations. may also be found in construction and renovation products, such as: paints and coatings, spray foam insulation, lubricants and greases, construction foam boards, adhesives, glues and sealants
foam products used for waterproofing.


Fire retardants that are halogen-free but full of fire-stopping power.
Flame retardants help to save lives by slowing down or stopping the spread of fire or reducing its intensity.
Also called fire retardants, they are used in anything from phones and curtains to car seats and buildings.


If a fire starts, they may be able to stop it completely – or slow it down and so provide precious extra time for escape.
Flame Retardents chemicals are found in a wide variety of products:
Upholstered furniture, Electronics, Baby products, Building insulation, Carpet padding, and Vehicles.


Electronics & Electrical Devices uses of Flame Retardents: Flame retardants can enable modern electronic equipment, like televisions and computers, to meet fire safety standards and can be vital to the safety of hundreds of these products.
Building & Construction Materials uses of Flame Retardents: Flame retardants used in a variety of building and construction materials in homes, offices and public buildings, including schools and hospitals, can provide increased fire safety protection.


Furnishings uses of Flame Retardents: The addition of flame retardants to the material fillings and fibers used in furnishings helps provide individuals with an extra layer of fire protection and can increase critical escape time in case of a fire.
For example, many plastics are highly flammable and therefore their fire resistance is increased by adding flame retardants in order to reduce the risk of fire.


Flame retardants are chemicals used in a variety of consumer products to reduce their flammability.
Firefighters, or those exposed to flames on a regular basis, rely on Flame Retardents cotton for both protection and comfort.
Typically, their undergarments beneath the heavier fire-resistant gear are made of Flame Retardents cotton or another breathable, organic fabric that's been treated to resist ignition.


Polymers containing nitrogen, sodium, and phosphorus atoms can work as materials for fire-resistant cellulosic textiles, such as cotton or rayon.
Specifically, organic polymers can work as Flame Retardents due to the presence of one or all three types of these elements.
These atoms can be in the original polymers, or they can be incorporated by chemical modification.


Flame Retardents materials and coatings are being developed that are phosphorus and bio-based.
Flame retardants are typically added to industrial and consumer products to meet flammability standards for furniture, textiles, electronics, and building products like insulation.


Flame Retardents may be added as a copolymer during the polymerisation process, or later added to the polymer at a moulding or extrusion process or (particularly for textiles) applied as a topical finish.
Mineral flame retardants are typically additive, while organohalogen and organophosphorus compounds can be either reactive or additive.


-Flame Retardants used in upholstry
Transportation
From airplanes to cars to trains, flame retardants can play a key role in protecting travelers from the devastation of fire.

After the July 2013 Asiana Airline crash in San Francisco, for example, experts credited flame retardant materials with helping passengers survive the crash.
As former FAA Director Steven Wallace told the New York Times, “Flame retardant materials inside the plane, including foil wrapping under the seats, most likely helped protect many passengers.”


-Uses of Flame Retardents:
Cotton fabrics have been frequently used worldwide because of their advantageous properties with regard to thermal insulation, biocompatibility and great moisture absorption and breathability performances.
These advantages indicate potential applications of cotton fabrics in protective clothing and human health.

However, natural cotton fabric is highly flammable and will rapidly burn out.
This fatal drawback reveals a potential danger and limits the use of cotton fabrics.
Therefore, treating cotton fabrics to obtain fire-resistant cotton fabrics is important.



USES AND BENEFITS OF FLAME RETARDANTS:
When added to different products and materials, ranging from electronic devices to furniture, flame retardants can help prevent fires from starting or limit their spread.
According to the U.S. Fire Administration1 and the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA)2, in 2019 an estimated 1.3 million fires were reported in the United States, causing 3,700 civilian fire deaths, 16,600 civilian injuries and $14.8 billion in property damage.

The use of flame retardants is especially important today, as the large volume of electrical and electronic equipment in today’s buildings, coupled with a larger volume of combustible materials, can increase the potential for fire hazards
Flame retardants provide consumers with a critical layer of fire protection and can be vital to reducing the risks associated with fire.
Today, flame retardants are typically used in four major areas: electronics, building and construction materials, furnishings and transportation.



USES AND WASTE OF FLAME RETARDANTS:
Flame retardants are industrial chemicals that can be found in an array of products in furnishings (foam, upholstery, carpets, curtains), in electronics and electrical devices (computers, phones, household appliances), in transportation (seats, seats covers and fillings, bumpers, overhead compartments and other parts of automobiles, trains and airplanes) and in building construction materials (electrical wires and cables, thermal insulation foams, paint, adhesives and sealants).



ROLE OF FLAME RETARDANTS IN PLASTICS:
Polymers can often fuel fires owing to their organic nature.
They decompose into combustible products when heated.
But, in many fields, polymer usage is limited by their flammability, regardless of their benefits.

For example, in electrical, electronic, transportation, construction, etc.
The diffusion of synthetic polymers has greatly increased the:
fire risk — the probability of fire occurrence and
fire hazard — the consequence of fire either on humans or on structures.

To fulfill these legal requirements, flame retardants need to be added into the polymer.
To increase the escape time of people, the role of these additives is to:
slow down polymer combustion and degradation (fire extinction)

reduce smoke emission
avoid dripping
The severity of the regulations will depend on the time needed to escape an environment.



WHERE ARE FLAME RETARDANTS USED?
Since the 1970s, flame-retardant chemicals have been added to many types of products:
• Furnishings, such as seating foam and coverings (including transport vehicles), mattresses, and carpets.
• Electronics and electrical devices, such as computers, phones, televisions, and household appliances.
• Building and construction materials, such as coatings for electrical wires and cables, polystyrene foams, and polyurethane insulation such as spray foams.
• Wildfire suppression mixtures that reduce intensity and rate of spread.



KEY POINTS/OVERVIEW OF FLAME RETARDANTS:
When added to products and materials, flame retardants can help prevent fires from starting or limit their spread.
The term “flame retardant” refers to a function, not a specific chemical.

Many different chemicals with different properties and molecular structures act as flame retardants.
These chemicals are often combined for effectiveness.
Flame retardants currently in use and new fire-safety chemicals are subject to review by the EPA and other regulators, as well as manufacturer testing.



KEY BENEFITS OF FLAME RETARDANTS:
1.Prevents fire/retards its growth and spread (flash over)
Under the conditions of fire, the use of Flame Retardents gives a significant increase in the escape time available.
Flame Retardents controls the fire properties of combustible items.
Flame Retardents suppresses fire.


2.Protects occupants from the fire effects
The use of fire retardant reduces the flame spread and thus, the rate at which the smoke develops.
Less smoke production gives an increase in the escape time available.

Flame Retardents provides timely notification of the emergency.
Flame Retardents protects escape routes.
Flame Retardents provides areas of refuge where necessary and possible.


3.Minimizes the impact of fire
Flame Retardents provides separation by tenant, occupancy, or maximum area.
Flame Retardents maintains the structural integrity of the property.
Flame Retardents provides continued operation of shared properties.


4.Supports fire service operations
To prevent the fire or retard Flame Retardents's growth and spread, material and product performance testing is used.
Flame Retardents sets limits on the fire properties of items that represent the major fuels in the system.

Flame Retardents provides identification of fire location.
Flame Retardents provides reliable communication with areas of refuge.
Flame Retardents provides fire department access, control, communication, and selection.



CHARACTERISTICS OF FLAME RETARDANTS:
*Brominated flame retardants
Brominated flame retardants (BFRs) are mixtures of man-made chemicals that are added to a wide variety of products, including for industrial use, to make them less flammable.

Flame Retardents are used commonly in plastics, textiles and electrical/electronic equipment.
There are five main classes of BFRs, listed here with their common uses:
Hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDDs) – thermal insulation in the building industry

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) – plastics, textiles, electronic castings, circuitry
Tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) and other phenols – printed circuit boards, thermoplastics (mainly in TVs)
Polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs) – consumer appliances, textiles, plastic foams



OTHER BROMINATES FLAME RETARDANTS:
These classes have been marketed as technical mixtures under different commercial brands.
In the European Union the use of certain BFRs is banned or restricted; however, due to their persistence in the environment, there are still concerns about the risks these chemicals pose to public health.
BFR-treated products, whether in use or waste, leach BFRs into the environment and contaminate the air, soil and water.
These contaminants may then enter the food chain where they mainly occur in food of animal origin, such as fish, meat, milk and derived products.




WHERE ARE FLAME RETARDANTS FOUND?
Flame retardants are used in furniture, children’s products, electronics, building materials, wire and cable, etc.
Flame retardants cover a lot of different organic and inorganic chemicals.

Their application has to match with the special type of product, its material composition and its designated use.
Products, in which flame retardants are applied, are for example the casings of electrical and electronic devices, printed circuit boards, cables, coatings at the bottom side of carpets, special textiles, insulation and fitting foam glue for construction.

Organic flame retardants consist primarily of brominated compounds, halogenated and non-halogenated phosphorous compounds and chloroparaffins.
As inorganic flame retardants aluminum trihydroxide, magnesium dihydroxide and antimony trioxide (as synergistic to brominated flame retardants) are applicated.



TYPES OF FLAME RETARDANTS:
There are hundreds of different flame retardants, categorized based on chemical structure and properties.
Two commonly used flame retardants are brominated flame retardants and organophosphorus flame retardants.

*Brominated Flame Retardants
These are the most abundantly used flame retardants, added to electronics, furniture, building materials and automobiles.
These chemicals do not dissolve easily in water; Flame Retardents adhere to particles and build up in river beds and lake sediment.
They have been found in humans and animals.

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE’s), a subset of brominated flame retardants that replaced polybrominated biphenyls, are man-made industrial chemicals added to consumer products to meet flammability standards set in the 1970s.



WHY ARE FLUOROPOLYMERS FLAME RETARDANTS?
Unlike hydrocarbon-based materials with hydrogen bonded to oxygen, fluoro based materials are less likely to burn thanks to fluorine which is difficult to associate with oxygen when it comes out.
Furthermore, in fluorine materials, the C-C bond formed by -CF 2 - is stronger than the C-C bond by --CH 2 -, and thus can withstand attacks, trying to break the CC bond, making it difficult to burn.



FEATURED RESOURCES OF FLAME RETARDANTS:
*Flame Retardants Are an Important Tool to Help Reduce Fire Risk
Electronics in Your Home and Fire Safety
*No Ignition, No Fire (Video)
*Study Shows Robust Fire Safety Standards Significantly Increase *Fire Safety and Escape Time



FLAME RETARDANTS FACTS:
Flame retardants can provide an important layer of fire protection by preventing and delaying ignition, slowing the combustion process, and making a material self-extinguishing.

Robust fire safety codes and product safety standards can dramatically affect overall fire conditions, including ignition development, smoke generation, escape time, and time available for emergency personnel to respond.*

A variety of flame retardants are necessary because materials and products that need to be made fire-resistant are chemically and physically different and have different uses and performance specifications.
Not all flame retardants are the same.



WHY ARE FLAME RETARDANTS IN FURNITURE?
A 1975 California furniture flammability standard called Technical Bulletin 117 (TB 117) led to the use of harmful and ineffective flame retardant chemicals in furniture and children’s product foam.
This California regulation was followed across all of North America.



CLASSES OF FLAME RETARDANTS:
Both reactive and additive flame retardants types can be further separated into four distinct classes:
*Minerals such as aluminium hydroxide (ATH), magnesium hydroxide (MDH), huntite and hydromagnesite, various hydrates, red phosphorus, and boron compounds, mostly borates.

*Organohalogen compounds.
This class includes organochlorines such as chlorendic acid derivatives and chlorinated paraffins; organobromines such as decabromodiphenyl ether (decaBDE), decabromodiphenyl ethane (a replacement for decaBDE), polymeric brominated compounds such as brominated polystyrenes, brominated carbonate oligomers (BCOs), brominated epoxy oligomers (BEOs), tetrabromophthalic anyhydride, tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) and hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD).

Most but not all halogenated flame retardants are used in conjunction with a synergist to enhance their efficiency.
Antimony trioxide is widely used, but other forms of antimony such as the pentoxide and sodium antimonate are also used.


*Organophosphorus compounds.
This class includes organophosphates such as triphenyl phosphate (TPP), resorcinol bis(diphenylphosphate) (RDP), bisphenol A diphenyl phosphate (BADP), and tricresyl phosphate (TCP); phosphonates such as dimethyl methylphosphonate (DMMP); and phosphinates such as aluminium diethyl phosphinate.

In one important class of flame retardants, compounds contain both phosphorus and a halogen.
Such compounds include tris(2,3-dibromopropyl) phosphate (brominated tris) and chlorinated organophosphates such as tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl)phosphate (chlorinated tris or TDCPP) and tetrakis(2-chlorethyl)dichloroisopentyldiphosphate (V6).
*Organic compounds such as carboxylic acid and dicarboxylic acid



RETARDATION MECHANISMS OF FLAME RETARDANTS:
The basic mechanisms of flame retardants vary depending on the specific flame retardant and the substrate.
Additive and reactive Flame Retardents chemicals can both function in the vapor (gaseous) or condensed (solid) phase.



ENDOTHERMIC DEGRADATION OF FLAME RETARDANTS:
Some compounds break down endothermically when subjected to high temperatures.
Magnesium and aluminium hydroxides are an example, together with various carbonates and hydrates such as mixtures of huntite and hydromagnesite.
The reaction removes heat from the substrate, thereby cooling the material.
The use of hydroxides and hydrates is limited by their relatively low decomposition temperature, which limits the maximum processing temperature of the polymers (typically used in polyolefins for wire and cable applications).


*Thermal shielding (solid phase)
A way to stop spreading of the flame over the material is to create a thermal insulation barrier between the burning and unburned parts.
Intumescent additives are often employed; their role is to turn the polymer surface into a char, which separates the flame from the material and slows the heat transfer to the unburned fuel.
Non-halogenated inorganic and organic phosphate flame retardants typically act through this mechanism by generating a polymeric layer of charred phosphoric acid.


*Dilution of gas phase
Inert gases (most often carbon dioxide and water) produced by thermal degradation of some materials act as diluents of the combustible gases, lowering their partial pressures and the partial pressure of oxygen, and slowing the reaction rate.


*Gas phase radical quenching
Chlorinated and brominated materials undergo thermal degradation and release hydrogen chloride and hydrogen bromide or, if used in the presence of a synergist like antimony trioxide, antimony halides.
These react with the highly reactive H· and OH· radicals in the flame, resulting in an inactive molecule and a Cl· or Br· radical.
The halogen radical is much less reactive compared to H· or OH·, and therefore has much lower potential to propagate the radical oxidation reactions of combustion.



MATERIALS OF FLAME RETARDANTS:
Flame Retardents cotton:
Flame Retardents cotton is cotton that has been treated to prevent or slow ignition by different treatments applied during the manufacturing process.
Cotton is typically made flame-resistant by chemical applications of polymeric, nonpolymeric, and polymeric/nonpolymeric hybrids that are composed of one or more of the elements such as nitrogen, sodium, phosphorus, silicon, boron, or chlorine.



MANUFACTURING OF FLAME RETARDANTS:
While non-organic fabrics are typically made flame-resistant by incorporating flame retardants into their matrices, surface modification is more convenient for organic fabrics like cotton.

U.S. state of California
In 1975, California began implementing Technical Bulletin 117 (TB 117), which requires that materials such as polyurethane foam used to fill furniture be able to withstand a small open flame, equivalent to a candle, for at least 12 seconds.

In polyurethane foam, furniture manufacturers typically meet TB 117 with additive halogenated organic flame retardants.
Although no other US states have a similar standard, because California has such a large market many manufacturers meet TB 117 in products that they distribute across the United States.

The proliferation of flame retardants, and especially halogenated organic flame retardants, in furniture across the United States is strongly linked to TB 117.
does not mandate a reduction in flame retardants.



EFFECTIVENESS OF FLAME RETARDANTS:
The effectiveness of Flame Retardents chemicals at reducing the flammability of consumer products in house fires is disputed.
Advocates for the Flame Retardents industry, such as the American Chemistry Council's North American Flame Retardents Alliance, cite a study from the National Bureau of Standards indicating that a room filled with flame-retarded products (a polyurethane foam-padded chair and several other objects, including cabinetry and electronics) offered a 15-fold greater time window for occupants to escape the room than a similar room free of flame retardants.

However, critics of this position, including the lead study author, argue that the levels of Flame Retardents used in the 1988 study, while found commercially, are much higher than the levels required by TB 117 and used broadly in the United States in upholstered furniture.
Another study concluded flame retardants are an effective tool to reduce fire risks without creating toxic emissions.

Several studies in the 1980s tested ignition in whole pieces of furniture with different upholstery and filling types, including different Flame Retardents formulations.
In particular, they looked at maximum heat release and time to maximum heat release, two key indicators of fire danger.

These studies found that the type of fabric covering had a large influence on ease of ignition, that cotton fillings were much less flammable than polyurethane foam fillings, and that an interliner material substantially reduced the ease of ignition.
They also found that although some Flame Retardents formulations decreased the ease of ignition, the most basic formulation that met TB 117 had very little effect.

In one of the studies, foam fillings that met TB 117 had equivalent ignition times as the same foam fillings without flame retardants.
A report from the Proceedings of the Polyurethane Foam Association also showed no benefit in open-flame and cigarette tests with foam cushions treated with flame retardants to meet TB 117.
However, other scientists support this open-flame test.



FIRST AID MEASURES of FLAME RETARDANTS:
-Description of first-aid measures
*General advice:
Show this material safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
*If inhaled:
After inhalation:
Fresh air.
*In case of skin contact:
Take off immediately all contaminated clothing.
Rinse skin with
water/ shower.
*In case of eye contact:
After eye contact:
Rinse out with plenty of water.
Call in ophthalmologist.
Remove contact lenses.
*If swallowed:
After swallowing:
Immediately make victim drink water (two glasses at most).
Consult a physician.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed.
No data available



ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of FLAME RETARDANTS:
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Cover drains.
Collect, bind, and pump off spills.
Observe possible material restrictions.
Take up dry.
Dispose of properly.
Clean up affected area.



FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of FLAME RETARDANTS:
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Foam
Dry powder
*Unsuitable extinguishing media:
For this substance/mixture no limitations of extinguishing agents are given.
-Further information:
Prevent fire extinguishing water from contaminating surface water or the ground water system.



EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of FLAME RETARDANTS:
-Control parameters:
--Ingredients with workplace control parameters:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use equipment for eye protection.
Safety glasses
*Body Protection:
protective clothing
*Respiratory protection:
Recommended Filter type: Filter A
-Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.



HANDLING and STORAGE of FLAME RETARDANTS:
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
*Storage conditions:
Tightly closed.
Dry.



STABILITY and REACTIVITY of FLAME RETARDANTS:
-Chemical stability:
The product is chemically stable under standard ambient conditions (room temperature) .
-Possibility of hazardous reactions:
No data available


FLAVOR ENHANCER 635
Flavor enhancer 635 is a mixture of disodium inosinate (IMP) and disodium guanylate (GMP), synergistically enhancing the umami taste in various foods, particularly in products already containing natural glutamates or added monosodium glutamate (MSG).
Widely used in flavored noodles, snacks, chips, sauces, and fast foods, Flavor enhancer 635 acts as a flavor enhancer, augmenting the taste profile of these products to provide a more savory experience.
Although ubiquitous in processed foods, it's advisable to limit intake of Flavor enhancer 635, ensuring it remains a minimal part of one's diet due to its synergistic effect with glutamates and potential health concerns associated with excessive consumption.

CAS Number: 4691-65-0
Molecular Formula: C10H11N4O8P

Synonyms: Disodium Ribonucleotide, Disodium 5-Ribonucleotides; IMP plus GMP; I+G;

Flavor enhancer 635 is a flavor enhancer made of disodium inosinate (E631) and disodium guanylate (E627) with the ratio 1:1.
The European food additive number for Flavor enhancer 635 is E635.

Flavor enhancer 635 can be used in synergy with MSG (E621) to provide umami taste or as a replacement for MSG.
Flavor enhancer 635, E number E635, is a flavor enhancer which is synergistic with glutamates in creating the taste of umami.

Flavor enhancer 635 is a mixture of disodium inosinate (IMP) and disodium guanylate (GMP) and is often used where a food already contains natural glutamates (as in meat extract) or added monosodium glutamate (MSG).
Flavor enhancer 635 is primarily used in flavored noodles, snack foods, chips, crackers, sauces and fast foods.

Flavor enhancer 635 is produced by combining the sodium salts of the natural compounds guanylic acid (E626) and inosinic acid (E630).
A mixture composed of 98% monosodium glutamate and 2% E635 has four times the flavor enhancing power of monosodium glutamate (MSG) alone.

Flavor enhancer 635 is a mixture of nucleotides disodium guanylate and disodium inosinate, in the proportion of 50% each.

Flavor enhancer 635 is a food additive that is widely used in food industries to enhance the flavour of foods.
Flavor enhancer 635 consists of white or off-white crystals or powder and is produced by adding the sodium salts of guanylic acid (E626) and inosinic acid (E630).

Avoiding Flavor enhancer 635 in your food is very difficult these days, but you can ensure that its intake is restricted to minimal amounts.
Flavor enhancer 635 using additives is never a problem but should not become a regular part of your diet.

Flavor enhancer 635 is a food additive manufactured through chemical synthesis of sodium salt of guanylic acid and inosinic acid, available as White to light yellow crystalline powder.
As a synthesized chemical, this food flavouring is general recognized as halal.

Flavor enhancer 635 is a flavor enhancer which is synergistic with glutamates in creating the taste of umami.
Flavor enhancer 635 is a mixture of disodium Inosinate (IMP) and disodium guanylate (GMP) and is often used where a food already contains natural glutamates (as in meat extract) or added Monosodium Glutamate (MSG).
Flavor enhancer 635 is primarily used in flavored noodles, snack foods, chips, crackers, sauces and fast foods.

Flavor enhancer 635 can be used in household, catering industry food cooking, convenience food and soup, soy sauce and various snacks, sauces, etc.
Flavor enhancer 635 act as flavor enhancers.

Adding monosodium glutamate to them helps in the production of perfect food additives.
Either Flavor enhancer 635 extract or added monosodium acts as a natural flavor.

Flavor enhancer 635 is either available from gluten or any bacterial fermentation process.
Flavor enhancer 635 is the original name of Disodium Ribonucleotides.

Flavor enhancer 635’s made by combining tapioca starch, sodium salts, and a mixture of disodium inosinate.
Disodium guanylate gets added in the required amount and this mixture creates a perfect food additive suitable for all preparations.

Flavor enhancer 635 comprises of natural glutamate.
Flavor enhancer 635’s known as meat extract or added mixture of monosodium glutamate msg.

Almost every snack available in the market contains this food additive.
Flavor enhancer 635’s excellent for taste enhancement.
All chemical compounds mentioned above create different types of flavoring agents.

Flavor enhancer 635 is a flavor enhancer which is synergistic with glutamates in creating the taste of umami.
Flavor enhancer 635 is a mixture of disodium inosinate (IMP) and disodium guanylate (GMP) and is often used where a food already contains natural glutamates (as in meat extract) or added monosodium glutamate (MSG).

Flavor enhancer 635 is the disodium salt of inosinic acid with the chemical formula C10H11N4Na2O8P.
Flavor enhancer 635 is used as a food additive and often found in the list of ingredients on the food nutrition label for a great variety of grocery products.

Flavor enhancer 635 is used as a flavor enhancer, in synergy with monosodium glutamate MSG (E621) to provide the umami taste.
Flavor enhancer 635 is often added to foods in conjunction with disodium guanylate; the combination is known as disodium 5′-ribonucleotides (E635).

Flavor enhancer 635 is a common and important food additive.

As per the European Food Safety Authority, Flavor enhancer 635 comprises of a mixture of two essential additives
Disodium guanylate e627 and disodium inosinate e631 get mixed in desired proportions.

Flavor enhancer 635 includes meat extracts.
However, to make vegetarian food products, vegan sources are used.

Flavor enhancer 635 may be used with MSG (E621) or as a substitute for MSG as well.
Flavor enhancer 635 is water-soluble but sparingly soluble in alcohol-based liquids.

Many popular instant noodles use Flavor enhancer 635 to enhance taste and aroma.
In this case, vegetarian sources such as yeast extracts act as an enhancer to get the desired taste.

Flavor enhancer 635 also known as E number E635, is a flavor enhancer which is synergistic with glutamates in creating the taste of umami.
Flavor enhancer 635 is a mixture of disodium inosinate (IMP) and disodium guanylate (GMP) and is often used where a food already contains natural glutamates (as in meat extract) or added monosodium glutamate (MSG).

Flavor enhancer 635 is a food additive used to enhance flavor.
Flavor enhancer 635 is made of Sodium Salts of Inosinic Acid and Guanylic Acid.

These sodium salts are often obtained from the flesh of killed animals but can also come from plants.
When you see an “E-number” like E635, Flavor enhancer 635 refers to an ingredient that has been approved by the European Union for use as a food additive.

Flavor enhancer 635 is found in instant noodles, potato chips and snacks, savoury rice, tinned vegetables, cured meats, packet soup, and also include flavoured chips, and party pies.

Flavor enhancer 635 is food additive manufactured through chemical synthesis of sodium salt of guanylic acid and inosinic acid, available as White to light yellow crystalline powder.
Flavor enhancer 635 is widely used as flavour enhancer as it can increase flavour significantly when using together with monosodium glutamate.
Flavor enhancer 635 is affirmed by US FDA as GRAS(generally recognized as safe) and widely accepted as safe food additive in many countries with E number E635.

Flavor enhancer 635 is soluble in water and sparingly in alcohols but not in ethers.
Flavor enhancer 635 is prepared by sugar fermentation following purification process.
Flavor enhancer 635 have very strong flavour enhancing activity.

The greater benefit of Flavor enhancer 635 is the synergistic effect on improving the own natural tastes and flavours of almost processed foods when they are used in combination with MSG (Mono Sodium Glutamate).
The use of Flavor enhancer 635 products in food is approved by FDA.

Uses of Flavor enhancer 635:
Flavor enhancer 635 is a food additive that does not have any taste or smell.
Flavor enhancer 635 helps in adding a unique taste and texture to food items.

You can preserve fishes and meats for a very long duration with the help of this enhancer.
They not only help in increasing their shelf life but also keeps moisture in Flavor enhancer 635.

As a result, your favorite piece of chicken or nuggets can taste and smell fantastic for a very long time.
Flavor enhancer 635 also plays an integral part in Chinese food items.

From seasonings to various Chinese sauces, Flavor enhancer 635 is in everything.
You get that distinct tang in savory foods due to this additive.

Your favorite pack of instant noodles can never taste perfect without Flavor enhancer 635s use.
The food industry has given a long list of food additive that act as artificial or natural preservatives for food items.

Flavor enhancer 635 can be used as a flavor enhancer to substitute monosodium glutamate (MSG) in MSG free food.
Flavor enhancer 635 can also be used with MSG to provide a synergistic enhancement of umami taste in sauces, seasonings and condiments.

Flavor enhancer 635 is used in many products.
Flavor enhancer 635 is mainly used in low sodium/salt products.

Flavor enhancer 635 is a natural, vegan, and gluten free ingredient that can be used as a flavor enhancer to substitute monosodium glutamate (MSG) in MSG free food.
Flavor enhancer 635 can also be used with MSG at the usage level around 2-10% of MSG to provide a synergistic enhancement of umami taste in sauces, seasonings and condiments.

The following are the common food uses of I+G and the added levels recommended by the manufacturer, Ajinomoto:
Meat products: ≥ 0.01%
Broths: 0.50 – 1.00%
Soups: 0.20 – 0.30%
Spices (10% salt or higher): 0.25-2.8%
Snacks:0.02 – 0.03%
Tomato sauce: 0.02 – 0.04%
Mustard: 0.02 – 0.04%
Salad dressings: 0.01 – 0.02%
Vegetable preserves, fish byproducts, frozen food, biscuits, pasta / dough: 0.01%

Production of Flavor enhancer 635:
Both E631 and E627 can be produced from yeast extract or from the fermentation of carbohydrate and then through reaction with sodium hydroxide.
Flavor enhancer 635 is a flavor enhancer which is synergistic with glutamates in creating the taste of umami.

Flavor enhancer 635 is a mixture of disodium inosinate (IMP) and disodium guanylate (GMP) and is often used where a food already contains natural glutamates (as in meat extract) or added monosodium glutamate (MSG).
Flavor enhancer 635 is primarily used in flavored noodles, snack foods, chips, crackers, sauces and fast foods.

Flavor enhancer 635 is produced by combining the sodium salts of the natural compounds guanylic acid (E626) and inosinic acid (E630).
Guanylates and inosinates are generally produced from meat, but partly also from fish.

Flavor enhancer 635 is thus not suitable for vegans and vegetarians.
A mixture of 98% monosodium glutamate and 2% E635 has four times the flavor enhancing power of monosodium glutamate (MSG) alone.

Flavor enhancer 635 is produced from gluten or any bacterial fermentation process.
Flavor enhancer 635 is produced from meat, but commercially it may be obtained from Torula Yeast.

Features of Flavor enhancer 635:
Flavor enhancer 635 adds flavor to various food products.
You can find Flavor enhancer 635 as a crystal white powder or off-white crystals.

Sodium salts with guanylic acid create this preservative.
For non-vegetarian foods, natural glutamate of meat extracts adds in.

While in vegan foods comprise of added MSG.
The unique feature of this food additive is that Disodium.

Ribonucleotides generates a chemical reaction within the food to give a perfect taste and smell.
The food industry considers Flavor enhancer 635 as a flavoring agent.
Flavor enhancer 635 is quite expensive in comparison.

Function and Characteristics of Flavor enhancer 635:
Flavor enhancer 635 is flavour enhancer.
Guanylates and inosinates do not have the specific umami taste but strongly enhance many other flavours, thereby reducing the amounts of salt or other flavour enhancers needed in a product.

Appearance of Flavor enhancer 635:
An odourless, white powder or granular.

Stability of Flavor enhancer 635:
Easy to absorb water in the air, around 20-30% of water.

Solubility of Flavor enhancer 635:

In Water:
Soluble in water, 25g in 100ml water in 20 degree.

In Organic Solvents:
Sparingly soluble in ethanol, practically insoluble in ether.

Origin of Flavor enhancer 635:
Flavor enhancer 635 is mixture of sodium salts of guanylic (E626) and inosinic acid (E630).

Safety of Flavor enhancer 635:
Flavor enhancer 635 safety when used as a food additive has been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA), as well as other authorities.

Properties of Flavor enhancer 635:
Chemical formula:
C10H11N4O8P · nH2O
C10H12N5Na2O8P · nH2O
Molecular Weight: NA

Appearance: white crystal or crystaline powder
Purity (IMP+GMP): 99.0%–101.0%
Loss on Drying: ≤25.0%
IMP: 48.0%-52.0%
GMP: 48.0%-52.0%
Transmittance: ≥95.0%
pH: 7.0-8.5
Heavy Metals (as Pb): ≤10 mg/Kg
Arsenic: ≤1 mg/Kg
Lead: ≤1 mg/Kg
NH4 (Ammonium): Color of litmus paper unchanged
Amino Acid: Solution appear colorless
Other related compounds of nucleicacid: Not Detectable

Specifications of Flavor enhancer 635:
ITEM: STANDARD
ASSAY(IMP+GMP): 97.0% -102.0%
LOSS ON DRYING: =<25.0%
IMP: 48.0%-52.0%
GMP: 48.0%-52.0%
TRANSMITTANCE: >=95.0%
PH: 7.0-8.5
HEAVY METALS (AS Pb): =<10PPM
ARSENIC (As): =<1.0PPM
NH4(AMMONIUM) Color of litmus paper: unchanged
Amino Acid Solution appear: colorless
Other related compounds of nucleicacid: Not Detectable
Lead: =Total aerobic bacteria: =<1,000cfu/g
Yeast & mould: =<100cfu/g
Coliform: Negative/g
E.Coli: Negative/g
Salmonella: Negative/g

Total aerobic bacteria: ≤1000 cfu/g
Yeast & mould: ≤100 cfu/g
Coliform: Negative/g
E.Coli: Negative/g
Salmonella: Negative/g

Names of Flavor enhancer 635:

Other Names:
I+G
IMP+GMP
Sodium ribonucleotides
Disodium inosinate and guanylate
FLOCARE ET 1037
Flocare ET 1037 acts as a rheology modifier.
Flocare ET 1037 is single additive to deliver thickening and conditioning performance.
Flocare ET 1037 is single additive to deliver thickening and conditioning performance.


CAS Number: 26161-33-1, 8012-95-1, 24938-91-8


Flocare ET 1037 is a polymer that gives rheology to the formulation and also has a conditioning effect.
Since it is a multifunctional product, Flocare ET 1037 gives the opportunity to reduce the number of raw materials used in the formula.
Flocare ET 1037 acts as a rheology modifier.


Flocare ET 1037 is a single additive to deliver thickening and conditioning performance.
Flocare ET 1037 is a single additive to deliver thickening and conditioning performance.
Flocare ET 1037 allows the formulator to optimize the ingredients in cationic systems.


Flocare ET 1037 acts as a rheology modifier.
Flocare ET 1037 is single additive to deliver thickening and conditioning performance.



USES and APPLICATIONS of FLOCARE ET 1037:
Flocare ET 1037 is used in hair care applications.
Flocare ET 1037 is used thickeners & Stabilizers.


-Hair Care:
Flocare ET 1037 is used single additives to deliver thickening and conditioning performance.
Flocare ET 1037 allows formulators to optimize the ingredients in cationic systems.



PROPERTIES OF FLOCARE ET 1037:
(1) Suitable for AHA acid products
(2) Suitable for dyeing, ironing and hair removal alkaline products
(3) Suitable for active raw materials / polar solvent products
(4) Suitable for cations



FIRST AID MEASURES of FLOCARE ET 1037:
-Description of first-aid measures:
If inhaled:
After inhalation:
Fresh air.
*In case of skin contact:
Take off immediately all contaminated clothing.
Rinse skin with water/ shower.
*In case of eye contact:
After eye contact:
Rinse out with plenty of water.
Remove contact lenses.
*If swallowed:
After swallowing:
Make victim drink water (two glasses at most).
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed:
No data available



ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of FLOCARE ET 1037:
-Environmental precautions:
No special precautionary measures necessary.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Observe possible material restrictions.
Take up dry.
Dispose of properly.
Clean up affected area.



FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of FLOCARE ET 1037:
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.
-Further information:
Suppress (knock down) gases/vapors/mists with a water spray jet.



EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of FLOCARE ET 1037:
-Control parameters:
--Ingredients with workplace control parameters:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use equipment for eye protection.
Safety glasses
*Skin protection:
Handle with gloves.
Wash and dry hands.
*Respiratory protection:
Respiratory protection is not required.
-Control of environmental exposure:
No special precautionary measures necessary.



HANDLING and STORAGE of FLOCARE ET 1037:
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
*Storage conditions:
Tightly closed.
Dry.



STABILITY and REACTIVITY of FLOCARE ET 1037:
-Reactivity:
No data available
-Chemical stability:
The product is chemically stable under standard ambient conditions (room temperature) .
Stable under recommended storage conditions.
-Possibility of hazardous reactions:
No data available
-Conditions to avoid:
no information available



SYNONYMS:
PARAFFINUM LIQUIDUM
POLYQUATERNIUM-37
TRIDECETH-6
Polyquaternium-37 & Mineral oil & Trideceth-6



FLOCRYL NMA
Flocryl NMA is the raw material for manufacturing thermosetting resin, light curing epoxy resin coating, oil resistant coating and drying coating.
Flocryl NMA is a chemical compound that belongs to the group of ethylene diamines.


CAS Number: 924-42-5
EC Number: 213-103-2
MDL Number: MFCD00004597
IUPAC Name: N-(hydroxymethyl)prop-2-enamide
Molecular formula: C4H7NO2



Acrylamide, N-(hydroxymethyl)- (6CI,8CI), N-(Hydroxymethyl)-2-propenamide, Cylink NMA, MH 100, MH 100 (amide), Monomethylolacrylamide, N-(Hydroxymethyl)acrylamide, N-MAM, N-MAM P, N-Methanolacrylamide, N-Methylolacrylamide, N-NBM, NMA 60, NSC 553, Rocagil BT, U-Ramin T, 80 METHYLOLACRYLAMIDE, n-(hydroxymethyl)-2-propenamide, N-(HYDROXYMETHYL)ACRYLAMIDE, N-METHYLOLACRYLAMIDE, 2-Propenamide,N-(hydroxymethyl)-, Acrylamide, N-(hydroxymethyl)-, Monomethylolacrylamide, n-(hydroxymethyl)-2-propenamid, n-(hydroxymethyl)-acrylamid, NCI-C60333, NM-AMD, N-Methanolacrylamide, N-Methyloacrylamide, n-methylolacrylamide(48%inwater), Uramine T 80, uraminet80, Yuramin T 80, Methylolacrylamidesolution, N-MAN, N-(HYDROXYMETHYL)ACRYLAMIDE SOLUTION, ST AB., ~48% IN H2O,



Flocryl NMA is a top-quality pharmaceutical-grade compound known for its exceptional versatility, reliability, and consistency.
With a distinct CAS Number 924-42-5, Flocryl NMA is a vital component in various industrial and chemical sectors.
Flocryl NMA is a chemical compound that belongs to the group of ethylene diamines.


Flocryl NMA has been used as a fluorescence probe for fatty acids in polyvinyl compounds, and as an electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) substrate.
Flocryl NMA also reacts with acrylamide to form polymers.
This reaction is catalyzed by hydroxyl groups on the acrylamide molecule.


The polymerization process is reversible, with the formation of monomers and dimers.
The phase transition temperature ranges from -5°C to +35°C.
Chemical stability increases with increased molecular weight, but decreases when exposed to light or air.


Flocryl NMA is a special cross-linking agent monomer.
Flocryl NMA is a white crystal at room temperature and can be dissolved in water and hydrophilic solvents.
Flocryl NMA has two different functional groups, one is a vinyl group that can undergo addition polymerization reaction; the other is N-hydroxymethyl group capable of condensation reaction.


Polymers containing Flocryl NMA can undergo cross-linking reactions by heating or adding acid catalysts.
Without adding additional cross-linking agents, polymers with cross-linked structures can be obtained.
When properly copolymerised, Flocryl NMA forms latices which have low viscosity and excellent shelf stability.


When the films, formed from these lattices, are cured, they develop excellent water resistance, organic solvent resistance, adhesion at high humidity and flexibility.
Flocryl NMA is supplied as a 48% solution in water.


Flocryl NMA's reactivity is due to the presence in the molecule of both an unsaturated vinyl group and a hydroxymethyl group which can be reacted separately and/or independently simply by varying the reaction conditions.



USES and APPLICATIONS of FLOCRYL NMA:
Flocryl NMA is an ideal raw material for a wide variety of applications.
Flocryl NMA is especially suitable for the preparation of latex binders and of cross-linkable emulsion polymers used in : Adhesives, Antistatic agents,

Chromatographic materials, Catalysts, Impregnation of non-woven fabrics, Inks, Paints, Paper coatings, Pasting agents, Plastics, Rubbers, Soil grouting systems, Textile finishes, and Thermoplastics resins.
As long as the reaction conditions are correctly grasped and the characteristics of Flocryl NMA are used, various reaction to produce the desired polymer.


SNF uses self-produced high-purity acrylamide and the company's strong technical strength to synthesize high-quality Flocryl NMA solutions, which are widely used in the synthesis of emulsion adhesives and self-crosslinking emulsion polymers.
Flocryl NMA is used copolymer emulsion is used for fiber finishing, fabric, leather and paper coating.


Flocryl NMA is also used as an adhesive for wood, metal, etc.
Flocryl NMA is used as crosslinking monomer for acrylic emulsion.



KEY FEATURES OF FLOCRYL NMA:
*Pharmaceutical-grade with superior quality and standard.
*Potential applications spanning across various industries.
*Exceptional quality control assuring reliability and consistency.
*Unique physicochemical properties with CAS Number 924-42-5, and Molecular Weight 101.1 g/mol.
*Ensure safe handling and storage, keeping it out of the reach of children and pets.
*Flocryl NMA is synonymous with reliability, versatility, and superior quality.
*Flocryl NMA attributes to its huge demand across various sectors, making it an indispensable constituent in numerous industrial and chemical applications.



REACTIONS OF THE VINYL GROUP, FLOCRYL NMA:
Flocryl NMA can be used in the preparation of a wide range of polymers and copolymers.
The main is free radical polymerisation with other vinyl monomers such as acrylonitrile, acrylamide, acrylic and methacrylic esters, vinyl chloride, and styrene which leaves the hydroxymethyl group available.
Additionally, the double bond in Flocryl NMA can be reacted with both halogens and alcohols under alkaline conditions and with thiol in the presence of alcoholate.



REACTIONS OF THE HYDROXYMETHYL GROUP, FLOCRYL NMA:
The hydroxymethyl group has a tendency to undergo condensation or substitution reactions.
Flocryl NMA is containing polymers can be crosslinked either with themselves or with other reactive monomers, by heating and/or by the presence of an acid catalyst.



PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of FLOCRYL NMA:
Molecular weight (g.mol-1 ): 101.10
Active content (%): 48.0
Refractive index (%): 1.412
Heat of polymerisation (Kcal/mole): 20.0
Specific gravity at 25°C: 1.08
Cristallization point (°C): -10
Product Number: M0574
Purity / Analysis Method: >98.0%(T)
Molecular Formula / Molecular Weight: C4H7NO2 = 101.11
Physical State (20 deg.C): Solid
Storage Temperature: 0-10°C
Condition to Avoid: Light Sensitive,Heat Sensitive
CAS RN: 924-42-5
Reaxys Registry Number: 506646
PubChem Substance ID: 87572604
SDBS (AIST Spectral DB): 1581
MDL Number: MFCD00004597

Physical state: liquid
Color: colorless, yellow
Odor: formaldehyde-like
Melting point/freezing point:
Melting point/range: -10 °C
Initial boiling point and boiling range: No data available
Flammability (solid, gas): No data available
Upper/lower flammability or explosive limits: No data available
Flash point: > 93 °C - closed cup
Autoignition temperature: Not applicable
Decomposition temperature: No data available
pH: 6,0 - 7,0
Viscosity
Viscosity, kinematic: No data available
Viscosity, dynamic: No data available
Water solubility at 20 °C soluble
Partition coefficient: n-octanol/water: No data available
Vapor pressure: 31,68 hPa at 25 °C

Density: 1,074 g/cm3 at 25 °C
Relative density: No data available
Relative vapor density: No data available
Particle characteristics: No data available
Explosive properties: Not classified as explosive.
Oxidizing properties: none
Other safety information: No data available
Solubility: 1880 g/l (20 °C)
Melting Point: -10 °C
Boiling Point: 100 °C (1013 hPa)
Vapor Pressure: 31 hPa (25 °C)
Flash Point: 93 °C
Density: 1.08 g/cm3 (20 °C)
pH: 6.0 - 7.0 (H2O, 20 °C)
Assay (ex N): 48 - 50%
Identity (IR): Passes test
Storage temperature: 15 °C



FIRST AID MEASURES of FLOCRYL NMA:
-Description of first-aid measures:
*General advice:
Show this material safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
*If inhaled:
After inhalation:
Fresh air.
Call in physician.
*In case of skin contact:
Take off immediately all contaminated clothing.
Rinse skin with water/ shower.
Consult a physician.
*In case of eye contact:
After eye contact:
Rinse out with plenty of water.
Call in ophthalmologist.
Remove contact lenses.
*If swallowed:
Give water to drink (two glasses at most).
Seek medical advice immediately.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed:
No data available



ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of FLOCRYL NMA:
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Cover drains.
Collect, bind, and pump off spills.
Observe possible material restrictions
Take up carefully with liquid-absorbent material.
Dispose of properly.
Clean up affected area.



FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of FLOCRYL NMA:
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Use extinguishing measures that are appropriate to local circumstances and the surrounding environment.
*Unsuitable extinguishing media:
For this substance/mixture no limitations of extinguishing agents are given.
-Further information:
Suppress (knock down) gases/vapors/mists with a water spray jet.
Prevent fire extinguishing water from contaminating surface water or the ground water system.




EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of FLOCRYL NMA:
-Control parameters:
--Ingredients with workplace control parameters:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use equipment for eye protection.
Safety glasses
*Skin protection:
required
*Body Protection:
protective clothing
*Respiratory protection:
Recommended Filter type: Filter type ABEK
-Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.




HANDLING and STORAGE of FLOCRYL NMA:
-Precautions for safe handling:
*Advice on safe handling:
Work under hood.
*Hygiene measures:
Immediately change contaminated clothing.
Apply preventive skin protection.
Wash hands and face after working with substance.
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
*Storage conditions:
Tightly closed.
Keep in a well-ventilated place.
Keep locked up or in an area accessible only to qualified or authorized persons.
Light sensitive.
*Storage class:
Storage class (TRGS 510): 6.1D:
Non-combustible



STABILITY and REACTIVITY of FLOCRYL NMA:
-Reactivity:
No data available
-Chemical stability:
The product is chemically stable under standard ambient conditions (room temperature) .
-Conditions to avoid:
no information available



FLUORESCENT BRIGHTENER
Tetrafluoroboric acid; Hydrogen Tetrafluoroborate; Hydrofluoroboric acid; Borofluoric acid; Borate(1-), tetrafluoro-, hydrogen; Tetrafluoroborsäure (Dutch); ácido tetrafluoroborico (Spanish); Acide tétrafluoroborique (French); cas no: 16872-11-0
FLUOROBORIC ACID
SYNONYMS Tetrafluoroboric acid; Hydrogen Tetrafluoroborate; Hydrofluoroboric acid; Borofluoric acid; Borate(1-), tetrafluoro-, hydrogen CAS NO. 16872-11-0
Fluorosilicic Acid
CALCIUM FLUORIDE, N° CAS : 7789-75-5 - Fluorure de calcium, Nom INCI : CALCIUM FLUORIDE, Nom chimique : Calcium fluoride, N° EINECS/ELINCS : 232-188-7, Antiplaque : Aide à protéger contre la formation de plaque dentaire, Agent d'hygiène buccale : Fournit des effets cosmétiques à la cavité buccale (nettoyage, désodorisation et protection)
Fluorure de calcium
POTASSIUM FLUORIDE, N° CAS : 7789-23-3 - Fluorure de potassium, Nom INCI : POTASSIUM FLUORIDE. Nom chimique : Potassium fluoride. N° EINECS/ELINCS : 232-151-5. Classification : Règlementé, Ses fonctions (INCI). Antiplaque : Aide à protéger contre la formation de plaque dentaire. Agent d'hygiène buccale : Fournit des effets cosmétiques à la cavité buccale (nettoyage, désodorisation et protection)
Fluorure de potassium
STANNOUS FLUORIDE N° CAS : 7783-47-3 - Fluorure d'étain Origine(s) : Synthétique, Minérale Nom INCI : STANNOUS FLUORIDE Nom chimique : Tin difluoride N° EINECS/ELINCS : 231-999-3 Classification : Règlementé Le fluorure d'étain est un sel de fluor inorganique utilisé dans les dentifrices et produits d'hygiène bucco-dentaires. Il permet de prévenir les caries et est efficace contre les gingivites et parodontites. C'est l'un des meilleurs sels de fluor pour tuer les bactéries de la plaque dentaire, toutefois, son goût métallique un peu astringent et sa propension à "laisser des tâches sur les dents", fait qu'on lui préfère aujourd'hui le fluorure de sodium. La concentration de fluorure ne doit pas dépasser 1500 ppm (F) dans un dentifrice de type "cosmétique". Néanmoins, cette dose peut être contournée si le produit est un médicament et fait l'objet d'une AMM (Autorisation de mise sur le marché), dans ce cas, il ne pourra être acheté qu'en pharmacie. Restriction en Europe : III/35 La concentration maximale de Fluorure d'étain autorisée dans les produits cosmétiques est de : 0,15 % (en F) soit 1500 ppm (F). En cas de mélange avec d'autres composés fluorés autorisés par la présente annexe, la concentration maximale en F reste fixée à 0,15 %. Mention obligatoire sur le paquet : Contient: Stannous Fluoride Sauf s'il est indiqué sur l'étiquetage qu'ils sont contre-indiqués pour les enfants (par exemple, par une mention type «pour adultes seulement»), les dentifrices dont la concentration en fluorures est comprise entre 0,1 et 0,15 % doivent obligatoirement porter les mentions suivantes: «Enfants de 6 ans ou moins: utiliser une quantité de dentifrice de la taille d'un petit pois sous la surveillance d'un adulte afin d'en minimiser l'ingestion. En cas d'apport de fluorures provenant d'autres sources, consultez un dentiste ou un médecin» Ses fonctions (INCI) Antiplaque : Aide à protéger contre la formation de plaque dentaire Agent d'hygiène buccale : Fournit des effets cosmétiques à la cavité buccale (nettoyage, désodorisation et protection)
Fluorure d'étain
FOLIC ACID, N° CAS : 59-30-3, Nom INCI : FOLIC ACID. Nom chimique : Folic acid. N° EINECS/ELINCS : 200-419-0 Ses fonctions (INCI) Agent d'entretien de la peau : Maintient la peau en bon état
FOAMSTAR SI 2210
DESCRIPTION:
FOAMSTAR SI 2210 is a defoamer for non-pigmented and low-pigmented aqueous coatings, printing inks, adhesives and UV-curable systems.
FOAMSTAR SI 2210 has a spontaneous defoaming effect in low- and nonpigmented aqueous coatings.
FOAMSTAR SI 2210 is highly compatible, does not separate out from the paint and has a good long-term efficiency.

CHEMICAL NATURE:
FOAMSTAR SI 2210 is blend of specially modified alcohols and a polysiloxane adduct
Aqueous wood coatings and overprint varnishes based on acrylic polymers are the preferential fields of application, but the defoamer is also suitable for contact adhesives.
FOAMSTAR SI 2210 is defoamer for non-pigmented and low-pigmented aqueous coatings, printing inks, adhesives and UV-curable systems.

FOAMSTAR SI 2210 has spontaneous defoaming effect.
FOAMSTAR SI 2210 is highly compatible.

TYPICAL PROPERTIES OF FOAMSTAR SI 2210:
physical form: colorless to slightly yellowish, clear to slightly hazy liquid
storage: FoamStar SI 2210 should always be stored in tightly closed containers.
Store in a cool place.
refractive index at 20 °C: ~ 1.44
density at 20 °C (68 °F): ~ 0.95 g/cm3
viscosity: ~ 75 mPa*s


APPLICATIONS OF FOAMSTAR SI 2210:
FoamStar SI 2210 is characterized by a spontaneous defoaming effect in low- and non-pigmented aqueous coatings.
FoamStar SI 2210 is highly compatible, does not separate out from the paint and has a good long-term efficiency.
Aqueous wood coatings and overprint varnishes based on acrylic polymers are the preferred fields of application, but the defoamer is also suitable for adhesives.

FoamStar SI 2210 is a waterborne, modified polydimethylsiloxane-based defoamer.
FoamStar SI 2210 provides a strong spontaneous defoaming effect and outstanding long-term defoaming persistency.
FoamStar SI 2210 is suitable for non-pigmented and low-pigmented aqueous coatings, printing inks, and UV-curable systems.

FoamStar SI 2210 is recommended for low-VOC systems.
FoamStar SI 2210 is used in matt/interior, silk/semi-gloss, wood paints and stains, plasters, gloss-, exterior- and elastic paints.

FoamStar SI 2210 is a blend of specially modified alcohols and polysiloxane adduct.
FoamStar SI 2210 Offers long-term efficiency.
FoamStar SI 2210 is Suitable for UV-curable systems.

FoamStar SI 2210 is recommended for low-VOC systems, sealants and flooring adhesives.
FoamStar SI 2210 is also suitable for contact adhesives.
FoamStar SI 2210 is a non-APEO product.

Recommended dosage level is 0.1-0.5%.
FoamStar SI 2210 has a shelf life of 2 years.

SAFETY INFORMATION ABOUT FOAMSTAR SI 2210:
First aid measures:
Description of first aid measures:
General advice:
Consult a physician.
Show this safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
Move out of dangerous area:

If inhaled:
If breathed in, move person into fresh air.
If not breathing, give artificial respiration.
Consult a physician.
In case of skin contact:
Take off contaminated clothing and shoes immediately.
Wash off with soap and plenty of water.
Consult a physician.

In case of eye contact:
Rinse thoroughly with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes and consult a physician.
Continue rinsing eyes during transport to hospital.

If swallowed:
Do NOT induce vomiting.
Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person.
Rinse mouth with water.
Consult a physician.

Firefighting measures:
Extinguishing media:
Suitable extinguishing media:
Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.
Special hazards arising from the substance or mixture
Carbon oxides, Nitrogen oxides (NOx), Hydrogen chloride gas

Advice for firefighters:
Wear self-contained breathing apparatus for firefighting if necessary.
Accidental release measures:
Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures
Use personal protective equipment.

Avoid breathing vapours, mist or gas.
Evacuate personnel to safe areas.

Environmental precautions:
Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so.
Do not let product enter drains.
Discharge into the environment must be avoided.

Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Soak up with inert absorbent material and dispose of as hazardous waste.
Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.

Handling and storage:
Precautions for safe handling:
Avoid inhalation of vapour or mist.

Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place.
Containers which are opened must be carefully resealed and kept upright to prevent leakage.
Storage class (TRGS 510): 8A: Combustible, corrosive hazardous materials

Exposure controls/personal protection:
Control parameters:
Components with workplace control parameters
Contains no substances with occupational exposure limit values.
Exposure controls:
Appropriate engineering controls:
Handle in accordance with good industrial hygiene and safety practice.
Wash hands before breaks and at the end of workday.

Personal protective equipment:
Eye/face protection:
Tightly fitting safety goggles.
Faceshield (8-inch minimum).
Use equipment for eye protection tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or EN 166(EU).

Skin protection:
Handle with gloves.
Gloves must be inspected prior to use.
Use proper glove
removal technique (without touching glove's outer surface) to avoid skin contact with this product.
Dispose of contaminated gloves after use in accordance with applicable laws and good laboratory practices.
Wash and dry hands.

Full contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0.11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Material tested:Dermatril (KCL 740 / Aldrich Z677272, Size M)
Splash contact
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0.11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Material tested:Dermatril (KCL 740 / Aldrich Z677272, Size M)
It should not be construed as offering an approval for any specific use scenario.

Body Protection:
Complete suit protecting against chemicals, The type of protective equipment must be selected according to the concentration and amount of the dangerous substance at the specific workplace.
Respiratory protection:
Where risk assessment shows air-purifying respirators are appropriate use a fullface respirator with multi-purpose combination (US) or type ABEK (EN 14387) respirator cartridges as a backup to engineering controls.

If the respirator is the sole means of protection, use a full-face supplied air respirator.
Use respirators and components tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or CEN (EU).
Control of environmental exposure
Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so.
Do not let product enter drains.
Discharge into the environment must be avoided.

Stability and reactivity:
Chemical stability:
Stable under recommended storage conditions.
Incompatible materials:
Strong oxidizing agents:
Hazardous decomposition products:
Hazardous decomposition products formed under fire conditions.
Carbon oxides, Nitrogen oxides (NOx), Hydrogen chloride gas.

Disposal considerations:
Waste treatment methods:
Product:
Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company.
Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material.
Contaminated packaging:
Dispose of as unused product.








FOAMSTOP 600 N

Foamstop 600 N is a chemical compound used as an antifoam agent or defoamer.
Foamstop 600 N is specifically formulated to control foam formation in various industrial processes and applications.
Antifoam agents like Foamstop 600 N are typically added to systems where excessive foam formation can hinder efficiency, quality, or safety.

Antifoam, defoamer, foam control agent, foam inhibitor, foam suppressor, foam destroyer, foam reducer, foam eliminator, foam control additive, foam-busting agent, antifoaming agent, antifrothing agent, antiserum, antiponding agent, foam stabilizer, antifizzing agent, antifoaming compound, foam knockout agent, anti-bubbling agent, defoaming agent, foam suppressant, foam breaker, foam destabilizer, foam-reducing additive, foam killer, foam inhibitor chemical, defoaming additive, defoaming compound, foam control solution



APPLICATIONS


Antifoam agents like Foamstop 600 N find widespread use in the chemical industry to control foam during various chemical reactions and processes.
They are employed in the production of polymers, resins, and plastics to prevent foam formation and maintain process efficiency.

In the pharmaceutical industry, Foamstop 600 N is used in drug manufacturing processes to control foam during fermentation, extraction, and purification steps.
Antifoam agents are essential in the production of food and beverages to prevent foam formation in fermentation tanks, mixing vessels, and packaging lines.
Foamstop 600 N is added to dairy processing operations, such as milk pasteurization and cheese making, to prevent foam buildup and improve product quality.

Foamstop 600 N is utilized in breweries and wineries to control foam during fermentation, aging, and bottling processes.
In the pulp and paper industry, Foamstop 600 N is used to control foam in pulp washing, paper coating, and wastewater treatment processes.
Antifoam agents are applied in textile manufacturing to prevent foam buildup in dyeing, printing, and finishing operations.

Foamstop 600 N finds use in metalworking fluids to control foam during machining, grinding, and metal cleaning processes.
Foamstop 600 N is utilized in wastewater treatment plants to prevent foam formation in aeration tanks, clarifiers, and digesters.
Foamstop 600 N is employed in mining and mineral processing operations to control foam in flotation cells, thickener tanks, and tailings ponds.

Antifoam agents are added to oil and gas production processes to prevent foam formation in drilling fluids, well stimulation fluids, and production separators.
Foamstop 600 N finds application in biotechnology and fermentation processes to control foam in bioreactors, fermenters, and cell culture systems.
They are utilized in the production of household and personal care products to prevent foam buildup in detergents, shampoos, and cosmetics.

Foamstop 600 N is essential in the agricultural industry for controlling foam in pesticide formulations, crop protection products, and fertilizer solutions.
Foamstop 600 N is added to paints, coatings, and adhesives to prevent foam formation during manufacturing, mixing, and application.
Foamstop 600 N finds use in the automotive industry to control foam in coolant systems, parts cleaning baths, and metalworking fluids.
Foamstop 600 N is employed in the construction industry to prevent foam buildup in concrete admixtures, grouts, and sealants.

Foamstop 600 N is added to water treatment chemicals to prevent foam formation in cooling towers, boilers, and wastewater treatment plants.
They find application in the printing and packaging industry to control foam in printing inks, coatings, and adhesives.
Foamstop 600 N is utilized in the electronics industry to prevent foam formation in chemical cleaning solutions and plating baths.
Foamstop 600 N is added to drilling fluids in the geothermal and mining industries to prevent foam formation in drilling operations.

Foamstop 600 N finds use in the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries to prevent foam formation in cell culture media and fermentation broths.
Foamstop 600 N is applied in the production of specialty chemicals, such as surfactants and emulsifiers, to control foam during synthesis and formulation.
Foamstop 600 N is essential in industries where foam control is critical for maintaining process efficiency, product quality, and safety standards.

Antifoam agents find extensive use in the wastewater treatment industry to control foam in aerobic and anaerobic biological treatment processes.
Foamstop 600 N is added to sewage treatment plants to prevent foam formation in primary settling tanks, aeration basins, and secondary clarifiers.
Foamstop 600 N is employed in the production of specialty chemicals, such as surfactants and polymers, to prevent foam formation during synthesis and purification steps.
Foamstop 600 N is utilized in the production of petrochemicals and refinery products to control foam in distillation columns, reactors, and storage tanks.

Foamstop 600 N is added to latex and rubber manufacturing processes to prevent foam formation during latex compounding, foaming, and curing.
Foamstop 600 N finds use in the construction industry for controlling foam in grouts, mortar mixes, and concrete additives used in construction projects.
Antifoam agents are applied in the pharmaceutical industry to prevent foam formation during tablet coating, granulation, and liquid filling operations.
Foamstop 600 N is added to polymerization reactions to prevent foam formation and maintain optimal reaction conditions in polymer manufacturing processes.

Foamstop 600 N is employed in the production of adhesives and sealants to prevent foam formation during mixing, application, and curing stages.
Antifoam agents find use in the textile industry for controlling foam in dyeing, bleaching, and finishing processes used in fabric manufacturing.
Foamstop 600 N is added to agricultural sprays and pesticide formulations to prevent foam formation during mixing, spraying, and application in crop fields.

Foamstop 600 N is utilized in the production of ceramics and glass to prevent foam formation in slip casting, glazing, and firing processes.
Antifoam agents find application in the cosmetics industry for controlling foam in skincare products, haircare formulations, and personal care items.
Foamstop 600 N is added to fermentation processes in the food and beverage industry to prevent foam formation in beer, wine, and other fermented beverages.

Foamstop 600 N is employed in the production of sugar and ethanol to prevent foam formation in fermentation tanks and distillation columns.
Foamstop 600 N finds use in the automotive industry for controlling foam in coolant systems, parts cleaning solutions, and metalworking fluids used in manufacturing.

Foamstop 600 N is added to lubricants and hydraulic fluids to prevent foam formation and maintain lubrication performance in industrial machinery.
They are utilized in the production of batteries and electronic components to prevent foam formation in electrolyte solutions and chemical cleaning baths.
Foamstop 600 N finds application in the paper recycling industry for controlling foam in pulping, deinking, and papermaking processes.

Foamstop 600 N is added to asphalt and bitumen emulsions to prevent foam formation during mixing, paving, and road construction activities.
Foamstop 600 N is employed in the production of paint and coatings to prevent foam formation during mixing, spraying, and curing stages.

Antifoam agents find use in the mining industry for controlling foam in flotation cells, mineral processing circuits, and tailings ponds.
Foamstop 600 N is added to drilling muds and drilling fluids in the oil and gas industry to prevent foam formation during drilling and well completion operations.

Foamstop 600 N is utilized in the production of surfactants and detergents to prevent foam formation during manufacturing and packaging processes.
Antifoam agents find application in various industrial processes where foam control is essential for maintaining operational efficiency, product quality, and safety standards.

Antifoam agents find use in the production of paints and coatings to prevent foam formation during mixing, stirring, and application.
Foamstop 600 N is added to wastewater treatment processes to prevent foam formation in sewage treatment plants, industrial effluent treatment facilities, and lagoons.
Foamstop 600 N is employed in the manufacturing of detergents and cleaning agents to prevent foam formation in washing machines, dishwashers, and industrial cleaning equipment.
Foamstop 600 N is utilized in the pulp and paper industry to control foam in pulp washing, paper forming, and paper coating processes.

Foamstop 600 N is added to cooling water systems to prevent foam formation in cooling towers, heat exchangers, and evaporative condensers.
Foamstop 600 N is applied in the production of ceramics and pottery to prevent foam formation in clay slurries, glazes, and kiln firing processes.
Foamstop 600 N finds use in the pharmaceutical industry for controlling foam in drug manufacturing processes, including fermentation, extraction, and drying operations.

Foamstop 600 N is added to animal feed processing operations to prevent foam formation in feed mixers, pellet mills, and extruders.
Foamstop 600 N is employed in the production of personal care products, such as lotions, creams, and foaming bath products, to prevent excessive foam formation.
Antifoam agents find application in the manufacturing of rubber and latex products to prevent foam formation during compounding, vulcanization, and molding processes.

Foamstop 600 N is added to fermentation processes in the biotechnology industry to prevent foam formation in bioreactors, fermenters, and cell culture vessels.
Foamstop 600 N is utilized in the production of dietary supplements and nutraceuticals to prevent foam formation in encapsulation, granulation, and tableting processes.
Antifoam agents find use in the production of pet food and animal feed to prevent foam formation in mixing, extrusion, and drying operations.
Foamstop 600 N is added to industrial wastewater treatment processes to prevent foam formation in activated sludge systems, trickling filters, and anaerobic digesters.

Foamstop 600 N is employed in the production of adhesives and sealants to prevent foam formation during mixing, dispensing, and curing processes.
Antifoam agents find application in the agricultural industry for controlling foam in pesticide spraying, irrigation, and fertilizer application processes.
Foamstop 600 N is added to fermentation processes in the brewing and distilling industries to prevent foam formation in beer and spirits production.

Foamstop 600 N is utilized in the production of flavors and fragrances to prevent foam formation in blending, distillation, and extraction processes.
Foamstop 600 N finds use in the construction industry for controlling foam in concrete admixtures, grouts, and sealants used in building and infrastructure projects.
Foamstop 600 N is added to textile dyeing and printing processes to prevent foam formation in dye baths, printing pastes, and finishing baths.

Foamstop 600 N is employed in the production of rubber and plastic products to prevent foam formation in molding, extrusion, and foaming processes.
Antifoam agents find application in the manufacturing of fiberglass and composite materials to prevent foam formation in resin impregnation and curing processes.

Foamstop 600 N is added to metalworking fluids to prevent foam formation in machining, grinding, and metal cleaning operations.
Foamstop 600 N is utilized in the production of building materials, such as insulation foams and foam plastics, to prevent excessive foam formation during manufacturing.
Antifoam agents find use in various industrial processes and applications where foam control is necessary to maintain product quality, process efficiency, and operational safety.



DESCRIPTION


Foamstop 600 N is a chemical compound used as an antifoam agent or defoamer.
Foamstop 600 N is specifically formulated to control foam formation in various industrial processes and applications.
Antifoam agents like Foamstop 600 N are typically added to systems where excessive foam formation can hinder efficiency, quality, or safety.

The exact composition and properties of Foamstop 600 N may vary depending on the manufacturer and specific formulation.
However, antifoam agents commonly contain a blend of silicone-based compounds, hydrophobic solids, and other additives designed to disrupt foam bubbles and prevent their formation or stability.

Antifoam agents like Foamstop 600 N are specially formulated compounds designed to control foam formation in industrial processes.
These agents are typically composed of a blend of active ingredients that work synergistically to disrupt and collapse foam bubbles.
Foamstop 600 N is a versatile antifoam agent used across various industries to address foam-related challenges.

Foamstop 600 N is available in different formulations, including liquids, emulsions, and powders, to suit different applications and process requirements.
The active components of Foamstop 600 N are often hydrophobic substances that have a high affinity for air-liquid interfaces.
When added to foaming systems, Foamstop 600 N quickly spreads across the surface of the foam and breaks down the foam structure.

The antifoam action of Foamstop 600 N is rapid and effective, leading to the collapse of foam bubbles and the elimination of foam.
Foamstop 600 N acts by lowering the surface tension of the foam, preventing the formation of stable foam structures.

Foamstop 600 N is non-reactive with other process chemicals and does not affect the properties or performance of the final product.
Foamstop 600 N is compatible with a wide range of industrial processes, including chemical manufacturing, food processing, and wastewater treatment.
Foamstop 600 N is effective in controlling foam generated by various mechanisms, including agitation, aeration, and surfactant action.

Foamstop 600 N can be added directly to the foaming system or applied as a surface treatment to existing foam.
The dosage of Foamstop 600 N required depends on factors such as the severity of foam formation, the nature of the foaming agents, and the process conditions.
Foamstop 600 N is known for its stability and long-lasting antifoam action, providing continuous foam control over extended periods.
Foamstop 600 N is resistant to degradation by heat, pH changes, and shear forces, making it suitable for use in harsh operating conditions.

Foamstop 600 N is easy to handle and can be stored for extended periods without significant loss of effectiveness.
Foamstop 600 N is non-toxic, non-corrosive, and environmentally friendly, making it safe for use in food and pharmaceutical applications.
Foamstop 600 N is available in various packaging options, including drums, totes, and bulk containers, to accommodate different usage volumes.

Foamstop 600 N is manufactured under strict quality control measures to ensure consistency and reliability in performance.
Foamstop 600 N is often used in combination with other process additives to optimize performance and efficiency.

Foamstop 600 N is a cost-effective solution for foam control, helping to reduce downtime, improve productivity, and minimize product losses.
Foamstop 600 N can be customized to meet specific customer requirements and application needs.
Foamstop 600 N undergoes rigorous testing and evaluation to ensure compliance with regulatory standards and industry specifications.

Foamstop 600 N is backed by technical support and expertise from the manufacturer, ensuring proper application and troubleshooting assistance.
Overall, Foamstop 600 N is an essential tool for managing foam-related challenges in industrial processes, offering reliable and effective foam control solutions.



PROPERTIES


Chemical Composition: Foamstop 600 N is typically composed of a blend of active ingredients, including silicone-based compounds, hydrophobic solids, and emulsifiers.
Physical Form: It is available in various physical forms, including liquids, emulsions, powders, and granules.
Appearance: The appearance of Foamstop 600 N varies depending on its physical form, ranging from clear liquids to white powders or granules.
Odor: Foamstop 600 N may have a slight odor characteristic of its chemical composition, but it is generally odorless or has a mild, non-offensive scent.
Solubility: It is typically insoluble in water but dispersible in aqueous solutions, forming stable emulsions or suspensions.
Density: The density of Foamstop 600 N varies depending on its physical form and concentration, typically ranging from 0.8 to 1.2 g/cm³ for liquids and emulsions.
pH: Foamstop 600 N formulations are usually pH-neutral or slightly acidic to mildly alkaline, with pH values ranging from 5 to 9.
Surface Tension: It has the ability to reduce the surface tension of liquid films, facilitating the disruption and collapse of foam bubbles.



FIRST AID


Inhalation:

If inhaled, remove the affected individual to fresh air immediately.
Ensure that the person is breathing and administer artificial respiration if necessary.
Seek medical attention if respiratory distress persists or if symptoms worsen.


Skin Contact:

Remove contaminated clothing and immediately rinse the affected skin with plenty of water.
Use mild soap or a gentle cleanser to thoroughly wash the skin and remove any residual Foamstop 600 N.
If irritation or redness develops, seek medical advice and avoid further contact with the chemical.


Eye Contact:

Flush the eyes with lukewarm water for at least 15 minutes, ensuring that eyelids are held open and thoroughly rinsed.
Seek immediate medical attention, and continue irrigation while transporting the affected individual to a medical facility.
Remove contact lenses if present and easily removable after flushing begins.


Ingestion:

Do not induce vomiting unless instructed to do so by medical personnel.
Rinse the mouth with water and give the affected individual a small amount of water or milk to drink.
Seek medical attention immediately and provide medical personnel with information on the ingested amount and any symptoms observed.


General Advice:

Keep emergency contact information readily accessible in case medical assistance is needed.
Provide medical personnel with the Safety Data Sheet (SDS) or product label for Foamstop 600 N.
Follow any specific first aid instructions provided on the product label or by medical professionals.
Do not administer any medications or home remedies unless instructed to do so by medical personnel.
If treating someone else, ensure personal safety by wearing appropriate protective equipment.
In case of any doubt or uncertainty about the severity of exposure, seek medical advice promptly.



HANDLING AND STORAGE


Handling:

Wear appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE), including chemical-resistant gloves, safety goggles, and protective clothing, when handling Foamstop 600 N.

Avoid contact with skin, eyes, and clothing. In case of contact, immediately rinse affected areas with plenty of water and remove contaminated clothing.
Use Foamstop 600 N in well-ventilated areas to minimize exposure to vapors and aerosols.
If ventilation is inadequate, use respiratory protection.

Avoid breathing vapors or mists generated during handling.
Use local exhaust ventilation or respiratory protection if exposure cannot be adequately controlled.
Do not eat, drink, or smoke while handling Foamstop 600 N, and wash hands thoroughly after handling to prevent accidental ingestion or exposure.

Follow recommended dosage and application guidelines provided by the manufacturer to achieve effective foam control without overuse or wastage.
Keep Foamstop 600 N containers tightly closed when not in use to prevent contamination and evaporation of active ingredients.
Do not mix Foamstop 600 N with other chemicals unless specified by the manufacturer, as this may affect its effectiveness or stability.


Storage:

Store Foamstop 600 N in a cool, dry, well-ventilated area away from direct sunlight, heat sources, and incompatible materials.
Ensure that storage areas are properly labeled and secured to prevent unauthorized access and accidental spills.
Store Foamstop 600 N away from food, beverages, and feedstuffs to prevent contamination.

Keep containers tightly closed and upright to prevent leakage or spillage.
Ensure that lids are properly sealed to maintain product integrity.
Do not store Foamstop 600 N in containers made of reactive materials such as aluminum, copper, or galvanized steel, as this may lead to chemical reactions or degradation.

Store Foamstop 600 N away from sources of ignition, open flames, and hot surfaces to reduce the risk of fire or explosion.
Keep storage areas clean and free from debris to prevent slips, trips, and falls. Spilled material should be cleaned up promptly and disposed of properly.
Check containers regularly for signs of damage, corrosion, or deterioration.

Damaged containers should be replaced or repaired to prevent leaks or spills.
Store Foamstop 600 N separately from oxidizing agents, acids, alkalis, and strong reducing agents to prevent chemical reactions or contamination.
Keep storage areas well-maintained and in compliance with local regulations and industry standards for the storage of hazardous chemicals.
FOAMSTOP 600N
DESCRIPTION:

Foamstop 600N is a defoaming agent used in the paint and printing ink industries.
Foamstop 600N gives no turbidity or haze and no paint or plating adhesion problems.
Foamstop 600N is Blend of polyalkylene glycols and surface-active components.


Foamstop 600N is a water-soluble defoaming agent.
Foamstop 600N is a blend of polyalkylene glycols and surface-active components.
Foamstop 600N does not give turbidity or haze.

Foamstop 600N exhibits no paint or plating adhesion problems and maintains defoaming properties over a prolonged period of time.
Foamstop 600N is biodegradable and effective over a wide pH range (2 to 12).
Foamstop 600N does not contain mineral oil, amines, nitrates or fluorides.

Foamstop 600N is used in the paint and printing ink applications.
Its use level is 0.05 to 0.5 %wt. on total formulation.

Foamstop 600N is a proprietary blend of Polyalkyleneglycols and surface-active components.
Foamstop 600N is used as a foam control agent in paint, printing ink, and floor polish.
Foamstop 600N is completely soluble in water, biodegradable, effective over a wide pH range, and Foamstop 600N does not contain mineral oil, amines, nitrates, or fluorides.


Foamstop 600N is a water soluble Foam Control agent.
Foamstop 600N is a proprietary blend of Polyalkyleneglycols and surface-active components.
All constituents are EINECS registered and comply with the FDA regulation.





BENEFITS OF FOAMSTOP 600N:
Foamstop 600N is Fully soluble in water; no turbidity or haze of the liquid phase in clear systems
Foamstop 600N Maintains the defoaming properties over a prolonged period of time
Foamstop 600N is Effective over a wide pH range (2 to 12)

Foamstop 600N is Biodegradable
Foamstop 600N Does not contain mineral oil, amines, nitrates or fluorides

APPLICATIONS OF FOAMSTOP 600N:
Foamstop 600N is used in Paint and lacquer industry
Foamstop 600N is used in Printing ink industry
Foamstop 600N is used in Floor polish and cleaner industry

Foamstop 600N is used in Aqueous hydraulic fluids
Foamstop 600N is used in Aqueous metalworking fluids

CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF FOAMSTOP 600N:
Appearance Light, turbid liquid
Viscosity at 25 ºC Density at 25 ºC 1.02 – 1.06 g/cm3
Flash point >120 ºC
Boiling point polyalkylene glycols >250 ºC
Mineral oil content 0 %
Functions: Defoamer
Chemical Family: Blends & Combinations, Diols, Glycols
End Uses: Waterborne Coating



SAFETY INFORMATION ABOUT FOAMSTOP 600N:
First aid measures:
Description of first aid measures:
General advice:
Consult a physician.
Show this safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
Move out of dangerous area:

If inhaled:
If breathed in, move person into fresh air.
If not breathing, give artificial respiration.
Consult a physician.
In case of skin contact:
Take off contaminated clothing and shoes immediately.
Wash off with soap and plenty of water.
Consult a physician.

In case of eye contact:
Rinse thoroughly with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes and consult a physician.
Continue rinsing eyes during transport to hospital.

If swallowed:
Do NOT induce vomiting.
Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person.
Rinse mouth with water.
Consult a physician.

Firefighting measures:
Extinguishing media:
Suitable extinguishing media:
Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.
Special hazards arising from the substance or mixture
Carbon oxides, Nitrogen oxides (NOx), Hydrogen chloride gas

Advice for firefighters:
Wear self-contained breathing apparatus for firefighting if necessary.
Accidental release measures:
Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures
Use personal protective equipment.

Avoid breathing vapours, mist or gas.
Evacuate personnel to safe areas.

Environmental precautions:
Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so.
Do not let product enter drains.
Discharge into the environment must be avoided.

Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Soak up with inert absorbent material and dispose of as hazardous waste.
Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.

Handling and storage:
Precautions for safe handling:
Avoid inhalation of vapour or mist.

Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place.
Containers which are opened must be carefully resealed and kept upright to prevent leakage.
Storage class (TRGS 510): 8A: Combustible, corrosive hazardous materials

Exposure controls/personal protection:
Control parameters:
Components with workplace control parameters
Contains no substances with occupational exposure limit values.
Exposure controls:
Appropriate engineering controls:
Handle in accordance with good industrial hygiene and safety practice.
Wash hands before breaks and at the end of workday.

Personal protective equipment:
Eye/face protection:
Tightly fitting safety goggles.
Faceshield (8-inch minimum).
Use equipment for eye protection tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or EN 166(EU).

Skin protection:
Handle with gloves.
Gloves must be inspected prior to use.
Use proper glove
removal technique (without touching glove's outer surface) to avoid skin contact with this product.
Dispose of contaminated gloves after use in accordance with applicable laws and good laboratory practices.
Wash and dry hands.

Full contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0.11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Material tested:Dermatril (KCL 740 / Aldrich Z677272, Size M)
Splash contact
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0.11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Material tested:Dermatril (KCL 740 / Aldrich Z677272, Size M)
It should not be construed as offering an approval for any specific use scenario.

Body Protection:
Complete suit protecting against chemicals, The type of protective equipment must be selected according to the concentration and amount of the dangerous substance at the specific workplace.
Respiratory protection:
Where risk assessment shows air-purifying respirators are appropriate use a fullface respirator with multi-purpose combination (US) or type ABEK (EN 14387) respirator cartridges as a backup to engineering controls.

If the respirator is the sole means of protection, use a full-face supplied air respirator.
Use respirators and components tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or CEN (EU).
Control of environmental exposure
Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so.
Do not let product enter drains.
Discharge into the environment must be avoided.

Stability and reactivity:
Chemical stability:
Stable under recommended storage conditions.
Incompatible materials:
Strong oxidizing agents:
Hazardous decomposition products:
Hazardous decomposition products formed under fire conditions.
Carbon oxides, Nitrogen oxides (NOx), Hydrogen chloride gas.

Disposal considerations:
Waste treatment methods:
Product:
Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company.
Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material.
Contaminated packaging:
Dispose of as unused product.



FOAMSTOP 600N
DESCRTIPTION:
Foamstop 600N is a defoaming agent used in the paint and printing ink industries.
Foamstop 600N gives no turbidity or haze and no paint or plating adhesion problems.
Foamstop 600N is Blend of polyalkylene glycols and surface-active components.



Foamstop 600N is a water-soluble defoaming agent.
Foamstop 600N is a blend of polyalkylene glycols and surface-active components.
Foamstop 600N does not give turbidity or haze.
It exhibits no paint or plating adhesion problems and maintains defoaming properties over a prolonged period of time.

Foamstop 600N is biodegradable and effective over a wide pH range (2 to 12).
Foamstop 600N does not contain mineral oil, amines, nitrates or fluorides.
Foamstop 600N is used in the paint and printing ink applications.
Its use level is 0.05 to 0.5 %wt. on total formulation.





BENEFITS OF FOAMSTOP 600N:
Foamstop 600N is Fully soluble in water; no turbidity or haze of the liquid phase in clear systems
Foamstop 600N Maintains the defoaming properties over a prolonged period of time
Foamstop 600N is Effective over a wide pH range (2 to 12)

Foamstop 600N is Biodegradable
Foamstop 600N Does not contain mineral oil, amines, nitrates or fluorides

Metal surfaces are readily cleaned by rinsing with tap water.
No paint or plating adhesion problems expected when the defoamer is applied


APPLICATIONS OF FOAMSTOP 600N:
FOAMSTOP 600N is used in Paint and lacquer industry
FOAMSTOP 600N is used in Printing ink industry

FOAMSTOP 600N is used in Floor polish and cleaner industry
FOAMSTOP 600N is used in Aqueous hydraulic fluids
FOAMSTOP 600N is used in Aqueous metalworking fluids


CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF FOAMSTOP 600N:

Appearance Light, turbid liquid
Viscosity at 25 ºC Density at 25 ºC 1.02 – 1.06 g/cm3
Flash point >120 ºC
Boiling point polyalkylene glycols >250 ºC
Mineral oil content 0 %


SAFETY INFORMATION ABOUT FOAMSTOP 600N:
First aid measures:
Description of first aid measures:
General advice:
Consult a physician.
Show this safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
Move out of dangerous area:

If inhaled:
If breathed in, move person into fresh air.
If not breathing, give artificial respiration.
Consult a physician.
In case of skin contact:
Take off contaminated clothing and shoes immediately.
Wash off with soap and plenty of water.
Consult a physician.

In case of eye contact:
Rinse thoroughly with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes and consult a physician.
Continue rinsing eyes during transport to hospital.

If swallowed:
Do NOT induce vomiting.
Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person.
Rinse mouth with water.
Consult a physician.

Firefighting measures:
Extinguishing media:
Suitable extinguishing media:
Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.
Special hazards arising from the substance or mixture
Carbon oxides, Nitrogen oxides (NOx), Hydrogen chloride gas

Advice for firefighters:
Wear self-contained breathing apparatus for firefighting if necessary.
Accidental release measures:
Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures
Use personal protective equipment.

Avoid breathing vapours, mist or gas.
Evacuate personnel to safe areas.

Environmental precautions:
Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so.
Do not let product enter drains.
Discharge into the environment must be avoided.

Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Soak up with inert absorbent material and dispose of as hazardous waste.
Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.

Handling and storage:
Precautions for safe handling:
Avoid inhalation of vapour or mist.

Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place.
Containers which are opened must be carefully resealed and kept upright to prevent leakage.
Storage class (TRGS 510): 8A: Combustible, corrosive hazardous materials

Exposure controls/personal protection:
Control parameters:
Components with workplace control parameters
Contains no substances with occupational exposure limit values.
Exposure controls:
Appropriate engineering controls:
Handle in accordance with good industrial hygiene and safety practice.
Wash hands before breaks and at the end of workday.

Personal protective equipment:
Eye/face protection:
Tightly fitting safety goggles.
Faceshield (8-inch minimum).
Use equipment for eye protection tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or EN 166(EU).

Skin protection:
Handle with gloves.
Gloves must be inspected prior to use.
Use proper glove
removal technique (without touching glove's outer surface) to avoid skin contact with this product.
Dispose of contaminated gloves after use in accordance with applicable laws and good laboratory practices.
Wash and dry hands.

Full contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0.11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Material tested:Dermatril (KCL 740 / Aldrich Z677272, Size M)
Splash contact
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0.11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Material tested:Dermatril (KCL 740 / Aldrich Z677272, Size M)
It should not be construed as offering an approval for any specific use scenario.

Body Protection:
Complete suit protecting against chemicals, The type of protective equipment must be selected according to the concentration and amount of the dangerous substance at the specific workplace.
Respiratory protection:
Where risk assessment shows air-purifying respirators are appropriate use a fullface respirator with multi-purpose combination (US) or type ABEK (EN 14387) respirator cartridges as a backup to engineering controls.

If the respirator is the sole means of protection, use a full-face supplied air respirator.
Use respirators and components tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or CEN (EU).
Control of environmental exposure
Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so.
Do not let product enter drains.
Discharge into the environment must be avoided.

Stability and reactivity:
Chemical stability:
Stable under recommended storage conditions.
Incompatible materials:
Strong oxidizing agents:
Hazardous decomposition products:
Hazardous decomposition products formed under fire conditions.
Carbon oxides, Nitrogen oxides (NOx), Hydrogen chloride gas.

Disposal considerations:
Waste treatment methods:
Product:
Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company.
Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material.
Contaminated packaging:
Dispose of as unused product


Folic acid
Methanal; Methyl aldehyde; Methylene glycol (diol forms in aqueous solution); Methylene oxide; Formalin (aqueous solution); Formol; Carbonyl hydride cas no: 50-00-0
FOOD ACID 327
Food acid 327 is a white crystalline salt with formula C6H10CaO6, consisting of two lactate anions H3C(CHOH)CO−2 for each calcium cation Ca2+.
Food acid 327 is a food additive that’s typically added to a wide variety of foods to enhance their texture and flavor or help extend their shelf life.
Food acid 327's E number is E327.

CAS Number: 814-80-2
EC Number: 212-406-7
Molecular Formula: C6H10CaO6
Average mass: 218.218 Da

Food acid 327 is a white crystalline salt with formula C6H10CaO6, consisting of two lactate anions H3C(CHOH)CO−2 for each calcium cation Ca2+.
Food acid 327 forms several hydrates, the most common being the pentahydrate C6H10CaO6·5H2O.

Food acid 327 is used in medicine, mainly to treat calcium deficiencies; and as a food additive with E number of E327.
Some cheese crystals consist of Food acid 327.

Food acid 327 is a food additive that’s typically added to a wide variety of foods to enhance their texture and flavor or help extend their shelf life.
Food acid 327 can also be used as an ingredient in medications or certain types of calcium supplements.

Food acid 327 is a black or white crystalline salt made by the action of lactic acid on calcium carbonate.
Food acid 327 is used in foods (as an ingredient in baking powder) and given medicinally.

Food acid 327's E number is E327.
Food acid 327 is created by the reaction of lactic acid with calcium carbonate or calcium hydroxide.

Food acid 327 is often found in aged cheeses.
Small crystals of Food acid 327 precipitate out when lactic acid is converted into a less soluble form by the bacteria active during the ripening process.

In medicine, Food acid 327 is most commonly used as an antacid and also to treat calcium deficiencies.
Food acid 327 can be absorbed at various pHs and does not need to be taken with food for absorption for these reasons.

Food acid 327 is added to sugar-free foods to prevent tooth decay.
When added to chewing gum containing xylitol, Food acid 327 increases the remineralization of tooth enamel.
Food acid 327 is also added to fresh-cut fruits such as cantaloupes to keep them firm and extend their shelf life, without the bitter taste caused by calcium chloride, which can also be used for this purpose.

Food acid 327 is a calcium salt.
Food acid 327 is a less concentrated form of calcium, and seems to be less bioavailable than other forms of supplemental calcium.

This means Food acid 327 less available to be absorbed and used by your body.
For this reason, Food acid 327 is not the most practical form of oral supplemental calcium.

Food acid 327 is often used as a food additive to enhance the calcium content of foods, replace other salts, or increase the overall pH (that is, decrease the acidity) of the food.

This article looks at the supplement Food acid 327 and what the research says about Food acid 327 health benefits.
Food acid 327 also discusses side effects, dosage, and other calcium supplement options.

Food acid 327 is a salt that consists of two lactate anions for each calcium cation (Ca2+).
Food acid 327 is prepared commercially by the neutralization of lactic acid with calcium carbonate or calcium hydroxide.

Approved by the FDA as a direct food substance affirmed as generally recognized as safe, Food acid 327 is used as a firming agent, flavoring agent, leavening agent, stabilizer, and thickener.
Food acid 327 is also found in daily dietary supplements as a source of calcium.
Food acid 327 is also available in various hydrate forms, where Food acid 327 pentahydrate is the most common.

Food acid 327 is a dairy-free, vegan tablet that helps maintain healthy bone density.
Food acid 327 is an excellent source of calcium and a good source of magnesium.

The conversion of Food acid 327 into lactic acid is generally done with sulfuric acid, thus resulting in the generation of gypsum (calcium sulfate) as a solid by-product, which, by Food acid 327 accumulation, constitutes an environmental issue.

Food acid 327 is a white or cream, almost odorless food additive derived from lactic acid, a compound that cells naturally create when trying to produce energy in low oxygen conditions.

Food acid 327 produced commercially by neutralizing lactic acid with calcium carbonate or calcium hydroxide and most often used to stabilize, thicken, flavor, firm, or leaven foods.
Food acid 327 is either referred to by Food acid 327 name or E number — E327.

Food acid 327 can also be added to calcium supplements or medications used to treat acid reflux, bone loss, a poorly functioning parathyroid gland, or certain muscle diseases.

Food acid 327 may also be added to animal feed or used to treat water to make Food acid 327 suitable for human consumption.

Despite its similar name, Food acid 327 does not contain lactose.
As such, Food acid 327 safe for people with lactose intolerance.

Food acid 327 is a white crystalline salt made by the action of lactic acid on calcium carbonate.
Food acid 327 is used in foods (as a baking powder) and given medicinally.

Food acid 327 is often found in aged cheeses.
Small crystals of Food acid 327 precipitate out when lactic acid is converted into a less soluble form by the bacteria active during the ripening process.

In medicine, Food acid 327 is most commonly used as an antacid and also to treat calcium deficiencies.
Food acid 327 can be absorbed at various pHs and does not need to be taken with food for absorption for these reasons.

Food acid 327 is a premium quality product and an extract of Lactic Acid.
Food acid 327 works well in the production of Caviar, pearls, spaghetti and spheres using spherification techniques.

Food acid 327 can also be used to coat fresh fruit and cantaloupes to keep them firm and extend the shelf life.
Food acid 327 a white non-hygroscopic salt and is a recommended source of calcium.

Food acid 327 provides calcium salts in a soluble form to react with Alginate, Gellan or certain kinds of Carrageenan which permit gel formation without heating.
Food acid 327 taste is more discreet than Calcium Chloride (salty and sometimes bitter).

Food acid 327 is recommended for all reactions of inverse spherification and reacts where Alginate and Calcium sources are intimately mixed when in a diffuse setting or full contact gelling.
Food acid 327 also works well in the production of drops, Caviar pearls and all shapes of spaghetti by immersion of an Alginate solution in a Calcium setting bath.
Suitable for Vegans & Vegetarians, Non-GMO, Gluten Free, Kosher Friendly, Halal Friendly.

Food acid 327 is registered under the REACH Regulation but is not currently being manufactured in and / or imported to the European Economic Area.
Food acid 327 is used by consumers, by professional workers (widespread uses), in formulation or re-packing, at industrial sites and in manufacturing.

Food acid 327 contains 20% of the daily recommended value of calcium (from Food acid 327 and stearate) and 12% of the daily recommended value of magnesium.

Food acid 327 is a salt that consists of two lactate anions for each calcium cation (Ca2+).
Food acid 327 is prepared commercially by the neutralization of lactic acid with calcium carbonate or calcium hydroxide.
Approved by the FDA as a direct food substance affirmed as generally recognized as safe, Food acid 327 is used as a firming agent, flavoring agent, leavening agent, stabilizer, and thickener.

Food acid 327 is also found in daily dietary supplements as a source of calcium.
Food acid 327 is also available in various hydrate forms, where Food acid 327 pentahydrate is the most common.

Food acid 327 is a mineral that is used to treat or prevent low blood calcium levels (hypocalcemia) in people who do not get enough calcium from food.
Food acid 327 is also used in the treatment of conditions such as osteoporosis, disorders of the parathyroid gland, or certain muscle problems.

Food acid 327 may also be used for purposes not listed in this medication guide.

Food acid 327 is commonly used as a food additive in packaged foods, such as:
Nectars,
Jams, jellies, and marmalades,
Butter, margarine, and other types of fats used for cooking or frying,
Canned fruits and vegetables,
Beer.

Food acid 327 sometimes also added to fresh foods, such as mozzarella cheese, fresh pastas, or precut fruit to help them maintain their firmness or extend their shelf life.

You can tell whether a food contains Food acid 327 by looking for Food acid 327 on the ingredient label.
Food acid 327 may also be labeled as E327.

Applications of Food acid 327:
Supplement use should be individualized and vetted by a healthcare professional, such as a registered dietitian, pharmacist, or doctor.
No supplement is intended to treat, cure, or prevent disease.

Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body.
Food acid 327 is required for bone health and for heart, muscle, and nerve function.

In the body, blood calcium levels remain relatively consistent and unchanged.
Calcium is acquired from dietary sources.
Apart from calcium for bone health, additional possible benefits of Food acid 327 supplementation include benefits to heart health, oral health, and exercise performance.

Heart Health:
An older study examined the effect of Food acid 327 supplementation on cholesterol in 43 people with hyperlipidemia and previous viral inflammation of the liver.
The study participants were divided into a test group and a control (placebo) group.
The test group was given Food acid 327 and vitamin C three times a day for four weeks.

After four weeks, Food acid 327 was found that the test group had decreased total cholesterol levels by 4%.
Additionally, the supplementation did not cause side effects.
However, there were no statistically significant changes of other cholesterol markers.

This study shows promise for Food acid 327 supplementation on heart health.
However, Food acid 327 was small and used a relatively low dose of Food acid 327.
Additional studies are needed to validate the role of Food acid 327 supplementation in relation to heart health.

Oral Health:
A study looked at whether adding Food acid 327 to xylitol chewing gum helps remineralize lesions on tooth enamel.
Artificial lesions were made on enamel slabs of human extracted teeth and worn by 10 volunteers.
Another 10 were used as controls and stored in a humidifier.

The study participants wore the enamel slabs in one of the following ways:
Without chewing gum
With chewing gum containing xylitol and Food acid 327
With chewing gum containing only xylitol
They did this four times a day for two weeks.

Remineralization was found to be greater after chewing xylitol and Food acid 327 gum than in the other groups.
This led researchers to conclude that Food acid 327 might increase remineralization of tooth enamel surfaces.

A 2014 study looked at the ability of a Food acid 327 pre-rinse to increase fluoride protection against tooth enamel erosion.
The researchers found that the pre-rinse followed by a fluoride rinse significantly decreased surface loss of enamel when used before an erosive challenge.

However, researchers of an earlier study on Food acid 327 pre-rinse found that Food acid 327 did not significantly affect plaque fluoride concentration under any condition.

The mixed results and small sample size of these studies means further research is needed before Food acid 327 can be recommended for oral health.

Pharmaceutical Applications:
Food acid 327 is used as a bioavailability enhancer and nutrient supplement in pharmaceutical formulations.
A spray-dried grade of Food acid 327 pentahydrate has been used as a tablet diluent in direct compression systems, and has been shown to have good compactability.

The properties of the pentahydrate form have been considered superior to those of Food acid 327 trihydrate when used in direct compression tablet formulations.
Tablet properties may be affected by the hydration state of the Food acid 327 and particle size of Food acid 327: reducing particle size increased crushing strength, whereas storage of tablets at elevated temperature resulted in dehydration accompanied by a reduction in crushing strength.

Food acid 327 has also been used as the source of calcium ions in the preparation of calcium alginate microspheres for controlled- release delivery of active agents.
Food acid 327 has been shown to result in lower calcium concentrations in the finished microspheres when compared with calcium acetate.
Therapeutically, Food acid 327 has been used in preparations for the treatment of calcium deficiency.

Uses of Food acid 327:
Food acid 327 is the calcium salt of lactic acid which is soluble in water.
Food acid 327 has a solubility of 3.4 g/100 g of water at 20°c and is very soluble in hot water.

Food acid 327 is available as a monohydrate, trihydrate, and pentahydrate. the trihydrate and pentahydrate have solubili- ties of 9 g in 100 ml of water at 25°c.
Food acid 327 contains approximately 14% calcium.

Food acid 327 is used to stabilize and improve the texture of canned fruits and vegetables by converting the labile pectin to the less solu- ble calcium pectate.
Food acid 327 thereby prevents structural collapse during cooking.

Food acid 327 is used in angel food cake, whipped toppings, and meringues to increase protein extensibility which results in an increase of foam volume.
Food acid 327 is also used in calcium fortified foods such as infant foods and is used to improve the properties of dry milk powder.

Food acid 327 is an oral calcium salt used to prevent or treat low blood calcium levels in people who do not get enough calcium from their diet, patients with osteoporosis, weak bones, decreased parathyroid gland activity.

Food acid 327 is used as a food preservative and calcium supplement.
Food acid 327 is also used in dentifrices, respirator filters, buffering agents, food firming agents, and gelling salts for low methoxypectin.

Food acid 327 is used to prevent or treat low blood calcium levels in people who do not get enough calcium from their diets.
Food acid 327 may be used to treat conditions caused by low calcium levels such as bone loss (osteoporosis), weak bones (osteomalacia/rickets), decreased activity of the parathyroid gland (hypoparathyroidism), and a certain muscle disease (latent tetany).

Food acid 327 may also be used in certain patients to make sure they are getting enough calcium (such as women who are pregnant, nursing, or postmenopausal, people taking certain medications such as phenytoin, phenobarbital, or prednisone).
Calcium plays a very important role in the body.

Food acid 327 is necessary for normal functioning of nerves, cells, muscle, and bone.
If there is not enough calcium in the blood, then the body will take calcium from bones, thereby weakening bones.
Having the right amount of calcium is important for building and keeping strong bones.

Medicine:
Food acid 327 has several uses in human and veterinary medicine.
Food acid 327 is used in medicine as an antacid.

Food acid 327 is also used to treat hypocalcaemia (calcium deficiencies).
Food acid 327 can be absorbed at various pHs, thus Food acid 327 does not need to be taken with food.
However, in this use Food acid 327 has been found to be less convenient than calcium citrate.

In the early 20th century, oral administration of Food acid 327 dissolved in water (but not in milk or tablets) was found to be effective in prevention of tetany in humans and dogs with parathyroid insufficiency or who underwent parathyroidectomy.

Food acid 327 is also found in some mouth washes and toothpaste as an anti-tartar agent.
Food acid 327 (or other calcium salts) is an antidote for soluble fluoride ingestion and hydrofluoric acid.

Food industry:
Food acid 327 is a food additive classified by the United States FDA as Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS), for uses as a firming agent, a flavor enhancer or flavoring agent, a leavening agent, a nutritional supplement, and a stabilizer and thickener.

Food acid 327 is also known as cheese lactate because Food acid 327 coagulates milk, making the chhena used in the production of paneer cheese.
Chhena is also used to make various sweets and other milk proteins.

Food acid 327 is an ingredient in some baking powders containing sodium acid pyrophosphate.
Food acid 327 provides calcium in order to delay leavening.

Food acid 327 is added to sugar-free foods to prevent tooth decay.
When added to chewing gum containing xylitol, Food acid 327 increases the remineralization of tooth enamel.

Food acid 327 is also added to fresh-cut fruits, such as cantaloupes, to keep them firm and extend their shelf life, without the bitter taste caused by calcium chloride, which can also be used for this purpose.

Food acid 327 is used in molecular gastronomy as a flavorless fat-soluble agent for plain and reverse spherification.
Food acid 327 reacts with sodium alginate to form a skin around the food item.

Animal feeds:
Food acid 327 may be added to animal rations as a source of calcium.

Chemistry:
Food acid 327 was formerly an intermediate in the preparation of lactic acid for food and medical uses.
The impure acid from various sources was converted to Food acid 327, purified by crystallization, and then converted back to acid by treatment with sulfuric acid, which precipitated the calcium as calcium sulfate.

This method yielded a purer product than would be obtained by distillation of the original acid.
Recently ammonium lactate has been used as an alternative to calcium in this process.

Water treatment:
Food acid 327 has been considered as a coagulant for removing suspended solids from water, as a renewable, non-toxic, and biodegradable alternative to aluminum chloride AlCl3.

Bioconcrete:
Addition of Food acid 327 substantially increases the compressive strength and reduces water permeability of bioconcrete, by enabling bacteria such as Enterococcus faecalis, Bacillus cohnii, Bacillus pseudofirmus and Sporosarcina pasteurii to produce more calcite.

Consumer Uses:
Food acid 327 is used in the following products: cosmetics and personal care products.
Other release to the environment of Food acid 327 is likely to occur from: indoor use as processing aid.

Widespread uses by professional workers:
Food acid 327 is used in the following products: plant protection products, polishes and waxes and washing & cleaning products.
Food acid 327 is used in the following areas: agriculture, forestry and fishing.
Other release to the environment of Food acid 327 is likely to occur from: indoor use (e.g. machine wash liquids/detergents, automotive care products, paints and coating or adhesives, fragrances and air fresheners) and outdoor use as processing aid.

Uses at industrial sites:
Food acid 327 is used in the following products: metal surface treatment products, non-metal-surface treatment products and semiconductors.
Food acid 327 is used for the manufacture of: chemicals and electrical, electronic and optical equipment.
Release to the environment of Food acid 327 can occur from industrial use: in processing aids at industrial sites and as processing aid.

Features of Food acid 327:

Food acid 327 is a dairy-free, vegan tablet that helps maintain healthy bone density.

Food acid 327 is an excellent source of calcium and a good source of magnesium such as:
Supports muscle and nerve function,
Supports normal functions of cells and cell membranes,

Supports normal blood clotting process,
Supports proper functioning of enzyme systems,

Supports and helps maintain healthy bone density and remodeling,
Provides support in the immune system response function,

Adequate calcium as part of a healthful diet, along with physical activity, may reduce the risk of osteoporosis in later life,
Excellent source of calcium,

Good source of magnesium,
Vegan, vegetarian, gluten-free, non-dairy, non-soy.

Food acid 327 for Maintaining Healthy Bone Density:
Bone remodeling (bone turnover) is a continuous cycle of bone breakdown by osteoclasts in areas of the body where bone isn’t needed, and bone rebuilding handled by osteoblasts.
In other words, bone itself undergoes continuous remodeling, with constant resorption and deposition of calcium into new bone.
The balance between bone resorption and deposition is important for healthy bones, and Food acid 327 changes with age.

Both calcium and magnesium are critical to bone health.
99% of the body’s calcium supply is stored in the bones and teeth where Food acid 327 supports normal and healthy bone structure and function.
Taking an additional calcium supplement can help increase the body’s supply of calcium.

Magnesium also contributes to the structural development of bone, with 50% to 60% present in the bones.
In particular, magnesium is involved in bone formation and influences the activities of osteoblasts (bone rebuilding) and osteoclasts (bone breakdown).

Food acid 327 for Immune System Health:
Both calcium and magnesium are involved in supporting aspects of the body’s healthy immune system.
Calcium (Ca2+) signals control various aspects of cell functioning such as T lymphocytes.

T lymphocytes – along with other immune cells – respond to foreign particles in the body.
These T cells, which are made in bone marrow and are essential for cell-mediated immunity, need a sustained Calcium ion flow for regulation, activation, and proliferation.

Emerging research indicates magnesium may also play a role in the human immune system response such as through magnesium transporters.
A number of magnesium transporters have been identified in immune cells such as Magnesium transporter 1 (MagT1).
MagT1 is expressed in the spleen, thymus, T and B lymphocytes, suggesting that MagT1 may be involved in the human immune system functions.

Benefits of Food acid 327:

Possible Health Benefits:
Very few studies have specifically researched the health benefits of Food acid 327.

That said, Food acid 327 can be used as a main source of calcium in calcium supplements, and some studies link calcium-rich diets to stronger and healthier bones, though research is inconsistent.
Though sourcing your calcium directly from foods remains the best way to ingest this mineral, supplements can be a helpful tool for those who are unable to get enough calcium through their diet alone.

When consumed as a supplement, Food acid 327 may provide benefits similar to those associated with other calcium supplements, including:
Stronger bones.
When taken together with vitamin D, calcium supplements are thought to contribute to the development and maintenance of strong, healthy bones.

Reduced blood pressure.
Calcium-rich diets may help slightly lower systolic blood pressure (the top number) in those with elevated blood pressure.

However, there seems to be little benefit among people with normal blood pressure levels.
Protection against preeclampsia.

High calcium intakes during pregnancy may lower the risk of preeclampsia, a serious complication that affects up to 14% of pregnancies worldwide.
Protection against colon cancer.

Studies suggest that a high calcium intake from foods or supplements may reduce colon cancer risk.
Still, more research is needed to confirm these findings.

Older studies further suggest that chewing gums containing Food acid 327 together with the artificial sweetener xylitol may help protect against cavities.
Yet, more research is needed to confirm these results.

Gram per gram, Food acid 327 tends to provide smaller amounts of calcium than more popular forms of calcium, such as calcium carbonate and calcium citrate.

Therefore, to contain equivalent amounts of calcium, Food acid 327 supplements may be larger than other types of calcium supplements, potentially making them harder to swallow.
You may also need to take more pills.

Food acid 327 is likely less constipating than calcium carbonate, but Food acid 327 doesn’t provide any additional benefits beyond those associated with calcium citrate.
This explains why Food acid 327 seldom used as a main ingredient in calcium supplements.

Typical Properties of Food acid 327:
The lactate ion is chiral, with two enantiomers, D (−,R) and L (+,S).
The L isomer is the one normally synthesized and metabolized by living organisms, but some bacteria can produce the D form or convert the L to D.
Thus Food acid 327 also has D and L isomers, where all anions are of the same type.

Some synthesis processes yield a mixture of the two in equal parts, resulting in the DL (racemic) salt.
Both the L and the DL forms occur as crystals on the surface of aging Cheddar cheese.

The solubility of calcium L-lactate in water increases significantly in presence of d-gluconate ions, from 6.7 g/dl) at 25 °C to 9.74 g/dl or more.
Paradoxically, while the solubility of calcium L-lactate increases with temperature from 10 °C (4.8 g/dl) to 30 °C (8.5 g/dl), the concentration of free Ca2+ ions decreases by almost one half.
This is explained as the lactate and calcium ions becoming less hydrated and forming a complex C3H5O3Ca+.

The DL (racemic) form of the salt is much less soluble in water than the pure L or D isomers, so that a solution that contains as little as 25% of the D form will deposit racemic DL-lactate crystals instead of L-lactate.

The pentahydrate loses water in a dry atmosphere between 35 and 135 °C, being reduced to the anhydrous form and losing Food acid 327 crystalline character.
The process is reversed at 25 °C and 75% relative humidity.

Pharmacodynamics of Food acid 327:
Both components of Food acid 327, calcium ion and lactic acid, play essential roles in the human body as a skeletal element an energy source, respectively.

Mechanism of action of Food acid 327:
In aqueous environments such as the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, Food acid 327 will dissociate into calcium cation and lactic acid anions, the conjugate base of lactic acid.
Lactic acid is a naturally-occurring compound that serves as fuel or energy in mammals by acting as an ubiquitous intermediate in the metabolic pathways.
Lactic acid diffuses through the muscles and is transported to the liver by the bloodstream to participate in gluconeogenesis.

Absorption of Food acid 327:
In order to be absorbed, calcium must be in Food acid 327 freely soluble form (Ca2+) or bound to a soluble organic molecule.
Calcium absorption mainly occurs at the duodenum and proximal jejunum due to more acidic pH and the abundance of the calcium binding proteins.
The mean calcium absorption is about 25% of calcium intake (range is 10 – 40%) in the small intestine, and is mediated by both passive diffusion and active transport.

Preparation of Food acid 327:
Food acid 327 can be prepared by the reaction of lactic acid with calcium carbonate or calcium hydroxide.

Since the 19th century, the salt has been obtained industrially by fermentation of carbohydrates in the presence of calcium mineral sources such as calcium carbonate or calcium hydroxide.
Fermentation may produce either D or L lactate, or a racemic mixture of both, depending on the type of organism used.

General Manufacturing Information of Food acid 327:

Industry Processing Sectors:
Wholesale and Retail Trade

Handling and storage of Food acid 327:

Advice on protection against fire and explosion:
Provide appropriate exhaust ventilation at places where dust is formed.

Hygiene measures:
General industrial hygiene practice.

Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:

Storage conditions:
Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place.
Store in cool place.

Storage class:
Storage class (TRGS 510): 11: Combustible Solids

Stability and reactivity of Food acid 327:

Reactivity:
No data available

Chemical stability:
Stable under recommended storage conditions.

Possibility of hazardous reactions:
No data available

Conditions to avoid:
No data available

Incompatible materials:
Strong oxidizing agents

Safety and Precautions of Food acid 327:
According to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Food acid 327 is generally recognized as safe (GRAS) and may be added to all foods except infant foods and formulas.

Food acid 327 is considered a safe source of calcium in calcium supplements.
In addition, given that Food acid 327 contains less calcium than other forms, Food acid 327 less likely to cause the constipation or upset stomach commonly associated with supplements containing calcium carbonate.

That said, Food acid 327 important to note that excess intakes of Food acid 327 may result in hypercalcemia, a condition characterized by dangerously high blood levels of calcium, which may cause heart or kidney problems.

Food acid 327 best to not exceed the safe daily upper intake levels (UL) of 2,500 mg per day for adults under 50 years old and pregnant or breastfeeding people, 2,000 mg per day for those 51 years or older, and 3,000 mg per day for pregnant or breastfeeding people younger than 19.

Food acid 327 supplements may also interact with some medications, including diuretics, antibiotics, and anti-seizure drugs.
Therefore, Food acid 327 best to seek guidance from your healthcare provider before taking such supplements.

First aid measures of Food acid 327:

If inhaled:
If breathed in, move person into fresh air.
If not breathing, give artificial respiration.

In case of skin contact:
Wash off with soap and plenty of water.

In case of eye contact:
Flush eyes with water as a precaution.

If swallowed:
Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person.
Rinse mouth with water.

Firefighting measures of Food acid 327:

Suitable extinguishing media:
Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.

Special hazards arising from Food acid 327 or mixture:
Carbon oxides
Calcium oxide

Advice for firefighters:
Wear self-contained breathing apparatus for firefighting if necessary.

Further information:
No data available

Accidental release measures of Food acid 327:

Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures:
Avoid dust formation.
Avoid breathing vapors, mist or gas.

Environmental precautions:
No special environmental precautions required.

Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Sweep up and shovel.
Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.

Identifiers of Food acid 327:
CAS Number: 814-80-2
ChEMBL: ChEMBL2106111
ChemSpider: 12592
DrugBank: DB13231
ECHA InfoCard: 100.011.278
EC Number: 212-406-7
E number: E327 (antioxidants, ...)
PubChem CID: 13144
UNII: 2URQ2N32W3
CompTox Dashboard (EPA): DTXSID0020236
InChI: InChI=1S/2C3H6O3.Ca/c2*1-2(4)3(5)6;/h2*2,4H,1H3,(H,5,6);/q;;+2/p-2
Key: MKJXYGKVIBWPFZ-UHFFFAOYSA-L
InChI=1/2C3H6O3.Ca/c2*1-2(4)3(5)6;/h2*2,4H,1H3,(H,5,6);/q;;+2/p-2
Key: MKJXYGKVIBWPFZ-NUQVWONBAM
SMILES: [Ca+2].[O-]C(=O)C(O)C.[O-]C(=O)C(O)C

CAS number: 5743-47-5
EC number: 248-953-3
Grade: Ph Eur,BP,USP,E 327
Hill Formula: C₆H₁₀CaO₆*5H₂O
Molar Mass: 308.30 g/mol
HS Code: 2918 11 00

Molecular Formula: C6H10CaO6
Average mass: 218.218 Da
Monoisotopic mass: 218.010330 Da
ChemSpider ID: 12592

Properties of Food acid 327:
Chemical formula: C6H10CaO6
Molar mass: 218.22 g/mol
Appearance: white or off-white powder, slightly efflorescent
Density: 1.494 g/cm3
Melting point: 240 °C (464 °F; 513 K) (anhydrous)
120 °C (pentahydrate)
Solubility in water: L-lactate, anhydrous, g/100 mL: 4.8 (10 °C), 5.8 (20 °C), 6.7 (25 °C), 8.5 (30 °C); 7.9 g/100 mL (30 °C)
Solubility: very soluble in methanol, insoluble in ethanol
Acidity (pKa): 6.0-8.5
Refractive index (nD): 1.470

Ignition temperature: 610 °C
Melting Point: 240 °C
pH value: 7 (50 g/l, H₂O, 20 °C)
Bulk density: 300 - 500 kg/m3
Solubility: 50 g/l

Molecular Weight: 218.22 g/mol
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 2
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 6
Rotatable Bond Count: 0
Exact Mass: 218.0103289 g/mol
Monoisotopic Mass: 218.0103289 g/mol
Topological Polar Surface Area: 121Ų
Heavy Atom Count: 13
Complexity: 53.5
Isotope Atom Count: 0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 2
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 3
Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes

Specifications of Food acid 327:
Assay (complexometric; calculated on dried substance): 98.0 - 101.0 %
Identity (IR-spectrum): passes test
Identity (Calcium): passes test
Identity (Lactat): passes test
Appearance: white to almost white crystalline or granular powder
Appearance of solution (71 g/l; water): almost clear (≤ 6 NTU) and not more intense in colour than reference solution BY₆
Acidity or alkalinity: passes test
pH (71 g/l; water): 6.0 - 8.0
Chloride (Cl): ≤ 200 ppm
Fluoride (F): ≤ 30 ppm
Sulfate (SO₄): ≤ 400 ppm
Heavy metals (as Pb): ≤ 10 ppm
Al (Aluminium): ≤ 50 ppm
As (Arsenic): ≤ 3 ppm
Ba (Barium)*: ≤ 70 ppm
Fe (Iron): ≤ 50 ppm
Hg (Mercury): ≤ 1 ppm
Pb (Lead): ≤ 2 ppm
Magnesium and alcali salts: ≤ 1.0 %
Volatile fatty acids: passes test
Reducing substances: passes test
Residual solvents (ICH Q3C): excluded by production process
Loss on drying (125 °C): 22.0 - 27.0 %

Names of Food acid 327:

Regulatory process names:
Calcium lactate
Calcium lactate
calcium lactate

IUPAC names:
calcium bis(2-hydroxypropanoate)

Preferred IUPAC name:
Calcium bis(2-hydroxypropanoate)

Other names:
calcium lactate 5-hydrate,
calcium lactate,
2-hydroxypropanoic acid
calcium salt pentahydrate

Other identifiers:
5743-48-6

Synonyms of Food acid 327:
calcium lactate
814-80-2
Calphosan
Calcium dilactate
calcium 2-hydroxypropanoate
Hemicalcium L-lactate
Conclyte calcium
Lactic acid, calcium salt (2:1)
2-Hydroxypropanoic acid calcium salt
63690-56-2
calcium;2-hydroxypropanoate
Propanoic acid, 2-hydroxy-, calcium salt (2:1)
Calcium lactate anhydrous
Calcium 2-hydroxypropanoate (1:2)
5743-48-6
Calcium Lactate [USAN:JAN]
CCRIS 3669
HSDB 976
Calcium (as lactate)
calcium bis(2-hydroxypropanoate)
EINECS 212-406-7
Calcium lactate, anhydrous
Ins No.327
UNII-2URQ2N32W3
AI3-04468
2URQ2N32W3
28305-25-1
CALCIUM LACTATE (1 G)
DTXSID0020236
INS-327
INS-327-
EINECS 227-266-2
Calcium lactate [II]
Calcium lactate [MI]
Calcium lactate [FCC]
Calcium lactate [HSDB]
Calcium lactate [INCI]
Calcium lactate (1:2)
Calcium lactate [VANDF]
E-327
EC 212-406-7
Calcium lactate [WHO-DD]
DTXCID60236
Calcium (as lactate) [VANDF]
Ca lactate
C3H6O3.1/2Ca
Calcium (S)-2-hydroxy-propanate
CAS-814-80-2
(+/-)-Lactic acid, calcium salt (2:1)
calcium dl-lactate
C3-H6-O3.1/2Ca
L(+)-calcium lactate
Propanoic acid, 2-hydroxy-, calcium salt
C3H6O3.xCa
Lactic acid, calcium salt
SCHEMBL4319
C3-H6-O3.x-Ca
CHEMBL2106111
HY-B2227A
CALCIUM LACTATE [USP-RS]
Lactic acid calcium salt (2:1)
MKJXYGKVIBWPFZ-UHFFFAOYSA-L
AMY37027
Tox21_201378
Tox21_302896
Bis(2-hydroxypropanoic acid) calcium
AKOS015837558
CALCIUM LACTATE [EP MONOGRAPH]
DB13231
LS-2396
NCGC00256365-01
NCGC00258929-01
LS-192480
2-Hydroxypropanoic acid calcium salt (2:1)
CS-0021602
FT-0623403
FT-0652809
F16480
CALCIUM LACTATE ANHYDROUS [USP MONOGRAPH]
CALCIUM LACTATE, ANHYDROUS [EP IMPURITY]
A840142
Propanoic acid, 2-hydroxy-, calcium salt (2;1)
Q419693
227-266-2 [EINECS]
2URQ2N32W3
5743-48-6 [RN]
814-80-2 [RN]
Bis(2-hydroxypropanoate) de calcium [French] [ACD/IUPAC Name]
Calcium bis(2-hydroxypropanoate) [ACD/IUPAC Name]
Calcium dilactate
CALCIUM D-LACTATE
Calcium lactate [JP15] [Trade name] [USP]
CALCIUM LACTATE, L-
Calciumbis(2-hydroxypropanoat) [German] [ACD/IUPAC Name]
Propanoic acid, 2-hydroxy-, calcium salt (2:1) [ACD/Index Name]
[(2-HYDROXYPROPANOYL)OXY]CALCIO 2-HYDROXYPROPANOATE
[28305-25-1] [RN]
145179-24-4 [RN]
16127-59-6 [RN]
240-289-2 [EINECS]
28305-25-1 [RN]
2-Hydroxypropanoic acid calcium salt
3-imidazo[1,2-a]pyrazinecarboxaldehyde
5497-50-7 [RN]
5743-47-5 [RN]
63690-56-2 [RN]
Calcet
CALCIUM (S)-2-HYDROXYPROPIONATE
calcium 2-hydroxypropanoate
Calcium 2-hydroxypropanoate (1:2)
calcium and 2-hydroxypropanoate
Calcium Lactate [USAN:JAN] [JAN] [USAN]
CALCIUM LACTATE, ANHYDROUS
calciumlactate
Calphosan
Conclyte calcium
Hemicalcium L-lactate
Imidazo[1,2-a]pyrazine-3-carbaldehyde [ACD/IUPAC Name]
lactic acid calcium salt
Lactic Acid Calcium Salt (2:1)
MFCD00035548
MFCD00065401
MFCD00078198
UNII:2URQ2N32W3
FOOD ADDITIVE E331
Food additive E331 appears as a white crystalline powder or granular crystals and, given Food additive E331 is a salt, possesses a salty / saline taste with no real detectable odour.
Food additive E331 is a chemical compound, the sodium salt of Citric Acid.
Food additive E331 is obtained by reacting Sodium Citrate with sodium hydroxide, carbonate, or bicarbonate and then crystallized and dehydrated.

CAS Number: 68-04-2
EC number: 200-675-3
Chemical Formula: Na3C6H5O7
Molar Mass: 294.10 g/mol

Food additive E331 has the chemical formula of Na3C6H5O7.
Food additive E331 is sometimes referred to simply as "sodium citrate", though Food additive E331 can refer to any of the three sodium salts of citric acid.
Food additive E331 possesses a saline, mildly tart flavor, and is a mild alkali.

Food additive E331 is mildly basic and can be used along with Sodium Citrate to make biologically compatible buffers.

Food additive E331 has the chemical formula Na3C6H5O7.
Food additive E331 can refer to any of the three sodium salts of citric acid.

Food additive E331 is lightweight and can be used with Sodium Citrate to make biocompatible buffers.

Food additive E331, one of the sodium salts of citric acid, is a compound found in every living organism and is part of key metabolic pathways in all body cells.
Food additive E331 is found in high concentrations in sour fruits, kiwis, strawberries and many other fruits.
Food additive E331 is commercially prepared by the fermentation of molasses by the mold Aspergillus niger.

Food additive E331, also referred to as Sodium Citrate, Trisodium Salt or Trisodium citrate, is the tribasic salt of citric acid.
Food additive E331 appears as a white crystalline powder or granular crystals and, given Food additive E331 is a salt, possesses a salty / saline taste with no real detectable odour.

Food additive E331 has the CAS number 6132-04-3 and formula Na3C6H5O7.
Food additive E331 is water-soluble, non-toxic and fully biodegradable.

Food additive E331 is the sodium salt of citric acid.
Food additive E331 is white, crystalline powder or white, granular crystals, slightly deliquescent in moist air, freely soluble in water, practically insoluble in alcohol.

Like Sodium Citrate, Food additive E331 has a sour taste.
From the medical point of view, Food additive E331 is used as alkalinizing agent.

Food additive E331 works by neutralizing excess acid in the blood and urine.
Food additive E331 has been indicated for the treatment of metabolic acidosis.

Food additive E331 is a chemical compound, the sodium salt of Citric Acid.
Food additive E331 is obtained by reacting Sodium Citrate with sodium hydroxide, carbonate, or bicarbonate and then crystallized and dehydrated.

Food additive E331 also occurs naturally in citrus fruits.
Food additive E331 is commonly referred to as ‘Sodium Citrate’, but this term is ambiguous as Food additive E331 can also refer to the sodium or monosodium salt.

Food additive E331 is structured in such a way that a sodium atom is attached to each of the three carboxyl groups present.
Similarly, Monosodium Citrate is a chemical compound with one sodium in the molecule and Disodium Citrate is a chemical compound with two sodium atoms.

Food additive E331 is labeled as a food additive with the symbol E331.

Food additive E331 is registered under the REACH Regulation and is manufactured in and / or imported to the European Economic Area, at ≥ 10 000 to < 100 000 tonnes per annum.
Food additive E331 is used by consumers, in articles, by professional workers (widespread uses), in formulation or re-packing, at industrial sites and in manufacturing.

Food additive E331 is a tribasic salt of citric acid.
Food additive E331 is produced by complete neutralisation of citric acid with high purity sodium hydroxide or carbonate and subsequent crystallisation and dehydration.
The common hydrate form, Food additive E331 dihydrate, is widely used in foods, beverages and various technical applications mainly as buffering, sequestering or emulsifying agent.

Food additive E331 anhydrous is manufactured from Food additive E331 dihydrate.
Water molecules of the dihydrate crystals are removed by a patented process without destroying the original crystal matrix.

The resulting crystals have a porous matrix that can be used as a carrier for inorganic and/or organic substances like perfumes and surfactants.
Due to Food additive E331 low water content Food additive E331 anhydrous does not add water to the formulation.

Food additive E331 has even the excellent ability to take up surplus water from moisture sensitive formulations thus providing better shelf life to the end product.
Therefore, Food additive E331 anhydrous finds Food additive E331 particular uses in water sensitive formulations like instant drinks as well as tablets and powders in pharmaceuticals and detergents.

Food additive E331 anhydrous occurs as white, granular crystals or as white, crystalline powder.
Food additive E331 is freely soluble in water and practically insoluble in ethanol (96 %).

Food additive E331 is a non-toxic, neutral salt with low reactivity.
Food additive E331 is chemically stable if stored at ambient temperatures.
Food additive E331 anhydrous is fully biodegradable and can be disposed of with regular waste or sewage.

Food additive E331 dihydrate, is widely applied in food, beverages and fillers as a buffering, sequestering or an emulsifying agent.
Food additive E331 used as an anticoagulant in blood transfusions, osmotic laxative, functional fluids, solvents cleaning, furnishing care products, laundry dishwashing products and cleaning automobile radiators.

Food additive E331 dihydrate is a tribasic salt of citric acid.
Food additive E331 is produced by complete neutralisation of Food additive E331 with high purity sodium hydroxide or carbonate and subsequent crystallisation.
Food additive E331 dihydrate is widely used in foods, beverages and various technical applications mainly as buffering, sequestering or emulsifying agent.

Food additive E331 dihydrate occurs as white, granular crystals or as white, crystalline powder with a pleasant, salty taste.
Food additive E331 is slightly deliquescent in moist air, freely soluble in water and practically insoluble in ethanol (96 %).

Food additive E331 dihydrate is a non-toxic, neutral salt with low reactivity.
Food additive E331 is chemically stable if stored at ambient temperatures.
Food additive E331 dihydrate is fully biodegradable and can be disposed of with regular waste or sewage.

Food additive E331 in Food:
Food additive E331 is a food additive with the E number E331.
Food additive E331 is used in a variety of processed food and drink primarily as a flavour enhancer and a preservative.
As an emulsifying agent Food additive E331 is also used in cheesemaking to allow cheese to melt without the separation of oils and fats.

Food additive E331 in food buffers pH levels to help regulate acidity in a variety of foods to balance taste and is also able to impart a tart / sour flavour in a wide variety of drink products.

Usage areas of Food additive E331:
Food additive E331 is often used as a food additive as a flavoring or preservative.
The E number is E331.

Food additive E331 is used as a flavoring agent in certain varieties of club soda.
Food additive E331 is common as an ingredient in Bratwurst and is also commercially available for drinks and beverage mixes, contributing a tart flavor.

Food additive E331 is found in gelatin mix, ice cream, jam, desserts, powdered milk, processed cheeses, sodas and wine.
Food additive E331 can be used as an emulsifier when making cheese.
Food additive E331 allows the cheese to melt without remaining greasy.

Food additive E331, a conjugate base of a weak acid, can act as a buffering agent or acidity regulator by resisting change in pH.
Food additive E331 is used to control the acidity of some substances, such as gelatin desserts.

Food additive E331 is found in mini milk containers used in coffee machines.
Food additive E331 is a particularly effective substance for removing carbonate scale from boilers without cracking and for cleaning car radiators.

Uses of Food additive E331:
Food additive E331 has many uses, but is mainly applied in the food industry.
Food additive E331 has similar applications as Citric Acid, so Food additive E331 is usually used as a flavor enhancer, to acidify foods or beverages, or as a preservative.

Food additive E331 is also commonly used in medicine as a drug ingredient, usually for people with urinary tract infections.
Food additive E331 also plays a role as an anticoagulant, which means Food additive E331 inhibits blood clotting.

In addition, Food additive E331 is used in chemistry.
Food additive E331 is a component of buffers and a component of Benedict’s reagent, which is used to detect sugars and aldehydes.
Food additive E331 is also found in cosmetics such as shower gels, shampoos or skin creams, as Food additive E331 gives them the right acidity level and is used as a preservative.

Another application of Food additive E331 is to remove scale from boilers, clean car radiators, and burnt sheet metal or pots.
Food additive E331 is also used in the production of cleaning products, as it softens water, allowing detergents to work more effectively.

Food additive E331 is used in similar applications to citric acid.
These uses include as an acidity regulator in food and drink, as a sequestering agent to prevent limescale inference with soaps and detergents and as an emulsifying agent to aid chemical mixing processes where two separate elements are incapable of mixing (for example oil and water) and helps to keep these mixtures stable once formulated.

Food additive E331 is used in blood collection (anticoagulant), photography, and food production. (sequestering agent, emulsifier, and acidulant)
Permitted for use as an inert ingredient in non-food pesticide products.

Food additive E331 in food industry:

Foods:
Food additive E331 is chiefly used as a food additive, usually for flavor or as a preservative.
Food additive E331 E number is E331.

Food additive E331 is employed as a flavoring agent in certain varieties of club soda.
Food additive E331 is common as an ingredient in bratwurst, and is also used in commercial ready-to-drink beverages and drink mixes, contributing a tart flavor.
Food additive E331 is found in gelatin mix[clarification needed], ice cream, yogurt, jams, sweets, milk powder, processed cheeses, carbonated beverages, and wine[citation needed], amongst others.

As a conjugate base of a weak acid, citrate can perform as a buffering agent or acidity regulator, resisting changes in pH.
Food additive E331 is used to control acidity in some substances, such as gelatin desserts.

Food additive E331 can be found in the milk minicontainers used with coffee machines.
Food additive E331 is the product of antacids, such as Alka-Seltzer, when they are dissolved in water.

The pH of a solution of 5 g/100 ml water at 25 °C is 7.5 – 9.0.
Food additive E331 is added to many commercially packaged dairy products to control the PH impact of the gastrointestinal system of humans, mainly in processed products such as cheese and yogurt.

Food additive E331 can be used to optimize the safety and quality of snacks, cereals, bakery products and potato products such as French fries without affecting the production process.

Food additive E331 is found in carbonated beverages, dairy products, confectionery, prepared foods, canned meats and vegetables, margarine, mustard, sauces, mayonnaise, spices, jams, and much more.
This is not surprising, because Food additive E331 has various properties that are important for the food industry.

Firstly, Food additive E331 is used as an acidity regulator to maintain the proper pH of Food additive E331.
Food additive E331 is found in sodas, especially those with lemon flavor, energy drinks, desserts or jams.

Food additive E331 is a sequestering agent, which means Food additive E331 is a substance that binds metal ions, called chelates.
Thanks to this, the consumer is protected from the harmful effects of heavy metals in foods.

Food additive E331 is also an emulsifier – Food additive E331 enables the preparation of a uniform solution from two immiscible liquids.
Food additive E331 is useful, for example, in the production of cheese, as Food additive E331 does not become greasy after melting, because Food additive E331 prevents the separation of fats.

Another use of Food additive E331 in the food industry is as a preservative.
Food additive E331 protects the fats in Food additive E331 from oxidation and rancidity.
Food additive E331 also prevents color changes in foods.

Medical uses:
In 1914, the Belgian doctor Albert Hustin and the Argentine physician and researcher Luis Agote successfully used Food additive E331 as an anticoagulant in blood transfusions, with Richard Lewisohn determining Food additive E331 correct concentration in 1915.
Food additive E331 continues to be used today in blood-collection tubes and for the preservation of blood in blood banks.

The citrate ion chelates calcium ions in the blood by forming calcium citrate complexes, disrupting the blood clotting mechanism.
Recently, Food additive E331 has also been used as a locking agent in vascath and haemodialysis lines instead of heparin due to Food additive E331 lower risk of systemic anticoagulation.

In 2003, Ööpik et al. showed the use of Food additive E331 (0.5 g/kg body weight) improved running performance over 5 km by 30 seconds.

Food additive E331 is used to relieve discomfort in urinary-tract infections, such as cystitis, to reduce the acidosis seen in distal renal tubular acidosis, and can also be used as an osmotic laxative.
Food additive E331 is a major component of the WHO oral rehydration solution.

Food additive E331 is used as an antacid, especially prior to anaesthesia, for caesarian section procedures to reduce the risks associated with the aspiration of gastric contents.

Food additive E331 in medicine:
Food additive E331 is not only known as a food additive, but also as an important chemical compound in medicine.
Food additive E331 is used in analytical laboratories where blood tests are performed because Food additive E331 has an anticoagulant effect.

This prevents blood cells from clumping together.
Food additive E331 is then used as a component of solutions for filling hemodialysis catheters.

Food additive E331 lowers the concentration of heparin, which in turn reduces the risks associated with coagulation disorders in patients with kidney disease or blood clotting.
This counteracts side effects during and after dialysis treatment.
This effect is also extremely useful when storing blood or during transfusions.

Food additive E331 is also used as a drug.
Food additive E331 treats kidney stones, gout and reduces the symptoms of metabolic acidosis.

Food additive E331 can also be used as a laxative.
Food additive E331 can be used for hypercalcemia, a condition in which the concentration of calcium in the blood is too high.
Food additive E331 works by increasing the excretion of calcium through the urine.

Consumer Uses:
Food additive E331 is used in the following products: washing & cleaning products, polishes and waxes, air care products, cosmetics and personal care products, water softeners, perfumes and fragrances, water treatment chemicals, coating products, inks and toners, textile treatment products and dyes, biocides (e.g. disinfectants, pest control products), fertilisers, adsorbents, fillers, putties, plasters, modelling clay, laboratory chemicals and photo-chemicals.
Other release to the environment of Food additive E331 is likely to occur from: indoor use (e.g. machine wash liquids/detergents, automotive care products, paints and coating or adhesives, fragrances and air fresheners), outdoor use, indoor use in long-life materials with low release rate (e.g. flooring, furniture, toys, construction materials, curtains, foot-wear, leather products, paper and cardboard products, electronic equipment), outdoor use in long-life materials with high release rate (e.g. tyres, treated wooden products, treated textile and fabric, brake pads in trucks or cars, sanding of buildings (bridges, facades) or vehicles (ships)), indoor use in long-life materials with high release rate (e.g. release from fabrics, textiles during washing, removal of indoor paints) and outdoor use in long-life materials with low release rate (e.g. metal, wooden and plastic construction and building materials).

Widespread uses by professional workers:
Food additive E331 is used in the following products: laboratory chemicals, washing & cleaning products, air care products, perfumes and fragrances, polishes and waxes, water softeners, water treatment chemicals, biocides (e.g. disinfectants, pest control products), coating products, fillers, putties, plasters, modelling clay, inks and toners, textile treatment products and dyes, fertilisers, photo-chemicals, cosmetics and personal care products and adsorbents.
Food additive E331 is used in the following areas: health services, building & construction work, mining, agriculture, forestry and fishing and formulation of mixtures and/or re-packaging.
Food additive E331 is used for the manufacture of: machinery and vehicles and furniture.

Other release to the environment of Food additive E331 is likely to occur from: indoor use (e.g. machine wash liquids/detergents, automotive care products, paints and coating or adhesives, fragrances and air fresheners), outdoor use, indoor use in long-life materials with low release rate (e.g. flooring, furniture, toys, construction materials, curtains, foot-wear, leather products, paper and cardboard products, electronic equipment), outdoor use in long-life materials with low release rate (e.g. metal, wooden and plastic construction and building materials), outdoor use in long-life materials with high release rate (e.g. tyres, treated wooden products, treated textile and fabric, brake pads in trucks or cars, sanding of buildings (bridges, facades) or vehicles (ships)), indoor use in long-life materials with high release rate (e.g. release from fabrics, textiles during washing, removal of indoor paints), indoor use in close systems with minimal release (e.g. cooling liquids in refrigerators, oil-based electric heaters) and outdoor use in close systems with minimal release (e.g. hydraulic liquids in automotive suspension, lubricants in motor oil and break fluids).

Uses at industrial sites:
Food additive E331 is used in the following products: pH regulators and water treatment products, washing & cleaning products, polishes and waxes and water treatment chemicals.
Food additive E331 is used in the following areas: mining, health services and building & construction work.
Food additive E331 is used for the manufacture of: machinery and vehicles, textile, leather or fur, metals, fabricated metal products, electrical, electronic and optical equipment and chemicals.

Release to the environment of Food additive E331 can occur from industrial use: in processing aids at industrial sites, of substances in closed systems with minimal release, as processing aid, formulation of mixtures and in the production of articles.
Other release to the environment of Food additive E331 is likely to occur from: indoor use (e.g. machine wash liquids/detergents, automotive care products, paints and coating or adhesives, fragrances and air fresheners) and outdoor use.

Other Uses:

Food:
Baby Food, Infant Formula
Bakery
Cereals, Snacks
Confectionery
Dairy
Dairy Alternatives
Desserts, Ice Cream
Flavours
Fruit Preparations, Sweet Spreads
Fruits, Vegetables
Meat Alternatives
Meat, Seafood
Plant-based Products
Ready Meals, Instant Food
Sauces, Dressings, Seasonings

Beverages:
Alcoholic Beverages
Carbonated Soft Drinks
Instant Drinks, Syrups
Juice Drinks
Plant-based
RTD Tea and Coffee
Sports and Energy Drinks
Waters

Healthcare:
Clinical Nutrition
Medical Devices
OTC, Food Supplements
Pharmaceutical Products

Personal Care:
Colour Cosmetics
Fragrances
Hair Care
Oral Care
Skin Care
Soap and Bath Products

Cleaners & Detergents:
Dish Washing
Industrial Cleaners
Laundry Care
Surface Care

Industrial Applications:
Adhesives, Sealants
Agrochemicals, Fertilisers
Construction
Fine Chemicals
Inks, Paints, Coatings
Oil Drilling
Paper
Plastics, Polymers
Textile, Leather

Feed & Pet Food:
Feed
Pet Food

Pharma:
Buffering agent
Chelating agent
Mineral source

Industrial Processes with risk of exposure:
Photographic Processing

Applications of Food additive E331:
Food additive E331 dihydrate, is widely applied in food, beverages and fillers as a buffering, sequestering or an emulsifying agent.
Food additive E331 used as an anticoagulant in blood transfusions, osmotic laxative, functional fluids, solvents cleaning, furnishing care products, laundry dishwashing products and cleaning automobile radiators.

Foods:
Food additive E331 is chiefly used as a food additive, usually for flavor or as a preservative.
Food additive E331 E number is E331.

Food additive E331 is employed as a flavoring agent in certain varieties of club soda.
Food additive E331 is common as an ingredient in bratwurst, and is also used in commercial ready-to-drink beverages and drink mixes, contributing a tart flavor.
Food additive E331 is found in gelatin mix, ice cream, yogurt, jams, sweets, milk powder, processed cheeses, carbonated beverages, and wine,[3] amongst others.

Food additive E331 can be used as an emulsifying stabilizer when making cheese.
Food additive E331 allows the cheese to melt without becoming greasy by stopping the fats from separating.

Buffering:
As a conjugate base of a weak acid, citrate can perform as a buffering agent or acidity regulator, resisting changes in pH.
Food additive E331 is used to control acidity in some substances, such as gelatin desserts.

Food additive E331 can be found in the milk minicontainers used with coffee machines.
Food additive E331 is the product of antacids, such as Alka-Seltzer, when they are dissolved in water.

The pH of a solution of 5 g/100 ml water at 25 °C is 7.5 – 9.0.
Food additive E331 is added to many commercially packaged dairy products to control the pH impact of the gastrointestinal system of humans, mainly in processed products such as cheese and yogurt, although Food additive E331 also has beneficial effects on the physical gel microstructure.

Chemistry:
Food additive E331 is a component in Benedict's qualitative solution, often used in organic analysis to detect the presence of reducing sugars such as glucose.

Medicine:
In 1914, the Belgian doctor Albert Hustin and the Argentine physician and researcher Luis Agote successfully used Food additive E331 as an anticoagulant in blood transfusions, with Richard Lewisohn determining Food additive E331 correct concentration in 1915.
Food additive E331 continues to be used today in blood-collection tubes and for the preservation of blood in blood banks.

The citrate ion chelates calcium ions in the blood by forming calcium citrate complexes, disrupting the blood clotting mechanism.
Recently, Food additive E331 has also been used as a locking agent in vascath and haemodialysis lines instead of heparin due to Food additive E331 lower risk of systemic anticoagulation.

In 2003, Ööpik et al. showed the use of Food additive E331 (0.5 g/kg body weight) improved running performance over 5 km by 30 seconds.

Food additive E331 is used to relieve discomfort in urinary-tract infections, such as cystitis, to reduce the acidosis seen in distal renal tubular acidosis, and can also be used as an osmotic laxative.
Food additive E331 is a major component of the WHO oral rehydration solution.

Food additive E331 is used as an antacid, especially prior to anaesthesia, for caesarian section procedures to reduce the risks associated with the aspiration of gastric contents.

Boiler descaling:
Food additive E331 is a particularly effective agent for removal of carbonate scale from boilers without removing them from operation and for cleaning automobile radiators.

Healthcare:

Effervescent tablets and preparations:
The reaction of citric acid and bicarbonate liberates carbon dioxide, which aids the dissolution of active ingredients and improves palatability.
Effervescent systems are widely used in denture-cleaning products, as well as pain relief and vitamin tablets.

Pharmaceutically active substances — many are supplied as their citrate salt.

pH control:
Citric acid, with sodium or potassium citrate, is an efficient buffering system used in a variety of pharmaceutical and cosmetic applications for improving stability and (where appropriate) enhancing the activity of preservatives.

Flavor:
The sharp, acid taste of citric acid (which is often used to enhance fruit flavors) can help mask the unpleasant, medicinal taste of pharmaceuticals.

Antioxidant:
The citrate ion is a powerful chelating agent for trace metal ions.

Blood anticoagulant:
The citrate ion will chelate calcium, thereby reducing the tendency for blood to clot.

Diuretic – potassium citrate has diuretic properties.
Clinical Nutrition Medical Devices
OTC, Food Supplements Pharmaceutical Products
Color Cosmetics Deodorants
Fragrances Hair Care
Oral Care Skin Care Soap and Bath Products

Cleaners & Detergents:
The major components of cleaning products are surfactants and builders.
Other ingredients are added to provide a variety of functions, e.g., increasing cleaning performance for specific soils/surfaces, ensuring product stability, and supplying a unique identity to a product.

Complex phosphates and Food additive E331 are common sequestering builders.
Builders enhance or maintain the cleaning efficiency of the surfactant.

The primary function of builders is to reduce water hardness.
This is done either by sequestration or chelation (holding hardness minerals in solution); by precipitation (forming an insoluble substance); or by ion exchange (trading electrically charged particles).
Builders can also supply and maintain alkalinity, which assists cleaning, especially of acid soils; help keep removed soil from redepositing during washing, and emulsify oily and greasy soils.

Dish Washing Industrial Cleaners:

Laundry Care Surface Care:

Industrial
Sodium Citrate is employed as an industrial cleaner to clear steam blocks and hot water systems of calcium and rust layers.
As a chemical polish, Sodium Citrate is used to treat aluminum, copper and other metal surfaces.

Sodium Citrate and citrates are used as buffering and complexing agents in electro-plating baths.
The building and textile industries also take advantage of Sodium Citrate’s outstanding chelating ability as well as Food additive E331 non-toxicity.

Examples include set retarding of gypsum plasters and textile finishing.
Further industrial applications of Sodium Citrate and citrates range from desulphurisation of flue gas and oil recovery to the decontamination of radioactive nuclear reactor materials.

Adhesives, Sealants, Agrochemicals, Fertilizers
Construction, Fine Chemicals
Inks, Paints, Coatings, Metal Surface Treatment
Oil Drilling Ore Mining and Refining
Paper, Plastics, Polymers
Textile, Leather

Main Functions of Food additive E331:
pH regulator
Chelating agent
Buffering agent
Flavour enhancer
Stabiliser
Emulsifying agent

Properties of Food additive E331:
Food additive E331 is in the form of a white, odorless powder with a slightly salty taste.
Food additive E331 occurs as a hydrate in combination with water.

Food additive E331 is characterized by the fact that Food additive E331 is hygroscopic, so Food additive E331 easily absorbs and combines with water.
Therefore, Food additive E331 should be stored under such conditions that Food additive E331 is protected from moisture.
Although Food additive E331 is a salt of an acid, Food additive E331 has an alkaline pH.

Typical Properties:
Dihydrate
White
Granular crystals or crystalline powder
Typical, practically odourless
Pleasantly salty
Freely soluble in water
Practically insoluble in ethanol (96 %)
Non-toxic
Low reactive
Chemically and microbiologically stable
Fully biodegradable

Action Mechanism of Food additive E331:
Food additive E331 chelates free calcium ions preventing them from forming a complex with tissue factor and coagulation factor VIIa to promote the activation of coagulation factor X.
This inhibits the extrinsic initiation of the coagulation cascade.

Food additive E331 may also exert an anticoagulant effect via a so far unknown mechanism as restoration of calcium concentration does not fully reverse the effect of citrate.
Food additive E331 is a weak base and so reacts with hydrochloric acid in the stomach to raise the pH.

Food additive E331 Food additive E331 further metabolized to bicarbonate which then acts as a systemic alkalizing agent, raising the pH of the blood and urine.
Food additive E331 also acts as a diuretic and increases the urinary excretion of calcium.

Pharmacology and Biochemistry of Food additive E331:

MeSH Pharmacological Classification:

Buffers:
A chemical system that functions to control the levels of specific ions in solution.
When the level of hydrogen ion in solution is controlled the system is called a pH buffer.

Food Preservatives:
Substances capable of inhibiting, retarding or arresting the process of fermentation, acidification or other deterioration of foods.

Anticoagulants:
Agents that prevent BLOOD CLOTTING.

Manufacturing Method of Food additive E331:
Prepare the Food additive E331 buffer by mixing the Food additive E331, hydrochloric acid, and ultrapure water together in a 2L beaker or conical flask.
Use a magnetic stirrer to ensure that all reagents are properly dissolved.

Adjust to pH 6.01 with the 0.5% (w/v) sodium hydroxide and 0.5% (v/v) hydrochloric acid solutions.
Add this solution to the pressure cooker.

Place the pressure cooker on the hotplate and turn Food additive E331 on to full power.
Do not secure the lid of the pressure cooker at this point; simply rest Food additive E331 on top.

While waiting for the pressure cooker to come to the boil, dewax and rehydrate the paraffin sections by placing them in three changes of xylene for 3 min each, followed by three changes of IMS or methanol for 3 min each, followed by cold running tap water.
Keep them in the tap water until the pressure cooker comes to the boil.

Once the pressure cooker is boiling, transfer the slides from the tap water to the pressure cooker.
Take care with the hot solution and steam—use forceps and gloves. Secure the pressure cooker lid following the manufacturer’s instructions.

Once the cooker has reached full pressure (see manufacturer’s instructions), time for 3 min.

When 3 min has elapsed, turn off the hotplate and place the pressure cooker in an empty sink.
Activate the pressure release valve (see the manufacturer’s instructions) and run cold water over the cooker.

Once depressurized, open the lid and run cold water into the cooker for 10 min.
Take care with the hot solution and steam.

Continue with an appropriate immunochemical staining protocol.

Handling and storage of Food additive E331:
Handling Ensure adequate ventilation.
Avoid contact with skin, eyes or clothing.

Avoid ingestionandinhalation.
Avoid dust formation.
Storage Keep containers tightly closed in a dry, cool and well-ventilated place.

Stability and reactivity of Food additive E331:

Reactive:
Hazard None known, based on information available.

Stability:
Stable under normal conditions.
Conditions to Avoid Incompatible products.

Excess heat.
Avoid dust formation.

Incompatible Materials:
Strong oxidizing agents, Strong reducing agents, Acids, Bases

Hazardous Decomposition Products:
Carbon monoxide (CO), Carbon dioxide (CO2), Sodium oxides

Hazardous Polymerization:
Hazardous polymerization does not occur. Hazardous Reactions None under normal processing.

First-aid measures of Food additive E331:

Eye Contact:
Rinse immediately with plenty of water, also under the eyelids, for at least 15 minutes.
Get medical attention if symptoms occur.

Skin Contact:
Wash off immediately with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes.
If skin irritation persists, call a physician.

Inhalation:
Remove to fresh air.
Get medical attention immediately if symptoms occur.
If not breathing, give artificial respiration.

Ingestion:
Do NOT induce vomiting.
Get medical attention immediately if symptoms occur.

Most important symptoms and effects:
No information available.

Notes to Physician:
Treat symptomatically

Fire-fighting measures of Food additive E331:

Suitable Extinguishing Media:
Water spray, carbon dioxide (CO2), dry chemical, alcohol-resistant foam.

Autoignition Temperature:
500 °C / 932 °F

Accidental release measures of Food additive E331:
Personal Precautions Ensure adequate ventilation.
Avoid dust formation.

Avoid contact with skin andeyes.
Usepersonal protective equipment as required.
Environmental Precautions No special environmental precautions required.

Methods for Containment and Clean Up:
Sweep up and shovel into suitable containers for disposal.
Avoid dust formation.

Identifiers of Food additive E331:
CAS Number:
68-04-2
6132-04-3 (dihydrate)
6858-44-2 (pentahydrate)

ChEMBL: ChEMBL1355
ChemSpider: 5989
ECHA InfoCard: 100.000.614
E number: E331iii (antioxidants, ...)
PubChem CID: 6224
RTECS number: GE8300000

UNII:
RS7A450LGA
B22547B95K (dihydrate)

CompTox Dashboard (EPA): DTXSID2026363
InChI: InChI=1S/C6H8O7.3Na/c7-3(8)1-6(13,5(11)12)2-4(9)10;;;/h13H,1-2H2,(H,7,8)(H,9,10)(H,11,12);;;/q;3*+1/p-3
Key: HRXKRNGNAMMEHJ-UHFFFAOYSA-K
InChI=1/C6H8O7.3Na/c7-3(8)1-6(13,5(11)12)2-4(9)10;;;/h13H,1-2H2,(H,7,8)(H,9,10)(H,11,12);;;/q;3*+1/p-3
Key: HRXKRNGNAMMEHJ-DFZHHIFOAL
SMILES: C(C(=O)[O-])C(CC(=O)[O-])(C(=O)[O-])O.[Na+].[Na+].[Na+]

CAS number: 6132-04-3
EC number: 200-675-3
Grade: Ph Eur,BP,JP,USP,E 331
Hill Formula: C₆H₅Na₃O₇ * 2 H₂O
Molar Mass: 294.10 g/mol
HS Code: 2918 15 00

Product Code: NA2043
CAS Number: 6132-04-3
Assay (purity): USP
Purity method: by titration
Molecular weight: 294.10
Form: solid
Appearance: white powder
Melting point: 300C
Boiling point: 309.6C
Titration: 99.0-101.0%
Titration type: with HCLO4
Molecular formula: Na3C6H5O7 · 2H2O
Linear formula: HOC(COONa)(CH2COONa)2 · 2H2O

Properties of Food additive E331:
Chemical formula: Na3C6H5O7
Molar mass: 258.06 g/mol (anhydrous), 294.10 g/mol (dihydrate)
Appearance: White crystalline powder
Density: 1.7 g/cm3
Melting point: > 300 °C (572 °F; 573 K) (hydrates lose water ca. 150 °C)
Boiling point: Decomposes
Solubility in water: Pentahydrate form: 92 g/100 g H2O (25 °C)

Melting Point: 300°C (anhydrous substance)
pH value: 7.5 - 9.0 (50 g/l, H₂O, 25°C)
Bulk density: 600 kg/m3
Solubility: 720 g/l

Molecular Weight: 294.10 g/mol
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 3
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 9
Rotatable Bond Count: 2
Exact Mass: 293.99396471 g/mol
Monoisotopic Mass: 293.99396471 g/mol
Topological Polar Surface Area: 143Ų
Heavy Atom Count: 18
Complexity: 211
Isotope Atom Count: 0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 6
Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes

Specifications of Food additive E331:
Assay (Perchloric acid titration, calc. on anhydrous substance (Ph Eur)): 99.0 - 101.0 %
Assay (Perchloric acid titration, previously dried substance) (JP/USP): 99.0 - 100.5 %
Identity (Na): passes test
Identity (Citrate): passes test
Identity (reaction upon ignition): passes test
Appearance: white to almost white crystals
Appearance of solution (100 g/l, CO₂-free water): clear and colorless
Acidity or alkalinity: passes test
pH (50 g/l CO₂-free water): 7.5 - 8.5
Chloride (Cl): ≤ 50 ppm
Sulfate (SO₄): ≤ 150 ppm
Heavy metals (as Pb): ≤ 5 ppm
Al (Aluminium): ≤ 5 ppm
As (Arsenic): ≤ 1 ppm
Hg (Mercury): ≤ 1 ppm
Pb (Lead): ≤ 1 ppm
Oxalate (as C₂H₂O₄): ≤ 100 ppm
Tartrate (C₄H₄O₆): passes test
Residual solvents (ICH (Q3C)): excluded by manufacturing process
Readily carbonisable substance: passes test
Water (according to Karl Fischer): 11.0 - 13.0 %
Loss on drying (180 °C, 18 h): 10.0 - 13.0 %

Related compounds of Food additive E331:
Monosodium citrate
Disodium citrate
Calcium citrate
Citric acid

Names of Food additive E331:

IUPAC names:
1,2,3-propanetricarboylic acid, 2-hydroxy- trisodium salt, dihydrate
2-Hydroxy-1,2,3-propanetricarboxylic acid, trisodium sal
2-Hydroxy-1,2,3-propanetrioïc acid, trisodium salt
Ascorbato di sodio trisodico anidro E331
Citric acid trisodium salt, Sodium citrate tribasic, Sodium citrate
sodium 2-hydroxypropane-1,2,3-tricarboxylate
SODIUM CITRATE
Sodium citrate
sodium citrate
Sodium citrate
sodium citrate dihydrate
Sodium Citrate dihydrate
Sodium Citrate- OR 10
Tri sodium citrate
Tri Sodium Citrate
Trinatiumcitrat dihydrat
Trinatrium-2-hydroxypropan-1,2,3-tricarboxylat
Trisodium 2-hydroxypropane-1,2,3-
Trisodium 2-hydroxypropane-1,2,3- tricarboxylate
Trisodium 2-hydroxypropane-1,2,3-tricarboxylate
trisodium 2-hydroxypropane-1,2,3-tricarboxylate
trisodium 2-hydroxypropane-1,2,3-tricarboxylate dihydrate
Trisodium 2-hydroxypropane-1,2,3-tricarboxylateTrisodium citrate
Trisodium 3-hydroxy-3- carboxylate-1,5-pentanedicaroxylate
TRISODIUM CITRATE
Trisodium Citrate
Trisodium citrate
trisodium citrate
Trisodium Citrate
Trisodium citrate
trisodium citrate
trisodium citrate (dihydrate)
trisodium citrate 2-hidrate
Trisodium Citrate Dihydrate
trisodium citrate dihydrate
Trisodium citrate, Trisodium 2-hydroxypropane-1,2,3-tricarboxylate
Trisodium citrate; Trisodium 2-hydroxypropane-1,2,3-tricarboxylate
trisodium2-hydroxypropane-1,2,3-tricarboxylate
trisodium;2-hydroxypropane-1,2,3-tricarboxylate
trisodium;2-hydroxypropane-1,2,3-tricarboxylate;dihydrate

Preferred IUPAC name:
Trisodium 2-hydroxypropane-1,2,3-tricarboxylate

Regulatory process names:
Sodium citrate anhydrous
Trisodium citrate
trisodium citrate

Trade names:
Citrate de trisodium, dihydrate
Citrato de trisodio, dihidrato
Sodio citrato
SODIUM CITRATE
Sodium Citrate
SODIUM CITRATE DIHYDRATE
Tri-Sodium Citrate Dihydrate
Trinatriumcitraatdihydraat
Trinatriumcitrat-Dihydrat
Trisodio citrato diidrato
Trisodium citrate
trisodium citrate
TRISODIUM CITRATE DIHYDRATE
Trisodium citrate dihydrate
TRISODIUM CITRATR

Other names:
Sodium citrate
Trisodium citrate
Citrosodine
Citric acid, trisodium salt
E331

Other identifiers:
1000844-65-4
1648840-06-5
183748-56-3
2095548-08-4
6132-04-3
68-04-2
8055-55-8
856354-90-0

Synonyms of Food additive E331:
Trisodium citrate dihydrate
Sodium citrate dihydrate
6132-04-3
Sodium citrate tribasic dihydrate
Sodium citrate hydrate
1,2,3-Propanetricarboxylic acid, 2-hydroxy-, trisodium salt, dihydrate
Citric acid trisodium salt dihydrate
Sodium citrate hydrous
SODIUM CITRATE, DIHYDRATE
trisodium 2-hydroxypropane-1,2,3-tricarboxylate dihydrate
MFCD00150031
B22547B95K
trisodium;2-hydroxypropane-1,2,3-tricarboxylate;dihydrate
DTXSID1049437
Natrum citricum
Citric acid, trisodium salt, dihydrate
Citronensaeure,Trinatrium-Salz-Dihydrat
N-1560
Natrii citras, dehydrate
SODIUM CITRATE HYDROUS (II)
SODIUM CITRATE HYDROUS [II]
trisodium 2-hydroxypropane-1,2,3-tricarboxylate--water (1/2)
Trisodium citrate dihydrate;Citric acid trisodium salt dihydrate
2-hydroxy-1,2,3-propanetricarboxylic acid trisodium salt dihydrate
MFCD00130806
SODIUM CITRATE (EP MONOGRAPH)
SODIUM CITRATE [EP MONOGRAPH]
tri-sodium citrate dihydrate
TRISODIUM CITRATE DIHYDRATE (II)
TRISODIUM CITRATE DIHYDRATE [II]
UNII-B22547B95K
TRISODIUM CITRATE DIHYDRATE (USP MONOGRAPH)
TRISODIUM CITRATE DIHYDRATE [USP MONOGRAPH]
sodium 2-hydroxypropane-1,2,3-tricarboxylate dihydrate
Sodiumcitrate
Tricitrasol
Tricitrasol (TN)
Sodium citrate; Trisodium 2-hydroxypropane-1,2,3-tricarboxylate dihydrate; Sodium Citrate Dihydrate
Sodium citrate (TN)
1,2,3-Propanetricarboxylic acid, 2-hydroxy-, sodium salt, hydrate (1:3:2)
D05KTE
Sodium citrate [USP:JAN]
Sodiumcitratetribasicdihydrate
SODIUM CITRATE [FHFI]
DTXCID0029397
Sodium citrate hydrate (JP17)
CHEBI:32142
Trisodium citrate dihydrate, ACS
NLJMYIDDQXHKNR-UHFFFAOYSA-K
SODIUM CITRATE HYDRATE [JAN]
SODIUM CITRATE DIHYDRATE [MI]
AKOS025293920
Sodium citrate dihydrate, >=99%, FG
SODIUM CITRATE DIHYDRATE [VANDF]
BP-31019
SODIUM CITRATE DIHYDRATE [WHO-DD]
Sodium citrate tribasic dihydrate, >=98%
Sodium citrate dihydrate, ACS reagent grade
SODIUM CITRATE, DIHYDRATE [WHO-IP]
D01781
F82065
Sodium citrate tribasic dihydrate, AR, >=99%
Sodium citrate tribasic dihydrate, LR, >=99%
Citric acid trisodium salt dihydrate ACS reagent
NATRII CITRAS, DEHYDRATE [WHO-IP LATIN]
A833161
A835986
Q22075862
Sodium citrate dihydrate Biochemical grade, Fine Granular
Sodium citrate tribasic dihydrate, USP, 99.0-100.5%
Sodium Citrate Tribasic Dihydrate (Molecular Biology Grade)
Sodium citrate tribasic dihydrate, ACS reagent, >=99.0%
trisodium 2-oxidanylpropane-1,2,3-tricarboxylate dihydrate
Citric acid trisodium salt dihydrateTrisodium citrate dihydrate
Sodium citrate tribasic dihydrate, BioUltra, >=99.0% (NT)
Sodium citrate tribasic dihydrate, insect cell culture tested
Sodium citrate tribasic dihydrate, JIS special grade, >=99.0%
Sodium citrate tribasic dihydrate, p.a., ACS reagent, 99.0%
Sodium citrate tribasic dihydrate, purum p.a., >=99.0% (NT)
Sodium citrate tribasic dihydrate, SAJ first grade, >=99.0%
Sodium citrate tribasic dihydrate, tested according to Ph.Eur.
Trisodium citrate dihydrate, meets USP testing specifications
Sodium citrate tribasic dihydrate, BioXtra, >=99.0% (titration)
Sodium citrate tribasic dihydrate, for molecular biology, >=99%
Sodium citrate tribasic dihydrate, Vetec(TM) reagent grade, 98%
Sodium citrate, United States Pharmacopeia (USP) Reference Standard
1,2,3-Propanetricarboxylic acid, 2-hydroxy-, sodium salt, dihydrate
2-Hydroxy-1,2,3-propanetricarboxylic acid, trisodium salt, dihydrate
Sodium citrate tribasic dihydrate, p.a., ACS reagent, reag. ISO, 99-101%
Sodium citrate tribasic dihydrate, BioUltra, for molecular biology, >=99.5% (NT)
Sodium citrate tribasic dihydrate, puriss. p.a., ACS reagent, >=99.0% (NT)
Sodium citrate tribasic dihydrate, suitable for amino acid analysis, >=99.0%
Sodium Citrate, Pharmaceutical Secondary Standard; Certified Reference Material
Sodium citrate tribasic dihydrate, puriss. p.a., ACS reagent, reag. ISO, reag. Ph. Eur., >=99.5%
Sodium citrate tribasic dihydrate, suitable for amino acid analysis, >=98% (titration), powder
Trisodium citrate [ACD/IUPAC Name] [Wiki]
1,2,3-Propanetricarboxylic acid, 2-hydroxy-, sodium salt (1:3) [ACD/Index Name]
200-675-3 [EINECS]
68-04-2 [RN]
994-36-5 [RN]
Citrate de trisodium [French] [ACD/IUPAC Name]
Citric Acid Trisodium Salt
MFCD00012462 [MDL number]
RS7A450LGA
Sodium 2-hydroxy-1,2,3-propanetricarboxylate
Sodium Citrate [JAN] [USAN] [Wiki]
Sodium citrate anhydrous
Trinatriumcitrat [German] [ACD/IUPAC Name]
Tris sodium citrate
trisodium 2-hydroxypropane-1,2,3-tricarboxylate
1,2,3-Propanetricarboxylic acid, 2-hydroxy-, trisodium salt
114456-61-0 [RN]
205-623-3 [EINECS]
2-Hydroxy-1,2,3-propanenetricarboxylic acid trisodium salt
2-Hydroxy-1,2,3-propanetricarboxylic acid trisodium salt
2-Hydroxy-1,2,3-propanetricarboxylic acid, trisodium salt
Citnatin
Citrate Concentratedmissing
citrate sodium
citrate trisodium
Citratemissing
Citreme
Citric acid sodium salt anhydrous
Citric acid trisodium salt, anhydrous
Citric acid, trisodium salt
Citrosodina
Citrosodine
Citrosodna
Isolyte E
Natrocitral
Sodium 2-hydroxypropane-1,2,3-tricarboxylate
Sodium citrate (USP)
Sodium citrate buffer
SODIUM CITRATE TRIBASIC
Sodium citrate, anhydrous
Synthesis on demand
tri-sodium citrate
Trisodium citrate anhydrous
tris-sodium citrate
UNII-RS7A450LGA
FOOD GRADE CMC

Food grade carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) is a food additive derived from cellulose, a naturally occurring polymer found in the cell walls of plants.
Food grade CMC is commonly used in the food industry as a thickener, stabilizer, and emulsifier.

CAS Number: 9004-32-4
EC Number: 232-674-9

Synonyms: Carboxymethyl cellulose, CMC, Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, Sodium CMC, Carboxymethylcellulose sodium, Carboxymethyl cellulose sodium salt, Cellulose gum, Cellulose, carboxymethyl ether, Sodium cellulose glycolate, Sodium carboxymethyl ether, Carboxymethyl ether of cellulose, Carmellose sodium, Carmellose, E466, E466 (additive), CMC sodium, Sodium carmellose, Cellulose methyl ether, Sodium salt of carboxymethylcellulose, Carboxymethylcellulose sodium salt, Carmalose sodium, Sodium CMC gum, Aqualon CMC, CMC-Na, CMC, Na, Sodium carboxymethylcellulose gum, Sodium cellulose glycolate, Cellulose, 2-(carboxymethoxy)-, sodium salt, Carbose, Methocel, Tylose, Tylose C, Akucell, Aquaplast, Clarcel, Cellogen, Nymcel, Cekol, Aqualon, Akucell AF 3265, CLD CMC, Cellofas, Finnfix, Nymcel ZSB 10, Cellulose, 2-(carboxymethoxy)-, sodium salt, Blanose, Proflo, Supercol, Terlite, Mellojel, Lamitex, Kolaton, Expandex, Agrimerica CMC, Ac-Di-Sol, Kolvisol



APPLICATIONS


Food grade carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) is widely used as a thickener in various food products.
Food grade CMC is commonly added to sauces, gravies, and soups to improve their viscosity and texture.
Food grade CMC acts as a stabilizer in salad dressings, preventing separation of oil and vinegar.

In dairy products such as yogurt and ice cream, CMC enhances texture and prevents syneresis.
Food grade CMC is used in baked goods like bread and cakes to improve dough consistency and increase volume.
Food grade CMC is added to fruit fillings and pie fillings to provide a smooth, uniform texture.

Food grade CMC acts as a moisture retention agent in meat products, improving juiciness and tenderness.
In beverages, CMC is used to suspend insoluble ingredients and enhance mouthfeel.

Food grade CMC is added to low-fat and reduced-calorie foods as a fat replacer, providing texture without added calories.
Food grade CMC is used in gluten-free baking to improve the structure and texture of baked goods.
Food grade CMC is employed in confectionery products such as gummies and candies to prevent sugar crystallization.

In frozen desserts like ice cream and sorbet, CMC improves texture and prevents ice crystal formation.
Food grade CMC is used in fruit preserves and jams to improve spreadability and prevent syneresis.

Food grade CMC is added to instant noodles and pasta to improve texture and prevent sticking.
Food grade CMC acts as a binder in extruded snacks and cereals, improving shape and crunchiness.

Food grade CMC is used in pet foods to improve palatability and texture.
In sauces and marinades, CMC improves cling and coating properties.
Food grade CMC is employed in dietary supplements as a capsule coating and disintegrant.

Food grade CMC is added to canned fruits and vegetables to maintain texture and prevent mushiness.
Food grade CMC is used in whipped toppings and dessert mixes to improve stability and texture.

In toothpaste formulations, CMC serves as a thickener and binder for active ingredients.
Food grade CMC is added to pharmaceutical suspensions and solutions as a stabilizer and viscosity enhancer.
Food grade CMC is used in cosmetics and personal care products as a thickening agent and emulsifier.

Food grade CMC is employed in paper and textile industries for its binding and sizing properties.
Applications of food grade carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) span a wide range of food, pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and industrial products, contributing to their stability, texture, and performance.

Food grade CMC is used in fruit juices and smoothies to enhance mouthfeel and prevent settling of pulp.
Food grade CMC is added to instant pudding mixes to improve texture and creaminess.

Food grade CMC is employed in canned soup and broth to improve viscosity and suspension of ingredients.
In frozen pizzas and prepared meals, CMC helps maintain the integrity of toppings and sauces during freezing and reheating.
Food grade CMC is used in salad kits and pre-packaged salads to prevent wilting of leafy greens.

Food grade CMC is added to nutritional bars and meal replacement shakes as a binding agent.
In fruit-flavored snacks and fruit leathers, CMC improves texture and prevents sticking.

Food grade CMC is used in baby foods and infant formulas to improve texture and consistency.
Food grade CMC is employed in instant coffee and tea mixes to improve solubility and prevent clumping.

In instant mashed potatoes and potato products, CMC improves texture and mouthfeel.
Food grade CMC is added to vegetable oil sprays to improve sprayability and prevent clogging.
Food grade CMC is used in whipped cream products to improve stability and prevent collapse.
Food grade CMC is employed in gluten-free baking mixes to improve texture and rise.

In meal replacement shakes and protein powders, CMC improves suspension of ingredients.
Food grade CMC is added to sports drinks and electrolyte beverages to improve mouthfeel and stability.

Food grade CMC is used in canned pet foods to improve texture and palatability.
Food grade CMC is employed in cake mixes and frosting to improve stability and texture.

In dietary supplements such as fiber supplements, CMC improves dispersibility and palatability.
Food grade CMC is added to nut butter spreads to prevent oil separation and improve spreadability.

Food grade CMC is used in fruit-based spreads and jellies to improve gel formation and texture.
Food grade CMC is employed in whipped butter and margarine to improve texture and spreadability.
In instant oatmeal and cereal mixes, CMC improves texture and thickness.

Food grade CMC is added to frozen fruit bars and popsicles to improve texture and prevent iciness.
Food grade CMC is employed in salad toppings and croutons to improve adhesion and prevent sogginess.

Overall, the versatility of food grade carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) allows it to be utilized in a diverse array of food and beverage products, enhancing quality, stability, and consumer satisfaction.

Food grade CMC is non-toxic and safe for consumption when used in accordance with regulatory guidelines.
Food grade CMC undergoes rigorous quality control measures to ensure purity and consistency.

Food grade CMC is biodegradable under aerobic conditions, aligning with sustainability goals.
Food grade CMC plays a crucial role in enhancing the quality, stability, and sensory attributes of a wide range of food products.
Food grade CMC is an indispensable ingredient in the food industry, contributing to the development of innovative and high-quality food products.



DESCRIPTION


Food grade carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) is a food additive derived from cellulose, a naturally occurring polymer found in the cell walls of plants.
Food grade CMC is commonly used in the food industry as a thickener, stabilizer, and emulsifier.
Food grade CMCundergoes a chemical modification process where carboxymethyl groups (-CH2COONa) are introduced onto the cellulose backbone, resulting in a water-soluble polymer with desirable properties for food applications.

Food grade carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) is a versatile food additive widely used in the food industry.
Food grade CMC is derived from cellulose, a natural polymer found in the cell walls of plants.
Food grade CMC is commonly used as a thickener, stabilizer, and emulsifier in a variety of food products.

This white to off-white powder has a neutral odor and taste, making it suitable for use in foods.
Food grade CMC is highly soluble in water, forming clear to slightly opalescent solutions.

Food grade CMC imparts viscosity and texture to food products, enhancing their appearance and mouthfeel.
As a stabilizer, it helps to prevent ingredient separation in liquid formulations such as sauces and dressings.

Food grade CMC acts as a suspending agent, preventing settling of solid particles in beverages and sauces.
Food grade CMC can also form gels in certain food applications, providing structure and stability.
CMC is often used in low-fat and reduced-calorie foods as a fat replacer, contributing to their texture and mouthfeel.
In baking, it improves dough consistency and enhances the volume and texture of baked goods.

Food grade CMC is compatible with a wide range of other food ingredients and additives.
Food grade CMC is pH-stable, maintaining its functionality over a wide range of pH levels.

Food grade CMC is heat-stable, making it suitable for use in both hot and cold food applications.
Food grade CMC has excellent freeze-thaw stability, maintaining its properties after freezing and thawing.

Food grade CMC can form edible films and coatings on food surfaces, extending shelf life and improving appearance.
Food grade CMC contributes to the stability and consistency of dairy products such as yogurt and ice cream.
Food grade CMC helps to control crystal formation in frozen desserts, preventing the formation of ice crystals.

Food grade CMC is often used in confectionery products to improve texture and prevent sugar crystallization.
In meat products, it enhances moisture retention and improves binding properties.



PROPERTIES


Physical Properties:
Appearance: White to off-white powder or granules.
Odor: Odorless.
Taste: Tasteless.
Solubility: Highly soluble in water, forming clear to slightly opalescent solutions. Insoluble in organic solvents.
Density: Typically around 0.5-0.7 g/cm³ for the powder form.
Viscosity: Varies depending on the molecular weight, degree of substitution, and concentration; can range from low to high viscosity grades.
pH: Usually between 6.5 and 8.5 for a 1% aqueous solution.
Particle Size: Fine powder with particle size typically around 80-100 mesh.
Moisture Content: Generally less than 10% for most commercial grades.
Hygroscopicity: Hygroscopic, absorbs moisture from the air.
Ash Content: Typically less than 1%.


Chemical Properties:

CAS Number: Varies depending on the specific grade and manufacturer.
EC Number: Varies depending on the specific grade and manufacturer.
Degree of Substitution (DS): Typically between 0.6 and 1.2 (indicates the average number of carboxymethyl groups per glucose unit).
Functional Groups: Hydroxyl (-OH), carboxymethyl (-CH2COONa), and ether (R-O-R).
Thermal Stability: Decomposes upon heating above 200°C.
pKa: Around 4.3 for the carboxyl groups.
Reactivity: Reacts with acids to form free carboxymethyl cellulose; reacts with metal ions to form insoluble salts.
Ionic Nature: Anionic due to the presence of carboxylate groups.
Compatibility: Compatible with a wide range of other water-soluble polymers and surfactants.
Biodegradability: Biodegradable under aerobic conditions.



FIRST AID


1. Inhalation:

Immediate Actions:
If inhaled, remove the affected person to fresh air immediately.

Assessment:
Check the individual's breathing. If breathing is difficult, ensure a clear airway and administer oxygen if available.

Medical Attention:
Seek medical assistance if respiratory symptoms persist or worsen.


2. Skin Contact:

Immediate Actions:
Remove contaminated clothing and rinse the affected area with plenty of water.

Washing:
Wash the skin thoroughly with soap and water for at least 15 minutes.

Medical Attention:
Seek medical advice if irritation persists or if skin damage is evident.


3. Eye Contact:

Immediate Actions:
Flush the eyes with lukewarm water for at least 15 minutes, lifting the eyelids occasionally to ensure thorough rinsing.

Contact Lenses:
Remove contact lenses if present and continue rinsing.

Medical Attention:
Seek immediate medical attention if irritation, pain, or visual disturbances occur.


4. Ingestion:

Immediate Actions:
Do not induce vomiting. Rinse the mouth thoroughly with water.

Medical Attention:
Seek medical advice immediately. Provide medical personnel with information about the ingested substance.


Additional First Aid Information

Personal Protection:
Ensure the safety of first responders by providing appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE).

Documentation:
Record details of the exposure, including the route of exposure, symptoms observed, and actions taken.

Monitoring:
Monitor the affected individual for signs of respiratory distress, skin irritation, or other symptoms.

Transportation:
If medical attention is required, transport the individual to a medical facility as soon as possible.

Follow-Up:
Provide follow-up care as necessary and monitor for delayed or secondary effects of exposure.


Preventive Measures

Workplace Safety:
Implement measures to minimize the risk of exposure, such as proper ventilation and handling procedures.

Training:
Provide training to employees on the safe handling and use of food grade carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC).

Storage:
Store food grade CMC in a cool, dry place away from incompatible materials and sources of ignition.

Emergency Response:
Have an emergency response plan in place, including procedures for spills and exposures.



HANDLING AND STORAGE


Handling

1. Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

Respiratory Protection:
Use appropriate respiratory protection (e.g., dust mask) if handling food grade carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) in dusty environments or where airborne exposure is possible.

Skin Protection:
Wear protective gloves, clothing, and footwear to prevent skin contact.

Eye Protection:
Wear safety goggles or face shield to protect eyes from potential splashes or dust.


2. Handling Practices

Minimize Dust:
Avoid generating dust by handling food grade carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) carefully and using dust control measures such as local exhaust ventilation or wet methods.

Avoid Direct Contact:
Minimize direct skin contact with food grade CMC. Wash hands thoroughly after handling.

Do Not Eat, Drink, or Smoke:
Avoid eating, drinking, or smoking while handling food grade carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) to prevent accidental ingestion.

Work Area Hygiene:
Maintain good housekeeping practices in work areas to prevent the accumulation of dust and spills.


3. Equipment and Tools

Use Suitable Equipment:
Use appropriate handling equipment (e.g., scoops, shovels) to transfer food grade carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) to minimize dust generation.

Cleaning Equipment:
Clean handling equipment regularly to prevent cross-contamination.

Labeling:
Clearly label containers of food grade CMC with product information and handling precautions.


Storage

1. Storage Conditions

Temperature:
Store food grade carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) in a cool, dry, well-ventilated area away from heat sources and direct sunlight.

Humidity Control:
Maintain humidity levels to prevent moisture absorption, which can affect the quality and flow properties of food grade CMC.

Avoid Contamination:
Store food grade carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) away from incompatible materials, such as acids, oxidizing agents, and strong bases.

Segregation:
Separate food grade CMC from food, feed, and other materials to prevent contamination.


2. Container Handling

Original Packaging:
Store food grade carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) in its original packaging or in suitable containers that are tightly sealed to prevent moisture ingress.

Avoid Damage:
Handle containers carefully to prevent damage that could lead to spills or contamination.

Check Integrity:
Regularly inspect containers for signs of damage or leaks. Dispose of damaged containers appropriately.


3. Special Considerations

Bulk Storage:
If storing food grade carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) in bulk quantities, use appropriate storage facilities equipped with dust control measures and fire protection systems.

Temperature Control:
Monitor storage temperatures to prevent exposure to extreme heat or cold, which could affect product stability.

Emergency Response:
Have spill response procedures and cleanup materials readily available in case of accidental spills or releases.

FOOD GRADE SODIUM ACID PYROPHOSPHATE / SAPP 28
Food Grade Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate / SAPP 28 is an inorganic compound consisting of sodium cations and pyrophosphate anion.
Food Grade Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate / SAPP 28 is a white, water-soluble solid that serves as a buffering and chelating agent, with many applications in the food industry.


CAS Number: 7758-16-9
EC Number: 231-835-0
Chemical Formula: Na2H2P2O7



SYNONYMS:
Diphosphoric acid, disodium salt, Disodium dihydrogen pyrophosphate, Disodium diphosphate, Sodium acid pyrophosphate, SAPP, disodium dihydrogen pyrophosphate, disodium pyrophosphate, SAPP, SAPP Powder FCC PODR K SAPP-28, Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate FCC Powder Kosher [SAPP 28], SAPP, Hi-B283, Disodium dihydrogen diphosphate, Diphosphoric acid, disodium salt, Disodium dihydrogen pyrophosphate, Disodium diphosphate, Sodium acid pyrophosphate, SAPP,
Diphosphoric Acid Disodium Salt, Disodium Dihydrogen Pyrophosphate, SAPP, Disodium pyrophosphate, Disodium dihydrogen diphosphate, Disodium Diphosphate, Disodium Pyrophosphate, SAPP, Disodium Pyrophosphate, Disodium Diphosphate, Disodium Dihydrogen Diphosphate, Disodium Dihydrogen Pyrophosphate, Diphosphoric Acid, Disodium Salt, Pyrophosphoric Acid, Disodium Salt, Disodium pyrophosphate, Disodium diphosphate, Disodium dihydrogen pyrophosphate, Acid sodium pyrophosphate Disodium, Disodium Pyrophosphate, Disodium Diphosphate, Disodium Dihydrogen Diphosphate, Disodium Dihydrogen Pyrophosphate, Diphosphoric Acid, Disodium Salt, Pyrophosphoric Acid, Disodium Salt, Diphosphoric Acid Disodium Salt, Disodium Dihydrogen Pyrophosphate, Disodium Pyrophosphate, E 450, SAPP, SAPP Food Grade, SAPP, DisodiuM pytophospha, Disodium Pyrophosphate, Disodium pytophosphate, Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate, Dentin sialophosphoprotein, Sodium pyrophosphate dibasic, disodium phosphonato phosphate, Diphosphoric acid, disodium salt, disodium dihydrogenpyrophosphate, Disodium Dihydrogen Pyrophosphate, TwosodiuM pyrophosphatetwo hydrogen, SODIUM PYROPHOSPHATE DIBASIC BIOULTR, Food Grade Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate, Amyloid Precursor Protein β, Secreted, di-sodium dihydrogen pyrophosphate anhydrous, SodiuM pyrophosphate dibasic practical grade



Food Grade Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate / SAPP 28 is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula Na2H2P2O7.
Food Grade Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate / SAPP 28 consists of sodium cations (Na+) and dihydrogen pyrophosphate anions (H2P2O2−7).
Food Grade Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate / SAPP 28 is a white, water-soluble solid that serves as a buffering and chelating agent, with many applications in the food industry.


When crystallized from water, Food Grade Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate / SAPP 28 forms a hexahydrate, but it dehydrates above room temperature.
Pyrophosphate is a polyvalent anion with a high affinity for polyvalent cations, e.g. Ca2+.
Food Grade Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate / SAPP 28 is produced by heating sodium dihydrogen phosphate:
2 NaH2PO4 → Na2H2P2O7 + H2O


Food Grade Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate / SAPP 28 is an inorganic compound consisting of sodium cations and pyrophosphate anion.
Food Grade Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate / SAPP 28 is extensively used in food processing, as in canned seafood, cured meat, bakery and potato products, to adjust the pH, maintain color, improve flavour and improve the water-holding capacity.


The leavening acid, Food Grade Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate / SAPP 28 is an important component of double acting baking powder, as well as self rising flour.
Food Grade Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate / SAPP 28 reacts in stages and is desirable in baking applications for its slow action.
Food Grade Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate / SAPP 28 is an inorganic compound that is often used as a leavening agent in the baking industry.


Food Grade Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate / SAPP 28 is white powder or granular in appearance.
Food Grade Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate / SAPP 28 is soluble in water.
Food Grade Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate / SAPP 28 is a white, water-soluble solid that serves as a buffering and chelating agent, with many applications in the food industry.


When crystallized from water, Food Grade Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate / SAPP 28 forms a hexahydrate, but it dehydrates above room temperature.
Pyrophosphate is a polyvalent anion with a high affinity for polyvalent cations, e.g., Ca2+.
Food Grade Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate / SAPP 28 is a popular leavening agent found in baking powders.


Food Grade Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate / SAPP 28 combines with sodium bicarbonate to release carbon dioxide.
Food Grade Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate / SAPP 28 is a food-grade chemical often used in the culinary industry as a leavening agent, as well as an emulsifier, a buffering agent, and a texturizer.


Food Grade Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate / SAPP 28 is one of the two acid components used in commercial baking powder.
Food Grade Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate / SAPP 28 is a white powder commonly used in food processing to adjust the pH, maintain color, improve the water-holding capacity and reduce purge during retorting.


Food Grade Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate / SAPP 28 is a white granular powder that is used as a rapid fermenting agent.
Food Grade Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate / SAPP 28 can be applied to acid component of synthetic swelling agent, such as bread and cake.
Blended with other phosphates Food Grade Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate / SAPP 28 can be applied to water retention of meat product, such as canned meat, cooked ham, and instant noodles.


Food Grade Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate / SAPP 28 is white monoclinic crystal fine powder, active melt, hygroscopic, soluble in water, and insoluble in ethanol.
Food Grade Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate / SAPP 28 is a food moisture retention agent allowed by my country's regulations.


Food Grade Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate / SAPP 28 is anhydrous white powder, free flowing, odorless, tasteless and food-grade.
Food Grade Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate / SAPP 28 meets the specifications of the current Code of Chemicals Food for sodium acid pyrophosphate.
Food Grade Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate / SAPP 28 may be used In non-dairy creams, SAPP NL-170, is added to protect the proteins from heat dehydration, to stabilize the fat emulsion, and to stabilize the product along with many other formulations.


Food Grade Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate / SAPP 28 is designated in the USA as generally recognized as safe for food use.
Food Grade Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate / SAPP 28 is an acid source for reaction with baking soda to leaven baked goods.
Food Grade Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate / SAPP 28 is a white, water-soluble that serves as a buffering and chelating agent, with many applications in the food industry.


When crystallised from water, Food Grade Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate / SAPP 28 forms hexahydrate, but it dehydrates above room temperature.
Food Grade Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate / SAPP 28 is a polyvalent anion with a high affinity for polyvalent cations.
Food Grade Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate / SAPP 28 is a popular leavening agent found in baking powders.


Food Grade Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate / SAPP 28 combines with sodium bicarbonate to release carbon dioxide.
Food Grade Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate / SAPP 28 is available in a variety of grades that effect the speed of its action.
Store Food Grade Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate / SAPP 28 in a cool, dry place.


Food Grade Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate / SAPP 28 is a white crystalline powder
Food Grade Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate / SAPP 28 also known as Di-sodium Di-phosphate is an inorganic compound of sodium and pyrophosphate.
Food Grade Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate / SAPP 28 is white and soluble in water.


Food Grade Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate / SAPP 28 is manufactured with double drying process like other Pyrophosphates due to heating needed at a high temperature.
Food Grade Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate / SAPP 28 is an anhydrous white powdered material, which complies with the specifications of the current Food Chemicals Codex for Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate.


Food Grade Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate / SAPP 28 is an inorganic compound consisting of sodium cations and pyrophosphate anion.
Food Grade Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate / SAPP 28 is White powder, soluble in water, acidic property appeared in aqueous solution.
Food Grade Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate / SAPP 28 can leave a slightly bitter aftertaste in some products, but "the SAPP taste can be masked by using sufficient baking soda and by adding a source of calcium ions, sugar, or flavorings


Food Grade Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate / SAPP 28 is a white powder soluble in water giving acidic solutions.
Food Grade Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate is available in two grades; medium acting leavening powder (SAPP 28) and fast acting leavening powder (SAPP 40).
The two grades offer a selection based on their rate of reaction with bicarbonate during the mixing of doughs or batters.


Food Grade Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate / SAPP 28 is an inorganic compound consisting of sodium cations and pyrophosphate anions.
Food Grade Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate / SAPP 28 is a food additive whose role is to improve the quality and stability of food products.
Food Grade Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate / SAPP 28 is a white powder or granular.


Food Grade Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate / SAPP 28 is one of the most popular chemicals, especially as a food additive.
Food Grade Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate / SAPP 28, also known as disodium pyrophosphate, is a white, water-soluble solid with the chemical formula Na2H2P2O7, which has many applications in the food industry.


Food Grade Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate / SAPP 28 is produced by partial neutralization of food phosphoric acid with sodium hydroxide or sodium carbonate to form monosodium phosphate, which is then dehydrated at 250°C to form sodium pyrophosphate acid.
Food Grade Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate / SAPP 28 readily dissolves and forms the pyrophosphate anion, which then interacts with the proteins in a fully cooked mixture to create a moist texture.


Also, Food Grade Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate / SAPP 28 acts as a buffering agent for pulp in the pH range of 7.3 to 7.5, which affects the color of the final product.
Food Grade Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate / SAPP 28 is also known as disodium pyrophosphate.


Food Grade Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate / SAPP 28 is an anhydrous white powdered material, which complies with the specifications of the current Food Chemicals Codex for Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate.
Food Grade Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate / SAPP 28 has a dough reaction rate of 24 - 28.


Food Grade Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate / SAPP 28 is an all-purpose phosphate commonly used in prepared mixes, commercial baking powders, and cake doughnut mixes.
Food Grade Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate / SAPP 28 is available in white, crystalline powder or granules, that are odorless and has a slightly acidic taste.


Both Food Grade Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate / SAPP 28 and GDL have a slightly bitter aftertaste.
Food Grade Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate / SAPP 28 is an emulsifying agent in cheeses and related products.
Food Grade Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate / SAPP 28 accelerates the cooking in processed meat and poultry products.


Food Grade Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate / SAPP 28 is an anhydrous white powdered material, which complies with the specifications of the current Food Chemicals Codex for Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate.
Food Grade Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate / SAPP 28 is an inorganic compound consisting of sodium cations and pyrophosphate anion.


Food Grade Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate / SAPP 28 is a widely used acidic salt, which is used in a variety of baked and fried foods.
The ROR value of Food Grade Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate / SAPP 28 is the gas production rate, which refers to sodium bicarbonate and sodium acid pyrophosphate, in the environment of wet dough, the amount of carbon dioxide actually released at 8 minutes accounts for the proportion of the total carbon dioxide volume released by the theory.


The gas-producing rate of Food Grade Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate / SAPP 28 is a range value, not a fixed value, and is commonly expressed by ROR.
Food Grade Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate / SAPP 28 is a medium-speed fermentation agent and is usually a high-demand product.
Value range 24-30, fast product ROR 40 range is 35-43, slow fermentation agent ROR 15 range is 13-17, the demand is very small.


Food Grade Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate / SAPP 28, also known as disodium pyrophosphate, is an inorganic compound composed of sodium cation and pyrophosphate anion.
Food Grade Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate / SAPP 28 is a white, water-soluble solid, commonly used as a buffer and chelating agent and has many applications in food processing industry.


Food Grade Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate / SAPP 28 is an anhydrous white powdered material, which complies with the specifications of the current Food Chemicals Codex for Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate.
Food Grade Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate / SAPP 28 has a dough reaction rate of 24 - 28.


Food Grade Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate / SAPP 28 is an all-purpose phosphate commonly used in prepared mixes, commercial baking powders, and cake doughnut mixes.
Food Grade Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate / SAPP 28 is white power.


Food Grade Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate / SAPP 28 is soluble in water, but insoluble in alcohol.
solubility of Food Grade Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate / SAPP 28 is 32.5% at 100°C.
Food Grade Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate / SAPP 28, also known as disodium dihydrogen pyrophosphate, disodium pyrophosphate.


Food Grade Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate / SAPP 28 is white crystalline powder, which has the relative density of 1.864 and can decompose into sodium metaphosphate when it is heated above 220℃.
Food Grade Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate / SAPP 28 is easily soluble in water and can form chelates with Cu2+ and Fe2+.


The aqueous solution of Food Grade Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate / SAPP 28 can be hydrolyzed to phosphoric acid by heating with dilute sulfuric acid or dilute mineral acid.
Food Grade Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate / SAPP 28 is an aerator grade of sodium acid pyrophosphate for bakery applications with a slow Rate of Reaction.


Food Grade Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate / SAPP 28 has a rate of reaction of 26 - 30% CO2 in 8 minutes.
Food Grade Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate / SAPP 28 is a crystalline acid salt Na2H2P2O7 of pyrophosphoric acid that has been added to hot dogs to give them color -called also sodium acid pyrophosphate.


Food Grade Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate / SAPP 28 prevents change in colour darkening in potatoes and sugar syrups.
Food Grade Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate / SAPP 28 is the slowest-acting sodium acid pyrophosphate.



USES and APPLICATIONS of FOOD GRADE SODIUM ACID PYROPHOSPHATE / SAPP 28:
Food Grade Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate / SAPP 28 is usually used in food processing industry.
Food Grade Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate / SAPP 28 can be used as baking powder, the fermentation speed can be fast or slow based on different uses.
Food Grade Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate / SAPP 28 can control fermentation speed and increase production intensity in baking products.


For instant noodles, Food Grade Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate / SAPP 28 can reduce the rehydration time of finished products, and make it not sticky.
For biscuits and pastries, Food Grade Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate / SAPP 28 can shorten the fermentation time, reduce products damage rate, make the loose gap neat, as well as extend the storage period.


For meat and aquatic products processing, Food Grade Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate / SAPP 28 can be used as quality improver.
In the food industry as a rapid starter culture, quality improver, Food Grade Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate / SAPP 28 is used for bread, pastries and other synthetic leavening agents of acid components.


With other phosphate compound, Food Grade Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate / SAPP 28 can be used for lunch meat, cooked ham, canned meat and other meat products, such as water retention agents, instant noodle rehydration agents.
Food Grade Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate / SAPP 28 is used as a starter, for baking food and controlling the fermentation speed.


Food Grade Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate / SAPP 28 is used in oil well drilling together with drilling mud to give a coating along the wall of the wells, by which the surface become hard and does not collapse while pipes are being inserted.
Common industrial uses include: Meat Processing, Potato-based Products, Dairy Products, Snacks, Bakery, and Seafood.


Food Grade Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate / SAPP 28 is commonly used in the food industry as a leavening agent, acidulant, or buffer.
Food Grade Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate / SAPP 28 releases Carbon Dioxide slowly upon reaction with Sodium Bicarbonate.
Food Grade Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate / SAPP 28 can also be used to maintain color in things like canned seafood or frozen potato products like hashbrowns.


Food Grade Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate / SAPP 28 is used Baking Powder, Cake Mixes, Cupcakes, Doughnuts, Leavening Agent, and Refrigerated Dough.
Food additive: Food Grade Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate / SAPP 28 can be used as a food additive to adjust pH, stabilize pH value, and play a role in preserving freshness and protecting food quality.


Metal surface treatment: Food Grade Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate / SAPP 28 can be used as a metal surface treatment agent to remove oxides and rust, thereby improving the adhesion of the metal surface.
Food Grade Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate / SAPP 28 is used Leavening agent for bakery products, pH control in processed foods, Buffering agent, Emulsifier, and Nutrient.


In the food industry, Food Grade Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate / SAPP 28 is used as a buffer, leavening agent, chelating agent, stabilizer, emulsifier and color improver.
Canned food: Food Grade Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate / SAPP 28 is used buffering agent.


Ham: Food Grade Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate / SAPP 28 is used leavening agent.
Meat: Food Grade Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate / SAPP 28 is used sequestrant agent.
As a food-grade additive, Food Grade Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate / SAPP 28 helps control the pH levels in processed foods and is essential in the leavening of bakery products.


Food Grade Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate / SAPP 28 reacts with baking soda to release carbon dioxide, which helps dough rise.
This property is especially valuable in products like cakes, pancakes, and biscuits.
Additionally, Food Grade Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate / SAPP 28 can be used as a buffer, emulsifier, and nutrient in various food applications.


Food Grade Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate / SAPP 28 is used for instant noodles to reduce the rehydration time of finished products, and it is not sticky or rotten.
Food Grade Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate / SAPP 28 can be used for biscuits and cakes, shorten the fermentation time, reduce the product damage rate, loosen and tidy the pores, and prolong the storage period.


Canned seafood: Struvite crystal is occasionally found in canned seafood, and Food Grade Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate / SAPP 28 is used to inhibit its formation, such as in canned tuna.
Generally, Food Grade Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate / SAPP 28 is used as an acid component in baking powder; as a chelating agent or combines with other polyphosphates to sequester magnesium and iron ions, e.g. chelate iron during the processing of potatoes to prevent a dark discoloration.


In the bakery, Food Grade Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate / SAPP 28 is a slow leavening acid and it may contain a suitable aluminum and/or calcium salt to control the rate of reaction.
Food Grade Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate / SAPP 28 is used bakery, Canned SeaFood, and Potato Products


Food Grade Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate / SAPP 28 is used together with baking powder as a leavening agent to release carbon dioxide.
Food Grade Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate / SAPP 28 is ideal for refrigerated doughs, cakes, muffins and pancake mixes where a slow reaction rate is desired.
Food Grade Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate / SAPP 28 is often used with fast-acting leavenings such as monocalcium phosphate in double-acting baking powder or sometimes added with another slow action leavening acid, GDL.


Frozen raw dough used in biscuits and bread products uses slow acidic Food Grade Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate / SAPP 28, which requires the release of carbon dioxide at a slower starting rate during preparation and packaging, and a large release of gas during baking.
Low gas rate means that Food Grade Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate / SAPP 28 and sodium bicarbonate emit no more than 22% of the total carbon dioxide in 8 minutes.


Food Grade Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate / SAPP 28 is used in the food industry as a raising agent for flat baked goods, such as cookies and crackers.
Chemical analysis: Food Grade Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate / SAPP 28 can be used as a buffer and reagent in chemical analysis.
As a starter, Food Grade Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate / SAPP 28 is used for baking food, controlling fermentation speed, for instant noodles, reducing rehydration time of finished products, and not sticking to it.


Food Grade Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate / SAPP 28 is used for biscuits and pastry, shortening fermentation time, reducing product breakage rate, loose and neat space, and prolonging storage period.
Food Grade Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate / SAPP 28 is commonly used as a leavening agent and is an important component of baking powder as well as flour itself.


Yeasts add air and volume to the baked product structure by reacting with baking soda to produce carbon dioxide gas and also change dough characteristics by creating ionic bonds with starches and dough proteins.
Food Grade Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate / SAPP 28 can be used as a leavening chemical to help bread rise.


Food Grade Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate / SAPP 28 is used in sausages to increase flavor and color.
Food Grade Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate / SAPP 28 is a white, water-soluble solid that serves as a leavening agent, buffering and chelating agent, with many applications in the food industry.


Food Grade Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate / SAPP 28 is used as a leavening agent in bakery products; seafood canning and in potato treatment.
As a leavening agent, Food Grade Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate / SAPP 28 is applied to roast foodstuffs to control the fermentation speed.
When applied to instant noodles, Food Grade Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate / SAPP 28 can shorten water resetting time and avoid stickiness and mushiness of the noodles.


When applied to crackers or cakes, Food Grade Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate / SAPP 28 may shorten fermentation time,lower the breakage, make the porous space in good order and therefore lengthen the shelf life.
Food Grade Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate / SAPP 28 is used in canned seafood to maintain color and reduce purge during retorting.


Retorting achieves microbial stability with heat.
Food Grade Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate / SAPP 28 is used as a leavening agent, reducing zymosis time and can also be used as a water retention agent, and a quality improver for meat and sea food processing.


In French fries, Food Grade Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate / SAPP 28 reduces levels of a carcinogen called acrylamide, according to an article from the Center for Science in the Public Interest.
Food Grade Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate / SAPP 28 also prevents the discoloration of potatoes and sugar syrup and the formation of harmless struvite crystals in canned tuna.


Food Grade Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate / SAPP 28 can also be used in leather treatment.
Food Grade Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate / SAPP 28 is used in some dairy applications for cleaning purposes as well as in the oil production industry.
Food Grade Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate / SAPP 28 may be used as leavening acid which combines with baking soda to release carbon dioxide to improve the texture and volume of baked goods.


Food Grade Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate / SAPP 28 is in China in steamed buns and Chinese almond cookies.
In China Food Grade Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate / SAPP 28 is called edible or food-grade "smelly powder".
Food Grade Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate / SAPP 28 is commonly used as an inexpensive nitrogen fertilizer in China


Food Grade Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate / SAPP 28 is now being phased out in favor of urea for quality and stability.
Food Grade Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate / SAPP 28 is used in food processing, as in canned seafood, cured meat and potato products, for adjust the pH, maintain color, improve the water-holding capacity and reduce purge during retorting


Sodium pyrophosphate is used as a fast fermentation agent, quality improver, puffer, buffer, etc. in food processing, and is often used as an acidic ingredient in synthetic puffing agents such as bread and pastries.
Food Grade Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate / SAPP 28 is used bread, cakes, bread and other foods are characterized by spongy porous tissue to create a soft taste.


In order to achieve this, a sufficient amount of gas must be kept in the dough.
The water vapor produced by the heating of the air and moisture in the material mixture during baking can cause the product to produce some spongy tissue, but the amount of gas is far from enough.


The vast majority of the gas required is provided by puffing agents.
Food Grade Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate / SAPP 28 is commonly used compound puffer is a carbon dioxide gas produced by the action of sodium bicarbonate and acidic salts.


Food Grade Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate / SAPP 28 is used as buffer, leaven, quality modifier, ferment agent, emulsifier, nutriment, adhesive and preservative in foods.
Food Grade Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate / SAPP 28 is also a basic fertilizer being a source of ammonia


In food processing industry, Food Grade Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate / SAPP 28 is used as buffering, swelling agent, chelating agent, stabilizers, emulsifier and color improver.
Food Grade Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate / SAPP 28 is used as baking powder in baking food to control the degree of fermentation and improve the production intensity.


Food Grade Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate / SAPP 28 is used for instant noodles to shorten the rehydration time of the finished product, so that instant noodles won’t be sticky or rotten.
Food Grade Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate / SAPP 28 is used in sausages to enhance flavor and color.


Food Grade Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate / SAPP 28 is used in biscuits and cakes, it can shorten the fermentation time, reduce the product breakage rate, loosen the gaps neatly, and prolong the storage period.
Food Grade Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate / SAPP 28 is used as a quality improver for bakery foods such as bread, biscuits, meat and aquatic products, etc.


Food Grade Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate / SAPP 28 can improve the complex metal ions, PH value and ionic strength of foods, thereby improving the adhesion and water holding capacity of foods,
In French Fries, Food Grade Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate / SAPP 28 can reduce levels of a carcinogen called acrylamide.


Food Grade Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate / SAPP 28 is used as a chelating agent to chelate iron to prevent discoloration in processed potato.
For industry, Food Grade Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate / SAPP 28 is applied to oil area as a drilling fluid.
Food Grade Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate / SAPP 28 is used in leather treatment to remove iron stains


Food Grade Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate / SAPP 28 is widely used globally in food industry for baking reaction purpose
Food Grade Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate / SAPP 28 is also used to stabilize the solution of hydrogen peroxide against reduction
Food Grade Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate / SAPP 28 is used in petroleum industry as a dispersant in oil well drilling muds


Food Grade Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate / SAPP 28 also has a wide use in dairy and poultry processes.
Because the resulting phosphate residue has an off-taste, Food Grade Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate / SAPP 28 is usually used in very sweet cakes which mask the taste.


Food Grade Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate / SAPP 28 is designated in the USA as generally recognized as safe for food use.
Food Grade Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate / SAPP 28 is used in canned seafood to maintain color and reduce purge during retorting.
Retorting achieves microbial stability with heat.


Food Grade Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate / SAPP 28 is an acid source for reaction with baking soda to leaven baked goods.
In baking powder, Food Grade Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate / SAPP 28 is often labeled as food additive E450.
Food Grade Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate / SAPP 28 can also prevent discoloration of potatoes and syrup.


In canned tuna, Food Grade Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate / SAPP 28 can prevent the formation of harmless struvite crystals.
In canned seafood, Food Grade Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate / SAPP 28 can retain color during cooking and reduce cleaning.
In cured meats, Food Grade Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate / SAPP 28 accelerates the conversion of sodium nitrite to nitrite by forming a nitrous acid intermediate and can improve water retention.


Food Grade Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate / SAPP 28 is used in frozen hash browns and other potato products to prevent potatoes from darkening.
Food Grade Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate / SAPP 28 may leave a slightly bitter aftertaste in some products, but adding calcium ions, sugar, or flavoring can mask the taste.


Food Grade Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate / SAPP 28 is mainly used in the bakery industry at a leavening agent.
Food Grade Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate / SAPP 28 may also be blended with other phosphates and used for water retention in processed meats, and used to maintain the appearance and texture of uncooked fruits and vegetables.


Food Grade Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate / SAPP 28 is a white, water-soluble solid, commonly used as a buffer and chelating agent and has many applications in food processing industry.
Food Grade Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate / SAPP 28 is used as an acidulant, buffering agent, and leavening agent.


Food Grade Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate / SAPP 28 is developed specifically for use in canned, refrigerated biscuit doughs.
The CO2 release is extremely low - enabling doughs to be held for long periods, even at above normal temperatures.
Food Grade Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate / SAPP 28 is used as a leavening agent in doughnuts, cakes and other prepared mixes.


In cured meats, Food Grade Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate / SAPP 28 speeds the conversion of sodium nitrite to nitrite by forming the nitrous acid intermediate, and can improve water-holding capacity.
In leather treatment, Food Grade Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate / SAPP 28 can be used to remove iron stains on hides during processing.


Food Grade Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate / SAPP 28 can be used with sulfamic acid in some dairy applications for cleaning, especially to remove soapstone.
When added to scalding water, Food Grade Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate / SAPP 28 facilitates removal of hair and scurf in hog slaughter and feathers and scurf in poultry slaughter.


Food Grade Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate / SAPP 28 in petroleum production, it can be used as a dispersant in oil well drilling muds.
Food Grade Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate / SAPP 28 can also be found in frozen hash browns and other potato products, where it is used to keep the color of the potatoes from darkening.


Food Grade Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate / SAPP 28 is used as fast starter, water retention agent, quality improver, used in bread, biscuits and other baked food and meat, aquatic products, etc
Food Grade Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate / SAPP 28 enhances texture, leavening, and stability in a variety of food and industrial applications.


Meticulously formulated and rigorously tested, Food Grade Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate / SAPP 28 offers unparalleled quality, reliability, and performance, making it the preferred choice for professionals and industries worldwide.
Food Grade Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate / SAPP 28 is an anhydrous white powdered material, which complies with the specifications of the current Food Chemicals Codex for Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate.


Food Grade Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate / SAPP 28 uses in food: Pies, Ice Creams, Puddings, Frozen Cakes, Pie Tops, Snacks, Muesli Bars, Fruit Twists, Fillings, Bases & Toppings, Instant Puddings, Self Saucing Puddings, Cake Mixes, Pancake Mixes, Muffin Mixes, Cookie Mixes, Cupcake Mixes, Baking Mixes, Instant Pasta & Sauces, Instant Soups, Waffles, Cookies.


Food Grade Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate / SAPP 28 is a buffering and chelating agent used in canned seafood, as a scald agent in poultry and pork, as a sequesterant in potato products, and is used to aid leavening in baked goods.
In leather treatment Food Grade Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate / SAPP 28 can be used to remove iron stains on hides during processing.


Food Grade Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate / SAPP 28 can stabilize hydrogen peroxide solutions against oxidation.
Food Grade Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate / SAPP 28 can be used for cleaning with sulphamic acid in some dairy applications.
In Petroleum production, Food Grade Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate / SAPP 28 can be used as a dispersant in oil well drilling muds.


Food Grade Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate / SAPP 28 is used as an acidulant, buffering agent, and leavening agent.
Frequently used with slower-acting Food Grade Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate / SAPP 28 to increase reaction rates
Food Grade Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate / SAPP 28 is also found in browns (frozen) to keep the color of the potatoes from fading.


Food Grade Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate / SAPP 28 is used as a slow reacting aerator acidulant in conjunction with sodium bicarbonate.
Food Grade Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate / SAPP 28 is used in cakes, a part of the gas is generated in the early stage, and a part of the gas is generated after heating in the later stage.


If there is too much gas in the early stage of baking, the volume will expand rapidly.
At this time, the cake tissue has not yet condensed, and the finished product is easy to collapse and the tissue is thicker, but it cannot continue to expand in the later stage.


Food Grade Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate / SAPP 28 is used as an acidulant, buffering agent, and leavening agent.
Food Grade Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate / SAPP 28 has a dough reaction rate of 34 - 38.
Food Grade Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate / SAPP 28 is a fast acting leavening phosphate typically used in bakery applications such as cake doughnuts mixes, cake mixes, breadings, and batters.


Food Grade Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate / SAPP 28 is used as a leavening agent, reducing zymosis time and can also be used as a water retention agent, and a quality improver for meat and sea food processing.
Food Grade Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate / SAPP 28 is used strengthen the feed nutrition .


Food Grade Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate / SAPP 28 is used as an acidulant, buffering agent, and leavening agent.
Food Grade Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate / SAPP 28 is used as a leavening agent, reducing zymosis time.
Food Grade Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate / SAPP 28 can also be used as a water retention agent, and a quality improver for meat and sea food processing.


Food Grade Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate / SAPP 28 is a chemical compound that has various applications in the food industry where one of the most common is being used as a leavening agent.
Moreover, Food Grade Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate / SAPP 28 is also best used as an acidulant, emulsifier, buffering agent, and as a sequestrant


If using too much slow-speed Food Grade Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate / SAPP 28, the initial expansion will be slow, and after the product is condensed, part of the baking powder has not yet produced gas, making the cake small in size and losing the meaning of swelling.
The baking powder used for steamed buns and steamed buns needs to produce gas a little faster because the dough is relatively hard.


As a leavening agent, Food Grade Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate / SAPP 28 is applied to roast foodstuffs to control the fermentation speed.
When applied to instant noodles, Food Grade Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate / SAPP 28 can shorten water resetting time and avoid stickiness and mushiness of the noodles.


When applied to crackers or cakes, Food Grade Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate / SAPP 28 may shorten fermentation time, lower the breakage, make the porous space in good order and therefore lengthen the shelf life.
Food Grade Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate / SAPP 28 is widely used in food processing; in the E number scheme, they are collectively designated as E450, with the disodium form designated as E450(a).


In the United States, Food Grade Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate / SAPP 28 is classified as generally recognized as safe (GRAS) for food use.
In canned seafood, Food Grade Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate / SAPP 28 is used to maintain color and reduce purge during retorting.
Retorting achieves microbial stability with heat.


Food Grade Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate / SAPP 28 is an acid source for reaction with baking soda to leaven baked goods.
In baking powder, Food Grade Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate / SAPP 28 is often labeled as food additive E450.
In cured meats, Food Grade Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate / SAPP 28 speeds the conversion of sodium nitrite to nitrite (NO−2) by forming the nitrous acid (HONO) intermediate, and can improve water-holding capacity.


Food Grade Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate / SAPP 28 is also found in frozen hash browns and other potato products, where it is used to keep the color of the potatoes from darkening.
Food Grade Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate / SAPP 28 is used as a leavening acid in commercial baking powder.


Food Grade Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate / SAPP 28 is used creating a buffing system in the dough provides a pH of 7.3-7.5 that affects the color of the cooked product.
As Food Grade Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate / SAPP 28 acts slowly and does not react quickly with sodium bicarbonate, it is the most common acid used for baking flour products.


In addition to flour and bakery products, Food Grade Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate / SAPP 28 is used in the production of biscuits, doughnut, pancakes, cakes, and baking powders
As Food Grade Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate / SAPP 28 can have a slightly bitter taste, it is important to use sufficient baking soda in the formulation of products such as cakes.


Food Grade Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate / SAPP 28 is used as a separating agent in processed potatoes (It reduces carcinogenic chemicals called acrylamide in fried potatoes)
Food Grade Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate / SAPP 28 prevents color change in potatoes and sugar syrups.


Food Grade Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate / SAPP 28 prevents the formation of steroid crystals in canned fish tones.
Food Grade Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate / SAPP 28 is used as an acidulant, buffering agent, and leavening agent.
Food Grade Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate / SAPP 28 has a dough reaction rate of 24 – 28.


Food Grade Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate / SAPP 28 is an all-purpose phosphate commonly used in prepared mixes, commercial baking powders, and cake doughnut mixes.
Food Grade Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate / SAPP 28 is used in food mainly for its two properties.


Food Grade Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate / SAPP 28 is used as a leavening acid which combines with baking soda to release carbon dioxide to improve the texture and volume of baked goods.
Food Grade Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate / SAPP 28 is used as a chelating agent to chelate iron to prevent discoloration in processed potato.


-Food uses:
Food Grade Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate / SAPP 28 is a popular leavening agent found in baking powders.
Food Grade Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate / SAPP 28 combines with sodium bicarbonate to release carbon dioxide:
Na2H2P2O7 + NaHCO3 → Na3HP2O7 + CO2 + H2O

Food Grade Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate / SAPP 28 is available in a variety of grades that affect the speed of its action.
Because the resulting phosphate residue has an off-taste, Food Grade Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate / SAPP 28 is usually used in very sweet cakes which mask the off-taste.


-The cake class uses medium-speed type Food Grade Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate / SAPP 28, which produces a part of the gas in the early stage and then produces a part of the gas after heating.
If the initial baking gas production is too much, the volume is rapidly puffed, at this time the cake tissue has not condensed, the finished product is prone to collapse and the organization is thicker, and the latter can not continue to puff;

The fermentation used in the buns and buns, due to the relatively hard dough, needs to produce gas slightly faster, if the condensation after the production of gas too much, the finished product will appear "flowering" phenomenon.


-Potato products:
Food Grade Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate / SAPP 28 can be used to replace sulfur dioxide, sulfites and bisulfites to maintain the appearance and texture of cooked potato products.

The application of Food Grade Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate / SAPP 28 reduces the dark color from after-cooking darkening in cooked and processed potato products, such as in oil-blanched french fries and potato salad.

It is the naturally present or equipment iron that generates “after cooking darkening” in potatoes.
Food Grade Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate / SAPP 28 stabilizes the color of potatoes and prevents the iron complex from forming a dark pigment due to its strong sequestering properties.



PROPERTIES OF FOOD GRADE SODIUM ACID PYROPHOSPHATE / SAPP 28:
Food Grade Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate / SAPP 28 is a white powder, relative density of 1.86.
Food Grade Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate / SAPP 28 is soluble in water and insoluble in ethanol.

If its aqueous solution is heated together with diluted inorganic acid, Food Grade Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate / SAPP 28 will be hydrolyzed into phosphoric acid.
Food Grade Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate / SAPP 28 is hydroscopic,and when absorbing humidity it will become into a product with hexa-hydrates.

If Food Grade Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate / SAPP 28 is heated at a temperature above 220℃.
Food Grade Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate / SAPP 28 will decomposed into sodium meta phosphate.



IS FOOD GRADE SODIUM ACID PYROPHOSPHATE / SAPP 28 SAFE IN FOOD:
Studies have shown that people over the age of 18 are recommended to consume 700mg of phosphorus per day.
This intake can supply enough phosphorus for the formation of healthy bones and the processing of cellular energy.

Excessive amounts may lead to loss of bone mineral density and the ability to fully absorb dietary calcium.
Excessive phosphate intake may cause hyperphosphatemia, leading to hypocalcemia or other serious electrolyte imbalances.
Therefore, pyrophosphoric acid can’t be used in excess in food processing.

Since Food Grade Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate / SAPP 28 or other phosphate food additives are dispersed in the prepared food in a standard amount, the intake of phosphorus is difficult to exceed the standard dose required by the human body.



IS FOOD GRADE SODIUM ACID PYROPHOSPHATE / SAPP 28 SAFE USED IN FOOD?
Sodium pyrophosphate or Food Grade Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate / SAPP 28 are edible phosphates, which are helpful for baking and fermentation, such as baking powder.
Food Grade Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate / SAPP 28 can help prevent food from discoloration, such as, used for peeled potatoes.

Food Grade Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate / SAPP 28 is a component of baking powder, naturally fermented flour and corn flour.
Commercially, Food Grade Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate / SAPP 28 is used as an ingredient for pre-made cakes, puddings, waffles, pancakes and muffins.
Food Grade Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate / SAPP 28 can also be added to frozen dough products, flavored milk, bacon, potato products and canned fish.



SOLUBILITY OF FOOD GRADE SODIUM ACID PYROPHOSPHATE / SAPP 28:
10g/100ml, 20°C in water.
The PH value of 1% solution of Food Grade Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate / SAPP 28 is 4-4.5.
Food Grade Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate / SAPP 28 is insoluble in ethanol.



PROPERTIES OF FOOD GRADE SODIUM ACID PYROPHOSPHATE / SAPP 28:
*Food Grade Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate / SAPP 28 is a white powder;
*Relative density of Food Grade Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate / SAPP 28 is 1.86;
*Food Grade Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate / SAPP 28 is soluble in water and insoluble in ethanol;
*If its aqueous solution is heated together with diluted inorganic acid, Food Grade Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate / SAPP 28 will be hydrolyzed into phosphoric acid;
*Food Grade Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate / SAPP 28 is hydroscopic, and when absorbing humidity it will become into a product with hexa-hydrates;
*If Food Grade Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate / SAPP 28 is heated at a temperature above 220°C, it will be decomposed into sodium meta phosphate.



BENEFITS OF FOOD GRADE SODIUM ACID PYROPHOSPHATE / SAPP 28:
*Non- aluminum.
*White free-flowing crystalline powder.
*Would hydrolyze to sodium orthophosphate if exposed to environment.
*Excellent leavening acid.
*Food Grade Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate / SAPP 28 is made of thermal process phosphoric acid, will release more CO2 rapidly.
*Food Grade Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate / SAPP 28 has no bitter taste and a good smell.



ADVANTAGES OF FOOD GRADE SODIUM ACID PYROPHOSPHATE / SAPP 28:
•Food Grade Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate / SAPP 28 acts as a general buffer and acidifying agent in cleaning formulations.
•Food Grade Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate / SAPP 28 is used for stabilization of Hydrogen peroxide solution.
•Food Grade Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate / SAPP 28 is used to remove iron stains during leather tanning.
•Food Grade Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate / SAPP 28 can be used to furnish acidity to product reactions and its specific slow acting properties are extremely valuable in commercial baking powder.
•Food Grade Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate / SAPP 28 is also used in electroplating and slurry thinning



PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF FOOD GRADE SODIUM ACID PYROPHOSPHATE / SAPP 28:
Food Grade Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate / SAPP 28 is a white monoclinic crystalline powder or molten solid.
The relative density of Food Grade Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate / SAPP 28 was 1.86.

Food Grade Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate / SAPP 28 is soluble in water, insoluble in ethanol.
The aqueous solution of Food Grade Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate / SAPP 28 is hydrolyzed to phosphoric acid by heating with dilute inorganic acid.
Food Grade Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate / SAPP 28 is slightly hygroscopic and forms six crystalline hydrates after water absorption.

Sodium metaphosphate is decomposed when heated above 220 °c.
Aluminum and/or calcium salts may be included in appropriate amounts to control the rate of reaction when used as a bulking agent.



FUNCTIONS OF FOOD GRADE SODIUM ACID PYROPHOSPHATE / SAPP 28:
At first, when the moisture is added to form dough, Food Grade Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate / SAPP 28 reacts with sodium bicarbonate to produce carbon dioxide gas.
Also, pyrophosphate during reaction with sodium bicarbonate creates ionic bounds with starch and protein of dough.

Food Grade Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate / SAPP 28 also dissolves readily to provide anion, anionic pyrophosphate, which interferes with proteins in a well-cooked system to create a moist tissue.
Food Grade Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate / SAPP 28 regulates the reaction rate at the desired level with using specific production techniques.



NUTRITIONAL VALUE OF FOOD GRADE SODIUM ACID PYROPHOSPHATE / SAPP 28:
21g of sodium and 28g of phosphorus are available in 100g of Food Grade Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate / SAPP 28.
FDA regulations
In the United States, Food Grade Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate / SAPP 28 has been approved as a versatile food ingredient commonly known as Safe Food (GRAS).



HOW IS FOOD GRADE SODIUM ACID PYROPHOSPHATE / SAPP 28 MADE?
Food Grade Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate / SAPP 28 is a condensed phosphate, commonly synthesized by the neutralization of phosphoric acid with sodium hydroxide or sodium carbonate at the ratio of 1:1 to produce monosodium phosphate (NaH2PO4), and then heated approximately 250°C to remove the water.
2 NaH2PO4 → Na2H2P2O7 + H2O



PROPERTIES OF FOOD GRADE SODIUM ACID PYROPHOSPHATE / SAPP 28:
Food Grade Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate / SAPP 28 is a white free-flowing crystalline powder or granular.
Food Grade Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate / SAPP 28 would hydrolyze to sodium orthophosphate if exposed to the environment.



CHARACTER OF FOOD GRADE SODIUM ACID PYROPHOSPHATE / SAPP 28:
Food Grade Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate / SAPP 28 is white monoclinic system crystalline powder or fused mass.
Food Grade Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate / SAPP 28 has accessibility, easily soluble in water, insoluble in ethanol.



PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of FOOD GRADE SODIUM ACID PYROPHOSPHATE / SAPP 28:
CAS Number: 68915-31-1
PubChem: 24451
EC Number: 231-835-0
Chemical Formula: Na2H2P2O7
Appearance Format: Powder
Color: White
Odor: Odorless
PH value at 20 ° C (10 g / l): 4,0 - 4,7
Melting point / Melting range: 220 ° C
Density at 20 ° C: 1.1 g / cm³
Soluble in water with solubility solubility.
Chemical formula: Na2H2P2O7

Molecular Weight: 221.94
White crystalline powder or granules
Soluble in water
Appearance: White powder or granule
Assay (Na2H2P2O7) %: ≥95
Arsenic (As) %: ≤0.0003
Lead (Pb) %: ≤0.0002
Fluoride (F) %: ≤0.001
pH (1% sol.): 3.5-4.5
Water insoluble %: ≤0.1
Loss on ignition %: ≤0.5
Chemical formula: Na2H2P2O7
Molar mass: 221.936 g·mol−1
Appearance: White odorless powder

Density: 2.31 g/cm3
Melting point: > 600 °C
Solubility in water: 11.9 g/(100 mL) (20 °C)
Refractive index (nD): 1.4645 (hexahydrate)
Hazards:
Flash point: Non-flammable
Formula: Na2H2P2O7
Molecular weight: 221.94
CAS No.: 7758-16-9
EINCS No.: 231-835-0
EEC Classification: E 450(i)
Appearance: White fine powder.

Shelf life: 24 months in original package, under dry and cool storage conditions.
Maximum stack height: 18 months in original package, under dry and cool storage conditions.
CAS: 7758-16-9
EINECS: 231-835-0
InChI: InChI=1/2Na.H4O7P2/c;;1-8(2,3)7-9(4,5)6/h;;(H2,1,2,3)(H2,4,5,6)/q2*+1;/p-4
Molecular Formula: H2Na2O7P2
Molar Mass: 221.94
Density: (hexahydrate) 1.86
Melting Point: decomposes 220℃ [MER06]
Water Solubility: Fully miscible in water. Insoluble in alcohol and ammonia.
Solubility: H2O: 0.1M at 20°C, clear, colorless
Vapor Pressure: 0 Pa at 20℃

Appearance: white powder
Color: White to Off-White
Maximum wavelength (λmax): ['λ: 260 nm Amax: 0.11', 'λ: 280 nm Amax: 0.09']
Merck: 13,8643
PH: 3.5-4.5 (20℃, 0.1M in H2O, freshly prepared)
Storage Condition: -70°C
Stability: Stable
Synonyms: Disodium Dihydrogen Pyrophosphate
Chemical Formula: Na2H2P2O7
CAS number: 7758-16-9
Density: 2.31 g/cm³
Molecular Weight: 221.94 g/mol
Appearance: Fine powder
Storage Condition: Store in a cool, dry place away from direct sunlight.



FIRST AID MEASURES of FOOD GRADE SODIUM ACID PYROPHOSPHATE / SAPP 28:
-Description of first-aid measures:
*If inhaled:
If breathed in, move person into fresh air.
*In case of skin contact:
Wash off with soap and plenty of water.
*In case of eye contact:
Flush eyes with water as a precaution.
*If swallowed:
Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person.
Rinse mouth with water.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed:
No data available



ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of FOOD GRADE SODIUM ACID PYROPHOSPHATE / SAPP 28:
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.



FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of FOOD GRADE SODIUM ACID PYROPHOSPHATE / SAPP 28:
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.
-Further information:
No data available



EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of FOOD GRADE SODIUM ACID PYROPHOSPHATE / SAPP 28:
-Control parameters:
--Ingredients with workplace control parameters:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use equipment for eye protection.
*Skin protection:
Handle with gloves.
Wash and dry hands.
*Body Protection:
Impervious clothing
*Respiratory protection:
Respiratory protection not required.
-Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.



HANDLING and STORAGE of FOOD GRADE SODIUM ACID PYROPHOSPHATE / SAPP 28:
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
*Storage conditions:
Store in cool place.
Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place.
Containers which are opened must be carefully resealed and kept upright to prevent leakage.



STABILITY and REACTIVITY of FOOD GRADE SODIUM ACID PYROPHOSPHATE / SAPP 28:
-Reactivity:
No data available
-Chemical stability:
Stable under recommended storage conditions.
-Possibility of hazardous reactions:
No data available
-Conditions to avoid:
No data available


FOOD THICKENING AGENTS
Food Thickening Agents are substances added to foods and beverages to increase their viscosity, resulting in a thicker or more gel-like consistency.
Food Thickening Agents play a crucial role in modifying the texture and mouthfeel of a wide range of food products.
Food Thickening Agents are used for various purposes, including improving the stability of emulsions, preventing separation of ingredients, and enhancing the overall sensory experience of the food.

Xanthan Gum: CAS Number: 11138-66-2, Guar Gum: CAS Number: 9000-30-0, Carrageenan: CAS Number: 9000-07-1, Agar-Agar: CAS Number: 9002-18-0, Gelatin: CAS Number: 9000-70-8, Pectin: CAS Number: 9000-69-5, Carboxymethyl Cellulose (CMC): CAS Number: 9004-32-4, Konjac Flour (Glucomannan): CAS Number: 37220-17-0, Locust Bean Gum (Carob Gum): CAS Number: 9000-40-2, Gellan Gum: CAS Number: 71010-52-1, Acacia Gum (Gum Arabic): CAS Number: 9000-01-5, Methylcellulose: CAS Number: 9004-67-5, Polydextrose: CAS Number: 68424-04-4, Sodium Alginate: CAS Number: 9005-38-3, Hyaluronic Acid: CAS Number: 9004-61-9.

Synonyms:
Thickening agent;Rheovis AS 1125,Trees/seeds (exudates/flours), Gum Arabic (E414), Carbo/locust bean gum (E410), Guar gum (E412), Plants (fragments), Pectin (E440), Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (E466), Seaweeds (cell walls), Agars (E406), Alginates (E400-404), Carrageenans (E407), Microorganisms (fermentations), Gellan gum (E418), Xanthan gum (E415).

A Food Thickening Agents or thickener is a substance which can increase the viscosity of a liquid without substantially changing its other properties.
Edible thickeners are commonly used to thicken sauces, soups, and puddings without altering their taste; thickeners are also used in paints, inks, explosives, and cosmetics.
Food Thickening Agents may also improve the suspension of other ingredients or emulsions which increases the stability of the product.

Food Thickening Agents are often regulated as food additives and as cosmetics and personal hygiene product ingredients.
Some Food Thickening Agents are gelling agents (gellants), forming a gel, dissolving in the liquid phase as a colloid mixture that forms a weakly cohesive internal structure.
Others act as mechanical thixotropic additives with discrete particles adhering or interlocking to resist strain.

Food Thickening Agents can also be used when a medical condition such as dysphagia causes difficulty in swallowing.
Thickened liquids play a vital role in reducing risk of aspiration for dysphagia patients.
Many other Food Thickening Agents are used as thickeners, usually in the final stages of preparation of specific foods.

These Food Thickening Agents have a flavor and are not markedly stable, thus are not suitable for general use.
However, they are very convenient and effective, and hence are widely used.
Food Thickening Agents may be more or less suitable in a given application, due to differences in taste, clarity, and their responses to chemical and physical conditions.

For example, for acidic foods, arrowroot is a better choice than cornstarch, which loses thickening potency in acidic mixtures.
At (acidic) pH levels below 4.5, guar gum has sharply reduced aqueous solubility, thus also reducing its thickening capability.
If the food is to be frozen, tapioca or arrowroot are preferable over cornstarch, which becomes spongy when frozen.

A food thickener is a thickening agent that increases the viscosity of a liquid mix without interfering with its other properties.
Knowing how to thicken food is essential for preparing many recipes; most sauces, gravies, soups, and even desserts are thickened with some kind of starch.
Each Food Thickening Agents has properties best suited for specific recipes.

One of the most commonly used methods for thickening sauces and other recipes is through the gelatinization of starches.
Pure starches have greater Food Thickening Agents power and add less color to a final dish, making them ideal for sauces, puddings, and fillings.
Food Thickening Agents have become an emerging trend for food allergy-conscious bakeries and restaurants.

Food Thickening Agents are particularly important in gluten-free baking because they mimic the "sticky" effects of gluten and create a pleasant texture in baked goods.
Food Thickening Agents tend to be odorless, tasteless, and because they are used in small quantities, contribute few to no calories.
They are derived primarily from natural sources like plants and seaweeds.

Others are produced using bacterial fermentation or chemical modification.
Food Thickening Agents, alginin and carrageenan are polysaccharides extracted from algae, xanthan gum is a polysaccharide secreted by the bacterium Xanthomonas campestris, and carboxymethyl cellulose is a synthetic gum derived from cellulose.
Proteins used as food thickeners include collagen, egg whites, and gelatin.

Other Food Thickening Agents act on the proteins already present in a food; for example sodium pyrophosphate, which acts on casein in milk during the preparation of instant pudding.
Food Thickening Agents are food additives used to thicken and stabilize various foods, like jellies, desserts and candies.
The agents provide the foods with texture through formation of a gel. Some stabilizers and thickening agents are gelling agents.

Typical gelling agents include natural gums, starches, pectins, agar-agar and gelatin. Often they are based on polysaccharides or proteins.
Food Thickening Agents produces a very clear gel with light residual taste.
Gelatin sheets disperse easily with no residual taste, but powdered form may have some taste.

Kappa carragreenan may include potassium chloride to improve the gelling process and produces a clear product with very little aftertaste.
Iota carrageenan contains sodium chloride which improves gel formation.
Food Thickening Agents a medium viscosity gel but may have some aftertaste.

High-methoxy pectin is one of the most widely used gelling agents in food processing.
Food Thickening Agents reacts with some sugars and acids and sometimes includes minerals to improve gelling process.
Low-methoxy pectin reacts with calcium, and is used for the preparation of low sugar jams.

Functional flours are produced from specific cereal variety (wheat, maize, rice or other) conjugated to specific heat treatment able to increase stability, consistency and general functionalities.
These functional flours are resistant to industrial stresses such as acidic pH, sterilisation, freeze conditions, and can help food industries to formulate with natural ingredients.
For the final consumer, these ingredients are more accepted because they are shown as "flour" in the ingredient list.

Flour is often used for thickening gravies, gumbos, and stews.
The most basic type of thickening agent, flour blended with water to make a paste, is called whitewash.
Food Thickening Agents must be cooked in thoroughly to avoid the taste of uncooked flour.

Roux, a mixture of flour and fat (usually butter) cooked into a paste, is used for gravies, sauces and stews.
Cereal grains (oatmeal, couscous, farina, etc.) are used to thicken soups.
Yogurt is popular in Eastern Europe and Middle East for thickening soups.

Soups can also be thickened by adding grated starchy vegetables before cooking, though these will add their own flavour.
Tomato puree also adds thickness as well as flavour.
Egg yolks are a traditional sauce Food Thickening Agents in professional cooking; they have rich flavor and offer a velvety smooth texture but achieve the desired thickening effect only in a narrow temperature range.

Overheating easily ruins such a sauce, which can make egg yolk difficult to use as a thickener for amateur cooks.
Other Food Thickening Agents used by cooks are nuts (including rehan) or glaces made of meat or fish.
Food Thickening Agents derived from corn.

Food Thickening Agents is neutral in flavor and widely used in both sweet and savory dishes.
Extracted from potatoes, Food Thickening Agents is often used as a gluten-free thickening alternative.
Derived from the roots of certain plants, arrowroot is a clear and neutral thickening agent, suitable for use in sauces and desserts.

Commonly used in cooking and baking, wheat flour thickens when heated.
Food Thickening Agents is often used to make roux, a mixture of flour and fat.
A gluten-free alternative to wheat flour, often used in Asian cuisines for thickening.

Derived from animal collagen, gelatin is a versatile thickening agent that forms a gel-like substance when mixed with water.
Food Thickening Agents is commonly used in desserts, gummies, and certain savory dishes.
Food Thickening Agents, pectin is a natural thickening agent used in the production of jams, jellies, and fruit preserves.

A vegetarian alternative to gelatin, Food Thickening Agents is derived from seaweed.
Food Thickening Agents forms a gel when dissolved in hot water and is commonly used in desserts.
Extracted from guar beans, guar gum is a powerful Food Thickening Agents and stabilizer often used in various food products, including sauces and ice creams.

Produced through fermentation, xanthan gum is a polysaccharide that works as a thickening and stabilizing agent in a wide range of food products.
Extracted from seaweed, carrageenan is used as a Food Thickening Agents and gelling agent in dairy products, desserts, and some processed foods.
As mentioned earlier, Food Thickening Agents is a cellulose derivative used as a thickener and stabilizer in various food products.

Extracted from the roots of the cassava plant, tapioca starch is often used as a thickening agent in puddings and sauces.
Many thickening agents require extra care in cooking.
Some starches lose their thickening quality when cooked for too long or at too high a temperature; on the other hand, cooking starches too short or not hot enough might lead to an unpleasant starchy taste or cause water to seep out of the finished product after cooling.

Also, higher viscosity causes foods to burn more easily during cooking.
As an alternative to adding more Food Thickening Agents, recipes may call for reduction of the food's water content by lengthy simmering.
When cooking, it is generally better to add thickener cautiously; if over-Food Thickening Agents, more water may be added but loss of flavour and texture may result.

Food Thickening Agents can be important for people facing medical issues with chewing or swallowing, as foods with a thicker consistency can reduce the chances of choking, or of inhalation of liquids or food particles, which can lead to aspiration pneumonia.
Fumed silica and similar products form stiff microscopic chains or fibers which interlock or agglomerate into a mass, holding the associated liquid by surface tension, but which can separate or slide when sufficient force is applied.
This causes the thixotropic or shear-thinning property (also frequently exhibited by gels), where the viscosity is non-Newtonian and becomes lower as the shearing force or time increases; their usefulness is primarily that the resulting increase in viscosity is large compared to the quantity of silica added.

Food Thickening Agents is generally accepted as safe as a food additive and is frequently used in cosmetics.
Additives such as precipitated silica, fine talc, or chalk also meet the definition of thickening agent in that they increase viscosity and body while not affecting the target property of a mixture.
One of the main use of Food Thickening Agents is in the paint and printing industries, which depend heavily on rheology modifiers, to prevent pigments settling to the bottom of the can, yielding inconsistent results.

Water based formulas would be nearly impossible with the exception of India ink and the few other water-soluble pigments, but these would have very little coverage and at best would stain wood slightly.
All modern paints and inks will have some pigment added at the factory for opacity and to control the specularity of the finish, from matte to high gloss, dependent on thickener used, but more so on the size of the particles added as opacity modifier.
Particle sizes of 1 µm and below will be the limit of high gloss, probably confined to luxury automotive coatings, and about 100 µm particulates will make a bumpy surface on the microscopic scale, which scatters light and makes the surface appear matte.

Food Thickening Agents, or thickeners, are substances which, when added to an aqueous mixture, increase its viscosity without substantially modifying its other properties, such as taste.
They provide body, increase stability, and improve suspension of added ingredients.
Derived from the seeds of the Plantago ovata plant, psyllium husk is a soluble fiber that can be used as a thickening agent in certain food products and is also known for its health benefits.

Extracted from the root of the konjac plant, konjac flour is a low-calorie thickening agent that forms a gel when mixed with water.
Food Thickening Agents is used in some Asian cuisines and as a dietary supplement.
Obtained from the seeds of the carob tree, locust bean gum is a natural Food Thickening Agents and gelling agent often used in the food industry, including dairy products and ice cream.

Produced through bacterial fermentation, Food Thickening Agents is a versatile thickening and gelling agent used in a variety of food applications, including desserts and plant-based products.
Harvested from the sap of the Acacia senegal tree, acacia gum is a natural thickening and stabilizing agent used in the food and beverage industry.
A derivative of cellulose, methylcellulose is a non-caloric thickening agent that undergoes reversible gelation.

Food Thickening Agents is used in culinary applications and as a vegetarian alternative to gelatin.
A synthetic polymer of glucose, polydextrose is used as a low-calorie bulking and thickening agent in various food products, including baked goods and dairy.
Whey protein can be used as a Food Thickening Agents in certain liquid-based products, providing both thickness and protein content.

This category includes various thickening agents like carrageenan, guar gum, xanthan gum, and others, which are often used individually or in combination to achieve specific textures and properties in food products.
Starches that have undergone physical or chemical modifications to enhance their thickening properties.
They are commonly used in the food industry for their stability and versatility.

Uses:
A variety of hydrophilic substances act as Food Thickening Agents to increase the viscosity of liquid mixtures and solutions, and their emulsifying properties.
Thus, these Food Thickening Agents aid in maintaining the stability of the mixtures or solutions.
Four types of Food Thickening Agents are known: (a) starches, gums, casein, gelatin and phytocolloids, (b) semi-synthetic cellulose derivatives like carbon methyl cellulose, (c) polyvinyl alcohol and carboxy vinylates, and (d) bentonite, silicates and colloidal silica.

The first group is widely used in the food industry especially in ice creams, confectionaries, gravies, etc.
The other major consumers, are in the paper, adhesive, textile and detergent industries.
Food Thickening Agents used in cosmetics or personal hygiene products include viscous liquids such as polyethylene glycol, synthetic polymers such as carbomer (a trade name for polyacrylic acid) and vegetable gums.

Some Food Thickening Agents may also function as stabilizers when they are used to maintain the stability of an emulsion.
Some emollients, such as petroleum jelly and various waxes may also function as thickening agents in an emulsion.
Food Thickening Agents like flour, cornstarch, and arrowroot are commonly used to thicken sauces and gravies, providing a smoother and more cohesive texture.

Starches such as cornstarch, potato starch, and rice flour are often used to thicken soups and stews, improving their consistency.
Gelatin, agar-agar, cornstarch, and other Food Thickening Agents are used in desserts such as puddings, custards, and fruit gels to achieve the desired texture.
In baking, flour, cornstarch, and other starches are used to thicken fillings for pies and pastries.

They also contribute to the texture of cakes and cookies.
Food Thickening Agents like guar gum, xanthan gum, and carrageenan are used in the production of dairy products such as yogurt, ice cream, and cream-based sauces.
Xanthan gum, guar gum, and carrageenan are used to stabilize and thicken certain beverages, such as smoothies, shakes, and fruit juices.

Pectin, a natural Food Thickening Agents found in fruits, is commonly used in the production of jams, jellies, and fruit preserves.
Food Thickening Agents, agar-agar, and gelatin are used in the production of candies and confectionery items to achieve specific textures.
Modified starches and other Food Thickening Agents are used in the production of processed meat products, such as sausages and meat sauces.

Inulin, psyllium husk, and other fiber-based Food Thickening Agents are used in certain dietary and health products to add bulk and improve texture.
Gluten-free flours, such as rice flour and tapioca starch, are used as Food Thickening Agents in gluten-free recipes.
Vegan alternatives like agar-agar and guar gum are used in plant-based products.

Modified starches and other gentle Food Thickening Agents are used in baby food to achieve appropriate texture and consistency.
Modified starches, xanthan gum, and other Food Thickening Agents contribute to the texture and stability of salad dressings, ketchup, and other condiments.
Sodium alginate, agar-agar, and other specialty Food Thickening Agents are used in molecular gastronomy to create unique textures and presentations in food.

Food Thickening Agents, not polyvinylacetate which is used in adhesives such as wood glue.
Food Thickening Agents are dispersed in the paint or ink liquid at an early stage in the mix, as it does not affect rheology unless the pH is low.
Boric acid is usually used to initiate polymerization after the pigment is added (the pigment "grind" stage) and dispersed, the mixture is thickened while stirring to maintain homogeneous consistency.

Often this stage is problematic since air is entrained by all but the lowest shear impellers, which are inadequate for this purpose, instead antifoam additives are used to control air bubbles, which continue to be a benefit during paint application.
Air entrainment during mixing is not unique to PVA—in fact hardly a formula for paint exists that doesn't at least require some care in mixing.
Clays - attapulgite which also disperses suspensions, bentonite (both flocculating and non-flocculating), and other montmorillonite clays.

Usually clays, when dry, exist as a very fine powder, facilitating dispersion and compatibility with other ingredients.
Food Thickening Agents generally make matte surfaces, in spite of their fine particulate nature.
Not only paints and inks, but other industries such as pharmaceutical, construction, and cosmetics, especially hair styling aids and facial detoxifying masks increasingly favor bentonite and attapulgite clays over other rheology modifiers, dispersion aids, opacifying fillers, antifoam, and numerous niche uses which exploit the numerous inherent qualities which have drawn artisans to this material.

Food Thickening Agents are sustainably sourced and do not involve any egregious environmental damage, which were among the cheapest bulk materials until recently, when the pricing went up steadily, following the upsurge in its use pattern.
Food Thickening Agents, are chemically substituted cellulose macromolecules.
The hydroxyl groups are substituted by other functional groups, such as methyl or propyl.

The amount of substitution and molecular weight determine viscosity of the solution, assuming concentration stays the same; adding more also increases viscosity.
Food Thickening Agents like carrageenan, guar gum, and xanthan gum are often used in plant-based milk alternatives (such as almond milk or soy milk) to mimic the texture of traditional dairy milk.
Starches such as cornstarch and tapioca are used to Food Thickening Agents fruit fillings in pies, pastries, and desserts.

Food Thickening Agents are used in the production of ready-to-eat meals, helping to achieve a desirable consistency in dishes like casseroles, curries, and pasta sauces.
Modified starches and gums are commonly used in the production of frozen foods, helping to maintain texture and prevent ice crystal formation.
Certain Food Thickening Agents are used in pet foods to improve the texture and palatability of canned or pouched products.

Inulin, xanthan gum, and other Food Thickening Agents are used in the production of nutritional supplements to enhance the texture of shakes and drinks.
Food Thickening Agents may be used in specialized dietary and medical foods, especially those designed for individuals with swallowing difficulties or specific nutritional needs.
Chefs use various Food Thickening Agents in culinary arts for food texturization, creating foams, gels, and other unique textures in dishes.

Starches, such as cornstarch, are used to Food Thickening Agents pasta sauces, providing a smooth and consistent texture.
Food Thickening Agents are incorporated into functional foods, such as meal replacements or protein bars, to improve their mouthfeel and texture.
Modified starches and gums contribute to the Food Thickening Agents and spreadability of dips and spreads, including hummus and cream cheese.

Modified starches can be used in batter coatings for fried foods to improve adhesion and texture.
Food Thickening Agents like agar-agar and foaming agents are used in molecular gastronomy to create culinary foams with unique textures.
Food Thickening Agents are often used in low-fat or reduced-calorie products to compensate for the reduced fat content and maintain a desirable texture.

Molecular mixologists use Food Thickening Agents to enhance the texture and presentation of cocktails, creating innovative and visually appealing drinks.
Sulfonates - Sodium or calcium salts, good water retention, versatile, and highly efficient.
Gums - guar, xanthan, cellulose, locust bean, and acacia are the main ones.

Saccharides - carrageenan, pullulan, konjac, and alginate, sometimes called hydrocolloids, these Food Thickening Agents are extremely versatile and specific in function—each has a series of grades or types which behave differently, for example kappa carrageenan will form strong gels (potassium activated) but iota carrageenan will not form gels and only thickens.
Modified castor oil - much like cellulose, castor oil has hydroxyl groups, unlike other oils which at most have double bonds, which castor oil also has, but most substitutions occur at the hydroxyl moieties, allowing exotic derivatives with myriad properties.
The most recent advances in rheology modifiers have been in this category. The BASF corporation has a new line based on castor oil derivatives, for example.

Widely used in the cosmetic and skincare industry, hyaluronic acid can also be used as a Food Thickening Agents in some food and beverage formulations.
A soluble fiber extracted from chicory root, inulin can be used as a Food Thickening Agents and provides dietary fiber to the final product.
While primarily used in pharmaceuticals and cosmetics, certain PEG derivatives can be employed as Food Thickening Agents in specific food applications.

Produced by the partial hydrolysis of starch, dextrin is used as a Food Thickening Agents and can also act as a binder in food products.
Often used as a sequestrant and acidifier, GDL can also contribute to the Food Thickening Agents of certain food products.
Obtained from the sap of the Astragalus plant, tragacanth gum is a natural Food Thickening Agents used in the food industry, especially in confectionery.

Extracted from brown seaweed, sodium alginate is used as a Food Thickening Agents and gelling agent, particularly in molecular gastronomy.
Derived from animal connective tissues, collagen can be used as a thickening agent in certain culinary applications.

Various vegetable gums, obtained from plants, are used as thickening agents in the food industry.
Extracted from fenugreek seeds, fenugreek gum is used as a Food Thickening Agents and stabilizing agent in some food applications.

Safety Profile:
Some individuals may be allergic or sensitive to specific Food Thickening Agents.
For example, individuals with sensitivities to gluten should avoid thickening agents derived from wheat, barley, or rye.
In some cases, excessive consumption of certain Food Thickening Agents, especially those high in dietary fiber, may lead to gastrointestinal discomfort, bloating, or flatulence.

Some thickening agents, particularly those high in carbohydrates, can impact blood sugar levels.
Individuals with diabetes or those monitoring their blood sugar levels should be mindful of their intake.

Some commercially available thickening agents, especially in processed foods, may contribute to the overall sodium content of a product.
Excessive sodium intake can be a concern for individuals with certain health conditions.
The sourcing and processing of thickening agents can vary, and there may be concerns about potential contaminants, depending on the quality and origin of the raw materials.

In some cases, Food Thickening Agents are used in combination with other food additives.
Adverse reactions may occur in individuals sensitive to specific additives or when additives are consumed in excess.
FORAL AX E
Foral AX E Technical Datasheet Foral AX E is an alcohol soluble, fully hydrogenated rosin used as a tackifier. Offers good resistance to oxidation, medium softening point and very light color. Used in assembly, bookbinding, caulks, sealants, contact adhesives, case & carton sealing closings and hot-melt adhesives. Compatible with natural and synthetic waxes, resins, rubber, drying and non-drying alkyds, blow castor oil, ethylcellulose, synthetic elastomers, thermoplastic polymers and copolymers. Foral AX E is also suitable for laminating, non-wovens, non food contact packaging, pressure sensitive adhesives, solvent-borne adhesives, tapes, labels and water-borne adhesives. Product Type Tackifiers > Rosins > Hydrogenated Rosins Chemical Composition Fully hydrogenated rosin Product Status COMMERCIAL Foral AX E - Fully Hydrogenated Rosin Product description Foral AX E fully hydrogenated rosin is a thermoplastic, acidic resin produced by hydrogenating rosin to an exceptionally high degree. It is the palest, most highly stabilized rosin commercially available. Compared with Staybelite™ resin-E partially hydrogenated rosin, a hydrogenated rosin long established and widely used for its pale color and high oxidation resistance, Foral AX E has better initial color and color retention, and even greater resistance to oxidation. It is especially indicated as the tackifier and resin modifier in solvent adhesives and hot-melt applied coatings and adhesives that must excel in these properties. It is also used in UV cured acrylics to improve adhesion to low surface energy substrates. Applications/uses Adhesives/sealants-B&C Bookbinding Caps & lids non-food contact Carpet construction Case and carton closures Commerical printing inks Film modification Hygiene adhesives Labels non food contact Packaging tape Polymer modification Protective coatings Road markings Roofing ingredients Solder flux Solvent borne packaging adhesives Specialty tape Wire/cable Key attributes Alcohol-soluble Compatible with UV acrylic adhesives Excellent resistance to oxidation High acid number Improved adhesion to low surface energy substrates Medium softening point Thermoplastic hydrogenated resin Very light color Foral 85-E CG - Hydrogenated Rosinate Foral™ 85-E CG hydrogenated rosinate is a cosmetic grade resin derived from the esterification of a highly stabilized gum rosin and glycerol. This light amber, thermoplastic resin has excellent resistance to oxidation and discoloration caused by heat and aging. Foral 85-E - Ester of Hydrogenated Rosin Foral™ 85-E ester of hydrogenated rosin is a very pale, thermoplastic ester resin derived from glycerol and a highly stabilized rosin that has outstanding resistance to oxidation, and to discoloration caused by heat and aging. Foral 105-E CG - Hydrogenated Rosinate Foral™ 105-E CG hydrogenated rosinate is a cosmetic grade resin derived from the esterification of a highly stabilized gum rosin and pentaerythritol. This thermoplastic resin has excellent resistance to oxidation and discoloration caused by heat and aging. Foral 105-E - Ester of Hydrogenated Rosin Foral™ 105-E ester of hydrogenated rosin is a pale, thermoplastic ester resin derived from pentaerythritol and a highly stabilized rosin. Foral AX E - Fully Hydrogenated Rosin Foral™ AX-E fully hydrogenated rosin is a thermoplastic, acidic resin produced by hydrogenating rosin to an exceptionally high degree. It is the palest, most highly stabilized rosin commercially available. Foral AX-E Technical Datasheet Fully hydrogenated rosin. Possesses excellent resistance to oxidation and medium softening point. Has better initial color and color retention. Product Type Alkyd Resins > Modified > Rosins Chemical Composition Fully hydrogenated rosin CAS Number 65997-06-0 Foral AX E is a thermoplastic, acidic resin produced by hydrogenating rosin to an exceptionally high degree. It is most highly stabilized rosin. Hydrogenated resin Foral AX Foral AX rosin is a thermoplastic, acidic resin produced by hydrogenating wood rosin to an exceptionally high degree. Key properties It is the palest, most highly stabilized rosin commercially available. Compared with Staybelite resin, a hydrogenated rosin long established and widely used for its pale color and high oxidation stability, Foral AX resin has better initial color and color retention, and even greater resistance to oxidation. Applications Foral AX resin is especially indicated as the tackifier and resin modifier in solvent adhesives and hot melt applied coatings and adhesives that must excel in these properties. Foral AX resin is particularly suited to food contact applications. Tackifier or modifier for the following adhesive systems: hot melt/pressure-sensitive/solvent-based/emulsion-based/sealants Modifier in solvent-based or heat-sealable coatings Component of thermoplastic compounds and hot melt depilatory waxes Plastifier/modifier of natural and synthetic rubber goods Foral AX Foral AX rosin is a thermoplastic, acidic resin produced by hydrogenating wood rosin to an exceptionally high degree. It is the palest, most highly stabilized rosin commercially available. Compared with Staybelite resin, a hydrogenated rosin long established and widely used for its pale color and high oxidation stability, Foral AX resin has better initial color and color retention, and even greater resistance to oxidation. It is especially indicated as the tackifier and resin modifier in solvent adhesives and hot melt applied coatings and adhesives that must excel in these properties. Foral AX resin is particularly suited to food contact applications. Applications Tackifier or modifier for adhesive systems, including: - Hot melt - Pressure sensitive - Solvent - Emulsion - Sealant compounds Modifier in solvent-based or heat-sealable coatings Component of thermoplastic compounds and hot melt depilatory waxes Plasticizer/modifier of natural and synthetic rubber goods Benefits Highest degree of hydrogenation available Exceptional color Excellent heat stability and color retention Good acid functionality Low odor Widely compatible with polymers and solvents Broad regulatory approval General Sales Specifications Softening Point, Ring & Ball, °C minimum 66 Color, USRG rosin scale, maximum XB Acid Number, mg KOH/g, minimum 158 Abietic acid, UV, %, maximum 0.2 Refractive index at 100 °C, maximum 1.4971
FORALYN 5020-F
FORALYN 5020-F Foralyn 5020-F is the methyl ester of hydrogenated rosin, used as a tackifier. Possesses good cutaneous tolerance and aging characteristics. Exhibits low color, low odor, wide solubility and compatibility range. Used in bookbinding, caulks, sealants, contact adhesives, hot-melt adhesives, laminating, non-wovens, non food contact packaging and pressure sensitive adhesives. Applicable for solvent-borne adhesives, tapes, labels, water-borne adhesives, case and carton sealing closings. Compatible with nitrocellulose, ethylcellulose, chlorinated rubber, PVC, vinyl acetate-chloride copolymers and polyvinyl ethers. Also compatible with water-soluble film-formers as casein and starch, natural and synthetic resins and rubber, asphalt, and waxes. Foralyn 5020-F is incompatible with cellulose acetate and polyvinyl acetate. Foralyn 5020-F CG Hydrogenated Rosinate is a cosmetic grade resin, is the methyl ester of hydrogenated gum rosin. This liquid resin has good oxidative stability and is given a special steam-sparging treatment to assure minimum odor. With its low odor and low vapor pressure, Foralyn 5020-F CG is particularly useful as a fragrance fixative. It has excellent solubility and compatibility with non-polar and many polar ingredients in cosmetic applications, contributing both adhesion and gloss. This product is applied in depilatory wax, fragrance, lipstick and gloss. Foralyn 5020-F CG Hydrogenated Rosinate acts as a fragrance fixative and excellent plasticizer. Foralyn 5020-F is derived from a natural renewable source. Foralyn 5020-F contributes to adhesion and low vapor pressure. Possesses good oxidative stability and high gloss (high refractive index). Foralyn 5020-F has excellent solubility, compatibility with non-polar and many polar ingredients. Foralyn 5020-F CG Hydrogenated Rosinate is used in depilatory wax, fragrances, lipstick and glosses.Product Description: Foralyn 5020-F Ester of Hydrogenated Rosin, the methyl ester of hydrogenated rosin, is a light amber liquid resin. Being hydrogenated, it has marked resistance to aging. To assure minimum odor of products in which it is used, it is given a special steam-sparging treatment. Foralyn 5020-F Ester of Hydrogenated Rosin is used as a resinous plasticizer or tackifier in finished products such as adhesives, inks, and lacquers. Foralyn 5020-F CG Description of Foralyn 5020-F Foralyn 5020-F CG hydrogenated rosinate, a cosmetic grade resin, is the methyl ester of hydrogenated gum rosin. This liquid resin has good oxidative stability and is given a special steam-sparging treatment to assure minimum odor. With its low odor and low vapor pressure, Foralyn 5020-F CG is particularly useful as a fragrance fixative. It has excellent solubility and compatibility with non-polar and many polar ingredients in cosmetic applications, contributing both adhesion and gloss. It is used in depilatory wax, fragrance, lipstick and gloss etc. Tag Archives: FORALYN 5020-F Foralyn 5020-F is a light amber liquid resinous tackifier and plasticizer, being hydrogenated, having marked resistance to aging. A consistent mild odor is assured after giving a special steam purification treatment. It is soluble in usual apolar organic solvents, alcohols and ethyl and butyl acetates, has a superior cold resistance ability and may maintain a valid viscosity under -40 deg C circumstance, forms a continuous film on skin, hair or nails. Methanol Ester of Hydrogenated Rosin | Hydrogenated Methyl Abietate | MEHR CAS: 8050-15-5 EINECS: 232-476-2 FEMA: N/A HS.CODE: 380690 Molecular Formula: C19H31COOCH3 Moleclar Weight: N/A Products & Informations of Foralyn 5020-F Foralyn 5020-F a cosmetic-grade resin, is the methyl ester of hydrogenated gum rosin. This liquid resin is given a special steam-sparging treatment to assure minimum odor. With its low odor and low vapor pressure, it is particularly useful as a fragrance fixative. It has excellent solubility and compatibility with non-polar and many polar ingredients in cosmetic applications, contributing to both adhesion and gloss. It is the substitute for product. APPLICATIONS & USES of Foralyn 5020-F •Carrier and fixative in fragrance compounds,amber balsam cedar film formers fixer pine skin conditioning viscosity controlling agents woody •Component in chewing gum base to adjust hardness, plasticity, and chew characteristics •Resin component in adhesives, inks, floor tiles, vinyl plastics, rubber compositions, solder flux, surface active agent and related applications •removed hair wax, Component in Lipstick, lip gloss, depilatory waxes Benefits of Foralyn 5020-F excellent pigment wetting properties high boiling point high refractive index low odor low vapor pressure resistant to oxidation wide solubility and compatibility ranges Packaging of Foralyn 5020-F Iron Drum, 25kg net each, polyvinyl fluoride inner available Iron Drum, 50kg net each, polyvinyl fluoride inner available Iron Drum, 200kg net each, polyvinyl fluoride inner available Preview all the spec of packaging Storage of Foralyn 5020-F store in a cool, well-ventilated area store in a sprinklered warehouse keep container closed when not in use Remark for Foralyn 5020-F The above information is believed to be accurate and presents the best explanation currently available to us. We assume no liability resulting from above content. The technical standards are formulated and revised by customers’ requirement and us, if there are any changes, the latest specification will be executed and confirmed in the contract. Foralyn 5020-F - Ester of Hydrogenated Rosin Product description of Foralyn 5020-F Foralyn 5020-F Ester of Hydrogenated Rosin, the methyl ester of hydrogenated rosin, is a light amber liquid resin. Being hydrogenated, it has marked resistance to aging. To assure minimum odor of products in which it is used, it is given a special steam-sparging treatment. Foralyn 5020-F is used as a resinous plasticizer or tackifier in finished products such as adhesives, inks, and lacquers. Foralyn 5020-F hydrogenated rosin resin Foralyn 5020-F hydrogenated rosin resins are a resin family based on stabilized rosin for adhesives and coatings. They are available with a softening point range from liquid to 110°C. The hydrogenation of Foralyn 5020-F improves its compatibility with adhesive base polymers, in contrast to non-hydrogenated rosin-resins, which results in improved adhesive performance. In particular Foralyn 5020-F hydrogenated rosin resins impart superior adhesion and excellent cohesion to adhesives based on styrenic block copolymers and acrylic polymers, especially at higher temperatures. Methyl Hydrogenated Rosinate. Foralyn 5020-F CG Hydrogenated Rosinate acts as a fragrance fixative and excellent plasticizer. It is derived from a natural renewable source. It contributes to adhesion and low vapor pressure. Possesses good oxidative stability and high gloss (high refractive index). It has excellent solubility, compatibility with non-polar and many polar ingredients. Foralyn 5020-F CG Hydrogenated Rosinate is used in depilatory wax, fragrances, lipstick and glosses. Foralyn 5020-F hydrogenated rosin and rosin esters are a resin family based on stabilized rosin for adhesives and coatings. Foralyn 5020-F are available with a softening point range from liquid to 11°C. The hydrogenation of Foralyn 5020-F improves its compatibility with adhesive base polymers, in contrast to non-hydrogenated rosin-resins, which results in improved adhesive performance. In particular Foralyn 5020-F hydrogenated rosin resins impart superior adhesion and excellent cohesion to adhesives based on styrenic block copolymers and acrylic polymers, especially at higher temperatures. Foralyn 5020-F 90 and Foralyn 5020-F 110 are of special interest due to their exceptional light color, thermal color stability and low oxygen uptake. Foralyn 5020-F CG is particularly suitable for cosmetic, personal care and fragrance applications. Foralyn 5020-F is the methyl ester of hydrogenated rosin, used as a tackifier. Possesses good cutaneous tolerance and aging characteristics. Exhibits low color, low odor, wide solubility and compatibility range. Used in bookbinding, caulks, sealants, contact adhesives, hot-melt adhesives, laminating, non-wovens, non food contact packaging and pressure sensitive adhesives. Applicable for solvent-borne adhesives, tapes, labels, water-borne adhesives, case and carton sealing closings. Compatible with nitrocellulose, ethylcellulose, chlorinated rubber, PVC, vinyl acetate-chloride copolymers and polyvinyl ethers. Also compatible with water-soluble film-formers as casein and starch, natural and synthetic resins and rubber, asphalt, and waxes. Foralyn 5020-F is incompatible with cellulose acetate and polyvinyl acetate. Foralyn 5020-F CG Hydrogenated Rosinate is a cosmetic grade resin, is the methyl ester of hydrogenated gum rosin. This liquid resin has good oxidative stability and is given a special steam-sparging treatment to assure minimum odor. With its low odor and low vapor pressure, Foralyn 5020-F CG is particularly useful as a fragrance fixative. It has excellent solubility and compatibility with non-polar and many polar ingredients in cosmetic applications, contributing both adhesion and gloss. This product is applied in depilatory wax, fragrance, lipstick and gloss. Foralyn 5020-F is the methyl ester of hydrogenated rosin, used as a tackifier. Possesses good cutaneous tolerance and aging characteristics. Exhibits low color, low odor, wide solubility and compatibility range. Used in bookbinding, caulks, sealants, contact adhesives, hot-melt adhesives, laminating, non-wovens, non food contact packaging and pressure sensitive adhesives. Applicable for solvent-borne adhesives, tapes, labels, water-borne adhesives, case and carton sealing closings. Compatible with nitrocellulose, ethylcellulose, chlorinated rubber, PVC, vinyl acetate-chloride copolymers and polyvinyl ethers. Also compatible with water-soluble film-formers as casein and starch, natural and synthetic resins and rubber, asphalt, and waxes. Foralyn 5020-F is incompatible with cellulose acetate and polyvinyl acetate. Foralyn 5020-F CG Hydrogenated Rosinate Foralyn 5020-F. Foralyn 5020-F CG Hydrogenated Rosinate acts as a fragrance fixative and excellent plasticizer. It is derived from a natural renewable source. Foralyn 5020-F contributes to adhesion and low vapor pressure. Possesses good oxidative stability and high gloss (high refractive index). It has excellent solubility, compatibility with non-polar and many polar ingredients. Foralyn 5020-F CG Hydrogenated Rosinate is used in depilatory wax, fragrances, lipstick and glosses. Foralyn 5020-F CG Hydrogenated Rosinate Properties Product Description: Foralyn 5020-F CG Hydrogenated Rosinate, a cosmetic grade resin, is the methyl ester of hydrogenated gum rosin. This liquid resin has good oxidative stability and is given a special steam-sparging treatment to assure minimum odor. With its low odor and low vapor pressure, Foralyn 5020-F CG is particularly useful as a fragrance fixative. It has excellent solubility and compatibility with non-polar and many polar ingredients in cosmetic applications, contributing both adhesion and gloss. Foralyn 5020-F Hydrogenated Rosin Esters Foralyn 5020-F hydrogenated rosin and rosin esters are a resin family based on stabilized rosin for adhesives and coatings. They are available with a softening point range from liquid to 11°C. The hydrogenation of Foralyn 5020-F improves its compatibility with adhesive base polymers, in contrast to non-hydrogenated rosin-resins, which results in improved adhesive performance. In particular Foralyn 5020-F hydrogenated rosin resins impart superior adhesion and excellent cohesion to adhesives based on styrenic block copolymers and acrylic polymers, especially at higher temperatures. Foralyn 5020-F Ester of Hydrogenated Rosin, the methyl ester of hydrogenated rosin, is a light amber liquid resin. Being hydrogenated, it has marked resistance to aging. To assure minimum odor of products in which it is used, it is given a special steam-sparging treatment. Foralyn 5020-F is used as a resinous plasticizer or tackifier in finished products such as adhesives, inks, and lacquers. Foralyn 5020-F is the methyl ester of hydrogenated rosin, used as a tackifier. Possesses good cutaneous tolerance and aging characteristics. Exhibits low color, low odor, wide solubility and compatibility range. Used in bookbinding, caulks, sealants, contact adhesives, hot-melt adhesives, laminating, non-wovens, non food contact packaging and pressure sensitive adhesives. Applicable for solvent-borne adhesives, tapes, labels, water-borne adhesives, case and carton sealing closings. Compatible with nitrocellulose, ethylcellulose, chlorinated rubber, PVC, vinyl acetate-chloride copolymers and polyvinyl ethers. Also compatible with water-soluble film-formers as casein and starch, natural and synthetic resins and rubber, asphalt, and waxes. Foralyn 5020-F is incompatible with cellulose acetate and polyvinyl acetate. Foralyn 5020-F CG Hydrogenated Rosinate is a cosmetic grade resin, is the methyl ester of hydrogenated gum rosin. This liquid resin has good oxidative stability and is given a special steam-sparging treatment to assure minimum odor. With its low odor and low vapor pressure, Foralyn 5020-F CG is particularly useful as a fragrance fixative. It has excellent solubility and compatibility with non-polar and many polar ingredients in cosmetic applications, contributing both adhesion and gloss. This product is applied in depilatory wax, fragrance, lipstick and gloss. Foralyn 5020-F CG Hydrogenated Rosinate acts as a fragrance fixative and excellent plasticizer. Foralyn 5020-F is derived from a natural renewable source. Foralyn 5020-F contributes to adhesion and low vapor pressure. Possesses good oxidative stability and high gloss (high refractive index). Foralyn 5020-F has excellent solubility, compatibility with non-polar and many polar ingredients. Foralyn 5020-F CG Hydrogenated Rosinate is used in depilatory wax, fragrances, lipstick and glosses.Product Description: Foralyn 5020-F Ester of Hydrogenated Rosin, the methyl ester of hydrogenated rosin, is a light amber liquid resin. Being hydrogenated, it has marked resistance to aging. To assure minimum odor of products in which it is used, it is given a special steam-sparging treatment. Foralyn 5020-F Ester of Hydrogenated Rosin is used as a resinous plasticizer or tackifier in finished products such as adhesives, inks, and lacquers. Foralyn 5020-F CG Description of Foralyn 5020-F Foralyn 5020-F CG hydrogenated rosinate, a cosmetic grade resin, is the methyl ester of hydrogenated gum rosin. This liquid resin has good oxidative stability and is given a special steam-sparging treatment to assure minimum odor. With its low odor and low vapor pressure, Foralyn 5020-F CG is particularly useful as a fragrance fixative. It has excellent solubility and compatibility with non-polar and many polar ingredients in cosmetic applications, contributing both adhesion and gloss. It is used in depilatory wax, fragrance, lipstick and gloss etc. Tag Archives: FORALYN 5020-F Foralyn 5020-F is a light amber liquid resinous tackifier and plasticizer, being hydrogenated, having marked resistance to aging. A consistent mild odor is assured after giving a special steam purification treatment. It is soluble in usual apolar organic solvents, alcohols and ethyl and butyl acetates, has a superior cold resistance ability and may maintain a valid viscosity under -40 deg C circumstance, forms a continuous film on skin, hair or nails. Methanol Ester of Hydrogenated Rosin | Hydrogenated Methyl Abietate | MEHR CAS: 8050-15-5 EINECS: 232-476-2 FEMA: N/A HS.CODE: 380690 Molecular Formula: C19H31COOCH3 Moleclar Weight: N/A Products & Informations of Foralyn 5020-F Foralyn 5020-F a cosmetic-grade resin, is the methyl ester of hydrogenated gum rosin. This liquid resin is given a special steam-sparging treatment to assure minimum odor. With its low odor and low vapor pressure, it is particularly useful as a fragrance fixative. It has excellent solubility and compatibility with non-polar and many polar ingredients in cosmetic applications, contributing to both adhesion and gloss. It is the substitute for product. APPLICATIONS & USES of Foralyn 5020-F •Carrier and fixative in fragrance compounds,amber balsam cedar film formers fixer pine skin conditioning viscosity controlling agents woody •Component in chewing gum base to adjust hardness, plasticity, and chew characteristics •Resin component in adhesives, inks, floor tiles, vinyl plastics, rubber compositions, solder flux, surface active agent and related applications •removed hair wax, Component in Lipstick, lip gloss, depilatory waxes Benefits of Foralyn 5020-F excellent pigment wetting properties high boiling point high refractive index low odor low vapor pressure resistant to oxidation wide solubility and compatibility ranges Packaging of Foralyn 5020-F Iron Drum, 25kg net each, polyvinyl fluoride inner available Iron Drum, 50kg net each, polyvinyl fluoride inner available Iron Drum, 200kg net each, polyvinyl fluoride inner available Preview all the spec of packaging Storage of Foralyn 5020-F store in a cool, well-ventilated area store in a sprinklered warehouse keep container closed when not in use Remark for Foralyn 5020-F The above information is believed to be accurate and presents the best explanation currently available to us. We assume no liability resulting from above content. The technical standards are formulated and revised by customers’ requirement and us, if there are any changes, the latest specification will be executed and confirmed in the contract. Foralyn 5020-F - Ester of Hydrogenated Rosin Product description of Foralyn 5020-F Foralyn 5020-F Ester of Hydrogenated Rosin, the methyl ester of hydrogenated rosin, is a light amber liquid resin. Being hydrogenated, it has marked resistance to aging. To assure minimum odor of products in which it is used, it is given a special steam-sparging treatment. Foralyn 5020-F is used as a resinous plasticizer or tackifier in finished products such as adhesives, inks, and lacquers. Foralyn 5020-F hydrogenated rosin resin Foralyn 5020-F hydrogenated rosin resins are a resin family based on stabilized rosin for adhesives and coatings. They are available with a softening point range from liquid to 110°C. The hydrogenation of Foralyn 5020-F improves its compatibility with adhesive base polymers, in contrast to non-hydrogenated rosin-resins, which results in improved adhesive performance. In particular Foralyn 5020-F hydrogenated rosin resins impart superior adhesion and excellent cohesion to adhesives based on styrenic block copolymers and acrylic polymers, especially at higher temperatures. Methyl Hydrogenated Rosinate. Foralyn 5020-F CG Hydrogenated Rosinate acts as a fragrance fixative and excellent plasticizer. It is derived from a natural renewable source. It contributes to adhesion and low vapor pressure. Possesses good oxidative stability and high gloss (high refractive index). It has excellent solubility, compatibility with non-polar and many polar ingredients. Foralyn 5020-F CG Hydrogenated Rosinate is used in depilatory wax, fragrances, lipstick and glosses. Foralyn 5020-F hydrogenated rosin and rosin esters are a resin family based on stabilized rosin for adhesives and coatings. Foralyn 5020-F are available with a softening point range from liquid to 11°C. The hydrogenation of Foralyn 5020-F improves its compatibility with adhesive base polymers, in contrast to non-hydrogenated rosin-resins, which results in improved adhesive performance. In particular Foralyn 5020-F hydrogenated rosin resins impart superior adhesion and excellent cohesion to adhesives based on styrenic block copolymers and acrylic polymers, especially at higher temperatures. Foralyn 5020-F 90 and Foralyn 5020-F 110 are of special interest due to their exceptional light color, thermal color stability and low oxygen uptake. Foralyn 5020-F CG is particularly suitable for cosmetic, personal care and fragrance applications. Foralyn 5020-F is the methyl ester of hydrogenated rosin, used as a tackifier. Possesses good cutaneous tolerance and aging characteristics. Exhibits low color, low odor, wide solubility and compatibility range. Used in bookbinding, caulks, sealants, contact adhesives, hot-melt adhesives, laminating, non-wovens, non food contact packaging and pressure sensitive adhesives. Applicable for solvent-borne adhesives, tapes, labels, water-borne adhesives, case and carton sealing closings. Compatible with nitrocellulose, ethylcellulose, chlorinated rubber, PVC, vinyl acetate-chloride copolymers and polyvinyl ethers. Also compatible with water-soluble film-formers as casein and starch, natural and synthetic resins and rubber, asphalt, and waxes. Foralyn 5020-F is incompatible with cellulose acetate and polyvinyl acetate. Foralyn 5020-F CG Hydrogenated Rosinate is a cosmetic grade resin, is the methyl ester of hydrogenated gum rosin. This liquid resin has good oxidative stability and is given a special steam-sparging treatment to assure minimum odor. With its low odor and low vapor pressure, Foralyn 5020-F CG is particularly useful as a fragrance fixative. It has excellent solubility and compatibility with non-polar and many polar ingredients in cosmetic applications, contributing both adhesion and gloss. This product is applied in depilatory wax, fragrance, lipstick and gloss. Foralyn 5020-F is the methyl ester of hydrogenated rosin, used as a tackifier. Possesses good cutaneous tolerance and aging characteristics. Exhibits low color, low odor, wide solubility and compatibility range. Used in bookbinding, caulks, sealants, contact adhesives, hot-melt adhesives, laminating, non-wovens, non food contact packaging and pressure sensitive adhesives. Applicable for solvent-borne adhesives, tapes, labels, water-borne adhesives, case and carton sealing closings. Compatible with nitrocellulose, ethylcellulose, chlorinated rubber, PVC, vinyl acetate-chloride copolymers and polyvinyl ethers. Also compatible with water-soluble film-formers as casein and starch, natural and synthetic resins and rubber, asphalt, and waxes. Foralyn 5020-F is incompatible with cellulose acetate and polyvinyl acetate. Foralyn 5020-F CG Hydrogenated Rosinate Foralyn 5020-F. Foralyn 5020-F CG Hydrogenated Rosinate acts as a fragrance fixative and excellent plasticizer. It is derived from a natural renewable source. Foralyn 5020-F contributes to adhesion and low vapor pressure. Possesses good oxidative stability and high gloss (high refractive index). It has excellent solubility, compatibility with non-polar and many polar ingredients. Foralyn 5020-F CG Hydrogenated Rosinate is used in depilatory wax, fragrances, lipstick and glosses. Foralyn 5020-F CG Hydrogenated Rosinate Properties Product Description: Foralyn 5020-F CG Hydrogenated Rosinate, a cosmetic grade resin, is the methyl ester of hydrogenated gum rosin. This liquid resin has good oxidative stability and is given a special steam-sparging treatment to assure minimum odor. With its low odor and low vapor pressure, Foralyn 5020-F CG is particularly useful as a fragrance fixative. It has excellent solubility and compatibility with non-polar and many polar ingredients in cosmetic applications, contributing both adhesion and gloss. Foralyn 5020-F Hydrogenated Rosin Esters Foralyn 5020-F hydrogenated rosin and rosin esters are a resin family based on stabilized rosin for adhesives and coatings. They are available with a softening point range from liquid to 11°C. The hydrogenation of Foralyn 5020-F improves its compatibility with adhesive base polymers, in contrast to non-hydrogenated rosin-resins, which results in improved adhesive performance. In particular Foralyn 5020-F hydrogenated rosin resins impart superior adhesion and excellent cohesion to adhesives based on styrenic block copolymers and acrylic polymers, especially at higher temperatures. Foralyn 5020-F Ester of Hydrogenated Rosin, the methyl ester of hydrogenated rosin, is a light amber liquid resin. Being hydrogenated, it has marked resistance to aging. To assure minimum odor of products in which it is used, it is given a special steam-sparging treatment. Foralyn 5020-F is used as a resinous plasticizer or tackifier in finished products such as adhesives, inks, and lacquers.
FORMALDEHYDE
formaldehyde; formalin; methanal; formol; Methyl aldehyde; Methylene oxide; Carbonyl hydride cas no: 50-00-0
FORMALDEHYDE 37 %
FORMALDEHYDE 37 % Properties Related Categories Aldehydes, Arbidol, Building Blocks, C1 to C6, Carbonyl Compounds, Cell Biology, Chemical Synthesis, Chemicals for the synthesis of candidate COVID-19 treatments, Fixatives, Hematology and Histology, Organic Building Blocks Less... Quality Level 200 grade ACS reagent vapor density 1.03 (vs air) vapor pressure 52 mmHg ( 37 °C) 52 mmHg ( 37 °C) assay 36.5-38.0% autoignition temp. 572 °F Show More (23) Description General description Formaldehyde (formalin) is produced by oxidation of methanol. It is made of 37% formaldehyde and impurities such as methanol, small amounts of formic acid, aldehydes and ketones. It is used as a denaturant in formaldehyde-agarose gel electrophoresis of RNA.[1][2] Application Formaldehyde solution has been used as a fixing agent to fix cells during immunofluorescence imaging and for cross-linking cells during chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay.[7] Formaldehyde solution has been used for cross-linking/fixing of cells in ChIP (chromatin immunoprecipitation) assay.[5][3] It has been used for fixing of cells for imaging.[6][4] Packaging 1, 4 L in glass bottle 25, 100, 4×100, 500, 6×500 mL in glass bottle Physical form This product is a solution of approximately 37% by weight of formaldehyde gas in water. Formaldehyde Formaldehyde (/fərˈmældəhaɪd/ (About this soundlisten) fer-mal-duh-hahyd, also /fɔːrˈmældəhaɪd/ (About this soundlisten) Formaldehitwr-) (systematic name methanal) is a naturally occurring organic compound with the formula CH2O (H−CHO). The pure compound is a pungent-smelling colourless gas that polymerises spontaneously into paraformaldehyde (refer to section Forms below), hence it is stored as an aqueous solution (formalin). It is the simplest of the aldehydes (R−CHO). The common name of this substance comes from its similarity and relation to formic acid. Formaldehyde is an important precursor to many other materials and chemical compounds. In 1996, the installed capacity for the production of formaldehyde was estimated at 8.7 million tons per year.[13] It is mainly used in the production of industrial resins, e.g., for particle board and coatings. In view of its widespread use, toxicity, and volatility, formaldehyde poses a significant danger to human health.[14][15] In 2011, the US National Toxicology Program described formaldehyde as "known to be a human carcinogen". Forms Formaldehyde is more complicated than many simple carbon compounds in that it adopts several diverse forms. These compounds can often be used interchangeably and can be interconverted. Molecular formaldehyde. A colorless gas with a characteristic pungent, irritating odor. It is stable at about 150 °C, but polymerizes when condensed to a liquid. 1,3,5-Trioxane, with the formula (CH2O)3. It is a white solid that dissolves without degradation in organic solvents. It is a trimer of molecular formaldehyde. Paraformaldehyde, with the formula HO(CH2O)nH. It is a white solid that is insoluble in most solvents. Methanediol, with the formula CH2(OH)2. This compound also exists in equilibrium with various oligomers (short polymers), depending on the concentration and temperature. A saturated water solution, of about 40% formaldehyde by volume or 37% by mass, is called "100% formalin". A small amount of stabilizer, such as methanol, is usually added to suppress oxidation and polymerization. A typical commercial grade formalin may contain 10–12% methanol in addition to various metallic impurities. "Formaldehyde" was first used as a generic trademark in 1893 following a previous trade name, "formalin".[19] Main forms of formaldehyde Monomeric formaldehyde (subject of this article). Trioxane is a stable cyclic trimer of formaldehyde. Paraformaldehyde is a common form of formaldehyde for industrial applications. Methanediol, the predominant species in dilute aqueous solutions of formaldehyde. Occurrence Processes in the upper atmosphere contribute up to 90% of the total formaldehyde in the environment. Formaldehyde is an intermediate in the oxidation (or combustion) of methane, as well as of other carbon compounds, e.g. in forest fires, automobile exhaust, and tobacco smoke. When produced in the atmosphere by the action of sunlight and oxygen on atmospheric methane and other hydrocarbons, it becomes part of smog. Formaldehyde has also been detected in outer space (see below). Formaldehyde and its adducts are ubiquitous in living organisms. It is formed in the metabolism of amino acids[which?] and is found in the bloodstream of humans and other primates at concentrations of approximately 0.1 millimolar.[20] Experiments in which animals are exposed to an atmosphere containing isotopically labeled formaldehyde have demonstrated that even in deliberately exposed animals, the majority of formaldehyde-DNA adducts found in non-respiratory tissues are derived from endogenously produced formaldehyde.[21] Formaldehyde does not accumulate in the environment, because it is broken down within a few hours by sunlight or by bacteria present in soil or water. Humans metabolize formaldehyde quickly, converting it to formic acid, so it does not accumulate in the body.[22] Interstellar formaldehyde Main article: Interstellar formaldehyde Formaldehyde appears to be a useful probe in astrochemistry due to prominence of the 110←111 and 211←212 K-doublet transitions. It was the first polyatomic organic molecule detected in the interstellar medium.[23] Since its initial detection in 1969, it has been observed in many regions of the galaxy. Because of the widespread interest in interstellar formaldehyde, it has been extensively studied, yielding new extragalactic sources.[24] A proposed mechanism for the formation is the hydrogenation of CO ice:[25] H + CO → HCO HCO + H → CH2O HCN, HNC, H2CO, and dust have also been observed inside the comae of comets C/2012 F6 (Lemmon) and C/2012 S1 (ISON).[26][27] Synthesis and industrial production Laboratory synthesis Formaldehyde was first reported in 1859 by the Russian chemist Aleksandr Butlerov (1828–86)[28] In his paper, Butlerov referred to formaldehyde as "dioxymethylen" (methylene dioxide) [page 247] because his empirical formula for it was incorrect (C4H4O4). It was conclusively identified by August Wilhelm von Hofmann, who first announced the production of formaldehyde by passing methanol vapor in air over hot platinum wire.[29][30] With modifications, Hoffmann's method remains the basis of the present day industrial route. Solution routes to formaldehyde also entail oxidation of methanol or methyl iodide.[31] Industry Formaldehyde is produced industrially by the catalytic oxidation of methanol. The most common catalysts are silver metal or a mixture of an iron and molybdenum or vanadium oxides. In the commonly used formox process, methanol and oxygen react at ca. 250–400 °C in presence of iron oxide in combination with molybdenum and/or vanadium to produce formaldehyde according to the chemical equation:[13] 2 CH3OH + O2 → 2 CH2O + 2 H2O The silver-based catalyst usually operates at a higher temperature, about 650 °C. Two chemical reactions on it simultaneously produce formaldehyde: that shown above and the dehydrogenation reaction: CH3OH → CH2O + H2 In principle, formaldehyde could be generated by oxidation of methane, but this route is not industrially viable because the methanol is more easily oxidized than methane.[13] Organic chemistry Formaldehyde is a building block in the synthesis of many other compounds of specialised and industrial significance. It exhibits most of the chemical properties of other aldehydes but is more reactive. Self-condensation and hydration Formaldehyde, unlike most aldehydes, oligomerizes spontaneously. The trimer is 1,3,5-trioxane, and the polymer is called paraformaldehyde. Many cyclic oligomers have been isolated. Similarly, formaldehyde hydrates to give the geminal diol methanediol, which condenses further to form oligomers HO(CH2O)nH. Monomeric CH2O is rarely encountered. Oxidation It is readily oxidized by atmospheric oxygen into formic acid. For this reason, commercial formaldehyde is typically contaminated with formic acid. Hydroxymethylation and chloromethylation Formaldehyde is a good electrophile. With good nucleophiles such as thiols, amines, and even amides, no acid catalyst is required. The resulting hydroxymethyl derivatives typically react further. Thus amines give hexahydro-1,3,5-triazines. Similarly, when combined with hydrogen sulfide, it forms trithiane.[32] 3 CH2O + 3 H2S → (CH2S)3 + 3 H2O In the presence of acids, it participates in electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions with aromatic compounds resulting in hydroxymethylated derivatives: ArH + CH2O → ArCH2OH When conducted in the presence of hydrogen chloride, the product is the chloromethyl compound, as described in the Blanc chloromethylation. If the arene is electron-rich, as in phenols, elaborate condensations ensue. With 4-substituted phenols one obtains calixarenes.[33] Phenol results in polymers. Base reactions Cannizzaro reaction in the presence of basic catalysts to produce formic acid and methanol. Uses Industrial applications Formaldehyde is a common precursor to more complex compounds and materials. In approximate order of decreasing consumption, products generated from formaldehyde include urea formaldehyde resin, melamine resin, phenol formaldehyde resin, polyoxymethylene plastics, 1,4-butanediol, and methylene diphenyl diisocyanate.[13] The textile industry uses formaldehyde-based resins as finishers to make Formaldehitbrics crease-resistant.[34] Formaldehyde-based materials are key to the manuFormaldehitcture of automobiles, and used to make components for the transmission, electrical system, engine block, door panels, axles and brake shoes. The value of sales of formaldehyde and derivative products was over $145 billion in 2003, about 1.2% of the gross domestic product (GDP) of the United States and Canada. Including indirect employment, over 4 million people work in the formaldehyde industry across approximately 11,900 plants in the U.S. and Canada.[35][permanent dead link] Two steps in formation of urea-formaldehyde resin, which is widely used in the production of particle board. When treated with phenol, urea, or melamine, formaldehyde produces, respectively, hard thermoset phenol formaldehyde resin, urea formaldehyde resin, and melamine resin. These polymers are common permanent adhesives used in plywood and carpeting. It is used as the wet-strength resin added to sanitary paper products such as (listed in increasing concentrations injected into the paper machine headstock chest) Formaldehitcial tissue, table napkins, and roll towels. They are also foamed to make insulation, or cast into moulded products. Production of formaldehyde resins accounts for more than half of formaldehyde consumption. Formaldehyde is also a precursor to polyfunctional alcohols such as pentaerythritol, which is used to make paints and explosives. Other formaldehyde derivatives include methylene diphenyl diisocyanate, an important component in polyurethane paints and foams, and hexamine, which is used in phenol-formaldehyde resins as well as the explosive RDX. Condensation with acetaldehyde affords pentaerythritol, a chemical necessary in synthesizing PETN, a high explosive.[36] Condensation with phenols gives phenol-formaldehyde resins. Niche uses Disinfectant and biocide An aqueous solution of formaldehyde can be useful as a disinfectant as it kills most bacteria and fungi (including their spores). It is used as an additive in vaccine manuFormaldehitcturing to inactivate toxins and pathogens.[37] Formaldehyde releasers are used as biocides in personal care products such as cosmetics. Although present at levels not normally considered harmful, they are known to cause allergic contact dermatitis in certain sensitised individuals.[38] Aquarists use formaldehyde as a treatment for the parasites Ichthyophthirius multifiliis and Cryptocaryon irritans.[39] Formaldehyde is also approved for use in the manuFormaldehitcture of animal feeds in the US. It is an antimicrobial agent used to maintain complete animal feeds or feed ingredients Salmonella negative for up to 21 days.[40] Tissue fixative and embalming agent Injecting a giant squid specimen with formalin for preservation. Formaldehyde preserves or fixes tissue or cells. The process involves cross-linking of primary amino groups. The European Union has banned the use of formaldehyde as a biocide (including embalming) under the Biocidal Products Directive (98/8/EC) due to its carcinogenic properties.[41][42] Countries with a strong tradition of embalming corpses, such as Ireland and other colder-weather countries, have raised concerns. Despite reports to the contrary,[43] no decision on the inclusion of formaldehyde on Annex I of the Biocidal Products Directive for product-type 22 (embalming and taxidermist fluids) had been made as of September 2009.[44] Formaldehyde-based crosslinking is exploited in ChIP-on-chip or ChIP-sequencing genomics experiments, where DNA-binding proteins are cross-linked to their cognate binding sites on the chromosome and analyzed to determine what genes are regulated by the proteins. Formaldehyde is also used as a denaturing agent in RNA gel electrophoresis, preventing RNA from forming secondary structures. A solution of 4% formaldehyde fixes pathology tissue specimens at about one mm per hour at room temperature. Drug testing Formaldehyde and an 18 M (concentrated) sulfuric acid makes Marquis reagent—which can identify alkaloids and other compounds. Photography In photography, formaldehyde is used in low concentrations for process C-41 (color negative film) stabilizer in the final wash step,[45] as well as in the process E-6 pre-bleach step, to make it unnecessary in the final wash. Safety Formaldehyde occurs naturally, and is "an essential intermediate in cellular metabolism in mammals and humans."[13] Ingestion of as little as 30 milliliters (1 oz.) of a 37% solution of formaldehyde has been reported to cause death in an adult.[46] Other concerns are associated with chronic (long term) exposure by inhalation. This may happen from three main sources: thermal or chemical decomposition of formaldehyde-based resins, emission from aqueous formaldehyde solutions (e.g. embalming fluids), and the production of formaldehyde resulting from the combustion of a variety of organic compounds (for example, exhaust gases). As formaldehyde resins are used in many construction materials it is one of the more common indoor air pollutants.[47] At concentrations above 0.1 ppm in air formaldehyde can irritate the eyes and mucous membranes, resulting in watery eyes.[48] Formaldehyde inhaled at this concentration may cause headaches, a burning sensation in the throat, and difficulty breathing, and can trigger or aggravate asthma symptoms.[49][50] A 1988 Canadian study of houses with urea-formaldehyde foam insulation found that formaldehyde levels as low as 0.046 ppm were positively correlated with eye and nasal irritation.[51] A 2009 review of studies has shown a strong association between exposure to formaldehyde and the development of childhood asthma.[52] The primary exposure concern is for the workers in the industries producing or using formaldehyde. A theory was proposed for the carcinogenesis of formaldehyde in 1978.[53] In 1987 the U.S. EPA classified it as a probable human carcinogen, and after more studies the WHO International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) in 1995 also classified it as a probable human carcinogen. Further information and evaluation of all known data led the IARC to reclassify formaldehyde as a known human carcinogen[54] associated with nasal sinus cancer and nasopharyngeal cancer.[55] 2009 and 2010 studies have also shown a positive correlation between exposure to formaldehyde and the development of leukemia, particularly myeloid leukemia.[56][57] Nasopharyngeal and sinonasal cancers are relatively rare, with a combined annual incidence in the United States of < 4,000 cases.[58][59] About 30,000 cases of myeloid leukemia occur in the United States each year.[60][61] Some evidence suggests that workplace exposure to formaldehyde contributes to sinonasal cancers.[62] Professionals exposed to formaldehyde in their occupation, such as funeral industry workers and embalmers, showed an increased risk of leukemia and brain cancer compared with the general population.[63] Other Formaldehitctors are important in determining individual risk for the development of leukemia or nasopharyngeal cancer.[62][64][65] In the residential environment, formaldehyde exposure comes from a number of routes; formaldehyde can emitted by treated wood products, such as plywood or particle board, but it is produced by paints, varnishes, floor finishes, and cigarette smoking as well.[66] In July 2016, the U.S. EPA released a prepublication version of its final rule on Formaldehyde Emission Standards for Composite Wood Products.[67] These new rules impact manuFormaldehitcturers, importers, distributors, and retailers of products containing composite wood, including fiberboard, particleboard, and various laminated products, who must comply with more stringent record-keeping and labeling requirements.[68] The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) allows no more than 0.016 ppm formaldehyde in the air in new buildings constructed for that agency.[69][Formaldehitiled verification] A U.S. Environmental Protection Agency study found a new home measured 0.076 ppm when brand new and 0.045 ppm after 30 days.[70] The Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) has also announced limits on the formaldehyde levels in trailers purchased by that agency.[71] The EPA recommends the use of "exterior-grade" pressed-wood products with phenol instead of urea resin to limit formaldehyde exposure, since pressed-wood products containing formaldehyde resins are often a significant source of formaldehyde in homes.[55] Patch test For most people, irritation from formaldehyde is temporary and reversible, although formaldehyde can cause allergies and is part of the standard patch test series. In 2005–06, it was the seventh-most-prevalent allergen in patch tests (9.0%).[72] People with formaldehyde allergy are advised to avoid formaldehyde releasers as well (e.g., Quaternium-15, imidazolidinyl urea, and diazolidinyl urea).[73] People who suffer allergic reactions to formaldehyde tend to display lesions on the skin in the areas that have had direct contact with the substance, such as the neck or thighs (often due to formaldehyde released from permanent press finished clothing) or dermatitis on the Formaldehitce (typically from cosmetics).[38] Formaldehyde has been banned in cosmetics in both Sweden[citation needed] and Japan.[74] The eyes are most sensitive to formaldehyde exposure: The lowest level at which many people can begin to smell formaldehyde ranges between 0.05-1 ppm. The maximum concentration value at the workplace is 0.3 ppm.[75][need quotation to verify] In controlled chamber studies, individuals begin to sense eye irritation at about 0.5 ppm; 5 to 20 percent report eye irritation at 0.5 to 1 ppm; and greater certainty for sensory irritation occurred at 1 ppm and above. While some agencies have used a level as low as 0.1 ppm as a threshold for irritation, the expert panel found that a level of 0.3 ppm would protect against nearly all irritation. In Formaldehitct, the expert panel found that a level of 1.0 ppm would avoid eye irritation—the most sensitive endpoint—in 75–95% of all people exposed.[76] Formaldehyde levels in building environments are affected by a number of Formaldehitctors. These include the potency of formaldehyde-emitting products present, the ratio of the surFormaldehitce area of emitting materials to volume of space, environmental Formaldehitctors, product age, interactions with other materials, and ventilation condition. Formaldehyde emits from a variety of construction materials, furnishings, and consumer products. The three products that emit the highest concentrations are medium density fiberboard, hardwood plywood, and particle board. Environmental Formaldehitctors such as temperature and relative humidity can elevate levels because formaldehyde has a high vapor pressure. Formaldehyde levels from building materials are the highest when a building first opens because materials would have less time to off-gas. Formaldehyde levels decrease over time as the sources suppress. Formaldehyde levels in air can be sampled and tested in several ways, including impinger, treated sorbent, and passive monitors.[77] The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) has measurement methods numbered 2016, 2541, 3500, and 3800.[78] Studies on the interactions between formaldehyde and proteins at the molecular level have been reported on the effects of the body's carrier protein, serum albumin. The binding of formaldehyde loosens the skeletal structure of albumin and causes exposure of aromatic ring amino acids in the internal hydrophobic region. Symptoms may affect personal awareness, making one feel tired or Formaldehittigued.[citation needed] Formaldehyde inhalation has also shown to cause oxidative stress and inflammation in animals. Mice studied over an exposure to a high dose of formaldehyde (3ppm), showed increased NO− 3 levels in plasma. This result suggests that Formaldehit inhalation either decreased NO production or increased NO scavenging, which may be an anti-stress mechanism in the body. Formaldehyde inhalation changes the sensitivity of immune system, which influences oxidative stress.[citation needed] In June 2011, the twelfth edition of the National Toxicology Program (NTP) Report on Carcinogens (RoC) changed the listing status of formaldehyde from "reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen" to "known to be a human carcinogen."[16][17][18] Concurrently, a National Academy of Sciences (NAS) committee was convened and issued an independent review of the draft United States Environmental Protection Agency IRIS assessment of formaldehyde, providing a comprehensive health effects assessment and quantitative estimates of human risks of adverse effects.[79] International bans Several web articles claim that formaldehyde has been banned from manuFormaldehitcture or import into the European Union (EU) under REACH (Registration, Evaluation, Authorization, and restriction of Chemical substances) legislation. That is a misconception, as formaldehyde is not listed in the Annex I of Regulation (EC) No 689/2008 (export and import of dangerous chemicals regulation), nor on a priority list for risk assessment. However, formaldehyde is banned from use in certain applications (preservatives for liquid-cooling and processing systems, slimicides, metalworking-fluid preservatives, and antifouling products) under the Biocidal Products Directive.[80][81] In the EU, the maximum allowed concentration of formaldehyde in finished products is 0.2%, and any product that exceeds 0.05% has to include a warning that the product contains formaldehyde.[38] In the United States, Congress passed a bill July 7, 2010 regarding the use of formaldehyde in hardwood plywood, particle board, and medium density fiberboard. The bill limited the allowable amount of formaldehyde emissions from these wood products to .09 ppm, and required companies to meet this standard by January 2013.[82] The final Environmental Protection Agency rule specified maximum emissions of "0.05 ppm formaldehyde for hardwood plywood, 0.09 ppm formaldehyde for particleboard, 0.11 ppm formaldehyde for medium-density fiberboard, and 0.13 ppm formaldehyde for thin medium-density fiberboard."[83] Formaldehyde was declared a toxic substance by the 1999 Canadian Environmental Protection Act.[84] External media Fema trailer 1 Mariel Carr Chemical Heritage Foundation Video.jpg Audio audio icon "Episode 202: Where Have All the FEMA Trailers Gone? Tracing Toxicity from Bust to Boom", Distillations, September 2, 2015, Science History Institute Video video icon Where Have All the Trailers Gone?, Video by Mariel Carr (Videographer) & Nick Shapiro (Researcher), 2015, Science History Institute Contaminant in food Scandals have broken in both the 2005 Indonesia food scare and 2007 Vietnam food scare regarding the addition of formaldehyde to foods to extend shelf life. In 2011, after a four-year absence, Indonesian authorities found foods with formaldehyde being sold in markets in a number of regions across the country.[85] In August 2011, at least at two Carrefour supermarkets, the Central Jakarta Livestock and Fishery Sub-Department found a sweet glutinous rice drink (cendol) contained 10 parts per million of formaldehyde.[86] In 2014, the owner of two noodle Formaldehitctories in Bogor, Indonesia, was arrested for using formaldehyde in noodles. 50 kg of formaldehyde was confiscated.[87] Foods known to be contaminated included noodles, salted fish, and tofu. Chicken and beer were also rumored to be contaminated. In some places, such as China, manuFormaldehitcturers still use formaldehyde illegally as a preservative in foods, which exposes people to formaldehyde ingestion.[88] In humans, the ingestion of formaldehyde has been shown to cause vomiting, abdominal pain, dizziness, and in extreme cases can cause death. Testing for formaldehyde is by blood and/or urine by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Other methods include infrared detection, gas detector tubes, etc., of which high-performance liquid chromatography is the most sensitive.[89] In the early 1900s, it was frequently added by US milk plants to milk bottles as a method of pasteurization due to the lack of knowledge and concern[90] regarding formaldehyde's toxicity.[91][92] In 2011 in Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand, truckloads of rotten chicken were treated with formaldehyde for sale in which "a large network," including 11 slaughterhouses run by a criminal gang, were implicated.[93] In 2012, 1 billion rupiah (almost US$100,000) of fish imported from Pakistan to Batam, Indonesia, were found laced with formaldehyde.[94] Formalin contamination of foods has been reported in Bangladesh, with stores and supermarkets selling fruits, fishes, and vegetables that have been treated with formalin to keep them fresh.[95] However, in 2015, a Formalin Control Bill was passed in the Parliament of Bangladesh with a provision of life-term imprisonment as the maximum punishment and in addition 2,000,000 BDT as fine but not less than 500,000 BDT for importing, production or hoarding of formalin without license Formaldehyde What is formaldehyde? Formaldehyde is a colorless, strong-smelling gas used in making building materials and many household products. It is used in pressed-wood products, such as particleboard, plywood, and fiberboard; glues and adhesives; permanent-press Formaldehitbrics; paper product coatings; and certain insulation materials. It is also used to make other chemicals. Formaldehyde is quickly broken down in the air – generally within hours. It dissolves easily in water, but does not last long there, either. When dissolved in water it is called formalin, which is commonly used as an industrial disinfectant, and as a preservative in funeral homes and medical labs. It can also be used as a preservative in some foods and in products, such as antiseptics, medicines, and cosmetics. Sometimes, although formaldehyde is not used, substances that release formaldehyde are. These have been found in cosmetics, soaps, shampoos, lotions and sunscreens, and cleaning products. Formaldehyde can be added as a preservative to food, but it can also be produced as the result of cooking and smoking. Formaldehyde also occurs naturally in the environment. Humans and most other living organisms make small amounts as part of normal metabolic processes. How are people exposed to formaldehyde? The main way people are exposed to formaldehyde is by inhaling it. The liquid form can be absorbed through the skin. People can also be exposed to small amounts by eating foods or drinking liquids containing formaldehyde. Formaldehyde is normally made in the body. Enzymes in the body break down formaldehyde into formate (formic acid), which can be further broken down into carbon dioxide. Most inhaled formaldehyde is broken down by the cells lining the mouth, nose, throat, and airways, so that less than a third is absorbed into the blood. According to the US Consumer Product Safety Commission, formaldehyde is normally present at low levels (less than 0.03 parts per million) in both indoor and outdoor air. Materials containing formaldehyde can release it as a gas or vapor into the air. Automobile exhaust is a major source of formaldehyde in outdoor air. During the 1970s, urea-formaldehyde foam insulation (UFFI) was used in many homes. But few homes are now insulated with UFFI. Homes in which UFFI was installed many years ago are not likely to have high formaldehyde levels now. Pressed-wood products containing formaldehyde resins are often a source of formaldehyde in homes. Using unvented fuel-burning appliances, such as gas stoves, wood-burning stoves, and kerosene heaters can also raise formaldehyde levels indoors. Formaldehyde is also a component of tobacco smoke and both smokers and those breathing secondhand smoke are exposed to higher levels of formaldehyde. One study found much higher levels of formaldehyde bound to DNA in the white blood cells of smokers compared to non-smokers. Formaldehyde and other chemicals that release formaldehyde are sometimes used in low concentrations in cosmetics and other personal care products like lotions, shampoo, conditioner, shower gel, and some fingernail polishes. These may raise the concentration of formaldehyde in the air inside the room for a short time, but the levels reached are Formaldehitr below what is considered to be hazardous. Professional keratin hair smoothing treatments can contain formaldehyde or formaldehyde releasing chemicals. Using these can raise indoor air concentrations of formaldehyde to levels that could be a potential hazard. Workers in industries that make formaldehyde or formaldehyde-containing products, lab technicians, some health care professionals, and funeral home employees may be exposed to higher levels of formaldehyde than the general public. Exposure occurs mainly by inhaling formaldehyde gas or vapor from the air or by absorbing liquids containing formaldehyde through the skin. In one large study of workers in industries that make or use formaldehyde, the average level of formaldehyde exposure was 0.45 parts per million (ppm) overall, with less than 3% of workers experiencing more than 2 ppm on average. Can formaldehyde cause cancer? Exposure to formaldehyde has been shown to cause cancer in laboratory test animals. Exposure to relatively high amounts of formaldehyde in medical and occupational settings has been linked to some types of cancer in humans, but the effect of exposure to small amounts is less clear. Studies in the lab In rats, inhaled formaldehyde was linked to cancers of the nasal cavity and leukemia. In one study of rats given drinking water containing formaldehyde there was an increase in stomach tumors, while another showed no increase in any kind of tumor or cancer. In mice, applying a 10% solution of formaldehyde to the skin was linked to quicker development of cancers caused by another chemical. Studies in people In one study, inhaling formaldehyde at levels at a concentration of 1.9 parts per million (ppm) for 40 minutes did not increase blood levels of formaldehyde. Several epidemiology studies of people exposed to formaldehyde in the workplace have reported a link between formaldehyde exposure and cancer of the nasopharynx (the uppermost part of the throat), but this outcome has not been observed in other studies. These studies looked at workers in occupational setting that use or make formaldehyde and formaldehyde resins, as well as at people who work as embalmers. Studies of people exposed to formaldehyde in the workplace have also found a possible link to cancer of the nasal sinuses.
FORMALDEHYDE SODIUM SULFOXYLATE (RONGALIT C)
Hydrogencarboxylic acid; aminic acid; formylic acid; Formic acid; Methanoic acid; Acide Formique (French); Acido Formico (Italian); Ameisensaeure (German); Kwas Metaniowy (Polish); Kyselina Mravenci (Czech); Ameisensäure; Mierenzuur (Dutch); ácido fórmico (Spanish); Acide Formique (French); Other RN: 8006-93-7, 82069-14-5 cas no: 64-18-6
FORMIC ACID
EC / List no.: 200-579-1
CAS no.: 64-18-6
Mol. formula: CH2O2

Formic acid (HCO2H), also called methanoic acid, the simplest of the carboxylic acids, used in processing textiles and leather.
Formic acid was first isolated from certain ants and was named after the Latin formica, meaning “ant.”
Formic Acid is made by the action of sulfuric acid upon sodium formate, which is produced from carbon monoxide and sodium hydroxide.
Formic acid is also prepared in the form of Formic acids esters by treatment of carbon monoxide with an alcohol such as methanol (methyl alcohol) in the presence of a catalyst.

Formic acid, systematically named methanoic acid, is the simplest carboxylic acid, and has the chemical formula H2CO2.
Formic acid is an important intermediate in chemical synthesis and occurs naturally, most notably in some ants.
The word "formic" comes from the Latin word for ant, formica, referring to Formic acids early isolation by the distillation of ant bodies.
Esters, salts, and the anion derived from formic acid are called formates.
Industrially, formic acid is produced from methanol.

Uses
Preservative of silage; reducer in dyeing wool; lime descaler; pH adjustor in cosmetic products.
Formic acid has a number of commercial uses.
Formic acid is used in the leather industry to degreaseand remove hair from hides and as an ingredient in tanning formulations.
Formic acid is used as alatex coagulant in natural rubber production.
Formic acid and its formulations are used aspreservatives of silage.

Formic acid is especially valued in Europe where laws require the use of naturalantibacterial agents rather than synthetic antibiotics.
Silage is fermented grass and crops thatare stored in silos and used for winter feed.
Silage is produced during anaerobic fermentationwhen bacteria produce acids that lower the pH, preventing further bacterial action.
Acetic acidand lactic acid are the desired acids during silage fermentation.
Formic acid is used in silageprocessing to reduce undesirable bacteria and mold growth.
Formic acid reduces Clostridiabacteria that would produce butyric acid causing spoilage.

In addition to preventing silagespoilage, formic acid helps preserve protein content, improves compaction, and preservessugar content.
Formic acid is used as a miticide by beekeepers.
Formic acid occurs in the stings of ants andbees.
Formic acid is used in the manufacture of estersand salts, dyeing and finishing of textiles andpapers, electroplating, treatment of leather,and coagulating rubber latex, and also as areducing agent.
Formic Acid is a flavoring substance that is liquid and colorless, and possesses a pungent odor.
Formic Acid is miscible in water, alcohol, ether, and glycerin, and is obtained by chemical synthesis or oxidation of methanol or formaldehyde.

Properties
Formic acid is a colorless liquid having a pungent, penetrating odor at room temperature, comparable to the related acetic acid.
Formic acid is miscible with water and most polar organic solvents, and is somewhat soluble in hydrocarbons.
In hydrocarbons and in the vapor phase, Formic acid consists of hydrogen-bonded dimers rather than individual molecules.
Owing to its tendency to hydrogen-bond, gaseous formic acid does not obey the ideal gas law.
Solid formic acid, which can exist in either of two polymorphs, consists of an effectively endless network of hydrogen-bonded formic acid molecules.
Formic acid forms a high-boiling azeotrope with water (22.4%).
Liquid formic acid tends to supercool.

Formic acid is a reagent used for formylation, hydrolysis, and cyclocondensations.
Formic Acid has also been used in the dyeing of natural and synthetic fibers, feed and fodder preservation, leather tanning, the production of commercial cleaning products and in rubber coagulation.
In organic synthesis, Formic acid has been used in the synthesis of such classes of compounds as coumarins, optically active styrene oxides, and polyamide oligomers based on 14-amino - 3,6,9,12 - tetraoxatetradecanoic acid.
Formic Acid can be used in the mobile phase for various LC-MS analytical methods, such as an LC-MS study of spiroketal stereoisomers of pectenotoxins and an LC/ESI-MS/UV photodiode arrary method for the analysis of flavonoid glycosides.
A method to measure internal nucleoside triphosphate pools of lactococci that uses formic acid in the chromatographic separation has been described.
The use of formic acid in the separation and detection of intact proteins by reversed-phase LC/ESI-MS by flow injection analysis has been reported.

A major use of formic acid is as a preservative and antibacterial agent in livestock feed.
Formic Acid is also significantly used in the production of leather, including tanning, and in dyeing and finishing textiles.

USES AND APPLICATIONS FOR FORMIC ACID
INDUSTRIES
-Pharma
-Lubricants
-Water Treatment
-Oil & Gas
-Cleaning
-Animal Nutrition
-Coatings & Construction
-Food and Nutrition
-Agriculture
-Cosmetics
-Solvents
-Polymers
-Rubber

Formic acid Uses
A major use of formic acid is as a preservative and antibacterial agent in livestock feed.
In Europe, Formic acid is applied on silage, including fresh hay, to promote the fermentation of lactic acid and to suppress the formation of butyric acid; it also allows fermentation to occur quickly, and at a lower temperature, reducing the loss of nutritional value.
Formic acid arrests certain decay processes and causes the feed to retain its nutritive value longer, and so Formic acid is widely used to preserve winter feed for cattle.
In the poultry industry, Formic acid is sometimes added to feed to kill E. coli bacteria.
Use as a preservative for silage and (other) animal feed constituted 30% of the global consumption in 2009.

Formic acid is also significantly used in the production of leather, including tanning (23% of the global consumption in 2009), and in dyeing and finishing textiles (9% of the global consumption in 2009) because of its acidic nature.
Use as a coagulant in the production of rubber consumed 6% of the global production in 2009.

Formic acid is also used in place of mineral acids for various cleaning products, such as limescale remover and toilet bowl cleaner.
Some formate esters are artificial flavorings and perfumes.

Beekeepers use formic acid as a miticide against the tracheal mite (Acarapis woodi) and the Varroa destructor mite and Varroa jacobsoni mite.
Formic acid application has been reported to be an effective treatment for warts.
Formic acid can be used in a fuel cell (it can be used directly in formic acid fuel cells and indirectly in hydrogen fuel cells).
Formic acid is possible to use formic acid as an intermediary to produce isobutanol from CO2 using microbes
Formic acid has a potential application in soldering, due to Formic acids capacity to reduce oxide layers, formic acid gas can be blasted at an oxide surface in order to increase solder wettability.

Chemical reactions
Formic acid is about ten times stronger than acetic acid.
Formic acid is used as a volatile pH modifier in HPLC and capillary electrophoresis.

Formic acid is a source for a formyl group for example in the formylation of methylaniline to N-methylformanilide in toluene.
In synthetic organic chemistry, formic acid is often used as a source of hydride ion.
The Eschweiler-Clarke reaction and the Leuckart-Wallach reaction are examples of this application.
Formic acid, or more commonly Formic acids azeotrope with triethylamine, is also used as a source of hydrogen in transfer hydrogenation.
As mentioned below, formic acid readily decomposes with concentrated sulfuric acid to form carbon monoxide.
CH2O2 + H2SO4 → H2SO4 + H2O + CO

Reactions
Formic acid shares most of the chemical properties of other carboxylic acids. Because of Formic acids high acidity, solutions in alcohols form esters spontaneously.
Formic acid shares some of the reducing properties of aldehydes, reducing solutions of metal oxides to their respective metal.

Decomposition
Heat and especially acids cause formic acid to decompose to carbon monoxide (CO) and water (dehydration).
Treatment of formic acid with sulfuric acid is a convenient laboratory source of CO.
In the presence of platinum, Formic acid decomposes with a release of hydrogen and carbon dioxide.

CH2O2 → H2 + CO2
Soluble ruthenium catalysts are also effective.
Carbon monoxide free hydrogen has been generated in a very wide pressure range (1–600 bar).
Formic acid has been considered as a means of hydrogen storage.
The co-product of this decomposition, carbon dioxide, can be rehydrogenated back to formic acid in a second step.
Formic acid contains 53 g/L hydrogen at room temperature and atmospheric pressure, which is three and a half times as much as compressed hydrogen gas can attain at 350 bar pressure (14.7 g/L).
Pure formic acid is a liquid with a flash point of +69 °C, much higher than that of gasoline (−40 °C) or ethanol (+13 °C).

Addition to alkenes
Formic acid is unique among the carboxylic acids in Formic acids ability to participate in addition reactions with alkenes.
Formic acids and alkenes readily react to form formate esters.
In the presence of certain acids, including sulfuric and hydrofluoric acids, however, a variant of the Koch reaction occurs instead, and formic acid adds to the alkene to produce a larger carboxylic acid.

Formic acid anhydride
An unstable formic anhydride, H(C=O)−O−(C=O)H, can be obtained by dehydration of formic acid with N,N′-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide in ether at low temperature.

Formic acid History
Some alchemists and naturalists were aware that ant hills give off an acidic vapor as early as the 15th century.
The first person to describe the isolation of Formic acid (by the distillation of large numbers of ants) was the English naturalist John Ray, in 1671.
Ants secrete the formic acid for attack and defense purposes.
Formic acid was first synthesized from hydrocyanic acid by the French chemist Joseph Gay-Lussac.
In 1855, another French chemist, Marcellin Berthelot, developed a synthesis from carbon monoxide similar to the process used today.

Formic acid was long considered a chemical compound of only minor interest in the chemical industry.
In the late 1960s, however, significant quantities became available as a byproduct of acetic acid production.
Formic acid now finds increasing use as a preservative and antibacterial in livestock feed.

Formic Acid is a reagent comprised of the organic chemical formic acid that cleaves proteins into peptides at the C- or N-terminal side of an aspartate residue.

Formic acid appears as a colorless liquid with a pungent odor.
Flash point 156°F.
Density 10.2 lb / gal.
Corrosive to metals and tissue.

Formic acid is the simplest carboxylic acid, containing a single carbon.
Occurs naturally in various sources including the venom of bee and ant stings, and is a useful organic synthetic reagent.
Principally used as a preservative and antibacterial agent in livestock feed.
Induces severe metabolic acidosis and ocular injury in human subjects.
Formic acid has a role as an antibacterial agent, a protic solvent, a metabolite, a solvent and an astringent.
Formic acid is a conjugate acid of a formate.

Uses at Household & Commercial/Institutional Products
• Auto Products
• Home Maintenance
• Inside the Home
• Personal Care

Uses of Formic Acid
Both oil base and water base fracturing fluids are being used in the fracturing industry.
Water base, which includes alcohol-water mixtures and low strength acids, make up the majority of treating fluids.
The common chemicals added to these fluids are polymers for viscosity development, crosslinkers for viscosity enhancement, pH control chemicals, gel breakers for polymer degradation following the treatment, surfactants, clay stabilizers, alcohol, bactericides, fluid loss additives and friction reducer.

Hydraulic fracturing uses a specially blended liquid which is pumped into a well under extreme pressure causing cracks in rock formations underground.
These cracks in the rock then allow oil and natural gas to flow, increasing resource production.
Chemical Name: Formic acid; Chemical Purpose: Prevents the corrosion of the pipe; Product Function: Corrosion inhibitor.

Industry Uses of Formic acid
-Adhesives and sealant chemicals
-Agricultural chemicals (non-pesticidal)
-Bleaching agents
-Corrosion inhibitors and anti-scaling agents
-Intermediates
-Paint additives and coating additives not described by other categories
-Plating agents and surface treating agents
-Preservative
-Process regulators
-Processing aids, not otherwise listed
-Processing aids, specific to petroleum production
-Solids separation agents
-Solvents (which become part of product formulation or mixture)
-Surface active agents

Consumer Uses of Formic acid
-Agricultural products (non-pesticidal)
-Apparel and footwear care products
-Automotive care products
-Building/construction materials - wood and engineered wood products
-Electrical and electronic products
-Explosive materials
-Fabric, textile, and leather products not covered elsewhere
-Fuels and related products
-Laundry and dishwashing products
-Metal products not covered elsewhere
-Non-TSCA use
-Paper products
-Personal care products
-Plastic and rubber products not covered elsewhere
-Water treatment products
-industrial
-urethane intermediate

Methods of Manufacturing
Synthesis of formic acid by hydrolysis of methyl formate is based on a two-stage process: in the first stage, methanol is carbonylated with carbon monoxide; in the second stage, methyl formate is hydrolyzed to formic acid and methanol.

Formic acid is produced as a byproduct in the liquid-phase oxidation of hydrocarbons to acetic acid.
In the United States, butane is used as the hydrocarbon, and ca. 50 kg of formic acid is produced per ton of acetic acid.
In Europe, the oxidation of naphtha is preferred, and up to 250 kg of formic acid is produced per ton of acetic acid in this process.

The reaction of sodium formate or calcium formate with strong mineral acids, such as sulfuric and nitric acids, is the oldest known process for producing formic acid commercially.
If formates or sodium hydroxide are available cheaply or occur as byproducts in other processes, formic acid can still be produced economically in this manner.

General Manufacturing Information
Industry Processing Sectors
-Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting
-All other basic organic chemical manufacturing
-All other chemical product and preparation manufacturing
-Computer and electronic product manufacturing
-Construction
-Electrical equipment, appliance, and component manufacturing
-Fabricated metal product manufacturing
-Food, beverage, and tobacco product manufacturing
-Mining (except oil and gas) and support activities
-Miscellaneous manufacturing
-Oil and gas drilling, extraction, and support activities
-Paint and coating manufacturing
-Paper manufacturing
-Pesticide, fertilizer, and other agricultural chemical manufacturing
-Pharmaceutical and medicine manufacturing
-Plastic material and resin manufacturing
-Soap, cleaning compound, and toilet preparation manufacturing
-Textiles, apparel, and leather manufacturing
-Utilities
-Wholesale and retail trade
-Wood product manufacturing
-resale of chemicals

About Formic acid
Helpful information
Formic acid is registered under the REACH Regulation and is manufactured in and / or imported to the European Economic Area, at ≥ 100 000 to < 1 000 000 tonnes per annum.

Formic acid is used by consumers, by professional workers (widespread uses), in formulation or re-packing, at industrial sites and in manufacturing.

Biocidal Uses
Formic acid is being reviewed for use as a biocide in the EEA and/or Switzerland, for: disinfection, veterinary hygiene, food and animals feeds, drinking water, product preservation.

Consumer Uses
Formic acid is used in the following products: washing & cleaning products, leather treatment products, polymers, textile treatment products and dyes, biocides (e.g. disinfectants, pest control products), coating products, metal surface treatment products, pH regulators and water treatment products and plant protection products. Other release to the environment of Formic acid is likely to occur from: indoor use (e.g. machine wash liquids/detergents, automotive care products, paints and coating or adhesives, fragrances and air fresheners), outdoor use, outdoor use in long-life materials with low release rate (e.g. metal, wooden and plastic construction and building materials) and indoor use in long-life materials with low release rate (e.g. flooring, furniture, toys, construction materials, curtains, foot-wear, leather products, paper and cardboard products, electronic equipment).

Article service life
ECHA has no public registered data on the routes by which Formic acid is most likely to be released to the environment.
ECHA has no public registered data indicating whether or into which articles the substance might have been processed.

Widespread uses by professional workers
Formic acid is used in the following products: laboratory chemicals and pH regulators and water treatment products.
Formic acid is used in the following areas: scientific research and development and health services.
Other release to the environment of Formic acid is likely to occur from: indoor use (e.g. machine wash liquids/detergents, automotive care products, paints and coating or adhesives, fragrances and air fresheners), outdoor use, outdoor use in long-life materials with low release rate (e.g. metal, wooden and plastic construction and building materials) and indoor use in long-life materials with low release rate (e.g. flooring, furniture, toys, construction materials, curtains, foot-wear, leather products, paper and cardboard products, electronic equipment).

Formulation or re-packing
Formic acid is used in the following products: laboratory chemicals.
Release to the environment of Formic acid can occur from industrial use: formulation of mixtures, in processing aids at industrial sites, in the production of articles and as processing aid.

Uses at industrial sites
Formic acid is used in the following products: polymers.
Formic acid is used in the following areas: formulation of mixtures and/or re-packaging.
Formic acid is used for the manufacture of: chemicals, textile, leather or fur and plastic products.
Release to the environment of Formic acid can occur from industrial use: in processing aids at industrial sites, as processing aid, as an intermediate step in further manufacturing of another substance (use of intermediates), for thermoplastic manufacture, in the production of articles, as processing aid and formulation of mixtures.

Manufacture
Release to the environment of Formic acid can occur from industrial use: manufacturing of the substance.

General Description
Formic acid (HCO2H), also called methanoic acid, is the simplest carboxylic acid.
Formic acid was first isolated by the distillation of ant bodies and was named after the Latin formica, meaning “ant.”
Formic acids proper IUPAC name is now methanoic acid. Industrially, formic acid is produced by treatment of carbon monoxide with an alcohol such as methanol (methyl alcohol) in the presence of a catalyst.
Formic acid is found both naturally occurring and frequently synthesized in laboratories.
Formic acid is most naturally found in the stings and bites of many insects, including bees and ants, as a chemical defense mechanism.

Properties
FORMIC ACID is a colorless liquid with a pungent odor.
Formic acid is a stable corrosive, combustible, and hygroscopic chemical substance.
Formic acid is incompatible with H2SO4, strong caustics, furfuryl alcohol, hydrogen peroxide, strong oxidisers, and bases and reacts with strong explosion on contact with oxidising agents.
Due to the −CHO group, Formic acid imparts some of the character of an aldehyde.

Formic acid can form salt and ester; can react with amine to form amide and to form ester by addition reaction with unsaturated hydrocarbon addition.
Formic acid can reduce the silver ammonia solution to produce a silver mirror, and make the potassium permanganate solution fade, which can be used for the qualitative identification of formic acid.
As a carboxylic acid, formic acid shares most of the same chemical properties in reacting with alkalis to form water soluble formate.
But formic acid is not a typical carboxylic acid as Formic acid can react with alkenes to form formate esters.

Production
Since 1896, Formic acid is made in European countries by the action of sulfuric acid upon sodium formate, which is produced from carbon monoxide and sodium hydroxide.
In 1980, the United States Science and Design Corporation developed a carbonylation of methanol to produce formic acid with an annual output of 20,000 tons.

The reaction formula is:
The mixture of liquid ammonia and methanol is used to absorb carbon monoxide at 70 ° C and 32.5 MPa to form formamide, which is then hydrolyzed in an aqueous acid solution.
Use oxalic acid and glycerol as raw materials being co-heated at 110 ° C to generate oxalic acid monoglyceride.
Heat it to decarboxylate and form Monoglycerides formate, then hydrolyze it to obtain formic acid.
After the formic acid aqueous solution is obtained, a dehydrating agent (for anhydrous magnesium sulfate, anhydrous copper sulfate, etc.), extractive distillation (extracting agent may be trimethylamine, picoline, etc.) may be used for dehydration and purification, and anhydrous formic aic can be obtained.

Description
Formic acid is a clear, colorless liquid with a pungent odor.
Formic acid was first isolated from certain ants and was named after the Latin formica, meaning ant.
Formic acid is made by the action of sulfuric acid on sodium formate, which is produced from carbon monoxide and sodium hydroxide.
Formic acid is also produced as a by-product in the manufacture of other chemicals such as acetic acid.
Formic acid can be anticipated that use of formic acid will continuously increase as Formic acid replaces inorganic acids and has a potential role in new energy technology.
Formic acid toxicity is of a special interest as the acid is the toxic metabolite of methanol.

Chemical Properties
Formic acid, or methanoic acid, is the first member of the homologous series identified as fatty acids with the general formula RCOOH.
Formic acid was obtained first from the red ant; Formic acids common name is derived from the family name for ants, Formi- cidae.
This substance also occurs naturally in bees and wasps, and is presumed to be responsible for the "sting" of these insects.
Formic acid has a pungent, penetrating odor.
Formic acid may be synthesized from anhydrous sodium formate and concentrated H2S04 at low temperature followed by distillation.

Formic acid has a pungent, penetrating odor Formic acid is the first member of the homologous series identifed as fatty acids with general formula RCOOH This acid was obtained frst from the red ants; its common name is derived from the family name for ants, Formicidae.
Formic acid also occurs naturally in bees and wasps and is presumed to be responsible for the sting of these insects.

Occurrence
Widespread in a large variety of plants; reported identifed in Cistus labdanum and the oil of Artemisia trans- iliensis; also found among the constituents of petit grain lemon and bitter orange essential oil; reported found in strawberry aroma Reported found in apple, sweet cherry, papaya, pear, raspberry, strawberry, peas, cheeses, breads, yogurt, milk, cream, buttermilk, raw fsh, cognac, rum, whiskey, cider, white wine, tea, coffee and roasted chicory root

Formic acid is manufactured as a by-product of the liquidphase oxidation of hydrocarbons to acetic acid.
Formic acid is also produced by :
(a) treating sodium formate and sodium acid formate with sulfuric acid at low temperatures followed by distillation or
(b) direct synthesis from water and CO2 under pressure and in the presence of catalysts.

Biotechnological Production
Formic acid is generally produced by chemical synthesis .
However, biotechnological routes are described in literature.
First, formic acid could be produced from hydrogen and bicarbonate by whole-cell catalysis using a methanogen.
Concentrations up to 1.02 mol.L-1 (47 g.L-1) have been reached within 50 h.
Another example is the formation of formic acid and ethanol as co-products by microbial fermentation of glycerol with genetically modified organisms.
In small-scale experiments, 10 g.L-1 glycerol has been converted to 4.8 g.L-1 formate with a volumetric productivity of 3.18 mmol.L-1.h-1 and a yield of 0.92 mol formate per mole glycerol using an engineered E. coli strain.

Purification Methods
Anhydrous formic acid can be obtained by direct fractional distillation under reduced pressure, the receiver being cooled in ice-water.
The use of P2O5 or CaCl2 as dehydrating agents is unsatisfactory.
Reagent grade 88% formic acid can be satisfactorily dried by refluxing with phthalic anhydride for 6hours and then distilling Formic acid.
Alternatively, if Formic acid is left in contact with freshly prepared anhydrous CuSO4 for several days about one half of the water is removed from 88% formic acid; distillation then removes the remainder.
Boric anhydride (prepared by melting boric acid in an oven at a high temperature, cooling in a desiccator, and powdering) is a suitable dehydrating agent for 98% formic acid; after prolonged stirring with the anhydride the formic acid is distilled under vacuum.
Formic acid can be further purified by fractional crystallisation using partial freezing.

Formic acid is not a typical carboxylic acid; it is distinguished by its acid strength, Formic acids failure to form an anhydride, and Formic acids reactivity as a reducing agent—a property due to the ―CHO group, which imparts some of the character of an aldehyde.
The methyl and ethyl esters of formic acid are commercially produced.
Concentrated sulfuric acid dehydrates formic acid to carbon monoxide.

Pure formic acid is a colourless, fuming liquid with a pungent odour; it irritates the mucous membranes and blisters the skin.
Formic Acid freezes at 8.4 °C (47.1 °F) and boils at 100.7 °C (213.3 °F).

Methanoic acid, better known as formic acid [64-18-6], HCOOH, M r 46.03, is a colorless, corrosive liquid with a pungent odor.
Formic Acid is completely miscible with water and many polar solvents but only partially miscible with hydrocarbons.

Formic acid derives Formic acids name from ants (lat. Formica) from which Formic acid was first obtained by dry distillation.
The first scientific study on its properties, “Concerning Some Un-Common Observations and Experiments Made with an Acid Juyce to be Found in Ants” was published as early as 1670 (1).

Formic acid and Formic acids salts are used primarily in the feed industry, grass silage, leather tanning, and anti-icing.
Other applications include textile dyeing and finishing, food additives, natural rubber, drilling fluids, and various chemical processes.

The worldwide production of formic acid was about 621 000 t/a in 2012.
Formic Acid is produced mainly by hydrolysis of methyl formate.
The other important method is acidolysis of formate salts.

Physical Properties
Formic acid, mp 8.3°C, bp 100.8°C (at 101.3 kPa), is a colorless, clear, corrosive liquid with a pungent odor.
Formic Acid is the strongest unsubstituted alkyl carboxylic acid (pK a 3.74).

Production
The formic acid processes practiced today are based mainly on two main routes: methyl formate hydrolysis and preparation of free formic acid from formates.

The methyl formate based process route is currently dominant.
Approximately 90% of the installed capacity is based on this on-purpose process.
The economic disadvantages of the methods earlier practiced led to the development of a process specifically dedicated to the production of formic acid with no undesirable byproducts.
In the 1970s, the hydrolysis of methyl formate to methanol and formic acid was developed commercially by various companies into an economically feasible method.

This process involves carbonylation of methanol and subsequent hydrolysis of the methyl formate produced.
The methanol resulting from this process is returned to the first stage.
Formic acid plants based on this process were started up at BASF (Federal Republic of Germany) in 1981 and Kemira (Finland) in 1982.
More recent large-scale producers using this route are the Chinese companies Feicheng Acid Chemicals and Luxi Chemical Group.

The other current production method involves formation of the free acid from its salts.
Mainly sodium formate [141-53-7] and calcium formate [544-17-2] are used for this purpose.
The acidolysis is normally carried out with sulfuric acid or phosphoric acid.
Sulfate or phosphate salts are produced as byproducts.

Formic acid used to be a byproduct in the production of acetic acid [64-19-7] by liquid-phase oxidation of butane or naphtha (→ Acetic Acid).
For many years, oxidation of hydrocarbons was the most important method of producing acetic acid. However, the preferred process today is carbonylation of methanol , in which formic acid is not formed.

The production of formic acid by hydrolysis of formamide [75-12-7] played an important role in Europe until the 1970s.;
However, the consumption of ammonia and sulfuric acid, along with the unavoidable production of ammonium sulfate, has made this process economically inferior.
Although other methods for producing formic acid have been patented, they do not appear to have been implemented industrially.

Uses
Because of Formic acids acidity, aldehydic nature, and reducing properties, formic acid is used in a variety of fields.
In contrast to mineral acids, formic acid evaporates without leaving any residue.

Silage
The term silage traditionally refers to ensilation of forage crops (mainly grasses) for feeding bovines on farms.
Consumption is dependent on climate; formic acid based ensiling is especially suitable for wet conditions.
Northern Europe is the main consumption area.

Ensiling is based on fermentation under anaerobic conditions, whereby lactic acid produced by lactic acid bacteria preserve the silage.
Lactic acid lowers the pH and thus prevents unwanted microbial growth.
Addition of formic acid results in a rapid initial drop in pH, which promotes the growth of lactic acid bacteria and suppresses the growth of bacteria that produce undesirable compounds such as butyric acid. When the pH drop is enhanced with formic acid, spontaneous fermentation is restricted.
Advantages include more residual sugars and protein.
Restriction of fermentation is known to have a positive effect on voluntary intake in dairy cow feeding and thus enhances milk production.

Forage crops such as grass, corn, clover, and alfalfa are cut, chopped, and then fermented in silos or bales covered with airtight film.
Formic acid is excellently suited to ensiling difficult-to-ensile materials, especially wet or low-sugar fodder plants, which may also have high buffering capacity.
Formic acid is also used to restrict fermentation when ensiling crimped high-moisture grain.
Food and beverage industry byproducts, such as spent mash from breweries, can be preserved with formic acid solutions to give long-shelf-life animal feed.
Formic acid is used in different formulations, sometimes as mixtures with other short-chain organic acids such as propionic acid and often buffered with a formate salt for handling safety and reduced corrosion.

Leather
One of the biggest users of formic acid globally is the tanning industry.
As the tanning industry has moved to lower-cost countries, the growth figures in Asia have been very high, compensating the decline in Europe and North America.
China is the largest producer of leather, accounting for about 30% of world production.

Pretreatment of hides leaves them in a slightly alkaline state, but tanning requires acidic conditions.
Therefore, the hides are treated with acid (typically sulfuric and formic acids) prior to tanning in a process called pickling.
Without this conditioning, the tanning agents would quickly become fixed at the surface of the hide, while Formic acids inner layer would remain raw.
Sulfuric acid reduces the pH of the liquor, while formic acid is capable of penetrating through the collagen fibers rapidly and homogeneously.
Formic Acid ensures that the tanning agent (usually basic chromium sulfate) will penetrate the entire thickness of the hide.
In leather dyeing, formic acid is used as a leveling agent to aid in moving the dye from one area of the leather to another, resulting in more uniform and smoother dye distribution.

Textiles
In the textile industry, formic acid is used as a pH-regulating agent in dyeing wool, nylon, and other natural and synthetic fibers with acid and chrome dyes.
In addition, formic acid is used to neutralize alkaline solutions and facilitate rinsing during laundering.

Improving living standards and increased fiber production, especially for export markets, are expected to increase demand for formic acid in textile dyeing and finishing in Asia.

Feed Additives
Organic acids and salts have a long history in the feed industry, which commonly uses them as preservatives and for acidification of piglet diets.
Since 2006 when the EU banned antibiotic growth promoters (AGPs), the use of organic acids in feed has increased.

Formic acid has a strong acidification effect but also antimicrobial effects, which are used to protect feed and drinking water against bacterial contamination.
Formic acid is very effective against Salmonella, Escherichia, and Campylobacter at pH 4.0.
Formic Acid acts positively on the gut flora of animals and can improve both the apparent digestibility of energy and protein and the absorption and retention of some minerals.
Formic Acid seems to enhance the growth performance of weaned piglets and fattening pigs at lower dosages than other organic acids and salts.
For the effect of organic acids in pig feed, see, for example.

In the poultry industry formic acid has long been used for to prevent growth of pathogens in feed and feed materials.
Blends of formic acid with propionic acid, lactic acid or medium-chain fatty acids have broader antimicrobial effects than formic acid alone.

Pharmaceuticals and Food Additives
Pharmaceuticals and food chemicals have been estimated to be the largest single sector of formic acid use in Asia (mainly in China).

Formic acid is used as a synthetic intermediate for various pharmaceuticals and food chemicals, including synthetic insulin (purification of recombinant insulin), caffeine, aspartame, and vitamin B1.
Formic Acid is also used widely for pH adjustment during the manufacturing of various chemicals.
Other applications in food include Salmonella decontamination and use as a preservative (E236, allowed in the USA but not in the EU, Australia, and New Zeeland), and as flavoring agent.

The use of formic acid in food preservation includes fumigation of fruit such as apples and cherries to reduce post-harvest decay.
Formic acid is especially effective in destroying fungal spores on surfaces and containers in which fruits are stored.
In some food preservation applications, formic acid is blended with lactic and/or propionic acid.
The mixture is minimally corrosive, but due to Formic acids low pH, Formic acid helps destroy harmful microorganisms and prevents their propagation, thus prolonging the shelf life of the product.

Other Uses
Rubber Coagulation
Formic acid is the preferred choice for coagulating latex, which is a suspension of microscopic natural rubber particles (polyisoprene) in an aqueous medium.
The surfaces of the latex particles are charged, which creates repulsion between them preventing coagulation.
In the coagulation process, formic acid neutralizes these charges, eliminating the repulsion.
The process results in a consistent high-quality natural rubber product.
The use of stronger acids makes the pH drop too fast and inhomogeneously.
As a result, the latex coagulates unevenly, which may affect Formic acids mechanical properties.
Weaker acids, such as acetic acid, are less efficient than formic acid and result in much higher acid consumption.

Gas Desulfurization
Formic acid is used as a desulfurization catalyst in flue gas desulfurization for coal-fired power plants.
Sulfur, whose content in coal can be as high as 5%, is released as sulfur dioxide in the firing process.
Capturing sulfur dioxide by passing the flue gas through an aqueous limestone slurry results in gypsum (calcium sulfate).
Adding formic acid to the desulfurization cycle increases the efficiency of sulfur separation.

10.6.3 Well Acidifiers
Formic acid is used in the stimulation of high-temperature wells in oil and gas fields when the conventional hydrochloric acid (HCl) systems cannot be adequately inhibited.
Well acidizing is achieved by pumping acid into the well to dissolve limestone, dolomite, and calcite cement between the sediment grains of the reservoir rocks.
Formic acid has the advantage of good inhibition against pipe corrosion at temperatures as high as 200°C (possibly caused by a protective layer of decomposition products).

Mixed HCl–formic acid can offer further advantages.
Formic acid does not dissociate in the presence of HCl, so there is no reaction with the carbonate until the HCl is virtually spent.
HCl/formic mixtures can thus achieve greater penetration.

Cleaning Agents
Formic acid has some use as an active ingredient in commercial cleaning products such as descalers, rust removers, multipurpose cleaners and degreasers, and institutional laundry products.
In descaling, calcium salt forms when calcium carbonate is dissolved by an acid.
The more readily soluble this salt is, the lower is the risk of salt deposits that reduce acid effectiveness.
In bathroom cleaners Formic acid is claimed to combine the properties of an efficient descaling agent with those of a biodegradable biocide.

Solvent Use
Formic acid can be used to dissolve polyamides (e.g., nylon 66 and nylon 46) or silk to prepare fibers and membranes.
Formic Acid is also a useful component in semiconductor cleaning solutions.

Formic acid (systematically called methanoic acid) is the simplest carboxylic acid.
Formic Acid is an important intermediate in chemical synthesis and occurs naturally, most famously in the venom of bee and ant stings.
Formic Acid is commonly used as a preservative and antibacterial agent in livestock feed.

Key Points
-formic acid is a clear, colourless liquid with a pungent odour
-Formic acid is used as a pesticide in hay and animal feed, in wart removal, as a preservative and in household descalers
-formic acid may be found at very low levels in the environment
-the stings of some ants and nettles may contain a small amount of formic acid
-ingestion causes immediate burning of the mouth and throat, breathing difficulty, drooling, difficulty swallowing, stomach pain and vomiting
-skin contact with formic acid can cause pain, burns and ulcers
-eye contact causes pain, twitching of the eyelids, watering eyes, inflammation, sensitivity to light and burns
-individuals with breathing problems such as asthmatics may be more sensitive to the effects of inhaling formic acid

What is formic acid?
Formic acid is a clear, colourless liquid with a pungent odour.

What is formic acid used for?
Formic acid is mainly used as a preservative and antibacterial agent in livestock feed.
Formic Acid is sprayed on animal feed or fresh hay to reduce the rate of decay and is used as a pesticide to treat and control mites that infest honey bee hives.
Formic Acid is also used to manufacture other chemicals, in wart removal treatments and may be found in household descalers.

How does formic acid get into the environment?
Formic acid can enter the environment during its production and use in industry.
Formic Acid may leach into water and soil where Formic acid biodegrades and vapours in the air will be degraded by sunlight.
As a result, there are very low levels of formic acid in the environment.

Formic acid is a common component of reverse-phase mobile phases that provide protons for LC/MS analysis.
The presence of a low concentration of formic acid in the mobile phase is also known to improve the peak shapes of the resulting separation.
Unlike trifluoroacetic acid (TFA), formic acid is not an ion-pairing agent and Formic acid does not suppress MS ionization of polypeptides when used as a mobile-phase component.

Roles Classification
Chemical Role(s):
solvent
A liquid that can dissolve other substances (solutes) without any change in their chemical composition.
protic solvent
A polar solvent that is capable of acting as a hydron (proton) donor.
Bronsted acid
A molecular entity capable of donating a hydron to an acceptor (Bronsted base).
(via oxoacid )

Biological Role(s):
antibacterial agent
A substance (or active part thereof) that kills or slows the growth of bacteria.
metabolite
Any intermediate or product resulting from metabolism.
The term 'metabolite' subsumes the classes commonly known as primary and secondary metabolites.

Application(s):
solvent
A liquid that can dissolve other substances (solutes) without any change in their chemical composition.
astringent
A compound that causes the contraction of body tissues, typically used to reduce bleeding from minor abrasions.
protic solvent
A polar solvent that is capable of acting as a hydron (proton) donor.

Formic acid is the simplest carboxylic acid. Formate is an intermediate in normal metabolism.
Formic Acid takes part in the metabolism of one-carbon compounds and Formic acids carbon may appear in methyl groups undergoing transmethylation.
Formic Acid is eventually oxidized to carbon dioxide.
Formate is typically produced as a byproduct in the production of acetate.
Formic Acid is responsible for both metabolic acidosis and disrupting mitochondrial electron transport and energy production by inhibiting cytochrome oxidase activity, the terminal electron acceptor of the electron transport chain.
Cell death from cytochrome oxidase inhibition by formate is believed to result partly from depletion of ATP, reducing energy concentrations so that essential cell functions cannot be maintained.

Furthermore, inhibition of cytochrome oxidase by formate may also cause cell death by increased production of cytotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS) secondary to the blockade of the electron transport chain.
In nature, formic acid is found in the stings and bites of many insects of the order Hymenoptera, including bees and ants.
The principal use of formic acid is as a preservative and antibacterial agent in livestock feed.
When sprayed on fresh hay or other silage, Formic acid arrests certain decay processes and causes the feed to retain Formic acids nutritive value longer.
Urinary formate is produced by Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumonia, Enterobacter, Acinetobacter, Proteus mirabilis, Citrobacter frundii, Enterococcus faecalis, Streptococcus group B, Staphylococcus saprophyticus

Formic Acid has one carboxylic group.
Formic Acid is a colorless liquid.
Formic Acid is used in the leather tanning process, in feed for preservation and acidification, as intermediate in various pharmaceuticals and fine chemicals and as active ingredient in cleaning agents.

Formic Acid Uses
Animal Feed Additive
The majority of formic acid used worldwide is within the agriculture sector.
Here, Formic acid is used as an additive in animal feed and harvested silage where, in silage, Formic acid works to provide antibacterial protection as well as to support fermentation at lower temperatures.
This reduces the time Formic acid takes to produce the finished product whilst also preserving the nutritional value of the feed.

Cleaning Products
Formic acid provides an alternative to the many traditional acids used in cleaning products, such as phosphoric and citric acid, offering a reduced cost with highly effective descaling capabilities and a low environmental impact.
Formic Acid can be found in de-scalers (kettle, coffee machines, brewery descalers etc), and bathroom cleaners to name a few.

Fish Silage
Fish silage is a valuable feed input for livestock and fertiliser in crop production.

The silage consists of minced fish by-products or minced whole fish not suitable for human consumption with an added organic acid for preservation.
The formic acid lowers the pH and inhibits mold growth (other acids such as phosphoric acid will only lower the pH so a separate inhibitor, such as propionic acid needs to be added if not using Formic).

Leather Processing
The leather industry uses formic acid for tanning and dye fixing.
Tanning is the process of treating animal skins and hides to produce leather, this involves a process which permanently alters the protein structure of skin, making Formic acid more durable and less susceptible to decomposition.

Pharmaceuticals
The pharmaceuticals industry uses formic acid in the production of various active pharmaceutical ingredients.

Rubber Industry
Formic acid is used as a coagulant (turn a liquid into a solid or semi solid state) in the rubber industry to shape the product and create different products.

Textile Processing
After an alkaline textile processing step formic acid is added to neutralise the excess of sodium hydroxide and adjust the pH back to neutral.
Formic Acid is used in cotton pre-treatment, bleaching, mercerizing (a process to help fibers absorb more water/dye to increase vibrancy), dyeing and cleaning.

Water Treatment
Formic Acid is used as a pH adjuster to treat wastewater and sewage in water treatment plants.
Formic Acid is a more cost-effective option over phosphoric and sulphuric acid because Formic acid degrades in effluents without producing emissions/leaving behind phosphates resulting in a reduction of waste-water charges.
Other uses for formic acid include use in adhesives, corrosion inhibitors, surface agents, antifreeze products, construction materials, paints, inks and plastics.

Product description
Formic acid is abundant in nature and has been used for many years as an environmentally friendly alternative in industries such as textiles, natural rubber and leather processing.
Formic Acid is also used in agriculture, as well as in the production of medicines, cosmetics, detergents and disinfectants.
Formic Acid has excellent properties in controlling acidity, while at the same time effectively restricting microbial growth.

Formic acid is the strongest of the simple, unsaturated carboxylic acids.
Furthermore, unlike other organic acids, formic acid has the advantage of being both a carboxylic acid and an aldehyde.
Formic Acid acts, therefore, both as an acidifying and a reducing agent, which clearly gives formic acid enhanced potential for use in industry.

Applications/uses
Hard surface care
HTF - pharmaceutical processing
Industrial cleaners
Institutional cleaners
Tannery
Textile

Formic Acid is used for decalcifier; reducer in dyeing for wool fast colours; dehairing and plumping hides; tanning; electroplating; coagulating rubber latex; silage and grain preservation;aidditive in regenerating old rubber; solvents of perfume; lacquers; alkylating agent for alcohols; carboxylating agent for tertiary compounds.
Formic acid, also called methanoic acid), is the simplest and has the lowest mole weight of the carboxylic acids, in which a single hydrogen atom is attached to the carboxyl group (HCOOH).
If a methyl group is attached to the carboxyl group, the compound is acetic acid.
Formic Acid occurs naturally in the body of ants and in the stingers of bees.
Functionally, Formic acid is not only an acid but also analdehyde; Formic acid reacts with alcohols to form esters as an acid and Formic acid is easily oxidized which imparts some of the character of an aldehyde.
Pure formic acid is a colorless, toxic, corrosive and fuming liquid, freezing at 8.4 C and boiling at 100.7 C.

Formic Acid is soluble in water, ether, and alcohol.
Formic Acid irritates the mucous membranes and blisters the skin.
Formic Acid is prepared commercially from sodiumformate with the reaction of condensed sulfuric acid.
Formic acid is used as a chemical intermediate and solvent, and as a disinfectant.
Formic Acid is also in processing textiles and leathers, electroplating and coagulating latex rubber.

APPLICATIONS
Formic Acid is used for decalcifier; reducer in dyeing for wool fast colours; dehairing and plumping hides; tanning; electroplating; coagulating rubber latex; silage and grain preservation;aidditive in regenerating old rubber; solvents of perfume; lacquers; alkylating agent for alcohols; carboxylating agent for tertiary compounds.
Formic Acid is also used as an intermediate for the production of a wide variety of products in the chemicals and pharmaceutical industries.
Formic acid is abundant in nature and has been used for many years as an environmentally friendly alternative in industries such as textiles, natural rubber and leather processing.
Formic Acid is also used in agriculture, as well as in the production of medicines, cosmetics, detergents and disinfectants.
Formic Acid has excellent properties in controlling acidity, while at the same time effectively restricting microbial growth.
Formic Acid is used in dyeing and finishing of textiles, leather treatment, manufacture of fumigants, insecticides, refrigerants, solvents for perfumes, lacquers, electroplating, antiseptic in brewing, natural latex coagulant, ore flotation, and vinyl resin plasticizers.

What Does Formic Acid Mean?
Formic acid is the simple form of carboxylic acid, and is also known by the systematic IUPAC name as methanoic acid.
Formic acid has the chemical formula HCOOH.
Formic Acid is formed naturally in the venom of bees and ants, and is considered an important intermediate in chemical synthesis.
For commercial purposes formic acid is primarily used as a preservative and antibacterial agent.

Chemical Structure and Properties
Formic acid is the simplest member of the carboxylic acid family.
Formic acid's also known as methanoic acid.
The chemical's molecular formula is HCOOH.
The molecule is composed of a carboxyl group (COOH) with a hydrogen atom attached.
In the carboxyl group, the carbon atom has a double bond joining Formic acid to the oxygen atom and a single bond joining Formic acid to the hydroxyl (OH) group, as shown in the illustration above.

Formic acid can be made synthetically in laboratories.
In nature, Formic acid usually exists in the form of a colorless liquid.
This liquid freezes at 8.3 degrees Celsius (46.9 degrees Fahrenheit) and boils at 100.7 degrees Celsius. (213.3 degrees Fahrenheit).
Formic Acid has a strong odor and is often described as having a "pungent" smell.

Formula and structure: The chemical formula of formic acid is HCOOH or HCO2H.
Formic acids molecular formula is CH2O2 and its molar mass is 46.02 g/mol.
Formic acids chemical structure is shown below.
Formic Acid consists of a single carboxylic acid group (COOH) attached to a hydrogen atom.

Preparation: Formic acid is prepared through several routes.
Formic Acid is commonly prepared by reacting sodium formate with sulfuric acid.
Formic Acid is also prepared by the reaction of formamide (HCONH2) with sulfuric acid or by the hydrolysis of methyl formate (HCO2CH3), as shown below:
2 HCONH2 + 2H2O + H2SO4 → 2HCO2H + (NH4)2SO4
HCO2CH3 + H2O → HCO2H + CH3OH

Physical properties: Pure formic acid is a colorless liquid with a corrosive and pungent odor.
Formic acids density is 1.22 g/mL, melting point is 8.4 °C and boiling point is 101 °C.
Formic Acid is completely miscible with water

Chemical properties: Formic acid is a weak acid which behaves as a typical carboxylic acid and also has some aldehyde-like properties.
Formic Acid readily reacts with alcohols to form esters.
Formic acid decomposes in the presence of acids or heat to give carbon monoxide (CO) and water.
In the presence of platinum, Formic acid decomposes to give carbon dioxide and hydrogen instead.

Uses: Formic acid is mainly used as a preservative, antibacterial agent, artificial flavoring agent, and in household and industrial cleaning products.
Formic Acid is also used in leather tanning, dyeing, textile finishing, and rubber production.

Natural Formic acid occurrence
In nature, formic acid is found in most ants and in stingless bees of the genus Oxytrigona.
The wood ants from the genus Formica can spray formic acid on their prey or to defend the nest.
The puss moth caterpillar (Cerura vinula) will spray Formic acid as well when threatened by predators.
Formic acid is also found in the trichomes of stinging nettle (Urtica dioica).
Formic acid is a naturally occurring component of the atmosphere primarily due to forest emissions.
From methyl formate and formamide
When methanol and carbon monoxide are combined in the presence of a strong base, the result is methyl formate, according to the chemical equation:

CH3OH + CO → HCO2CH3
In industry, this reaction is performed in the liquid phase at elevated pressure.
Typical reaction conditions are 80 °C and 40 atm.
The most widely used base is sodium methoxide.
Hydrolysis of the methyl formate produces formic acid:

HCO2CH3 + H2O → HCOOH + CH3OH
Efficient hydrolysis of methyl formate requires a large excess of water.
Some routes proceed indirectly by first treating the methyl formate with ammonia to give formamide, which is then hydrolyzed with sulfuric acid:

HCO2CH3 + NH3 → HC(O)NH2 + CH3OH
2 HC(O)NH2 + 2H2O + H2SO4 → 2HCO2H + (NH4)2SO4
A disadvantage of this approach is the need to dispose of the ammonium sulfate byproduct.
This problem has led some manufacturers to develop energy-efficient methods of separating formic acid from the excess water used in direct hydrolysis.
In one of these processes, used by BASF, the formic acid is removed from the water by liquid-liquid extraction with an organic base.

Niche and obsolete chemical routes
By-product of acetic acid production
A significant amount of formic acid is produced as a byproduct in the manufacture of other chemicals.
At one time, acetic acid was produced on a large scale by oxidation of alkanes, by a process that cogenerates significant formic acid.
This oxidative route to acetic acid has declined in importance so that the aforementioned dedicated routes to formic acid have become more important.

Hydrogenation of carbon dioxide
The catalytic hydrogenation of CO2 to formic acid has long been studied.
This reaction can be conducted homogeneously.

Formic acid Oxidation of biomass
Formic acid can also be obtained by aqueous catalytic partial oxidation of wet biomass by the OxFA process.
A Keggin-type polyoxometalate (H5PV2Mo10O40) is used as the homogeneous catalyst to convert sugars, wood, waste paper, or cyanobacteria to formic acid and CO2 as the sole byproduct.
Yields of up to 53% formic acid can be achieved.

Formic acid Laboratory methods
In the laboratory, formic acid can be obtained by heating oxalic acid in glycerol and extraction by steam distillation.
Glycerol acts as a catalyst, as the reaction proceeds through a glyceryl oxalate intermediate.
If the reaction mixture is heated to higher temperatures, allyl alcohol results.
The net reaction is thus:
C2O4H2 → CO2H2 + CO2

Another illustrative method involves the reaction between lead formate and hydrogen sulfide, driven by the formation of lead sulfide.
Pb(HCOO)2 + H2S → 2HCOOH + PbS

Formic acid Electrochemical production
Formic acid has been reported that formate can be formed by the electrochemical reduction of CO2 (in the form of bicarbonate) at a lead cathode at pH 8.6:
HCO−3 + H2O + 2e− → HCO−2 + 2OH− or CO2 + H2O + 2e− → HCO−2 + OH−
If the feed is CO2 and oxygen is evolved at the anode, the total reaction is:
CO2 + OH− → HCO−2 + 1/2 O2

This has been proposed as a large-scale source of formate by various groups.
The formate could be used as feed to modified E. coli bacteria for producing biomass.
There exist natural microbes that can feed on formic acid or formate (see Methylotroph).

Formic acid Biosynthesis
Formic acid is named after ants which have high concentrations of the compound in their venom.
In ants, formic acid is derived from serine through a 5,10-methenyltetrahydrofolate intermediate.
The conjugate base of formic acid, formate, also occurs widely in nature.
An assay for formic acid in body fluids, designed for determination of formate after methanol poisoning, is based on the reaction of formate with bacterial formate dehydrogenase.

Formic acid Artificial photosynthesis
In August 2020 researchers at Cambridge University announced a stand-alone advanced ‘photosheet’ technology that converts sunlight, carbon dioxide and water into oxygen and formic acid with no other inputs.

IUPAC names
Ameisensäure
Ameisensäure
carboxylic acid
CH202
Ester
FORMIC ACID
Formic Acid
Formic acid
formic acid
Formic Acid
Formic acid
formic acid
formic acid 85 %
Formic Acid 85%
formic acid 90-100%
Formic Acid [for General Organic Chemistry]
formic acid … %
formic acid...%
Formira ,Formisoton , Formylic acid
Hydrogen carboxylic acid
kwas metanowy
METANOIC ACID
Methanoic Acid
Methanoic acid
methanoic acid
Methansäure
methansäure
Acide formique
acideformique
acideformique(french)
Acido formico
acidoformico
Add-F
Kwas metaniowy
kwasmetaniowy
kwasmetaniowy(polish)
Kyselina mravenci
kyselinamravenci
kyselinamravenci(czech)
Methanoicacidmonomer
Methansαure
Mierenzuur
Myrmicyl
Rcra waste number U123
Formic acid about 85%
FormicacidAmeisensure
FORMOL
FORMALDE-FRESH
FORMALDE-FRESH SOLUTION
FORMALDE-FRESH SOLUTION, BUFFERED
FORMALDEHYDE, BUFFERED
FORMALDEHYDE, CARSON-MILLON
METHANONE
METHYL ALDEHYDE
Formate Ion Chromatography Standard Solution Fluka
FORMIC ACID 98-100 %, EXTRA PURE, DAC, F
FORMIC ACID FCC
FORMIC ACID, >=96%, A.C.S. REAGENT
FORMIC ACID, 95-97%
FORMIC ACID SOLUTION, 1.0 M IN WATER
FORMIC ACID DIST. 1 L
FORMIC ACID APPROX. 85% TECHNICAL 5 L
FORMIC ACID 85 %, PURE
AGILENT FORMIC ACID-REAGENT GRADE 1X5ML
FORMIC ACID, 88%, A.C.S. REAGENT
FORMIC ACID, FOR MASS SPECTROSCOPY
Formicacid,97%
Formic acid, for analysis ACS, 88%
Formic acid, for analysis, 99+%
Formic acid, pure, 99%
FORMIC ACID, 88% ENVIRONMENTAL GRADE
FORMIC ACID, 88% REAGENT (ACS)
FORMIC ACID, 88% SUPERIOR REAGENT (ACS)
FORMIC ACID, 88% VERITASDOUBLE DISTILLED
formate standard for ic
FORMICACID,90%,REAGENT,ACS(BULK
FORMICACID,96%,REAGENT,ACS
FORMICACID,TECHNICAL
FORMIC ACID, ACS, 88-91%
FORMIC ACID 98-100 %, PURISS. P.A.,REAG. ACS, REAG. PH. EUR.
FORMIC ACID FREE ACID
FORMIC ACID 98 - 100% GR ACS
FORMIC ACID PESTICIDE GRADE 98-100%
FORMIC ACID 98 - 100% EXTRA PURE, FCC DAC
FORMIC ACID (ANHYDROUS ) GC STANDARD

Regulatory process names:
Formic acid
Formic acid
formic acid
formic acid ... %
FORMIC ACID with more than 85% acid by mass
FORMIC ACID with not less than 10% but not more than 85% acid by mass
FORMIC ACID with not less than 5% but less than 10% acid by mass
formic acid … %

Translated names
...% skruzdžių rūgštis (lt)
Acid formic (ro)
acid formic…% (ro)
Acide formique (fr)
acide formique à …% (fr)
Acido formico (it)
acido formico ... % (it)
Ameisensäure (de)
Ameisensäure ... % (de)
Aċidu formiku (mt)
Formhape (sipelghape) … % (et)
Formic acid (no)
Hangyasav (hu)
hangyasav …% (hu)
Kwas mrówkowy (pl)
kwas mrówkowy ... % (pl)
kyselina mravenčí (cs)
kyselina mravčia (sk)
kyselina mravčia ... % (sk)
maursyre ... % (no)
Mierenzuur (nl)
mierenzuur ... % (nl)
mravenčí kyselina ...% (cs)
Mravlja kiselina (hr)
mravlja kiselina ... % (hr)
Mravljinčna kislina (sl)
mravljična kislina...% (sl)
Muurahaishappo (fi)
Muurahaishappo... % (fi)
myresyre (da)
myresyre ... % (da)
Myrsyra (sv)
myrsyra ... % (sv)
Sipelghape (et)
Skruzdžių rūgštis (lt)
Skudrskābe (lv)
Ácido fórmico (es)
Ácido fórmico (pt)
ácido fórmico ... % (es)
ácido fórmico ... % (pt)
Мравчена киселина (bg)
мравчена киселина ... % (bg)
…% skudrskābe (lv)

CAS names
Formic acid

IUPAC names
C&L Inventory
carboxylic acid
CH202
Ester
FORMIC ACID
Formic Acid
Formic acid
formic acid
Formic Acid
Formic acid
formic acid
formic acid 85 %
Formic Acid 85%
formic acid 90-100%
Formic Acid [for General Organic Chemistry]
formic acid … %
formic acid...%
Formira ,Formisoton , Formylic acid
Hydrogen carboxylic acid
kwas metanowy
METANOIC ACID
Methanoic Acid
Methanoic acid
methanoic acid
Methansäure
methansäure
Reaction mass of benzyl alcohol and benzyl formate and sodium benzothiazol-2-yl sulphide and 2-(heptadecenyl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazole-1-ethanol and Benzene, C10-13-alkyl derivs.

FORMIC ACID

Formic acid, also known as methanoic acid, is a chemical compound with the formula HCOOH.
Formic acid is the simplest carboxylic acid and is composed of a carboxyl group (COOH) attached to a hydrogen atom.
Formic acid occurs naturally in certain plants and is also produced synthetically for various industrial applications.
Formic acid is a colorless liquid with a pungent, sharp odor.

CAS Number: 64-18-6
EC Number: 200-579-1



APPLICATIONS


Formic acid is widely used in agriculture as a feed preservative and to enhance the quality of animal feed.
Formic acid finds application in the chemical industry as a raw material for the production of various chemicals, including pharmaceuticals, dyes, and pesticides.
In the leather industry, formic acid is utilized during the tanning process to remove hair and other impurities from hides.

The textile industry uses formic acid as a pH regulator and dye fixative in the dyeing and printing of fabrics.
Formic acid acts as a coagulant in the rubber industry, aiding in the production of latex rubber.
Formic acid is found in cleaning agents as a disinfectant, antimicrobial agent, and pH adjuster.

Formic acid is used as a preservative in personal care products, cosmetics, and cleaning formulations.
Formic acid is employed in electroplating baths as an acidifier and pH adjuster.
The oil and gas industry uses formic acid for acidizing wells, enhancing oil production by removing formation damage.

Formic acid acts as a biocide in water treatment applications, controlling microbial growth.
Formic acid is used in the synthesis of pharmaceutical intermediates and active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs).
In analytical chemistry, it serves as a solvent and reagent in various techniques, such as high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).

Formic acid can be used as an animal repellent to deter pests and unwanted animals.
Formic acid is employed for descaling and cleaning industrial equipment, particularly in applications involving mineral deposits.
Formic acid is utilized as a pH adjuster in various applications, including personal care products, laboratory solutions, and industrial processes.
Formic acid finds application in wastewater treatment to control pH and remove heavy metals.
In the food industry, it is used as a preservative and acidifier in certain food products and food processing.

Beekeepers use formic acid in some treatments to control varroa mites in beehives.
Formic acid can be used in wood preservation formulations to protect against decay and fungal growth.
Formic acid is employed in the production of adhesives and sealants as a pH adjuster and catalyst.

Formic acid is used for metal cleaning, surface preparation, and metal passivation.
In medical and laboratory settings, formic acid can be used as a disinfectant.
Formic acid finds application in the processing of cellulose-based materials, such as paper and textiles.

Formic acid is used for concrete and cement curing in the construction industry.
Formic acid is being explored as a potential fuel for fuel cell applications due to its high energy density and ease of storage.

Formic acid is used in the production of leather goods, such as shoes, belts, and bags.
Formic acid finds application in the manufacturing of synthetic fibers, including nylon and polyester.

Formic acid is utilized in the production of rubber and plastic foams, such as those used in insulation materials.
Formic acid is employed in the production of adhesives and bonding agents for various applications.
Formic acid is used in the petroleum industry for oil well stimulation and acidizing operations.

Formic acid serves as a reducing agent in chemical reactions, particularly in the synthesis of pharmaceuticals and fine chemicals.
Formic acid is employed in the production of detergents and cleaning products as a pH adjuster and stain remover.
Formic acid can be used as a pesticide in agriculture to control pests and insects.

Formic acid is utilized in the formulation of corrosion inhibitors for metal protection.
Formic acid is used in the production of flavors and fragrances for the food and cosmetic industries.

In the automotive industry, formic acid finds application as an additive in coolant formulations.
Formic acid is utilized as a mordant in textile dyeing to improve colorfastness and fixation of dyes.

Formic acid is employed in the production of artificial sweeteners, such as sodium saccharin.
Formic acid can be used as a pH adjuster in swimming pools and water treatment applications.
Formic acid is utilized in the preservation of biological specimens and tissue samples.

Formic acid finds application as a de-scaling agent for removing mineral deposits from household appliances and industrial equipment.
In the photography industry, formic acid can be used as a developing agent for black and white films.
Formic acid is employed as a cleaning agent for circuit boards and electronic components.

Formic acid can be used as a food acidifier and preservative in the brewing and wine industries.
Formic acid is used in the production of metal salts, such as formates, which have various industrial applications.
Formic acid is utilized in the synthesis of certain polymers and resins for coatings and adhesives.
In the paper industry, it can be used as a paper strength additive to improve paper properties.

Formic acid is employed as a catalyst in chemical reactions, particularly in the production of esters and amides.
Formic acid is used as a pH adjuster and buffering agent in cosmetic formulations.
Formic acid finds application in the production of fuel additives, such as oxygenated fuels and biodiesel.


Formic acid has a variety of applications across different industries.
Here are some common applications of formic acid:

Agriculture:
Formic acid is used as a feed preservative and as a treatment for animal feed to inhibit the growth of bacteria and improve feed quality.

Chemical Industry:
Formic acid serves as a raw material for the production of various chemicals, including pharmaceuticals, dyes, and pesticides.

Leather Industry:
Formic acid is used in the leather tanning process to remove hair and other impurities from animal hides.

Textile Industry:
Formic acid is utilized as a pH regulator and dye fixative in the dyeing and printing of textiles.

Rubber Industry:
Formic acid acts as a coagulant in the production of latex rubber, facilitating the formation of rubber particles.

Cleaning Agents:
Formic acid is found in some cleaning products as a disinfectant, antibacterial agent, and pH adjuster.

Preservatives:
Formic acid is used as a preservative in certain personal care products, cosmetics, and cleaning formulations.

Electroplating:
Formic acid is utilized in electroplating baths as an acidifier and pH adjuster.

Oil and Gas Industry:
Formic acid can be used for acidizing oil wells to remove formation damage and enhance oil production.

Biocides:
Formic acid is employed as a biocide in water treatment applications to control microbial growth.

Pharmaceuticals:
Formic acid is used in the synthesis of pharmaceutical intermediates and active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs).

Analytical Chemistry:
Formic acid is used as a solvent and reagent in various analytical techniques, such as high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).

Animal Repellents:
Formic acid can be used as an animal repellent to deter pests and unwanted animals.

Cleaning and Descaling:
Formic acid is used for descaling and cleaning industrial equipment, particularly in applications involving mineral deposits.

pH Regulation:
Formic acid is utilized as a pH adjuster in various applications, including personal care products, laboratory solutions, and industrial processes.

Environmental Applications:
Formic acid can be used for wastewater treatment to control pH and remove heavy metals.

Food Industry:
In some cases, formic acid is used as a preservative and acidifier in food products and food processing.

Beekeeping:
Formic acid is used in some treatments for the control of varroa mites in beehives.

Wood Preservation:
Formic acid can be used in wood preservation formulations to protect against decay and fungal growth.

Adhesive Industry:
Formic acid is utilized in the production of adhesives and sealants as a pH adjuster and catalyst.

Metal Treatment:
Formic acid is used for metal cleaning, surface preparation, and metal passivation.

Disinfection:
Formic acid can be used as a disinfectant in medical and laboratory settings.

Cellulosic Materials:
Formic acid is used in the processing of cellulose-based materials, such as paper and textiles.

Construction Industry:
Formic acid is utilized for concrete and cement curing applications.

Fuel Cells:
Formic acid is being explored as a potential fuel for fuel cell applications due to its high energy density and ease of storage.



DESCRIPTION


Formic acid, also known as methanoic acid, is a chemical compound with the formula HCOOH.
Formic acid is the simplest carboxylic acid and is composed of a carboxyl group (COOH) attached to a hydrogen atom.
Formic acid occurs naturally in certain plants and is also produced synthetically for various industrial applications.


Formic acid is a colorless liquid with a pungent, sharp odor.
Formic acid is the simplest carboxylic acid, consisting of a carboxyl group (COOH) attached to a hydrogen atom.
Formic acid has a molecular formula of HCOOH and a molecular weight of 46.03 grams/mol.

Formic acid is highly soluble in water and many organic solvents.
The density of formic acid is 1.22 g/cm³.
Formic acid has a melting point of 8.4 °C (47.1 °F) and a boiling point of 100.8 °C (213.4 °F).

Formic acid is a volatile compound with a vapor pressure of 44 mmHg at 20 °C.
It is classified as an acidic substance, with a pH below 7.
The odor of formic acid can be described as strong, vinegar-like, or reminiscent of ant stings.

Formic acid is highly reactive and can act as both an acid and a reducing agent.
Formic acid can corrode or etch metals and can cause burns on contact with the skin and eyes.
Formic acid occurs naturally in certain plants and animals and is also produced synthetically for industrial purposes.
In agriculture, formic acid is used as a feed preservative and in the treatment of animal feed.

The chemical industry utilizes formic acid as a raw material in the production of various chemicals, including dyes and pharmaceuticals.
In the leather industry, it is used in the tanning process to remove hair and impurities from hides.
Formic acid is employed in the textile industry as a pH regulator and fixative for textile dyes.

Formic acid acts as a coagulant in the production of latex rubber in the rubber industry.
Some cleaning products contain formic acid as a disinfectant and antimicrobial agent.

Formic acid is used as a preservative in certain personal care products and cosmetics.
Formic acid is commonly used as a reagent in laboratory and research settings for various chemical reactions.

Formic acid can serve as a solvent for certain substances due to its miscibility with water and organic solvents.
Formic acid is utilized in some formulations of antifreeze to lower the freezing point of liquids.
Formic acid is considered a promising fuel for fuel cell applications due to its high energy density and storage convenience.

When handled, formic acid requires proper protective equipment and adherence to safety guidelines due to its corrosive nature.
The unique properties and versatile applications of formic acid make it an important chemical in several industries, ranging from agriculture to textile manufacturing and beyond.



PROPERTIES


Chemical Formula: HCOOH
Molecular Weight: 46.03 g/mol
Physical State: Colorless liquid
Odor: Pungent, acrid odor
Density: 1.22 g/cm³
Melting Point: 8.4 °C (46.1 °F)
Boiling Point: 100.8 °C (213.4 °F)
Solubility: Soluble in water, ethanol, ether, acetone, and other organic solvents
Vapor Pressure: 44 mmHg at 20 °C (68 °F)
Flash Point: 69 °C (156 °F)
Autoignition Temperature: 605 °C (1121 °F)
Viscosity: 1.46 cP at 20 °C (68 °F)
pH: Strongly acidic (pKa = 3.77)
Molecular Structure: It consists of a carboxylic acid group (COOH) attached to a hydrogen atom.
Reactivity: It is a highly reactive compound, capable of participating in various chemical reactions.
Hygroscopicity: Formic acid has hygroscopic properties, absorbing moisture from the surrounding environment.
Miscibility: It is miscible with many organic solvents and can form homogeneous solutions.
Corrosivity: Formic acid is corrosive to metals, particularly in concentrated form.
Stability: It is relatively stable under normal conditions, but can decompose upon exposure to heat or light.
Toxicity: Formic acid is toxic and can cause severe irritation, burns, and harm to living organisms.



FIRST AID


Inhalation:

Move the affected person to fresh air and ensure they are in a well-ventilated area.
If breathing is difficult, provide oxygen if available and seek immediate medical attention.
If the person is not breathing, perform artificial respiration, preferably using a mechanical device.


Skin Contact:

Remove contaminated clothing and immediately rinse the affected skin with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes.
Gently wash the affected area with mild soap and water.
Seek medical attention if skin irritation, redness, or burns occur.
Avoid applying creams or ointments without medical advice.


Eye Contact:

Rinse the eyes thoroughly with gently flowing water for at least 15 minutes, holding the eyelids open.
Remove contact lenses, if applicable, after rinsing for a few minutes.
Seek immediate medical attention, even if initial irritation is mild or absent.
Protect the unaffected eye during transportation to medical facilities.


Ingestion:

Do NOT induce vomiting unless instructed to do so by medical professionals.
Rinse the mouth thoroughly with water, but do not swallow it.

If a large amount of formic acid has been ingested or if the person is experiencing severe symptoms, seek immediate medical attention.
Provide medical personnel with all relevant information, including the quantity ingested and the time of exposure.


General Measures:

Remove the person from the contaminated area to prevent further exposure.
Remove contaminated clothing, taking care not to spread the chemical to unaffected areas.
Rinse any contaminated clothing thoroughly before reuse or dispose of it safely.

If the person shows signs of chemical burns, protect the affected area by loosely covering it with a sterile, non-stick bandage or cloth.
Provide supportive care as needed, such as maintaining airway, breathing, and circulation.
Do not administer any medication unless instructed to do so by medical professionals.



HANDLING AND STORAGE


Handling:

Personal Protection:
Always wear appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) when handling formic acid, including chemical-resistant gloves, safety goggles, and a lab coat or protective clothing.
Consider using a chemical-resistant apron and face shield for additional protection, especially when handling larger quantities or working with concentrated solutions.
Ensure good ventilation in the work area to minimize the inhalation of vapors.

Safe Handling Practices:
Handle formic acid in a well-ventilated area or under local exhaust ventilation to prevent the buildup of vapors.
Avoid contact with skin, eyes, and clothing.
In case of contact, follow the first aid measures provided and remove contaminated clothing immediately.
Use appropriate tools, such as chemical-resistant containers and pumps, to transfer or dispense formic acid.

Do not eat, drink, or smoke while handling formic acid, as it is toxic if ingested.
Avoid inhaling vapors by keeping the container closed when not in use and using a fume hood or appropriate respiratory protection when necessary.
Do not mix formic acid with other chemicals without proper knowledge and guidance, as hazardous reactions may occur.

Spill and Leak Response:
In the event of a spill or leak, restrict access to the area and ensure that proper personal protective equipment is worn.
Absorb small spills with an appropriate absorbent material, such as vermiculite or sand, and transfer it to a suitable container for disposal.

For larger spills, contain the spill by constructing a barrier with sandbags or absorbent booms to prevent further spread.
Notify the appropriate authorities and follow local regulations for proper cleanup and disposal of spilled formic acid.


Storage:

Storage Conditions:
Store formic acid in a cool, dry, and well-ventilated area away from sources of heat, ignition, and direct sunlight.
Keep containers tightly closed and upright to prevent leakage or spills.
Store formic acid away from incompatible materials, such as strong oxidizers and bases, to prevent hazardous reactions.
Separate formic acid from flammable substances and reactive chemicals to minimize the risk of fire or chemical reactions.

Storage Containers:
Use appropriate containers for storing formic acid, such as high-density polyethylene (HDPE) or glass containers.
Ensure that containers are labeled with the name of the substance, hazard warnings, and appropriate safety information.
Check containers regularly for signs of damage or deterioration and replace them if necessary.

Handling of Drums and Containers:
When handling larger quantities of formic acid stored in drums or containers, use appropriate material handling equipment, such as drum dollies or forklifts.
Take precautions to prevent spills, leaks, or punctures during transportation and storage of drums or containers.
Follow local regulations for the proper handling, storage, and disposal of empty containers.



SYNONYMS


Methanoic acid
Hydrogen carboxylic acid
Aminic acid
Formylic acid
HCOOH (its chemical formula)
Ant sting
Ant acid
Formylic alcohol
Oxocarbinic acid
Formol
Hydroxy(oxo)methane
HCO2H (its condensed formula)
Acide formique (in French)
Ameisensäure (in German)
Ácido fórmico (in Spanish)
Acidum formicum (in Latin)
Acidum methanoicum
Carbonous acid
Hydroxy methanoic acid
Methylic alcohol
E236 (its European food additive number)
RCOOH (generic carboxylic acid formula)
EINECS 200-579-1 (European Inventory of Existing Commercial Chemical Substances number)
FEMA 2487 (Flavor and Extract Manufacturers Association number)
NSC 8957 (National Cancer Institute identifier)
HCO2OH
Acide formylique (in French)
Aminocarboxylic acid
Carboxylic acid C1
Ethanoic acid
Hydrogen formate
Methanoate
Methylic formic acid
Oxomethanol
RC(O)OH (generic carboxylic acid formula)
UN 1779 (United Nations identification number)
Formolene
Formylic alcoholate
Hydrogen methanoate
Hydroxy(oxo)methanol
Oxomethyl alcohol
Oxymethanol
RC(O)OH (generic carboxylic acid formula)
Methanoic acid solution
Methylformate
Monocarboxylic acid
R-COOH (generic carboxylic acid formula)
RCO2H (generic carboxylic acid formula)
Carboxymethanol
Carboxylic acid (methanoic acid)
Acid of ants
Carbonic acid
Ethylic formate
Formate
Formic alcohol
HCO2H (systematic name)
Hydrogen carboxylate
Hydroxy(oxo)methyl radical
Methyl carboxylate
Methanoic alcohol
Methanoic acid solution
Methylic acid
R-COOH (generic carboxylic acid formula)
Acidum formicum concentratum
Ameisengeist (in German)
Ant's vinegar
Ethanoic acid solution
HCOOH (chemical formula)
Hydrogen methanoate
Methanoic acid salt
RC(O)OH (generic carboxylic acid formula)
Acidum formicum dilutum
Formylic acid solution
HCO2H (IUPAC abbreviation)
Mierenzuur (in Dutch)
FOSFONAT ATMP
SYNONYMS 1,1,1-Nitrilotris(methylphosphonic acid);acide nitrilotrimethylenetriphosphonique;Acide nitrilotrimethylenetriphosphonique;acido nitrilotrimetilentrifosfonico;AMINO TRI(METHYLENEPHOSPHONIC ACID);Amino(trimethylphosphonic acid);Amino, tris(methylene phosphonic acid);CAS NO:6419-19-8
FOSFONAT DTMPA
SYNONYMS DTPMP; DTMPA; DETA-Phos;[[(phosphonomethyl)imino]bis[2,1-ethanediylnitrilobis(methylene)]]tetrakis- Phosphonic acid; CAS NO:15827-60-8
FOSFORIK ASIT
SYNONYMS Hydrogen phosphate; o-Phosphoric acid;Acide Phosphorique (French); Acido Fosforico (Italian); Fosforzuuroplossingen (Dutch); Ortho-phosphoramide; Phosphorsaeureloesungen (German); White Phosphoric Acid; Orthophosphorsäure (German); ácido ortofosforico (Spanish); Acide orthophosphorique (French) CAS NO:7664-38-2
Fragaria vesca
fragaria virginiana extract; fragaria vesca extract; strawberry extract CAS NO:90131-36-5
FRAGRANCE
FRAGRANCE Aroma compound An aroma compound, also known as an odorant, aroma, fragrance or flavor, is a chemical compound that has a smell or odor. For an individual chemical or class of chemical compounds to impart a smell or fragrance, it must be sufficiently volatile for transmission via the air to the olfactory system in the upper part of the nose. As examples, various fragrant fruits have diverse aroma compounds,[1] particularly strawberries which are commercially cultivated to have appealing aromas, and contain several hundred aroma compounds.[1][2] Generally, molecules meeting this specification have molecular weights of less than 310.[3] Flavors affect both the sense of taste and smell, whereas fragrances affect only smell. Flavors tend to be naturally occurring, and the term fragrances may also apply to synthetic compounds, such as those used in cosmetics.[4] Aroma compounds can be found in various foods, such as fruits and their peels, wine, spices, floral scent, perfumes, fragrance oils, and essential oils. For example, many form biochemically during the ripening of fruits and other crops.[1][5] Wines have more than 100 aromas that form as byproducts of fermentation.[6] Also, many of the aroma compounds play a significant role in the production of compounds used in the food service industry to flavor, improve, and generally increase the appeal of their products.[1] An odorizer may add a detectable odor to a dangerous odorless substance, like propane, natural gas, or hydrogen, as a safety measure. Alcohols Furaneol (strawberry) 1-Hexanol (herbaceous, woody) cis-3-Hexen-1-ol (fresh cut grass) Menthol (peppermint) Aldehydes High concentrations of aldehydes tend to be very pungent and overwhelming, but low concentrations can evoke a wide range of aromas. Acetaldehyde (ethereal) Hexanal (green, grassy) cis-3-Hexenal (green tomatoes) Furfural (burnt oats) Hexyl cinnamaldehyde Isovaleraldehyde – nutty, fruity, cocoa-like Anisic aldehyde – floral, sweet, hawthorn. It is a crucial component of chocolate, vanilla, strawberry, raspberry, apricot, and others. Cuminaldehyde (4-propan-2-ylbenzaldehyde) – Spicy, cumin-like, green Esters Fructone (fruity, apple-like) Ethyl methylphenylglycidate (Strawberry) alpha-Methylbenzyl acetate (Gardenia) Ketones Cyclopentadecanone (musk-ketone)[7] Dihydrojasmone (fruity woody floral) Oct-1-en-3-one (blood, metallic, mushroom-like)[8] 2-Acetyl-1-pyrroline (fresh bread, jasmine rice) 6-Acetyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydropyridine (fresh bread, tortillas, popcorn) Lactones gamma-Decalactone intense peach flavor gamma-Nonalactone coconut odor, popular in suntan lotions delta-Octalactone creamy note Jasmine lactone powerful fatty-fruity peach and apricot Massoia lactone powerful creamy coconut Wine lactone sweet coconut odor Sotolon (maple syrup, curry, fenugreek) Thiols Main article: Thiol Thioacetone (2-propanethione) A lightly studied organosulfur. Its smell is so potent it can be detected several hundred meters downwind mere seconds after a container is opened. Allyl thiol (2-propenethiol; allyl mercaptan; CH2=CHCH2SH) (garlic volatiles and garlic breath)[9] (Methylthio)methanethiol (CH3SCH2SH), the "mouse thiol", found in mouse urine and functions as a semiochemical for female mice[10] Ethanethiol, commonly called ethyl mercaptan (added to propane or other liquefied-petroleum gases used as fuel gases) 2-Methyl-2-propanethiol, commonly called tert-butyl mercaptan, is added as a blend of other components to natural gas used as fuel gas. Butane-1-thiol, commonly called butyl mercaptan, is a chemical intermediate. Grapefruit mercaptan (grapefruit) Methanethiol, commonly called methyl mercaptan (after eating Asparagus) Furan-2-ylmethanethiol, also called furfuryl mercaptan (roasted coffee) Benzyl mercaptan (leek or garlic-like) Miscellaneous compounds Methylphosphine and dimethylphosphine (garlic-metallic, two of the most potent odorants known)[8] Phosphine (zinc phosphide poisoned bait) Diacetyl (butter flavor) Acetoin (butter flavor) Nerolin (orange flowers) Tetrahydrothiophene (added to natural gas) 2,4,6-Trichloroanisole (cork taint) Substituted pyrazines Aroma-compound receptors Animals that are capable of smell detect aroma compounds with their olfactory receptors. Olfactory receptors are cell-membrane receptors on the surface of sensory neurons in the olfactory system that detect airborne aroma compounds. Aroma compounds can then be identified by gas chromatography-olfactometry, which involves a human operator sniffing the GC effluent.[11] In mammals, olfactory receptors are expressed on the surface of the olfactory epithelium in the nasal cavity.[5] Safety and regulation Patch test In 2005–06, fragrance mix was the third-most-prevalent allergen in patch tests (11.5%).[12] 'Fragrance' was voted Allergen of the Year in 2007 by the American Contact Dermatitis Society. A recent academic study in the United States has shown that "34.7 % of the population reported health problems, such as migraine headaches and respiratory difficulties, when exposed to fragranced products".[13] The composition of fragrances is usually not disclosed in the label of the products, hiding the actual chemicals of the formula, which raises concerns among some consumers.[14] In the United States, this is because the law regulating cosmetics protects trade secrets.[15] In the United States, fragrances are regulated by the Food and Drug Administration if present in cosmetics or drugs, by the Consumer Products Safety Commission if present in consumer products.[15] No pre-market approval is required, except for drugs. Fragrances are also generally regulated by the Toxic Substances Control Act of 1976 that "grandfathered" existing chemicals without further review or testing and put the burden of proof that a new substance is not safe on the EPA. The EPA, however, does not conduct independent safety testing but relies on data provided by the manufacturer.[16] A 2019 study of the top-selling skin moisturizers found 45% of those marketed as "fragrance-free" contained fragrance.[17] List of chemicals used as fragrances In 2010, the International Fragrance Association published a list of 3,059 chemicals used in 2011 based on a voluntary survey of its members, identifying about 90% of the world's production volume of fragrances.[18] See also Flavour and Fragrance Journal Fragrances of the World Foodpairing Odor Odor detection threshold Olfaction Olfactory system Olfactory receptor Odorizer, a device for adding an odorant to gas flowing through a pipe Pheromone Aroma of wine Eau de toilette Across multiple research studies, chemicals used to make fragrances are classified as allergens, hormone disruptors, asthma triggers, neurotoxins & carcinogens. The punchline: fragrances are highly toxic. Fragrances commonly contain phthalates, which are chemicals that help the scents last longer. Health risks for phthalates are startling and include cancer, human reproductive and developmental toxicity, endocrine disruption, birth defects & respiratory problems. These toxic villains are very hard to avoid because manufacturers are not required to list them on ingredient labels. Fragrance chemicals, like other toxic chemicals, can pass from the skin and into the blood. Manufacturers are not required to list their fragrance ingredients on product labels. Often only one word, “fragrance”, is used on the label and can hide a cocktail of more than 100 toxic ingredients. This is because fragrances are considered to be “trade secrets”. The fragrance industry regulates itself, so that safety testing does not have to be confirmed by regulators before products are sold to consumers. So called “natural fragrances” can be just as toxic as synthetic fragrances. Whether it’s in a cleaning product, deodorant, shampoo, or laundry detergent, fragrance chemicals aren’t actually making your product perform better – they are just giving you that perception. We’ve been trained to think that clean has a smell, when in truth that’s not the case. Net, fragrances are linked to so many profound health risks that avoiding them is probably the #1 change you can make to reduce your family’s exposure to toxic chemicals. To avoid fragrances, the Environmental Working Group advises that consumers read the word “fragrance” or “parfum” and translate it to mean “hidden chemicals”. We believe the safest choice is to always choose fragrance-free products. But a couple of key tips you should keep in mind: Don’t be fooled by products labeled with “natural fragrance,” because there is no standard criteria for what these words mean. These can be just as un-safe as fragrances not described this way, so skip these products too. If you see the words “fragrance-free” or “unscented”, your Spidey senses should kick into action. You also have to check the ingredient list, because sometimes manufacturers use masking fragrances to cover the chemical smell of their products. “Fragrance” or “parfum” on an ingredients list is a term used for a collection of chemicals that gives a scent. There are over 3000 chemicals that can be used to make up fragrances. As defined by the American FDA, fragrance is a combination of chemicals that gives each perfume or cologne (including those used in other products) it’s distinct scent. Here’s the catch – as fragrance can be considered a proprietary blend, manufacturers are not obligated to disclose the chemicals used in that blend. Many of these unlisted ingredients have not been tested for toxicity, either alone or in combination. Fragrance ingredients may be derived from petroleum or natural raw materials. In addition to the “scent” chemicals used to create a fragrance, the mixture also requires solvents, stabilizers, UV-absorbers, preservatives and dyes. FOUND IN sunscreen moisturizer shampoo conditioner soap and body wash deodorant make up toner serums exfoliating scrubs perfume laundry detergent & softeners cleaning products WHAT TO LOOK FOR Fragrance, perfume, parfum, essential oil blend, aroma RISKS Sensitivities: A random sampling of US residents from a 2016 study noted that over 99% of participants are exposed to fragranced products at least once a week. Participants of this study also reported an extensive list of health concerns when exposed to fragrance, including migraines, asthma, gastrointestinal issues, and cardiovascular problems (1). Bio Accumulation: Synthetic musks used in fragrances are of environmental concern. Several compounds found in musk build up in the fatty tissue of aquatic animals. Heightened levels of synthetic musk have been found in fish within the Great Lakes, and in sediment. Synthetic musks have been categorized as toxic and bio-accumulative by Environment Canada. Unlisted Fragrance Ingredients and Their Risks: Acetaldehyde: suspected toxicity to nervous and respiratory systems (2). Benzophenone: endocrine disruption and organ toxicity (3); tumours (4) Butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA): Endocrine distruption (5); carcinogen (6) Butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT): skin and eye irritation, affects growth rate and liver (7); respiratory irritant (8) Benzyl Salicylate: allergen and potential endocrine disruptor (9)(10) Benzyl Benzoate: skin and eye irritant (11) Butoxyethanol: skin, eye, nose and throat irritant. Exposure ca lead to blood in urine, vomiting, nausea, and damage to kidneys, liver, lymphoid system, nervous system, respiratory system, and blood cells (12) Butylphenyl methylpropional: skin sensitization (13). Chloromethane (methyl chloride): affects nervous system, liver, kidney and skin (14); developmentally toxic (15) Dichloromethane (methylene chloride): linked to mammary gland tumours in experimental animals (16); may be human carcinogen (17) Diethyl phthalate (DEP): irritant of eyes, skin, and respiratory tract; potential endocrine disruptor (18) (19) Essential Oil Mixtures: Despite the ingredients being of natural origin, some essential oils are allergens (20); essential oils may contain ingredients such as pulegone or methyleugenol that may be carcinogenic and alter endocrine function (21)(22)(23) Eugenyl methyl ether (Methyleugenol): Affects multiple endocrine systems (24); causes mammary gland tumours in experimental animals (25); possible human carcinogen (26) Formaldehyde: known human carcinogen (27) MEA, DEA, TEA – ethanolamines: When ethanolamines are used in the same products as certain preservatives that break down into nitrogen, the can turn into nitrosamines. Nitrosimines is a group of chemicals which has been listed as possible and known carcinogens (28) Methanol: Developmental toxicant (29) Oxybenzone (BP-3): Possible endocrine disruptor (30); Oxybenzone can accumulate in the blood, kidneys and liver, and may be toxic to liver cells (31) Propyl paraben (Propyl p-hydroxybenzoate): Possible endocrine disruptor (32). Resorcinol: Resorcinol adversely affects cardiovascular and nervous system, while changing liver, kidney, and spleen function (33); possible endocrine disruptor (34). Styrene: When ingested orally, styrene is toxic to red blood cells and liver, and toxic to central nervous system when inhaled (35) Synthetic Musks (Tonalide , Galaxolide, Musk Ketone, Musk Xylene): Highly bioaccumulative and have been found in breast milk, body fat and cord blood of newborn babies (36)(37)(38)(39); endocrine disruptor (40). Titanium dioxide (TiO2): Damages respiratory system and may be a carcinogen (41) 1,4-Dioxane: suspected to cause cancer and birth defects (42) Ethylbenzene: Classified as possible carcinogen and cancer causing (43) Vinyl acetate: Possible carcinogen (44); inhalation may cause eye irritation and upper respiratory tract irritation (45)
Fraxinus excelsior
fraxinus excelsior bark extract; extract of the bark of the european ash, fraxinus excelsior l., oleaceae ; common ash bark extract; european ash bark extract; extract of the bark of the european ash, fraxinus excelsior l., oleaceae;fraxinus apetala bark extract CAS NO:84625-28-5
Frenk üzümü
BLACKCURRANT SEED OIL REFINED; ribes nigrum seed oil (fixed); ribes cyathiforme seed oil (fixed) ; efaduo blackcurrant seed oil; ribes pauciflorum seed oil ; fixed oil obtained from the seeds of black currant, ribes nigrum l., saxifragaceae ; blackcurrant seed oil organic ; grossularia nigra seed oil CAS NO:68606-81-5
FRESCOLAT MGA
Frescolat MGA provides relief solution for the skin.
Frescolat MGA gives immediate, strong and long-lasting cooling effect.


CAS Number: 63187-91-7
EC Number: 408-200-3
INCI Name: Menthone Glycerin Acetal
Molecular Formula: C13H24O3



SYNONYMS:
1,4-Dioxaspiro[4.5]decane-2-methanol,9-methyl-6-(1-methylethyl)-, 9-Methyl-6-(1-methylethyl)-1,4-dioxaspiro[4.5]decane-2-methanol, Frescolat MGA, Menthone glycerin acetal, Menthone glyceryl ketal, 6-Isopropyl-9-methyl-1,4-dioxaspiro[4,5]decane-2-methanol, (6-Isopropyl-9-methyl-1,4-dioxaspiro[4.5]decan-2-yl)methanol, Fema Gras 3808, Menthone glycerine acetal, (9-Methyl-6-propan-2-yl-1,4-dioxaspiro[4.5]decan-3-yl)methanol, [9-Methyl-6-(propan-2-yl)-1,4-dioxaspiro[4.5]decan-2-yl]methanol, Menthone 1,2-glycerol ketal, FRESCOLAT, TYPE MGA RACEMIC, 63187-91-7, Menthone 1,2-glycerol ketal, Frescolat MGA, 6-Isopropyl-9-methyl-1,4-dioxaspiro[4.5]decane-2-methanol, 1,4-Dioxaspiro[4.5]decane-2-methanol, 9-methyl-6-(1-methylethyl)-, Menthone glycerin acetal, Menthone 1,2-glyceryl ketal, 6-Isopropyl-9-methyl-1,4-dioxaspiro(4.5)decane-2-methanol, 7QQ1EE6RCP, (9-methyl-6-propan-2-yl-1,4-dioxaspiro[4.5]decan-3-yl)methanol, (6-isopropyl-9-methyl-1,4-dioxaspiro[4.5]decan-2-yl)methanol, Menthone 1,2-glycerol ketal, (+/-)-, 1,4-Dioxaspiro(4.5)decane-2-methanol, 9-methyl-6-(1-methylethyl)-, [9-methyl-6-(propan-2-yl)-1,4-dioxaspiro[4.5]decan-2-yl]methanol, 9-Methyl-6-(1-methylethyl)-1,4-dioxaspiro(4.5)decane-2-methanol, menthone glyceryl ketal, UNII-7QQ1EE6RCP, 9-Methyl-6-(1-methylethyl)-1,4-dioxaspiro[4.5]decane-2-methanol, Menthoneglycerinacetal, starbld0009751, EC 408-200-3, SCHEMBL169625, GTPL2465, FEMA NO. 3808, FEMA 3807, FEMA 3808, DTXSID20866983, CHEBI:169866, ZBJCYZPANVLBRK-UHFFFAOYSA-N, FRESCOLAT, TYPE MGA RACEMIC, (9-methyl-6-propan-2-yl-1,4-dioxaspiro[4.5]decan-2-yl)methanol, (+/-)-menthone 1,2-glycerol ketal, 2-hydroxymethyl-9-methyl-6-(1-methylethyl)-1,4-dioxaspiro(4.5)decane, AKOS015908506, AC-9867, DL-MENTHONE 1,2-GLYCEROL KETAL, CS-0454364, NS00003186, E79266, D,L-MENTHONE 1,2-GLYCEROL KETAL [FHFI], DL-MENTHONE (+/-)-1,2-GLYCEROL KETAL, Q27077744, 6-Isopropyl-9-methyl-1,4-dioxaspiro(4,5)decane-2-methanol, 2-Hydroxymethyl-6-isopropyl-9-methyl-1,4-dioxaspiro[4.5]decane, 9-Methyl-6-(1-methylethyl)-1,4-dioxaspiro[4.5]decane-2-methanol, 9CI



Frescolat MGA belongs to the class of organic compounds known as menthane monoterpenoids.
These are monoterpenoids with a structure based on the o-, m-, or p-menthane backbone.
P-menthane consists of the cyclohexane ring with a methyl group and a (2-methyl)-propyl group at the 1 and 4 ring position, respectively.


The o- and m- menthanes are much rarer, and presumably arise by alkyl migration of p-menthanes.
Frescolat MGA is Menthone Glycerin Acetal.
Frescolat MGA is a patented, menthol-free cooling agent.


Frescolat MGA is a natural extract.
Frescolat MGA provides relief solution for the skin.
Frescolat MGA gives immediate, strong and long-lasting cooling effect.


Optimal for pH of Frescolat MGA is 6.5-12.
Frescolat MGA (INCI: Menthone Glycerin Acetal) is the solution to bring freshness to alkaline formulations such as depilatories and deodorants.
Frescolat MGA (#F-165) is a highly pure, synthetic, and biologically active compound.


Frescolat MGA is used coolant; safe and technologically advanced alternative to menthol, optimal for high pH values ​​>8 (soap, depilatory products).
Dosage of Frescolat MGA is 0.1-3%.
Menthyl 1,2-propanetriol, Frescolat MGA is on the EFFA list of food flavoring ingredients authorized for use in Europe, and its FEMA numbers are 3807 and 3808, respectively.


Frescolat MGA is a highly pure, synthetic, and biologically active compound.
Frescolat MGA is a p-menthane monoterpenoid.


Frescolat MGA is a TRPM8 channel activator and cooling agent.
Frescolat MGA activates mouse TRPM8 channels with EC50 of 4.8 muM.
Frescolat MGA is Colorless viscous liquid.


Frescolat MGA is a clear, colorless, pale, viscous liquid and creates a physiological cooling sensation on the skin or mucosa.
Frescolat MGA is prepared by acetalization of l-menthone with glycerine.
Frescolat MGA has a mint, menthol taste.


Frescolat MGA is a clear colourless viscous liquid.
Frescolat MGA is a p-menthane monoterpenoid.
Frescolat MGA, also known as menthone glycerin acetal, is a synthetic compound widely used as a cooling agent.


Frescolat MGA is a highly pure, synthetic, and biologically active compound.
Frescolat MGA is a colorless liquid that provides a strong, long-lasting sensation of freshness and cooling.
Frescolat MGA is particularly valued for its non-irritating properties, low odor, and suitability for various formulations, including oral care products .


Frescolat MGA is an excellent and more effective alternative to Menthol as it is non-irritating and compatabile with a wide pH (6.5 - 12).
Frescolat MGA has low odour and is in a clear liquid.
Frescolat MGA quickly provides a cooling and icing effect to the skin.


Frescolat MGA has proven efficacy to bring up to 25 minutes colling relief to the skin.
Frescolat MGA is a colorless liquid used as an active cooling agent.
Frescolat MGA creates a strong, long-lasting sensation of freshness and cooling.


Benefits of Frescolat MGA include signal for efficacy, non-irritating, optimal for alkalin formulations, low odor, clear liquid and suitable for oral care (FEMA 3807)
Frescolat MGA acts as a gentle algefacient.
Frescolat MGA shows stronger cool feeling and more mildness as compared with lactic acid menthyl ester.


Frescolat MGA does not cause irritation to the skin.
Frescolat MGA exhibits good combinative- and synergistic action.
Frescolat MGA is widely suitable for personal care products such as fragrances, shampoos, bath foam and shaving products.


Frescolat MGA also works as a cool stabilizer of mint flavor.
Frescolat MGA is registered under the REACH Regulation and is manufactured in and / or imported to the European Economic Area, at ≥ 10 to < 100 tonnes per annum.
Frescolat MGA is a colorless liquid used as an active cooling agent in alkalin formulations.


Frescolat MGA will impart a pleasant, long lasting cooling effect which conveys a desired pleasant skin feel.
Frescolat MGA is designed for bar soap applications.
Frescolat MGA is a colourless liquid used as an active cooling agent.


Frescolat MGA creates a strong, long-lasting sensation of skin icing, skin freshness and skin cooling.
Frescolat MGA has proven efficacy of up to 25 minutes.


Frescolat MGA is a colorless liquid used as an active cooling agent.
Frescolat MGA creates a strong, long-lasting sensation of freshness and cooling.



USES and APPLICATIONS of FRESCOLAT MGA:
Frescolat MGA is used in oral care applications.
Frescolat MGA has an immediate and long-lasting cooling effect.
Frescolat MGA provides a long-lasting cooling effect and acts as a relief player in hair treatments.


A large number of publications have reported its application in food flavor formulations, and in most cases Frescolat MGA is used in combination with other refrigerating agents.
Frescolat MGA is a cooling agent used in various personal care and cosmetic products.


Frescolat MGA provides a refreshing and cooling sensation when applied to the skin or hair.
Frescolat MGA is used for adding fragrance, and to leave the skin feeling refreshed and cool.


Frescolat MGA is a menthol derivative that can be naturally obtained or synthetically manufactured.
Frescolat MGA is mainly used to create a cooling effect in cosmetic preparations used on the skin.


Frescolat MGA is used by consumers, by professional workers (widespread uses), in formulation or re-packing, at industrial sites and in manufacturing.
Frescolat MGA is used in the following products: biocides (e.g. disinfectants, pest control products), washing & cleaning products, air care products, polishes and waxes and cosmetics and personal care products.


Other release to the environment of Frescolat MGA is likely to occur from: indoor use as processing aid and outdoor use as processing aid.
Other release to the environment of Frescolat MGA is likely to occur from: indoor use as processing aid.
Release to the environment of Frescolat MGA can occur from industrial use: formulation of mixtures.


Release to the environment of Frescolat MGA can occur from industrial use: in processing aids at industrial sites.
Release to the environment of Frescolat MGA can occur from industrial use: manufacturing of the substance.
Frescolat MGA is a colourless liquid used as an active cooling agent.


Frescolat MGA creates a strong, long-lasting sensation of skin icing, skin freshness and skin cooling.
Frescolat MGA has proven efficacy of up to 25 minutes
Frescolat MGA will impart a pleasant, long lasting cooling effect which conveys a desired pleasant skin feel.


Frescolat MGA is designed for bar soap applications.
The cooling effects of Frescolat MGA can be used to negate the irritancy of products with a low pH or containing ingredients that can cause short term irritation as the icing effect will bring greater comfort to users.


Frescolat MGA shows stronger cool feeling and more mildness as compared with lactic acid menthyl ester.
Frescolat MGA does not cause irritation to the skin.


Frescolat MGA exhibits good combinative- and synergistic action.
Frescolat MGA is widely suitable for personal care products such as fragrances, shampoos, bath foam and shaving products.


-In the industry, Frescolat MGA is used in the formulation of personal care products, such as toothpaste, mouthwash, and skincare products.
Its ability to provide a long-lasting cooling sensation makes Frescolat MGA a popular ingredient in these products


-Scientific Research Applications of Frescolat MGA:
Frescolat MGA has a wide range of scientific research applications.
In chemistry, Frescolat MGA is used as a model compound to study acetalization reactions and the stability of acetal bonds.
In biology, Frescolat MGA is used to investigate the effects of cooling agents on cellular processes and temperature-sensitive ion channels .

In medicine, Frescolat MGA is explored for its potential therapeutic applications, particularly in the development of topical formulations for pain relief and skin conditions.
Its cooling properties make Frescolat MGA an attractive candidate for products designed to provide relief from itching, burning, and other discomforts.



CLAIMS OF FRESCOLAT MGA:
*Cooling Agents
*long-lasting



ALTERNATIVE PARENTS OF FRESCOLAT MGA:
*Ketals
*1,3-dioxolanes
*Oxacyclic compounds
*Primary alcohols
*Hydrocarbon derivatives



SUBSTITUENTS OF FRESCOLAT MGA:
*P-menthane monoterpenoid
*Ketal
*Meta-dioxolane
*Oxacycle
*Organoheterocyclic compound
*Acetal
*Organic oxygen compound
*Hydrocarbon derivative
*Primary alcohol
*Organooxygen compound
*Alcohol
*Aliphatic heteropolycyclic compound



MECHANISM OF ACTION OF FRESCOLAT MGA:
Frescolat MGA exerts its cooling effects by activating the transient receptor potential melastatin 8 (TRPM8) channels.
These channels are temperature-sensitive ion channels that are activated by cool temperatures and chemical agonists like menthol and icilin .

Upon activation, TRPM8 channels allow the influx of calcium ions into the cells, leading to the sensation of cooling.
This mechanism is similar to that of menthol, but Frescolat MGA is designed to provide a longer-lasting and more intense cooling effect .



PREPARATION METHODS OF FRESCOLAT MGA:
Frescolat MGA is synthesized through the acetalization of menthone with glycerin.
The reaction typically involves the use of an acid catalyst to facilitate the formation of the acetal bond between menthone and glycerin.

The reaction conditions are carefully controlled to ensure high yield and purity of the final product .
In industrial production, the process is scaled up to produce large quantities of Frescolat MGA.
The reaction is carried out in large reactors, and Frescolat MGA is purified through distillation and other separation techniques to remove any impurities .



CHEMICAL REACTIONS ANALYSIS OF FRESCOLAT MGA:
Frescolat MGA primarily undergoes substitution reactions due to the presence of the acetal functional group.
Common reagents used in these reactions include acids and bases, which can catalyze the hydrolysis of the acetal bond, leading to the formation of menthone and glycerin.

The major products formed from these reactions are menthone and glycerin.
These reactions are typically carried out under mild conditions to prevent the degradation of Frescolat MGA .



COMPARISON WITH SIMILAR COMPOUNDS OF FRESCOLAT MGA:
Frescolat MGA is often compared to other cooling agents, such as menthol and menthyl lactate.
While menthol is the most well-known cooling agent, Frescolat MGA has some disadvantages, such as a strong odor and potential irritation at higher concentrations .

Frescolat MGA, on the other hand, is designed to overcome these limitations.
Frescolat MGA has a lower odor and is less irritating, making it suitable for a wider range of applications.
Additionally, Frescolat MGA provides a longer-lasting cooling effect compared to menthol .



SIMILAR COMPOUNDS INCLUDE:
*Menthol
*Menthyl lactate
*Icilin
Each of these compounds has unique properties and applications, but Frescolat MGA stands out for its combination of strong cooling effect, low odor, and non-irritating properties



WHAT DOES FRESCOLAT MGA DO IN A FORMULATION?
*Refreshing



FUNCTIONS OF FRESCOLAT MGA IN COSMETIC PRODUCTS:
*REFRESHING
Frescolat MGA imparts a pleasant freshness to the skin



HOW TO USE FRESCOLAT MGA:
Frescolat MGA is alcohol soluble, Glycol soluble and Oil Soluble.



USAGE AMOUNT OF FRESCOLAT MGA:
Frescolat MGA should be used between 0.1% and 2%.



PRODUCTS TO USE IN FRESCOLAT MGA:
Frescolat MGA is perfect for use in products where you are looking for an instant skin icing effect such as Shower Gel, Shampoo, Relief Balms, Depilatory Products, Hair Relaxaer, Shaving Foam.
Research has shown that 65% of Consumers are looking for products with a very strong feeling of freshness and 88% of consumers believe that coolness calms irritation.
66% of consumers feel that a product is working if they have a cooling effect upon application.



PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of FRESCOLAT MGA:
Molecular Weight:228.33
XLogP3:2.5
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count:1
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count:3
Rotatable Bond Count:2
Exact Mass:228.17254462
Monoisotopic Mass:228.17254462
Topological Polar Surface Area:38.7
Heavy Atom Count:16
Complexity:241
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count:4
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count:1

Compound Is Canonicalized:Yes
IUPAC Name: (9-methyl-6-propan-2-yl-1,4-dioxaspiro[4.5]decan-3-yl)methanol
InChI: InChI=1S/C13H24O3/c1-9(2)12-5-4-10(3)6-13(12)15-8-11(7-14)16-13/h9-12,14H,4-8H2,1-3H3
InChI Key: ZBJCYZPANVLBRK-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Canonical SMILES: CC1CCC(C2(C1)OCC(O2)CO)C(C)C
Molecular Formula: C13H24O3
DSSTOX Substance ID: DTXSID20866983
Molecular Weight: 228.33 g/mol
Physical Description: clear colourless viscous liquid
Boiling Point: 322.00 to 323.00 °C @ 760.00 mm Hg

Solubility: soluble in water, olive oil <15% and almond oil 1% w/w
Density: 1.0306, 1.0308
CAS RN: 63187-91-7
Formula: C13H24O3
InChI: InChI=1S/C13H24O3/c1-9(2)12-5-4-10(3)6-13(12)15-8-11(7-14)16-13/h9-12,14H,4-8H2,1-3H3
InChI Key: InChIKey=ZBJCYZPANVLBRK-UHFFFAOYSA-N
SMILES: OCC1OC2(OC1)CC(C)CCC2C(C)C
Molecular Weight: 228.33 g/mol
XLogP3-AA: 2.5
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 1
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 3

Rotatable Bond Count: 2
Exact Mass: 228.17254462 g/mol
Monoisotopic Mass: 228.17254462 g/mol
Topological Polar Surface Area: 38.7 Ų
Heavy Atom Count: 16
Formal Charge: 0
Complexity: 241
Isotope Atom Count: 0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 4
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0

Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 1
Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes
Molecular Weight: 228.33
Exact Mass: 228.33
EC Number: 408-200-3
UNII: 7QQ1EE6RCP
HS Code: 2932999099
Characteristics:
PSA: 38.7
XLogP3: 2.97
Appearance: clear colourless viscous liquid

Density: 1.0±0.1 g/cm³
Boiling Point: 148-152 °C @ Press: 14 Torr
Flash Point: 159.7±4.7 °C
Refractive Index: 1.489
Water Solubility: 27.28 mg/L @ 25 °C (est)
soluble in water, olive oil <15% and almond oil 1% w/w
CAS No.: 63187-91-7
Chemical Name: Frescolat MGA (Menthone Glyceryl Acetal)
Synonyms: Frescolat MGA (Menthone Glyceryl Acetal)
CB Number: CB79911803
Display Name: 2-hydroxymethyl-9-methyl-6-(1-methylethyl)-1,4-dioxaspiro[4.5]decane
EC Number: 408-200-3
EC Name: 2-hydroxymethyl-9-methyl-6-(1-methylethyl)-1,4-dioxaspiro[4.5]decane

CAS Number: 63187-91-7
Molecular Formula: C13H24O3
IUPAC Name: [9-methyl-6-(propan-2-yl)-1,4-dioxaspiro[4.5]decan-2-yl]methanol
Chemical Formula: C13H24O3
Average Molecular Weight: 228.3279
Monoisotopic Molecular Weight: 228.172544634
IUPAC Name: [9-methyl-6-(propan-2-yl)-1,4-dioxaspiro[4.5]decan-2-yl]methanol
Traditional Name: {6-isopropyl-9-methyl-1,4-dioxaspiro[4.5]decan-2-yl}methanol
CAS Registry Number: 63187-91-7
SMILES: CC(C)C1CCC(C)CC11OCC(CO)O1
InChI Identifier: InChI=1S/C13H24O3/c1-9(2)12-5-4-10(3)6-13(12)15-8-11(7-14)16-13/h9-12,14H,4-8H2,1-3H3
InChI Key: ZBJCYZPANVLBRK-UHFFFAOYSA-N



FIRST AID MEASURES of FRESCOLAT MGA:
-Description of first-aid measures
*General advice:
Show this material safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
*If inhaled:
After inhalation:
Fresh air.
*In case of skin contact:
Take off immediately all contaminated clothing.
Rinse skin with
water/ shower.
*In case of eye contact:
After eye contact:
Rinse out with plenty of water.
Call in ophthalmologist.
Remove contact lenses.
*If swallowed:
After swallowing:
Immediately make victim drink water (two glasses at most).
Consult a physician.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed.
No data available



ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of FRESCOLAT MGA:
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Cover drains.
Collect, bind, and pump off spills.
Observe possible material restrictions.
Take up dry.
Dispose of properly.
Clean up affected area.



FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of FRESCOLAT MGA:
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Foam
Dry powder
*Unsuitable extinguishing media:
For this substance/mixture no limitations of extinguishing agents are given.
-Further information:
Prevent fire extinguishing water from contaminating surface water or the ground water system.



EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of FRESCOLAT MGA:
-Control parameters:
--Ingredients with workplace control parameters:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use equipment for eye protection.
Safety glasses
*Body Protection:
protective clothing
*Respiratory protection:
Recommended Filter type: Filter A
-Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.



HANDLING and STORAGE of FRESCOLAT MGA:
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
*Storage conditions:
Tightly closed.
Dry.



STABILITY and REACTIVITY of FRESCOLAT MGA:
-Chemical stability:
The product is chemically stable under standard ambient conditions (room temperature) .
-Possibility of hazardous reactions:
No data available


FRESCOLAT MGA PLUS
Frescolat MGA Plus is a colorless liquid used as an active cooling agent.
Frescolat MGA Plus creates a strong, long-lasting sensation of freshness and cooling.


CAS Number: 63187-91-7
EC Number: 408-200-3
Chem/IUPAC Name: 1,4-Dioxaspiro[4.5]decane-2-methanol, 9-methyl-6-(1-methylethyl)-; Menthone 1,2-glycerol ketal
INCI Name: Menthone Glycerin Acetal (and) Menthol



SYNONYMS:
1,4-Dioxaspiro[4.5]decane-2-methanol,9-methyl-6-(1-methylethyl)-, 9-Methyl-6-(1-methylethyl)-1,4-dioxaspiro[4.5]decane-2-methanol, Frescolat MGA, Menthone glycerin acetal, Menthone glyceryl ketal, 6-Isopropyl-9-methyl-1,4-dioxaspiro[4,5]decane-2-methanol, (6-Isopropyl-9-methyl-1,4-dioxaspiro[4.5]decan-2-yl)methanol, Fema Gras 3808, Menthone glycerine acetal, (9-Methyl-6-propan-2-yl-1,4-dioxaspiro[4.5]decan-3-yl)methanol, [9-Methyl-6-(propan-2-yl)-1,4-dioxaspiro[4.5]decan-2-yl]methanol, Menthone 1,2-glycerol ketal, FRESCOLAT, TYPE MGA RACEMIC, 63187-91-7, Menthone 1,2-glycerol ketal, Frescolat MGA, 6-Isopropyl-9-methyl-1,4-dioxaspiro[4.5]decane-2-methanol, 1,4-Dioxaspiro[4.5]decane-2-methanol, 9-methyl-6-(1-methylethyl)-, Menthone glycerin acetal, Menthone 1,2-glyceryl ketal, 6-Isopropyl-9-methyl-1,4-dioxaspiro(4.5)decane-2-methanol, 7QQ1EE6RCP, (9-methyl-6-propan-2-yl-1,4-dioxaspiro[4.5]decan-3-yl)methanol, (6-isopropyl-9-methyl-1,4-dioxaspiro[4.5]decan-2-yl)methanol, Menthone 1,2-glycerol ketal, (+/-)-, 1,4-Dioxaspiro(4.5)decane-2-methanol, 9-methyl-6-(1-methylethyl)-, [9-methyl-6-(propan-2-yl)-1,4-dioxaspiro[4.5]decan-2-yl]methanol, 9-Methyl-6-(1-methylethyl)-1,4-dioxaspiro(4.5)decane-2-methanol, menthone glyceryl ketal, UNII-7QQ1EE6RCP, 9-Methyl-6-(1-methylethyl)-1,4-dioxaspiro[4.5]decane-2-methanol, Menthoneglycerinacetal, starbld0009751, EC 408-200-3, SCHEMBL169625, GTPL2465, FEMA NO. 3808, FEMA 3807, FEMA 3808, DTXSID20866983, CHEBI:169866, ZBJCYZPANVLBRK-UHFFFAOYSA-N, FRESCOLAT, TYPE MGA RACEMIC, (9-methyl-6-propan-2-yl-1,4-dioxaspiro[4.5]decan-2-yl)methanol, (+/-)-menthone 1,2-glycerol ketal, 2-hydroxymethyl-9-methyl-6-(1-methylethyl)-1,4-dioxaspiro(4.5)decane, AKOS015908506, AC-9867, DL-MENTHONE 1,2-GLYCEROL KETAL, CS-0454364, NS00003186, E79266, D,L-MENTHONE 1,2-GLYCEROL KETAL [FHFI], DL-MENTHONE (+/-)-1,2-GLYCEROL KETAL, Q27077744, 6-Isopropyl-9-methyl-1,4-dioxaspiro(4,5)decane-2-methanol, 2-Hydroxymethyl-6-isopropyl-9-methyl-1,4-dioxaspiro[4.5]decane, 9-Methyl-6-(1-methylethyl)-1,4-dioxaspiro[4.5]decane-2-methanol, 9CI



Frescolat MGA Plus is an excellent and more effective alternative to Menthol as it is non-irritating and compatabile with a wide pH (6.5 - 12).
Frescolat MGA Plus has low odour and is in a clear liquid.
Frescolat MGA Plus quickly provides a cooling and icing effect to the skin.


Frescolat MGA Plus has proven efficacy to bring up to 25 minutes colling relief to the skin.
Frescolat MGA Plus is a colorless liquid used as an active cooling agent.
Frescolat MGA Plus creates a strong, long-lasting sensation of freshness and cooling.


Benefits of Frescolat MGA Plus include signal for efficacy, non-irritating, optimal for alkalin formulations, low odor, clear liquid and suitable for oral care (FEMA 3807)
Frescolat MGA Plus acts as a gentle algefacient.
Frescolat MGA Plus shows stronger cool feeling and more mildness as compared with lactic acid menthyl ester.


Frescolat MGA Plus does not cause irritation to the skin.
Frescolat MGA Plus provides relief solution for the skin.
Frescolat MGA Plus gives immediate, strong and long-lasting cooling effect.


Frescolat MGA Plus exhibits good combinative- and synergistic action.
Frescolat MGA Plus is widely suitable for personal care products such as fragrances, shampoos, bath foam and shaving products.


Frescolat MGA Plus also works as a cool stabilizer of mint flavor.
Frescolat MGA Plus is registered under the REACH Regulation and is manufactured in and / or imported to the European Economic Area, at ≥ 10 to < 100 tonnes per annum.
Frescolat MGA Plus is a colorless liquid used as an active cooling agent in alkalin formulations.


Frescolat MGA Plus will impart a pleasant, long lasting cooling effect which conveys a desired pleasant skin feel.
Frescolat MGA Plus is designed for bar soap applications.
Frescolat MGA Plus is a colourless liquid used as an active cooling agent.


Frescolat MGA Plus creates a strong, long-lasting sensation of skin icing, skin freshness and skin cooling.
Frescolat MGA Plus has proven efficacy of up to 25 minutes.


Frescolat MGA Plus belongs to the class of organic compounds known as menthane monoterpenoids.
These are monoterpenoids with a structure based on the o-, m-, or p-menthane backbone.
P-menthane consists of the cyclohexane ring with a methyl group and a (2-methyl)-propyl group at the 1 and 4 ring position, respectively.


The o- and m- menthanes are much rarer, and presumably arise by alkyl migration of p-menthanes.
Frescolat MGA Plus is Menthone Glycerin Acetal.
Frescolat MGA Plus is a patented, menthol-free cooling agent.


Frescolat MGA Plus is a natural extract.
Frescolat MGA Plus provides relief solution for the skin.
Frescolat MGA Plus gives immediate, strong and long-lasting cooling effect.


Optimal for pH of Frescolat MGA Plus is 6.5-12.
Frescolat MGA Plus (INCI: Menthone Glycerin Acetal) is the solution to bring freshness to alkaline formulations such as depilatories and deodorants.
Frescolat MGA Plus (#F-165) is a highly pure, synthetic, and biologically active compound.


Frescolat MGA Plus is used coolant; safe and technologically advanced alternative to menthol, optimal for high pH values >8 (soap, depilatory products).
Dosage of Frescolat MGA Plus is 0.1-3%.
Menthyl 1,2-propanetriol, Frescolat MGA Plus is on the EFFA list of food flavoring ingredients authorized for use in Europe, and its FEMA numbers are 3807 and 3808, respectively.


Frescolat MGA Plus is a highly pure, synthetic, and biologically active compound.
Frescolat MGA Plus is a p-menthane monoterpenoid.


Frescolat MGA Plus is a TRPM8 channel activator and cooling agent.
Frescolat MGA Plus activates mouse TRPM8 channels with EC50 of 4.8 muM.
Frescolat MGA Plus is Colorless viscous liquid.


Frescolat MGA Plus is a clear, colorless, pale, viscous liquid and creates a physiological cooling sensation on the skin or mucosa.
Frescolat MGA Plus is prepared by acetalization of l-menthone with glycerine.
Frescolat MGA Plus has a mint, menthol taste.


Frescolat MGA Plus is a clear colourless viscous liquid.
Frescolat MGA Plus is a p-menthane monoterpenoid.
Frescolat MGA Plus, also known as menthone glycerin acetal, is a synthetic compound widely used as a cooling agent.


Frescolat MGA Plus is a highly pure, synthetic, and biologically active compound.
Frescolat MGA Plus is a colorless liquid that provides a strong, long-lasting sensation of freshness and cooling.
Frescolat MGA Plus is particularly valued for its non-irritating properties, low odor, and suitability for various formulations, including oral care products .



USES and APPLICATIONS of FRESCOLAT MGA PLUS:
Frescolat MGA Plus is used by consumers, by professional workers (widespread uses), in formulation or re-packing, at industrial sites and in manufacturing.
Frescolat MGA Plus is used in the following products: biocides (e.g. disinfectants, pest control products), washing & cleaning products, air care products, polishes and waxes and cosmetics and personal care products.


Other release to the environment of Frescolat MGA Plus is likely to occur from: indoor use as processing aid and outdoor use as processing aid.
Other release to the environment of Frescolat MGA Plus is likely to occur from: indoor use as processing aid.
Release to the environment of Frescolat MGA Plus can occur from industrial use: formulation of mixtures.


Release to the environment of Frescolat MGA Plus can occur from industrial use: in processing aids at industrial sites.
Release to the environment of Frescolat MGA Plus can occur from industrial use: manufacturing of the substance.
Frescolat MGA Plus is a colourless liquid used as an active cooling agent.


Frescolat MGA Plus creates a strong, long-lasting sensation of skin icing, skin freshness and skin cooling.
Frescolat MGA Plus has proven efficacy of up to 25 minutes
Frescolat MGA Plus will impart a pleasant, long lasting cooling effect which conveys a desired pleasant skin feel.


Frescolat MGA Plus is designed for bar soap applications.
The cooling effects of Frescolat MGA Plus can be used to negate the irritancy of products with a low pH or containing ingredients that can cause short term irritation as the icing effect will bring greater comfort to users.


Frescolat MGA Plus shows stronger cool feeling and more mildness as compared with lactic acid menthyl ester.
Frescolat MGA Plus does not cause irritation to the skin.


Frescolat MGA Plus exhibits good combinative- and synergistic action.
Frescolat MGA Plus is widely suitable for personal care products such as fragrances, shampoos, bath foam and shaving products.


Frescolat MGA Plus is used in oral care applications.
Frescolat MGA Plus has an immediate and long-lasting cooling effect.
Frescolat MGA Plus provides a long-lasting cooling effect and acts as a relief player in hair treatments.


A large number of publications have reported its application in food flavor formulations, and in most cases Frescolat MGA Plus is used in combination with other refrigerating agents.
Frescolat MGA Plus is a cooling agent used in various personal care and cosmetic products.


Frescolat MGA Plus provides a refreshing and cooling sensation when applied to the skin or hair.
Frescolat MGA Plus is used for adding fragrance, and to leave the skin feeling refreshed and cool.


Frescolat MGA Plus is a menthol derivative that can be naturally obtained or synthetically manufactured.
Frescolat MGA Plus is mainly used to create a cooling effect in cosmetic preparations used on the skin.


-In the industry, Frescolat MGA Plus is used in the formulation of personal care products, such as toothpaste, mouthwash, and skincare products.
Its ability to provide a long-lasting cooling sensation makes Frescolat MGA Plus a popular ingredient in these products


-Scientific Research Applications of Frescolat MGA Plus:
Frescolat MGA Plus has a wide range of scientific research applications.
In chemistry, Frescolat MGA Plus is used as a model compound to study acetalization reactions and the stability of acetal bonds.
In biology, Frescolat MGA Plus is used to investigate the effects of cooling agents on cellular processes and temperature-sensitive ion channels .

In medicine, Frescolat MGA Plus is explored for its potential therapeutic applications, particularly in the development of topical formulations for pain relief and skin conditions.
Its cooling properties make Frescolat MGA Plus an attractive candidate for products designed to provide relief from itching, burning, and other discomforts.



WHAT DOES FRESCOLAT MGA PLUS DO IN A FORMULATION?
*Refreshing



FUNCTIONS OF FRESCOLAT MGA PLUS IN COSMETIC PRODUCTS:
*REFRESHING
Frescolat MGA Plus imparts a pleasant freshness to the skin



HOW TO USE FRESCOLAT MGA PLUS:
Frescolat MGA Plus is alcohol soluble, Glycol soluble and Oil Soluble.



USAGE AMOUNT OF FRESCOLAT MGA PLUS:
Frescolat MGA Plus should be used between 0.1% and 2%.



PRODUCTS TO USE IN FRESCOLAT MGA PLUS:
Frescolat MGA Plus is perfect for use in products where you are looking for an instant skin icing effect such as Shower Gel, Shampoo, Relief Balms, Depilatory Products, Hair Relaxaer, Shaving Foam.
Research has shown that 65% of Consumers are looking for products with a very strong feeling of freshness and 88% of consumers believe that coolness calms irritation.
66% of consumers feel that a product is working if they have a cooling effect upon application.



CLAIMS OF FRESCOLAT MGA PLUS:
*Cooling Agents
*long-lasting



ALTERNATIVE PARENTS OF FRESCOLAT MGA PLUS:
*Ketals
*1,3-dioxolanes
*Oxacyclic compounds
*Primary alcohols
*Hydrocarbon derivatives



SUBSTITUENTS OF FRESCOLAT MGA PLUS:
*P-menthane monoterpenoid
*Ketal
*Meta-dioxolane
*Oxacycle
*Organoheterocyclic compound
*Acetal
*Organic oxygen compound
*Hydrocarbon derivative
*Primary alcohol
*Organooxygen compound
*Alcohol
*Aliphatic heteropolycyclic compound



MECHANISM OF ACTION OF FRESCOLAT MGA PLUS:
Frescolat MGA Plus exerts its cooling effects by activating the transient receptor potential melastatin 8 (TRPM8) channels.
These channels are temperature-sensitive ion channels that are activated by cool temperatures and chemical agonists like menthol and icilin .

Upon activation, TRPM8 channels allow the influx of calcium ions into the cells, leading to the sensation of cooling.
This mechanism is similar to that of menthol, but Frescolat MGA Plus is designed to provide a longer-lasting and more intense cooling effect .



PREPARATION METHODS OF FRESCOLAT MGA PLUS:
Frescolat MGA Plus is synthesized through the acetalization of menthone with glycerin.
The reaction typically involves the use of an acid catalyst to facilitate the formation of the acetal bond between menthone and glycerin.

The reaction conditions are carefully controlled to ensure high yield and purity of the final product .
In industrial production, the process is scaled up to produce large quantities of Frescolat MGA Plus.
The reaction is carried out in large reactors, and Frescolat MGA Plus is purified through distillation and other separation techniques to remove any impurities.



CHEMICAL REACTIONS ANALYSIS OF FRESCOLAT MGA PLUS:
Frescolat MGA Plus primarily undergoes substitution reactions due to the presence of the acetal functional group.
Common reagents used in these reactions include acids and bases, which can catalyze the hydrolysis of the acetal bond, leading to the formation of menthone and glycerin.

The major products formed from these reactions are menthone and glycerin.
These reactions are typically carried out under mild conditions to prevent the degradation of Frescolat MGA Plus .



COMPARISON WITH SIMILAR COMPOUNDS OF FRESCOLAT MGA PLUS:
Frescolat MGA Plus is often compared to other cooling agents, such as menthol and menthyl lactate.
While menthol is the most well-known cooling agent, Frescolat MGA Plus has some disadvantages, such as a strong odor and potential irritation at higher concentrations .

Frescolat MGA Plus, on the other hand, is designed to overcome these limitations.
Frescolat MGA Plus has a lower odor and is less irritating, making it suitable for a wider range of applications.
Additionally, Frescolat MGA Plus provides a longer-lasting cooling effect compared to menthol .



SIMILAR COMPOUNDS INCLUDE:
*Menthol
*Menthyl lactate
*Icilin
Each of these compounds has unique properties and applications, but Frescolat MGA Plus stands out for its combination of strong cooling effect, low odor, and non-irritating properties



PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of FRESCOLAT MGA PLUS:
Molecular Weight:228.33
XLogP3:2.5
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count:1
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count:3
Rotatable Bond Count:2
Exact Mass:228.17254462
Monoisotopic Mass:228.17254462
Topological Polar Surface Area:38.7
Heavy Atom Count:16
Complexity:241
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count:4
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count:1

Compound Is Canonicalized:Yes
IUPAC Name: (9-methyl-6-propan-2-yl-1,4-dioxaspiro[4.5]decan-3-yl)methanol
InChI: InChI=1S/C13H24O3/c1-9(2)12-5-4-10(3)6-13(12)15-8-11(7-14)16-13/h9-12,14H,4-8H2,1-3H3
InChI Key: ZBJCYZPANVLBRK-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Canonical SMILES: CC1CCC(C2(C1)OCC(O2)CO)C(C)C
Molecular Formula: C13H24O3
DSSTOX Substance ID: DTXSID20866983
Molecular Weight: 228.33 g/mol
Physical Description: clear colourless viscous liquid
Boiling Point: 322.00 to 323.00 °C @ 760.00 mm Hg

Solubility: soluble in water, olive oil <15% and almond oil 1% w/w
Density: 1.0306, 1.0308
CAS RN: 63187-91-7
Formula: C13H24O3
InChI: InChI=1S/C13H24O3/c1-9(2)12-5-4-10(3)6-13(12)15-8-11(7-14)16-13/h9-12,14H,4-8H2,1-3H3
InChI Key: InChIKey=ZBJCYZPANVLBRK-UHFFFAOYSA-N
SMILES: OCC1OC2(OC1)CC(C)CCC2C(C)C
Molecular Weight: 228.33 g/mol
XLogP3-AA: 2.5
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 1
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 3

Rotatable Bond Count: 2
Exact Mass: 228.17254462 g/mol
Monoisotopic Mass: 228.17254462 g/mol
Topological Polar Surface Area: 38.7 Ų
Heavy Atom Count: 16
Formal Charge: 0
Complexity: 241
Isotope Atom Count: 0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 4
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0

Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 1
Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes
Molecular Weight: 228.33
Exact Mass: 228.33
EC Number: 408-200-3
UNII: 7QQ1EE6RCP
HS Code: 2932999099
Characteristics:
PSA: 38.7
XLogP3: 2.97
Appearance: clear colourless viscous liquid

Density: 1.0±0.1 g/cm³
Boiling Point: 148-152 °C @ Press: 14 Torr
Flash Point: 159.7±4.7 °C
Refractive Index: 1.489
Water Solubility: 27.28 mg/L @ 25 °C (est)
soluble in water, olive oil <15% and almond oil 1% w/w
CAS No.: 63187-91-7
Chemical Name: Frescolat MGA Plus (Menthone Glyceryl Acetal)
Synonyms: Frescolat MGA Plus (Menthone Glyceryl Acetal)
CB Number: CB79911803
Display Name: 2-hydroxymethyl-9-methyl-6-(1-methylethyl)-1,4-dioxaspiro[4.5]decane
EC Number: 408-200-3
EC Name: 2-hydroxymethyl-9-methyl-6-(1-methylethyl)-1,4-dioxaspiro[4.5]decane

CAS Number: 63187-91-7
Molecular Formula: C13H24O3
IUPAC Name: [9-methyl-6-(propan-2-yl)-1,4-dioxaspiro[4.5]decan-2-yl]methanol
Chemical Formula: C13H24O3
Average Molecular Weight: 228.3279
Monoisotopic Molecular Weight: 228.172544634
IUPAC Name: [9-methyl-6-(propan-2-yl)-1,4-dioxaspiro[4.5]decan-2-yl]methanol
Traditional Name: {6-isopropyl-9-methyl-1,4-dioxaspiro[4.5]decan-2-yl}methanol
CAS Registry Number: 63187-91-7
SMILES: CC(C)C1CCC(C)CC11OCC(CO)O1
InChI Identifier: InChI=1S/C13H24O3/c1-9(2)12-5-4-10(3)6-13(12)15-8-11(7-14)16-13/h9-12,14H,4-8H2,1-3H3
InChI Key: ZBJCYZPANVLBRK-UHFFFAOYSA-N



FIRST AID MEASURES of FRESCOLAT MGA PLUS:
-Description of first-aid measures
*General advice:
Show this material safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
*If inhaled:
After inhalation:
Fresh air.
*In case of skin contact:
Take off immediately all contaminated clothing.
Rinse skin with
water/ shower.
*In case of eye contact:
After eye contact:
Rinse out with plenty of water.
Call in ophthalmologist.
Remove contact lenses.
*If swallowed:
After swallowing:
Immediately make victim drink water (two glasses at most).
Consult a physician.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed.
No data available



ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of FRESCOLAT MGA PLUS:
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Cover drains.
Collect, bind, and pump off spills.
Observe possible material restrictions.
Take up dry.
Dispose of properly.
Clean up affected area.



FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of FRESCOLAT MGA PLUS:
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Foam
Dry powder
*Unsuitable extinguishing media:
For this substance/mixture no limitations of extinguishing agents are given.
-Further information:
Prevent fire extinguishing water from contaminating surface water or the ground water system.



EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of FRESCOLAT MGA PLUS:
-Control parameters:
--Ingredients with workplace control parameters:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use equipment for eye protection.
Safety glasses
*Body Protection:
protective clothing
*Respiratory protection:
Recommended Filter type: Filter A
-Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.



HANDLING and STORAGE of FRESCOLAT MGA PLUS:
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
*Storage conditions:
Tightly closed.
Dry.



STABILITY and REACTIVITY of FRESCOLAT MGA PLUS:
-Chemical stability:
The product is chemically stable under standard ambient conditions (room temperature) .
-Possibility of hazardous reactions:
No data available


FRESCOLAT ML
Frescolat ML is used in oral care applications.
Frescolat ML acts as a cooling agent.
Frescolat ML dissolves in perfume oils, cosmetic oils or glycol solvents.


CAS Number: 59259-38-0 / 17162-29-7
EC Number: 261-678-3
INCI Name: Menthyl Lactate
Chemical Composition: 5-methyl-2 (1-methyl ethyl) cyclohexyl-2 hydroxypropionate, l-menthyl lactate, lactic acid menthyl ester
Chem/IUPAC Name: [(1R,2S,5R)-5-methyl-2-propan-2-ylcyclohexyl] 2-hydroxypropanoate
Molecular Formula: C13H24O3



SYNONYMS:
(-)-menthyl lactate, MENTHYL LACTATE, frescolat ML, 59259-38-0, l-Menthyl lactate, [(1R,2S,5R)-5-methyl-2-propan-2-ylcyclohexyl] 2-hydroxypropanoate, (R)-(1R,2S,5R)-2-Isopropyl-5-methylcyclohexyl 2-hydroxypropanoate, (1R,2S,5R)-2-ISOPROPYL-5-METHYLCYCLOHEXYL 2-HYDROXYPROPANOATE, 185915-25-7, L-Menthyl lactate, >=97%, SCHEMBL320044, (-)-p-Menthan-3-yl lactate, GTPL2466, FEMA 3748, L-Menthyl lactate, >=97%, FG, AKOS015964086, AC-9866, Q2640813, (1R,2S,5R)-5-methyl-2-(propan-2-yl)cyclohexyl 2-hydroxypropanoate, (1R,2S,5R)-2-Isopropyl-5-methylcyclohexyl 2-hydroxypropanoate, AldrichCPR, 61597-98-6, l-Menthyl lactate, L-Menthyl l-lactate, L-Menthyl (S)-lactate, Menthyl lactate [Mart.], L-Menthyl lactate [FHFI], (1R,2S,5R)-2-Isopropyl-5-methylcyclohexyl (S)-2-Hydroxypropionate, MENTHYL LACTATE, FEMA No. 3748, 2S-(1R,2S,5R)-menthyl lactate, Propanoic acid, 2-hydroxy-, (1R,2S,5R)-5-methyl-2-(1-methylethyl)cyclohexyl ester, (2S)-, (S)-(1R,2S,5R)-2-Isopropyl-5-methylcyclohexyl 2-hydroxypropanoate, 2BF9E65L7I, (-)-menthyl lactate, (1R,2S,5R)-2-isopropyl-5-methylcyclohexyl (S)-2-hydroxypropanoate, (1R,2S,5R)-5-methyl-2-(propan-2-yl)cyclohexyl (2S)-2-hydroxypropanoate, UNII-2BF9E65L7I, 59259-38-0, EC 612-179-8, SCHEMBL111620, MENTHYL LACTATE, (-)-, MENTHYL LACTATE [WHO-DD], UJNOLBSYLSYIBM-NOOOWODRSA-N, DTXSID301036338, MFCD09037384, MFCD27977194, [(1R,2S,5R)-5-methyl-2-propan-2-ylcyclohexyl] (2S)-2-hydroxypropanoate, AKOS027430477, AS-56902, Propanoic acid, 2-hydroxy-, 5-methyl-2-(1-methylethyl)cyclohexyl ester, (1R-(1alpha(S*),2beta,5alpha))-, CS-0154344, I0889, D91210, Q27254517, (1R,2S,5R)-2-Isopropyl-5-methylcyclohexyl (R)-2-Hydroxypropionate, (S)-2-Hydroxypropionic Acid (1R,2S,5R)-2-Isopropyl-5-methylcyclohexyl Ester, PROPANOIC ACID, 2-HYDROXY-, 5-METHYL-2-(1-METHYLETHYL)CYCLOHEXYL ESTER, (1R-(1.ALPHA.(S*),2.BETA.,5.ALPHA.)), Propanoic acid,2-hydroxy-,5-methyl-2-(1-methylethyl)cyclohexyl ester, Lactic acid,p-menth-3-yl ester, 1-Methyl-4-isopropyl-3-(2-hydroxypropionate)cyclohexanol, p-Menthyl lactate, Menthyl lactate, Frescolate ML, Covafresh II, Koko ML, Frescolat ML 620105, 2-Isopropyl-5-methylcyclohexyl 2-hydroxypropanoate, Fema Gras 3748, 2-Hydroxypropanoic acid 5-methyl-2-(1-methylethyl)cyclohexyl ester, 2-Hydroxy-propionic acid 2-isopropyl-5-methyl-cyclohexyl ester, Propanoic acid, 2-hydroxy-, 5-methyl-2-(1-methylethyl)cyclohexyl ester, Lactic acid, p-menth-3-yl ester, 1-Methyl-4-isopropyl-3-(2-hydroxypropionate)cyclohexanol, 2-Hydroxy-propionic acid 2-isopropyl-5-methyl-cyclohexyl ester, 2-Hydroxypropanoic acid 5-methyl-2-(1-methylethyl)cyclohexyl ester, 2-Isopropyl-5-methylcyclohexyl 2-hydroxypropanoate, Covafresh II, Fema Gras 3748, Fescolat MI Nat, Frescolat ML 620105, Frescolate ML, Koko ML, p-Menthyl lactate



Frescolat ML is Menthyl Lactate.
Frescolat ML acts as a cooling agent.
Frescolat ML dissolves in perfume oils, cosmetic oils or glycol solvents.


Frescolat ML is used in oral care applications.
Frescolat ML (INCI: Menthyl lactate), is a menthol derivative (menthol ester) capable of generating a mild and gentle cooling sensation on the skin.
Frescolat ML's use is now widespread in many applications (rinse-off and leave-on applications).


Well tolerated and completely odorless in formulation, Frescolat ML creates a freshness in perfect affinity with the skin.
Frescolat ML has been recently shown in an in vitro test that this range was helping to protect against the growth of bad bacteria in the intimate area.
This range is composed of a colourless to liquid (Frescolat ML) and a powdery crystalline form (Frescolat ML cryst new quality), as long as a natural one (Frescolat ML nat), which is 100% natural and Ecocert certified.


This range allows to answer to all formulation needs and sustainability requirements.
A long-lasting sensation of freshness is also a key parameter for the consumers
Frescolat ML is a cooling ingredient without menthol, optimal for pH values ​​4 – 8.


Dosage of Frescolat ML is 0.5-3%
Frescolat ML, in the EFFA list of permitted flavoring ingredients in Europe, has a FEMA number of 3748.
Frescolat ML is classified as a flavoring agent by FEMA despite its weak mint aroma and earthy taste.


Frescolat ML provides a lasting feeling of freshness in the mouth.
Frescolat ML is a colorless liquid to solid product. Frescolat ML provides a pleasant, long-lasting freshness and cooling effect on the skin—creating the sensation of freshness and coolness without employing alcohol or menthol.


Frescolat ML can be used as an active cosmetic ingredient and is safe to use and compatible with mucous membranes
Frescolat ML is a colourless liquid used as an active cooling agent.
Frescolat ML sensates, is cooling and refreshing, and is a signal for efficacy.


Frescolat ML is a menthol-free coolant that can be used in personal care applications with acidic to neutral pH levels.
Frescolat ML, a menthol derivative, has an excellent cooling effect and refreshing sensation.
Frescolat ML is a cooling agent for cosmetic products.


Frescolat ML is derived from menthol but is less likely to cause irritation than pure menthol but with a similar level of cooling effect.
Frescolat ML has a lower odor than Menthol.
Frescolat ML is in the form of a white crystalline powder.


Frescolat ML is soluble in water and alcohol-based solvents.
The usage rate varies between 0.1% and 2% depending on the effect of Frescolat ML and its interaction with other compounds.
Frescolat ML vs menthol: There is no substantiated, published research to back up the claim that this menthol derivative is less sensitizing than menthol.


Frescolat ML is a gentler variation of menthol.
The cooling effect of Frescolat ML is milder than that of pure menthol, but is much better tolerated by the skin.
Frescolat ML is an ester of menthol and lactic acid of natural origin.


The cooling effect of Frescolat ML on the skin can be increased by adding 5 - 10% alcohol.
The cooling effect of Frescolat ML depends on the dose, but also on the type of formulation.
Polar oils such as short-chain ester oils or MCT oils have a stronger effect than non-polar oils such as long-chain vegetable oils.


However, high doses of oils and waxes can significantly reduce the cooling effect.
One possibility is to pre-dissolve the raw material in perfume oils or fatty oils, as Frescolat ML is insoluble in water, and then add it to the formulation.


Frescolat ML should be added to the emulsion at around 40 °C.
Frescolat ML is one of the menthol related cooling agents.
Frescolat ML is formed from a combination of menthol and lactic acid.


Frescolat ML is generally produced in two different forms, one as a crystalline white colored powder and another in a fused material, with slight minty flavor.
Frescolat ML is a white crystalline powder used as an active cooling agent.


Frescolat ML is a milder form of Menthol.
Frescolat ML is a white crystalline powder used as an active cooling agent.
Frescolat ML is odorless and tasteless and is easy to use and easy to solubilize.


Frescolat ML is odorless and tasteless and is easy to use and easy to solubilize.
Frescolat ML is a kind of mint derivatives, as the white needle crystal, almost no aroma, cool taste persistent, has a cooling effect, is the best substitute of mint, has many characteristics, such as long-term, insipidity, without excitant.


Frescolat ML can be first mixed with oil, essence, glycol, added to the emulsion at about 35 ℃ to 40 ℃, it is also possible cold working, of course.
Frescolat ML has a tonic and refreshing effect.
Frescolat ML is a large complex of cooling components provides an immediate toning and refreshing feeling on the skin, as well as a feeling of cleanliness.


Frescolat ML does not cause burning and does not affect the final aroma of the product.
Tanning products containing Frescolat ML provide a toning feeling on the skin in 80% of respondents, and 93% confirmed the feeling of incredible freshness.
Frescolat ML creates the sensation of freshness and coolness without employing alcohol or menthol.


Frescolat ML is coolant; a safe and technological alternative to menthol, natural.
Dosage of Frescolat ML is 0.5-3%
Frescolat ML acts as a cooling agent.


Frescolat ML provides a pleasant, intensive long-lasting freshness and cooling effect on the skin.
Frescolat ML creates the sensation of freshness and coolness without employing alcohol or menthol.
Frescolat ML supports deodorant activity and decreases sweat odor.


Frescolat ML is safe to use and compatible with mucous membranes.
Frescolat ML is COSMOS, Ecocert approved and China compliant.
Frescolat ML is a COSMOS approved colorless liquid used as an active cooling agent.


Frescolat ML is odorless and tasteless and is easy to use and easy to solubilize.
Frescolat ML is a solid cooling agent and fragrance component for cosmetics.
Frescolat ML is a derivative of menthol, but is milder and more compatible with the skin.


Melting point of Frescolat ML is >35°C.
Recommended use level of Frescolat ML is 0.1-3%.
Frescolat ML is an ester of natural menthol and lactic acid, a highly effective and widely colorless liquid mainly used as a cooling agent.


Frescolat ML provides a quick cooling and long-lasting refreshing feeling with a weak chamomile-minty odor.
Frescolat ML is a food-grade ingredient used as a flavoring agent.
Frescolat ML is an active cooling agent that provides a pleasant, intensive long-lasting freshness and cooling effect on the skin.


Frescolat ML is the ester (chemical derivative) of menthol and lactic acid used primarily as a masking or fragrant agent in skin care and hair care.
Frescolat ML may be synthetic, plant-derived or animal-derived.
Frescolat ML can take the form of white crystals or white powder when in its raw material state.


Cosmetic ingredient suppliers recommend using Frescolat ML in concentrations between 0.01-2.0%.
Frescolat ML is a cooling agent for cosmetic products.


Frescolat ML is derived from menthol but is less likely to cause irritation than pure menthol but with a similar level of cooling effect.
Frescolat ML has a lower odour than Menthol.
Frescolat ML supports deodorant activity and decreases sweat odor.



USES and APPLICATIONS of FRESCOLAT ML:
Frescolat ML can increase the viscosity of products that contain tensides.
Frescolat ML shows enhance effectiveness if rapid hydration of the skin, brought about by products like O/W emulsions and gels.
Frescolat ML's cooling effect reduced if high percentages of oil- or wax-based cosmetic components.


Frescolat ML provides a pleasant cooling and fresh effect without the need for employing alcohol.
Frescolat ML should be added to emulsions at a temperature of around 40°C.
Frescolat ML is a translucent solid used as an active cooling agent.


Frescolat ML can be used as a cooling agent for body care, aftershave lotions and creams, shampoos, and after sun product
Applications of Frescolat ML: Facial cleanser / Lotion, milky lotion, cream / Other skin care and body care / Shampoo / Conditioner, treatment / Other hair cosmetics.


This minty-smelling compound, Frescolat ML, has been used as an insect repellent and strong flavor.
Frescolat ML has a light fragrance and is stable over a wide range of pH values ​​(ML: pH 4-8), making it suitable for incorporation into a variety of products.


Frescolat ML has the potential to provide a refreshing and cooling sensation to the skin.
Frescolat ML helps reduce irritation by soothing the skin.
Frescolat ML helps keep microorganisms under control by preventing bacterial and fungal growth.


Frescolat ML masks unwanted odors or adds a pleasant scent to products.
Frescolat ML helps extend the shelf life of products by reducing microbial activity and preventing oxidation.
Frescolat ML can help to soothe skin irritation and calm the skin.


Frescolat ML also has mild exfoliating properties that can help remove dead skin cells and improve skin texture.
Due to its mint-like odour, Frescolat ML is also used in flavour (oral care) and fragrance applications.
Frescolat ML generates an immediate & mild sensation, is suitable for leave-on and rinse off products and supports deodorant activity.


Frescolat ML is a white crystalline powder used as an active cooling agent.
Frescolat ML will impart a pleasant, long lasting cooling effect which conveys a desired pleasant skin feel.
Frescolat ML is odorless and tasteless and is easy to use and easy to solubilize.


Fields of use of Frescolat ML: shampoo, Rinse/Treatment, styling, Cream/lotion/skin lotion, Cleansing (face wash/body/hands/makeup remover), and Base Makeup.
Recommended usage of Frescolat ML is 0.1 to 2.0%.


Frescolat ML generates an immediate & mild sensation, is suitable for leave-on and rinse off products and supports deodorant activity.
Frescolat ML provides fast & mild refreshing sensation and body-responsive freshness reactivated with water (mimicking sweat).
Frescolat ML supports deodorant activity and decreases sweat odor by acting on the axillary microbiome.


Frescolat ML is used in oral care products.
Frescolat ML acts as a cooling agent.
Frescolat ML is used in oral hygiene products.


Frescolat ML is an instant yet mild cooling sensation, menthol-free, crystal form.
Optimal for pH of Frescolat ML is 4-7.
Frescolat ML is used cooling ingredient, does not contain menthol, optimal for pH values 4 – 8.


Dosage of Frescolat ML is 0.5-2%
Frescolat ML is a translucent solid used as an active cooling agent.
Frescolat ML is Menthyl Lactate.


Frescolat ML acts as a nature-identical, menthol-free cooling agent.
Frescolat ML is a white crystalline substance.
Frescolat ML is China compliant.


Frescolat ML is a white crystalline substance.
Frescolat ML can increase the viscosity of products that contain tensides.
Effectiveness enhanced if rapid hydration of the skin, brought about by products like O/W emulsions and gels.


Cooling effect reduced if high percentages of oil- or wax-based cosmetic components.
Frescolat ML can be used as an active ingredient in cooling gels, sports creams, after-sun care, shaving products and much more.
Frescolat ML provides a pleasant cooling and fresh effect.


Frescolat ML is used skin care (Facial care, Facial cleansing, Body care, Baby care) Toiletries (Shower, Bath, Oral care) Hair care (Shampoos, Conditioners, Styling) Sun care (Sun protection, After-sun, Self-tanning).


Frescolat ML creates the sensation of freshness and coolness without employing alcohol or menthol.
Frescolat ML supports deodorant activity and decreases sweat odor.
Frescolat ML is safe to use and compatible with mucous membranes.


Frescolat ML is used in oral care, skin care, hair care, shower gels, after sun, deodorants and shaving preparations.
Frescolat ML is a COSMOS approved colorless liquid used as an active cooling agent.
Frescolat ML will impart a pleasant, long lasting cooling effect which conveys a desired pleasant skin feel.


Frescolat ML is odorless and tasteless and is easy to use and easy to solubilize.
Frescolat ML can increase the viscosity of products that contain tensides.
Frescolat ML is effectiveness enhanced if rapid hydration of the skin, brought about by products like O/W emulsions and gels.


Frescolat ML is cooling effect reduced if high percentages of oil- or wax-based cosmetic components.
Frescolat ML is used skin care (Facial care, Facial cleansing, Body care, Baby care) Toiletries (Shower, Bath, Oral care) Hair care (Shampoos, Conditioners, Styling) Sun care (Sun protection, After-sun, Self-tanning).


Frescolat ML is suggested flavouring applications: Peppermint, spearmint, chocolate and cherry.
Frescolat ML is used for external use only.
Frescolat ML is used all kinds of skin care products.


So, Frescolat ML is safe for the skin with several beneficial effects, including skin conditioning, wound healing accelerator, insect repellent, and UV protection.
However, Frescolat ML has mild action compared to menthol, which has irritation potential.


Thanks to the water-binding ability of the lactic acid part, Frescolat ML also acts like an NMF, promoting skin hydration.
In addition, Frescolat ML stimulates cell migration and improves skin renewal rate.
Frescolat ML is stable in a wide range of pH and is used in numerous skin, lip, and hair care formulations.


The sensory perception and responses shown by Frescolat ML may be incorporated in various products in cosmetics, such as sun care products, deodorants, shower gels, facial cleanser or foams and after shave preparations.
Much like menthol, Frescolat ML exhibits a minty smell and prompts a cooling effect when applied topically.


Frescolat ML is supposed to be less sensitizing than menthol, but there’s not enough substantiated, published research supporting this notion.
However, aromatic compounds, due to their volatile nature, can cause skin sensitivity and damage, even if you can’t see any visible markers of this.


Frescolat ML’s most used in lip care, particularly for lip-plumping products, but is also found in skin care, body care and hair care.
Frescolat ML provides a pleasant cooling and fresh effect.



USE AND BENEFITS OF FRESCOLAT ML:
Frescolat ML has a long-lasting and pleasant cooling effect.
When in certain preparations there are many ingredients with different fragrances and those may produce a final product with a weird smell, in that case, Frescolat ML can be used to mask original taste or fragrance and produce the uniform effect.
Frescolat ML has a refreshing effect as well, which can be helpful in powders, toothpaste, chewing gums and other oral care products.



FEATURES OF FRESCOLAT ML:
*Frescolat ML is an alcohol-soluble cooling agent (solid) with a light fragrance and excellent long-lasting cooling effect.
Fields of use of Frescolat ML: shampoo, Rinse/Treatment, styling, Cream/lotion/skin lotion, Cleansing (face wash/body/hands/makeup remover), and Base Makeup.

Frescolat ML (INCI: Menthyl Lactate), which was found to support deodorant activity.
Frescolat ML supports deodorant activity in two ways:

*reducing body odor:
limiting underarm sweat odor up to 48 hr by managing the formation of odorous sweat compounds and;
acting on the axillary microbiome management: decreasing sweat odor by reducing anaerobic bacteria development only.

*The active is available in three formats to fit a variety of formulation needs:
Frescolat ML, containing L-menthol and natural lactic acid; Frescolat ML Nat. as 100% natural menthyl lactate; and Frescolat ML Cryst. as crystalline menthyl lactate.



FRESCOLAT ML AT A GLANCE:
*Derivative of menthol
*Exhibits a light, minty scent
*Prompts a cool, tingling sensation when applied topically
*Can cause skin sensitization



CLAIMS OF FRESCOLAT ML:
*Cooling Agents
*fresh feeling/cooling effect
*long-lasting freshness



FEATURES OF FRESCOLAT ML:
A cooling agent, Frescolat ML, that is soluble in alcohol and has a mild fragrance and excellent long-lasting cooling effect (crystals that are easy to work with)



WHAT IS FRESCOLAT ML USED FOR?
Frescolat ML is an active cooling agent that gives the skin a pleasant, intense, and prolonged feeling of freshness on the skin.
In cosmetics and personal care products, Frescolat ML serves as a masking and refreshing ingredient.

Frescolat ML can be used to cover up the original fragrance when there are numerous ingredients in a preparation with varying fragrances that could result in an odd-smelling finished product.
Additionally, Frescolat ML has a cooling effect that is beneficial in powders, toothpaste, chewing gum, and other oral care products.



ORIGIN OF FRESCOLAT ML:
Menthol and lactic acid react to produce a mixture comprising Frescolat ML and one or more higher lactoyl esters of Frescolat ML.
Hydrolysis of the esterification mixture follows in the presence of an aqueous base under conditions effective to convert the higher lactoyl esters to Frescolat ML.



WHAT DOES FRESCOLAT ML DO IN A FORMULATION?
*Masking
*Refreshing



SAFETY PROFILE OF FRESCOLAT ML:
Frescolat ML has a score of 1 on the Environmental Working Group (EWG’s) skin-deep scale, indicating a low potential for cancer, allergies, immunotoxicity, developmental and reproductive toxicity, and use restrictions.

Frescolat ML was evaluated for genotoxicity, repeated dose toxicity, reproductive toxicity, local respiratory toxicity, phototoxicity/photoallergenicity, skin sensitization, as well as environmental safety.
The data showed that Frescolat ML is not genotoxic nor does it have skin sensitization potential.

Frescolat ML was found not to be a - PBT (Persistent, Bioaccumulative, and Toxic) as per the IFRA (The International Fragrance Association) Environmental Standards, and its risk quotients.
The Expert Panel for Fragrance Safety concludes that Frescolat ML is safe based on the RIFM (Research Institute for Fragrance Materials) Criteria Document.



ALTERNATIVES OF FRESCOLAT ML:
*MENTHOL



PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of FRESCOLAT ML:
Molecular Weight: 228.33 g/mol
XLogP3-AA: 3.3
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 1
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 3
Rotatable Bond Count: 4
Exact Mass: 228.17254462 g/mol
Monoisotopic Mass: 228.17254462 g/mol
Topological Polar Surface Area: 46.5 Ų
Heavy Atom Count: 16
Formal Charge: 0
Complexity: 237

Isotope Atom Count: 0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 3
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 1
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 1
Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes
Molecular Formula: C13H24O3
Average Mass: 228.332
Monoisotopic Mass: 228.172545
Boiling Point: 297.71°C
Melting Point: 47.66°C
Solubility: Soluble in water

Product Name: Menthyl lactate
CAS No.: 17162-29-7
Molecular Formula: C13H24O3
InChIKeys: InChIKey=UJNOLBSYLSYIBM-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Molecular Weight: 228.32800
Exact Mass: 228.33
EC Number: 261-678-3
HScode: 2918110000
Categories: Synthetic Fragrances
PSA: 46.53000
XLogP3: 2.37120
Appearance: colourless liquid or white crystalline solid
with a weak chamomile or tobacco odour

Density: 0.99 g/cm3
Boiling Point: 304ºC at 760 mmHg
Flash Point: 116.0±13.2 °C
Refractive Index: 1.467
Vapor Pressure: 8.58E-05mmHg at 25°C
Molecular FormulaC13H24O3
Molecular Weight228.33
IUPAC Name(5-methyl-2-propan-2-ylcyclohexyl) 2-hydroxypropanoate
Boiling Point304.0±15.0°C at 760 Torr
Density0.99±0.1 g/cm3
InChI KeyUJNOLBSYLSYIBM-UHFFFAOYSA-N
InChIInChI=1S/C13H24O3/c1-8(2)11-6-5-9(3)7-12(11)16-13(15)10(4)14/h8-12,14H,5-7H2,1-4H3
Canonical SMILESCC1CCC(C(C1)OC(=O)C(C)O)C(C)C



FIRST AID MEASURES of FRESCOLAT ML:
-Description of first-aid measures
*General advice:
Show this material safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
*If inhaled:
After inhalation:
Fresh air.
*In case of skin contact:
Take off immediately all contaminated clothing.
Rinse skin with
water/ shower.
*In case of eye contact:
After eye contact:
Rinse out with plenty of water.
Call in ophthalmologist.
Remove contact lenses.
*If swallowed:
After swallowing:
Immediately make victim drink water (two glasses at most).
Consult a physician.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed.
No data available



ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of FRESCOLAT ML:
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Cover drains.
Collect, bind, and pump off spills.
Observe possible material restrictions.
Take up dry.
Dispose of properly.
Clean up affected area.



FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of FRESCOLAT ML:
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Foam
Dry powder
*Unsuitable extinguishing media:
For this substance/mixture no limitations of extinguishing agents are given.
-Further information:
Prevent fire extinguishing water from contaminating surface water or the ground water system.



EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of FRESCOLAT ML:
-Control parameters:
--Ingredients with workplace control parameters:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use equipment for eye protection.
Safety glasses
*Body Protection:
protective clothing
*Respiratory protection:
Recommended Filter type: Filter A
-Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.



HANDLING and STORAGE of FRESCOLAT ML:
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
*Storage conditions:
Tightly closed.
Dry.



STABILITY and REACTIVITY of FRESCOLAT ML:
-Chemical stability:
The product is chemically stable under standard ambient conditions (room temperature) .
-Possibility of hazardous reactions:
No data available
FRESCOLAT ML CRYST
Frescolat ML Cryst is a white crystalline powder used as an active cooling agent.
Frescolat ML Cryst is odorless and tasteless and is easy to use and easy to solubilize.


CAS Number: 59259-38-0 / 17162-29-7
EC Number: 261-678-3
INCI Name: Menthyl Lactate
Chemical Composition: 5-methyl-2 (1-methyl ethyl) cyclohexyl-2 hydroxypropionate, l-menthyl lactate, lactic acid menthyl ester
Chem/IUPAC Name: [(1R,2S,5R)-5-methyl-2-propan-2-ylcyclohexyl] 2-hydroxypropanoate
Molecular Formula: C13H24O3



SYNONYMS:
Propanoic acid,2-hydroxy-,5-methyl-2-(1-methylethyl)cyclohexyl ester, Lactic acid,p-menth-3-yl ester, 1-Methyl-4-isopropyl-3-(2-hydroxypropionate)cyclohexanol, p-Menthyl lactate, Menthyl lactate, Frescolate ML, Covafresh II, Koko ML, Frescolat ML 620105, 2-Isopropyl-5-methylcyclohexyl 2-hydroxypropanoate, Fema Gras 3748, 2-Hydroxypropanoic acid 5-methyl-2-(1-methylethyl)cyclohexyl ester, 2-Hydroxy-propionic acid 2-isopropyl-5-methyl-cyclohexyl ester, Propanoic acid, 2-hydroxy-, 5-methyl-2-(1-methylethyl)cyclohexyl ester, Lactic acid, p-menth-3-yl ester, 1-Methyl-4-isopropyl-3-(2-hydroxypropionate)cyclohexanol, 2-Hydroxy-propionic acid 2-isopropyl-5-methyl-cyclohexyl ester, 2-Hydroxypropanoic acid 5-methyl-2-(1-methylethyl)cyclohexyl ester, 2-Isopropyl-5-methylcyclohexyl 2-hydroxypropanoate, Covafresh II, Fema Gras 3748, Fescolat MI Nat, Frescolat ML 620105, Frescolate ML, Koko ML, p-Menthyl lactate, (-)-menthyl lactate, MENTHYL LACTATE, frescolat ML, 59259-38-0, l-Menthyl lactate, [(1R,2S,5R)-5-methyl-2-propan-2-ylcyclohexyl] 2-hydroxypropanoate, (R)-(1R,2S,5R)-2-Isopropyl-5-methylcyclohexyl 2-hydroxypropanoate, (1R,2S,5R)-2-ISOPROPYL-5-METHYLCYCLOHEXYL 2-HYDROXYPROPANOATE, 185915-25-7, L-Menthyl lactate, >=97%, SCHEMBL320044, (-)-p-Menthan-3-yl lactate, GTPL2466, FEMA 3748, L-Menthyl lactate, >=97%, FG, AKOS015964086, AC-9866, Q2640813, (1R,2S,5R)-5-methyl-2-(propan-2-yl)cyclohexyl 2-hydroxypropanoate, (1R,2S,5R)-2-Isopropyl-5-methylcyclohexyl 2-hydroxypropanoate, AldrichCPR, 61597-98-6, l-Menthyl lactate, L-Menthyl l-lactate, L-Menthyl (S)-lactate, Menthyl lactate [Mart.], L-Menthyl lactate [FHFI], (1R,2S,5R)-2-Isopropyl-5-methylcyclohexyl (S)-2-Hydroxypropionate, MENTHYL LACTATE, FEMA No. 3748, 2S-(1R,2S,5R)-menthyl lactate, Propanoic acid, 2-hydroxy-, (1R,2S,5R)-5-methyl-2-(1-methylethyl)cyclohexyl ester, (2S)-, (S)-(1R,2S,5R)-2-Isopropyl-5-methylcyclohexyl 2-hydroxypropanoate, 2BF9E65L7I, (-)-menthyl lactate, (1R,2S,5R)-2-isopropyl-5-methylcyclohexyl (S)-2-hydroxypropanoate, (1R,2S,5R)-5-methyl-2-(propan-2-yl)cyclohexyl (2S)-2-hydroxypropanoate, UNII-2BF9E65L7I, 59259-38-0, EC 612-179-8, SCHEMBL111620, MENTHYL LACTATE, (-)-, MENTHYL LACTATE [WHO-DD], UJNOLBSYLSYIBM-NOOOWODRSA-N, DTXSID301036338, MFCD09037384, MFCD27977194, [(1R,2S,5R)-5-methyl-2-propan-2-ylcyclohexyl] (2S)-2-hydroxypropanoate, AKOS027430477, AS-56902, Propanoic acid, 2-hydroxy-, 5-methyl-2-(1-methylethyl)cyclohexyl ester, (1R-(1alpha(S*),2beta,5alpha))-, CS-0154344, I0889, D91210, Q27254517, (1R,2S,5R)-2-Isopropyl-5-methylcyclohexyl (R)-2-Hydroxypropionate, (S)-2-Hydroxypropionic Acid (1R,2S,5R)-2-Isopropyl-5-methylcyclohexyl Ester, PROPANOIC ACID, 2-HYDROXY-, 5-METHYL-2-(1-METHYLETHYL)CYCLOHEXYL ESTER, (1R-(1.ALPHA.(S*),2.BETA.,5.ALPHA.))



Frescolat ML Cryst is a white crystalline powder used as an active cooling agent.
Frescolat ML Cryst is a kind of mint derivatives, as the white needle crystal, almost no aroma, cool taste persistent, has a cooling effect, is the best substitute of mint, has many characteristics, such as long-term, insipidity, without excitant.


Frescolat ML Cryst can be first mixed with oil, essence, glycol, added to the emulsion at about 35 ℃ to 40 ℃, it is also possible cold working, of course.
Frescolat ML Cryst is a large complex of cooling components provides an immediate toning and refreshing feeling on the skin, as well as a feeling of cleanliness.


Frescolat ML Cryst does not cause burning and does not affect the final aroma of the product.
Tanning products containing Frescolat ML Cryst provide a toning feeling on the skin in 80% of respondents, and 93% confirmed the feeling of incredible freshness.


Frescolat ML Cryst creates the sensation of freshness and coolness without employing alcohol or menthol.
Frescolat ML Cryst supports deodorant activity and decreases sweat odor.
Frescolat ML Cryst has a tonic and refreshing effect.


Frescolat ML Cryst is coolant; a safe and technological alternative to menthol, natural.
Dosage of Frescolat ML Cryst is 0.5-3%
Frescolat ML Cryst acts as a cooling agent.


Frescolat ML Cryst provides a pleasant, intensive long-lasting freshness and cooling effect on the skin.
Frescolat ML Cryst creates the sensation of freshness and coolness without employing alcohol or menthol.
Frescolat ML Cryst supports deodorant activity and decreases sweat odor.


Frescolat ML Cryst is safe to use and compatible with mucous membranes.
Frescolat ML Cryst is COSMOS, Ecocert approved and China compliant.
Frescolat ML Cryst is a COSMOS approved colorless liquid used as an active cooling agent.


Frescolat ML Cryst is odorless and tasteless and is easy to use and easy to solubilize.
Frescolat ML Cryst is a solid cooling agent and fragrance component for cosmetics.
Frescolat ML Cryst is a derivative of menthol, but is milder and more compatible with the skin.


Melting point of Frescolat ML Cryst is >35°C.
Recommended use level of Frescolat ML Cryst is 0.1-3%.
Frescolat ML Cryst is an ester of natural menthol and lactic acid, a highly effective and widely colorless liquid mainly used as a cooling agent.


Frescolat ML Cryst provides a quick cooling and long-lasting refreshing feeling with a weak chamomile-minty odor.
Frescolat ML Cryst is a food-grade ingredient used as a flavoring agent.
Frescolat ML Cryst is an active cooling agent that provides a pleasant, intensive long-lasting freshness and cooling effect on the skin.


Frescolat ML Cryst is the ester (chemical derivative) of menthol and lactic acid used primarily as a masking or fragrant agent in skin care and hair care.
Frescolat ML Cryst may be synthetic, plant-derived or animal-derived.
Frescolat ML Cryst can take the form of white crystals or white powder when in its raw material state.


Cosmetic ingredient suppliers recommend using Frescolat ML Cryst in concentrations between 0.01-2.0%.
Frescolat ML Cryst is a cooling agent for cosmetic products.
Frescolat ML Cryst is derived from menthol but is less likely to cause irritation than pure menthol but with a similar level of cooling effect.


Frescolat ML Cryst is used in oral care applications.
Frescolat ML Cryst acts as a cooling agent.
Frescolat ML Cryst dissolves in perfume oils, cosmetic oils or glycol solvents.


Frescolat ML Cryst is Menthyl Lactate.
Frescolat ML Cryst acts as a cooling agent.
Frescolat ML Cryst dissolves in perfume oils, cosmetic oils or glycol solvents.


Frescolat ML Cryst is used in oral care applications.
Frescolat ML Cryst (INCI: Menthyl lactate), is a menthol derivative (menthol ester) capable of generating a mild and gentle cooling sensation on the skin.
Frescolat ML Cryst's use is now widespread in many applications (rinse-off and leave-on applications).


Well tolerated and completely odorless in formulation, Frescolat ML Cryst creates a freshness in perfect affinity with the skin.
Frescolat ML Cryst has been recently shown in an in vitro test that this range was helping to protect against the growth of bad bacteria in the intimate area.


This range is composed of a colourless to liquid (Frescolat ML Cryst) and a powdery crystalline form (Frescolat ML Cryst cryst new quality), as long as a natural one (Frescolat ML Cryst nat), which is 100% natural and Ecocert certified.


This range allows to answer to all formulation needs and sustainability requirements.
A long-lasting sensation of freshness is also a key parameter for the consumers
Frescolat ML Cryst is a cooling ingredient without menthol, optimal for pH values 4 – 8.


Dosage of Frescolat ML Cryst is 0.5-3%
Frescolat ML Cryst, in the EFFA list of permitted flavoring ingredients in Europe, has a FEMA number of 3748.
Frescolat ML Cryst is classified as a flavoring agent by FEMA despite its weak mint aroma and earthy taste.


Frescolat ML Cryst provides a lasting feeling of freshness in the mouth.
Frescolat ML Cryst is a colorless liquid to solid product. Frescolat ML Cryst provides a pleasant, long-lasting freshness and cooling effect on the skin—creating the sensation of freshness and coolness without employing alcohol or menthol.


Frescolat ML Cryst can be used as an active cosmetic ingredient and is safe to use and compatible with mucous membranes
Frescolat ML Cryst is a colourless liquid used as an active cooling agent.
Frescolat ML Cryst sensates, is cooling and refreshing, and is a signal for efficacy.


Frescolat ML Cryst is a menthol-free coolant that can be used in personal care applications with acidic to neutral pH levels.
Frescolat ML Cryst, a menthol derivative, has an excellent cooling effect and refreshing sensation.
Frescolat ML Cryst is a cooling agent for cosmetic products.


Frescolat ML Cryst is derived from menthol but is less likely to cause irritation than pure menthol but with a similar level of cooling effect.
Frescolat ML Cryst has a lower odor than Menthol.
Frescolat ML Cryst is in the form of a white crystalline powder.


Frescolat ML Cryst has a lower odour than Menthol.
Frescolat ML Cryst is odorless and tasteless and is easy to use and easy to solubilize.
Frescolat ML Cryst is soluble in water and alcohol-based solvents.


The usage rate varies between 0.1% and 2% depending on the effect of Frescolat ML Cryst and its interaction with other compounds.
Frescolat ML Cryst vs menthol: There is no substantiated, published research to back up the claim that this menthol derivative is less sensitizing than menthol.


Frescolat ML Cryst is a gentler variation of menthol.
The cooling effect of Frescolat ML Cryst is milder than that of pure menthol, but is much better tolerated by the skin.
Frescolat ML Cryst is an ester of menthol and lactic acid of natural origin.


The cooling effect of Frescolat ML Cryst on the skin can be increased by adding 5 - 10% alcohol.
The cooling effect of Frescolat ML Cryst depends on the dose, but also on the type of formulation.
Polar oils such as short-chain ester oils or MCT oils have a stronger effect than non-polar oils such as long-chain vegetable oils.


However, high doses of oils and waxes can significantly reduce the cooling effect.
One possibility is to pre-dissolve the raw material in perfume oils or fatty oils, as Frescolat ML Cryst is insoluble in water, and then add it to the formulation.


Frescolat ML Cryst should be added to the emulsion at around 40 °C.
Frescolat ML Cryst is one of the menthol related cooling agents.
Frescolat ML Cryst is formed from a combination of menthol and lactic acid.


Frescolat ML Cryst is generally produced in two different forms, one as a crystalline white colored powder and another in a fused material, with slight minty flavor.
Frescolat ML Cryst is a milder form of Menthol.



USES and APPLICATIONS of FRESCOLAT ML CRYST:
Frescolat ML Cryst is a white crystalline powder used as an active cooling agent.
Frescolat ML Cryst will impart a pleasant, long lasting cooling effect which conveys a desired pleasant skin feel.
Frescolat ML Cryst is odorless and tasteless and is easy to use and easy to solubilize.


Fields of use of Frescolat ML Cryst: shampoo, Rinse/Treatment, styling, Cream/lotion/skin lotion, Cleansing (face wash/body/hands/makeup remover), and Base Makeup.
Recommended usage of Frescolat ML Cryst is 0.1 to 2.0%.
Frescolat ML Cryst provides a pleasant cooling and fresh effect.


Frescolat ML Cryst generates an immediate & mild sensation, is suitable for leave-on and rinse off products and supports deodorant activity.
Frescolat ML Cryst provides fast & mild refreshing sensation and body-responsive freshness reactivated with water (mimicking sweat).
Frescolat ML Cryst supports deodorant activity and decreases sweat odor by acting on the axillary microbiome.


Frescolat ML Cryst is used in oral care products.
Frescolat ML Cryst acts as a cooling agent.
Frescolat ML Cryst is used in oral hygiene products.


Frescolat ML Cryst is an instant yet mild cooling sensation, menthol-free, crystal form.
Optimal for pH of Frescolat ML Cryst is 4-7.
Frescolat ML Cryst is used cooling ingredient, does not contain menthol, optimal for pH values ​​4 – 8.


Dosage of Frescolat ML Cryst is 0.5-2%
Frescolat ML Cryst is a translucent solid used as an active cooling agent.
Frescolat ML Cryst is Menthyl Lactate.


Frescolat ML Cryst acts as a nature-identical, menthol-free cooling agent.
Frescolat ML Cryst is a white crystalline substance.
Frescolat ML Cryst is China compliant.


Frescolat ML Cryst is a white crystalline substance.
Frescolat ML Cryst can increase the viscosity of products that contain tensides.
Effectiveness enhanced if rapid hydration of the skin, brought about by products like O/W emulsions and gels.


Cooling effect reduced if high percentages of oil- or wax-based cosmetic components.
Frescolat ML Cryst is used skin care (Facial care, Facial cleansing, Body care, Baby care) Toiletries (Shower, Bath, Oral care) Hair care (Shampoos, Conditioners, Styling) Sun care (Sun protection, After-sun, Self-tanning).


Frescolat ML Cryst creates the sensation of freshness and coolness without employing alcohol or menthol.
Frescolat ML Cryst supports deodorant activity and decreases sweat odor.
Frescolat ML Cryst is safe to use and compatible with mucous membranes.


Frescolat ML Cryst is used in oral care, skin care, hair care, shower gels, after sun, deodorants and shaving preparations.
Frescolat ML Cryst is a COSMOS approved colorless liquid used as an active cooling agent.
Frescolat ML Cryst will impart a pleasant, long lasting cooling effect which conveys a desired pleasant skin feel.


Frescolat ML Cryst is odorless and tasteless and is easy to use and easy to solubilize.
Frescolat ML Cryst can increase the viscosity of products that contain tensides.
Frescolat ML Cryst is effectiveness enhanced if rapid hydration of the skin, brought about by products like O/W emulsions and gels.


Frescolat ML Cryst is cooling effect reduced if high percentages of oil- or wax-based cosmetic components.
Frescolat ML Cryst is used skin care (Facial care, Facial cleansing, Body care, Baby care) Toiletries (Shower, Bath, Oral care) Hair care (Shampoos, Conditioners, Styling) Sun care (Sun protection, After-sun, Self-tanning).


Frescolat ML Cryst is suggested flavouring applications: Peppermint, spearmint, chocolate and cherry.
Frescolat ML Cryst is used for external use only.
Frescolat ML Cryst is used all kinds of skin care products.


So, Frescolat ML Cryst is safe for the skin with several beneficial effects, including skin conditioning, wound healing accelerator, insect repellent, and UV protection.
However, Frescolat ML Cryst has mild action compared to menthol, which has irritation potential.


Thanks to the water-binding ability of the lactic acid part, Frescolat ML Cryst also acts like an NMF, promoting skin hydration.
In addition, Frescolat ML Cryst stimulates cell migration and improves skin renewal rate.
Frescolat ML Cryst is stable in a wide range of pH and is used in numerous skin, lip, and hair care formulations.


The sensory perception and responses shown by Frescolat ML Cryst may be incorporated in various products in cosmetics, such as sun care products, deodorants, shower gels, facial cleanser or foams and after shave preparations.
Much like menthol, Frescolat ML Cryst exhibits a minty smell and prompts a cooling effect when applied topically.


Frescolat ML Cryst is supposed to be less sensitizing than menthol, but there’s not enough substantiated, published research supporting this notion.
However, aromatic compounds, due to their volatile nature, can cause skin sensitivity and damage, even if you can’t see any visible markers of this.
Frescolat ML Cryst’s most used in lip care, particularly for lip-plumping products, but is also found in skin care, body care and hair care.


Frescolat ML Cryst can increase the viscosity of products that contain tensides.
Frescolat ML Cryst shows enhance effectiveness if rapid hydration of the skin, brought about by products like O/W emulsions and gels.
Frescolat ML Cryst's cooling effect reduced if high percentages of oil- or wax-based cosmetic components.


Frescolat ML Cryst provides a pleasant cooling and fresh effect without the need for employing alcohol.
Frescolat ML Cryst should be added to emulsions at a temperature of around 40°C.
Frescolat ML Cryst is a translucent solid used as an active cooling agent.


Frescolat ML Cryst can be used as a cooling agent for body care, aftershave lotions and creams, shampoos, and after sun product
Applications of Frescolat ML Cryst: Facial cleanser / Lotion, milky lotion, cream / Other skin care and body care / Shampoo / Conditioner, treatment / Other hair cosmetics.


This minty-smelling compound, Frescolat ML Cryst, has been used as an insect repellent and strong flavor.
Frescolat ML Cryst has a light fragrance and is stable over a wide range of pH values (ML: pH 4-8), making it suitable for incorporation into a variety of products.


Frescolat ML Cryst has the potential to provide a refreshing and cooling sensation to the skin.
Frescolat ML Cryst helps reduce irritation by soothing the skin.
Frescolat ML Cryst helps keep microorganisms under control by preventing bacterial and fungal growth.


Frescolat ML Cryst masks unwanted odors or adds a pleasant scent to products.
Frescolat ML Cryst helps extend the shelf life of products by reducing microbial activity and preventing oxidation.
Frescolat ML Cryst can help to soothe skin irritation and calm the skin.


Frescolat ML Cryst also has mild exfoliating properties that can help remove dead skin cells and improve skin texture.
Frescolat ML Cryst can be used as an active ingredient in cooling gels, sports creams, after-sun care, shaving products and much more.
Frescolat ML Cryst provides a pleasant cooling and fresh effect.


Due to its mint-like odour, Frescolat ML Cryst is also used in flavour (oral care) and fragrance applications.
Frescolat ML Cryst generates an immediate & mild sensation, is suitable for leave-on and rinse off products and supports deodorant activity.



FRESCOLAT ML CRYST AT A GLANCE:
*Derivative of menthol
*Exhibits a light, minty scent
*Prompts a cool, tingling sensation when applied topically
*Can cause skin sensitization



CLAIMS OF FRESCOLAT ML CRYST:
*Cooling Agents
*fresh feeling/cooling effect
*long-lasting freshness



FEATURES OF FRESCOLAT ML CRYST:
A cooling agent, Frescolat ML Cryst, that is soluble in alcohol and has a mild fragrance and excellent long-lasting cooling effect (crystals that are easy to work with)



USE AND BENEFITS OF FRESCOLAT ML CRYST:
Frescolat ML Cryst has a long-lasting and pleasant cooling effect.
When in certain preparations there are many ingredients with different fragrances and those may produce a final product with a weird smell, in that case, Frescolat ML Cryst can be used to mask original taste or fragrance and produce the uniform effect.
Frescolat ML Cryst has a refreshing effect as well, which can be helpful in powders, toothpaste, chewing gums and other oral care products.



FEATURES OF FRESCOLAT ML CRYST:
*Frescolat ML Cryst is an alcohol-soluble cooling agent (solid) with a light fragrance and excellent long-lasting cooling effect.
Fields of use of Frescolat ML Cryst: shampoo, Rinse/Treatment, styling, Cream/lotion/skin lotion, Cleansing (face wash/body/hands/makeup remover), and Base Makeup.

Frescolat ML Cryst (INCI: Menthyl Lactate), which was found to support deodorant activity.
Frescolat ML Cryst supports deodorant activity in two ways:

*reducing body odor:
limiting underarm sweat odor up to 48 hr by managing the formation of odorous sweat compounds and;
acting on the axillary microbiome management: decreasing sweat odor by reducing anaerobic bacteria development only.

*The active is available in three formats to fit a variety of formulation needs:
Frescolat ML Cryst, containing L-menthol and natural lactic acid; Frescolat ML Cryst Nat. as 100% natural menthyl lactate; and Frescolat ML Cryst Cryst. as crystalline menthyl lactate.



CLAIMS OF FRESCOLAT ML CRYST:
*Cooling Agents
*fresh feeling/cooling effect



WHAT IS FRESCOLAT ML CRYST USED FOR?
Frescolat ML Cryst is an active cooling agent that gives the skin a pleasant, intense, and prolonged feeling of freshness on the skin.
In cosmetics and personal care products, Frescolat ML Cryst serves as a masking and refreshing ingredient.

Frescolat ML Cryst can be used to cover up the original fragrance when there are numerous ingredients in a preparation with varying fragrances that could result in an odd-smelling finished product.
Additionally, Frescolat ML Cryst has a cooling effect that is beneficial in powders, toothpaste, chewing gum, and other oral care products.



ORIGIN OF FRESCOLAT ML CRYST:
Menthol and lactic acid react to produce a mixture comprising Frescolat ML Cryst and one or more higher lactoyl esters of Frescolat ML Cryst.
Hydrolysis of the esterification mixture follows in the presence of an aqueous base under conditions effective to convert the higher lactoyl esters to Frescolat ML Cryst.



WHAT DOES FRESCOLAT ML CRYST DO IN A FORMULATION?
*Masking
*Refreshing



SAFETY PROFILE OF FRESCOLAT ML CRYST:
Frescolat ML Cryst has a score of 1 on the Environmental Working Group (EWG’s) skin-deep scale, indicating a low potential for cancer, allergies, immunotoxicity, developmental and reproductive toxicity, and use restrictions.

Frescolat ML Cryst was evaluated for genotoxicity, repeated dose toxicity, reproductive toxicity, local respiratory toxicity, phototoxicity/photoallergenicity, skin sensitization, as well as environmental safety.
The data showed that Frescolat ML Cryst is not genotoxic nor does it have skin sensitization potential.

Frescolat ML Cryst was found not to be a - PBT (Persistent, Bioaccumulative, and Toxic) as per the IFRA (The International Fragrance Association) Environmental Standards, and its risk quotients.
The Expert Panel for Fragrance Safety concludes that Frescolat ML Cryst is safe based on the RIFM (Research Institute for Fragrance Materials) Criteria Document.



ALTERNATIVES OF FRESCOLAT ML CRYST:
*MENTHOL



PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of FRESCOLAT ML CRYST:
Product Name: Menthyl lactate
CAS No.: 17162-29-7
Molecular Formula: C13H24O3
InChIKeys: InChIKey=UJNOLBSYLSYIBM-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Molecular Weight: 228.32800
Exact Mass: 228.33
EC Number: 261-678-3
HScode: 2918110000
Categories: Synthetic Fragrances
PSA: 46.53000
XLogP3: 2.37120

Appearance: colourless liquid or white crystalline solid with
a weak chamomile or tobacco odour
Density: 0.99 g/cm3
Boiling Point: 304ºC at 760 mmHg
Flash Point: 116.0±13.2 °C
Refractive Index: 1.467
Vapor Pressure: 8.58E-05mmHg at 25°C
Molecular FormulaC13H24O3
Molecular Weight228.33
IUPAC Name(5-methyl-2-propan-2-ylcyclohexyl) 2-hydroxypropanoate
Boiling Point304.0±15.0°C at 760 Torr
Density0.99±0.1 g/cm3
InChI KeyUJNOLBSYLSYIBM-UHFFFAOYSA-N

InChIInChI=1S/C13H24O3/c1-8(2)11-6-5-9(3)7-12(11)16-13(15)10(4)14/h8-12,14H,5-7H2,1-4H3
Canonical SMILESCC1CCC(C(C1)OC(=O)C(C)O)C(C)C
Molecular Weight: 228.33 g/mol
XLogP3-AA: 3.3
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 1
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 3
Rotatable Bond Count: 4
Exact Mass: 228.17254462 g/mol
Monoisotopic Mass: 228.17254462 g/mol
Topological Polar Surface Area: 46.5 Ų
Heavy Atom Count: 16
Formal Charge: 0
Complexity: 237

Isotope Atom Count: 0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 3
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 1
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 1
Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes
Molecular Formula: C13H24O3
Average Mass: 228.332
Monoisotopic Mass: 228.172545
Boiling Point: 297.71°C
Melting Point: 47.66°C
Solubility: Soluble in water



FIRST AID MEASURES of FRESCOLAT ML CRYST:
-Description of first-aid measures
*General advice:
Show this material safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
*If inhaled:
After inhalation:
Fresh air.
*In case of skin contact:
Take off immediately all contaminated clothing.
Rinse skin with
water/ shower.
*In case of eye contact:
After eye contact:
Rinse out with plenty of water.
Call in ophthalmologist.
Remove contact lenses.
*If swallowed:
After swallowing:
Immediately make victim drink water (two glasses at most).
Consult a physician.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed.
No data available



ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of FRESCOLAT ML CRYST:
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Cover drains.
Collect, bind, and pump off spills.
Observe possible material restrictions.
Take up dry.
Dispose of properly.
Clean up affected area.



FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of FRESCOLAT ML CRYST:
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Foam
Dry powder
*Unsuitable extinguishing media:
For this substance/mixture no limitations of extinguishing agents are given.
-Further information:
Prevent fire extinguishing water from contaminating surface water or the ground water system.



EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of FRESCOLAT ML CRYST:
-Control parameters:
--Ingredients with workplace control parameters:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use equipment for eye protection.
Safety glasses
*Body Protection:
protective clothing
*Respiratory protection:
Recommended Filter type: Filter A
-Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.



HANDLING and STORAGE of FRESCOLAT ML CRYST:
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
*Storage conditions:
Tightly closed.
Dry.



STABILITY and REACTIVITY of FRESCOLAT ML CRYST:
-Chemical stability:
The product is chemically stable under standard ambient conditions (room temperature) .
-Possibility of hazardous reactions:
No data available

FRESCOLAT ML NAT
Frescolat ML nat. creates the sensation of freshness and coolness without employing alcohol or menthol.
Frescolat ML nat. supports deodorant activity and decreases sweat odor.


CAS Number: 59259-38-0 / 17162-29-7
EC Number: 261-678-3
INCI Name: Menthyl Lactate
Chemical Composition: 5-methyl-2 (1-methyl ethyl) cyclohexyl-2 hydroxypropionate, l-menthyl lactate, lactic acid menthyl ester
Chem/IUPAC Name: [(1R,2S,5R)-5-methyl-2-propan-2-ylcyclohexyl] 2-hydroxypropanoate
Molecular Formula: C13H24O3



SYNONYMS:
Propanoic acid, 2-hydroxy-, 5-methyl-2-(1-methylethyl)cyclohexyl ester, Lactic acid, p-menth-3-yl ester, 1-Methyl-4-isopropyl-3-(2-hydroxypropionate)cyclohexanol, 2-Hydroxy-propionic acid 2-isopropyl-5-methyl-cyclohexyl ester, 2-Hydroxypropanoic acid 5-methyl-2-(1-methylethyl)cyclohexyl ester, 2-Isopropyl-5-methylcyclohexyl 2-hydroxypropanoate, Covafresh II, Fema Gras 3748, Fescolat MI Nat, Frescolat ML 620105, Frescolate ML, Koko ML, p-Menthyl lactate, Propanoic acid,2-hydroxy-,5-methyl-2-(1-methylethyl)cyclohexyl ester, Lactic acid,p-menth-3-yl ester, 1-Methyl-4-isopropyl-3-(2-hydroxypropionate)cyclohexanol, p-Menthyl lactate, Menthyl lactate, Frescolate ML, Covafresh II, Koko ML, Frescolat ML 620105, 2-Isopropyl-5-methylcyclohexyl 2-hydroxypropanoate, Fema Gras 3748, 2-Hydroxypropanoic acid 5-methyl-2-(1-methylethyl)cyclohexyl ester, 2-Hydroxy-propionic acid 2-isopropyl-5-methyl-cyclohexyl ester, (-)-menthyl lactate, MENTHYL LACTATE, frescolat ML, 59259-38-0, l-Menthyl lactate, [(1R,2S,5R)-5-methyl-2-propan-2-ylcyclohexyl] 2-hydroxypropanoate, (R)-(1R,2S,5R)-2-Isopropyl-5-methylcyclohexyl 2-hydroxypropanoate, (1R,2S,5R)-2-ISOPROPYL-5-METHYLCYCLOHEXYL 2-HYDROXYPROPANOATE, 185915-25-7, L-Menthyl lactate, >=97%, SCHEMBL320044, (-)-p-Menthan-3-yl lactate, GTPL2466, FEMA 3748, L-Menthyl lactate, >=97%, FG, AKOS015964086, AC-9866, Q2640813, (1R,2S,5R)-5-methyl-2-(propan-2-yl)cyclohexyl 2-hydroxypropanoate, (1R,2S,5R)-2-Isopropyl-5-methylcyclohexyl 2-hydroxypropanoate, AldrichCPR, 61597-98-6, l-Menthyl lactate, L-Menthyl l-lactate, L-Menthyl (S)-lactate, Menthyl lactate [Mart.], L-Menthyl lactate [FHFI], (1R,2S,5R)-2-Isopropyl-5-methylcyclohexyl (S)-2-Hydroxypropionate, MENTHYL LACTATE, FEMA No. 3748, 2S-(1R,2S,5R)-menthyl lactate, Propanoic acid, 2-hydroxy-, (1R,2S,5R)-5-methyl-2-(1-methylethyl)cyclohexyl ester, (2S)-, (S)-(1R,2S,5R)-2-Isopropyl-5-methylcyclohexyl 2-hydroxypropanoate, 2BF9E65L7I, (-)-menthyl lactate, (1R,2S,5R)-2-isopropyl-5-methylcyclohexyl (S)-2-hydroxypropanoate, (1R,2S,5R)-5-methyl-2-(propan-2-yl)cyclohexyl (2S)-2-hydroxypropanoate, UNII-2BF9E65L7I, 59259-38-0, EC 612-179-8, SCHEMBL111620, MENTHYL LACTATE, (-)-, MENTHYL LACTATE [WHO-DD], UJNOLBSYLSYIBM-NOOOWODRSA-N, DTXSID301036338, MFCD09037384, MFCD27977194, [(1R,2S,5R)-5-methyl-2-propan-2-ylcyclohexyl] (2S)-2-hydroxypropanoate, AKOS027430477, AS-56902, Propanoic acid, 2-hydroxy-, 5-methyl-2-(1-methylethyl)cyclohexyl ester, (1R-(1alpha(S*),2beta,5alpha))-, CS-0154344, I0889, D91210, Q27254517, (1R,2S,5R)-2-Isopropyl-5-methylcyclohexyl (R)-2-Hydroxypropionate, (S)-2-Hydroxypropionic Acid (1R,2S,5R)-2-Isopropyl-5-methylcyclohexyl Ester, PROPANOIC ACID, 2-HYDROXY-, 5-METHYL-2-(1-METHYLETHYL)CYCLOHEXYL ESTER, (1R-(1.ALPHA.(S*),2.BETA.,5.ALPHA.))



Frescolat ML nat. is coolant; a safe and technological alternative to menthol, natural.
Dosage of Frescolat ML nat. is 0.5-3%
Frescolat ML nat. acts as a cooling agent.


Frescolat ML nat. provides a pleasant, intensive long-lasting freshness and cooling effect on the skin.
Frescolat ML nat. creates the sensation of freshness and coolness without employing alcohol or menthol.
Frescolat ML nat. supports deodorant activity and decreases sweat odor.


Frescolat ML nat. is safe to use and compatible with mucous membranes.
Frescolat ML nat. is COSMOS, Ecocert approved and China compliant.
Frescolat ML nat. is a COSMOS approved colorless liquid used as an active cooling agent.


Frescolat ML nat. is odorless and tasteless and is easy to use and easy to solubilize.
Frescolat ML nat. is a solid cooling agent and fragrance component for cosmetics.
Frescolat ML nat. is a derivative of menthol, but is milder and more compatible with the skin.


Melting point of Frescolat ML nat. is >35°C.
Recommended use level of Frescolat ML nat. is 0.1-3%.
Frescolat ML nat. is an ester of natural menthol and lactic acid, a highly effective and widely colorless liquid mainly used as a cooling agent.


Frescolat ML nat. provides a quick cooling and long-lasting refreshing feeling with a weak chamomile-minty odor.
Frescolat ML nat. is a food-grade ingredient used as a flavoring agent.
Frescolat ML nat. is an active cooling agent that provides a pleasant, intensive long-lasting freshness and cooling effect on the skin.


Frescolat ML nat. is the ester (chemical derivative) of menthol and lactic acid used primarily as a masking or fragrant agent in skin care and hair care.
Frescolat ML nat. may be synthetic, plant-derived or animal-derived.
Frescolat ML nat. can take the form of white crystals or white powder when in its raw material state.


Cosmetic ingredient suppliers recommend using Frescolat ML nat. in concentrations between 0.01-2.0%.
Frescolat ML nat. is a cooling agent for cosmetic products.
Frescolat ML nat. has a tonic and refreshing effect.


Frescolat ML nat. is derived from menthol but is less likely to cause irritation than pure menthol but with a similar level of cooling effect.
Frescolat ML nat. has a lower odour than Menthol.
Frescolat ML nat. is an instant yet mild cooling sensation, menthol-free, crystal form.


Frescolat ML nat. is a white crystalline powder used as an active cooling agent.
Frescolat ML nat. is odorless and tasteless and is easy to use and easy to solubilize.
Frescolat ML nat. is a white crystalline powder used as an active cooling agent.


Frescolat ML nat. is odorless and tasteless and is easy to use and easy to solubilize.
Frescolat ML nat. is a kind of mint derivatives, as the white needle crystal, almost no aroma, cool taste persistent, has a cooling effect, is the best substitute of mint, has many characteristics, such as long-term, insipidity, without excitant.


Frescolat ML nat. can be first mixed with oil, essence, glycol, added to the emulsion at about 35 ℃ to 40 ℃, it is also possible cold working, of course.
Frescolat ML nat. is a large complex of cooling components provides an immediate toning and refreshing feeling on the skin, as well as a feeling of cleanliness.


Frescolat ML nat. does not cause burning and does not affect the final aroma of the product.
Tanning products containing Frescolat ML nat. provide a toning feeling on the skin in 80% of respondents, and 93% confirmed the feeling of incredible freshness.


Frescolat ML nat. is used in oral care applications.
Frescolat ML nat. acts as a cooling agent.
Frescolat ML nat. dissolves in perfume oils, cosmetic oils or glycol solvents.


Frescolat ML nat. is Menthyl Lactate.
Frescolat ML nat. acts as a cooling agent.
Frescolat ML nat. dissolves in perfume oils, cosmetic oils or glycol solvents.


Frescolat ML nat. is used in oral care applications.
Frescolat ML nat. (INCI: Menthyl lactate), is a menthol derivative (menthol ester) capable of generating a mild and gentle cooling sensation on the skin.
Frescolat ML nat.'s use is now widespread in many applications (rinse-off and leave-on applications).


Well tolerated and completely odorless in formulation, Frescolat ML nat. creates a freshness in perfect affinity with the skin.
Frescolat ML nat. has been recently shown in an in vitro test that this range was helping to protect against the growth of bad bacteria in the intimate area.


This range is composed of a colourless to liquid (Frescolat ML nat.) and a powdery crystalline form (Frescolat ML nat. cryst new quality), as long as a natural one (Frescolat ML nat. nat), which is 100% natural and Ecocert certified.


This range allows to answer to all formulation needs and sustainability requirements.
A long-lasting sensation of freshness is also a key parameter for the consumers
Frescolat ML nat. is a cooling ingredient without menthol, optimal for pH values 4 – 8.


Dosage of Frescolat ML nat. is 0.5-3%
Frescolat ML nat., in the EFFA list of permitted flavoring ingredients in Europe, has a FEMA number of 3748.
Frescolat ML nat. is classified as a flavoring agent by FEMA despite its weak mint aroma and earthy taste.


Frescolat ML nat. provides a lasting feeling of freshness in the mouth.
Frescolat ML nat. is a colorless liquid to solid product. Frescolat ML nat. provides a pleasant, long-lasting freshness and cooling effect on the skin—creating the sensation of freshness and coolness without employing alcohol or menthol.


Frescolat ML nat. can be used as an active cosmetic ingredient and is safe to use and compatible with mucous membranes
Frescolat ML nat. is a colourless liquid used as an active cooling agent.
Frescolat ML nat. sensates, is cooling and refreshing, and is a signal for efficacy.


Frescolat ML nat. is a menthol-free coolant that can be used in personal care applications with acidic to neutral pH levels.
Frescolat ML nat., a menthol derivative, has an excellent cooling effect and refreshing sensation.
Frescolat ML nat. is a cooling agent for cosmetic products.


Frescolat ML nat. is derived from menthol but is less likely to cause irritation than pure menthol but with a similar level of cooling effect.
Frescolat ML nat. has a lower odor than Menthol.
Frescolat ML nat. is in the form of a white crystalline powder.


Frescolat ML nat. is soluble in water and alcohol-based solvents.
The usage rate varies between 0.1% and 2% depending on the effect of Frescolat ML nat. and its interaction with other compounds.
Frescolat ML nat. vs menthol: There is no substantiated, published research to back up the claim that this menthol derivative is less sensitizing than menthol.


Frescolat ML nat. is a gentler variation of menthol.
The cooling effect of Frescolat ML nat. is milder than that of pure menthol, but is much better tolerated by the skin.
Frescolat ML nat. is an ester of menthol and lactic acid of natural origin.


The cooling effect of Frescolat ML nat. on the skin can be increased by adding 5 - 10% alcohol.
The cooling effect of Frescolat ML nat. depends on the dose, but also on the type of formulation.
Polar oils such as short-chain ester oils or MCT oils have a stronger effect than non-polar oils such as long-chain vegetable oils.


However, high doses of oils and waxes can significantly reduce the cooling effect.
One possibility is to pre-dissolve the raw material in perfume oils or fatty oils, as Frescolat ML nat. is insoluble in water, and then add it to the formulation.


Frescolat ML nat. should be added to the emulsion at around 40 °C.
Frescolat ML nat. is one of the menthol related cooling agents.
Frescolat ML nat. is formed from a combination of menthol and lactic acid.


Frescolat ML nat. is generally produced in two different forms, one as a crystalline white colored powder and another in a fused material, with slight minty flavor.
Frescolat ML nat. is a milder form of Menthol.



USES and APPLICATIONS of FRESCOLAT ML NAT:
Frescolat ML nat. creates the sensation of freshness and coolness without employing alcohol or menthol.
Frescolat ML nat. supports deodorant activity and decreases sweat odor.
Frescolat ML nat. is safe to use and compatible with mucous membranes.


Frescolat ML nat. is used in oral care, skin care, hair care, shower gels, after sun, deodorants and shaving preparations.
Frescolat ML nat. is a COSMOS approved colorless liquid used as an active cooling agent.
Frescolat ML nat. will impart a pleasant, long lasting cooling effect which conveys a desired pleasant skin feel.


Frescolat ML nat. is odorless and tasteless and is easy to use and easy to solubilize.
Frescolat ML nat. can increase the viscosity of products that contain tensides.
Frescolat ML nat. is effectiveness enhanced if rapid hydration of the skin, brought about by products like O/W emulsions and gels.


Frescolat ML nat. is cooling effect reduced if high percentages of oil- or wax-based cosmetic components.
Frescolat ML nat. is used skin care (Facial care, Facial cleansing, Body care, Baby care) Toiletries (Shower, Bath, Oral care) Hair care (Shampoos, Conditioners, Styling) Sun care (Sun protection, After-sun, Self-tanning).


Frescolat ML nat. is suggested flavouring applications: Peppermint, spearmint, chocolate and cherry.
Frescolat ML nat. is used for external use only.
Frescolat ML nat. is used all kinds of skin care products.


So, Frescolat ML nat. is safe for the skin with several beneficial effects, including skin conditioning, wound healing accelerator, insect repellent, and UV protection.
However, Frescolat ML nat. has mild action compared to menthol, which has irritation potential.


Thanks to the water-binding ability of the lactic acid part, Frescolat ML nat. also acts like an NMF, promoting skin hydration.
In addition, Frescolat ML nat. stimulates cell migration and improves skin renewal rate.
Frescolat ML nat. is stable in a wide range of pH and is used in numerous skin, lip, and hair care formulations.


The sensory perception and responses shown by Frescolat ML nat. may be incorporated in various products in cosmetics, such as sun care products, deodorants, shower gels, facial cleanser or foams and after shave preparations.
Much like menthol, Frescolat ML nat. exhibits a minty smell and prompts a cooling effect when applied topically.


Frescolat ML nat. is supposed to be less sensitizing than menthol, but there’s not enough substantiated, published research supporting this notion.
However, aromatic compounds, due to their volatile nature, can cause skin sensitivity and damage, even if you can’t see any visible markers of this.


Frescolat ML nat.’s most used in lip care, particularly for lip-plumping products, but is also found in skin care, body care and hair care.
Frescolat ML nat. provides a pleasant cooling and fresh effect.


Frescolat ML nat. is a white crystalline powder used as an active cooling agent.
Frescolat ML nat. will impart a pleasant, long lasting cooling effect which conveys a desired pleasant skin feel.
Frescolat ML nat. is odorless and tasteless and is easy to use and easy to solubilize.


Fields of use of Frescolat ML nat.: shampoo, Rinse/Treatment, styling, Cream/lotion/skin lotion, Cleansing (face wash/body/hands/makeup remover), and Base Makeup.
Recommended usage of Frescolat ML nat. is 0.1 to 2.0%.


Frescolat ML nat. generates an immediate & mild sensation, is suitable for leave-on and rinse off products and supports deodorant activity.
Frescolat ML nat. provides fast & mild refreshing sensation and body-responsive freshness reactivated with water (mimicking sweat).
Frescolat ML nat. supports deodorant activity and decreases sweat odor by acting on the axillary microbiome.


Frescolat ML nat. is used in oral care products.
Frescolat ML nat. acts as a cooling agent.
Frescolat ML nat. is used in oral hygiene products.


Frescolat ML nat. is an instant yet mild cooling sensation, menthol-free, crystal form.
Optimal for pH of Frescolat ML nat. is 4-7.
Frescolat ML nat. is used cooling ingredient, does not contain menthol, optimal for pH values 4 – 8.


Dosage of Frescolat ML nat. is 0.5-2%
Frescolat ML nat. is a translucent solid used as an active cooling agent.
Frescolat ML nat. is Menthyl Lactate.


Frescolat ML nat. acts as a nature-identical, menthol-free cooling agent.
Frescolat ML nat. is a white crystalline substance.
Frescolat ML nat. is China compliant.


Frescolat ML nat. is a white crystalline substance.
Frescolat ML nat. can increase the viscosity of products that contain tensides.
Effectiveness enhanced if rapid hydration of the skin, brought about by products like O/W emulsions and gels.


Cooling effect reduced if high percentages of oil- or wax-based cosmetic components.
Frescolat ML nat. provides a pleasant cooling and fresh effect.


Frescolat ML nat. is used skin care (Facial care, Facial cleansing, Body care, Baby care) Toiletries (Shower, Bath, Oral care) Hair care (Shampoos, Conditioners, Styling) Sun care (Sun protection, After-sun, Self-tanning).


Frescolat ML nat. can increase the viscosity of products that contain tensides.
Frescolat ML nat. shows enhance effectiveness if rapid hydration of the skin, brought about by products like O/W emulsions and gels.
Frescolat ML nat.'s cooling effect reduced if high percentages of oil- or wax-based cosmetic components.


Frescolat ML nat. provides a pleasant cooling and fresh effect without the need for employing alcohol.
Frescolat ML nat. should be added to emulsions at a temperature of around 40°C.
Frescolat ML nat. is a translucent solid used as an active cooling agent.


Frescolat ML nat. can be used as a cooling agent for body care, aftershave lotions and creams, shampoos, and after sun product
Applications of Frescolat ML nat.: Facial cleanser / Lotion, milky lotion, cream / Other skin care and body care / Shampoo / Conditioner, treatment / Other hair cosmetics.


This minty-smelling compound, Frescolat ML nat., has been used as an insect repellent and strong flavor.
Frescolat ML nat. has a light fragrance and is stable over a wide range of pH values (ML: pH 4-8), making it suitable for incorporation into a variety of products.


Frescolat ML nat. has the potential to provide a refreshing and cooling sensation to the skin.
Frescolat ML nat. helps reduce irritation by soothing the skin.
Frescolat ML nat. helps keep microorganisms under control by preventing bacterial and fungal growth.


Frescolat ML nat. masks unwanted odors or adds a pleasant scent to products.
Frescolat ML nat. helps extend the shelf life of products by reducing microbial activity and preventing oxidation.
Frescolat ML nat. can help to soothe skin irritation and calm the skin.


Frescolat ML nat. also has mild exfoliating properties that can help remove dead skin cells and improve skin texture.
Frescolat ML nat. can be used as an active ingredient in cooling gels, sports creams, after-sun care, shaving products and much more.


Due to its mint-like odour, Frescolat ML nat. is also used in flavour (oral care) and fragrance applications.
Frescolat ML nat. generates an immediate & mild sensation, is suitable for leave-on and rinse off products and supports deodorant activity.



FRESCOLAT ML NAT AT A GLANCE:
*Derivative of menthol
*Exhibits a light, minty scent
*Prompts a cool, tingling sensation when applied topically
*Can cause skin sensitization



CLAIMS OF FRESCOLAT ML NAT:
*Cooling Agents
*fresh feeling/cooling effect
*long-lasting freshness



FEATURES OF FRESCOLAT ML NAT.:
A cooling agent, Frescolat ML nat., that is soluble in alcohol and has a mild fragrance and excellent long-lasting cooling effect (crystals that are easy to work with)



USE AND BENEFITS OF FRESCOLAT ML NAT.:
Frescolat ML nat. has a long-lasting and pleasant cooling effect.
When in certain preparations there are many ingredients with different fragrances and those may produce a final product with a weird smell, in that case, Frescolat ML nat. can be used to mask original taste or fragrance and produce the uniform effect.
Frescolat ML nat. has a refreshing effect as well, which can be helpful in powders, toothpaste, chewing gums and other oral care products.



FEATURES OF FRESCOLAT ML NAT.:
*Frescolat ML nat. is an alcohol-soluble cooling agent (solid) with a light fragrance and excellent long-lasting cooling effect.
Fields of use of Frescolat ML nat.: shampoo, Rinse/Treatment, styling, Cream/lotion/skin lotion, Cleansing (face wash/body/hands/makeup remover), and Base Makeup.

Frescolat ML nat. (INCI: Menthyl Lactate), which was found to support deodorant activity.
Frescolat ML nat. supports deodorant activity in two ways:

*reducing body odor:
limiting underarm sweat odor up to 48 hr by managing the formation of odorous sweat compounds and;
acting on the axillary microbiome management: decreasing sweat odor by reducing anaerobic bacteria development only.

*The active is available in three formats to fit a variety of formulation needs:
Frescolat ML nat., containing L-menthol and natural lactic acid; Frescolat ML nat. Nat. as 100% natural menthyl lactate; and Frescolat ML nat. Cryst. as crystalline menthyl lactate.



CLAIMS OF FRESCOLAT ML NAT.:
*Cooling Agents
*fresh feeling/cooling effect



WHAT IS FRESCOLAT ML NAT. USED FOR?
Frescolat ML nat. is an active cooling agent that gives the skin a pleasant, intense, and prolonged feeling of freshness on the skin.
In cosmetics and personal care products, Frescolat ML nat. serves as a masking and refreshing ingredient.

Frescolat ML nat. can be used to cover up the original fragrance when there are numerous ingredients in a preparation with varying fragrances that could result in an odd-smelling finished product.
Additionally, Frescolat ML nat. has a cooling effect that is beneficial in powders, toothpaste, chewing gum, and other oral care products.



ORIGIN OF FRESCOLAT ML NAT.:
Menthol and lactic acid react to produce a mixture comprising Frescolat ML nat. and one or more higher lactoyl esters of Frescolat ML nat..
Hydrolysis of the esterification mixture follows in the presence of an aqueous base under conditions effective to convert the higher lactoyl esters to Frescolat ML nat..



WHAT DOES FRESCOLAT ML NAT. DO IN A FORMULATION?
*Masking
*Refreshing



SAFETY PROFILE OF FRESCOLAT ML NAT.:
Frescolat ML nat. has a score of 1 on the Environmental Working Group (EWG’s) skin-deep scale, indicating a low potential for cancer, allergies, immunotoxicity, developmental and reproductive toxicity, and use restrictions.

Frescolat ML nat. was evaluated for genotoxicity, repeated dose toxicity, reproductive toxicity, local respiratory toxicity, phototoxicity/photoallergenicity, skin sensitization, as well as environmental safety.
The data showed that Frescolat ML nat. is not genotoxic nor does it have skin sensitization potential.

Frescolat ML nat. was found not to be a - PBT (Persistent, Bioaccumulative, and Toxic) as per the IFRA (The International Fragrance Association) Environmental Standards, and its risk quotients.
The Expert Panel for Fragrance Safety concludes that Frescolat ML nat. is safe based on the RIFM (Research Institute for Fragrance Materials) Criteria Document.



ALTERNATIVES OF FRESCOLAT ML NAT.:
*MENTHOL



PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of FRESCOLAT ML NAT:
Molecular FormulaC13H24O3
Molecular Weight228.33
IUPAC Name(5-methyl-2-propan-2-ylcyclohexyl) 2-hydroxypropanoate
Boiling Point304.0±15.0°C at 760 Torr
Density0.99±0.1 g/cm3
InChI KeyUJNOLBSYLSYIBM-UHFFFAOYSA-N
InChIInChI=1S/C13H24O3/c1-8(2)11-6-5-9(3)7-12(11)16-13(15)10(4)14/h8-12,14H,5-7H2,1-4H3
Canonical SMILESCC1CCC(C(C1)OC(=O)C(C)O)C(C)C
Product Name: Menthyl lactate
CAS No.: 17162-29-7
Molecular Formula: C13H24O3
InChIKeys: InChIKey=UJNOLBSYLSYIBM-UHFFFAOYSA-N

Molecular Weight: 228.32800
Exact Mass: 228.33
EC Number: 261-678-3
HScode: 2918110000
Categories: Synthetic Fragrances
PSA: 46.53000
XLogP3: 2.37120
Appearance: colourless liquid or white crystalline solid with
a weak chamomile or tobacco odour
Density: 0.99 g/cm3
Boiling Point: 304ºC at 760 mmHg
Flash Point: 116.0±13.2 °C

Refractive Index: 1.467
Vapor Pressure: 8.58E-05mmHg at 25°C
Molecular Weight: 228.33 g/mol
XLogP3-AA: 3.3
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 1
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 3
Rotatable Bond Count: 4
Exact Mass: 228.17254462 g/mol
Monoisotopic Mass: 228.17254462 g/mol
Topological Polar Surface Area: 46.5 Ų
Heavy Atom Count: 16
Formal Charge: 0
Complexity: 237

Isotope Atom Count: 0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 3
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 1
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 1
Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes
Molecular Formula: C13H24O3
Average Mass: 228.332
Monoisotopic Mass: 228.172545
Boiling Point: 297.71°C
Melting Point: 47.66°C
Solubility: Soluble in water



FIRST AID MEASURES of FRESCOLAT ML NAT:
-Description of first-aid measures
*General advice:
Show this material safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
*If inhaled:
After inhalation:
Fresh air.
*In case of skin contact:
Take off immediately all contaminated clothing.
Rinse skin with
water/ shower.
*In case of eye contact:
After eye contact:
Rinse out with plenty of water.
Call in ophthalmologist.
Remove contact lenses.
*If swallowed:
After swallowing:
Immediately make victim drink water (two glasses at most).
Consult a physician.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed.
No data available



ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of FRESCOLAT ML NAT:
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Cover drains.
Collect, bind, and pump off spills.
Observe possible material restrictions.
Take up dry.
Dispose of properly.
Clean up affected area.



FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of FRESCOLAT ML NAT:
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Foam
Dry powder
*Unsuitable extinguishing media:
For this substance/mixture no limitations of extinguishing agents are given.
-Further information:
Prevent fire extinguishing water from contaminating surface water or the ground water system.



EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of FRESCOLAT ML NAT:
-Control parameters:
--Ingredients with workplace control parameters:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use equipment for eye protection.
Safety glasses
*Body Protection:
protective clothing
*Respiratory protection:
Recommended Filter type: Filter A
-Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.



HANDLING and STORAGE of FRESCOLAT ML NAT:
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
*Storage conditions:
Tightly closed.
Dry.



STABILITY and REACTIVITY of FRESCOLAT ML NAT:
-Chemical stability:
The product is chemically stable under standard ambient conditions (room temperature) .
-Possibility of hazardous reactions:
No data available


FRESCOLAT PLUS
Frescolat Plus is a cost effective colorless liquid patent pending blend of menthol isomers and menthyl lactate used as a cooling agent.
Frescolat Plus can be dissolved in any type of oil or Glycol or Ethyl Alcohol.


INCI Name: Menthol (and) Menthyl Lactate



SYNONYMS:
Frescolat Plus (Menthol and Menthyl Lactate), CoCool



To get an even stronger freshness effect, a mixture of menthol diastereoisomers and menthyl lactate was developed as Frescolat Plus (INCI: Menthol, Menthyl lactate).
Frescolat Plus generates a sensation like menthol but without the minty odor.


Frescolat Plus (Menthol+Menthyl Lactate) provides a cooling sensation on the skin.
How to mix: mix Frescolat Plus in oil.
Utilization rate of Frescolat Plus is 0.1-5% (use according to the desired efficiency)


Frescolat Plus is a clear liquid.
Frescolat Plus can be dissolved in any type of oil or Glycol or Ethyl Alcohol.
INCI Name of Frescolat Plus is Menthol (and) Menthyl Lactate.


Frescolat Plus is a strong, long lasting cooling effect, colorless liquid.
Optimal for pH of Frescolat Plus is 4-8.
Frescolat Plus is odorless and tasteless and is easy to use and easy to solubilize.


Frescolat Plus is a cost effective colorless liquid patent pending blend of menthol isomers and menthyl lactate used as a cooling agent.
Frescolat Plus will impart a pleasant, long lasting cooling effect which conveys a desired pleasant skin feel.
Frescolat Plus is odorless and tasteless and is easy to use and easy to solubilize.


Frescolat Plus's fresh and light gel texture ABSORBS QUICKLY without leaving a greasy or oily feeling.
Frescolat Plus is endorsed by the corresponding standards with the available technical sheet applicable to cosmetic brands or those required.


Frescolat Plus's fresh and light gel texture ABSORBS QUICKLY without leaving a greasy or oily feeling.
Frescolat Plus is dermatologically tested on sensitive skin.



USES and APPLICATIONS of FRESCOLAT PLUS:
Formulated with Frescolat Plus, a patented Technology based on Menthol and Menthyl Lactate, delivers up to 20 minutes of intense and long-lasting freshness.
Frescolat Plus provides an anti-inflammatory and analgesic effect, improving blood circulation and reducing pain, swelling and muscle cramps.
Frescolat Plus is used for any product who want to feel cool when in contact with the skin


Formulated with Frescolat Plus, a patented Technology based on Menthol and Menthyl Lactate, delivers up to 20 minutes of intense and long-lasting freshness.
Frescolat Plus provides an anti-inflammatory and analgesic effect, improving blood circulation and reducing pain, swelling and muscle cramps.
Frescolat Plus is used cooling ingredient, combination of menthol and menthyl lactate.


Dosage of Frescolat Plus is 0.5-3%
Frescolat Plus is a cost effective colorless liquid patent pending blend of menthol isomers and menthyl lactate used as a cooling agent.
Frescolat Plus will impart a pleasant, long lasting cooling effect which conveys a desired pleasant skin feel.


The “smart” component of Frescolat Plus in combination with peppermint extract refreshes, tones, deodorizes the skin of the feet, relieves the feeling of heaviness and tiredness in the legs.
Frescolat Plus relieves and refreshes tired feet and legs.


Frescolat Plus is a relaxing gel that instantly relieves fatigue and burning of feet and legs.
Formulated with Frescolat Plus, a patented Technology based on Menthol and Menthyl Lactate, delivers up to 20 minutes of intense and long-lasting freshness.
Frescolat Plus provides an anti-inflammatory and analgesic effect, improving blood circulation and reducing pain, swelling and muscle cramps.



STORAGE OF FRESCOLAT PLUS:
For long-term storage store Frescolat Plus at room temperature
Avoid Frescolat Plus heat and light.
Valid for 2 years.



BENEFITS OF FRESCOLAT PLUS:
*Cooling ingredient for rinse-off and leave-on applications
*Easy to formulate
*Mild, not an irritant
*Quick and long lasting refreshing effects
*Improves body odor
*Low use levels, cost effective



PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of FRESCOLAT PLUS:
Chemical Name:Frescolat Plus (Menthol and Menthyl Lactate)
SynonymsFrescolat Plus (Menthol and Menthyl Lactate)
CBNumber:CB99911807
Molecular Formula:
Molecular Weight:0



FIRST AID MEASURES of FRESCOLAT PLUS:
-Description of first-aid measures
*General advice:
Show this material safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
*If inhaled:
After inhalation:
Fresh air.
*In case of skin contact:
Take off immediately all contaminated clothing.
Rinse skin with
water/ shower.
*In case of eye contact:
After eye contact:
Rinse out with plenty of water.
Call in ophthalmologist.
Remove contact lenses.
*If swallowed:
After swallowing:
Immediately make victim drink water (two glasses at most).
Consult a physician.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed.
No data available



ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of FRESCOLAT PLUS:
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Cover drains.
Collect, bind, and pump off spills.
Observe possible material restrictions.
Take up dry.
Dispose of properly.
Clean up affected area.



FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of FRESCOLAT PLUS:
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Foam
Dry powder
*Unsuitable extinguishing media:
For this substance/mixture no limitations of extinguishing agents are given.
-Further information:
Prevent fire extinguishing water from contaminating surface water or the ground water system.



EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of FRESCOLAT PLUS:
-Control parameters:
--Ingredients with workplace control parameters:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use equipment for eye protection.
Safety glasses
*Body Protection:
protective clothing
*Respiratory protection:
Recommended Filter type: Filter A
-Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.



HANDLING and STORAGE of FRESCOLAT PLUS:
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
*Storage conditions:
Tightly closed.
Dry.



STABILITY and REACTIVITY of FRESCOLAT PLUS:
-Chemical stability:
The product is chemically stable under standard ambient conditions (room temperature) .
-Possibility of hazardous reactions:
No data available


FRESCOLAT X-COOL
Frescolat X-Cool is odorless and tasteless and is easy to use and easy to solubilize.
Frescolat X-Cool is 82% stronger than Menthyl Lactate (Frescolat ML).


CAS Number: 1122460-01-8
Chemical Composition: Menthyl ethylamido oxalate
INCI Name: Menthyl Ethylamido Oxalate
Molecular formula: C14H25NO3



SYNONYMS:
menthyl ethylamido oxalate, (1R,2S,5R)-5-METHYL-2-(1-METHYLETHYL)CYCLOHEXYL 2-(ETHYLAMINO)-2-OXOACETATE, ACETIC ACID, 2-(ETHYLAMINO)-2-OXO-, (1R,2S,5R) -5-METHYL-2-(1-METHYLETHYL)CYCLOHEXYL ESTER, FRESCOLAT X-COOL, MENTHYL ETHYLAMIDO OXALATE, Frescolat X Cool (Menthyl Ethylamido Oxalate)



Frescolat X-Cool (INCI: Menthyl Ethylamido Oxalate) provides an “icy effect” that can attract consumers looking for ever more sensory experience.
On top of its high efficacy profile, Frescolat X-Cool is also easy to process (viscous liquid product, colorless, odorless, no influence of color and odor on final formulation).


Others cosmetic applications of Frescolat X-Cool need ingredient suitable to high pH.
Frescolat X-Cool is menthyl Ethylamido Oxalate.
Frescolat X-Cool is a powerful patented cooling agent for topical applications providing an instant and long-lasting sensation of freshness.


Frescolat X-Cool will impart a pleasant, long lasting cooling effect which conveys a desired pleasant skin feel.
Frescolat X-Cool is odorless and tasteless and is easy to use and easy to solubilize.
Frescolat X-Cool is 82% stronger than Menthyl Lactate (Frescolat ML).


Frescolat X-Cool improves the sensory effects of products for hair, face and personal care as well as sun protection and shaving.
Frescolat X-Cool (INCI: Menthyl Ethylamido Oxalate) imparts a cooling effect that is felt within the first minute of application and lasts up to 30 minutes.
Frescolat X-Cool is 82% stronger than its other cooling agent menthyl lactate.


The cooling agent, Frescolat X-Cool, is gentle to the skin, compatible with mucous membranes and does not cause stinging or burning sensations.
In addition, Frescolat X-Cool is said to have no unpleasant odor.
The colorless, viscous liquid, Frescolat X-Cool, is easy to handle.


Frescolat X-Cool can be cold processable by dissolving it first in fatty acid esters, ethanol and glycols.
Frescolat X-Cool has heat stability up to 70°C.
Frescolat X-Cool is a powerful patented cooling agent for topical applications providing an instant and long-lasting sensation of freshness.


Frescolat X-Cool will impart a pleasant, long lasting cooling effect which conveys a desired pleasant skin feel.
Frescolat X-Cool is odorless and tasteless and is easy to use and easy to solubilize.
Frescolat X-Cool is 82% stronger than Menthyl Lactate (Frescolat ML).


Frescolat X-Cool is a chemical compound known for its use in various pharmaceutical and healthcare applications.
Frescolat X-Cool is primarily recognized for its cooling effect, which makes it a valuable ingredient in topical products, analgesics, and anti-inflammatory formulations.


Frescolat X-Cool's ability to provide soothing relief and its stability in various formulations have made it a sought-after ingredient in the healthcare industry.
Frescolat X-Cool is an ester of menthol and oxalic acid, with a structure that imparts distinct properties beneficial for medical and cosmetic formulations.



USES and APPLICATIONS of FRESCOLAT X-COOL:
Frescolat X-Cool acts as a coolant.
Frescolat X-Cool is a synthetic menthol derivative.
Frescolat X-Cool gives an extreme sensation of freshness.


Frescolat X-Cool exhibits excellent thermal stability up to 70 degrees.
Frescolat X-Cool is gentle on the skin and compatible with mucous membranes.
Frescolat X-Cool is used in skin care, hair care, toiletries and decorative cosmetics.


Frescolat X-Cool acts as a patented, menthol-free cooling agent.
Frescolat X-Cool provides an extreme sensation of freshness.
Frescolat X-Cool exhibits cold processable with excellent safety profile.


Frescolat X-Cool gives strong & long lasting cooling action up to 30 minutes.
Frescolat X-Cool exhibits excellent heat stability up to 70 degrees.
Frescolat X-Cool is gentle to the skin and compatible with mucous membrane.


Frescolat X-Cool is used in oral care products.
Frescolat X-Cool is used cooling ingredient, optimal in systems pH 4 - 8, provides a long-lasting cooling sensation, easy to use.
Dosage of Frescolat X-Cool is 0.2-1%


Frescolat X-Cool is a powerful patented cooling agent for topical applications providing an instant and long-lasting sensation of freshness.
Frescolat X-Cool will impart a pleasant, long lasting cooling effect which conveys a desired pleasant skin feel.
Frescolat X-Cool is odorless and tasteless and is easy to use and easy to solubilize.


Frescolat X-Cool is 82% stronger than Menthyl Lactate (Frescolat ML).
Frescolat X-Cool provides gentle, long lasting cooling sensation for skin.
The active ingredient, Frescolat X-Cool, gives skin care products a long lasting cooling effect.


On the one hand, Frescolat X-Cool works quickly – refreshing the skin immediately after application.
On the other hand, the effect can last up to 30 minutes.
And Frescolat X-Cool feels comfortable and is safe for skin.


Frescolat X-Cool safety profile allows it to be used as an active cosmetic ingredient worldwide (except in China).
Frescolat X-Cool is recommended at 0.2–1.0% in formulations with acidic to neutral pH such as: shaving products (pre/after shave lotion), deodorant (roll-on and spray), facial care, body care (body lotion and shower gel), hair care (shampoo, conditioner and styling), after sun care and lipstick/lip gloss.


Frescolat X-Cool gives skin care products a long-lasting cooling effect.
Frescolat X-Cool improves the sensory effects of products for hair, face, and personal care as well as sun protection and shaving.
On the one hand, Frescolat X-Cool works quickly – refreshing the skin immediately after application.


Frescolat X-Cool is odourless and especially suited for formulas with pH values from four to seven.
On the other hand, the effect of Frescolat X-Cool can last up to 30 minutes.
And Frescolat X-Cool feels comfortable and is safe for skin.


Frescolat X-Cool is odourless and especially suited for formulas with pH values from four to seven.
Frescolat X-Cool acts as a coolant.
Frescolat X-Cool is a synthetic menthol derivative. Frescolat X-Cool gives an extreme sensation of freshness.


Frescolat X-Cool is cold workable with excellent safety profile.
Frescolat X-Cool exhibits excellent thermal stability up to 70 degrees.


Frescolat X-Cool is gentle on the skin and compatible with mucous membranes.
Frescolat X-Cool is used in skin care, hair care, toiletries and decorative cosmetics.


-Frescolat X-Cool provides a long-lasting yet instant strong cooling effect:
* Fast action on the skin (within the first minutes)
* 30 minutes of a strong freshness on the skin
Frescolat X-Cool is an easy to handle liquid that has neither a strong odor nor a burning sensation.



KEY APPLICCATIONS OF FRESCOLAT X-COOL IN HEALTHCARE:
Frescolat X-Cool is used in a range of healthcare products, including:

*Topical Analgesics:
Known for its cooling sensation, Frescolat X-Cool provides relief in pain relief creams and gels.

*Anti-Inflammatory Products:
Frescolat X-Cool's soothing properties help reduce inflammation and discomfort.

*Cosmetic Products:
Frescolat X-Cool is used in skincare for its cooling effect and as a part of formulations targeting skin irritation and redness.



SKIN CONDITIONING OF FRESCOLAT X-COOL:
Frescolat X-Cool is used to maintain our skin tone.
Frescolat X-Cool is used as a skin conditioner.

Strong cooling that is both immediate and long-lasting is offered by Frescolat X-Cool:
- Rapid skin reaction (within the first several minutes)
- A powerful sense of freshness for 30 minutes; This is a liquid that is easy to work with and doesn't burn your tongue



FUNCTIONS OF FRESCOLAT X-COOL:
*Skin conditioning :
Frescolat X-Cool maintains skin in good condition



CLAIMS OF FRESCOLAT X-COOL:
*Cooling Agents
*long-lasting
*fresh feeling/cooling effect



GLOBAL MARKET IMPORTANCE OF FRESCOLAT X-COOL:
Market Growth and Trends:

The Frescolat X-Cool market has been experiencing notable growth due to increasing demand for innovative and effective pharmaceutical and cosmetic ingredients.
The global market for Frescolat X-Cool is expanding as companies seek to enhance product efficacy and consumer satisfaction.

Recent market analysis indicates a steady rise in the use of Frescolat X-Cool, driven by:
*Increased Demand for Topical Solutions:
The rise in chronic pain conditions and inflammatory diseases is fueling the need for effective topical treatments.

*Advancements in Formulation Technologies: Innovations in pharmaceutical and cosmetic formulation technologies are improving the application and effectiveness of Frescolat X-Cool.

*Growing Interest in Natural Ingredients:
The shift towards natural and less synthetic ingredients in healthcare products is supporting market growth.



INVESTMENT OPPORTUNITIES OF FRESCOLAT X-COOL:
Investors are increasingly looking at Frescolat X-Cool as a promising area for investment.
Frescolat X-Cool's versatility and growing applications in various healthcare segments make it an attractive option for businesses looking to capitalize on the expanding market.


Key factors driving investment include:
Innovation Potential:
The ongoing research and development in optimizing the use of Frescolat X-Cool present opportunities for new product development and market expansion.

*Strategic Partnerships:
Collaborations between pharmaceutical companies and research institutions are fostering innovation and enhancing market prospects.

*Emerging Markets:
The increasing adoption of advanced healthcare solutions in emerging markets is creating new avenues for growth.



PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of FRESCOLAT X-COOL:
Chemical Name:Frescolat X Cool (Menthyl Ethylamido Oxalate)
Synonyms: Frescolat X Cool (Menthyl Ethylamido Oxalate)
CBNumber:CB29911808
Appearance: colorless viscous liquid (est)
Assay: 95.00 to 100.00
Food Chemicals Codex Listed: No
CAS Registry Number: 1122460-01-8
Unique Ingredient Identifier: G2MB8B7PSM
Molecular formula: C14H25NO3
International Chemical Identifier (InChI): VTSKTHILUKZQTB-GRYCIOLGSA-N
SMILES: C(C)(C)[C@H]1[C@H](OC(C(NCC)=O)=O)C[C@H](C)CC1



FIRST AID MEASURES of FRESCOLAT X-COOL:
-Description of first-aid measures
*General advice:
Show this material safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
*If inhaled:
After inhalation:
Fresh air.
*In case of skin contact:
Take off immediately all contaminated clothing.
Rinse skin with
water/ shower.
*In case of eye contact:
After eye contact:
Rinse out with plenty of water.
Call in ophthalmologist.
Remove contact lenses.
*If swallowed:
After swallowing:
Immediately make victim drink water (two glasses at most).
Consult a physician.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed.
No data available



ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of FRESCOLAT X-COOL:
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Cover drains.
Collect, bind, and pump off spills.
Observe possible material restrictions.
Take up dry.
Dispose of properly.
Clean up affected area.



FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of FRESCOLAT X-COOL:
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Foam
Dry powder
*Unsuitable extinguishing media:
For this substance/mixture no limitations of extinguishing agents are given.
-Further information:
Prevent fire extinguishing water from contaminating surface water or the ground water system.



EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of FRESCOLAT X-COOL:
-Control parameters:
--Ingredients with workplace control parameters:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use equipment for eye protection.
Safety glasses
*Body Protection:
protective clothing
*Respiratory protection:
Recommended Filter type: Filter A
-Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.



HANDLING and STORAGE of FRESCOLAT X-COOL:
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
*Storage conditions:
Tightly closed.
Dry.



STABILITY and REACTIVITY of FRESCOLAT X-COOL:
-Chemical stability:
The product is chemically stable under standard ambient conditions (room temperature) .
-Possibility of hazardous reactions:
No data available


Fructose
FULVIC ACID, N° CAS : 479-66-3. Nom INCI : FULVIC ACID. Nom chimique : 1H,3H-Pyrano[4,3-b][1]benzopyran-9-carboxylic acid, 4,10-dihydro-3,7,8-trihydroxy-3-methyl-10-oxo Compatible Bio (Référentiel COSMOS) Ses fonctions (INCI) Agent d'entretien de la peau : Maintient la peau en bon état
FRUCTOSE
DESCRIPTION:
Fructose, or fruit sugar, is a ketonic simple sugar found in mana plants, where it is often bonded to glucose to form the disaccharide sucrose.
Fructose is one of the three dietary monosaccharides, along with glucose and galactose, that are absorbed by the gut directly into the blood of the portal vein during digestion.
The liver then converts both fructose and galactose into glucose, so that dissolved glucose, known as blood sugar, is the only monosaccharide present in circulating blood.

CAS NUMBER: 57-48-7
EC NUMBER: 200-333-3
IUPAC NAME:(3S,4R,5R)-1,3,4,5,6-Pentahydroxyhexan-2-one
CHEMICAL FORMULA: C6H12O6

PROPERTIES OF FRUCTOSE:
MOLAR MASS: 180.156 g•mol−1
DENSITY: 1.694 g/cm3
MELTING POINT: 103 °C (217 °F; 376 K)
SOLUBILITY IN WATER: ~4000 g/L (25 °C)
MAGNETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY (χ): −102.60×10−6 cm3/mol
THERMOCHEMISTRY: Std enthalpy of combustion (ΔcH⦵298): 675.6 kcal/mol (2,827 kJ/mol) (Higher heating value)

CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF FRUCTOSE:
Fructose is a 6-carbon polyhydroxyketone.
Crystalline fructose adopts a cyclic six-membered structure, called β-d-fructopyranose, owing to the stability of its hemiketal and internal hydrogen-bonding.
In solution, fructose exists as an equilibrium mixture of the tautomers β-d-fructopyranose, β-d-fructofuranose, α-d-fructofuranose, α-d-fructopyranose and keto-d-fructose (the non-cyclic form).
The distribution of d-fructose tautomers in solution is related to several variables, such as solvent and temperature.
d-Fructopyranose and d-fructofuranose distributions in water have been identified multiple times as roughly 70% fructopyranose and 22% fructofuranose.

REACTIONS OF FRUCTOSE:
FRUCTOSE AND FERMENTATION:
Fructose may be anaerobically fermented by yeast or bacteria.
Yeast enzymes convert sugar (sucrose, glucose, or fructose, but not lactose) to ethanol and carbon dioxide.
Some of the carbon dioxide produced during fermentation will remain dissolved in water, where it will reach equilibrium with carbonic acid.
The dissolved carbon dioxide and carbonic acid produce the carbonation in some fermented beverages, such as champagne.

FRUCTOSE AND MAILLARD REACTION:
Fructose undergoes the Maillard reaction, non-enzymatic browning, with amino acids.
Because fructose exists to a greater extent in the open-chain form than does glucose, the initial stages of the Maillard reaction occur more rapidly than with glucose.
Therefore, fructose has potential to contribute to changes in food palatability, as well as other nutritional effects, such as excessive browning, volume and tenderness reduction during cake preparation, and formation of mutagenic compounds.

DEHYDRATION OF FRUCTOSE:
Fructose readily dehydrates to give hydroxymethylfurfural ("HMF", C6H6O3), which can be processed into liquid dimethylfuran (C6H8O).
This process, in the future, may become part of a low-cost, carbon-neutral system to produce replacements for petrol and diesel from plants.

DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS:
Through dehydration synthesis, a monosaccharide, such as fructose, binds to another monosaccharide with the release of water and the subsequent formation of a glycosidic bond.
The joining of two monosaccharides produces a disaccharide whereas the joining of three to ten monosaccharide units forms an oligosaccharide.
Polysaccharides are produced by the joining of multiple monosaccharides.
In this regard, fructose joins with another monosaccharide to form a disaccharide.

For instance, sucrose is formed when fructose and glucose molecules are joined together.
The two monosaccharides are linked through a glycosidic linkage between C-1 (on the glycosyl subunit) and C-2 (on the fructosyl unit).
Sucrose occurs in many plants.

Fructose is commonly extracted from sugar cane and sugar beet, and processed (refined) to be marketed as common table sugar.
Fructose used as a sweetening agent in food and beverages.
Synthetic disaccharide consisting of galactose and fructose has been made available not as a sweetener but for medical and health purposes.
It is called lactulose.
It is not absorbed by the body but can be metabolized by the gut flora.

Fructose is prescribed for use as a laxative, a prebiotic, and a treatment for hyperammonemia.
Fructan, a polymer of fructose, may occur as an oligosaccharide or as a polysaccharide, depending on the length of the fructose chain.
Fructan with a shorter chain is called a fructooligosaccharide.
They are present in asparagus, leeks, garlic, onions, wheat, artichoke, and grass.

SACCHARIFICATION:
The process wherein complex carbohydrates are degraded into simpler forms is called saccharification.
It entails hydrolysis. In humans and other higher animals, this involves enzymes.
In a diet containing fructose (e.g. sucrose, fructolipids, etc.), they are broken down into monomeric units through the action of digestive enzymes.

One of them is invertase (also called sucrase) released from the small intestine.
The enzyme cleaves sucrose by breaking the β-glycosidic bond, thereby, releasing glucose and fructose.
Too much fructose, though, could lead to malabsorption in the small intestine.

When this happens, unabsorbed fructose transported to the large intestine could be used in fermentation by the colonic flora.
This could lead to gastrointestinal pain, diarrhea, flatulence, or bloating due to the products (e.g. hydrogen gas, carbon dioxide, short-chain fatty acids, organic acids, and trace gases) of fructose metabolism by bacteria.

Mass extinctions occur frequently in natural history.
While studies of animals that became extinct can be informative, it is the survivors that provide clues for mechanisms of adaptation when conditions are adverse.
Here, we describe a survival pathway used by many species as a means for providing adequate fuel and water, while also providing protection from a decrease in oxygen availability.

Fructose, whether supplied in the diet (primarily fruits and honey), or endogenously (via activation of the polyol pathway), preferentially shifts the organism towards the storing of fuel (fat, glycogen) that can be used to provide energy and water at a later date.
Fructose causes sodium retention and raises blood pressure and likely helped survival in the setting of dehydration or salt deprivation.

By shifting energy production from the mitochondria to glycolysis, fructose reduced oxygen demands to aid survival in situations where oxygen availability is low.
The actions of fructose are driven in part by vasopressin and the generation of uric acid.

Twice in history, mutations occurred during periods of mass extinction that enhanced the activity of fructose to generate fat, with the first being a mutation in vitamin C metabolism during the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction (65 million years ago) and the second being a mutation in uricase that occurred during the Middle Miocene disruption (12–14 million years ago).
Today, the excessive intake of fructose due to the availability of refined sugar and high-fructose corn syrup is driving ‘burden of life style’ diseases, including obesity, diabetes and high blood pressure.
During the last 450 million years, there have been at least five mass extinctions that have occurred due to a variety of causes, including changes in atmosphere gases, changing global temperatures, volcanic activity and an asteroid impact .

While often the focus is on those species that failed to survive, in many respects it is the survivors that deserve the most attention, for many of these animals have developed remarkable means of survival.
Today, there are many examples of ‘extremophile’ species that can survive under remarkable situations, such as the Pompeii worm that can survive inferno (176°F) temperatures ,or the occellated icefish that lives in the Antarctic seas in the absence of red blood cells ,or the wood frog in northern Canada who freezes in winter, surviving because of the production of glycerol that acts as an antifreeze to allow slow circulation of blood in the freezing conditions .
One of the most important means for survival is to have sufficient food and water, as well as the necessary minerals, electrolytes and nutrients to maintain muscle mass and body functions.

It is also important to be able to adapt in conditions where oxygen levels may decrease.
One means for doing this is to store caches of food in one’s den, but there is always the danger that the cache could be stolen, or that the den itself may become unsafe if discovered by predators.
Thus, the ideal means for assuring survival is for the body itself to aid in the storage of food, water and other critical needs.

There appears to be a common mechanism by which many animals survive, and that it involves a unique metabolic pathway mediated by fructose, a simple sugar present in fruit.
Fructose is also produced in the body under conditions of stress.
In turn, the metabolism of fructose uniquely activates processes that stimulate survival, and it works through specific hormones (such as vasopressin) as well as metabolic products (uric acid) to mediate its effects.

Here, we provide a brief description of this central pathway that appears to have a key role in the evolution of species.
Fructose is a monosaccharide naturally present in fruit, vegetables and honey.
When combined with glucose, it forms sucrose, commonly known as sugar.
The physical and chemical properties of fructose appeal to the food industry, which produces it from cornflour.

Even though fructose is just as calorific as glucose, our body metabolises them differently.
Recent studies have focused on the potential effects of fructose on health.
Fructose was discovered by French chemist Augustin-Pierre Dubrunfaut in 1847.
The name "fructose" was coined in 1857 by the English chemist William Allen Miller.

Pure, dry fructose is a sweet, white, odorless, crystalline solid, and is the most water-soluble of all the sugars.
Fructose is found in honey, tree and vine fruits, flowers, berries, and most root vegetables.
Fructose, or “fruit sugar”, is one of the three most common natural monosaccharides.
(The other two are glucose and galactose.)
As its name implies, fructose is found in almost all fruits; but it also exists in commercial quantities in sugarcane, sugarbeets, and corn.

Fructose and glucose combine to form the disaccharide sucrose, which we know as common sugar.
The structure of fructose, like all simple sugars, can be expressed as a six-carbon linear chain with hydroxyl and carbonyl groups.
In its crystalline form and in solution, however, most of it exists as two hemiketal rings: β-D-fructopyranose* (top) and β-D-fructofuranose* (bottom).
In aqueous solution, it consists of 70% pyranose, 22% furanose, and smaller amounts of the linear and other cyclic forms.
Fructose is the most water-soluble monosaccharide.

As indicated in the “Fast Facts” table, it dissolves in exceedingly small amounts of water.
This property makes it difficult to crystallize from water and accounts for its hygroscopicity and humectancy.
Consumption of excessive quantities of foods that contain fructose and other sugars is a well-known cause of type 2 diabetes, elevated levels of LDL (“bad”) cholesterol and triglycerides, and of course, obesity.
But fructose may be slightly safer than the others, especially for diabetics, because it has a lower glycemic index than sucrose and is considerably sweeter.

In 2016, Xia Yang, Fernando Gomez-Pinilla, and colleagues at UCLA and other institutions discovered that in lab rats fed diets high in fructose, almost 1000 genes in the brains were adversely affected.
In particular, fructose impaired two key genes that regulate intercellular communication.
But Yang and Gomez-Pinilla also had good news.
When they fed rats docosahexaenoic acid, a key ω-3 fatty acid, along with high amounts of fructose, they saw no more gene damage than in a control group.

The authors identify their study as an example of a technique called nutrigenomics, which examines the genomic bases of nutrient–host interactions that underlie disease predisposition.
Fructose is a monosaccharide, the simplest form of carbohydrate.
As the name implies, mono (one) saccharides (sugar) contain only one sugar group; thus, they can’t be broken down any further.

Each subtype of carbohydrate has different effects in the body depending on the structure and source (i.e. what food it comes from).
The chemical structure affects how quickly and/or easily the carbohydrate molecule is digested/absorbed.
The source affects whether other nutrients are provided along with the carbohydrate.
For example, both high fructose corn syrup (HFCS) and fruit contain fructose, but their effects in the body are different.

HFCS is essentially a simple fructose delivery system – there’s nothing else to it, while fruit contains additional nutrients along with fibre, which affect digestion and absorption of the fructose.
Plus, the amount of fructose in the average apple is much less than, say, the average can of soda.
Fructose has a unique texture, sweetness, rate of digestion, and degree of absorption that is different from glucose, which is the sugar that most of our ingested dietary carbohydrates become when they hit the bloodstream.
Fructose is a monosaccharide that is commonly known as fruit sugar.

Fructose naturally occurs in fruits, vegetables, honey, sugar cane, and sugar beets.
It’s around 1.5 times sweeter than typical table sugar.
Your body processes fructose differently than it does other sugars.
Fructose is metabolized in your liver and converted into energy.

This means that your body doesn’t need insulin to process fructose and that it has a smaller effect on your blood glucose levels.
Fructose is absorbed through the intestine via different mechanisms than glucose
Fructose has a slower rate of uptake

Unlike glucose, fructose does not stimulate a substantial insulin release
Fructose is transported into cells via a different transporter than glucose
Once fructose is in the liver, it can provide glycerol, the backbone of fat, and increase fat formation

Some people may be unable to completely absorb fructose when given in a high dose of around 50 grams (Note: that’s an extremely high amount of fructose.
We’re talking 4-5 medium apples.
Yet a 16 oz juice with HFCS can provide around 45 grams of fructose)
Consuming glucose with fructose at the same time accelerates the absorption of fructose.
This is one of the reasons that many sports drinks contain a mixture of sugars.
Commercially, fructose is derived from sugar cane, sugar beets, and maize.
High-fructose corn syrup is a mixture of glucose and fructose as monosaccharides.

Sucrose is a compound with one molecule of glucose covalently linked to one molecule of fructose.
All forms of fructose, including those found in fruits and juices, are commonly added to foods and drinks for palatability and taste enhancement, and for browning of some foods, such as baked goods.
As of 2004, about 240,000 tonnes of crystalline fructose were being produced annually.

Excessive consumption of sugars, including fructose, (especially from sugar-sweetened beverages) may contribute to insulin resistance, obesity, elevated LDL cholesterol and triglycerides, leading to metabolic syndrome.
The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) stated in 2011 that fructose may be preferable over sucrose and glucose in sugar-sweetened foods and beverages because of its lower effect on postprandial blood sugar levels,[contradictory] while also noting the potential downside that "high intakes of fructose may lead to metabolic complications such as dyslipidaemia, insulin resistance, and increased visceral adiposity".

The UK's Scientific Advisory Committee on Nutrition in 2015 disputed the claims of fructose causing metabolic disorders, stating that "there is insufficient evidence to demonstrate that fructose intake, at levels consumed in the normal UK diet, leads to adverse health outcomes independent of any effects related to its presence as a component of total and free sugars."

FRUCTOSE AS A SURVIVAL FACTOR:
Fructose is unique from all other nutrients as its metabolism results in an intracellular alarm signal that triggers the organism to go into a ‘safety mode’ .
Specifically, while fructose can be metabolized by hexokinase, the enzyme fructokinase C (also known as ketohexokinase, or KHK) is the primary enzyme that metabolizes fructose, generating fructose-1-phosphate so rapidly that ATP and intracellular phosphate levels fall.


The effect is dependent on the concentration of fructose and can result in significant reductions (20–60%) of intracellular ATP as well as GTP 6 in the organs where fructokinase C is expressed, which includes the liver, kidney, brain, pancreatic islets and adipose tissues.
Fructokinase C can also be induced in tissues, such as the ischaemic heart .
The loss of intracellular phosphate activates the enzyme AMP deaminase, and this accelerates the production of inosine monophosphate (IMP) and uric acid .

The effect is further amplified by the inhibition by IMP of aldolase B, whose role is to metabolize the fructose-1-phosphate to eventually release the sequestered phosphate.
The metabolism of fructose also drives production of vasopressin, in the supraoptic nucleus of the hypothalamus, and circulating levels of vasopressin, noted by the stable metabolite, copeptin, are also regulated in part by fructose.

While fructose is found in the diet, which in the wild is principally from fruits and honey, another source of fructose is from production via the polyol pathway.
Aldose reductase converts glucose to sorbitol which is then metabolized to fructose by sorbitol dehydrogenase.
In turn, aldose reductase can be stimulated by high glucose levels (such as in diabetes), by high-salt diets (which increases osmolality, a known stimulant of aldose reductase), heat, tissue hypoxia, oxidative stress and by fructose and uric acid.
In western societies, the main sources of fructose are from table sugar (sucrose) and the sweetener, high-fructose corn syrup (HFCS).

CONSTITUTIVE UNIT OF FRUCTOSE:
Fructose is a monosaccharide, a simple sugar also called ‘fruit sugar’.
Fructose is naturally present in fruit (including berries), vegetables and honey.
Fructose is combined with glucose to form sucrose or table sugar.

The proportion of fructose varies considerably from one kind of fruit to another: 100 g of apples contain 6.0 g of fructose (56% of the total sugar content), while the same weight of apricots contains only 1 g of fructose (11% of the total sugar content).
It is important to note that the proportions of the different sugars (fructose, glucose, sucrose) also vary depending on how ripe the fruit is.

THE ROLE OF FRUCTOSE IN THE FOOD INDUSTRY:
The physical and chemical properties of fructose make it particularly interesting for the food industry.
Fructose is hygroscopic, meaning it attracts water, favours condensation and is very soluble at low temperatures.
Fructose therefore serves as a good humidifying agent for baked goods, biscuits and confectionery.

CALORIFIC VALUE, METABOLISATION AND EFFECTS ON HEALTH
The high sweetening power of fructose bears no relation to its caloric value.
In fact, in equal quantities, fructose provides as much energy as all other sugars, i.e. 4 kcal per gram.
This monosaccharide enters the bloodstream via the small intestine.

The liver then transforms it into fatty acid (10% of the fructose ingested), glucose (50%), lactate (15%) or glycogen.
Unlike glucose, the metabolism of fructose is not regulated by insulin and is less effective at triggering feelings of satiety.
Today’s scientific studies focus on the excessive consumption of fructose and its effects on health.
According to statistics, an inhabitant of the United States eats on average 55 g of fructose a day.
Current research suggests that a daily consumption in excess of 50 g raises the level of lipids in the blood (triglycerides).

COMMON USES OF FRUCTOSE:
Fructose is present not only in its natural sources, like fruits and vegetables, but also in many various products.
The main reason why producers do add fructose to their goods is to simply make their taste sweeter.
Fructose is characterized by the fading of sweetness that is faster than the one of the sucrose.
What is also characteristic for fructose is more intense taste of sweetness than those of other sugars.

A large part of producers of low-calories goods decide to use fructose due to its unique attributes.
Commonly in food production the fructose is being added not only in the form of pure fructose (known also as fructose powder) but also in the form of corn syrup.
In the food industry, fructose is used as a sweetener and preservative.

Due to its hygroscopic quality, it is useful in extending the shelf life of bakery products.
People with diabetes often replace sugar with fructose.
Fructose, like other sugars, is being used by the human body as an energy booster.

OTHER FRUCTOSE USES:
Thanks to its exceptional traits, fructose is used in many branches of food industry as well as in other industries.
Fructose can be easily found in variety types of products.

COSMETICS INDUSTRY:
Fructose is present in cosmetics as well.
Fructose is being used for its water-binding capacity.
Application of cosmetics with fructose helps one’s skin to stay hydrated and healthy.
Fructose protects skin from water loss.

Fructose also helps release skin stress and reduce its redness.
Fructose is used in huge range of sugar scrubs.
One of its main qualities valued in cosmetics industry is the fact that fructose does not melt in contact with warm skin.

PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY:
Fructose is also used during the production of pharmaceuticals.
Fructose is a substrate highly valued by the medicaments’ producers.
BAKED GOODS:
Fructose is widely used to extend the shelf life of baked goods and to prevent confectionery from drying out and crystallizing.
Baked goods with added fructose are characterized by an attractive color.

ICE CREAMS:
Fructose is also used in production of ice creams.
Fructose provides a smooth consistency of an ice cream.

FRUCTOSE – EFFECTS ON THE BODY:
After consuming a product containing fructose, the sugar enters the small intestine, from where it travels to the liver, where it supports the production of glycogen, known as backup fuel.
Glycogen is used by the body after very intense exercise or long sleep.
Consuming fructose in excessive amounts can lead to fructose accumulation in the form of body fat, which in turn can cause problems with overweight, obesity and cardiovascular disease.

In addition, consuming fructose in excess can result in the development of dental caries in the mouth.
For this reason, Fructose is very important – as with many other products – to exercise moderation and caution.

FRUCTOSE – USE IN SPORTS:
Some athletes are eager to use products with a high content of fructose, the characteristics of which enable them to increase performance and reduce fatigue levels especially in conditions characterized by high temperature and humidity levels.
Fructose is most readily used by those who participate in high-intensity and endurance sports.
Fructose is an important ingredient in sports drinks, where, along with glucose, it helps replenish fluids, electrolytes and carbohydrates lost during intense exercise.

SHELF LIFE OF FRUCTOSE:
Shelf life of a product or a component is very crucial for producers and traders.
Shelf life of fructose is quite long – it lasts for 24 months.
The shelf life will be so long only if the product will be stored properly, in a cool, dry location.

GENERAL GUIDELINES:
Eliminate products with ingredients that list fructose, crystalline fructose (not HFCS), and honey on the label.
Limit drinks with HFCS to 4-8 oz at a time and try drinking them with a meal instead of on their own.
Limit commercial baked goods, candies, and other foods made with HFCS to small servings.
Enjoy these sweets with a meal, not as a snack.

Keep in mind the amount of fructose found in 2 apples or 4 tbsp of honey is the same fructose in 1 can of soda.
Eat fruit in moderation and as part of a meal.
Glucose is also a natural sugar.
The more glucose than fructose in a product, the more “intestinal friendly” the fruit or fruit juice may be.
For example, the fructose in apricots is balanced with glucose, so apricots usually do not cause problems.

Bananas and mangos are equally high in fructose, but mangos have less glucose, so they usually cause more problems.
Follow guidelines below for fruits, vegetables, and other foods that are friendlier to your intestines.
Note: The foods listed as “Foods to Avoid” should be avoided because of their high fructose content.
These are otherwise healthy foods.

ETYMOLOGY OF FRUCTOSE:
The word "fructose" was coined in 1857 from the Latin for fructus (fruit) and the generic chemical suffix for sugars, -ose. It is also called fruit sugar and levulose or laevulose.

FRUCTOSE ASSIMILATION:
Fructose that is made available from the digestion of dietary sources is taken up by the intestinal cells (enterocytes) through the proteins called glucose transporters (GluT).
GluT5 transporter takes up fructose more effectively than glucose.

There is no consensus as of this time as to how fructose is absorbed by the enterocytes.
Some scientists theorize that it involves passive transport (via facilitated diffusion).
Others presume it is by active transport just as it is in the absorption of free glucose molecules by enterocytes.

Fructose leaves the enterocytes and then enters the bloodstream.
Unlike blood glucose, fructose in the bloodstream is not regulated by the pancreatic enzymes, insulin, and glucagon.
Fructose is then transported into the cells of other tissues by facilitated diffusion using the GluT-mediated transport system (such as by GluT2 and GluT5).

FRUCTOSE CATABOLISM:
Fructose, together with the other dietary monosaccharides, is transported by the blood into the liver.
Fructose reaches the liver via the hepatic portal vein and is taken up by the liver cells.
Apart from the liver where fructose is predominantly metabolized, other tissues that metabolize fructose include the testis, kidney, skeletal muscle, fat tissues, brain, and intestine.
Fructose is taken in by these cells chiefly by GluT2 and GluT5 transporters.

The catabolism of fructose is called fructolysis (as glucose catabolism is to glycolysis).
Fructose is trapped inside the cell, e.g. inside the hepatocyte, when it is phosphorylated into fructose 1-phosphate by the enzyme fructokinase.
Fructose 1-phosphate is split by aldolase B into two trioses: (1) dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) and (2) glyceraldehyde.

THE COMMON METABOLIC FATE OF DHAP IS AS FOLLOWS:
DHAP is isomerized to glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (Ga-3-P) by triose phosphate isomerase.
DHAP is reduced to glycerol 3-phosphate by glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase.
THE COMMON METABOLIC FATE OF GLYCERALDEHYDE IS AS FOLLOWS:
Glyceraldehyde is phosphorylated into Ga-3-P‘by glyceraldehyde kinase.
Glyceraldehyde is converted into glycerol 3-phosphate by glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase.

THUS, DHAP AND GA-3-P FROM FRUCTOLYSIS IN THE HEPATOCYTE MAY ENTER:
Gluconeogenesis, several metabolic pathways lead to gluconeogenesis for glucose formation.
One of them is by trioses Ga-3-P (or DHAP) combining to form the hexose, fructose-1,6-bisphosphate.
The latter is converted into fructose 6-phosphate by utilizing one water molecule and releasing one phosphate through the enzyme fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase.

Another pathway is the phosphorylation of fructose into fructose-6-phosphate, which, in turn, is converted into glucose-6-phosphate.
Glucose-6-phosphate is then hydrolyzed by the enzyme glucose-6-phosphatase to produce glucose and inorganic phosphate.

This is a more direct way than the first.
Glycogenesis, where DHAP and Ga-3-P are converted for use in glycogen synthesis
Glycolysis, where Ga-3-P (or DHAP isomerized to Ga-3-P) enters the second phase of glycolysis to be converted ultimately into pyruvate.
Pyruvate may enter the Krebs cycle in the presence of oxygen.
Another pathway is fructose entering a part of glycolysis in a rather direct way.
For instance, fructose is phosphorylated into fructose-6-phosphate.

Or, fructose-1-phosphate is phosphorylated by phosphofructokinase-1 to fructose-1,6-bisphosphate.
Free fatty acid synthesis, whereby the accumulating citrate from the Krebs cycle may be removed from the cycle to be transported to the cytosol where it will be converted into acetyl-CoA, to oxaloacetate, and then to malonyl CoA for fatty acid synthesis

Triglyceride synthesis, where glycerol 3-phosphate from DHAP and Ga-3-P may serve as glycerol backbone for triglyceride.
Triglycerides in the liver are incorporated into the very-low-density lipoproteins (VLDL) that are released to peripheral fat and muscle cells for storage.

FRUCTOSE CONVERSION INTO GLUCOSE:
A huge percentage of dietary fructose is converted in the liver to glucose.
One way by which fructose becomes glucose is when fructose is converted into Ga-3-P and DHAP that enters gluconeogenesis (the reverse of glycolysis).

POLYOL PATHWAY OF FRUCTOSE:
Polyol pathway, a two-step process, converts glucose into fructose.
The first step is the reduction of glucose to produce sorbitol through the enzyme aldose reductase.
The last step is the oxidation of sorbitol to produce fructose through the enzyme sorbitol dehydrogenase.

In bacteria, glucose converted into fructose is catalyzed by glucose isomerase, which is a bacterial enzyme.
The discovery of this enzyme led to its use in the industry, particularly in the manufacture of high fructose corn syrup.

GLYCATION:
Glycation is the process of covalently joining a carbohydrate constituent, such as fructose or glucose, to a protein or a lipid molecule. It is non-enzymatic glycosylation.

METABOLIC DISORDERS:
Improper metabolism of fructose may result in metabolic disorders.
For instance, fructose intolerance is a hereditary disease caused by a defect in the aldolase B gene that codes for the enzyme aldolase B.
In the metabolism of fructose, aldolase B cleaves fructose 1-phosphate into glyceraldehyde and DHAP.

Thus, inadequate or absence of aldolase B could lead to the improper catabolism of fructose, and hinder the various metabolic pathways that DHAP and glyceraldehyde take part in.
The condition could impair the liver and cause severe damage to it.

Another condition is fructosuria (high fructose level in urine), which is caused by an excess of fructose.
This is usually due to a defect in the gene encoding for the enzyme fructokinase.
The enzyme is supposed to phosphorylate fructose into fructose 1-phosphate.

BIOLOGICAL IMPORTANCE AND FUNCTIONS OF FRUCTOSE:
Fructose is one of the most common monosaccharides and plays various biological roles.
Fructan, a polymer of fructose, is essential to plants (e.g. grasses, asparagus, leeks, garlic, onion, wheat, except for rice that does not synthesize it).
In these plants, it serves as a storage polysaccharide.

Fructose exists in food either as a monosaccharide (free fructose) or as a unit of a disaccharide (sucrose).
Sucrose (the common table sugar) is a non-reducing disaccharide that forms when glucose and fructose are linked together by an alpha linkage between carbon 1 of glucose and carbon 2 of fructose.

Sucrose is present in different fruits, vegetables, honey, and other plant-derived food products.
When consumed, sucrose comes into contact with the membrane of the small intestine.
The enzyme sucrase catalyzes the cleavage of sucrose to yield one glucose unit and one fructose unit, which are then each absorbed by the intestine.

One of the major biological functions of fructose is it acts as an alternative metabolite in providing energy especially when glucose is not sufficient while the metabolic energy demand is high.
Fructose can enter glycolysis and produce intermediates for cellular respiration.
Fructose also enters other important metabolic pathways, such as glycogen synthesis, triglyceride synthesis, free fatty acid synthesis, and gluconeogenesis.
It can also be used during glycation wherein a lipid or a protein is combined with a sugar, such as fructose.

FRUCTOSE METABOLISM IN THE LIVER:
Glucose represents the preferred substrate for eukaryote cells, and can be used as an energy source by all cells of the human organism.
Due to the need for conserving energy between meals, and the fact that fat is more compact and lighter than carbohydrate as an energy storage form, most human cells (with the exception of the brain) have evolved to rely on glucose in the hours after meals, and on fatty acids otherwise.
In contrast, fructose cannot be directly metabolized in most cells of our organism.

Instead, it undergoes a first step processing in the liver through a pathway known as “fructolysis.” This pathway involves specific fructose-metabolizing enzymes: 1) fructokinase, which catalyzes the synthesis of fructose-1-phosphate (F-1-P); 2) aldolase B, which catalyzes its degradation into glyceraldehyde and dihydroxyacetone-phosphate (DHAP); and 3) triokinase, which converts glyceraldehyde into glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (GAP).
The end-products of fructolysis, GAP and DHAP are also intermediates of glycolysis and hence further metabolic steps are shared with glucose metabolism.
When glucose is used as an energy substrate in the liver or in any cell type of the organism, glycolysis is tightly regulated to match cellular energy demand.

This is attained by an inhibition of phosphofructokinase (the enzyme converting fructose-6-phosphate into fructose 1,6-bisphosphate in the glycolytic pathway) by intracellular ATP and citrate levels.
In contrast, when fructose is metabolized in hepatocytes, there is no negative feedback on fructolysis enzymes, and all fructose molecules are completely converted into triose-phosphates, which are then further processed into acetyl-CoA, lactate, glucose, and eventually fatty acids and triglycerides.
The relative proportion of fructose metabolized to each of these end-products has been generally evaluated in isotope studies.

In resting subjects, 30-50% of ingested fructose was secreted into the circulation as glucose and 10-15% was stored as hepatic glycogen in the 4-6 h post ingestion.
In addition, some 25% was released into the circulation as lactate.
Finally a minor portion (~1-10%) of fructose can be converted into fatty acids and triglycerides (TG) in the metabolic pathway known as “de novo lipogenesis”.

FRUCTOSE METABOLISM IN KIDNEY PROXIMAL TUBULE CELLS AND ENTEROCYTES:
While it is generally assumed, for simplification, that fructose is metabolized in the liver, it has been long known that renal proximal tubule cells also express fructolytic enzymes.
The functional significance and possible pathological dysfunctions of kidney fructose metabolism still remain largely unexplored.
Circulating fructose concentrations generally do not exceed 0.6 mmol/L after meals, but can increase up to 1-3 mmol/L with intravenous fructose infusion.
Under such conditions, the kidneys contribute 20% of the total fructose metabolism.

Besides hepatocytes and kidney proximal tubule cells, small bowel enterocytes also express the complete enzymatic machinery required for fructose metabolism.
Enterocytes thus contribute to overall gluconeogenesis from fructose and endogenous glucose production, as well as to de novo lipogenesis and secretion of TG rich lipoprotein particles.
However, the local function of these pathways in enterocytes, and the relative contribution of the gut to overall fructose metabolism, remains speculative.

One hypothesis is that intracellular fructose metabolism may be instrumental in promoting gut fructose absorption.
Unlike glucose, which is mostly absorbed through a secondary active sodium-glucose co-transporter (SGLT1), fructose enters the enterocytes through GLUT5-mediated facilitated diffusion (Douard & Ferraris, 2013)

EFFECT OF FRUCTOSE CONSUMPTION IN HUMANS:
In healthy subjects, fructose consumption is associated with increased endogenous glucose production, fasting and postprandial plasma triglyceride and lactate concentrations, and intrahepatocellular lipid concentrations.
These metabolic alterations are the direct consequence of processing of fructose in fructokinase-expressing cells in the splanchnic area, and hence may be considered as normal adaptations to a fructose-rich diet.

When associated with a high energy intake and low physical activity, they may however favor the development of diabetes and cardiovascular diseases.
In turn, a few recent reports also indicate that early markers of these alterations can be corrected when appropriate physical activity is performed.

FRUCTOSE METABOLISM DURING EXERCISE:
Exercise is associated with a high energy requirement by the contracting muscles.
This energy can be obtained either from carbohydrate (glucose) and fat oxidation, or from anaerobic glycolysis alone (for relatively short periods of time).
Carbohydrate oxidation during exercise is partially dependent on exogenous carbohydrate intake.

Glucose ingested during exercise is oxidized in a dose-dependent manner until a plateau is reached at ~1.0 g/min.
It has been proposed that this limit is due to exogenous glucose absorption being maximal at these rates of glucose ingestion.
Many studies have evaluated whether fructose drinks may be beneficial during exercise.

Labelled (13C) fructose has been shown to be oxidized during exercise; however, pure fructose did not confer any advantage compared to glucose. In fact, adverse gastrointestinal effects secondary to icomplete gut absorption of pure fructose may be observed .

Fructose, however, may have beneficial effects when administered together with glucose by increasing total gut hexoses’ absorption. Indeed, fructose enters the enterocyte through a facilitated glucose transporter GLUT5 rather than through the SGLT1 used for glucose.

Several studies have documented that larger maximal total and exogenous carbohydrate oxidations were obtained with the ingestion of fructose-glucose mixtures vs. glucose alone.
The increase in total carbohydrate oxidation with the addition of fructose to glucose drinks in exercising athletes may appear surprising given the absence of fructokinase in skeletal muscle, and the fact that muscle hexokinase has a much lower affinity for fructose than glucose.
It therefore appears to reflect oxidation by muscles of glucose and/or lactate synthesized from fructose in hepatocytes.

ENERGETICS OF FRUCTOSE AND GLUCOSE DURING EXERCISE:
Replacing glucose with fructose as a dietary energy source during exercise has some consequences on muscle energy efficiency.
Glucose is taken up by contacting skeletal muscles and results in the total synthesis of 29.5 ATP.
Overall, the oxidation of 1 molecule of plasma glucose uses 6 molecules of oxygen (O2) and 2 ATP and produces 6 molecules of carbon dioxide (CO2) and 29.5 ATP, corresponding to 27.5 ATP gained in working muscle, i.e., 4.58 ATP/O2 molecule.

In comparison, ATP, O2 and CO2 fluxes slightly vary when fructose is first metabolized in the liver to be secondarily oxidized in muscle.
When fructose is converted into glucose in the liver it consumes 2 ATP.
When this newly synthesized glucose is subsequently oxidized in skeletal muscle, the overall metabolic pathway uses 6 O2 and 4 ATP and produces 6 CO2 and 29.5 ATP for each fructose molecule, representing a net gain of 25.5 ATP, or 4.25 ATP/oxygen.

Interestingly, the energy yield in skeletal muscle is identical to that of glucose, but there is additional energy expended in the liver.
When fructose is converted into lactate, which is subsequently oxidized in contracting muscle, the overall metabolic process uses 6 O2 and 2 ATP and produces 6 CO2 and 29.5 ATP as with direct oxidation.
In the liver, however, fructolysis consumes 2 ATP and conversion to pyruvate produces 4 ATP, resulting in 2 ATP gained.
In contrast, in skeletal muscle, 2 lactates are transported into the cells through facilitated diffusion, and their complete mitochondrial oxidation requires 6 O2 and produces 25.5 ATP, corresponding to 4.25 ATP/oxygen.
In summary, the energy efficiency for fructose oxidation in muscle is somewhat lower than for dietary glucose or starch oxidation.
However, hepatic fructolysis into lactate may provide a substantial energy supply to the working muscle when the glycolysis rate is limiting.

PHYSICAL AND FUNCTIONAL PROPERTIES OF FRUCTOSE
The carbohydrate can be fermented anaerobically with the help of yeast or bacteria in which they are converted into carbon dioxide and ethanol.
Fruit sugar is used in Maillard Reaction with amino acids over glucose as the reaction occurs rapidly as they are present in an open-chain form.
These compounds dehydrate rapidly to give hydroxymethylfurfural. (‘HMF’).

Fructose is a white crystalline solid.
These carbohydrates are highly soluble when compared to other sugars.
They absorb moisture quickly and release it slowly into the environment with respect to other sugars.

STRUCTURE OF FRUCTOSE:
Fructose has a cyclic structure.
Due to the presence of the keto group, it results in the formation of the intramolecular hemiacetal.
In this arrangement, C5-OH combines with the ketonic group present in the second position.

This results in the formation of chiral carbon and two arrangements of CH2OH and OH group.
Hence, D-fructose exhibits stereoisomerism in which α-D-fructopyranose and β-D-fructopyranose are the isomers.

RING STRUCTURE FOR FRUCTOSE:
The chair form of fructose follows a similar pattern as that for glucose with a few exceptions.
Since fructose has a ketone functional group, the ring closure occurs at carbon.
In the case of fructose a five membered ring is formed.
The -OH on carbon is converted into the ether linkage to close the ring with carbon.
This makes a 5 member ring - four carbons and one oxygen.

STEPS IN THE RING CLOSURE (HEMIACETAL SYNTHESIS):
The electrons on the alcohol oxygen are used to bond the carbon to make an either.
The hydrogen is transferred to the carbonyl oxygen to make a new alcohol group.

HEMIACETAL FUNCTIONAL GROUP:
The anomeric carbon is the center of a hemiacetal functional group.
A carbon that has both an ether oxygen and an alcohol group (and is attached to two other carbons is a hemiacetal.

USES OF FRUCTOSE:
Crystalline fructose is used in enhancing the taste in food industries.
Fructose used in flavoured water, energy drinks, low-calorie products, etc.
Fruit sugar is used in the manufacturing of soft moist cookies, nutrition bars, reduced-calorie products etc

SWEETNESS OF FRUCTOSE:
The primary reason that fructose is used commercially in foods and beverages, besides its low cost, is its high relative sweetness.
Fructose the sweetest of all naturally occurring carbohydrates.
The relative sweetness of fructose has been reported in the range of 1.2–1.8 times that of sucrose.

However, it is the 6-membered ring form of fructose that is sweeter; the 5-membered ring form tastes about the same as usual table sugar.
Warming fructose leads to formation of the 5-membered ring form.
Therefore, the relative sweetness decreases with increasing temperature.
However it has been observed that the absolute sweetness of fructose is identical at 5 °C as 50 °C and thus the relative sweetness to sucrose is not due to anomeric distribution but a decrease in the absolute sweetness of sucrose at higher temperatures.
The sweetness of fructose is perceived earlier than that of sucrose or glucose, and the taste sensation reaches a peak (higher than that of sucrose), and diminishes more quickly than that of sucrose.

Fructose can also enhance other flavors in the system.
Fructose exhibits a sweetness synergy effect when used in combination with other sweeteners.
The relative sweetness of fructose blended with sucrose, aspartame, or saccharin is perceived to be greater than the sweetness calculated from individual components.

FRUCTOSE SOLUBILITY AND CRYSTALLIZATION:
Fructose has higher water solubility than other sugars, as well as other sugar alcohols.
Fructose is, therefore, difficult to crystallize from an aqueous solution.
Sugar mixes containing fructose, such as candies, are softer than those containing other sugars because of the greater solubility of fructose.

FRUCTOSE HYGROSCOPICITY AND HUMECTANCY:
Fructose is quicker to absorb moisture and slower to release it to the environment than sucrose, glucose, or other nutritive sweeteners.
Fructose is an excellent humectant and retains moisture for a long period of time even at low relative humidity (RH).
Therefore, fructose can contribute a more palatable texture, and longer shelf life to the food products in which it is used.

FREEZING POINT OF FRUCTOSE
Fructose has a greater effect on freezing point depression than disaccharides or oligosaccharides, which may protect the integrity of cell walls of fruit by reducing ice crystal formation.
However, this characteristic may be undesirable in soft-serve or hard-frozen dairy desserts.

FRUCTOSE AND STARCH FUNCTIONALITY IN FOOD SYSTEMS:
Fructose increases starch viscosity more rapidly and achieves a higher final viscosity than sucrose because fructose lowers the temperature required during gelatinizing of starch, causing a greater final viscosity.
Although some artificial sweeteners are not suitable for home-baking, many traditional recipes use fructose.

FOOD SOURCES OF FRUCTOSE:
Natural sources of fructose include fruits, vegetables (including sugar cane), and honey.
Fructose is often further concentrated from these sources.
The highest dietary sources of fructose, besides pure crystalline fructose, are foods containing white sugar (sucrose), high-fructose corn syrup, agave nectar, honey, molasses, maple syrup, fruit and fruit juices, as these have the highest percentages of fructose (including fructose in sucrose) per serving compared to other common foods and ingredients.
Fructose exists in foods either as a free monosaccharide or bound to glucose as sucrose, a disaccharide.

Fructose, glucose, and sucrose may all be present in a food; however, different foods will have varying levels of each of these three sugars.
All data with a unit of g (gram) are based on 100 g of a food item.
The fructose/glucose ratio is calculated by dividing the sum of free fructose plus half sucrose by the sum of free glucose plus half sucrose.

Fructose is also found in the manufactured sweetener, high-fructose corn syrup (HFCS), which is produced by treating corn syrup with enzymes, converting glucose into fructose.
The common designations for fructose content, HFCS-42 and HFCS-55, indicate the percentage of fructose present in HFCS.
HFCS-55 is commonly used as a sweetener for soft drinks, whereas HFCS-42 is used to sweeten processed foods, breakfast cereals, bakery foods, and some soft drinks.

Cane and beet sugars have been used as the major sweetener in food manufacturing for centuries.
However, with the development of HFCS, a significant shift occurred in the type of sweetener consumption in certain countries, particularly the United States.
Contrary to the popular belief, however, with the increase of HFCS consumption, the total fructose intake relative to the total glucose intake has not dramatically changed.

Granulated sugar is 99.9%-pure sucrose, which means that it has equal ratio of fructose to glucose.
The most commonly used forms of HFCS, HFCS-42, and HFCS-55, have a roughly equal ratio of fructose to glucose, with minor differences.
HFCS has simply replaced sucrose as a sweetener.
Therefore, despite the changes in the sweetener consumption, the ratio of glucose to fructose intake has remained relatively constant.

NUTRITIONAL INFORMATION OF FRUCTOSE:
Providing 368 kcal per 100 grams of dry powder, fructose has 95% the caloric value of sucrose by weight.
Fructose powder is 100% carbohydrates and supplies no other nutrients in significant amount.

FRUCTOSE DIGESTION AND ABSORPTION IN HUMANS:
Fructose exists in foods either as a monosaccharide (free fructose) or as a unit of a disaccharide (sucrose).
Free fructose is absorbed directly by the intestine.
When fructose is consumed in the form of sucrose, it is digested (broken down) and then absorbed as free fructose.
As sucrose comes into contact with the membrane of the small intestine, the enzyme sucrase catalyzes the cleavage of sucrose to yield one glucose unit and one fructose unit, which are then each absorbed.

After absorption, it enters the hepatic portal vein and is directed toward the liver.
The mechanism of fructose absorption in the small intestine is not completely understood.
Some evidence suggests active transport, because fructose uptake has been shown to occur against a concentration gradient.
However, the majority of research supports the claim that fructose absorption occurs on the mucosal membrane via facilitated transport involving GLUT5 transport proteins.
Since the concentration of fructose is higher in the lumen, fructose is able to flow down a concentration gradient into the enterocytes, assisted by transport proteins.
Fructose may be transported out of the enterocyte across the basolateral membrane by either GLUT2 or GLUT5, although the GLUT2 transporter has a greater capacity for transporting fructose, and, therefore, the majority of fructose is transported out of the enterocyte through GLUT2.

CAPACITY AND RATE OF ABSORPTION OF FRUCTOSE:
The absorption capacity for fructose in monosaccharide form ranges from less than 5 g to 50 g (per individual serving) and adapts with changes in dietary fructose intake.
Studies show the greatest absorption rate occurs when glucose and fructose are administered in equal quantities.
When fructose is ingested as part of the disaccharide sucrose, absorption capacity is much higher because fructose exists in a 1:1 ratio with glucose.

It appears that the GLUT5 transfer rate may be saturated at low levels, and absorption is increased through joint absorption with glucose.
One proposed mechanism for this phenomenon is a glucose-dependent cotransport of fructose.
In addition, fructose transfer activity increases with dietary fructose intake.

The presence of fructose in the lumen causes increased mRNA transcription of GLUT5, leading to increased transport proteins.
High-fructose diets (>2.4 g/kg body wt) increase transport proteins within three days of intake.

MALABSORPTION OF FRUCTOSE:
Several studies have measured the intestinal absorption of fructose using the hydrogen breath test.
These studies indicate that fructose is not completely absorbed in the small intestine.
When fructose is not absorbed in the small intestine, fructose transported into the large intestine, where fructose fermented by the colonic flora.
Hydrogen is produced during the fermentation process and dissolves into the blood of the portal vein.

This hydrogen is transported to the lungs, where it is exchanged across the lungs and is measurable by the hydrogen breath test.
The colonic flora also produces carbon dioxide, short-chain fatty acids, organic acids, and trace gases in the presence of unabsorbed fructose.
The presence of gases and organic acids in the large intestine causes gastrointestinal symptoms such as bloating, diarrhea, flatulence, and gastrointestinal pain.
Exercise immediately after consumption can exacerbate these symptoms by decreasing transit time in the small intestine, resulting in a greater amount of fructose emptied into the large intestine.

FRUCTOSE METABOLISM:
All three dietary monosaccharides are transported into the liver by the GLUT2 transporter.
Fructose and galactose are phosphorylated in the liver by fructokinase (Km= 0.5 mM) and galactokinase (Km = 0.8 mM), respectively.
By contrast, glucose tends to pass through the liver (Km of hepatic glucokinase = 10 mM) and can be metabolised anywhere in the body.

Uptake of fructose by the liver is not regulated by insulin.
However, insulin is capable of increasing the abundance and functional activity of GLUT5, fructose transporter, in skeletal muscle cells.

FRUCTOLYSIS:
The initial catabolism of fructose is sometimes referred to as fructolysis, in analogy with glycolysis, the catabolism of glucose.
In fructolysis, the enzyme fructokinase initially produces fructose 1-phosphate, which is split by aldolase B to produce the trioses dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) and glyceraldehyde.
Unlike glycolysis, in fructolysis the triose glyceraldehyde lacks a phosphate group.

A third enzyme, triokinase, is therefore required to phosphorylate glyceraldehyde, producing glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate.
The resulting trioses are identical to those obtained in glycolysis and can enter the gluconeogenic pathway for glucose or glycogen synthesis, or be further catabolized through the lower glycolytic pathway to pyruvate.

METABOLISM OF FRUCTOSE TO DHAP AND GLYCERALDEHYDE:
The first step in the metabolism of fructose is the phosphorylation of fructose to fructose 1-phosphate by fructokinase, thus trapping fructose for metabolism in the liver.
Fructose 1-phosphate then undergoes hydrolysis by aldolase B to form DHAP and glyceraldehydes; DHAP can either be isomerized to glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate by triosephosphate isomerase or undergo reduction to glycerol 3-phosphate by glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase.

The glyceraldehyde produced may also be converted to glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate by glyceraldehyde kinase or further converted to glycerol 3-phosphate by glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase.
The metabolism of fructose at this point yields intermediates in the gluconeogenic pathway leading to glycogen synthesis as well as fatty acid and triglyceride synthesis.

SYNTHESIS OF GLYCOGEN FROM DHAP AND GLYCERALDEHYDE 3-PHOSPHATE:
The resultant glyceraldehyde formed by aldolase B then undergoes phosphorylation to glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate.
Increased concentrations of DHAP and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate in the liver drive the gluconeogenic pathway toward glucose and subsequent glycogen synthesis.
It appears that fructose is a better substrate for glycogen synthesis than glucose and that glycogen replenishment takes precedence over triglyceride formation.
Once liver glycogen is replenished, the intermediates of fructose metabolism are primarily directed toward triglyceride synthesis.

SYNTHESIS OF TRIGLYCERIDE FROM DHAP AND GLYCERALDEHYDE 3-PHOSPHATE:
Carbons from dietary fructose are found in both the free fatty acid and glycerol moieties of plasma triglycerides.
High fructose consumption can lead to excess pyruvate production, causing a buildup of Krebs cycle intermediates.
Accumulated citrate can be transported from the mitochondria into the cytosol of hepatocytes, converted to acetyl CoA by citrate lyase and directed toward fatty acid synthesis.
In addition, DHAP can be converted to glycerol 3-phosphate, providing the glycerol backbone for the triglyceride molecule.
Triglycerides are incorporated into very-low-density lipoproteins (VLDL), which are released from the liver destined toward peripheral tissues for storage in both fat and muscle cells.

POTENTIAL HEALTH EFFECTS OF FRUCTOSE:
In 2022, the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) stated that there is research evidence that fructose and other added free sugars may be associated with increased risk of several chronic diseases:[contradictory] the risk is moderate for obesity and dyslipidemia (more than 50%), and low for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, type 2 diabetes (from 15% to 50%) and hypertension.
EFSA further stated that clinical research did "not support a positive relationship between the intake of dietary sugars, in isocaloric exchange with other macronutrients, and any of the chronic metabolic diseases or pregnancy-related endpoints assessed" but advised "the intake of added and free sugars should be as low as possible in the context of a nutritionally adequate diet."

CARDIOMETABOLIC DISEASES:
When fructose is consumed in excess as a sweetening agent in foods or beverages, it may be associated with increased risk of obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular disorders that are part of metabolic syndrome.

COMPARED WITH SUCROSE:
Fructose was found to increase triglycerides in type-2 but not type-1 diabetes and moderate use of it has previously been considered acceptable as a sweetener for diabetics, possibly because it does not trigger the production of insulin by pancreatic β cells.
For a 50 gram reference amount, fructose has a glycemic index of 23, compared with 100 for glucose and 60 for sucrose.

Fructose is also 73% sweeter than sucrose at room temperature, allowing diabetics to use less of it per serving.
Fructose consumed before a meal may reduce the glycemic response of the meal.
Fructose-sweetened food and beverage products cause less of a rise in blood glucose levels than do those manufactured with either sucrose or glucose.

FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS:
What is fructose used for?
Fructose is a basic natural sugar found in fruits, honeys, and vegetables.
Since the mid-1850s, fructose in its pure form has been used as a sweetener and has advantages for certain groups including people with diabetes and those who try to control their weight.

What is the difference between glucose and fructose?
Glucose and fructose constitute basic sugars.
Simple carbohydrates are broken down into two groups.
These are both disaccharide and monosaccharide.

Monosaccharides consist of one unit of sugar and are the most basic type of sugar.
Fructose and glucose are both basic sugars made from monosaccharides.
Starch and sugar, whether sucrose or high- (HCFS), contain large quantities of glucose when digested.

What are the properties of fructose?
For general, fructose has a lower melting point compared with other sugars such as glucose, which has a melting point of 146°C.
The fructose compound has a 180.16 mol / g molar mass, and a density of 1.69g / cm2. Refined crystallized fructose is pure and powdery.

How many atoms are in fructose?
Fructose, or levulose, is the sugar source present in both fruit and honey.
This is a monosaccharide laevorotator with the same empirical formula as glucose but with a different structure.
Though fructose is a hexose (6 atoms of carbon), it typically exists as a 5-membered hemiketal ring (a furanose).

What is the molecule fructose?
Fructose, or fruit sugar, is a simple ketonic monosaccharide found in many plants, where glucose is often bonded to form the sucrose disaccharide.
As well as glucose and galactose, Fructose is one of the three dietary monosaccharides that are absorbed directly into the blood during digestion.
FRUCTOSE
Fructose or fruit sugar, is a ketonic simple sugar found in many plants, where it is often bonded to glucose to form the disaccharide sucrose.
Fructose is one of the three dietary monosaccharides, along with glucose and galactose, that are absorbed by the gut directly into the blood of the portal vein during digestion.
The liver then converts both fructose and galactose into glucose, so that dissolved glucose, known as blood sugar, is the only monosaccharide present in circulating blood.

CAS: 57-48-7
MF: C6H12O6
MW: 180.16
EINECS: 200-333-3

Fructose was discovered by French chemist Augustin-Pierre Dubrunfaut in 1847.
The name "fructose" was coined in 1857 by the English chemist William Allen Miller.
Pure, dry fructose is a sweet, white, odorless, crystalline solid, and is the most water-soluble of all the sugars.
Fructose is found in honey, tree and vine fruits, flowers, berries, and most root vegetables.

Commercially, fructose is derived from sugar cane, sugar beets, and maize.
High-fructose corn syrup is a mixture of glucose and fructose as monosaccharides.
Sucrose is a compound with one molecule of glucose covalently linked to one molecule of fructose.
All forms of fructose, including those found in fruits and juices, are commonly added to foods and drinks for palatability and taste enhancement, and for browning of some foods, such as baked goods.
As of 2004, about 240,000 tonnes of crystalline fructose were being produced annually.

Excessive consumption of sugars, including fructose, (especially from sugar-sweetened beverages) may contribute to insulin resistance, obesity, elevated LDL cholesterol and triglycerides, leading to metabolic syndrome.
The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) stated in 2011 that fructose may be preferable over sucrose and glucose in sugar-sweetened foods and beverages because of its lower effect on postprandial blood sugar levels, while also noting the potential downside that "high intakes of fructose may lead to metabolic complications such as dyslipidaemia, insulin resistance, and increased visceral adiposity".
The UK's Scientific Advisory Committee on Nutrition in 2015 disputed the claims of fructose causing metabolic disorders, stating that "there is insufficient evidence to demonstrate that fructose intake, at levels consumed in the normal UK diet, leads to adverse health outcomes independent of any effects related to its presence as a component of total and free sugars."

Fructose is present as a monosaccharide in fruits and vegetables, as a disaccharide in sucrose (with D-glucose), and as oligoand polysaccharides (fructans) in many plants.
Fructose is also used as an added sweetener for food and drink, and as an excipient in pharmaceutical preparations, syrups, and solutions.
In equal amounts, Fructose is sweeter than glucose or sucrose and is therefore commonly used as a bulk sweetener.
An increase in high fructose corn syrup, as well as total fructose, consumption over the past 10 to 20 years has been linked to a rise in obesity and metabolic disorders.
This raises concerns regarding the short and long-term effects of fructose in humans.
Fructose is present more or less frequently than glucose in the juices of plants, fruits, and especially the honey, which is about half the solid matters.
Fructose leads to an equal amount of glucose by the hydrolysis of sugar cane and a smaller proportion than some other less common sugars.

Fructose is used, such as glucose, in the production of glycogen.
Fructose enters the body through either be eaten as such or as the result of digestion of sugar cane.
Fructose is mainly changed into glycogen or triglycerides after reaching the liver, so do not enter largely in the blood circulation.
Glucose and fructose are partially inter-convertible under the influence of very dilute alkali.
Fructose is not surprising; therefore, that fructose must be converted to glycogen in the liver, which on hydrolysis yields of glucose.
Dubois et al. reported that regular consumption of sugary drinks between meals increases risk of overweight among preschool children.
Fructose has been claimed to be of concern due to several factors: First, in the 1980’s, sucrose was replaced to a large extent, particularly in North America, by high fructose corn syrup (HFCS) in carbonated beverages.
The intake of soft drinks containing HFCS has risen in parallel with the epidemic of obesity.

Second, dietary fructose has been implicated in risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD):
1. Plasma triglycerides (TG) and VLDL-TG increased following the ingestion of large quantities of fructose;
2. Fructose intake has been found to predict LDL particle size in overweight schoolchildren.
3. A positive relationship has been demonstrated between fructose intake and uric acid levels.
Third, the use of fructose as a sweetener has increased.
The third National Health Examination Survey (NHANES) demonstrated that over 10% of Americans’ daily calories were from fructose.
These studies suggest that the relationship between fructose and health needs re-evaluation.

History of fructose consumption
Before the development of the sugar industry, free fructose was found in relatively few foods.
Relatively few unprocessed foods contain any significant amounts of free fructose monosaccharide.
Historically, these foods have been relatively hard to obtain and they typically contain fructose in conjunction with glucose and/or fibre, which has significant implications for the absorption and metabolism of the former.
As a consequence, humans have historically had low dietary fructose intakes.

Biomedical importance of fructose
Fructose occurs due to deficiency of aldolase B.
Fructose has been observed in children, when children receive fructose in the diet.
The vomiting and hypoglycemia is an important feature of Fructose.
Fructose 1 phosphate accumulates in the liver.
Accumulation exhausts inorganic phosphate thereby inhibiting both glycogen phosphorylase and the synthesis of ATP.
Inhibition of these reactions leads to hypoglycaemia.
AMP also accumulates and metabolism leads to increased production of uric acid leading to hyperuricemia and gout.
Treatment of Fructose includes avoiding substances containing fructose.

Fructose metabolism
Sugar is present in fruits. Sucrose is hydrolyzed by sucrase to glucose and fructose.
Dietary fructose is transferred from the intestine to the liver for metabolism.
Fructose is converted to fructose 1 phosphate that further converted to acetone and glyceraldehyde dihydroxy, which is further converted to glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate to enter glycolysis.
In the well-fed state, fructose is converted to glycogen or triglycerides.
Hyperlipidemia, diabetes mellitus and obesity are interlinked.
Consumption of fructose is increasing and is considered responsible for overweight.
Several studies show that fructose increases incidence of obesity, dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, and hypertension.
Metabolism of fructose takes place mainly in the liver and high fructose stream leads to accumulation of triglycerides in the liver (hepatic steatosis).

This results in impairment of lipid metabolism and enhancement of expression of proinflammatory cytokine.
Fructose alters glucose-induced expression of activated acetyl CoA carboxylase (ACC), pSer hormone sensitive lipase (pSerHSL) and adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL) in HepG2 liver or primary liver cell cultures in vitro.
This relates to the increased de novo synthesis of triglycerides in vitro and in vivo hepatic steatosis in fructose-fed versus glucose-and standard-diet mice fed.
These studies provide new understanding of the mechanisms involved in fructose-mediated hepatic hypertriglyceridemia.
Rate of metabolism of fructose is more rapid than glucose, because triose formed from fructose 1-phosphate by pass phosphofructokinase, the primary rate-limiting step in glycolysis.
Elevated levels of dietary fructose significantly elevate the rate of lipogenesis in the liver, because of the rapid production of acetyl-coenzyme A.

Fructose Chemical Properties
Melting point: 119-122 °C (dec.)(lit.)
Alpha: -92.25 º (c=10,H2O,on dry sub.)
Boiling point: 232.96°C (rough estimate)
Density: 1.59
Refractive index: -92 ° (C=4, H2O)
Storage temp.: room temp
Solubility H2O: 1 M at 20 °C, clear, colorless
Form: Crystals or Crystalline Powder
Pka: pKa (18°): 12.06
color: White
PH: 5.0-7.0 (25℃, 0.1M in H2O)
Odor: at 100.00 %. odorless
Odor Type: odorless
optical activity: [α]20/D 93.5 to 91.0°, c = 10% in H2O
Water Solubility: 3750 g/L (20 ºC)
λmax λ: 260 nm Amax: 0.04
λ: 280 nm Amax: 0.04
Merck: 14,4273
BRN: 1239004
Stability: Stable. Incompatible with strong oxidizing agents.
InChIKey: LKDRXBCSQODPBY-GWVKGMJFSA-N
LogP: -1.029 (est)
CAS DataBase Reference: 57-48-7(CAS DataBase Reference)
NIST Chemistry Reference: Fructose(57-48-7)
EPA Substance Registry System: Fructose(57-48-7)

Fructose is a 6-carbon polyhydroxyketone.
Crystalline fructose adopts a cyclic six-membered structure, called β-d-fructopyranose, owing to the stability of its hemiketal and internal hydrogen-bonding.
In solution, fructose exists as an equilibrium mixture of the tautomers β-d-fructopyranose, β-d-fructofuranose, α-d-fructofuranose, α-d-fructopyranose and keto-d-fructose (the non-cyclic form).

The distribution of d-fructose tautomers in solution is related to several variables, such as solvent and temperature.
d-Fructopyranose and d-fructofuranose distributions in water have been identified multiple times as roughly 70% fructopyranose and 22% fructofuranose.

Reactions
Fructose and fermentation
Fructose may be anaerobically fermented by yeast or bacteria.
Yeast enzymes convert sugar (sucrose, glucose, or fructose, but not lactose) to ethanol and carbon dioxide.
Some of the carbon dioxide produced during fermentation will remain dissolved in water, where it will reach equilibrium with carbonic acid.
The dissolved carbon dioxide and carbonic acid produce the carbonation in some fermented beverages, such as champagne.

Fructose and Maillard reaction
Fructose undergoes the Maillard reaction, non-enzymatic browning, with amino acids.
Because fructose exists to a greater extent in the open-chain form than does glucose, the initial stages of the Maillard reaction occur more rapidly than with glucose.
Therefore, fructose has potential to contribute to changes in food palatability, as well as other nutritional effects, such as excessive browning, volume and tenderness reduction during cake preparation, and formation of mutagenic compounds.

Dehydration
Fructose readily dehydrates to give hydroxymethylfurfural ("HMF", C6H6O3), which can be processed into liquid dimethylfuran (C6H8O).
This process, in the future, may become part of a low-cost, carbon-neutral system to produce replacements for petrol and diesel from plants.

Physical and functional properties
Sweetness of fructose
The primary reason that fructose is used commercially in foods and beverages, besides its low cost, is its high relative sweetness.
Fructose is the sweetest of all naturally occurring carbohydrates.
The relative sweetness of fructose has been reported in the range of 1.2–1.8 times that of sucrose.
However, Fructose is the 6-membered ring form of fructose that is sweeter; the 5-membered ring form tastes about the same as usual table sugar.
Warming fructose leads to formation of the 5-membered ring form.
Therefore, the relative sweetness decreases with increasing temperature.
However, Fructose has been observed that the absolute sweetness of fructose is identical at 5 °C as 50 °C and thus the relative sweetness to sucrose is not due to anomeric distribution but a decrease in the absolute sweetness of sucrose at higher temperatures.

The sweetness of fructose is perceived earlier than that of sucrose or glucose, and the taste sensation reaches a peak (higher than that of sucrose), and diminishes more quickly than that of sucrose.
Fructose can also enhance other flavors in the system.

Fructose exhibits a sweetness synergy effect when used in combination with other sweeteners.
The relative sweetness of fructose blended with sucrose, aspartame, or saccharin is perceived to be greater than the sweetness calculated from individual components.

Fructose solubility and crystallization
Fructose has higher water solubility than other sugars, as well as other sugar alcohols.
Fructose is, therefore, difficult to crystallize from an aqueous solution.
Sugar mixes containing fructose, such as candies, are softer than those containing other sugars because of the greater solubility of fructose.

Fructose hygroscopicity and humectancy
Fructose is quicker to absorb moisture and slower to release it to the environment than sucrose, glucose, or other nutritive sweeteners.
Fructose is an excellent humectant and retains moisture for a long period of time even at low relative humidity (RH).
Therefore, fructose can contribute a more palatable texture, and longer shelf life to the food products in which it is used.

Freezing point
Fructose has a greater effect on freezing point depression than disaccharides or oligosaccharides, which may protect the integrity of cell walls of fruit by reducing ice crystal formation.
However, this characteristic may be undesirable in soft-serve or hard-frozen dairy desserts.

Fructose and starch functionality in food systems
Fructose increases starch viscosity more rapidly and achieves a higher final viscosity than sucrose because fructose lowers the temperature required during gelatinizing of starch, causing a greater final viscosity.
Although some artificial sweeteners are not suitable for home baking, many traditional recipes use fructose.

Uses
Fructose occurs in a large number of fruits, honey, and as the sole sugar in bull and human semen.
fructose is a naturally occurring sugar in fruits and honey.
Fructose has moisture-binding and skin-softening properties.
Fructose is a sweetener that is a monosaccharide found naturally in fresh fruit and honey. Fructose is obtained by the inversion of sucrose by means of the enzyme invertase and by the isomerization of corn syrup.
Fructose is 130–180 in sweetness range as compared to sucrose at 100 and is very water soluble.
Fructose is used in baked goods because it reacts with amino acids to produce a browning reaction.
Fructose is used as a nutritive sweetener in low-calorie beverages.
Fructose is also termed levulose and fruit sugar.

Pharmaceutical Applications
Fructose is used in tablets, syrups, and solutions as a flavoring and sweetening agent.
The sweetness-response profile of fructose is perceived in the mouth more rapidly than that of sucrose and dextrose, which may account for the ability of fructose to enhance syrup or tablet fruit flavors and mask certain unpleasant vitamin or mineral ‘off-flavors’.
The increased solubility of fructose in comparison to sucrose is advantageous in syrup or solution formulations that must be refrigerated, since settling or crystallization of ingredients is retarded.
Similarly, the greater solubility and hygroscopicity of fructose over sucrose and dextrose helps to avoid ‘cap-locking’ (sugar crystallization around the bottle cap) in elixir preparations.
Fructose also has greater solubility in ethanol (95%) and is therefore used to sweeten alcoholic formulations.

The water activity of a sweetener influences product microbial stability and freshness.
Fructose has a lower water activity and a higher osmotic pressure than sucrose.
Syrup formulations may be made at lower dry-substance levels than sugar syrups without compromising shelf-life stability.
Fructose may be necessary to include a thickener or gelling agent to match the texture or viscosity of the sugar-equivalent formulation.
Fructose is sweeter than the sugar alcohols mannitol and sorbitol, which are commonly used as tableting excipients.
Although fructose is effective at masking unpleasant flavors in tablet formulations, tablets of satisfactory hardness and friability can only be produced by direct compression if tablet presses are operated at relatively slow speeds.

However, by the combination of crystalline fructose with tablet-grade sorbitol in a 3 : 1 ratio, satisfactory direct-compression characteristics can be achieved.
A directly compressible grade of fructose, containing a small amount of starch (Advantose FS 95, SPI Pharma) is also commercially available.
Pregranulation of fructose with 3.5% povidone also produces a satisfactory tablet excipient.
(1) The added sweetness of fructose may also be used to advantage by coating the surface of chewable tablets, lozenges, or medicinal gums with powdered fructose.
The coprecipitation of fructose with hydrophobic drugs such as digoxin has been shown to enhance the dissolution profile of such drugs.
Fructose apparently acts as a water-soluble carrier upon coprecipitation, thereby allowing hydrophobic drugs to be more readily wetted.

Potential health effects
In 2022, the European Food Safety Authority stated that there is research evidence that fructose and other added free sugars may be associated with increased risk of several chronic diseases: the risk is moderate for obesity and dyslipidemia (more than 50%), and low for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, type 2 diabetes (from 15% to 50%) and hypertension.
EFSA further stated that clinical research did "not support a positive relationship between the intake of dietary sugars, in isocaloric exchange with other macronutrients, and any of the chronic metabolic diseases or pregnancy-related endpoints assessed" but advised "the intake of added and free sugars should be as low as possible in the context of a nutritionally adequate diet."

Cardiometabolic diseases
When fructose is consumed in excess as a sweetening agent in foods or beverages, Fructose may be associated with increased risk of obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular disorders that are part of metabolic syndrome.

Compared with sucrose
Fructose was found to increase triglycerides in type-2 but not type-1 diabetes and moderate use of Fructose has previously been considered acceptable as a sweetener for diabetics, possibly because Fructose does not trigger the production of insulin by pancreatic β cells.
For a 50 gram reference amount, fructose has a glycemic index of 23, compared with 100 for glucose and 60 for sucrose.
Fructose is also 73% sweeter than sucrose at room temperature, allowing diabetics to use less of it per serving.
Fructose consumed before a meal may reduce the glycemic response of the meal.
Fructose-sweetened food and beverage products cause less of a rise in blood glucose levels than do those manufactured with either sucrose or glucose.

Manufacturing Process
200 gal of medium containing 2% sucrose, 2% corn steep liquor solids, 0.1% potassium dihydrogen phosphate, and traces of mineral salts, was inoculated with Leuconostoc mesenteroides NRRL B-512 and incubated at 25°C.
During growth, alkali was added automatically as needed to maintain the pH between 6.6 and 7.0. Fermentation was completed in 11 hours and the culture was immediately adjusted to pH 5 to maintain enzyme stability.
Bacterial cells were removed by filtration and yielded a culture filtrate containing 40 dextransucrase units per ml, where one unit is the amount of dextransucrase which will convert 1 mg of sucrose to dextran, as determined by the amount of fructose liberated, measured as reducing power in 1 hour.

10 gal of the above culture filtrate was diluted to 40 gal with water, 33.3 lb of sucrose was added to give a 10% solution, and toluene was added as a preservative.
Dextran synthesis was complete before 22 hours, and dextran was harvested at 24 hours by the addition of alcohol to be 40% on a volume basis.
The alcoholic supernatant liquor obtained was evaporated to recover the alcohol and yielded a thick syrup, rich in fructose.
Analysis showed the syrup to contain 50.1% of reducing sugar, calculated as monosaccharide and to have an optical rotation equivalent to 35.1% fructose.
The percentages are expressed on a weight/volume basis, and reducing power was determined by the method of Somogyi, Jour. Biol. Chem. 160, 61 (1945).

A portion (4.3 liters) of the syrup was cooled to 3°C.
One-tenth of this volume was treated by slow regular addition, with rapid stirring, of a 6-fold volume of cold 20% calcium oxide suspension.
A second portion was treated in the same manner, and this process was continued until the entire volume of crude fructose syrup had been utilized.
The reaction mixture became thick with a white sediment containing a profusion of microscopic needlelike crystals of calcium levulate.
Stirring was continued for 2 hours.
The calcium levulate precipitate was separated from the reaction mixture by filtration and washed with cold water.
The precipitate was suspended in water to give a thick slurry, and solid carbon dioxide added until the solution was colorless to phenolphthalein.

A heavy precipitate of calcium carbonate was now present and free fructose remained in the solution.
The calcium carbonate precipitate was removed by filtration, and the filtered solution was found to contain 1,436 g of fructose as determined by optical rotation.
A small amount of calcium bicarbonate was present as an impurity in solution and was removed by the addition of oxalic acid solution until a test for both calcium and oxalic acid was negative.
The insoluble calcium oxalate precipitate was removed by filtration.
The fructose solution was decolorized by treatment with activated charcoal and concentrated under vacuum to a thick syrup.

Two volumes of hot 95% ethyl alcohol were added, and the solution was heated to a boil and filtered to remove a small amount of insoluble material.
After cooling, three volumes of ethyl ether were added, and the solution was allowed to stand overnight in the refrigerator.
Fructose separated from the solution as a thick syrup and was separated from the supernatant liquid by decantation.
The syrup was seeded with fructose crystals and after standing in the cold for 4 days, became a crystalline mass of fructose.
The yield of dry fructose was 928 g.
Additional recoverable quantities of fructose are present in the crystallization mother liquor.
In continuous operation this mother liquor may be recycled for addition to subsequent quantities of fructose syrup and the combined liquors crystallized as in the foregoing example.

Synonyms
D-(-)-Fructose
57-48-7
D(-)-Fructose
(3S,4R,5R)-1,3,4,5,6-pentahydroxyhexan-2-one
Nevulose
D-Levulose
DL-Fructose
30237-26-4
Furucton
Methose
D-(-)-Levulose
arabino-Hexulose
Sugar, fruit
Fructose, D-
arabino-2-Hexulose
Fructose [JAN]
Krystar 300
Hi-Fructo 970
keto-D-fructose
Fructose, pure
Advantose FS 95
CCRIS 3335
(+-)-Fructose
Fructose [USP:JAN]
EINECS 200-333-3
UNII-6YSS42VSEV
6YSS42VSEV
AI3-23514
DTXSID5023081
UNII-02T79V874P
CHEBI:48095
02T79V874P
rel-(3S,4R,5R)-1,3,4,5,6-Pentahydroxyhexan-2-one
D-(-)-Fructose, >=99%
CAS-57-48-7
D-(-)fructose
MFCD00148910
alpha-Acrose
D-fructose-ring
D-Fructosa
NCGC00160604-01
Fructose (VAN)
Fructose,(S)
FUD
Fructon (TN)
D(-)-ructose
D-Fructose,(S)
pentahydroxyhexan-2-one
FRUCTOSE [INCI]
.ALPHA.-ACROSE
FRUCTOSE [FCC]
FRUCTOSE [MI]
FRUCTOSE, DL-
D-(-)-Fructose, LR
Fructose (JP17/USP)
DL-FRUCTOSE [MI]
Topiramate impurity E CRS
D02OIY
D06HZY
FRUCTOSE [WHO-DD]
SCHEMBL3965
D-(-)-Fructose, BioXtra
D-(-)-Fructose, puriss.
D-fructose (open structure)
(+/-)-FRUCTOSE
GTPL4654
CHEMBL1232863
FRUCTOSE, (+/-)-
BJHIKXHVCXFQLS-UYFOZJQFSA-N
2C6H12O6
HY-N7092
Tox21_113557
Tox21_200762
s5176
AKOS015901521
NSC 760385
GLUCOSE IMPURITY D [EP IMPURITY]
NCGC00258316-01
LS-69766
LACTULOSE IMPURITY D [EP IMPURITY]
CS-0008532
D-(-)-Fructose, for microbiology, >=99.0%
D-(-)-Fructose, tested according to Ph.Eur.
D00114
EN300-218371
A870797
D-(-)-Fructose, BioUltra, >=99.0% (HPLC)
D-(-)-Fructose, meets USP testing specifications
D-(-)-Fructose, SAJ special grade, >=98.0%
Q122043
TOPIRAMATE IMPURITY, FRUCTOSE- [USP IMPURITY]
(3S,4R,5R)-1,3,4,5,6-
DFA8C62B-E34B-4603-A548-F6A8D25645DD
Fructose, European Pharmacopoeia (EP) Reference Standard
Z1255372738
(3S,4R,5R)-1,3,4,5,6-pentakis(oxidanyl)hexan-2-one
Fructose, United States Pharmacopeia (USP) Reference Standard
D-(-)-Fructose, meets analytical specification of Ph.??Eur., BP
FRUCTOSE (CONSTITUENT OF CRANBERRY LIQUID PREPARATION) [DSC]
Fructose, Pharmaceutical Secondary Standard; Certified Reference Material
D-(-)-Fructose, BioReagent, suitable for cell culture, suitable for insect cell culture
25702-76-5
D-(-)-Fructose, analytical standard, analytical standard for fructose assay kit, for use with enzymatic assay kit FA20
FRUCTOSE CRYSTAL
Fructose Crystal is a natural sugar and food additive.
Fructose Crystal is defined as a nutritive sweetener because it contains calories.
Fructose Crystal is the sweetest naturally occurring sugar and found in fruits, vegetables and honey but can be cheaply produced from sugarcane or corn.

CAS: 57-48-7
MF: C6H12O6
MW: 180.16
EINECS: 200-333-3

Fructose Crystal is a simple, six-carbon sugar like glucose and even shares the same molecular formula.
Fructose Crystal can appear as a straight chain but is expressed as two hemiacetal rings containing an alcohol and ketone group, in its crystalline form or in solution because that is a more stable arrangement.
Fructose Crystal is a pure, white, odourless solid crystal.
Fructose Crystal is a naturally occurring sweetener found in many fruits and vegetables that is about one and a half times sweeter than table sugar, with a low glycemic index.
Fructose Crystal is a monosaccharide naturally derived from a number of sources: corn and other vegetables, fruits, and honey all contain crystalline fructose.

In the production of nutritive sweeteners, the starch chains that form a slurry need to be broken down into shorter sugar units.
This results in a profile of shorter (reducing) and longer (non-reducing) sugar units.
The reducing sugars are responsible for a range of characteristics, such as sweetness, reactivity.
This profile is measured as ‘dextrose equivalent’ or ‘DE’.
In other words, DE measures the degree to which a carbohydrate is hydrolysed.
Fructose Crystal has a DE of >90.

Fructose Crystal is a monosaccharide (a single sugar molecule) but in fruits and vegetables, fructose units are bound together to form fructooligosaccharides that are broken down into fructose units.
Fructose Crystal can be extracted from fruits via membrane ultra-filtration and microwave extraction.

Fructose Crystal, is a ketonic simple sugar found in many plants, where it is often bonded to glucose to form the disaccharide sucrose.
Fructose Crystal is one of the three dietary monosaccharides, along with glucose and galactose, that are absorbed by the gut directly into the blood of the portal vein during digestion.
The liver then converts both Fructose Crystal and galactose into glucose, so that dissolved glucose, known as blood sugar, is the only monosaccharide present in circulating blood.

Fructose Crystal was discovered by French chemist Augustin-Pierre Dubrunfaut in 1847.
The name "fructose" was coined in 1857 by the English chemist William Allen Miller.
Pure, dry Fructose Crystal is a sweet, white, odorless, crystalline solid, and is the most water-soluble of all the sugars.
Fructose Crystal is found in honey, tree and vine fruits, flowers, berries, and most root vegetables.

Commercially, Fructose Crystal is derived from sugar cane, sugar beets, and maize.
High-fructose corn syrup is a mixture of glucose and fructose as monosaccharides.
Sucrose is a compound with one molecule of glucose covalently linked to one molecule of fructose.
All forms of fructose, including those found in fruits and juices, are commonly added to foods and drinks for palatability and taste enhancement, and for browning of some foods, such as baked goods.
As of 2004, about 240,000 tonnes of crystalline fructose were being produced annually.

Excessive consumption of sugars, including fructose, (especially from sugar-sweetened beverages) may contribute to insulin resistance, obesity, elevated LDL cholesterol and triglycerides, leading to metabolic syndrome.
The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) stated in 2011 that Fructose Crystal may be preferable over sucrose and glucose in sugar-sweetened foods and beverages because of its lower effect on postprandial blood sugar levels, while also noting the potential downside that "high intakes of fructose may lead to metabolic complications such as dyslipidaemia, insulin resistance, and increased visceral adiposity".
The UK's Scientific Advisory Committee on Nutrition in 2015 disputed the claims of Fructose Crystal causing metabolic disorders, stating that "there is insufficient evidence to demonstrate that fructose intake, at levels consumed in the normal UK diet, leads to adverse health outcomes independent of any effects related to its presence as a component of total and free sugars."

Fructose Crystal is present as a monosaccharide in fruits and vegetables, as a disaccharide in sucrose (with D-glucose), and as oligoand polysaccharides (fructans) in many plants.
Fructose Crystal is also used as an added sweetener for food and drink, and as an excipient in pharmaceutical preparations, syrups, and solutions.
In equal amounts, Fructose Crystal is sweeter than glucose or sucrose and is therefore commonly used as a bulk sweetener.
An increase in high Fructose Crystal corn syrup, as well as total fructose, consumption over the past 10 to 20 years has been linked to a rise in obesity and metabolic disorders.
This raises concerns regarding the short and long-term effects of fructose in humans.
Fructose Crystal is present more or less frequently than glucose in the juices of plants, fruits, and especially the honey, which is about half the solid matters.

Fructose Crystal leads to an equal amount of glucose by the hydrolysis of sugar cane and a smaller proportion than some other less common sugars.
Fructose Crystal is used, such as glucose, in the production of glycogen.
Fructose Crystal enters the body through either be eaten as such or as the result of digestion of sugar cane.
Fructose Crystal is mainly changed into glycogen or triglycerides after reaching the liver, so do not enter largely in the blood circulation.
Fructose Crystal are partially inter-convertible under the influence of very dilute alkali.
Fructose Crystal is not surprising; therefore, that fructose must be converted to glycogen in the liver, which on hydrolysis yields of glucose.
Dubois et al. reported that regular consumption of sugary drinks between meals increases risk of overweight among preschool children.
Fructose Crystal has been claimed to be of concern due to several factors: First, in the 1980’s, sucrose was replaced to a large extent, particularly in North America, by high fructose corn syrup (HFCS) in carbonated beverages.

The intake of soft drinks containing HFCS has risen in parallel with the epidemic of obesity.
Second, dietary fructose has been implicated in risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD):
1. Plasma triglycerides (TG) and VLDL-TG increased following the ingestion of large quantities of fructose;
2. Fructose Crystal intake has been found to predict LDL particle size in overweight schoolchildren.
3. A positive relationship has been demonstrated between fructose intake and uric acid levels.
Third, the use of fructose as a sweetener has increased.
The third National Health Examination Survey (NHANES) demonstrated that over 10% of Americans’ daily calories were from fructose.
These studies suggest that the relationship between Fructose Crystal and health needs re-evaluation.

D(-)-Fructose Chemical Properties
Melting point: 119-122 °C (dec.)(lit.)
alpha: -92.25 º (c=10,H2O,on dry sub.)
Boiling point: 232.96°C (rough estimate)
density: 1.59
refractive index: -92 ° (C=4, H2O)
storage temp.: room temp
solubility H2O: 1 M at 20 °C, clear, colorless
form: Crystals or Crystalline Powder
pka: pKa (18°): 12.06
color: White
PH: 5.0-7.0 (25℃, 0.1M in H2O)
Odor: at 100.00 %. odorless
Odor Type: odorless
optical activity: [α]20/D 93.5 to 91.0°, c = 10% in H2O
Water Solubility: 3750 g/L (20 ºC)
λmax λ: 260 nm Amax: 0.04
λ: 280 nm Amax: 0.04
Merck: 14,4273
BRN: 1239004
Stability:: Stable. Incompatible with strong oxidizing agents.
InChIKey: LKDRXBCSQODPBY-GWVKGMJFSA-N
LogP: -1.029 (est)
CAS DataBase Reference: 57-48-7(CAS DataBase Reference)
NIST Chemistry Reference: «beta»-D-Fructose(57-48-7)
EPA Substance Registry System: D-Fructose (57-48-7)

Fructose Crystal is a 6-carbon polyhydroxyketone.
Fructose Crystal adopts a cyclic six-membered structure, called β-d-fructopyranose, owing to the stability of its hemiketal and internal hydrogen-bonding.
In solution, Fructose Crystal exists as an equilibrium mixture of the tautomers β-d-fructopyranose, β-d-fructofuranose, α-d-fructofuranose, α-d-fructopyranose and keto-d-fructose (the non-cyclic form).

The distribution of Fructose Crystal tautomers in solution is related to several variables, such as solvent and temperature.
d-Fructopyranose and d-fructofuranose distributions in water have been identified multiple times as roughly 70% fructopyranose and 22% fructofuranose.

Uses
Fructose Crystal occurs in a large number of fruits, honey, and as the sole sugar in bull and human semen.
Fructose Crystal is a naturally occurring sugar in fruits and honey.
Fructose Crystal has moisture-binding and skin-softening properties.
Fructose Crystal is a sweetener that is a monosaccharide found naturally in fresh fruit and honey.
Fructose Crystal is obtained by the inversion of sucrose by means of the enzyme invertase and by the isomerization of corn syrup.
Fructose Crystal is 130–180 in sweetness range as compared to sucrose at 100 and is very water soluble.
Fructose Crystal is used in baked goods because it reacts with amino acids to produce a browning reaction.
Fructose Crystal is used as a nutritive sweetener in low-calorie beverages.
Fructose Crystal is also termed levulose and fruit sugar.

Fructose Crystal is used in tablets, syrups, and solutions as a flavoring and sweetening agent.
The sweetness-response profile of Fructose Crystal is perceived in the mouth more rapidly than that of sucrose and dextrose, which may account for the ability of fructose to enhance syrup or tablet fruit flavors and mask certain unpleasant vitamin or mineral ‘off-flavors’.
The increased solubility of Fructose Crystal in comparison to sucrose is advantageous in syrup or solution formulations that must be refrigerated, since settling or crystallization of ingredients is retarded.
Similarly, the greater solubility and hygroscopicity of fructose over sucrose and dextrose helps to avoid ‘cap-locking’ (sugar crystallization around the bottle cap) in elixir preparations.
Fructose Crystal also has greater solubility in ethanol (95%) and is therefore used to sweeten alcoholic formulations.

The water activity of a sweetener influences product microbial stability and freshness. Fructose Crystal has a lower water activity and a higher osmotic pressure than sucrose.
Syrup formulations may be made at lower dry-substance levels than sugar syrups without compromising shelf-life stability.
Fructose Crystal may be necessary to include a thickener or gelling agent to match the texture or viscosity of the sugar-equivalent formulation.
Fructose Crystal is sweeter than the sugar alcohols mannitol and sorbitol, which are commonly used as tableting excipients.
Although Fructose Crystal is effective at masking unpleasant flavors in tablet formulations, tablets of satisfactory hardness and friability can only be produced by direct compression if tablet presses are operated at relatively slow speeds.

However, by the combination of Fructose Crystal with tablet-grade sorbitol in a 3 : 1 ratio, satisfactory direct-compression characteristics can be achieved.
A directly compressible grade of Fructose Crystal, containing a small amount of starch (Advantose FS 95, SPI Pharma) is also commercially available.
Pregranulation of fructose with 3.5% povidone also produces a satisfactory tablet excipient.
(1) The added sweetness of fructose may also be used to advantage by coating the surface of chewable tablets, lozenges, or medicinal gums with powdered fructose.
The coprecipitation of Fructose Crystal with hydrophobic drugs such as digoxin has been shown to enhance the dissolution profile of such drugs.
Fructose Crystal apparently acts as a water-soluble carrier upon coprecipitation, there by allowing hydrophobic drugs to be more readily wetted.

Synonyms
D-(-)-Fructose
57-48-7
D(-)-Fructose
(3S,4R,5R)-1,3,4,5,6-pentahydroxyhexan-2-one
Nevulose
D-Levulose
DL-Fructose
30237-26-4
Furucton
Methose
D-(-)-Levulose
arabino-Hexulose
Sugar, fruit
Fructose, D-
arabino-2-Hexulose
Fructose [JAN]
Krystar 300
Hi-Fructo 970
keto-D-fructose
Fructose, pure
Advantose FS 95
CCRIS 3335
(+-)-Fructose
Fructose [USP:JAN]
EINECS 200-333-3
UNII-6YSS42VSEV
6YSS42VSEV
AI3-23514
DTXSID5023081
UNII-02T79V874P
CHEBI:48095
02T79V874P
rel-(3S,4R,5R)-1,3,4,5,6-Pentahydroxyhexan-2-one
D-(-)-Fructose, >=99%
CAS-57-48-7
D-(-)fructose
MFCD00148910
alpha-Acrose
D-fructose-ring
D-Fructosa
NCGC00160604-01
Fructose (VAN)
Fructose,(S)
FUD
Fructon (TN)
D(-)-ructose
D-Fructose,(S)
pentahydroxyhexan-2-one
FRUCTOSE [INCI]
.ALPHA.-ACROSE
FRUCTOSE [FCC]
FRUCTOSE [MI]
FRUCTOSE, DL-
D-(-)-Fructose, LR
Fructose (JP17/USP)
DL-FRUCTOSE [MI]
Topiramate impurity E CRS
D02OIY
D06HZY
FRUCTOSE [WHO-DD]
SCHEMBL3965
D-(-)-Fructose, BioXtra
D-(-)-Fructose, puriss.
D-fructose (open structure)
(+/-)-FRUCTOSE
GTPL4654
CHEMBL1232863
FRUCTOSE, (+/-)-
BJHIKXHVCXFQLS-UYFOZJQFSA-N
2C6H12O6
HY-N7092
Tox21_113557
Tox21_200762
s5176
AKOS015901521
NSC 760385
GLUCOSE IMPURITY D [EP IMPURITY]
NCGC00258316-01
LS-69766
LACTULOSE IMPURITY D [EP IMPURITY]
CS-0008532
D-(-)-Fructose, for microbiology, >=99.0%
D-(-)-Fructose, tested according to Ph.Eur.
D00114
EN300-218371
A870797
D-(-)-Fructose, BioUltra, >=99.0% (HPLC)
D-(-)-Fructose, meets USP testing specifications
D-(-)-Fructose, SAJ special grade, >=98.0%
Q122043
TOPIRAMATE IMPURITY, FRUCTOSE- [USP IMPURITY]
(3S,4R,5R)-1,3,4,5,6-
DFA8C62B-E34B-4603-A548-F6A8D25645DD
Fructose, European Pharmacopoeia (EP) Reference Standard
Z1255372738
(3S,4R,5R)-1,3,4,5,6-pentakis(oxidanyl)hexan-2-one
Fructose, United States Pharmacopeia (USP) Reference Standard
D-(-)-Fructose, meets analytical specification of Ph.??Eur., BP
FRUCTOSE (CONSTITUENT OF CRANBERRY LIQUID PREPARATION) [DSC]
Fructose, Pharmaceutical Secondary Standard; Certified Reference Material
D-(-)-Fructose, BioReagent, suitable for cell culture, suitable for insect cell culture
25702-76-5
D-(-)-Fructose, analytical standard, analytical standard for fructose assay kit, for use with enzymatic assay kit FA20
FULVIC ACID
FUMARIC ACID; 2-Butenedioic acid; 1,2-Ethylenedicarboxylic Acid; Allomaleic Acid; trans-Butanedioic Acid; (E)-2-Butenedioic acid; trans-1,2-Ethylenedicarboxylic acid; Allomaleic acid; Boletic acid; cas no: 110-17-8
FUMARATE
Fumarate has a role as a food acidity regulator, a fundamental metabolite and a geroprotector.
Fumarate is the trans isomer of butenedioic acid, while maleic acid is the cis isomer.
Fumarate is a butenedioic acid in which the C=C double bond has E geometry.

CAS Number: 110-17-8
EC Number: 203-743-0
Chemical Formula: HOOCCHCHCOOH
Molar Mass: 116.07 g/mol

Fumarate is an organic compound with the formula HO2CCH=CHCO2H.
A white solid, Fumarate occurs widely in nature.

Fumarate has a fruit-like taste and has been used as a food additive.
Fumarate E number is E297.

The salts and esters are known as Fumaric acid.
Fumarate can also refer to the C4H2O2−4 ion (in solution).
Fumarate is the trans isomer of butenedioic acid, while maleic acid is the cis isomer.

Fumarate can be prepared by fermentation by employing Rhizopus species.
Recently, industrial-scale synthesis of Fumarate from renewable feedstocks and lignocellulosic biomass has been proposed

Fumarate is an organic compound (this means Fumarate consists of carbon).
The chemical formula of Fumarate is C4H4O4.

Fumarate is mostly found in Fumarate solid state and is white in color.
Fumarate has a fruit-like taste.

Fumarate is also known as Allomaleic acid.
Fumarate is a dicarboxylic acid.

Fumarate is widely used as a food additive.
Even the human skin produces Fumarate when Fumarate is exposed to sunlight.

Fumarate is a by-product of the urea cycle in human beings.
The salts and esters of Fumarate are collectively known as Fumaric acid.
Fumaric and maleic acids were discovered by Braconnet and by Vauquelin separately while they were performing the dry distillation of malic acid in the year 1817.

Fumarate appears as a colorless crystalline solid.
The primary hazard is the threat to the environment.

Immediate steps should be taken to limit spread to the environment.
Combustible, though may be difficult to ignite.
Fumarate is used to make paints and plastics, in food processing and preservation, and for other uses.

Fumarate is a butenedioic acid in which the C=C double bond has E geometry.
Fumarate is an intermediate metabolite in the citric acid cycle.

Fumarate has a role as a food acidity regulator, a fundamental metabolite and a geroprotector.
Fumarate is a conjugate acid of a Fumaric acid(1-).

Fumarate is registered under the REACH Regulation and is manufactured in and / or imported to the European Economic Area, at ≥ 10 000 to < 100 000 tonnes per annum.
Fumarate is used by consumers, in articles, by professional workers (widespread uses), in formulation or re-packing, at industrial sites and in manufacturing.

Fumarate or trans-butenedioic acid, is a white crystalline chemical compound widely found in nature.
Fumarate is a key intermediate in the tricarboxylic acid cycle for organic acid biosynthesis in humans and other mammals.
Fumarate is also an essential ingredient in plant life.

When used as a food additive, the hydrophobic nature of Fumarate results in persistent, long lasting sourness and flavor impact.
The versatile compound also decreases the pH with minimal added sourness in products with pHs greater than 4.5.
Fumarate low molecular weight gives Fumarate more buffering capacity than other food acids at pHs near 3.O.

Because of Fumarate strength, less Fumarate is required when compared to other organic food acids, therefore reducing costs per unit weight.

Fumarate (C4H4O4) is an organic acid widely found in nature, and is a component of organic biosynthesis is humans.
Chemically, Fumarate is an unsaturated dicarboxylic acid.

Fumarate exists as white or nearly white crystals, odorless with a very tart taste.
Fumarate is generally nontoxic and nonirritant.

Fumarate has been used in food and beverage products since the 1940s.
Food research shows that Fumarate can improve quality and reduce the costs of many food and beverage products.

Fumarate is non-hygroscopic (absorbs no moisture).
In the cosmetic industry, Fumarate is used as a bath salt cleaning agent for dentures.

Fumarate also is used in animal feeds.
Fumarate is used in oral pharmaceutical formulations and has been used clinically in the treatment of psoriasis.
Dimethyl fumarate (Tecfidera) is the methyl ester of Fumarate, and was approved in 2013 for use in multiple sclerosis.

Fumarate is obtained from the transformation of maleic anhydride or maleic acid solutions resulting from the isomerization process (washing) of phthalic anhydride.
Fumarate application areas are unsaturated polyester resins, the acidifying animal feed and plasticized products.

Fumarate is an important specialty chemical with wide industrial applications ranging from Fumarate use as feedstock for the synthesis of polymeric resins to acidulant in foods and pharmaceuticals.
Currently, Fumarate is mainly produced by petroleum-based chemical synthesis.
Limited petroleum resources, rising oil prices, and heightened environmental concern of chemical synthesis have prompted interest in the development of bio-based Fumarate from renewable resources.

Filamentous fungal fermentation with Rhizopus spp can produce Fumarate from glucose via a reductive tricarboxylic acid (TCA) pathway and was once used in the industry before the rising of the petrochemical industry.
However, conventional Fumarate fermentation is expensive because of Fumarate low product yield and productivity.

Filamentous fungal fermentation is also difficult to operate because of Fumarate morphology.
Methods to control cell growth in the pellet form and to immobilize the mycelia in biofilm have been developed to improve fermentation performance.

Fumarate attenuates the eotaxin-1 expression in TNF-α-stimulated fibroblasts by suppressing p38 MAPK-dependent NF-Κb signaling.
Fumarate has recently been identified as an oncometabolite or an endogenous, cancer-causing metabolite.

High levels of this organic acid can be found in tumors or biofluids surrounding tumors.
Fumarate oncogenic action appears due to Fumarate ability to inhibit prolyl Hydroxylase-containing enzymes.

Fumarate (Fumaric acid, 2-Butenedioic acid, Trans-Butenedioic acid) is an intermediate in the citric acid cycle used by cells to produce energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) from food; also a product of the urea cycle.

Fumarate is an organic compound with the formula (COOH)CH=CH(COOH).
A white solid, Fumarate occurs widely in nature.

Fumarate has a fruit-like taste and has been used as a food additive.
Fumarate E number is E297.

Fumarate is the trans isomer of butenedioic acid, while maleic acid is the cis isomer.

Fumarate is produced naturally in eukaryotic organisms from succinate in complex 2 of the electron transport chain via the enzyme succinate dehydrogenase, which is involved in ATP production.
The food grade product can be obtained by chemical synthesis or by biosynthesis.
Fumarate is used for controlling malolactic fermentation in wines under conditions stipulated by regulation.

Production by chemical synthesis is the most common:
Fumarate involves the isomerisation of maleic acid obtained from the hydrolysis of maleic anhydride, produced from the oxidation of butane or benzene. Production by biosynthesis, which is more sustainable, should develop rapidly.
Fumarate involves the fermentation by Rhizopus oryzae, in particular, of agri-food residues (e.g. from apples).

The Fumarate is prepared in solution in a volume of wine before incorporation.

Applications of Fumarate:
Fumarate has been used as a standard for the quantitative determination of phenolic compounds in nettle samples by HPLC.
Fumarate may be used in the preparation of L-Lysine-Fumarate crystals.
Fumarate may also be employed for the industrial manufacture of synthetic resins and eco-friendly/biodegradable polymers.

When used in wine, Fumarate enables you to control malolactic fermentation.
In fact, when added at an early stage after the end of alcoholic fermentation (fructose/glucose under 1 g/L), Fumarate blocks all malolactic fermentation.

Added during malolactic fermentation, Fumarate allows the fermentation to be partially completed.
Fumarate is a tool of great interest when you wish to limit [the use of SO2] or make wines without SO2.

Uses of Fumarate:
The esters of Fumarate are used for the treatment of psoriasis due to the antioxidants and anti-inflammation properties.
Fumarate is used as a food additive.

Fumarate helps preserve the taste and quality of the food products due to the low water absorption capacity of the Fumarate.
Fumarate is used by pharmacies to produce ferrous fumarate and alexipharmic.
Fumarate is used in the production of Tartaric acid.

Fumarate is related to malic acid, and, like malic acid, Fumarate is involved in the production of energy (in the form of adenosine triphosphate [ATP]) from food.

Fumarate is an essential biochemical in the cellular respiration of plants and animals.
Fumarate is used as a fortifier (paper size resins, unsaturated polyester resins, and alkyd surface coating resins), food antioxidant, dye mordant, and medication.

Fumarate is also used in dentifrices (stain remover) and to make other chemicals.
Fumarate is used in rosin esters and adducts, drying oils, printing inks, and foods (acidulant and flavoring agent).

Fumarate is used primarily in liquid pharmaceutical preparations as an acidulant and flavoring agent.
Fumarate may be included as the acid part of effervescent tablet formulations, although this use is limited as Fumarate has an extremely low solubility in water.

Fumarate is also used as a chelating agent which exhibits synergism when used in combination with other true antioxidants.
In the design of novel pelletized formulations manufactured by extrusion-spheronization, Fumarate was used to aid spheronization, favoring the production of fine pellets.

Fumarate has also been investigated as an alternative filler to lactose in pellets.
Fumarate has been investigated as a lubricant for effervescent tablets, and copolymers of Fumarate and sebacic acid have been investigated as bioadhesive microspheres.

Fumarate has also been used in film-coated pellet formulations as an acidifying agent and also to increase drug solubility.
Fumarate is also used as a food additive at concentrations up to 3600 ppm, and as a therapeutic agent in the treatment of psoriasis and other skin disorders.

Fumarate is naturally produced by the body, however for industrial applications Fumarate is synthesized chemically.
Fumarate is used to impart a tart taste to processed foods.

Fumarate is also used as an antifungal agent in boxed foods such as cake mixes and flours, as well as tortillas.
Fumarate is also added to bread to increase the porosity of the final baked product.

Fumarate is used to impart a sour taste to sourdough and rye bread.
In cake mixes, Fumarate is used to maintain a low pH and prevent clumping of the flours used in the mix.

In fruit drinks, Fumarate is used to maintain a low pH which, in turn, helps to stabilize flavor and color.
Fumarate also prevents the growth of E. coli in beverages when used in combination with sodium benzoate.

When added to wines, Fumarate helps to prevent further fermentation and yet maintain low pH and eliminate traces of metallic elements.
In this fashion, Fumarate helps to stabilize the taste of wine.

Fumarate can also be added to dairy products, sports drinks, jams, jellies and candies.
Fumarate helps to break down bonds between gluten proteins in wheat and helps to create a more pliable dough.
Fumarate is used in paper sizing, printer toner, and polyester resin for making molded walls.

Food:
Fumarate has been used as a food acidulant since 1946.
Fumarate is approved for use as a food additive in the EU, USA and Australia and New Zealand.

As a food additive, Fumarate is used as an acidity regulator and can be denoted by the E number E297.
Fumarate is generally used in beverages and baking powders for which requirements are placed on purity.

Fumarate is used in the making of wheat tortillas as a food preservative and as the acid in leavening.
Fumarate is generally used as a substitute for tartaric acid and occasionally in place of citric acid, at a rate of 1 g of Fumarate to every ~1.5 g of citric acid, in order to add sourness, similarly to the way malic acid is used.
As well as being a component of some artificial vinegar flavors, such as "Salt and Vinegar" flavored potato chips, Fumarate is also used as a coagulant in stove-top pudding mixes.

The European Commission Scientific Committee on Animal Nutrition, part of DG Health, found in 2014 that Fumarate is "practically non-toxic" but high doses are probably nephrotoxic after long-term use.

Medicine:
Fumarate was developed as a medicine to treat the autoimmune condition psoriasis in the 1950s in Germany as a tablet containing 3 esters, primarily dimethyl fumarate, and marketed as Fumaderm by Biogen Idec in Europe.
Biogen would later go on to develop the main ester, dimethyl fumarate, as a treatment for multiple sclerosis.

In patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis, the ester dimethyl fumarate (BG-12, Biogen) significantly reduced relapse and disability progression in a phase 3 trial.
Fumarate activates the Nrf2 antioxidant response pathway, the primary cellular defense against the cytotoxic effects of oxidative stress.

Widespread uses by professional workers:
Fumarate is used in the following products: laboratory chemicals, adhesives and sealants, plant protection products, inks and toners and pH regulators and water treatment products. Fumarate is used in the following areas: scientific research and development, building & construction work and agriculture, forestry and fishing. Fumarate is used for the manufacture of: machinery and vehicles, furniture and electrical, electronic and optical equipment. Release to the environment of Fumarate can occur from industrial use: as an intermediate step in further manufacturing of another substance (use of intermediates). Other release to the environment of Fumarate is likely to occur from: indoor use (e.g. machine wash liquids/detergents, automotive care products, paints and coating or adhesives, fragrances and air fresheners) and outdoor use.

Uses at industrial sites:
Fumarate is used in the following products: polymers, adhesives and sealants, coating products, pharmaceuticals, inks and toners and laboratory chemicals.
Fumarate has an industrial use resulting in manufacture of another substance (use of intermediates).

Fumarate is used in the following areas: formulation of mixtures and/or re-packaging and scientific research and development.
Fumarate is used for the manufacture of: chemicals.
Release to the environment of Fumarate can occur from industrial use: as an intermediate step in further manufacturing of another substance (use of intermediates), for thermoplastic manufacture and as processing aid.

Industry Uses:
Agricultural chemicals (non-pesticidal)
Intermediates
Monomers
Not Known or Reasonably Ascertainable
Other (specify)
Paint additives and coating additives not described by other categories
Processing aids not otherwise specified
Processing aids, specific to petroleum production
Surface active agents
Waterproofing agent

Consumer Uses:
Fumarate is used in the following products: adhesives and sealants, coating products, inks and toners and cosmetics and personal care products.
Other release to the environment of Fumarate is likely to occur from: outdoor use and indoor use as processing aid.

Other Consumer Uses:
Agricultural chemicals (non-pesticidal)
Flavoring and nutrient
Not Known or Reasonably Ascertainable
Other (specify)

Therapeutic Uses:
Fumarate is used in oral pharmaceutical formulations and food products, and is generally regarded as a relatively nontoxic and nonirritant material.

Fumarate preparations are used as long term and effective treatment of psoriasis.

Fumarate and Fumarate esters (FAE) are already in use for treatment of psoriasis and are known to have an immunomodulatory effect.
A phase II clinical study in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) patients with the modified Fumarate ester BG-12 showed as "proof of principle" in a frequent MRI design that FAE significantly reduce the number of gadolinium-enhancing lesions after 24 weeks of treatment.
Further phase III studies have been started to explore the long-term efficacy of this substance.

Oral treatment of psoriasis on an outpatient basis, using a preparation containing Fumarate derivatives, was evaluated as initial monotherapy (3 months) and as long-term basic therapy (12-14 months) in 13 and 11 patients, respectively.
The course of the disease was analysed in each individual case.

After completion of both parts of the trial, half of the patients that had only responded poorly to conventional antipsoriatic therapy showed a significant improvement which occurred after several weeks of treatment.
In 4 patients the medication had to be stopped because of abdominal pain.

No severe side effects, particularly of renal, hepatic or hematological nature, could be established.
Studies in mice and rats disclosed only a low acute toxicity of the Fumarate derivatives used.

In additional analyses, hypotheses were dealt with concerning the mechanism of action of Fumarate in psoriasis.
To establish Fumarate derivatives in the treatment of psoriasis, studies on chronic toxicity and pharmacokinetics will have to be conducted.
Further clinical trials should evaluate a single Fumarate derivative instead of mixtures.

Other uses:
Fumarate is used in the manufacture of polyester resins and polyhydric alcohols and as a mordant for dyes.
When Fumarate is added to their feed, lambs produce up to 70% less methane during digestion.

Industrial Processes with risk of exposure:
Pulp and Paper Processing
Painting (Pigments, Binders, and Biocides)
Textiles (Printing, Dyeing, or Finishing)

Typical Properties of Fumarate:

Physical Properties:
Fumarate mostly appears as a white-colored solid.
Fumarate has a fruit-like odor.

The molecular weight of Fumarate is 116 amu.
Fumarate is Combustible but Fumarate is difficult to start a fire.

Fumarate undergoes sublimation at 200 C.
The melting point of Fumarate is 572 to 576 °F.

Chemical Properties:
Fumarate is soluble in ethanol and concentrated sulfuric acid.
Fumarate is soluble in alcohol but is insoluble in benzene, water, and chloroform.

The capacity to absorb atmospheric moisture is very less.
The pH of Fumarate is 3.19
When Fumarate is heated in presence of Bayers reagent Fumarate gives rise to Racemic Tartaric Acid.

Characteristics of Fumarate:
One of Fumarate properties is to inhibit or block malolactic fermentation at a certain concentration.
Fumarate is therefore a tool of choice to limit the use of the SO2 previously used for this purpose.

Synthesis and Reactions of Fumarate:
Fumarate was first prepared from succinic acid.
A traditional synthesis involves oxidation of furfural (from the processing of maize) using chlorate in the presence of a vanadium-based catalyst.

Currently, industrial synthesis of Fumarate is mostly based on catalytic isomerisation of maleic acid in aqueous solutions at low pH.
Maleic acid is accessible in large volumes as a hydrolysis product of maleic anhydride, produced by catalytic oxidation of benzene or butane.

The chemical properties of Fumarate can be anticipated from Fumarate component functional groups.
This weak acid forms a diester, Fumarate undergoes additions across the double bond, and Fumarate is an excellent dienophile.

Fumarate does not combust in a bomb calorimeter under conditions where maleic acid deflagrates smoothly.
For teaching experiments designed to measure the difference in energy between the cis- and trans- isomers, a measured quantity of carbon can be ground with the subject compound and the enthalpy of combustion computed by difference.

Formula of Fumarate:
The Fumarate formula, also named as Allomaleic acid formula is discussed in this article.
Fumarate is a dicarboxylic acid and a conjugate acid of Fumaric acid.
The molecular or chemical formula of Fumarate is C4H4O4.

Fumarate is a precursor to L-malate in the TCA cycle.
Fumarate is generated by oxidizing succinic acid using succinate dehydrogenase.

Fumarate is converted to malate by the enzyme fumarase.
High levels of Allomaleic acid is present in biofluids surrounding tumours or inside the tumours.

Manufacturing Methods of Fumarate:
Commercially, Fumarate may be prepared from glucose by the action of fungi such as Rhizopus nigricans, as a by-product in the manufacture of maleic and phthalic anhydrides, and by the isomerization of maleic acid using heat or a catalyst.
On the laboratory scale, Fumarate can be prepared by the oxidation of furfural with sodium chlorate in the presence of vanadium pentoxide.

Maleic acid or maleic anhydride, especially the maleic acid-containing wash water from the production of maleic anhydride or phthalic anhydride, serves as starting material for the manufacture of Fumarate.
The maleic acid concentration should be at least 30%.

Maleic acid is converted almost quantitatively by thermal or catalytic isomerization into the sparingly soluble Fumarate, which is recovered by filtration.
Various substances have been proposed as catalysts: mineral acids (e.g., hydrochloric acid); sulfur compounds such as thiocyanates, thiazoles, thiosemicarbazides, thioureas; or bromine compounds in combination with peroxides (e.g., persulfate).

Thiourea is most commonly used in practice.
The maleic acid-containing wash water contains impurities that can affect quality and yield.

This problem can be largely avoided (1) by thermal pretreatment of the wash water, (2) by adding urea if thiourea is used as catalyst, and (3) by addition of sulfites or passaged of sulfur dioxide and addition of mineral acids.
The crude Fumarate obtained is purified by recrystallization from water, combined with purification by active charcoal.
Losses during purification are about 10%.

General Manufacturing Information of Fumarate:

Industry Processing Sectors:
Agriculture, Forestry, Fishing and Hunting
All Other Basic Organic Chemical Manufacturing
Asphalt Paving, Roofing, and Coating Materials Manufacturing
Construction
Food, beverage, and tobacco product manufacturing
Not Known or Reasonably Ascertainable
Oil and Gas Drilling, Extraction, and Support activities
Paint and Coating Manufacturing
Plastics Material and Resin Manufacturing
Textiles, apparel, and leather manufacturing

Human Metabolite Information of Fumarate:

Tissue Locations:
Placenta
Prostate

Cellular Locations:
Extracellular
Membrane
Mitochondria

Biosynthesis and Occurrence of Fumarate:
Fumarate is produced in eukaryotic organisms from succinate in complex 2 of the electron transport chain via the enzyme succinate dehydrogenase.
Fumarate is one of two isomeric unsaturated dicarboxylic acids, the other being maleic acid.
In Fumarate the carboxylic acid groups are trans (E) and in maleic acid they are cis (Z).

Fumarate is found in fumitory (Fumaria officinalis), bolete mushrooms (specifically Boletus fomentarius var. pseudo-igniarius), lichen, and Iceland moss.

Fumarate is an intermediate in the citric acid cycle used by cells to produce energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) from food.
Fumarate is formed by the oxidation of succinate by the enzyme succinate dehydrogenase.
Fumarate is then converted by the enzyme fumarase to malate.

Human skin naturally produces Fumarate when exposed to sunlight.
Fumarate is also a product of the urea cycle.

Handling and storage of Fumarate:

Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:

Storage conditions:
Tightly closed.
Dry.

Storage class:
Storage class (TRGS 510): 11: Combustible Solids

Stability and Reactivity of Fumarate:

Reactivity
Forms explosive mixtures with air on intense heating.
A range from approx. 15 Kelvin below the flash point is to be rated as critical.

The following applies in general to flammable organic substances and mixtures:
In correspondingly fine distribution, when whirled up a dust explosion potential may generally be assumed.

Chemical stability:
Fumarate is chemically stable under standard ambient conditions (room temperature).

Possibility of hazardous reactions:

Violent reactions possible with:
Oxidizing agents
Bases
Reducing agents
Amines

Conditions to avoid:
Strong heating.

Incompatible materials:
No data available

Safety of Fumarate:
Fumarate is "practically non-toxic" but high doses are probably nephrotoxic after long-term use.

First Aid Measures of Fumarate:

EYES:
First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present.
Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center.

Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician.
IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop.

SKIN:
IMMEDIATELY flood affected skin with water while removing and isolating all contaminated clothing.
Gently wash all affected skin areas thoroughly with soap and water.
If symptoms such as redness or irritation develop, IMMEDIATELY call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital for treatment.

INHALATION:
IMMEDIATELY leave the contaminated area; take deep breaths of fresh air.
If symptoms (such as wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, or burning in the mouth, throat, or chest) develop, call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital.

Provide proper respiratory protection to rescuers entering an unknown atmosphere.
Whenever possible, Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) should be used; if not available, use a level of protection greater than or equal to that advised under Protective Clothing.

INGESTION:
DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING.
If the victim is conscious and not convulsing, give 1 or 2 glasses of water to dilute the chemical and IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center.

Be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital if advised by a physician.
If the victim is convulsing or unconscious, do not give anything by mouth, ensure that the victim's airway is open and lay the victim on his/her side with the head lower than the body.

DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING.
IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital.

Fire Fighting of Fumarate:
Use water spray, dry powder, foam, carbon dioxide.

Fire Fighting Procedures:

If material on fire or involved in fire:
Use water in flooding quantities as fog.
Solid streams of water may spread fire.

Cool all affected containers with flooding quantities of water.
Apply water from as far a distance as possible.
Use foam, dry chemicals, or carbon dioxide.

Suitable extinguishing media:
Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.

Special protective equipment for fire-fighters:
Wear self contained breathing apparatus for fire fighting if necessary.

Accidental release measures of Fumarate:

Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures

Advice for non-emergency personnel:
Avoid inhalation of dusts.
Avoid substance contact.

Ensure adequate ventilation.
Evacuate the danger area, observe emergency procedures, consult an expert.

Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.

Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Cover drains.
Collect, bind, and pump off spills.

Observe possible material restrictions.
Take up dry.

Dispose of properly.
Clean up affected area.
Avoid generation of dusts.

Identifiers of Fumarate:
CAS Number: 110-17-8
Beilstein Reference: 605763
ChEBI: CHEBI:18012
ChEMBL: ChEMBL503160
ChemSpider: 10197150
DrugBank: DB04299
ECHA InfoCard: 100.003.404
EC Number: 203-743-0
E number: E297 (preservatives)
Gmelin Reference: 49855
KEGG: C00122
PubChem CID: 444972
RTECS number: LS9625000
UNII: 88XHZ13131
UN number: 9126
CompTox Dashboard (EPA): DTXSID3021518
InChI: InChI=1S/C4H4O4/c5-3(6)1-2-4(7)8/h1-2H,(H,5,6)(H,7,8)/b2-1+
Key: VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-OWOJBTEDSA-N
InChI=1/C4H4O4/c5-3(6)1-2-4(7)8/h1-2H,(H,5,6)(H,7,8)/b2-1+
Key: VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-OWOJBTEDBF
SMILES: C(=C/C(=O)O)\C(=O)O

CAS number: 110-17-8
EC index number: 607-146-00-X
EC number: 203-743-0
Grade: ChP,NF,JPE
Hill Formula: C₄H₄O₄
Chemical formula: HOOCCHCHCOOH
Molar Mass: 116.07 g/mol
HS Code: 2917 19 80

Synonym(s): (2E)-2-Butenedioic acid, trans-Butenedioic acid
Linear Formula: HOOCCH=CHCOOH
CAS Number: 110-17-8
Molecular Weight: 116.07
Beilstein: 605763
EC Number: 203-743-0
MDL number: MFCD00002700
eCl@ss: 39021709
PubChem Substance ID: 329757345
NACRES: NA.21

Properties of Fumarate:
Chemical formula: C4H4O4
Molar mass: 116.072 g·mol−1
Appearance: White solid
Density: 1.635 g/cm3
Melting point: 287 °C (549 °F; 560 K) (decomposes)
Solubility in water: 4.9 g/L at 20 °C
Acidity (pKa): pka1 = 3.03, pka2 = 4.44 (15 °C, cis isomer)
Magnetic susceptibility (χ): −49.11·10−6 cm3/mol
Dipole moment: non zero

vapor pressure: 1.7 mmHg ( 165 °C)
Quality Level: 200
grade: purum
Assay: ≥99.0% (T)
form: powder
autoignition temp.: 1364 °F
expl. lim.: 40 %
mp: 298-300 °C (subl.) (lit.)
solubility: 95% ethanol: soluble 0.46 g/10 mL, clear, colorless
SMILES string: OC(=O)\C=C\C(O)=O
InChI: 1S/C4H4O4/c5-3(6)1-2-4(7)8/h1-2H,(H,5,6)(H,7,8)/b2-1+
InChI key: VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-OWOJBTEDSA-N

Boiling point: 290 °C (1013 hPa) (sublimed)
Density: 1.64 g/cm3 (20 °C)
Flash point: 273 °C
Ignition temperature: 375 °C
Melting Point: 287 °C
pH value: 2.1 (4.9 g/l, H₂O, 20 °C)
Vapor pressure: Solubility: 4.9 g/l

Molecular Weight: 116.07 g/mol
XLogP3: -0.3
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 2
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 4
Rotatable Bond Count: 2
Exact Mass: 116.01095860 g/mol
Monoisotopic Mass: 116.01095860 g/mol
Topological Polar Surface Area: 74.6Ų
Heavy Atom Count: 8
Complexity: 119
Isotope Atom Count: 0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 1
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 1
Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes

Specifications of Fumarate:
Assay (calc. on anhydrous substance): 99.5 - 100.5 %
Assay (HPLC; calc. on anhydrous substance): 98.0 - 102.0 %
Identity (IR): passes test
Identity (JPE 1): passes test
Identity (JPE 2/ChP 1): passes test
Identity (JPE 3): passes test
Identity (HPLC): passes test
Appearance of solution: passes test
Sulfate (SO₄): ≤ 0.010 %
Heavy metals (as Pb): ≤ 10 ppm
As (Arsenic): ≤ 2 ppm
Malic acid (HPLC) (NF): ≤ 1.5 %
Maleic acid (HPLC) (NF): ≤ 0.1 %
Maleic acid (HPLC) (JPE): passes test
Maleic acid (HPLC) (ChP): ≤ 0.1 %
Any individual unspecified impurity (HPLC): ≤ 0.1 %
Sum of all impurities (HPLC): ≤ 0.2 %
Residual solvents (ICH Q3C): excluded by production process
Water (K. F.): ≤ 0.5 %
Sulfated ash: ≤ 0.05 %

Related Products of Fumarate:
Telaglenastat (CB-839)New
Setanaxib (GKT137831)New
LB-100New
Puromycin 2HCl
Cyclosporin A
Cyclophosphamide Monohydrate
Ganciclovir
Calcitriol
Ribavirin (ICN-1229)
BAPTA-AM

Related Compounds of Fumarate:
Fumaryl chloride
Fumaronitrile
Dimethyl fumarate
Ammonium fumarate
Iron(II) fumarate

Related carboxylic acids:
Maleic acid
Succinic acid
Crotonic acid

Names of Fumarate:

Regulatory process names:
Fumaric acid
Fumaric acid
fumaric acid

Translated names:
acide fumarique (fr)
acido fumarico (it)
Fumaarhape (et)
Fumaarihappo (fi)
fumaarzuur (nl)
fumarna kiselina (hr)
fumarna kislina (sl)
fumaro rūgštis (lt)
fumarová kyselina (cs)
fumarsyra (sv)
fumarsyre (da)
fumarsyre (no)
Fumarsäure (de)
fumársav (hu)
fumārskābe (lv)
kyselina fumarová (sk)
ácido fumárico (es)
ácido fumárico (pt)
φουμαρικό οξύ (el)
фумарова киселина (bg)

IUPAC names:
(2E)-but-2-enedioic acid
(E) but-2-enedioic acid
(E)-but-2-enedioic acid
(E)-Butenedioic acid
1,2-ethylene dicarboxylic acid
2-BUTENEDIOIC ACID
2-Butenedioic acid (2E)-Fumaric acid
2-Butenedioic acid, E-
acide fumarique
But-2-enedioic acid
but-2-enedioic acid
E-butenedioic Acid
FA Flakes
FUMARIC ACID
Fumaric Acid
Fumaric acid
fumaric acid
Fumaric Acid
Fumaric acid
fumaric acid
fumaric acid ,Butenedioic acid , Allomaleic acid , Boletic acid , Donitic acid , Lichenic acid
Fumarsäure
trans-1,2-Ethylenedicarboxylic
trans-2-Butenedioïc acid
trans-Butendisäure
Trans-Butenedioic Acid

Preferred IUPAC name:
(2E)-But-2-enedioic acid

Trade names:
(E)-2-Butenedioic acid
1,2-ethylene dicarboxylic acid
Allomaleic acid
Boletic acid
Butenedioic acid, (E)-
Fumaric Acid
trans-1,2-Ethylenedicarboxylic acid
TRANS-BUTENEDICARBOXYLIC ACID

Other names:
Fumaric acid
trans-1,2-Ethylenedicarboxylic acid
2-Butenedioic acid
trans-Butenedioic acid
Allomaleic acid
Boletic acid
Donitic acid
Lichenic acid

Other identifiers:
110-17-8
607-146-00-X
623158-97-4
909873-99-0

Synonyms of Fumarate:
fumaric acid
110-17-8
2-Butenedioic acid
trans-Butenedioic acid
Allomaleic acid
fumarate
Lichenic acid
Boletic acid
Tumaric acid
(2E)-but-2-enedioic acid
trans-1,2-Ethylenedicarboxylic acid
Allomalenic acid
But-2-enedioic acid
trans-2-Butenedioic acid
(E)-2-Butenedioic acid
Fumaricum acidum
2-Butenedioic acid, (E)-
Kyselina fumarova
Butenedioic acid
2-Butenedioic acid (E)-
USAF EK-P-583
Butenedioic acid, (E)-
FEMA No. 2488
(2E)-2-butenedioic acid
Caswell No. 465E
FEMA Number 2488
NSC-2752
Fumarsaeure
Allomaleic-acid
Boletic-acid
Lichenic acid (VAN)
2-Butenedioic acid (2E)-
1,2-Ethylenedicarboxylic acid, (E)
CCRIS 1039
HSDB 710
2-(E)-Butenedioic acid
Kyselina fumarova [Czech]
trans-but-2-enedioic acid
(E)-but-2-enedioic acid
U-1149
ammonium fumarate
(E)-Butenedioic acid
1,2-Ethenedicarboxylic acid, trans-
EPA Pesticide Chemical Code 051201
AI3-24236
6915-18-0
EINECS 203-743-0
fumarate, 10
BRN 0605763
Fumaric acid (NF)
Fumaric acid [NF]
INS NO.297
DTXSID3021518
UNII-88XHZ13131
CHEBI:18012
E-2-Butenedioic acid
Fumaric acid (8CI)
INS-297
NSC2752
ethylenedicarboxylic acid
FC 33 (acid)
88XHZ13131
E297
DTXCID601518
Maleic acid-2,3-13C2
E-297
2(TRANS)-BUTENEDIOIC ACID
EC 203-743-0
4-02-00-02202 (Beilstein Handbook Reference)
fum
Maleic-2,3-d2 acid
F0067
FUMARIC ACID (II)
FUMARIC ACID [II]
(E)-2-Butenedioate
Fumaric acid 1000 microg/mL in Acetonitrile:Water
FUMARIC ACID (MART.)
FUMARIC ACID [MART.]
FUMARIC ACID (USP-RS)
FUMARIC ACID [USP-RS]
(2E)-but-2-enedioate
FUMARIC ACID (USP IMPURITY)
FUMARIC ACID [USP IMPURITY]
Donitic acid
but-2-enedioicacid
CAS-110-17-8
trans-1,2-Ethenedicarboxylic acid
MALIC ACID IMPURITY A (EP IMPURITY)
MALIC ACID IMPURITY A [EP IMPURITY]
(E)-1,2-Ethylenedicarboxylic acid
trans-1,2-Ethylenediccarboxylic acid
SODIUM AUROTHIOMALATE IMPURITY B (EP IMPURITY)
SODIUM AUROTHIOMALATE IMPURITY B [EP IMPURITY]
fumarsaure
Allomaleate
Boletate
Lichenate
Acide fumarique
Acido lichenico
fumeric acid
Acido boletico
Acido fumarico
Acidum fumaricum
Acido allomaleico
trans-Butenedioate
NCGC00091192-02
24461-33-4
26099-09-2
Fumaric Acid,(S)
MFCD00002700
trans-2-Butendisaure
trans-2-Butenedioate
2-(E)-Butenedioate
Fumaric acid, 99%
Acido trans butendioico
FUM (CHRIS Code)
trans-Ethylendicarbonsaure
(Trans)-butenedioic acid
Fumaric acid, >=99%
FEMA Number: 2488
bmse000083
D03GOO
FUMARIC ACID [MI]
WLN: QV1U1VQ-T
FUMARIC ACID [FCC]
Futrans-2-Butenedioic Acid
SCHEMBL1177
FUMARIC ACID [FHFI]
FUMARIC ACID [HSDB]
FUMARIC ACID [INCI]
FUMARIC ACID [VANDF]
MLS002454406
1,2-ethylenedicarboxylic acid
2-butenedioic acid, (2E)-
(2E)-2-Butenedioic acid #
S04-0167
FUMARIC ACID [WHO-DD]
CHEMBL503160
FUMARICUM ACIDUM [HPUS]
trans-1,2-Ethylenedicarboxylate
BDBM26122
CHEBI:22958
2-Butenedioic acid (2E-(9CI)
HMS2270C12
Pharmakon1600-01301022
Fumaric acid, >=99.0% (T)
AMY30339
STR02646
Acido trans 1,2-etenedicarbossilico
Tox21_201769
Tox21_302826
2-Butenedioic acid (2E)- (9CI)
Acido trans 1,2-etilendicarbossilico
Fumaric acid, >=99%, FCC, FG
LS-500
NA9126
NSC760395
s4952
AKOS000118896
Fumaric acid, qNMR Standard for DMSO
CCG-266065
CS-W016599
DB01677
HY-W015883
NSC-760395
OR17920
USEPA/OPP Pesticide Code: 051201
NCGC00091192-01
NCGC00091192-03
NCGC00256360-01
NCGC00259318-01
BP-13087
Fumaric acid, tested according to USP/NF
SMR000112117
Fumaric acid, puriss., >=99.5% (T)
EN300-17996
Fumaric acid, Vetec(TM) reagent grade, 99%
1, (E)
C00122
D02308
D85166
Q139857
Fumaric acid, BioReagent, suitable for cell culture
J-002389
Fumarate; 2-Butenedioic acid; Trans-Butenedioic acid
Z57127460
F8886-8257
Fumaric acid, certified reference material, TraceCERT(R)
26B3632D-E93F-4655-90B0-3C17855294BA
Fumaric acid, anhydrous, free-flowing, Redi-Dri(TM), >=99%
Fumaric acid, European Pharmacopoeia (EP) Reference Standard
Fumaric acid, United States Pharmacopeia (USP) Reference Standard
Fumaric Acid, Pharmaceutical Secondary Standard; Certified Reference Material
623158-97-4
Fumaric acid [Wiki]
(2E)-2-Butendisäure [German] [ACD/IUPAC Name]
(2E)-2-Butenedioic acid [ACD/IUPAC Name]
(2E)-But-2-enedioic acid
(E)-1,2-Ethylenedicarboxylic acid
(E)-2-Butenedioic acid
(E)-Butenedioic acid
1,2-Ethenedicarboxylic acid, trans-
110-17-8 [RN]
203-743-0 [EINECS]
2-Butenedioic acid [ACD/IUPAC Name]
2-Butenedioic acid (2E)-
2-Butenedioic acid, (2E)- [ACD/Index Name]
2-Butenedioic acid, (E)-
605763 [Beilstein]
Acide (2E)-2-butènedioïque [French] [ACD/IUPAC Name]
Acidum fumaricum
Butenedioic acid, (E)-
E-2-Butenedioic acid
MFCD00002700 [MDL number]
trans-1,2-ethenedicarboxylic acid
trans-1,2-ethylenedicarboxylic acid
TRANS-2-BUTENEDIOIC ACID
trans-but-2-enedioic acid
trans-Butenedioic acid
(2E)-But-2-enedioate
(E)-2-Butenedioate
(E)-but-2-enedioate
(E)-but-2-enedioic acid
(E)-HO2CCH=CHCO2H
1,2-Ethylenedicarboxylic acid, (E)
2-(E)-Butenedioate
2-(E)-Butenedioic acid
2-Butenedioic acid (E)-
4-02-00-02202 [Beilstein]
605762 [Beilstein]
Allomalenic acid
Boletate
Boletic acid
cis-Butenedioic acid
Fumaric acidmissing
Fumaricum acidum
Fumarsaeure
Kyselina fumarova [Czech]
Lichenate
Lichenic acid (VAN)
phenanthrene-9,10-dione
phenanthrene-9,10-dione;9,10-Phenanthraquinone
QV1U1VQ-T [WLN]
STR02646
trans-1,2-Ethylenedicarboxylate
trans-1,2-Ethylentricarboxylic acid
trans-2-Butenedioate
trans-Butenedioate
延胡索酸 [Chinese]
FUMARIC ACID
Fumaric acid is an organic compound with the formula HO2CCH=CHCO2H.
A white solid, fumaric acid occurs widely in nature.
Fumaric Acid has a fruit-like taste and has been used as a food additive.
Fumaric Acid's E number is E297.


CAS Number: 110-17-8
EC Number: 203-743-0
MDL: MFCD00002700
Molecular Formula: C4H4O4 / COOH-CH=CHCOOH


Fumaric acid is an organic compound with the formula HO2CCH=CHCO2H.
A white solid, fumaric acid occurs widely in nature.
Fumaric Acid has a fruit-like taste and has been used as a food additive.


Fumaric Acid's E number is E297.
The salts and esters are known as fumarate.
Fumarate can also refer to the C4H2O2−4 ion (in solution).


Fumaric acid is the trans isomer of butenedioic acid, while maleic acid is the cis isomer.
Fumaric acid appears as a colorless crystalline solid.
Fumaric Acid is used to make paints and plastics, in food processing and preservation, and for other uses.


Fumaric acid is a butenedioic acid in which the C=C double bond has E geometry.
Fumaric Acid is an intermediate metabolite in the citric acid cycle.
Fumaric Acid has a role as a food acidity regulator, a fundamental metabolite and a geroprotector.


Fumaric Acidis a conjugate acid of a fumarate(1-).
Fumaric acid is a metabolite found in or produced by Escherichia coli.
Fumaric acid is a precursor to L-malate in the Krebs tricarboxylic acid cycle.


Fumaric Acid is formed by the oxidation of succinate by succinate dehydrogenase.
Fumarate is converted by fumarase to malate.
A fumarate is a salt or ester of the organic compound fumaric acid, a dicarboxylic acid.


Fumarate has recently been recognized as an oncometabolite.
Fumaric Acid is found in fumitory (Fumaria officinalis), bolete mushrooms (specifically Boletus fomentarius var. pseudo-igniarius), lichen, and Iceland moss.


Human skin naturally produces fumaric acid when exposed to sunlight
Fumarate is also a product of the urea cycle.
When fumaric acid is added to their feed, lambs produce up to 70% less methane during digestion.


Fumaric acid is related to malic acid, and, like malic acid, it is involved in the production of energy (in the form of adenosine triphosphate [ATP]) from food.
The chemical properties of fumaric acid can be anticipated from its component functional groups.


This weak acid, Fumaric Acid, forms a diester, it undergoes additions across the double bond, and it is an excellent dienophile.
Fumaric Acid does not combust in a bomb calorimeter under conditions where maleic acid deflagrates smoothly.
For teaching experiments designed to measure the difference in energy between the cis- and trans- isomers, a measured quantity of carbon can be ground with the subject compound and the enthalpy of combustion computed by difference.


Fumaric Acid or trans-butenedioic acid, is a white crystalline chemical compound widely found in nature.
Fumaric acid is a key intermediate in the tricarboxylic acid cycle for organic acid biosynthesis in humans and other mammals.
Fumaric acid is also an essential ingredient in plant life.


When used as a food additive, the hydrophobic nature of fumaric acid results in persistent, long lasting sourness and flavor impact.
The versatile compound also decreases the pH with minimal added sourness in products with pHs greater than 4.5.
Its low molecular weight gives fumaric acid more buffering capacity than other food acids at pHs near 3.O.


Because of its strength, less fumaric acid is required when compared to other organic food acids, therefore reducing costs per unit weight.
Fumaric Acid is registered under the REACH Regulation and is manufactured in and / or imported to the European Economic Area, at ≥ 10 000 to < 100 000 tonnes per annum.


Fumaric acid (trans-2-butenedioic acid) is a multifunctional chemical with a diverse set of end uses, including unsaturated polyester resins (UPR), food and beverages, L-aspartic acid, rosin paper sizes, animal feed, alkyd resins, and pharmaceuticals/ferrous fumarate.
The Fumaric Acidformula, also named as Allomaleic acid formula is discussed in this article.


Fumaric Acid is a dicarboxylic acid and a conjugate acid of fumarate.
The molecular or chemical formula of Fumaric acid is C4H4O4.
Fumaric acid is a precursor to L-malate in the TCA cycle.


Fumaric Acid is generated by oxidizing succinic acid using succinate dehydrogenase.
Fumarate is converted to malate by the enzyme fumarase.
Fumaric acid is a crystalline solid which appears as colourless or white in colour.


Fumaric acid is a dicarboxylic acid.
Fumaric Acid is a precursor to L-malate in the Krebs tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle.
Fumaric Acid is formed by the oxidation of succinic acid by succinate dehydrogenase.


Fumarate is converted by the enzyme fumarase to malate.
Fumaric acid has recently been identified as an oncometabolite or an endogenous, cancer causing metabolite.
High levels of this organic acid can be found in tumors or biofluids surrounding tumors.


Its oncogenic action appears to due to its ability to inhibit prolyl hydroxylase-containing enzymes.
In many tumours, oxygen availability becomes limited (hypoxia) very quickly due to rapid cell proliferation and limited blood vessel growth.
The major regulator of the response to hypoxia is the HIF transcription factor (HIF-alpha).


Under normal oxygen levels, protein levels of HIF-alpha are very low due to constant degradation, mediated by a series of post-translational modification events catalyzed by the prolyl hydroxylase domain-containing enzymes PHD1, 2 and 3, (also known as EglN2, 1 and 3) that hydroxylate HIF-alpha and lead to its degradation.


All three of the PHD enzymes are inhibited by fumarate.
Fumaric acid is found to be associated with fumarase deficiency, which is an inborn error of metabolism.
Fumaric Acid is also a metabolite of Aspergillus.


Fumaric Acid belongs to the class of organic compounds known as dicarboxylic acids and derivatives.
These are organic compounds containing exactly two carboxylic acid groups.
Fumaric acid is an organic compound ( this means it consists of carbon).


The chemical formula of fumaric acid is C4H4O4 .
Fumaric Acid is mostly found in its solid state and is white in color.
Fumaric Acid has a fruit-like taste.


Fumaric Acid is also known as Allomaleic acid.
Fumaric Acid is a dicarboxylic acid.
Even the human skin produces fumaric acid when it is exposed to sunlight.


Fumaric Acid is a by-product of the urea cycle in human beings.
The salts and esters of fumaric acid are collectively known as fumarate.
Fumaric and maleic acids were discovered by Braconnet and by Vauquelin separately while they were performing the dry distillation of malic acid in the year 1817.


Fumaric acid (C4H4O4) is an organic acid widely found in nature, and is a component of organic biosynthesis is humans.
Chemically, Fumaric Acid is an unsaturated dicarboxylic acid.
Fumaric Acid exists as white or nearly white crystals, odorless with a very tart taste.


Fumaric acid is generally nontoxic and nonirritant.
Dimethyl fumarate (Tecfidera) is the methyl ester of fumaric acid, and was approved in 2013 for use in multiple sclerosis.
Fumaric Acid is an organic acid that forms part of a number of major biochemical metabolic processes in cells, which means it is already found naturally in wine.


In the winemaking industry, Fumaric Acid is intended to be used on wine as an additive for inhibiting malolactic fermentation.
Fumaric Acid helps not only to preserve malic acid in wines but also to reduce sulphur dioxide levels and inhibit the growth and activity of lactic acid bacteria.
Fumaric Acid comes in the form of a fine, odourless, mixed grain powder.


Fumaric Acid is much less soluble when compared to other organic acids of oenological interest.
Fumaric acid is an organic acid that serves a variety of functional purposes, including enhancing taste, managing pH, reducing hygroscopicity, improving shelf stability, and more.
Fumaric acid is a functional ingredient that is applicable across food, beverage, animal nutrition, industrial, pharmaceutical, and personal care markets.



USES and APPLICATIONS of FUMARIC ACID:
As a food additive, Fumaric Acid is used to impart a tart taste to processed foods.
Fumaric Acid is also used as an antifungal agent in boxed foods such as cake mixes and flours, as well as tortillas.
Fumaric acid is also added to bread to increase the porosity of the final baked product.


Fumaric Acid is used to impart a sour taste to sourdough and rye bread.
In cake mixes, Fumaric Acid is used to maintain a low pH and prevent clumping of the flours used in the mix.
In fruit drinks, Fumaric Acid is used to maintain a low pH which, in turn, helps to stabilize flavor and color.


Fumaric acid also prevents the growth of E. coli in beverages when used in combination with sodium benzoate.
When added to wines, fumaric acid helps to prevent further fermentation and yet maintain low pH and eliminate traces of metallic elements.
In this fashion, Fumaric Acid helps to stabilize the taste of wine.


Fumaric acid can also be added to dairy products, sports drinks, jams, jellies and candies.
Fumaric acid helps to break down bonds between gluten proteins in wheat and helps to create a more pliable dough.
Fumaric acid is used in paper sizing, printer toner, and polyester resin for making molded walls.


Other uses of Fumaric Acid: Fumaric acid is used in the manufacture of polyester resins and polyhydric alcohols and as a mordant for dyes.
Fumaric Acid is used by consumers, in articles, by professional workers (widespread uses), in formulation or re-packing, at industrial sites and in manufacturing.


Release to the environment of Fumaric Acid can occur from industrial use: manufacturing of the substance, as an intermediate step in further manufacturing of another substance (use of intermediates), for thermoplastic manufacture, of substances in closed systems with minimal release and in the production of articles.


Fumaric Acid is used in the following products: adhesives and sealants, coating products, inks and toners and cosmetics and personal care products.
Other release to the environment of Fumaric Acid is likely to occur from: outdoor use and indoor use as processing aid.
Fumaric Acid can be found in products with material based on: plastic (e.g. food packaging and storage, toys, mobile phones).


Fumaric Acid is used in the following products: laboratory chemicals, adhesives and sealants, plant protection products, inks and toners and pH regulators and water treatment products.
Fumaric Acid is used in the following areas: scientific research and development, building & construction work and agriculture, forestry and fishing.


Fumaric Acid is used for the manufacture of: machinery and vehicles, furniture and electrical, electronic and optical equipment.
Release to the environment of Fumaric Acid can occur from industrial use: as an intermediate step in further manufacturing of another substance (use of intermediates).


Fumaric Acid is used in the following products: non-metal-surface treatment products, pH regulators and water treatment products, leather treatment products, plant protection products, polishes and waxes, cosmetics and personal care products, adhesives and sealants, coating products, inks and toners and pharmaceuticals.


Release to the environment of Fumaric Acid can occur from industrial use: formulation of mixtures, in processing aids at industrial sites and in the production of articles.
Other release to the environment of Fumaric Acid is likely to occur from: indoor use in long-life materials with low release rate (e.g. flooring, furniture, toys, construction materials, curtains, foot-wear, leather products, paper and cardboard products, electronic equipment).


Other release to the environment of Fumaric Acid is likely to occur from: indoor use (e.g. machine wash liquids/detergents, automotive care products, paints and coating or adhesives, fragrances and air fresheners) and outdoor use.
Fumaric Acid is used in the following products: polymers, adhesives and sealants, coating products, pharmaceuticals, inks and toners and laboratory chemicals.


Fumaric Acid has an industrial use resulting in manufacture of another substance (use of intermediates).
Fumaric Acid is used in the following areas: formulation of mixtures and/or re-packaging and scientific research and development.
Fumaric Acid is used for the manufacture of: chemicals.


Release to the environment of Fumaric Acid can occur from industrial use: manufacturing of the substance, in the production of articles, as an intermediate step in further manufacturing of another substance (use of intermediates), for thermoplastic manufacture and of substances in closed systems with minimal release.


Release to the environment of Fumaric Acid can occur from industrial use: as an intermediate step in further manufacturing of another substance (use of intermediates), for thermoplastic manufacture and as processing aid.
Fumaric Acid is used as a seasoning, because E297 is the organic acid sourest taste.


Fumaric Acid is mainly used in the processing of meat products and fish products in food.
Fumaric acid can be used as acidity regulator, acidulant, antioxidant aid, pickling accelerator and spice.
Fumaric Acid has a strong buffering effect to keep the pH of the aqueous solution around 3.0, and plays an important role in inhibiting bacteria and mildew.


Fumaric Acid is widely used to make paints, plastics, in food processing and preserving, etc.
Fumaric Acid is used in the field of medicine and other uses such as mordant for dyes.
The esters of Fumaric acid are used for the treatment of psoriasis due to the antioxidants and anti-inflammation properties.


Fumaric acid is used as a food additive.
Fumaric Acid helps preserve the taste and quality of the food products due to the low water absorption capacity of the Fumaric acid.
Fumaric acid is used by pharmacies to produce ferrous fumarate and alexipharmic.


Fumaric acid is used in the production of Tartaric acid.
One of Fumaric Acid's properties is to inhibit or block malolactic fermentation at a certain concentration.
Fumaric Acid is therefore a tool of choice to limit the use of the SO2 previously used for this purpose.


When used in wine, Fumaric Acid enables you to control malolactic fermentation.
In fact, when added at an early stage after the end of alcoholic fermentation (fructose/glucose under 1 g/L), Fumaric Acid blocks all malolactic fermentation.


Added during malolactic fermentation, Fumaric Acid allows the fermentation to be partially completed.
Fumaric Acid is a tool of great interest when you wish to limit [the use of SO2] or make wines without SO2.
Fumaric Acid is widely used as a food additive.


Fumaric acid has been used in food and beverage products since the 1940s.
Food research shows that fumaric acid can improve quality and reduce the costs of many food and beverage products.
Fumaric Acid is non-hygroscopic (absorbs no moisture).


In the cosmetic industry, Fumaric Acid is used as a bath salt cleaning agent for dentures.
Fumaric Acid also is used in animal feeds.
Fumaric acid is used in oral pharmaceutical formulations and has been used clinically in the treatment of psoriasis.


Fumaric Acid is widely believed to effectively inhibit malolactic fermentation: existing bibliography describes Fumaric Acid as being efficient in preventing its microbiological onset and in blocking it once it has already started.
All of these interesting aspects make Fumaric Acid suitable for all vinification operations in which sulphur levels need to be contained.


For instance, Fumaric Acid is ideal for making sparkling wine bases, but also for making fine white, rosé or red wines, for those seeking the pleasant taste that malic acidity offers.
When dosed as recommended, Fumaric Acid causes a reduction in pH of approximately 1 to 2 tenths, depending on the wine’s buffer capacity, and increases total acidity compared to what would happen if tartaric acid were added.


However, according to current legislation, it is not classified as an acidifier, which means that it can be used even though Fumaric Acid is not included in the relevant register.
The effect of Fumaric Acid persists for as long as the molecule is present in the medium: for example, it has been observed to last for many months when added to wine once the fermentation process is complete, during refinement without Saccharomyces cerevisiae activity.


Before using Fumaric Acid, orientation tests should be carried out in the laboratory in order to be able to predict its effects on the sensory balance of the wine.
Fumaric Acid is the perfect complement in wine production lines for making wines without added sulphur dioxide.


Fumaric Acid is poorly soluble in water; the situation improves slightly in a hydroalcoholic solution and by raising the temperature, but not sufficiently enough.
Consequently, Fumaric Acid is advisable to prepare a solution directly on wine in a 1:10 ratio and to then homogeneously incorporate this preparation into the mass to be treated, without having to prepare a solution in water.


Fumaric acid attenuates the eotaxin-1 expression in TNF-α-stimulated fibroblasts by suppressing p38 MAPK-dependent NF-Κb signaling.
Fumaric acid has recently been identified as an oncometabolite or an endogenous, cancer-causing metabolite.
High levels of Fumaric Acid can be found in tumors or biofluids surrounding tumors.


Fumaric Acid's oncogenic action appears due to its ability to inhibit prolyl Hydroxylase-containing enzymes.
Fumaric acid has been used in food and beverage products for almost a century and is most commonly relied on to improve quality and reduce costs of many food, beverage, and animal feed products.


An effective tool for balancing the pH in food and beverages, fumaric acid controls the impact and intensity of sourness and flavor as well as having an anti-microbial and bactericidal effect.
Fumaric acid is completely non-hygroscopic, keeping powdered mixes from caking and hardening from moisture.


Fumaric Acid is also stronger than other acids, enabling the use of less product to achieve the same results–thereby improving economies by lowering ingredient cost.


-Food uses of Fumaric Acid:
Fumaric acid has been used as a food acidulant since 1946.
Fumaric Acid is approved for use as a food additive in the EU,[6] USA and Australia and New Zealand.

As a food additive, Fumaric Acid is used as an acidity regulator and can be denoted by the E number E297.
Fumaric Acid is generally used in beverages and baking powders for which requirements are placed on purity.
Fumaric acid is used in the making of wheat tortillas as a food preservative and as the acid in leavening.

Fumaric Acid is generally used as a substitute for tartaric acid and occasionally in place of citric acid, at a rate of 1 g of fumaric acid to every ~1.5 g of citric acid, in order to add sourness, similarly to the way malic acid is used.
As well as being a component of some artificial vinegar flavors, such as "Salt and Vinegar" flavored potato chips, Fumaric Acid is also used as a coagulant in stove-top pudding mixes.


-Medicine uses of Fumaric Acid:
Fumaric acid was developed as a medicine to treat the autoimmune condition psoriasis in the 1950s in Germany as a tablet containing 3 esters, primarily dimethyl fumarate, and marketed as Fumaderm by Biogen Idec in Europe.
Biogen would later go on to develop the main ester, dimethyl fumarate, as a treatment for multiple sclerosis.

In patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis, the ester dimethyl fumarate (BG-12, Biogen) significantly reduced relapse and disability progression in a phase 3 trial.
It activates the Nrf2 antioxidant response pathway, the primary cellular defense against the cytotoxic effects of oxidative stress.



FUNCTIONS AND APPLICATIONS OF FUMARIC ACID:
1. Fumaric Acid used as a seasoning, because E297 is the organic acid sourest taste.
Fumaric Acid three parts are as sour as the five parts of citric acid.

2. Fumaric Acid but also as an antioxidant, mordant (a substance that helps the dye adhere to fabric), and as a buffer (to help maintain a particular acidity or alkalinity).

3. Fumaric Acid is used to lower the pH (acid to make more things, which taste more sour).
This helps to a certain degree of anti-microbial agents, such as better work.
Fumaric Acid itself to kill bacteria.

4. Fumaric Acid break the bread dough the elastic protein gluten of the sulfur-sulfur bond.
This makes the dough more machinable.
Fumaric Acid is in the use of rye bread and yeast, making them more acid.

5. Fumaric Acid combined with leavening agent (carbon dioxide gas produced carbin to make bread rise) to create slow.
Because Fumaric Acid is only dissolved in warm water, leavening action postponed to start baking bread.

6. Fumaric Acid is also used to produce unsaturated polyester resins.



SYNTHESIS AND REACTIONS OF FUMARIC ACID:
Fumaric acid was first prepared from succinic acid.
A traditional synthesis involves oxidation of furfural (from the processing of maize) using chlorate in the presence of a vanadium-based catalyst.
Currently, industrial synthesis of fumaric acid is mostly based on catalytic isomerisation of maleic acid in aqueous solutions at low pH.
Maleic acid is accessible in large volumes as a hydrolysis product of maleic anhydride, produced by catalytic oxidation of benzene or butane.



ALTERNATIVE PARENTS OF FUMARIC ACID:
*Unsaturated fatty acids
*Carboxylic acids
*Organic oxides
*Hydrocarbon derivatives
*Carbonyl compounds



SUBSTITUENTS OF FUMARIC ACID:
*Fatty acyl
*Fatty acid
*Unsaturated fatty acid
*Dicarboxylic acid or derivatives
*Carboxylic acid
*Organic oxygen compound
*Organic oxide
*Hydrocarbon derivative
*Organooxygen compound
*Carbonyl group
*Aliphatic acyclic compound



BIOSYNTHESIS AND OCCURRENCE OF FUMARIC ACID:
Fumaric Acid is produced in eukaryotic organisms from succinate in complex 2 of the electron transport chain via the enzyme succinate dehydrogenase.
Fumaric Acid is one of two isomeric unsaturated dicarboxylic acids, the other being maleic acid.
In Fumaric Acid the carboxylic acid groups are trans (E) and in maleic acid they are cis (Z).



RELATED CARBOXYLIC ACIDS OF FUMARIC ACID:
*Maleic acid
*Succinic acid
*Crotonic acid



PREPARATION METHOD OF FUMARIC ACID:
Fumaric acid is produced by the isomerization of maleic acid.
In this reaction catalyst such as mineral, and acid is used.
Fumaric acid can be prepared by heating dilute Bromo succinic Acid in the presence of KOH.
Fumaric acid can be prepared by reduction of tartaric acid in presence of phosphorus and iodine.
Fumaric acid can be prepared by heating bromosuccinic acid with water.
Fumaric Acid can be prepared by heating Maleic acid above 200 0 C.



STRUCTURE OF FUMARIC ACID:
Fumaric Acid is made up of Carbon, Hydrogen, and oxygen.
The chemical formula fumaric acid is C4H4O4 .
Fumaric Acid is mostly found in its solid state and is white in color.

Fumaric Acid is also known as Allomaleic acid.
Fumaric Acid is a dicarboxylic acid.
The IUPAC name of Fumaric acid is (E)-Butenedioic acid.

Fumaric acid is the trans-isomer of butenedioic acid.
Fumaric Acid has a Carbon-carbon double bond.
The geometry of this molecular is E.
The molecular weight of Fumaric acid is 116 amu.



RELATED COMPOUNDS OF FUMARIC ACID:
*Fumaryl chloride
*Fumaronitrile
*Dimethyl fumarate
*Ammonium fumarate
*Iron(II) fumarate



PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF FUMARIC ACID:
Fumaric Acid mostly appears as a white-colored solid.
Fumaric Acid has a fruit-like odor.
The molecular weight of Fumaric acid is 116 amu.

Fumaric acid is Combustible but it is difficult to start a fire.
Fumaric acid undergoes sublimation at 200 C.
The melting point of Fumaric acid is 572 to 576 °F.
Chemical Properties of Fumaric Acid

Fumaric acid is soluble in ethanol and concentrated sulfuric acid.
It is soluble in alcohol but is insoluble in benzene, water, and chloroform.
The capacity of Fumaric Acid to absorb atmospheric moisture is very less.
The pH of Fumaric acid is 3.19

When Fumaric acid is heated in presence of Bayers reagent it gives rise to Racemic Tartaric Acid.
Fumaric Acid on Bromination gives 2,3-dibromosuccinic acid.
When Fumaric acid is heated in a closed vessel with water at a temperature of almost 150 – 170 °C it produces DL-malic acid.
When Fumaric acid and methanol are heated in the presence of Sulfuric acid it gives rise to Dimethyl fumarate.



WHAT ARE FUMARIC ACID ESTERS?
The fumaric acid esters (FAE) monoethyl fumarate (MEF) and dimethyl fumarate (DMF) are chemical compounds derived from the base compound fumaric acid.
Fumaric acid is a food additive commonly found in sweets and cakes. In this chemical state, fumaric acid is poorly absorbed and passes straight through the body without causing any effects.

On the other hand, fumaric acid esters are potent chemicals or drugs that have been used to treat psoriasis for over 30 years.
However, it is only within the last decade that serious clinical research has been carried out to determine their use, effectiveness and safety in the treatment of psoriasis and other skin conditions.

It is important to emphasise the difference between fumaric acid and fumaric acid esters. Fumaric acid formulations are available as health supplements and often marketed as a natural alternative medicine to treat psoriasis.
They are poorly absorbed by the gut and excreted via urine without having any therapeutic effect whatsoever.



WHAT IS THE HISTORY OF FUMARIC ACID ESTERS?
The use of fumaric acid esters in the treatment of psoriasis was first introduced in the late 1950s by the German chemist Schweckendiek.
A standardised fumaric acid protocol for psoriasis was developed and used FAEs both orally and topically (ointment and bathing solution).
Results were promising but were associated with serious side effects.

At that time it was thought that psoriasis was caused by a biochemical defect of the citric acid (Krebs) cycle, of which fumaric acid plays a role.
Although the mode of action of FAEs and their place in psoriasis therapy remains unclear, evidence suggests that it has nothing to do with the Krebs cycle and the major active compound appears to be dimethyl fumarate (DMF).
This is thought to work by correcting the immunological imbalance that exists in psoriasis (shifting from a Th1 pattern of immune response to a Th2 one).



WHO USES FUMARIC ACID ESTERS?
Fumaric acid esters have been used to treat severe psoriasis in northern Europe for over 20 years.
Many recent studies have shown that FAEs is an effective therapy in patients with severe psoriasis who have tried and failed conventional psoriasis treatments.

Patients tolerating FAE therapy can expect a 75% improvement in their psoriasis in four months.
Also, FAEs are being used in combination with second-line drugs such as ciclosporin, methotrexate and hydroxyurea for an additional benefit or to facilitate dose reduction of the second line agent.



PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of FUMARIC ACID:
Molecular Weight: 116.07 g/mol
XLogP3: -0.3
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 2
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 4
Rotatable Bond Count: 2
Exact Mass: 116.01095860 g/mol
Monoisotopic Mass: 116.01095860 g/mol
Topological Polar Surface Area: 74.6Ų
Heavy Atom Count: 8
Formal Charge: 0
Complexity: 119
Isotope Atom Count: 0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 1
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 1
Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes
Molecular Weight: 116.07
Melting Point: 287 °C
Boiling Point: 156 °C
Physical state: solid
Color: No data available
Odor: No data available
Melting point/freezing point:
Melting point/range: 298 - 300 °C


Initial boiling point and boiling range: 290 °C at 1.013 hPa - (sublimed)
Flammability (solid, gas): No data available
Upper/lower flammability or explosive limits: No data available
Flash point: 273 °C - DIN 51758
Autoignition temperature: No data available
Decomposition temperature: No data available
pH: No data available
Viscosity
Viscosity, kinematic: No data available
Viscosity, dynamic: No data available
Water solubility: No data available
Partition coefficient: n-octanol/water: No data available
Vapor pressure: No data available
Density: 1,64 g/cm3 at 20 °C
Relative density: No data available
Relative vapor density: No data available
Particle characteristics: No data available
Explosive properties: No data available
Oxidizing properties: No data available
Other safety information: No data available
Appearance: white colorless crystalline powder (est)
Assay: 99.00 to 100.00
Food Chemicals Codex Listed: Yes
Melting Point: 298.00 to 300.00 °C. @ 760.00 mm Hg
Boiling Point: 156.00 °C. @ 1.70 mm Hg
Vapor Pressure: 0.000005 mmHg @ 25.00 °C. (est)

CAS number: 110-17-8
EC index number: 607-146-00-X
EC number: 203-743-0
Hill Formula: C₄H₄O₄
Chemical formula: HOOCCHCHCOOH
Molar Mass: 116.07 g/mol
HS Code: 2917 19 80
Boiling point: 290 °C (1013 hPa) (sublimed)
Density: 1.64 g/cm3 (20 °C)
Flash point: 273 °C
Ignition temperature: 375 °C
Melting Point: 287 °C
pH value: 2.1 (4.9 g/l, H₂O, 20 °C)
Vapor pressure: Solubility: 4.9 g/l
Chemical formula: C4H4O4
Molar mass: 116.072 g·mol−1
Appearance: White solid
Density: 1.635 g/cm3
Melting point: 287 °C (549 °F; 560 K)
Solubility in water: 4.9 g/L at 20 °C
Acidity (pKa): pka1 = 3.03, pka2 = 4.44 (15 °C, cis isomer)
Magnetic susceptibility (χ): −49.11·10−6 cm3/mol
Dipole moment: non zero

Flash Point: > 230.00 °F. TCC ( > 110.00 °C. )
logP (o/w): 0.460
Soluble in:
alcohol
oils, slightly
water, 1.042e+005 mg/L @ 25 °C (est)
water, 7000 mg/L @ 25 °C (exp)
Chemical Formula: C4H4O4
Average Molecular Weight: 116.0722
Monoisotopic Molecular Weight: 116.010958616
IUPAC Name: (2E)-but-2-enedioic acid
Traditional Name: fumaric acid
CAS Registry Number: 110-17-8
SMILES: OC(=O)\C=C\C(O)=O
InChI Identifier: InChI=1S/C4H4O4/c5-3(6)1-2-4(7)8/h1-2H,(H,5,6)(H,7,8)/b2-1+
InChI Key: VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-OWOJBTEDSA-N
Molar Weight: 116.07 g/mol
Melting Point: 287.0°C
Boiling Point: 522 °C
Flash Point: 230.0°C
Min. Purity Spec: 99% (HPLC)
Physical Form (at 20°C): Solid
Melting Point: 131-133°C

Density: 1.6
Long-Term Storage: Store long-term in a cool, dry place
Water Solubility: 24.1 g/L
logP: 0.21
logP: -0.041
logS: -0.68
pKa (Strongest Acidic): 3.55
Physiological Charge: -2
Hydrogen Acceptor Count: 4
Hydrogen Donor Count: 2
Polar Surface Area: 74.6 Ų
Rotatable Bond Count: 2
Refractivity: 24.61 m³·mol⁻¹
Polarizability: 9.35 ų
Number of Rings: 0
Bioavailability: 1
Rule of Five: Yes
Ghose Filter: Yes
Veber's Rule: Yes
MDDR-like Rule: Yes
Chemical formula: C4H4O4
Molecular weight: 116.072 g/mol
Density: 1.635 g/cm3
Boiling point: White solid
Melting point: 287 °C

Chemical formula: C4H4O4
(COOH)CH=CH(COOH)
Molar mass: 116.072 g/mol
Odor: Odorless
Density: 1.635 g/cm3 (20 °C)
Melting point: 287 °C (549 °F; 560 K) (decomposition)
Boiling point: Decomposes
Solubility in water:
0.49 g/100 ml (20 °C)
0.70 g/100 ml (25 °C)
1.07 g/100 ml (40 °C)
2.40 g/100 ml (60 °C)
9.80 g/100 ml (100 °C)
Solubility: Soluble in alcohols
Solubility in acetone: 1.29 g/100 ml (20 °C)
1.72 g/100 ml (29.7 °C)
Solubility in benzene: 0.003 g/100 ml (25 °C)
Solubility in carbon tetrachloride: 0.027 g/100 ml (25 °C)
Solubility in chloroform: 0.02 g/100 ml (25 °C)
Solubility in diethyl ether: 1.01 g/100 ml (25 °C)
Vapor pressure: 1.54·10-4 mmHg at 25 °C
Acidity (pKa): pKa1= 3.03
pKa2= 4.44
Thermochemistry
Std molar entropy (So298): 168 J·mol−1·K−1
Std enthalpy of formation (ΔfHo298): -811.7 kJ/mol

Melting Point: 295.0°C to 300.0°C
Color: White
Density: 1.6200g/mL
Flash Point: 230°C
Infrared Spectrum: Authentic
Linear Formula: HO2CCH=CHCO2H
Beilstein: 02, IV, 2202
Fieser: 05,319
Merck Index: 15, 4316
Specific Gravity: 1.62
Solubility Information: Solubility in water: 6.3g/l (25°C).
Other solubilities: 0.72g/100g ether (25°C)- 1.72g/100g acetone,
(30°C)- 5.76g/100 g 95% alcohol (30°C),
practically insoluble in chloroform,carbon tetra-,chloride and benzene
IUPAC Name: (2E)-but-2-enedioic acid
Formula Weight: 116.07
Percent Purity: 99+%
Physical Form: Fine Crystalline Powder
Chemical Name or Material: Fumaric acid



FIRST AID MEASURES of FUMARIC ACID:
-Description of first-aid measures:
*General advice:
Show this material safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
*If inhaled:
After inhalation:
Rresh air.
*In case of skin contact:
Take off immediately all contaminated clothing.
Rinse skin with water/ shower.
*In case of eye contact:
After eye contact:
Rinse out with plenty of water.
Call in ophthalmologist.
Remove contact lenses.
*If swallowed:
After swallowing:
Immediately make victim drink water (two glasses at most).
Consult a physician.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed:
No data available



ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of FUMARIC ACID:
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Cover drains.
Collect, bind, and pump off spills.
Take up dry.
Dispose of properly.


FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of FUMARIC ACID:
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Water
Foam
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Dry powder
*Unsuitable extinguishing media:
For this substance/mixture no limitations of extinguishing agents are given.
-Further information:
Prevent fire extinguishing water from contaminating surface water or the ground water system.



EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of FUMARIC ACID:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use Safety glasses.
*Skin protection:
Full contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Splash contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
*Body Protection:
protective clothing
-Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.



HANDLING and STORAGE of FUMARIC ACID:
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
*Storage conditions:
Tightly closed.
Dry.



STABILITY and REACTIVITY of FUMARIC ACID:
-Chemical stability:
The product is chemically stable under standard ambient conditions (room temperature) .
-Incompatible materials:
No data available



SYNONYMS:
fumaric acid
110-17-8
2-Butenedioic acid
trans-Butenedioic acid
Allomaleic acid
fumarate
Lichenic acid
Boletic acid
Tumaric acid
(2E)-but-2-enedioic acid
trans-1,2-Ethylenedicarboxylic acid
Allomalenic acid
But-2-enedioic acid
trans-2-Butenedioic acid
(E)-2-Butenedioic acid
Fumaricum acidum
2-Butenedioic acid, (E)-
Kyselina fumarova
Butenedioic acid
2-Butenedioic acid (E)-
USAF EK-P-583
Butenedioic acid, (E)-
FEMA No. 2488
(2E)-2-butenedioic acid
Caswell No. 465E
FEMA Number 2488
NSC-2752
trans-butenedioic acid
Boletic acid
Bbut-2-enedioic acid
Butene dioic acid
Butenedioic acid
1,2-ethylene dicarboxylic acid
Alpha,beta- ethylene-1,2-dicarboxylic acid
1,2-ethylenedicarboxylic acid
Lichenic acid
allo maleic acid
allo-maleic acid
allo-malenic acid
Tumaric acid
1,2-Ethenedicarboxylic acid, trans-
Allomaleic acid
Tumaric acid
2-Butenedioic acid
trans-Butenedioic acid
Allomaleic acid
Boletic acid
Lichenic acid
Boletic acid
Allomaleic acid
Trans-butenedioic acid
Trans-1,2-Ethylenedicarboxylic acid
2 - Butenedioic Acid
Allomaleic Acid
Boleic Acid
E 297
Lichenic Acid
trans - Butenedioic Acid
Trans Isomer of Maleic Acid
(2E)-2-Butenedioic acid
(2E)-But-2-enedioate
(2E)-But-2-enedioic acid
(E)-2-Butenedioate
(E)-2-Butenedioic acid
(E)-2-butenedioic acid, ion(2-)
(E)-HO2CCH=CHCO2H
1, 2-Ethenedicarboxylic acid, trans-
1,2-Ethenedicarboxylic acid, trans-
1,2-Ethylenedicarboxylic acid, (E)
2-(E)-Butenedioate
2-(E)-Butenedioic acid
2-butenedioic acid
2-Butenedioic acid (E)-
2-Butenedioic acid, (E)-
Allomaleate
Allomaleic acid
Boletate
Boletic acid
Butenedioic acid, (E)-
Fumarate
Fumaric acid
Kyselina fumarova
Lichenate
Lichenic acid
sodium fumarate
trans-1,2-Ethylenedicarboxylate
trans-1,2-Ethylenedicarboxylic acid
trans-2-Butenedioate
trans-2-Butenedioic acid
trans-Butenedioate
trans-Butenedioic acid
Tumaric acid
e297
Fumarsaeure
trans-But-2-enedioic acid
(2E)-2-Butenedioate
trans-But-2-enedioate
FC 33
Furamag
Mafusol
Fumarsaeure
Allomaleic-acid
Boletic-acid
Lichenic acid (VAN)
2-Butenedioic acid (2E)-
1,2-Ethylenedicarboxylic acid, (E)
CCRIS 1039
HSDB 710
2-(E)-Butenedioic acid
Kyselina fumarova [Czech]
trans-but-2-enedioic acid
(E)-but-2-enedioic acid
U-1149
ammonium fumarate
(E)-Butenedioic acid
1,2-Ethenedicarboxylic acid, trans-
EPA Pesticide Chemical Code 051201
AI3-24236
6915-18-0
EINECS 203-743-0
fumarate, 10
BRN 0605763
Fumaric acid (NF)
Fumaric acid [NF]
INS NO.297
DTXSID3021518
UNII-88XHZ13131
CHEBI:18012
E-2-Butenedioic acid
Fumaric acid (8CI)
INS-297
NSC2752
ethylenedicarboxylic acid
FC 33 (acid)
88XHZ13131
E297
DTXCID601518
Maleic acid-2,3-13C2
E-297
2(TRANS)-BUTENEDIOIC ACID
EC 203-743-0
4-02-00-02202 (Beilstein Handbook Reference)
fum
Maleic-2,3-d2 acid
F0067
FUMARIC ACID (II)
FUMARIC ACID [II]
(E)-2-Butenedioate
Fumaric acid 1000 microg/mL in Acetonitrile:Water
FUMARIC ACID (MART.)
FUMARIC ACID [MART.]
FUMARIC ACID (USP-RS)
FUMARIC ACID [USP-RS]
(2E)-but-2-enedioate
FUMARIC ACID (USP IMPURITY)
FUMARIC ACID [USP IMPURITY]
Donitic acid
but-2-enedioicacid
CAS-110-17-8
trans-1,2-Ethenedicarboxylic acid
MALIC ACID IMPURITY A (EP IMPURITY)
MALIC ACID IMPURITY A [EP IMPURITY]
(E)-1,2-Ethylenedicarboxylic acid
trans-1,2-Ethylenediccarboxylic acid
SODIUM AUROTHIOMALATE IMPURITY B (EP IMPURITY)
SODIUM AUROTHIOMALATE IMPURITY B [EP IMPURITY]
fumarsaure
Allomaleate
Boletate
Lichenate
Acide fumarique
Acido lichenico
fumeric acid
Acido boletico
Acido fumarico
Acidum fumaricum
Acido allomaleico
trans-Butenedioate
NCGC00091192-02
24461-33-4
26099-09-2
Fumaric Acid,(S)
MFCD00002700
trans-2-Butendisaure
trans-2-Butenedioate
2-(E)-Butenedioate
Fumaric acid, 99%
Acido trans butendioico
FUM (CHRIS Code)
trans-Ethylendicarbonsaure
(Trans)-butenedioic acid
Fumaric acid, >=99%
FEMA Number: 2488
bmse000083
D03GOO
FUMARIC ACID [MI]
WLN: QV1U1VQ-T
FUMARIC ACID [FCC]
Futrans-2-Butenedioic Acid
SCHEMBL1177
FUMARIC ACID [FHFI]
FUMARIC ACID [HSDB]
FUMARIC ACID [INCI]
FUMARIC ACID [VANDF]
MLS002454406
1,2-ethylenedicarboxylic acid
2-butenedioic acid, (2E)-
(2E)-2-Butenedioic acid #
S04-0167
FUMARIC ACID [WHO-DD]
CHEMBL503160
FUMARICUM ACIDUM [HPUS]
trans-1,2-Ethylenedicarboxylate
BDBM26122
CHEBI:22958
2-Butenedioic acid (2E-(9CI)
HMS2270C12
Pharmakon1600-01301022
Fumaric acid, >=99.0% (T)
AMY30339
STR02646
Acido trans 1,2-etenedicarbossilico
Tox21_201769
Tox21_302826
2-Butenedioic acid (2E)- (9CI)
Acido trans 1,2-etilendicarbossilico
Fumaric acid, >=99%, FCC, FG
LS-500
NA9126
NSC760395
s4952
AKOS000118896
Fumaric acid, qNMR Standard for DMSO
CCG-266065
CS-W016599
DB01677
HY-W015883
NSC-760395
OR17920
USEPA/OPP Pesticide Code: 051201
NCGC00091192-01
NCGC00091192-03
NCGC00256360-01
NCGC00259318-01
BP-13087
Fumaric acid, tested according to USP/NF
SMR000112117
Fumaric acid, puriss., >=99.5% (T)
EN300-17996
Fumaric acid, Vetec(TM) reagent grade, 99%
C00122
D02308
D85166
Q139857
Fumaric acid, BioReagent, suitable for cell culture
J-002389
Fumarate
2-Butenedioic acid
Trans-Butenedioic acid
Z57127460
F8886-8257
Fumaric acid, certified reference material, TraceCERT(R)
26B3632D-E93F-4655-90B0-3C17855294BA
Fumaric acid, anhydrous, free-flowing, Redi-Dri(TM), >=99%
Fumaric acid, European Pharmacopoeia (EP) Reference Standard
Fumaric acid, United States Pharmacopeia (USP) Reference Standard
Fumaric Acid, Pharmaceutical Secondary Standard; Certified Reference Material
623158-97-4
2-Butenedioic acid (E)-
trans-Butenedioic Acid
trans-1,2-Ethylenedicarboxylic Acid
Allomaleic acid
Boletic acid
Lichenic acid
Tumaric acid
(E)-2-Butenedioic acid
(E)-HO2CCH=CHCO2H
Butenedioic acid, (E)-
NSC-2752
U-1149
USAF EK-P-583
1,2-Ethenedicarboxylic acid, trans-
1,2-Ethylenedicarboxylic acid, (E)
2-Butenedioic acid (2E)-
(2E)-But-2-enedioic acid
Fumaric acid
trans-1,2-Ethylenedicarboxylic acid
2-Butenedioic acid
trans-Butenedioic acid
Allomaleic acid
Boletic acid
Donitic acid
Lichenic acid
ALLOMALEIC ACID
BOLETIC ACID
(E)-BUTENEDIOIC ACID
(E)-1,2-ETHYLENEDICARBOXYLIC ACID
(2E)-2-Butenedioic acid
(e)-2-Butenedioic acid
e297
Fumarsaeure
trans-1,2-Ethylenedicarboxylic acid
trans-But-2-enedioic acid
trans-Butenedioic acid
(2E)-2-Butenedioate
(e)-2-Butenedioate
trans-1,2-Ethylenedicarboxylate
trans-But-2-enedioate
trans-Butenedioate
Fumarate
(2E)-But-2-enedioate
(2E)-But-2-enedioic acid
2-(e)-Butenedioate
2-(e)-Butenedioic acid
Allomaleate
Allomaleic acid
Boletate
Boletic acid
FC 33
Lichenate
Lichenic acid
trans-2-Butenedioate
trans-2-Butenedioic acid
Furamag
Mafusol
Fumaric acid
(2E)-But-2-enedioic acid
2-Butenedioic acid
Allomaleic acid
Boletic acid
Donitic acid
E297
Lichenic acid
trans-1,2-Ethylenedicarboxylic acid
trans-Butenedioic acid



FUMARIC ACID
SYNONYMS 2-Butenedioic acid; 1,2-Ethylenedicarboxylic Acid; Allomaleic Acid; trans-Butanedioic Acid; (E)-2-Butenedioic acid; trans-1,2-Ethylenedicarboxylic acid; Allomaleic acid; Boletic acid; CAS NO. 110-17-8
FUMARIC ACID E297
DESCRIPTION:
Fumaric acid E297 is an organic compound with the formula HO2CCH=CHCO2H.
A white solid, fumaric acid occurs widely in nature.
Fumaric acid E297 has a fruit-like taste and has been used as a food additive.

CAS Number , 110-17-8
EC Number , 203-743-0


SYNONYMS OF FUMARIC ACID E297:
Fumaric acid,trans-1,2-Ethylenedicarboxylic acid,2-Butenedioic acid,trans-Butenedioic acid,Allomaleic acid,Boletic acid,Donitic acid,Lichenic acid


Its E number is E297.
The salts and esters are known as fumarates.
Fumarate can also refer to the C4H2O2−4 ion (in solution).
Fumaric acid E297 is the trans isomer of butenedioic acid, while maleic acid is the cis isomer.

Fumaric acid E297, the strongest organic food acid commonly used as a flavoring agent and pH control agent.
Fumaric acid E297 provides more sourness than other acidulants, e.g. citric acid (E330) and malic acid (E296) in food.
The European food additive number for it is E297.

Chemical formula C4H4O4 is a compound in the category of trans-butene dioic acid, unsaturated carboxylic acids with crystals in the form of small prisms with open formula HO2CCH = CHCO2H.
Fumaric acid E297 is also called ethylene dicarboxylic acid.

Fumaric acid coded E297, found in most vegetables and fruits and is a natural acid.
Fumaric acid E297 is usually found in fungi and liver.

Fumaric acid E297 is the (cis-) isomer of matureic acid.
White odorless granule or crystalline powder.
Less soluble in water and ether, soluble in alcohol and very little soluble in chloroform.




PRODUCTION AND REACTIONS OF FUMARIC ACID E297:
Commercial production is carried out by sugar fermentation and chemical synthesis.
Feomidium can be produced by side reactions under appropriate temperature and conditions.
Salts and esters are known as fumarates.
As a result of hydration of formic acid, conversion to malic acid is observed.


BIOSYNTHESIS AND OCCURRENCE OF FUMARIC ACID E297:
It is produced in eukaryotic organisms from succinate in complex 2 of the electron transport chain via the enzyme succinate dehydrogenase.
Fumaric acid is found in fumitory (Fumaria officinalis), bolete mushrooms (specifically Boletus fomentarius var. pseudo-igniarius), lichen, and Iceland moss.

Fumarate is an intermediate in the citric acid cycle used by cells to produce energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) from food.
Fumaric acid E297 is formed by the oxidation of succinate by the enzyme succinate dehydrogenase.

Fumarate is then converted by the enzyme fumarase to malate.
Human skin naturally produces fumaric acid when exposed to sunlight.
Fumarate is also a product of the urea cycle.



USES OF FUMARIC ACID E297:

Fumaric acid E297 is widely believed to effectively inhibit malolactic fermentation: existing bibliography describes it as being efficient in preventing its microbiological onset and in blocking it once it has already started.
All of these interesting aspects make it suitable for all vinification operations in which sulphur levels need to be contained.
For instance, it is ideal for making sparkling wine bases, but also for making fine white, rosé or red wines, for those seeking the pleasant taste that malic acidity offers.

When dosed as recommended, it causes a reduction in pH of approximately 1 to 2 tenths, depending on the wine’s buffer capacity, and increases total acidity compared to what would happen if tartaric acid were added.
However, according to current legislation, it is not classified as an acidifier, which means that it can be used even though it is not included in the relevant register.

The effect of Fumaric acid E297 persists for as long as the molecule is present in the medium: for example, it has been observed to last for many months when added to wine once the fermentation process is complete, during refinement without Saccharomyces cerevisiae activity.
Before using Fumaric acid E297, orientation tests should be carried out in the laboratory in order to be able to predict its effects on the sensory balance of the wine.
Fumaric acid E297 is the perfect complement in wine production lines for making wines without added sulphur dioxide

Food:
Fumaric acid has been used as a food acidulant since 1946.
Fumaric acid E297 is approved for use as a food additive in the EU,[6] USA[7] and Australia and New Zealand.
As a food additive, it is used as an acidity regulator and can be denoted by the E number E297.

Fumaric acid E297 is generally used in beverages and baking powders for which requirements are placed on purity.
Fumaric acid is used in the making of wheat tortillas as a food preservative and as the acid in leavening.
Fumaric acid E297 is generally used as a substitute for tartaric acid and occasionally in place of citric acid, at a rate of 1 g of fumaric acid to every ~1.5 g of citric acid, in order to add sourness, similarly to the way malic acid is used.

As well as being a component of some artificial vinegar flavors, such as "Salt and Vinegar" flavored potato chips,[10] it is also used as a coagulant in stove-top pudding mixes.
The European Commission Scientific Committee on Animal Nutrition, part of DG Health, found in 2014 that fumaric acid is "practically non-toxic" but high doses are probably nephrotoxic after long-term use.


Fumaric acid is used in powder food production because it has low moisture retention in this sector.
It can be used as acidity regulator without changing the taste of foods.
Fruit juices, gelatinous desserts, chilled biscuit systems, wines, green foods, and sodium benzoate are used as preservatives, while fumaric acid is preferred to regulate acidity.

In rye and sour dough breads, the aroma density can be adjusted with fumaric acid in the dry mixture stage.
Fumaric acid E297 is used to improve pore structure in muffin type foods.
Fumaric acid E297 is used to extend the life of the confectionery because the moisture absorption rate is very low.

Fumaric acid E297 is Also used as anti-caking.
Fumaric acid E297 is used in paint and fast-drying inks.

Health:
It was observed that dimethyl fumarate decreased the progression of disability in multiplsclerosis after certain stages.

Medicine:
Fumaric acid was developed as a medicine to treat the autoimmune condition psoriasis in the 1950s in Germany as a tablet containing 3 esters, primarily dimethyl fumarate, and marketed as Fumaderm by Biogen Idec in Europe.
Biogen would later go on to develop the main ester, dimethyl fumarate, as a treatment for multiple sclerosis.

In patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis, the ester dimethyl fumarate (BG-12, Biogen) significantly reduced relapse and disability progression in a phase 3 trial.
Fumaric acid E297 activates the Nrf2 antioxidant response pathway, the primary cellular defense against the cytotoxic effects of oxidative stress.
Other uses:
Fumaric acid is used in the manufacture of polyester resins and polyhydric alcohols and as a mordant for dyes.
When fumaric acid is added to their feed, lambs produce up to 70% less methane during digestion.[13]


SYNTHESIS OF FUMARIC ACID E297:
Fumaric acid is produced based on catalytic isomerisation of maleic acid in aqueous solutions at low pH.
Fumaric acid E297 precipitates from the reaction solution.
Maleic acid is accessible in large volumes as a hydrolysis product of maleic anhydride, produced by catalytic oxidation of benzene or butane.


HISTORIC AND LABORATORY ROUTES OF FUMARIC ACID E297:
Fumaric acid was first prepared from succinic acid.
A traditional synthesis involves oxidation of furfural (from the processing of maize) using chlorate in the presence of a vanadium-based catalyst.

REACTIONS OF FUMARIC ACID E297:
The chemical properties of fumaric acid can be anticipated from its component functional groups.
This weak acid forms a diester, it undergoes bromination across the double bond,[16] and it is a good dienophile.


PROPERTIES OF FUMARIC ACID E297:
Appearance:
Fumaric acid E297 is a white or nearly white crystalline powder or granular with a clean, persistent sourness with dryness.
The sourness is around 1.5 times that of citric acid.

PKa:
Fumaric acid is a weak organic acid containing two carboxylic acid functional groups and as a result it has two PKa values, PKa1 = 3.03 and PKa2 = 4.44.
Its PKa1 and PKa2 value is higher than that of citrate acid and malic acid.

PH :
Fumaric acid is an unsaturated di-carbonic acid and it has 2 dissociation equilibrium equations.
Its PH value is 2.03 in the concentration of 100 mM (0.1mol/L).

Calculation of the PH Value:
The method to calculate its PH is the same way with that of malic acid.
Fumaric acid E297 is a relatively strong acid and has a strong buffering property to maintain the pH of the aqueous solution at around 3.0, which is important for preservatives that function around pH 3.0.
Fumaric acid helps stabilize the pH of a fruit juice drink, which in turn makes colour and flavour stable.
Therefore, it is often used together with preservatives, such as sodium benzoate (E211).


Solubility:
In water:
Fumaric acid E297 has a solubility of 0.5% (0.5g/100ml) at 20°C in water while citric, malic and tartaric acid are all very soluble in water.
The hydrophobic of fumaric acid makes it an effective antimicrobial agent because it can disrupt microbial activity by interacting with lipid materials on the microbial cell wall.

In organic solvents:
Soluble in alcohol, slightly soluble in oils. Slightly soluble in acetone with solubility 1.29g/100g at 20°C. (7)


BENEFITS OF FUMARIC ACID E297:
Treatment of Psoriasis:
Due to its poor absorption after oral intake, fumaric acid esters, such as monoethyl fumarate (MEF) and dimethyl fumarate (DMF) are used for the treatment of psoriasis.
However, several side effects occurred in the studies from the year 1990-1998. Including (8):
• Flushing
• Diarrhoea
• Kidney retention
• A reversible elevation of transaminases, lymphocytopenia and eosinophilia.
• Gastrointestinal complaints, mild stomach upsets, increased frequency of defecation and tenesmus, to stomach cramps, tympanites and diarrhoea.


USES OF FUMARIC ACID E297:
Fumaric acid is the strongest organic food acid.
Fumaric acid E297 is used as a flavoring agent for its sourness taste, and an antimicrobial agent for its hydrophobic characteristic.
Generally, it is used in food, beverage, animal nutrition, cosmetics, and pharmaceutical industry.


Food:
When compared to other acidulants like citric acid, fumaric acid can be used in dry mix products as it is non-hygroscopic and will not absorb moisture.
This advantage makes dry mix products do not cake or harden during storage.
In beverage, fumaric acid functions as a PH control agent and enhancing flavor.


Besides this beverage application, we can also find the following food products containing it and its other functions (9):
Bakery and tortillas: as a leavening acid in the leavening agent and also acts as a flavoring agent for savory baked goods.
Confectionaries and desserts: non-hygroscopic agent.
Chewing gum: slow dissolution and hydrophobicity property, prolongs the sourness in the mouth so that it enhances the flavor of chewing gum.


Cosmetics:
Per the “European Commission database for information on cosmetic substances and ingredients”, it acts as a buffering in cosmetic and personal care products.



CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF FUMARIC ACID E297

Chemical formula, C4H4O4
Molar mass, 116.072 g•mol−1
Appearance, White solid
Density, 1.635 g/cm3
Melting point, 287 °C (549 °F; 560 K) (decomposes)[2]
Solubility in water, 4.9 g/L at 20 °C[1]
Acidity (pKa), pka1 = 3.03, pka2 = 4.44 (15 °C, cis isomer)
Magnetic susceptibility (χ), −49.11•10−6 cm3/mol
Dipole moment, non zero
Other Names, Boletic acidAllomaleic acidTrans-butenedioic acidTrans-1,2-Ethylenedicarboxylic acid
CAS Number, 110-17-8
Chemical formula, C4H4O4
Molecular Weight, 116.072
Melting Point, 287 °C
Boiling Point, 156 °C
CAS number: 110-17-8
ChemSpider: 10197150
UNII: 88XHZ13131
EC Number: 203-743-0
DrugBank: DB04299
KEGG: C00122
Chebi: 18012
CHEMBL503160
ATC code: D05AX01
Molecular formula: C4H4O4
Molar mass: 116.07 g / mol
Appearance: White solid
Density: 1.635 g / cm3, solid
Melting point: 287 ° C
Solubility in water: 0.63 g / 100 mL
Acid (pKa): pka1 = 3.03, pka2 = 4.44
EU classification: Irritant (Xi)
R-phrases: R36
S-phrases: (S2) S26
Other names: Trans-butenedioic acid
APPEARANCE, WHITE CRYSTAL POWDER
CONTENT, 99.5 %-100.5%
MELTING POINT, 294-300
ARSENIC mg/kg, ≤3
HEAVEY METAL(AS Pb), ≤10ppm
MALEIC ACID %, ≤0.10%
RESIDUE ON IGNTION, ≤0.10%
MOISTURE, ≤0.5%
Melting point , 298-300 °C (subl.)(lit.)
Boiling point , 137.07°C (rough estimate)
density , 1.62
vapor pressure , 1.7 mm Hg ( 165 °C)
FEMA , 2488 | FUMARIC ACID
refractive index , 1.5260 (estimate)
Fp , 230 °C
storage temp. , Store below +30°C.
solubility , 95% ethanol: soluble0.46g/10 mL, clear, colorless
form , Fine Crystalline Powder
pka, 3.02, 4.38(at 25ºC)
color , White
PH, 2.1 (4.9g/l, H2O, 20ºC)
explosive limit, 40%
Water Solubility , 0.63 g/100 mL (25 ºC)
JECFA Number, 618
Merck , 14,4287
BRN , 605763
Stability:, Stable at room temperature. Decomposes at around 230 C. Incompatible with strong oxidizing agents, bases, reducing agents. Combustible.
InChIKey, VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-OWOJBTEDSA-N
CAS DataBase Reference, 110-17-8(CAS DataBase Reference)
NIST Chemistry Reference, Fumaric acid(110-17-8)
EPA Substance Registry System, Fumaric acid (110-17-8)



QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS ABOUT FUMARIC ACID E297
WHAT IS FUMARIC ACID?:
Fumaric acid E297 is a weak organic acid (a dicarboxylic acid) commercially made from maleic acid and with chemical formula C4H4O4.
Fumaric acid E297 is a precursor for the production of other acids, like L-aspartic acid and L-malic acid.
Fumarate, citrate and malate are all the intermediate in the tricarboxylic acid cycle or KREBS cycle to produce energy in the form of ATP in our humans and most living cells.


What are the Natural Sources?
Fumaric acid E297 can be naturally found in fumitory, bolete mushrooms, lichen, and Iceland moss.
Also, Fumaric acid E297 presents in fruits such as apple and watermelon.
Generally, it is less found in most fruits than another two acidulants, citric acid and malic acid.


How is it Made?:
Fumaric acid can be produced by the isomerization of maleic acid or glucose fermentation.
The following are the two manufacturing processes:

1. Isomerization of Maleic Acid:
Commonly the production is chemically synthesized from isomerization of maleic acid which is the hydrolysis of maleic anhydride.
Maleic anhydride is the cis-counterpart of fumaric acid.
Fumaric acid E297 is manufactured from butane, butene, or benzene from petroleum are the starting materials.

2. Sugar fermentation:
Fermentation by Rhizopus species using glucose or other carbohydrate substrates.
SAFETY INFORMATION ABOUT FUMARIC ACID E297 :
First aid measures:
Description of first aid measures:
General advice:
Consult a physician.
Show this safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
Move out of dangerous area:

If inhaled:
If breathed in, move person into fresh air.
If not breathing, give artificial respiration.
Consult a physician.
In case of skin contact:
Take off contaminated clothing and shoes immediately.
Wash off with soap and plenty of water.
Consult a physician.

In case of eye contact:
Rinse thoroughly with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes and consult a physician.
Continue rinsing eyes during transport to hospital.

If swallowed:
Do NOT induce vomiting.
Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person.
Rinse mouth with water.
Consult a physician.

Firefighting measures:
Extinguishing media:
Suitable extinguishing media:
Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.
Special hazards arising from the substance or mixture
Carbon oxides, Nitrogen oxides (NOx), Hydrogen chloride gas

Advice for firefighters:
Wear self-contained breathing apparatus for firefighting if necessary.
Accidental release measures:
Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures
Use personal protective equipment.

Avoid breathing vapours, mist or gas.
Evacuate personnel to safe areas.

Environmental precautions:
Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so.
Do not let product enter drains.
Discharge into the environment must be avoided.

Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Soak up with inert absorbent material and dispose of as hazardous waste.
Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.

Handling and storage:
Precautions for safe handling:
Avoid inhalation of vapour or mist.

Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place.
Containers which are opened must be carefully resealed and kept upright to prevent leakage.
Storage class (TRGS 510): 8A: Combustible, corrosive hazardous materials

Exposure controls/personal protection:
Control parameters:
Components with workplace control parameters
Contains no substances with occupational exposure limit values.
Exposure controls:
Appropriate engineering controls:
Handle in accordance with good industrial hygiene and safety practice.
Wash hands before breaks and at the end of workday.

Personal protective equipment:
Eye/face protection:
Tightly fitting safety goggles.
Faceshield (8-inch minimum).
Use equipment for eye protection tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or EN 166(EU).

Skin protection:
Handle with gloves.
Gloves must be inspected prior to use.
Use proper glove
removal technique (without touching glove's outer surface) to avoid skin contact with this product.
Dispose of contaminated gloves after use in accordance with applicable laws and good laboratory practices.
Wash and dry hands.

Full contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0.11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Material tested:Dermatril (KCL 740 / Aldrich Z677272, Size M)
Splash contact
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0.11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Material tested:Dermatril (KCL 740 / Aldrich Z677272, Size M)
It should not be construed as offering an approval for any specific use scenario.

Body Protection:
Complete suit protecting against chemicals, The type of protective equipment must be selected according to the concentration and amount of the dangerous substance at the specific workplace.
Respiratory protection:
Where risk assessment shows air-purifying respirators are appropriate use a fullface respirator with multi-purpose combination (US) or type ABEK (EN 14387) respirator cartridges as a backup to engineering controls.

If the respirator is the sole means of protection, use a full-face supplied air respirator.
Use respirators and components tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or CEN (EU).
Control of environmental exposure
Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so.
Do not let product enter drains.
Discharge into the environment must be avoided.

Stability and reactivity:
Chemical stability:
Stable under recommended storage conditions.
Incompatible materials:
Strong oxidizing agents:
Hazardous decomposition products:
Hazardous decomposition products formed under fire conditions.
Carbon oxides, Nitrogen oxides (NOx), Hydrogen chloride gas.

Disposal considerations:
Waste treatment methods:
Product:
Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company.
Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material.
Contaminated packaging:
Dispose of as unused product


FUMARIC ACID FOOD GRADE
DESCRIPTION:
Fumaric acid food grade is an organic compound with the formula HO2CCH=CHCO2H.
A white solid, fumaric acid occurs widely in nature.
Fumaric acid food grade has a fruit-like taste and has been used as a food additive.

CAS Number , 110-17-8
EC Number , 203-743-0


SYNONYMS OF FUMARIC ACID FOOD GRADE:
Fumaric acid,trans-1,2-Ethylenedicarboxylic acid,2-Butenedioic acid,trans-Butenedioic acid,Allomaleic acid,Boletic acid,Donitic acid,Lichenic acid


Its E number is E297.
The salts and esters are known as fumarates.
Fumarate can also refer to the C4H2O2−4 ion (in solution).
Fumaric acid food grade is the trans isomer of butenedioic acid, while maleic acid is the cis isomer.

Fumaric acid food grade, the strongest organic food acid commonly used as a flavoring agent and pH control agent.
Fumaric acid food grade provides more sourness than other acidulants, e.g. citric acid (E330) and malic acid (E296) in food.
The European food additive number for it is E297.

Chemical formula C4H4O4 is a compound in the category of trans-butene dioic acid, unsaturated carboxylic acids with crystals in the form of small prisms with open formula HO2CCH = CHCO2H.
Fumaric acid food grade is also called ethylene dicarboxylic acid.

Fumaric acid coded E297, found in most vegetables and fruits and is a natural acid.
Fumaric acid food grade is usually found in fungi and liver.

Fumaric acid food grade is the (cis-) isomer of matureic acid.
White odorless granule or crystalline powder.
Less soluble in water and ether, soluble in alcohol and very little soluble in chloroform.




PRODUCTION AND REACTIONS OF FUMARIC ACID FOOD GRADE:
Commercial production is carried out by sugar fermentation and chemical synthesis.
Feomidium can be produced by side reactions under appropriate temperature and conditions.
Salts and esters are known as fumarates.
As a result of hydration of formic acid, conversion to malic acid is observed.


BIOSYNTHESIS AND OCCURRENCE OF FUMARIC ACID FOOD GRADE:
It is produced in eukaryotic organisms from succinate in complex 2 of the electron transport chain via the enzyme succinate dehydrogenase.
Fumaric acid is found in fumitory (Fumaria officinalis), bolete mushrooms (specifically Boletus fomentarius var. pseudo-igniarius), lichen, and Iceland moss.

Fumarate is an intermediate in the citric acid cycle used by cells to produce energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) from food.
Fumaric acid food grade is formed by the oxidation of succinate by the enzyme succinate dehydrogenase.

Fumarate is then converted by the enzyme fumarase to malate.
Human skin naturally produces fumaric acid when exposed to sunlight.
Fumarate is also a product of the urea cycle.



USES OF FUMARIC ACID FOOD GRADE:

Fumaric acid food grade is widely believed to effectively inhibit malolactic fermentation: existing bibliography describes it as being efficient in preventing its microbiological onset and in blocking it once it has already started.
All of these interesting aspects make it suitable for all vinification operations in which sulphur levels need to be contained.
For instance, it is ideal for making sparkling wine bases, but also for making fine white, rosé or red wines, for those seeking the pleasant taste that malic acidity offers.

When dosed as recommended, it causes a reduction in pH of approximately 1 to 2 tenths, depending on the wine’s buffer capacity, and increases total acidity compared to what would happen if tartaric acid were added.
However, according to current legislation, it is not classified as an acidifier, which means that it can be used even though it is not included in the relevant register.

The effect of Fumaric acid food grade persists for as long as the molecule is present in the medium: for example, it has been observed to last for many months when added to wine once the fermentation process is complete, during refinement without Saccharomyces cerevisiae activity.
Before using Fumaric acid food grade, orientation tests should be carried out in the laboratory in order to be able to predict its effects on the sensory balance of the wine.
Fumaric acid food grade is the perfect complement in wine production lines for making wines without added sulphur dioxide

Food:
Fumaric acid has been used as a food acidulant since 1946.
Fumaric acid food grade is approved for use as a food additive in the EU,[6] USA[7] and Australia and New Zealand.
As a food additive, it is used as an acidity regulator and can be denoted by the E number E297.

Fumaric acid food grade is generally used in beverages and baking powders for which requirements are placed on purity.
Fumaric acid is used in the making of wheat tortillas as a food preservative and as the acid in leavening.
Fumaric acid food grade is generally used as a substitute for tartaric acid and occasionally in place of citric acid, at a rate of 1 g of fumaric acid to every ~1.5 g of citric acid, in order to add sourness, similarly to the way malic acid is used.

As well as being a component of some artificial vinegar flavors, such as "Salt and Vinegar" flavored potato chips,[10] it is also used as a coagulant in stove-top pudding mixes.
The European Commission Scientific Committee on Animal Nutrition, part of DG Health, found in 2014 that fumaric acid is "practically non-toxic" but high doses are probably nephrotoxic after long-term use.


Fumaric acid is used in powder food production because it has low moisture retention in this sector.
It can be used as acidity regulator without changing the taste of foods.
Fruit juices, gelatinous desserts, chilled biscuit systems, wines, green foods, and sodium benzoate are used as preservatives, while fumaric acid is preferred to regulate acidity.

In rye and sour dough breads, the aroma density can be adjusted with fumaric acid in the dry mixture stage.
Fumaric acid food grade is used to improve pore structure in muffin type foods.
Fumaric acid food grade is used to extend the life of the confectionery because the moisture absorption rate is very low.

Fumaric acid food grade is Also used as anti-caking.
Fumaric acid food grade is used in paint and fast-drying inks.

Health:
It was observed that dimethyl fumarate decreased the progression of disability in multiplsclerosis after certain stages.

Medicine:
Fumaric acid was developed as a medicine to treat the autoimmune condition psoriasis in the 1950s in Germany as a tablet containing 3 esters, primarily dimethyl fumarate, and marketed as Fumaderm by Biogen Idec in Europe.
Biogen would later go on to develop the main ester, dimethyl fumarate, as a treatment for multiple sclerosis.

In patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis, the ester dimethyl fumarate (BG-12, Biogen) significantly reduced relapse and disability progression in a phase 3 trial.
Fumaric acid food grade activates the Nrf2 antioxidant response pathway, the primary cellular defense against the cytotoxic effects of oxidative stress.
Other uses:
Fumaric acid is used in the manufacture of polyester resins and polyhydric alcohols and as a mordant for dyes.
When fumaric acid is added to their feed, lambs produce up to 70% less methane during digestion.[13]


SYNTHESIS OF FUMARIC ACID FOOD GRADE:
Fumaric acid is produced based on catalytic isomerisation of maleic acid in aqueous solutions at low pH.
Fumaric acid food grade precipitates from the reaction solution.
Maleic acid is accessible in large volumes as a hydrolysis product of maleic anhydride, produced by catalytic oxidation of benzene or butane.


HISTORIC AND LABORATORY ROUTES OF FUMARIC ACID FOOD GRADE:
Fumaric acid was first prepared from succinic acid.
A traditional synthesis involves oxidation of furfural (from the processing of maize) using chlorate in the presence of a vanadium-based catalyst.

REACTIONS OF FUMARIC ACID FOOD GRADE:
The chemical properties of fumaric acid can be anticipated from its component functional groups.
This weak acid forms a diester, it undergoes bromination across the double bond,[16] and it is a good dienophile.


PROPERTIES OF FUMARIC ACID FOOD GRADE:
Appearance:
Fumaric acid food grade is a white or nearly white crystalline powder or granular with a clean, persistent sourness with dryness.
The sourness is around 1.5 times that of citric acid.

PKa:
Fumaric acid is a weak organic acid containing two carboxylic acid functional groups and as a result it has two PKa values, PKa1 = 3.03 and PKa2 = 4.44.
Its PKa1 and PKa2 value is higher than that of citrate acid and malic acid.

PH :
Fumaric acid is an unsaturated di-carbonic acid and it has 2 dissociation equilibrium equations.
Its PH value is 2.03 in the concentration of 100 mM (0.1mol/L).

Calculation of the PH Value:
The method to calculate its PH is the same way with that of malic acid.
Fumaric acid food grade is a relatively strong acid and has a strong buffering property to maintain the pH of the aqueous solution at around 3.0, which is important for preservatives that function around pH 3.0.
Fumaric acid helps stabilize the pH of a fruit juice drink, which in turn makes colour and flavour stable.
Therefore, it is often used together with preservatives, such as sodium benzoate (E211).


Solubility:
In water:
Fumaric acid food grade has a solubility of 0.5% (0.5g/100ml) at 20°C in water while citric, malic and tartaric acid are all very soluble in water.
The hydrophobic of fumaric acid makes it an effective antimicrobial agent because it can disrupt microbial activity by interacting with lipid materials on the microbial cell wall.

In organic solvents:
Soluble in alcohol, slightly soluble in oils. Slightly soluble in acetone with solubility 1.29g/100g at 20°C. (7)


BENEFITS OF FUMARIC ACID FOOD GRADE:
Treatment of Psoriasis:
Due to its poor absorption after oral intake, fumaric acid esters, such as monoethyl fumarate (MEF) and dimethyl fumarate (DMF) are used for the treatment of psoriasis.
However, several side effects occurred in the studies from the year 1990-1998. Including (8):
• Flushing
• Diarrhoea
• Kidney retention
• A reversible elevation of transaminases, lymphocytopenia and eosinophilia.
• Gastrointestinal complaints, mild stomach upsets, increased frequency of defecation and tenesmus, to stomach cramps, tympanites and diarrhoea.


USES OF FUMARIC ACID FOOD GRADE:
Fumaric acid is the strongest organic food acid.
Fumaric acid food grade is used as a flavoring agent for its sourness taste, and an antimicrobial agent for its hydrophobic characteristic.
Generally, it is used in food, beverage, animal nutrition, cosmetics, and pharmaceutical industry.


Food:
When compared to other acidulants like citric acid, fumaric acid can be used in dry mix products as it is non-hygroscopic and will not absorb moisture.
This advantage makes dry mix products do not cake or harden during storage.
In beverage, fumaric acid functions as a PH control agent and enhancing flavor.


Besides this beverage application, we can also find the following food products containing it and its other functions (9):
Bakery and tortillas: as a leavening acid in the leavening agent and also acts as a flavoring agent for savory baked goods.
Confectionaries and desserts: non-hygroscopic agent.
Chewing gum: slow dissolution and hydrophobicity property, prolongs the sourness in the mouth so that it enhances the flavor of chewing gum.


Cosmetics:
Per the “European Commission database for information on cosmetic substances and ingredients”, it acts as a buffering in cosmetic and personal care products.



CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF FUMARIC ACID FOOD GRADE

Chemical formula, C4H4O4
Molar mass, 116.072 g•mol−1
Appearance, White solid
Density, 1.635 g/cm3
Melting point, 287 °C (549 °F; 560 K) (decomposes)[2]
Solubility in water, 4.9 g/L at 20 °C[1]
Acidity (pKa), pka1 = 3.03, pka2 = 4.44 (15 °C, cis isomer)
Magnetic susceptibility (χ), −49.11•10−6 cm3/mol
Dipole moment, non zero
Other Names, Boletic acidAllomaleic acidTrans-butenedioic acidTrans-1,2-Ethylenedicarboxylic acid
CAS Number, 110-17-8
Chemical formula, C4H4O4
Molecular Weight, 116.072
Melting Point, 287 °C
Boiling Point, 156 °C
CAS number: 110-17-8
ChemSpider: 10197150
UNII: 88XHZ13131
EC Number: 203-743-0
DrugBank: DB04299
KEGG: C00122
Chebi: 18012
CHEMBL503160
ATC code: D05AX01
Molecular formula: C4H4O4
Molar mass: 116.07 g / mol
Appearance: White solid
Density: 1.635 g / cm3, solid
Melting point: 287 ° C
Solubility in water: 0.63 g / 100 mL
Acid (pKa): pka1 = 3.03, pka2 = 4.44
EU classification: Irritant (Xi)
R-phrases: R36
S-phrases: (S2) S26
Other names: Trans-butenedioic acid
APPEARANCE, WHITE CRYSTAL POWDER
CONTENT, 99.5 %-100.5%
MELTING POINT, 294-300
ARSENIC mg/kg, ≤3
HEAVEY METAL(AS Pb), ≤10ppm
MALEIC ACID %, ≤0.10%
RESIDUE ON IGNTION, ≤0.10%
MOISTURE, ≤0.5%
Melting point , 298-300 °C (subl.)(lit.)
Boiling point , 137.07°C (rough estimate)
density , 1.62
vapor pressure , 1.7 mm Hg ( 165 °C)
FEMA , 2488 | FUMARIC ACID
refractive index , 1.5260 (estimate)
Fp , 230 °C
storage temp. , Store below +30°C.
solubility , 95% ethanol: soluble0.46g/10 mL, clear, colorless
form , Fine Crystalline Powder
pka, 3.02, 4.38(at 25ºC)
color , White
PH, 2.1 (4.9g/l, H2O, 20ºC)
explosive limit, 40%
Water Solubility , 0.63 g/100 mL (25 ºC)
JECFA Number, 618
Merck , 14,4287
BRN , 605763
Stability:, Stable at room temperature. Decomposes at around 230 C. Incompatible with strong oxidizing agents, bases, reducing agents. Combustible.
InChIKey, VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-OWOJBTEDSA-N
CAS DataBase Reference, 110-17-8(CAS DataBase Reference)
NIST Chemistry Reference, Fumaric acid(110-17-8)
EPA Substance Registry System, Fumaric acid (110-17-8)



QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS ABOUT FUMARIC ACID FOOD GRADE
WHAT IS FUMARIC ACID?:
Fumaric acid food grade is a weak organic acid (a dicarboxylic acid) commercially made from maleic acid and with chemical formula C4H4O4.
Fumaric acid food grade is a precursor for the production of other acids, like L-aspartic acid and L-malic acid.
Fumarate, citrate and malate are all the intermediate in the tricarboxylic acid cycle or KREBS cycle to produce energy in the form of ATP in our humans and most living cells.


What are the Natural Sources?
Fumaric acid food grade can be naturally found in fumitory, bolete mushrooms, lichen, and Iceland moss.
Also, Fumaric acid food grade presents in fruits such as apple and watermelon.
Generally, it is less found in most fruits than another two acidulants, citric acid and malic acid.


How is it Made?:
Fumaric acid can be produced by the isomerization of maleic acid or glucose fermentation.
The following are the two manufacturing processes:

1. Isomerization of Maleic Acid:
Commonly the production is chemically synthesized from isomerization of maleic acid which is the hydrolysis of maleic anhydride.
Maleic anhydride is the cis-counterpart of fumaric acid.
Fumaric acid food grade is manufactured from butane, butene, or benzene from petroleum are the starting materials.

2. Sugar fermentation:
Fermentation by Rhizopus species using glucose or other carbohydrate substrates.
SAFETY INFORMATION ABOUT FUMARIC ACID FOOD GRADE :
First aid measures:
Description of first aid measures:
General advice:
Consult a physician.
Show this safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
Move out of dangerous area:

If inhaled:
If breathed in, move person into fresh air.
If not breathing, give artificial respiration.
Consult a physician.
In case of skin contact:
Take off contaminated clothing and shoes immediately.
Wash off with soap and plenty of water.
Consult a physician.

In case of eye contact:
Rinse thoroughly with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes and consult a physician.
Continue rinsing eyes during transport to hospital.

If swallowed:
Do NOT induce vomiting.
Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person.
Rinse mouth with water.
Consult a physician.

Firefighting measures:
Extinguishing media:
Suitable extinguishing media:
Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.
Special hazards arising from the substance or mixture
Carbon oxides, Nitrogen oxides (NOx), Hydrogen chloride gas

Advice for firefighters:
Wear self-contained breathing apparatus for firefighting if necessary.
Accidental release measures:
Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures
Use personal protective equipment.

Avoid breathing vapours, mist or gas.
Evacuate personnel to safe areas.

Environmental precautions:
Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so.
Do not let product enter drains.
Discharge into the environment must be avoided.

Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Soak up with inert absorbent material and dispose of as hazardous waste.
Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.

Handling and storage:
Precautions for safe handling:
Avoid inhalation of vapour or mist.

Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place.
Containers which are opened must be carefully resealed and kept upright to prevent leakage.
Storage class (TRGS 510): 8A: Combustible, corrosive hazardous materials

Exposure controls/personal protection:
Control parameters:
Components with workplace control parameters
Contains no substances with occupational exposure limit values.
Exposure controls:
Appropriate engineering controls:
Handle in accordance with good industrial hygiene and safety practice.
Wash hands before breaks and at the end of workday.

Personal protective equipment:
Eye/face protection:
Tightly fitting safety goggles.
Faceshield (8-inch minimum).
Use equipment for eye protection tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or EN 166(EU).

Skin protection:
Handle with gloves.
Gloves must be inspected prior to use.
Use proper glove
removal technique (without touching glove's outer surface) to avoid skin contact with this product.
Dispose of contaminated gloves after use in accordance with applicable laws and good laboratory practices.
Wash and dry hands.

Full contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0.11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Material tested:Dermatril (KCL 740 / Aldrich Z677272, Size M)
Splash contact
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0.11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Material tested:Dermatril (KCL 740 / Aldrich Z677272, Size M)
It should not be construed as offering an approval for any specific use scenario.

Body Protection:
Complete suit protecting against chemicals, The type of protective equipment must be selected according to the concentration and amount of the dangerous substance at the specific workplace.
Respiratory protection:
Where risk assessment shows air-purifying respirators are appropriate use a fullface respirator with multi-purpose combination (US) or type ABEK (EN 14387) respirator cartridges as a backup to engineering controls.

If the respirator is the sole means of protection, use a full-face supplied air respirator.
Use respirators and components tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or CEN (EU).
Control of environmental exposure
Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so.
Do not let product enter drains.
Discharge into the environment must be avoided.

Stability and reactivity:
Chemical stability:
Stable under recommended storage conditions.
Incompatible materials:
Strong oxidizing agents:
Hazardous decomposition products:
Hazardous decomposition products formed under fire conditions.
Carbon oxides, Nitrogen oxides (NOx), Hydrogen chloride gas.

Disposal considerations:
Waste treatment methods:
Product:
Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company.
Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material.
Contaminated packaging:
Dispose of as unused product
FUMARIK ASIT
SYNONYMS (2E)-But-2-enedioic acid;(E)-2-Butenedioic acid;2-(E)-Butenedioic acid;2-Butenedioic acid (2E)-;2-Butenedioic acid (E)-;2-Butenedioic acid, (E)-;2-Butenedioic acid, 2-Butenedioic acid;Acide fumarique;acido fumarico CAS NO:110-17-8
FUMED SILICA
Fumed silica is a silicon oxide made up of linear triatomic molecules in which a silicon atom is covalently bonded to two oxygens.
Fumed silica may be synthesized by high temperature hydrolysis of SiCl4 in O2(N2)/H2 flame.
Fumed silica is amorphous in nature and possesses very high specific area.

CAS: 112945-52-5
MF: O2Si
MW: 60.08
EINECS: 231-545-4

The micro droplets of amorphous Fumed silica fuse into a branch and form a chain like agglomerate.
Fumed silica, also known as pyrogenic silica because it is produced in a flame, consists of microscopic droplets of amorphous silica fused into branched, chainlike, three-dimensional secondary particles which then agglomerate into tertiary particles.
The resulting powder has an extremely low bulk density and high surface area.
Fumed silica's three-dimensional structure results in viscosity-increasing, thixotropic behavior when used as a thickener or reinforcing filler.

Fumed silica Chemical Properties
Melting point: >1600°C
Density: 2.3 lb/cu.ft at 25 °C (bulk density)(lit.)
Refractive index: n20/D 1.46(lit.)
Solubility: Practically insoluble in organic solvents, water, and acids, except hydrofluoric acid; soluble in hot solutions of alkali hydroxide.
Forms a colloidal dispersion with water.
For Aerosil, solubility in water is 150 mg/L at 258℃ (pH 7).
Form: powder
Specific Gravity: 2.2
Hydrolytic Sensitivity 5: forms reversible hydrate
CAS DataBase Reference: 112945-52-5(CAS DataBase Reference)
EPA Substance Registry System: Fumed silica (112945-52-5)

Fumed silica, the noncrystalline form of SiO2, is a transparent to gray, odorless, amorphous powder.
Fumed silica is a submicroscopic fumed silica with a particle size of about 15 nm.
Fumed silica is a light, loose, bluish-white-colored, odorless, tasteless, amorphous powder.
Fumed silica has a very strong thickening effect.
Primary particle size is 5–50 nm.
The particles are non-porous and have a surface area of 50–600 m2/g.
The density is 160–190 kg/m3.

Uses
Fumed silica has interesting thickening and thixotropic properties, and an enormous external surface area.
Fumed silica is produced by a vapor phase hydrolysis process using chlorosilanes or substituted silanes such as, silicon tetrachloride in a flame of hydrogen and oxygen.
Fumed silica is formed and collected in a dry state.
Fumed silica contains no detectable crystalline silica.

Fumed silica serves as a universal thickening agent and an anticaking agent (free-flow agent) in powders. Like silica gel, it serves as a desiccant.
Fumed silica is used in cosmetics for its light-diffusing properties.
Fumed silica is used as a light abrasive, in products like toothpaste. Other uses include filler in silicone elastomer and viscosity adjustment in paints, coatings, printing inks, adhesives and unsaturated polyester resins.
Fumed silica readily forms a network structure within bitumen and enhances its elasticity.

Pharmaceutical Applications
Fumed silica is widely used in pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and food products.
Fumed silica's small particle size and large specific surface area give it desirable flow characteristics that are exploited to improve the flow properties of dry powders in a number of processes such as tableting and capsule filling.
Fumed silica is also used to stabilize emulsions and as a thixotropic thickening and suspending agent in gels and semisolid preparations.
With other ingredients of similar refractive index, transparent gels may be formed.

The degree of viscosity increase depends on the polarity of the liquid (polar liquids generally require a greater concentration of colloidal silicon dioxide than nonpolar liquids).
Viscosity is largely independent of temperature.
However, changes to the pH of a system may affect the viscosity1.
In aerosols, other than those for inhalation, Fumed silica is used to promote particulate suspension, eliminate hard settling, and minimize the clogging of spray nozzles.
Fumed silica is also used as a tablet disintegrant and as an adsorbent dispersing agent for liquids in powders.

Fumed silica is frequently added to suppository formulations containing lipophilic excipients to increase viscosity, prevent sedimentation during molding, and decrease the release rate.
Fumed silica is also used as an adsorbent during the preparation of wax microspheres; as a thickening agent for topical preparations; and has been used to aid the freeze-drying of nanocapsules and nanosphere suspensions.

Production
Fumed silica is made from flame pyrolysis of silicon tetrachloride or from quartz sand vaporized in a 3000 °C electric arc.
Fumed silica is prepared by the flame hydrolysis of chlorosilanes, such as silicon tetrachloride, at 18008℃ using a hydrogen–oxygen flame.
Rapid cooling from the molten state during manufacture causes the product to remain amorphous.
Purification of Fumed silica for high technology applications uses isopiestic vapour distillation from concentrated volatile acids and is absorbed in high purity water.
The impurities remain behind.
Preliminary cleaning to remove surface contaminants uses dip etching in HF or a mixture of HCl, H2O2 and deionised water.

Synonyms
SILICON DIOXIDE
Silica
Quartz
Dioxosilane
7631-86-9
Cristobalite
14808-60-7
Silicic anhydride
Tridymite
Sand
112945-52-5
61790-53-2
KIESELGUHR
Aerosil
112926-00-8
Silicon(IV) oxide
Wessalon
Diatomaceous silica
Zorbax sil
Crystalline silica
Silica, amorphous
60676-86-0
Dicalite
Glass
Ludox
Nyacol
14464-46-1
Amorphous silica
QUARTZ (SIO2)
Cab-O-sil
Christensenite
Crystoballite
Sillikolloid
Extrusil
Santocel
Sipernat
Superfloss
Acticel
Carplex
Celite
Neosil
Neosyl
Porasil
Silikil
Siloxid
Zipax
Aerosil-degussa
Silicon oxide
Aerosil 380
Synthetic amorphous silica
White carbon
Quartz sand
Silica particles
Cab-o-sil M-5
Cristobalite (SiO2)
Silica, fumed
Vulkasil S
Snowtex O
Corasil II
Silica, colloidal
Tokusil TPLM
Dri-Die
SILICA, VITREOUS
91053-39-3
Cabosil st-1
Manosil vn 3
Colloidal silicon dioxide
Ultrasil VH 3
Ultrasil VN 3
Aerosil bs-50
Carplex 30
Carplex 80
Snowtex 30
Zeofree 80
Aerosil K 7
Cabosil N 5
Syton 2X
Amorphous silica gel
Positive sol 232
Siliziumdioxid
Aerogel 200
Aerosil 300
Chalcedony
Diatomite
Ludox hs 40
Silanox 101
Silica (SiO2)
Vitasil 220
Agate
Positive sol 130M
Silica vitreous
Silicon dioxide (amorphous)
Aerosil A 300
Aerosil E 300
Aerosil M-300
colloidal silica
Fused silica
Quartz glass
Silica slurry
Silicon dioxide, fumed
FUMED SILICA
DESCRIPTION:
Fumed silica (CAS number 112945-52-5), also known as pyrogenic silica because Fumed silica is produced in a flame, consists of microscopic droplets of amorphous silica fused into branched, chainlike, three-dimensional secondary particles which then agglomerate into tertiary particles.
The resulting powder has an extremely low bulk density and high surface area.
Its three-dimensional structure results in viscosity-increasing, thixotropic behavior when used as a thickener or reinforcing filler.

CAS: 65997-17-3
EC No.: 262-373-8
MDL Number: MFCD00011232
Linear Formula: SiO2
Chemical Name: Synthetic Amorphous Silicon Dioxide, Crystalline- free

CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF FUMED SILICA:
Molecular Weight: 60.08
Appearance: White Powder
Melting Point: 1,600° C
Boiling Point: 2,230° C
Density: ~2.3-4.5 g/cm3
Size Range: 7-1.4 nm
Specific Surface Area: 200-390 m2/g
Morphology: Spherical

Fumed silica is an ultra-fine powder additive that can be added to resin and gelcoats to make them more thixotropic.
Also known as colloidal silica, fumed silica can be used to transform epoxy or polyester resin into a thick gelcoat or, with the addition of glass bubbles, into a lightweight filler.

Fumed silica has a very strong thickening effect.
Primary particle size is 5–50 nm.
The particles are non-porous and have a surface area of 50–600 m2/g.

The density is 160–190 kg/m3.
Fumed silica may be synthesized by high temperature hydrolysis of SiCl4 in O2(N2)/H2 flame.
Fumed silica is amorphous in nature and possesses very high specific area.
The micro droplets of amorphous silica fuse into a branch and form a chain like agglomerate.

Fumed Silica is a powder composed of submicron-sized amorphous silica spheres arranged in branching chains of varying lengths.
To produce fumed silica, silicon tetrachloride or quartz is burnded in a flame of hydrogen and oxygen to yield molten uniform-sized spheres that subsequently fuse into three-dimensional aggregates.
Though the lengths and shapes of these chains differ (lending it an enormous external surface area), the size of the spheres themselves can be controlled during the preparation process.

Fumed silica exhibits thixotropic properties and is typically used as a dessicant, thickening and anti-caking agent, and stabilizer in pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, paints and coatings, sealants, and gel-cell batteries (as an additive to acid-based electrolytes).
American Elements can produce both hydrophilic and hydrophobic (treated) fumed silica in a range of different sizes and surface areas.

Fumed silica is an extremely small particle with enormous surface area, high purity, and a tendency to form chains in the chemical manufacturing process.
Particles are formed by injecting chlorosilanes, such as silicon tetrachloride, into a flame of hydrogen and air.
The ensuring reaction produces fumed silica and hydrogen chloride.

PRODUCTION OF FUMED SILICA:
Fumed silica is made from flame pyrolysis of silicon tetrachloride or from quartz sand vaporized in a 3000 °C electric arc.
Major global producers are Evonik (who sells it under the name Aerosil), Cabot Corporation (Cab-O-Sil), Wacker Chemie (HDK), Dow Corning, Heraeus (Zandosil), Tokuyama Corporation (Reolosil), OCI (Konasil), Orisil (Orisil) and Xunyuchem.

USAGE OF FUMED SILICA:
Fumed silica is a basic functional product used in construction, automobile, semiconductors, etc.
Fumed silica acts as a function reinforcement agent, and it can also optimize a product by improving anti-sagging and anti-settling effects or abrasive properties.
The fumed silica business continues to advance alongside the growth of mobile phone, kitchenware, cosmetics, construction, automobile, semiconductors, shipbuilding, etc.


APPLICATIONS OF FUMED SILICA:
Fumed silica serves as a universal thickening agent and an anticaking agent (free-flow agent) in powders.
Like silica gel, Fumed silica serves as a desiccant.
Fumed silica is used in cosmetics for its light-diffusing properties.
Fumed silica is used as a light abrasive, in products like toothpaste.
Other uses include filler in silicone elastomer and viscosity adjustment in paints, coatings, printing inks, adhesives and unsaturated polyester resins.

Fumed silica is used to deplete lipids and hormones in Taqman assays of human hepatoma cells HuH-7 and human liver cell line HepG2.
Preparation of epoxidized natural rubber/fumed silica composites have been reported.

Interaction of Gemini surfactant C12-s-C122Br with aqueous suspension of fumed silica has been studied.
Fumed silica based nanocomposites reinforced with organo clay may be prepared.
TiO2/fumed silica porous ceramic material was used to prepare photocatalytic materials.

Fumed silica is used in laminating and gelcoat applications, and provides proper rheological control, while achieving optimum shear thinning and enhancing the end-use application.

Fumed silica has two primary functions.
Reinforcement increases the strength of various materials, allowing them to be used in a wider number of applications in accordance with the user's exact requirements.
Rheology control allows customers to tailor the viscosity of a system to their own requirements.

Fumed silica serves as a universal thickening agent, a thickener in milkshakes, and a anticaking agent in powdered foods.
Like silica gel, Fumed silica serves as a desiccant.
Fumed silica is used in cosmetics for its light-diffusing properties.

Fumed silica is used as a light abrasive, in products like toothpaste.
Other uses include filler in silicone elastomer and viscosity adjustment in paints, coatings, printing inks, adhesives, cosmetics, sealants, toiletries, food, beverages and unsaturated polyester resins.
• Unsaturated polyester resins
• Silicone resins and urethane resins
• Semiconductor field (CMP slurry)
• Various types of paint
• Various types of inks
• Various types of adhesives
• Inkjet paper
• Shoe soles (clear rubber)
• Water-absorbing resin
• Toner
• Food additives


HOW TO USE FUMED SILICA:
Fumed Silica requires significant agitation (stirring) to become fully mixed into a resin.
Use of a mechanical stirrer will make the process quicker and easier but manual mixing is perfectly possible.
For maximum effect, allow the Fumed Silica to soak in the resin for as much as a day before thorough mixing.

Fumed Silica added to resin at a ratio of 0.7% - 1% (by weight) will produce a thixotropic resin.
2-3% will produce a gelcoat consistency.
Percentages up to 3%+ can be used to make a filler paste (additional filler powders may be required).

Please note the addition of Fumed Silica will reduce the clarity of clear resin systems meaning it is not ideal for turning clear laminating resin into a clear gelcoat.


TYPICAL APPLICATIONS OF FUMED SILICA:
• Rheology and thixotropy control in coatings, inks, sealants & adhesives
• Improving anti-corrosion properties of protective coatings
• Scratch resistance in coatings
• Thickening and hydrophobicity of greases
• Electrolyte immobilization in lead-acid batteries
• Anti-settling agent in pigment dispersions and suspension concentrates
• Solid carrier for liquids
• Mechanical and optical enhancement of silicone rubbers
• Impart free-flow and anti-caking properties in powders
• Metal and glass polishing

KEY PROPERTIES AND EFFECTS OF FUMED SILICA:
Thickening and thixotropy:
Fumed Silica provides thickening and thixotropic effects in liquid systems such as polyesters, epoxies, and urethane resins due to interaction between aggregates and the development of three-dimensional networks between Fumed Silica particles.

Reinforcement:
Adding Fumed Silica as a filler material improves various mechanical properties of elastomers, including modulus, elongation at break, tensile strength and tear resistance.
Fumed Silica’s large specific surface area also makes it possible to achieve excellent transparency in elastomers.

Anti-settling effects:
Fumed Silica improves the suspension behavior in liquid systems, such as pigmented coatings or resins containing fillers.

Anti-caking, effects for improved flow characteristics:
Due to a property that makes it behave like ball bearings, Fumed Silica resists lumping and clogging.
Fumed Silica can be used to improve the storage stability of powders that are especially prone to caking.
Fumed Silica can also be used to improve flow characteristics and prevent flow problems.

Anti-blocking effects:
Fumed Silica is added to film resins to reduce “sticking”.
Fumed Silica reduces close contact between film layers.

Adsorbent:
Gaseous, liquid or solid materials can be precipitated or adsorbed on the surface of Fumed Silica.
This serves as an ideal carrier or substrate for active ingredients due to its high specific surface area and inertness in the presence of all chemicals except strong alkalis and hydrofluoric acid.

Insulation:
With its very low solid state conductivity and vast spacing between particles, Fumed Silica provides excellent electrical and thermal insulation properties.

Electrical charge:
Hydrophobic Fumed Silica is used as a toner additive to stabilize electrical charge characteristics.

Polishing:
In the semiconductor manufacturing process, the planarization of silicon wafers is achieved via CMP (Chemical Mechanical Polishing) processes such as ILD, STI and metal CMP.
Fumed Silica is used in certain CMP slurries as a polishing agent, due to high purity, sub-micron particle size and its distribution characteristics.

Food applications :
Fumed Silica is fluffy white powder and is used in various food applications for flowability improving, anti-settling, liquid adsorption, liquid thickening, moisture adsorption, microencapsulation, flavor masking, for example.

FEATURES OF FUMED SILICA:
Fumed Silica is Chemically inert synthetic amorphous silica.
Fumed Silica has High purity.
Fumed Silica is Available in hydrophilic and surface-treated hydrophobic grades.

Fumed Silica has A wide range of surface areas available.
Fumed Silica has Broad legislative approvals on many grades e.g. indirect food contact.
Mixed fumed silica/metal oxide grades available.

BENEFITS OF FUMED SILICA:
Fumed Silica has Efficient rheology control in a wide range of simple and complex liquid systems.
Fumed Silica Imparts viscosity, pseudoplasticity and thixotropy.
Fumed Silica Stabilises pigments and prevents sagging.

Fumed Silica Provides effective free flow and anti-caking behaviour.
Fumed Silica Can be used as a solid carrier for liquids.
Fumed Silica Improves mechanical and optical properties of silicone rubber.

Fumed Silica Improves anti-corrosion performance of protective and marine coatings.
Fumed Silica Reduces moistures sensitivity and increases hydrophobicity.
Fumed Silica is Useful in silicone sealants for extending shelf life for example.

Fumed Silica is Anti-blocking agent for PET films.
Fumed Silica has Many more applications: greases, batteries, agrochemicals etc.

SAFETY INFORMATION ABOUT FUMED SILICA:
First aid measures:
Description of first aid measures:
General advice:
Consult a physician.
Show this safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
Move out of dangerous area:

If inhaled:
If breathed in, move person into fresh air.
If not breathing, give artificial respiration.
Consult a physician.
In case of skin contact:
Take off contaminated clothing and shoes immediately.
Wash off with soap and plenty of water.
Consult a physician.

In case of eye contact:
Rinse thoroughly with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes and consult a physician.
Continue rinsing eyes during transport to hospital.

If swallowed:
Do NOT induce vomiting.
Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person.
Rinse mouth with water.
Consult a physician.

Firefighting measures:
Extinguishing media:
Suitable extinguishing media:
Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.
Special hazards arising from the substance or mixture
Carbon oxides, Nitrogen oxides (NOx), Hydrogen chloride gas

Advice for firefighters:
Wear self-contained breathing apparatus for firefighting if necessary.
Accidental release measures:
Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures
Use personal protective equipment.

Avoid breathing vapours, mist or gas.
Evacuate personnel to safe areas.

Environmental precautions:
Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so.
Do not let product enter drains.
Discharge into the environment must be avoided.

Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Soak up with inert absorbent material and dispose of as hazardous waste.
Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.

Handling and storage:
Precautions for safe handling:
Avoid inhalation of vapour or mist.

Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place.
Containers which are opened must be carefully resealed and kept upright to prevent leakage.
Storage class (TRGS 510): 8A: Combustible, corrosive hazardous materials

Exposure controls/personal protection:
Control parameters:
Components with workplace control parameters
Contains no substances with occupational exposure limit values.
Exposure controls:
Appropriate engineering controls:
Handle in accordance with good industrial hygiene and safety practice.
Wash hands before breaks and at the end of workday.

Personal protective equipment:
Eye/face protection:
Tightly fitting safety goggles.
Faceshield (8-inch minimum).
Use equipment for eye protection tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or EN 166(EU).

Skin protection:
Handle with gloves.
Gloves must be inspected prior to use.
Use proper glove
removal technique (without touching glove's outer surface) to avoid skin contact with this product.
Dispose of contaminated gloves after use in accordance with applicable laws and good laboratory practices.
Wash and dry hands.

Full contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0.11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Material tested:Dermatril (KCL 740 / Aldrich Z677272, Size M)
Splash contact
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0.11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Material tested:Dermatril (KCL 740 / Aldrich Z677272, Size M)
It should not be construed as offering an approval for any specific use scenario.

Body Protection:
Complete suit protecting against chemicals, The type of protective equipment must be selected according to the concentration and amount of the dangerous substance at the specific workplace.
Respiratory protection:
Where risk assessment shows air-purifying respirators are appropriate use a fullface respirator with multi-purpose combination (US) or type ABEK (EN 14387) respirator cartridges as a backup to engineering controls.

If the respirator is the sole means of protection, use a full-face supplied air respirator.
Use respirators and components tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or CEN (EU).
Control of environmental exposure
Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so.
Do not let product enter drains.
Discharge into the environment must be avoided.

Stability and reactivity:
Chemical stability:
Stable under recommended storage conditions.
Incompatible materials:
Strong oxidizing agents:
Hazardous decomposition products:
Hazardous decomposition products formed under fire conditions.
Carbon oxides, Nitrogen oxides (NOx), Hydrogen chloride gas.

Disposal considerations:
Waste treatment methods:
Product:
Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company.
Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material.
Contaminated packaging:
Dispose of as unused product.


SYNONYMS OF FUMED SILICA:
pyrogenic silica
fumed silica
M-5
colloidal silica
synthetic silica
alpha-crystobalite
amethyst
amorphous fumed silica
amorphous silica
cristobalite (SiO2)
CAS# 65997-17-3
fossil flour
silicon dioxide (amorphous)
silicon dioxide- fumed
silicon(IV) oxide
synthetic amorphous silica- fumed
silikill
sillikolloid
siloxid
synthetic amorphous silica- fumed
tridimite
tridymite
vulkasil
vulkasil S
wessalon



Fumed Silica
Methanoic acid; Formylic acid; Hydrogencarboxylic acid; aminic acid; formylic acid; Formic acid; Acide Formique; Acido Formico; Ameisensaeure; Kwas Metaniowy; Kyselina Mravenci; Ameisensäure; Mierenzuur; ácido fórmico; Acide Formique; Other RN:8006-93-7, 82069-14-5 CAS NO: 64-18-6
FURFURAL
FURFURAL Furfural Jump to navigationJump to search Furfural Furfural.svg Furfural-3D-vdW.png Names IUPAC name Furan-2-carbaldehyde Other names Furfural, furan-2-carboxaldehyde, fural, furfuraldehyde, 2-furaldehyde, pyromucic aldehyde Identifiers CAS Number 98-01-1 check 3D model (JSmol) Interactive image ChEBI CHEBI:34768 ☒ ChEMBL ChEMBL189362 check ChemSpider 13863629 check ECHA InfoCard 100.002.389 Edit this at Wikidata KEGG C14279 check PubChem CID 7362 UNII DJ1HGI319P check CompTox Dashboard (EPA) DTXSID1020647 Edit this at Wikidata InChI[show] SMILES[show] Properties Chemical formula C5H4O2 Molar mass 96.085 g·mol−1 Appearance Colorless oil Odor Almond-like[1] Density 1.1601 g/mL (20 °C)[2][3] Melting point −37 °C (−35 °F; 236 K)[2] Boiling point 162 °C (324 °F; 435 K)[2] Solubility in water 83 g/L[2] Vapor pressure 2 mmHg (20 °C)[1] Magnetic susceptibility (χ) −47.1×10−6 cm3/mol Hazards Flash point 62 °C (144 °F; 335 K) Explosive limits 2.1–19.3%[1] Lethal dose or concentration (LD, LC): LD50 (median dose) 300–500 mg/kg (oral, mice)[4] LC50 (median concentration) 370 ppm (dog, 6 hr) 175 ppm (rat, 6 hr) 1037 ppm (rat, 1 hr)[5] LCLo (lowest published) 370 ppm (mouse, 6 hr) 260 ppm (rat)[5] NIOSH (US health exposure limits): PEL (Permissible) TWA 5 ppm (20 mg/m3) [skin][1] REL (Recommended) No established REL[1] IDLH (Immediate danger) 100 ppm[1] Related compounds Related Furan-2-carbaldehydes Hydroxymethylfurfural Methoxymethylfurfural Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa). ☒ verify (what is check☒ ?) Infobox references Furfural is an organic compound with the formula C4H3OCHO. It is a colorless liquid, although commercial samples are often brown. It has an aldehyde group attached to the 2-position of furan. It is a product of the dehydration of sugars, as occur in a variety of agricultural byproducts, including corncobs, oat, wheat bran, and sawdust. The name furfural comes from the Latin word furfur, meaning bran, referring to its usual source. Furfural is only derived from lignocellulosic biomass, i.e. its origin is non-food or non-coal/oil based. Aside from ethanol, acetic acid and sugar it is one of the oldest renewable chemicals.[6] It is also found in many processed foods and beverages. Contents 1 History 2 Properties 3 Production 4 Uses and occurrence 5 Safety 6 See also 7 References 8 External links History Furfural was first isolated in 1821 (published in 1832) by the German chemist Johann Wolfgang Döbereiner, who produced a small sample as a byproduct of formic acid synthesis.[7][8] In 1840, the Scottish chemist John Stenhouse found that the same chemical could be produced by distilling a wide variety of crop materials, including corn, oats, bran, and sawdust, with aqueous sulfuric acid; he also determined furfural's empirical formula (C5H4O2).[8] George Fownes named this oil "furfurol" in 1845 (from furfur (bran), and oleum (oil)).[9] In 1848, the French chemist Auguste Cahours determined that furfural was an aldehyde.[10] Determining the structure of furfural required some time: the furfural molecule contains a cyclic ether (furan), which tends to break open when it's treated with harsh reagents. In 1870, German chemist Adolf von Baeyer speculated (correctly) about the structure of the chemically similar compounds furan and 2-furoic acid.[11][12][13] By 1886, furfurol was being called "furfural" (short for "furfuraldehyde") and the correct chemical structure for furfural was being proposed.[14] By 1887, the German chemist Willy Marckwald had inferred that some derivatives of furfural contained a furan nucleus.[15] In 1901, the German chemist Carl Harries determined furan's structure by synthesizing it from succindialdehyde, thereby also confirming furfural's proposed structure.[16][17] Furfural remained relatively obscure until 1922,[6] when the Quaker Oats Company began mass-producing it from oat hulls.[18] Today, furfural is still produced from agricultural byproducts like sugarcane bagasse and corn cobs. The main countries producing furfural today are the Dominican Republic, South Africa and China. Properties Furfural dissolves readily in most polar organic solvents, but it is only slightly soluble in either water or alkanes. Furfural participates in the same kinds of reactions as other aldehydes and other aromatic compounds. It exhibits less aromatic character than benzene, as can be seen from the fact that furfural is readily hydrogenated to tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol. When heated in the presence of acids, furfural irreversibly polymerizes, acting as a thermosetting polymer. Production Furfural may be obtained by the acid catalyzed dehydration of 5-carbon sugars (pentoses), particularly xylose.[19] C 5H 10O 5 → C 5H 4O 2 + 3 H 2O These sugars may be obtained from pentosans obtained from hemicellulose present in lignocellulosic biomass. Between 3% and 10% of the mass of crop residue feedstocks can be recovered as furfural, depending on the type of feedstock. Furfural and water evaporate together from the reaction mixture, and separate upon condensation. The global production capacity is about 800,000 tons as of 2012. China is the biggest supplier of furfural, and accounts for the greater part of global capacity. The other two major commercial producers are Illovo Sugar in the Republic of South Africa and Central Romana in the Dominican Republic [20] In the laboratory, furfural can be synthesized from plant material by heating with sulfuric acid[21] or other acids.[22][20] With the purpose to avoid toxic effluents, an effort to substitute sulfuric acid with easily-separable and reusable solid acid catalysts has been studied around the world.[23] In industrial production, some lignocellulosic residue remains after the removal of the furfural.[24] This residue is dried and burned to provide steam for the operation of the furfural plant. Newer and more energy efficient plants have excess residue, which is or can be used for co-generation of electricity,[25][26] cattle feed, activated carbon, mulch/fertiliser, etc. Uses and occurrence It is found in many foods: coffee (55–255 mg/kg) and whole grain bread (26 mg/kg).[4] Furfural is an important renewable, non-petroleum based, chemical feedstock. It can be converted into a variety of solvents, polymers, fuels and other useful chemicals by a range of catalytic reduction.[27] Hydrogenation of furfural provides furfuryl alcohol (FA), which is used to produce Furan resins, which are exploited in thermoset polymer matrix composites, cements, adhesives, casting resins and coatings.[28] Further hydrogenation of furfuryl alcohol leads to tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol (THFA), which is used as a solvent in agricultural formulations and as an adjuvant to help herbicides penetrate the leaf structure. In another application as a feedstock, palladium-catalyzed decarbonylation on furfural manufactures industrially furan.[29] Another important solvent made from furfural is methyltetrahydrofuran. Furfural is used to make other furan derivatives, such as furoic acid, via oxidation,[30] and furan itself via palladium catalyzed vapor phase decarbonylation.[4] Furfural is also a specialized chemical solvent.[20] There is a good market for value added chemicals that can be obtained from furfural.[20] Safety Furfural is carcinogenic in lab animals and mutagenic in single cell organisms, but there is no data on human subjects. It is classified in IARC Group 3 due to the lack of data on humans and too few tests on animals to satisfy Group 2A/2B criteria. It is hepatotoxic.[31][32][33][34] The median lethal dose is low 650–900 mg/kg (oral, dogs), consistent with its pervasiveness in foods.[4] The Occupational Safety and Health Administration has set a permissible exposure limit for furfural at 5 ppm over an eight-hour time-weighted average (TWA), and also designates furfural as a risk for skin absorption.[1] 6.8 Furfural as flavor enhancer for drinks and food Furfural is generally recognized as a safe chemical. It is a natural degradation product of vitamin C (ascorbic acid) and also a significant product of fruit juices and wine. The longer the wine is aged, the greater the composition of furfural [22]. Regardless of the fact that furfural has an LD50 of 2330 mg/kg for dogs, its toxicity for humans is relatively low. The highest concentration of furfural is in cocoa and coffee (55–255 ppm). About 1–3 ppm of its concentration is in alcoholic beverages and 0.8–26 ppm in brown bread. It is also found in some essential oils, foods, and cosmetic products. 11.9 Furfural: An Aldehyde Furfural is an important organic chemical. Furfural itself has many applications, such as oil refining, as a bonding agent in grinding and abrasive wheels, in pharmaceuticals, and the manufacture of phenolic resins. Furfural has been addressed as one of the most important biomass-derived chemicals. It is identified as a PC for liquid fuels production and also as a precursor for LVA and levulinate esters. Initially, furfural-derived products were identified as inhibitor compounds during the valorization of the lignocellulosic materials in fermentation (Monlau et al., 2014). Furfural is mainly produced by pentose degradation and also from the thermal degradation of 5-HMF at high temperatures (200–250°C). The hemicellulosic part of the plant biomass is rich in pentoses (xylose and arbinose), hence it can be transformed into furfural. The utilization of hemicellulose for the production of furfural could be a viable alternative instead of ethanol production. Current technologies have a limited yield for furfural due to many side reactions, such as cross-polymerization with other molecules and resinification and fragmentation of furfural itself. Yemiş and Mazza (2011) proved that a microwave-assisted process provided a highly efficient conversion of xylose and xylan of hemicellulosic biomass to furfural. Sahu and Dhepe (2012) achieved a 56% yield of furfural using a solid-acid catalyzed selective method for the conversion of solid hemicelluloses. Many process parameters were optimized to minimize the formation of by-products and increase the furfural yield. A biphasic reaction system for the continuous extraction of formed furfural to decrease the side reactions resulted in higher furfural yields (Gürbüz et al., 2012; Rong et al., 2012).A furfural derivative, furfuryl alcohol, accounted for over 85% of the overall furfural market in 2013 (Grand view research, 2015). The coming years will particularly aim at technology innovations to reduce production costs and therefore increase opportunities for new applications of furfural. Furfural is a chemical compound produced by biomass rich in pentoses content in the hemicellulose as raw material, in a reaction catalysed in presence of strong acids. Is used as a potential platform to produce biofuels. In recent years, furfural has received special attention as a potential platform to produce biofuels and biochemicals. In a study conducted by the Department of Renewable Energy of the United States, furfural was selected as one of the 30 main chemicals that can be manufactured from biomass (Cai et al., 2014). Industrially, it is a very versatile chemical because of its multiple applications: utilized as a raw material to produce phenol-furfural-resins (Brown, 1959), or can be converted furfuryl alcohol, tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol, furan, tetrahydrofuran and diols (Bhogeswararao, 2015). The Quaker Oats process is the oldest commercial form of producing furfural industrially. This process was created by the Quaker Oat company using oat cereal waste as raw material, which is mixed with sulfuric acid. The process consists in two steps, first the reaction zone in which the biomass reacted with a solution of sulfuric acid to convert the xylan fraction into furfural, then high vapour stream is introducing to the reactor to remove the furfural as fast as possible in order to avoid furfural polimerization (Marcotullio, 2011). The vapor stream from the reactor is condensed to feed the azeotropic distillation sequences in order to remove the excess of water and some by-products such as methanol and acetic acid (Marcotullio, 2011). Under the economy circle concept, the study of the reaction zone in the production of furfural is important because it allows to reduce the excessive use of water, high energy consumption and the formation of decomposition products by reducing the separation costs. In this work aims to present a novel proposal for the simultaneous optimization having as objective function TAC as economic criteria, Condition Number as a control indicator and EI99 as environmental conditions in order to improve reactor productivity in the reaction zone in the furfural production process. So far, there are no publications reported in the literature where the multi-objective optimization methodology for the furfural reaction zone is solved. 6.2.7 Furfural Furfural is the most common industrial chemical derived from lignocellulosic biomass, with an annual production volume of more than 200,000 tons [96,97]. Furfural production is exclusively based on the acid-catalyzed conversion of pentosan sugars present in agricultural and forestry residues [98]. The first commercial production of furfural was discovered at the Quaker Oats Company in 1921 [99]. At that time, the company had obtained vast quantities of oat hulls from the manufacture of oatmeal. Quaker Oats produced furfural in 50% yield (based on xylan) from hulls by treating them with dilute sulfuric acid and steam pressure [100]. As a platform molecule, some important chemicals could be produced via selective hydrogenolysis, reduction, ring opening, aldol condensation reactions, etc. (Fig. 1.19). Furfural is used as a selective solvent for refining lubricating oils and rosin, and to improve the characteristics of diesel fuel and catalytic cracker recycle stocks. It is employed extensively in the manufacture of resin-bonded abrasive wheels and for the purification of butadiene needed for the production of synthetic rubber. The manufacture of nylon requires hexamethylenediamine, of which furfural is an important source. Condensation with phenol provides furfural-phenolic resins for a variety of uses. Furfural is an organic compound with the formula C4H3OCHO. It is a colorless liquid, although commercial samples are often brown. It has an aldehyde group attached to the 2-position of furan. It is a product of the dehydration of sugars, as occur in a variety of agricultural byproducts, including corncobs, oat, wheat bran, and sawdust. The name furfural comes from the Latin word furfur, meaning bran, referring to its usual source. Furfural is only derived from lignocellulosic biomass, i.e. its origin is non-food or non-coal/oil based. Aside from ethanol, acetic acid and sugar it is one of the oldest renewable chemicals.[6] It is also found in many processed foods and beverages. Contents 1 History 2 Properties 3 Production 4 Uses and occurrence 5 Safety 6 See also 7 References 8 External links History Furfural was first isolated in 1821 (published in 1832) by the German chemist Johann Wolfgang Döbereiner, who produced a small sample as a byproduct of formic acid synthesis.[7][8] In 1840, the Scottish chemist John Stenhouse found that the same chemical could be produced by distilling a wide variety of crop materials, including corn, oats, bran, and sawdust, with aqueous sulfuric acid; he also determined furfural's empirical formula (C5H4O2).[8] George Fownes named this oil "furfurol" in 1845 (from furfur (bran), and oleum (oil)).[9] In 1848, the French chemist Auguste Cahours determined that furfural was an aldehyde.[10] Determining the structure of furfural required some time: the furfural molecule contains a cyclic ether (furan), which tends to break open when it's treated with harsh reagents. In 1870, German chemist Adolf von Baeyer speculated (correctly) about the structure of the chemically similar compounds furan and 2-furoic acid.[11][12][13] By 1886, furfurol was being called "furfural" (short for "furfuraldehyde") and the correct chemical structure for furfural was being proposed.[14] By 1887, the German chemist Willy Marckwald had inferred that some derivatives of furfural contained a furan nucleus.[15] In 1901, the German chemist Carl Harries determined furan's structure by synthesizing it from succindialdehyde, thereby also confirming furfural's proposed structure.[16][17] Furfural remained relatively obscure until 1922,[6] when the Quaker Oats Company began mass-producing it from oat hulls.[18] Today, furfural is still produced from agricultural byproducts like sugarcane bagasse and corn cobs. The main countries producing furfural today are the Dominican Republic, South Africa and China. Properties Furfural dissolves readily in most polar organic solvents, but it is only slightly soluble in either water or alkanes. Furfural participates in the same kinds of reactions as other aldehydes and other aromatic compounds. It exhibits less aromatic character than benzene, as can be seen from the fact that furfural is readily hydrogenated to tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol. When heated in the presence of acids, furfural irreversibly polymerizes, acting as a thermosetting polymer. Production Furfural may be obtained by the acid catalyzed dehydration of 5-carbon sugars (pentoses), particularly xylose.[19] C 5H 10O 5 → C 5H 4O 2 + 3 H 2O These sugars may be obtained from pentosans obtained from hemicellulose present in lignocellulosic biomass. Between 3% and 10% of the mass of crop residue feedstocks can be recovered as furfural, depending on the type of feedstock. Furfural and water evaporate together from the reaction mixture, and separate upon condensation. The global production capacity is about 800,000 tons as of 2012. China is the biggest supplier of furfural, and accounts for the greater part of global capacity. The other two major commercial producers are Illovo Sugar in the Republic of South Africa and Central Romana in the Dominican Republic [20] In the laboratory, furfural can be synthesized from plant material by heating with sulfuric acid[21] or other acids.[22][20] With the purpose to avoid toxic effluents, an effort to substitute sulfuric acid with easily-separable and reusable solid acid catalysts has been studied around the world.[23] In industrial production, some lignocellulosic residue remains after the removal of the furfural.[24] This residue is dried and burned to provide steam for the operation of the furfural plant. Newer and more energy efficient plants have excess residue, which is or can be used for co-generation of electricity,[25][26] cattle feed, activated carbon, mulch/fertiliser, etc. Uses and occurrence It is found in many foods: coffee (55–255 mg/kg) and whole grain bread (26 mg/kg).[4] Furfural is an important renewable, non-petroleum based, chemical feedstock. It can be converted into a variety of solvents, polymers, fuels and other useful chemicals by a range of catalytic reduction.[27] Hydrogenation of furfural provides furfuryl alcohol (FA), which is used to produce Furan resins, which are exploited in thermoset polymer matrix composites, cements, adhesives, casting resins and coatings.[28] Further hydrogenation of furfuryl alcohol leads to tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol (THFA), which is used as a solvent in agricultural formulations and as an adjuvant to help herbicides penetrate the leaf structure. In another application as a feedstock, palladium-catalyzed decarbonylation on furfural manufactures industrially furan.[29] Another important solvent made from furfural is methyltetrahydrofuran. Furfural is used to make other furan derivatives, such as furoic acid, via oxidation,[30] and furan itself via palladium catalyzed vapor phase decarbonylation.[4] Furfural is also a specialized chemical solvent.[20] There is a good market for value added chemicals that can be obtained from furfural.[20] Safety Furfural is carcinogenic in lab animals and mutagenic in single cell organisms, but there is no data on human subjects. It is classified in IARC Group 3 due to the lack of data on humans and too few tests on animals to satisfy Group 2A/2B criteria. It is hepatotoxic.[31][32][33][34] The median lethal dose is low 650–900 mg/kg (oral, dogs), consistent with its pervasiveness in foods.[4] The Occupational Safety and Health Administration has set a permissible exposure limit for furfural at 5 ppm over an eight-hour time-weighted average (TWA), and also designates furfural as a risk for skin absorption.[1] 6.8 Furfural as flavor enhancer for drinks and food Furfural is generally recognized as a safe chemical. It is a natural degradation product of vitamin C (ascorbic acid) and also a significant product of fruit juices and wine. The longer the wine is aged, the greater the composition of furfural [22]. Regardless of the fact that furfural has an LD50 of 2330 mg/kg for dogs, its toxicity for humans is relatively low. The highest concentration of furfural is in cocoa and coffee (55–255 ppm). About 1–3 ppm of its concentration is in alcoholic beverages and 0.8–26 ppm in brown bread. It is also found in some essential oils, foods, and cosmetic products. 11.9 Furfural: An Aldehyde Furfural is an important organic chemical. Furfural itself has many applications, such as oil refining, as a bonding agent in grinding and abrasive wheels, in pharmaceuticals, and the manufacture of phenolic resins. Furfural has been addressed as one of the most important biomass-derived chemicals. It is identified as a PC for liquid fuels production and also as a precursor for LVA and levulinate esters. Initially, furfural-derived products were identified as inhibitor compounds during the valorization of the lignocellulosic materials in fermentation (Monlau et al., 2014). Furfural is mainly produced by pentose degradation and also from the thermal degradation of 5-HMF at high temperatures (200–250°C). The hemicellulosic part of the plant biomass is rich in pentoses (xylose and arbinose), hence it can be transformed into furfural. The utilization of hemicellulose for the production of furfural could be a viable alternative instead of ethanol production. Current technologies have a limited yield for furfural due to many side reactions, such as cross-polymerization with other molecules and resinification and fragmentation of furfural itself. Yemiş and Mazza (2011) proved that a microwave-assisted process provided a highly efficient conversion of xylose and xylan of hemicellulosic biomass to furfural. Sahu and Dhepe (2012) achieved a 56% yield of furfural using a solid-acid catalyzed selective method for the conversion of solid hemicelluloses. Many process parameters were optimized to minimize the formation of by-products and increase the furfural yield. A biphasic reaction system for the continuous extraction of formed furfural to decrease the side reactions resulted in higher furfural yields (Gürbüz et al., 2012; Rong et al., 2012).A furfural derivative, furfuryl alcohol, accounted for over 85% of the overall furfural market in 2013 (Grand view research, 2015). The coming years will particularly aim at technology innovations to reduce production costs and therefore increase opportunities for new applications of furfural. Furfural is a chemical compound produced by biomass rich in pentoses content in the hemicellulose as raw material, in a reaction catalysed in presence of strong acids. Is used as a potential platform to produce biofuels. In recent years, furfural has received special attention as a potential platform to produce biofuels and biochemicals. In a study conducted by the Department of Renewable Energy of the United States, furfural was selected as one of the 30 main chemicals that can be manufactured from biomass (Cai et al., 2014). Industrially, it is a very versatile chemical because of its multiple applications: utilized as a raw material to produce phenol-furfural-resins (Brown, 1959), or can be converted furfuryl alcohol, tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol, furan, tetrahydrofuran and diols (Bhogeswararao, 2015). The Quaker Oats process is the oldest commercial form of producing furfural industrially. This process was created by the Quaker Oat company using oat cereal waste as raw material, which is mixed with sulfuric acid. The process consists in two steps, first the reaction zone in which the biomass reacted with a solution of sulfuric acid to convert the xylan fraction into furfural, then high vapour stream is introducing to the reactor to remove the furfural as fast as possible in order to avoid furfural polimerization (Marcotullio, 2011). The vapor stream from the reactor is condensed to feed the azeotropic distillation sequences in order to remove the excess of water and some by-products such as methanol and acetic acid (Marcotullio, 2011). Under the economy circle concept, the study of the reaction zone in the production of furfural is important because it allows to reduce the excessive use of water, high energy consumption and the formation of decomposition products by reducing the separation costs. In this work aims to present a novel proposal for the simultaneous optimization having as objective function TAC as economic criteria, Condition Number as a control indicator and EI99 as environmental conditions in order to improve reactor productivity in the reaction zone in the furfural production process. So far, there are no publications reported in the literature where the multi-objective optimization methodology for the furfural reaction zone is solved. 6.2.7 Furfural Furfural is the most common industrial chemical derived from lignocellulosic biomass, with an annual production volume of more than 200,000 tons [96,97]. Furfural production is exclusively based on the acid-catalyzed conversion of pentosan sugars present in agricultural and forestry residues [98]. The first commercial production of furfural was discovered at the Quaker Oats Company in 1921 [99]. At that time, the company had obtained vast quantities of oat hulls from the manufacture of oatmeal. Quaker Oats produced furfural in 50% yield (based on xylan) from hulls by treating them with dilute sulfuric acid and steam pressure [100]. As a platform molecule, some important chemicals could be produced via selective hydrogenolysis, reduction, ring opening, aldol condensation reactions, etc. (Fig. 1.19). Furfural is used as a selective solvent for refining lubricating oils and rosin, and to improve the characteristics of diesel fuel and catalytic cracker recycle stocks. It is employed extensively in the manufacture of resin-bonded abrasive wheels and for the purification of butadiene needed for the production of synthetic rubber. The manufacture of nylon requires hexamethylenediamine, of which furfural is an important source. Condensation with phenol provides furfural-phenolic resins for a variety of uses.
FURFURYL ALCOHOL
FURFURYL ALCOHOL Furfuryl alcohol Jump to navigationJump to search Furfuryl alcohol[1] Structural formula of furfuryl alcohol Ball-and-stick model of the furfuryl alcohol molecule Names Preferred IUPAC name (Furan-2-yl)methanol Other names Furan-2-ylmethanol Furfuryl alcohol 2-Furanmethanol 2-Furancarbinol 2-(Hydroxymethyl)furan Identifiers CAS Number 98-00-0 check 3D model (JSmol) Interactive image ChEBI CHEBI:207496 check ChEMBL ChEMBL308187 check ChemSpider 7083 check ECHA InfoCard 100.002.388 Edit this at Wikidata PubChem CID 7361 UNII D582054MUH check CompTox Dashboard (EPA) DTXSID2025347 Edit this at Wikidata InChI[show] SMILES[show] Properties Chemical formula C5H6O2 Molar mass 98.10 g/mol Appearance colorless liquid Odor burning odor[2] Density 1.128 g/cm3 Melting point −29 °C (−20 °F; 244 K) Boiling point 170 °C (338 °F; 443 K) Solubility in water miscible Hazards Safety data sheet External MSDS NFPA 704 (fire diamond) NFPA 704 four-colored diamond 231 Flash point 65 °C; 149 °F; 338 K [2] Explosive limits 1.8% - 16.3%[2] Lethal dose or concentration (LD, LC): LC50 (median concentration) 397 ppm (mouse, 6 hr) 85 ppm (rat, 6 hr) 592 ppm (rat, 1 hr)[3] LCLo (lowest published) 597 ppm (mouse, 6 hr)[3] NIOSH (US health exposure limits): PEL (Permissible) TWA 50 ppm (200 mg/m3)[2] REL (Recommended) TWA 10 ppm (40 mg/m3) ST 15 ppm (60 mg/m3) [skin][2] IDLH (Immediate danger) 75 ppm[2] Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa). check verify (what is check☒ ?) Infobox references Furfuryl alcohol is an organic compound containing a furan substituted with a hydroxymethyl group. It is a colorless liquid, but aged samples appear amber. It possesses a faint odor of burning and a bitter taste. It is miscible with but unstable in water. It is soluble in common organic solvents.[4] Contents 1 Synthesis 2 Reactions 3 Applications 3.1 Craft uses 4 Safety 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Synthesis Furfuryl alcohol is manufactured industrially by hydrogenation of furfural, which is itself typically produced from waste bio-mass such as corncobs or sugar cane bagasse. As such furfuryl alcohol may be considered a green chemical.[5] One-pot systems have been investigated to produce furfuryl alcohol directly from xylose using solid acid catalysts.[6] Reactions It undergoes many reactions including Diels-Alder additions to electrophilic alkenes and alkynes. Hydroxymethylation gives 1,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)furan. Hydrolysis gives levulinic acid. Upon treatment with acids, heat and/or catalysts, furfuryl alcohol can be made to polymerize into a resin, poly(furfuryl alcohol). Hydrogenation of furfuryl alcohol can proceed to give hydroxymethyl derivative of tetrahydrofuran and 1,5-pentanediol. The etherification reaction of furfuryl alcohol with alkyl or aryl halide (e.g. benzyl chloride) in the liquid-liquid-liquid triphase system with the help of a phase transfer catalyst also reported.[7] Applications The primary use of furfuryl alcohol is as a monomer for the synthesis of furan resins.[4][8] These polymers are used in thermoset polymer matrix composites, cements, adhesives, coatings and casting/foundry resins. Polymerization involves an acid-catalyzed polycondensation, usually giving a black cross-linked product.[9] A highly simplified representation is shown below. Furan resin.svg Craft uses Furfuryl alcohol has been used in rocketry as a fuel which ignites hypergolically (immediately and energetically in contact) with white fuming nitric acid or red fuming nitric acid oxidizer.[10] The use of hypergolics avoids the need for an igniter. In late 2012, Spectra, a concept liquid rocket engine using white fuming nitric acid as the oxidizer to furfuryl alcohol fuel was static tested by Copenhagen Suborbitals.[11][12] Because of its low molecular weight, furfuryl alcohol can impregnate the cells of wood, where it can be polymerized and bonded with the wood by heat, radiation, and/or catalysts or additional reactants. The treated wood has improved moisture-dimensional stability, hardness, and decay and insect resistance; catalysts can include zinc chloride, citric, and formic acid, as well as borates.[13][14] Safety The median lethal dose for furfuryl alcohol ranges from 160 to 400 mg/kg (mouse or rabbit, oral). Furfural alcohol resin. Furfuryl alcohol resin is produced by self polycondensation of furfuryl alcohol monomer which reacts with the active a-hydrogen of another furfuryl alcohol molecule in the presence of acid catalyst to from the polycondensation resin. Reaction formula is shown in follow. Furfuryl alcohol-based resins are the most important industrial furan resins in terms of usage and volume.[8] The final cross-linked products exhibit outstanding properties and characteristics. Furfural replaces formaldehyde in the conventional production of phenolic resins. It reacts easily with phenol in the presence of an alkaline catalyst to form a novolac phenol-furfural resin. (Novolac phenolic resin requires an acid catalyst.) Furfuryl alcohol readily resinifies or homopolymerizes in the presence of an acid catalyst [such as mineral acids, organic acids, Lewis acids (boron halides, e.g., BF3), and acyl halides] to produce liquid linear chains (oligomers). These chains consist primarily of dimers and trimers that have methylene linkages between the furan rings. The process essentially is a methylolation involving the condensation of the methylol group of one furfuryl alcohol molecule with another molecule at the fifth position (Figure 3-4). The furfuryl alcohol resinification process is highly exothermic; the necessary temperature control is accomplished by cooling via either reflux or an external cooling fluid. The process is carried to a predetermined viscosity end point, and the reaction is stopped by adjusting the pH to between 5 and 8. The resulting liquid resin has a shelf life of more than 6 months. Furfuryl alcohol also undergoes copolymerization with aldehydes such as formaldehyde and furfural, and with phenols and urea in the presence of an aldehyde. Since the introduction of furan NO-BAKE foundry binders, furfuryl alcohol has grown to the largest volume derivative of furfural. In the seventies Quaker's chemical division decided to build an additional furfuryl alcohol production facilityin Geel, nearby Antwerp (Belgium) to serve the expanding demand throughout the world. In 1998, this Belgian facility became an independent entity - nominated TransFurans Chemicals. The selective Cu-catalyzed hydrogenation of furfural is the sole industrial route for furfuryl alcohol production. This process can be performed in gas or liquid phase. TransFurans Chemicals operates world's most effective and biggest furfural hydrogenation plant. The incoming furfural is produced at the world's largest furfural facility, Central Romana Corporation. The company is close to the Antwerp Seaport for export to the Asian and American continent; the central location of Belgium favors TransFurans Chemicals to supply the European customers. International Furan Chemicals has the exclusive use and distribution rights of TFC's furfuryl alcohol output of some 40,000 tons. Today the wide spread use of furfuryl alcohol in foundry resins is the principal outlet of this renewable chemical. Nevertheless, the low viscosity and high reactivity of furfuryl alcohol and the outstanding chemical, mechanical and thermal properties of its polymers have led to successful applications of furfuryl alcohol in other fields than the foundry industry. By controlled polymerisation polyfurfuryl alcohol (PFA) can be produced. PFA is an engineering thermoset resin with applications in fibre reinforced plastics, adhesives, anti-corrosive and carbon products. Furfuryl alcohol is also the chemical substrate in the production of tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol, levulinic acid, 3,4 dihydro 2H pyran, pentane diols and precursor molecules for pharmaceutical intermediates. Furfuryl alcohol is not an oil derived chemical. The basic raw materials for its manufacture are waste vegetable materials such as sugar cane bagasse, oat hulls, corn cobs and rice hulls. This reactive alcohol plays a vital role in the production of foundry sand binders. For over 40 years it has been extensively used to produce cores and molds for metal casting. No wonder that the major part of furfuryl alcohol, manufactured at TransFurans Chemicals is purchased by foundry binder suppliers. Of course the remarkable properties of this chemical, such as low viscosity, high reactivity and excellent solvent characteristics have led to success in other fields. Foundry industry Furfuryl alcohol is the major ingredient in FURAN foundry binders [1]. The flexibility of furfuryl alcohol as a binder base is enormous. Today furfuryl alcohol is used in binders for HOT-BOX, WARM BOX and gas hardened processes as well as in the traditional FURAN-NO-BAKE system. Furan NO-BAKE (FNB) was introduced in 1958. It is suitable for making all types of metal castings in all sizes, and particularly used for the production of molds and larger cores. This acid catalyzed cold setting binder consist of a hardening catalysts such as sulfuric acids, sulfonic acids and phosphoric acids and of a reactive furan-type resin. FNB is known for its superior shakeout characteristics and the sand can be reused by thermal and/or mechanical reclamation [2]. Furan HOT BOX process uses furan resins in combination with a latent acid catalysts, e.g. ammonium salts. The WARM BOX process is operated at lower temperatures and was developed by the Quaker Oats Company for the rapid production of cores in existing hot box equipment. This type of furan binder contains more furfuryl alcohol than in hot box furan binders. A latent copper salt catalyst is used to cure the binder very rapidly upon heating The Furan SO2 process is a gas cured binder system for the rapid production of small moulds and cores. Curing of the furanic resin occurs right away, when the sand mix is exposed to SO2 gas at room temperature. Furfuryl Alcohol and Furan Resins Chemical Economics Handbook Published March 2020 The majority of furfuryl alcohol is used in the production of furan resins for foundry sand binders in the metal casting industry. Currently, furfuryl alcohol is used mainly in binders for the traditional furan no-bake system and in smaller quantities in furan hot-box, warm-box, and gas-hardened processes. In its main application, the foundry business, furfuryl alcohol competes primarily with phenol, the feedstock for phenolic resins. The following pie chart shows world consumption of furfuryl alcohol: The production and use of furfuryl alcohol is centered in China. Low-cost production in China forced most of the industry in North America, Western Europe, and Japan to shutter operations in the 1990s. China has also captured most of the global foundry business. Little change is expected in the near future. Any growth in the global industry will depend on activity in China. China continues to be the world’s largest producer and consumer of furfuryl alcohol, accounting for more than 85% of worldwide capacity, 80% of production, and about 60% of global consumption in 2019. Since 2000, a number of foundries have relocated to China, which has led to increased domestic demand for furan resins, especially from the automotive, windmill, and machinery industries. However, it is expected that Chinese demand for furan resins in the heavy casting industry will grow at a more moderate rate in the future. It is estimated that about 90% of worldwide demand for furfuryl alcohol in 2019 was used for the production of furan resins. The remaining applications include tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol (THFA), and use in solvents, flavor and fragrance chemicals, pesticides, and pharmaceuticals. THFA is used mainly as a specialty solvent or chemical intermediate, with its primary end markets being agricultural chemicals, coatings, and cleaning solutions. For more detailed information, see the table of contents, shown below. IHS Markit’s Chemical Economics Handbook –Furfuryl Alcohol and Furan Resins is the comprehensive and trusted guide for anyone seeking information on this industry. This latest report details global and regional information, including Key benefits IHS Markit’s Chemical Economics Handbook –Furfuryl Alcohol and Furan Resins has been compiled using primary interviews with key suppliers and organizations, and leading representatives from the industry in combination with IHS Markit’s unparalleled access to upstream and downstream market intelligence and expert insights into industry dynamics, trade, and economics. Furfuryl alcohol is an organic compound containing a furan substituted with a hydroxymethyl group. It is a colorless liquid, but aged samples appear amber. It possesses a faint odor of burning and a bitter taste. It is miscible with but unstable in water. It is soluble in common organic solvents.[4] Contents 1 Synthesis 2 Reactions 3 Applications 3.1 Craft uses 4 Safety 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Synthesis Furfuryl alcohol is manufactured industrially by hydrogenation of furfural, which is itself typically produced from waste bio-mass such as corncobs or sugar cane bagasse. As such furfuryl alcohol may be considered a green chemical.[5] One-pot systems have been investigated to produce furfuryl alcohol directly from xylose using solid acid catalysts.[6] Reactions It undergoes many reactions including Diels-Alder additions to electrophilic alkenes and alkynes. Hydroxymethylation gives 1,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)furan. Hydrolysis gives levulinic acid. Upon treatment with acids, heat and/or catalysts, furfuryl alcohol can be made to polymerize into a resin, poly(furfuryl alcohol). Hydrogenation of furfuryl alcohol can proceed to give hydroxymethyl derivative of tetrahydrofuran and 1,5-pentanediol. The etherification reaction of furfuryl alcohol with alkyl or aryl halide (e.g. benzyl chloride) in the liquid-liquid-liquid triphase system with the help of a phase transfer catalyst also reported.[7] Applications The primary use of furfuryl alcohol is as a monomer for the synthesis of furan resins.[4][8] These polymers are used in thermoset polymer matrix composites, cements, adhesives, coatings and casting/foundry resins. Polymerization involves an acid-catalyzed polycondensation, usually giving a black cross-linked product.[9] A highly simplified representation is shown below. Furan resin.svg Craft uses Furfuryl alcohol has been used in rocketry as a fuel which ignites hypergolically (immediately and energetically in contact) with white fuming nitric acid or red fuming nitric acid oxidizer.[10] The use of hypergolics avoids the need for an igniter. In late 2012, Spectra, a concept liquid rocket engine using white fuming nitric acid as the oxidizer to furfuryl alcohol fuel was static tested by Copenhagen Suborbitals.[11][12] Because of its low molecular weight, furfuryl alcohol can impregnate the cells of wood, where it can be polymerized and bonded with the wood by heat, radiation, and/or catalysts or additional reactants. The treated wood has improved moisture-dimensional stability, hardness, and decay and insect resistance; catalysts can include zinc chloride, citric, and formic acid, as well as borates.[13][14] Safety The median lethal dose for furfuryl alcohol ranges from 160 to 400 mg/kg (mouse or rabbit, oral). Furfural alcohol resin. Furfuryl alcohol resin is produced by self polycondensation of furfuryl alcohol monomer which reacts with the active a-hydrogen of another furfuryl alcohol molecule in the presence of acid catalyst to from the polycondensation resin. Reaction formula is shown in follow. Furfuryl alcohol-based resins are the most important industrial furan resins in terms of usage and volume.[8] The final cross-linked products exhibit outstanding properties and characteristics. Furfural replaces formaldehyde in the conventional production of phenolic resins. It reacts easily with phenol in the presence of an alkaline catalyst to form a novolac phenol-furfural resin. (Novolac phenolic resin requires an acid catalyst.) Furfuryl alcohol readily resinifies or homopolymerizes in the presence of an acid catalyst [such as mineral acids, organic acids, Lewis acids (boron halides, e.g., BF3), and acyl halides] to produce liquid linear chains (oligomers). These chains consist primarily of dimers and trimers that have methylene linkages between the furan rings. The process essentially is a methylolation involving the condensation of the methylol group of one furfuryl alcohol molecule with another molecule at the fifth position (Figure 3-4). The furfuryl alcohol resinification process is highly exothermic; the necessary temperature control is accomplished by cooling via either reflux or an external cooling fluid. The process is carried to a predetermined viscosity end point, and the reaction is stopped by adjusting the pH to between 5 and 8. The resulting liquid resin has a shelf life of more than 6 months. Furfuryl alcohol also undergoes copolymerization with aldehydes such as formaldehyde and furfural, and with phenols and urea in the presence of an aldehyde. Since the introduction of furan NO-BAKE foundry binders, furfuryl alcohol has grown to the largest volume derivative of furfural. In the seventies Quaker's chemical division decided to build an additional furfuryl alcohol production facilityin Geel, nearby Antwerp (Belgium) to serve the expanding demand throughout the world. In 1998, this Belgian facility became an independent entity - nominated TransFurans Chemicals. The selective Cu-catalyzed hydrogenation of furfural is the sole industrial route for furfuryl alcohol production. This process can be performed in gas or liquid phase. TransFurans Chemicals operates world's most effective and biggest furfural hydrogenation plant. The incoming furfural is produced at the world's largest furfural facility, Central Romana Corporation. The company is close to the Antwerp Seaport for export to the Asian and American continent; the central location of Belgium favors TransFurans Chemicals to supply the European customers. International Furan Chemicals has the exclusive use and distribution rights of TFC's furfuryl alcohol output of some 40,000 tons. Today the wide spread use of furfuryl alcohol in foundry resins is the principal outlet of this renewable chemical. Nevertheless, the low viscosity and high reactivity of furfuryl alcohol and the outstanding chemical, mechanical and thermal properties of its polymers have led to successful applications of furfuryl alcohol in other fields than the foundry industry. By controlled polymerisation polyfurfuryl alcohol (PFA) can be produced. PFA is an engineering thermoset resin with applications in fibre reinforced plastics, adhesives, anti-corrosive and carbon products. Furfuryl alcohol is also the chemical substrate in the production of tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol, levulinic acid, 3,4 dihydro 2H pyran, pentane diols and precursor molecules for pharmaceutical intermediates. Furfuryl alcohol is not an oil derived chemical. The basic raw materials for its manufacture are waste vegetable materials such as sugar cane bagasse, oat hulls, corn cobs and rice hulls. This reactive alcohol plays a vital role in the production of foundry sand binders. For over 40 years it has been extensively used to produce cores and molds for metal casting. No wonder that the major part of furfuryl alcohol, manufactured at TransFurans Chemicals is purchased by foundry binder suppliers. Of course the remarkable properties of this chemical, such as low viscosity, high reactivity and excellent solvent characteristics have led to success in other fields. Foundry industry Furfuryl alcohol is the major ingredient in FURAN foundry binders [1]. The flexibility of furfuryl alcohol as a binder base is enormous. Today furfuryl alcohol is used in binders for HOT-BOX, WARM BOX and gas hardened processes as well as in the traditional FURAN-NO-BAKE system. Furan NO-BAKE (FNB) was introduced in 1958. It is suitable for making all types of metal castings in all sizes, and particularly used for the production of molds and larger cores. This acid catalyzed cold setting binder consist of a hardening catalysts such as sulfuric acids, sulfonic acids and phosphoric acids and of a reactive furan-type resin. FNB is known for its superior shakeout characteristics and the sand can be reused by thermal and/or mechanical reclamation [2]. Furan HOT BOX process uses furan resins in combination with a latent acid catalysts, e.g. ammonium salts. The WARM BOX process is operated at lower temperatures and was developed by the Quaker Oats Company for the rapid production of cores in existing hot box equipment. This type of furan binder contains more furfuryl alcohol than in hot box furan binders. A latent copper salt catalyst is used to cure the binder very rapidly upon heating The Furan SO2 process is a gas cured binder system for the rapid production of small moulds and cores. Curing of the furanic resin occurs right away, when the sand mix is exposed to SO2 gas at room temperature. Furfuryl Alcohol and Furan Resins Chemical Economics Handbook Published March 2020 The majority of furfuryl alcohol is used in the production of furan resins for foundry sand binders in the metal casting industry. Currently, furfuryl alcohol is used mainly in binders for the traditional furan no-bake system and in smaller quantities in furan hot-box, warm-box, and gas-hardened processes. In its main application, the foundry business, furfuryl alcohol competes primarily with phenol, the feedstock for phenolic resins. The following pie chart shows world consumption of furfuryl alcohol: The production and use of furfuryl alcohol is centered in China. Low-cost production in China forced most of the industry in North America, Western Europe, and Japan to shutter operations in the 1990s. China has also captured most of the global foundry business. Little change is expected in the near future. Any growth in the global industry will depend on activity in China. China continues to be the world’s largest producer and consumer of furfuryl alcohol, accounting for more than 85% of worldwide capacity, 80% of production, and about 60% of global consumption in 2019. Since 2000, a number of foundries have relocated to China, which has led to increased domestic demand for furan resins, especially from the automotive, windmill, and machinery industries. However, it is expected that Chinese demand for furan resins in the heavy casting industry will grow at a more moderate rate in the future. It is estimated that about 90% of worldwide demand for furfuryl alcohol in 2019 was used for the production of furan resins. The remaining applications include tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol (THFA), and use in solvents, flavor and fragrance chemicals, pesticides, and pharmaceuticals. THFA is used mainly as a specialty solvent or chemical intermediate, with its primary end markets being agricultural chemicals, coatings, and cleaning solutions. For more detailed information, see the table of contents, shown below. IHS Markit’s Chemical Economics Handbook –Furfuryl Alcohol and Furan Resins is the comprehensive and trusted guide for anyone seeking information on this industry. This latest report details global and regional information, including Key benefits IHS Markit’s Chemical Economics Handbook –Furfuryl Alcohol and Furan Resins has been compiled using primary interviews with key suppliers and organizations, and leading representatives from the industry in combination with IHS Markit’s unparalleled access to upstream and downstream market intelligence and expert insights into industry dynamics, trade, and economics.
FURFURYL ALCOHOL
Furfuryl alcohol is an organic compound containing a furan substituted with a hydroxymethyl group.
Furfuryl alcohol appears as a clear colorless liquid.


CAS Number: 98-00-0
EC Number: 202-626-1
MDL number: MFCD00003252
Molecular Formula: C5H6O2


Furfuryl Alcohol is a renewable material derived from furfural, produced from hydrolysed biomass waste.
Furfuryl alcohol is an organic compound containing a furan substituted with a hydroxymethyl group.
Furfuryl Alcohol is a colorless liquid, but aged samples appear amber.


Furfuryl Alcohol possesses a faint odor of burning and a bitter taste.
Furfuryl Alcohol is miscible with but unstable in water.
Furfuryl Alcohol is soluble in common organic solvents.


Because of its low molecular weight, furfuryl alcohol can impregnate the cells of wood, where it can be polymerized and bonded with the wood by heat, radiation, and/or catalysts or additional reactants.
The treated wood (e.g. "Kebony") has improved moisture-dimensional stability, hardness, and decay and insect resistance; catalysts can include zinc chloride, citric, and formic acid, as well as borates.


Furfuryl alcohol appears as a clear colorless liquid.
The flash point of Furfuryl Alcohol is 167 °F.
The boiling point of Furfuryl Alcohol is 171 °F.


Furfuryl Alcohol is denser than water.
Furfuryl alcohol is a furan bearing a hydroxymethyl substituent at the 2-position.
Furfuryl Alcohol has a role as a Maillard reaction product.


Furfuryl Alcohol is a primary alcohol and a member of furans.
Furfuryl alcohol is a natural product found in Prunus mume, Campsis grandiflora, and other organisms with data available.
Furfuryl Alcohol is registered under the REACH Regulation and is manufactured in and / or imported to the European Economic Area, at ≥ 10 000 to < 100 000 tonnes per annum.


Furfuryl Alcohol acts as a solvent.
Furfuryl alcohol is very unstable when contacted with even low levels of strong acids.
Furfuryl alcohol is a clear colorless organic liquid when pure, but becomes amber upon prolonged exposure to light and air.


Furfuryl alcohol, produced in Argentina, is produced using a catalytic hydrogenation process at high pressure, starting from furfural.
Furfuryl alcohol has a purity of 98.5%.
Furfuryl alcohol is derived from furan and differs from the latter by an additional hydroxymethyl group.


Furfuryl Alcohol forms on disproportionation of furfural and is a colorless to yellow liquid that is readily soluble in organic solvents (ethanol, benzene) but insoluble in kerosene.
Furfuryl Alcohol is reactive in many ways.


Furfuryl alcohol is a chemical compound containing furan substituted with a hydroxymethyl group.
Furfuryl Alcohol is manufactured primarily by the hydrogenation of furfural, which is produced from organic biomass material such as corncobs, sugarcane bagasse and rice hulls.


Visually, furfuryl alcohol is a colorless liquid, but it can become amber in color when aged.
Furfuryl alcohol is considered to be highly reactive and plays an active role in the production of binder compounds.
Some of the most renowned properties of this chemical are its low viscosity and excellent solvent characteristics.


These attributes have made furfuryl alcohol an essential chemical in numerous industries.
Furfuryl alcohol is an organic compound containing a furan substituted with a hydroxymethyl group.
Furfuryl Alcohol is a colorless liquid, but aged samples appear amber.


Furfuryl Alcohol is characterized by a faint burning smell and a bitter taste.
Furfuryl Alcohol is miscible with water, but is unstable in water.
Furfuryl Alcohol is soluble in common organic solvents.


Furfuryl Alcohol is manufactured by the hydrogenation (catalytic reduction) of furfural.
Furfuryl Alcohol’s polymerization characteristics have opened up opportunities in the wood treatment/modification industry: when treated with FA, the characteristics of ‘softwoods’ are altered so as to make the woods more valuable.


One of the characteristics of treated/modified wood is its resistance to infestations (a genuine alternative to replace CCA – copper chromium arsenic – treaded wood!).
Another one is Furfuryl Alcohol's increased hardness in comparison with untreated wood (a genuine alternative to replace tropical hardwood).


The first two commercial technologies/processes for the “furfylation” of wood have been introduced and their market acceptance is growing (and with it the demand for Furfuryl Alcohol).
This presents an excellent opportunity in that the tropical hard wood and CCA treated wood substitution markets are multi-billion dollar businesses.



USES and APPLICATIONS of FURFURYL ALCOHOL:
Key Applications of Furfuryl Alcohol: Corrosion Resistant; Paint Stripper; Organic Coatings; Green Coatings; Reactive Solvent; Pharmaceutical Precursor
Furfuryl Alcohol is used in the synthesis of pharmaceutical, agricultural and industrial chemicals furfural alcohol is used in make sand molds for metal castings


Furfuryl alcohol has been used as an analytical reference standard for the determination of furfuryl alcohol in:Transformer or rectifier oils by solid-phase extraction (SPE), liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) equipped with variable ultraviolet (UV) detector.
Furfuryl Alcohol is used Adhesives, Wetting agents, Anti-corrosion coating, Solvents, Thinner, Organic raw material.


Furfuryl Alcohol is used to make a variety of furan polymers, used in sealants and cements or in combination with other chemicals to make urea-formaldehyde or phenolic resins.
Furfuryl Alcohol is also used as a flavourant.


Furfuryl Alcohol can be used as a solvent, but it’s more often used as an ingredient in the manufacture of various chemical products such as: Furan resins, especially foundry resin, which is used as binder of the sand core.
Furfuryl Alcohol is used by professional workers (widespread uses), in formulation or re-packing, at industrial sites and in manufacturing.


Furfuryl Alcohol is used in the following products: coating products.
Release to the environment of Furfuryl Alcohol can occur from industrial use: formulation of mixtures.
Other release to the environment of Furfuryl Alcohol is likely to occur from: indoor use and outdoor use resulting in inclusion into or onto a materials (e.g. binding agent in paints and coatings or adhesives).


Furfuryl Alcohol is used in the following products: polymers, laboratory chemicals and coating products.
Release to the environment of Furfuryl Alcohol can occur from industrial use: formulation of mixtures.
Furfuryl Alcohol is used in the following products: polymers and laboratory chemicals.


Furfuryl Alcohol is used for the manufacture of: chemicals and plastic products.
Release to the environment of Furfuryl Alcohol can occur from industrial use: for thermoplastic manufacture, in processing aids at industrial sites and in the production of articles.


Release to the environment of Furfuryl Alcohol can occur from industrial use: manufacturing of the substance.
Furfuryl alcohol is used in the synthesis of continuous titanium carbide nanofibers/nanoribbon.
Furfuryl Alcohol is used in the following areas: scientific research and development.


Furfuryl alcohol (FuOH, C4H3OCH2OH, 2-furylmethanol, 2-furancarbinol) has applications in the fabrication of foundry resins, the ingredient production of P-series fuels, in liquid alkanes and in food production.
Furfuryl Alcohol is also a very important intermediate in fine chemical synthesis and the polymer industry, and it is used as a chemical intermediate for the synthesis of lysine, vitamin C and levulinic acid and employed as a lubricant and as a dispersing agent.


Furfuryl alcohol reacts with formaldehyde and leads to the formation of resinous condensation products that are widely used in the production of thermosetting resins and are particularly resistant to chemicals and solvents.
Furfuryl alcohol was used in the synthesis of continuous titanium carbide nanofibers/nanoribbon.


Furfuryl alcohol is an efficient trapping agent for singlet oxygen determination in natural waters.
The mechanism of acid-catalyzed polycondensation of furfuryl alcohol has been investigated.
Furfuryl alcohol is used as a solvent and for the production of furan resins and, more recently, for chemical wood modification.


Furfuryl Alcohol is used primarily as a monomer for the synthesis of furan resins, which are in turn used to produce various adhesives, coatings and cement.
Furfuryl Alcohol is used manufacture of foundry resins, characterized by low viscosity, good mechanical strength at metal melting temperature, and low gas emission.


Furfuryl Alcohol is used production of corrosion-resistant resins with a very competitive price.
Furfuryl Alcohol is used production of abrasive wheels and adhesives based on urea-formaldehyde resin due to its wetting - dispersant properties.
Furfuryl Alcohol is used production of tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol (THFA) as a solvent in the pharmaceutical industry.


-Furfuryl Alcohol may be used as an analytical reference standard for the determination of furfuryl alcohol in:
*Coffee samples by headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) and gas chromatography (GC) coupled to flame ionization detector (FID) as well as mass spectrometry (MS).
*Jukro tea samples by simultaneous distillation-solvent extraction (SDE) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS).
*Electronic-cigarette refill solutions by GC coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) operating on electron impact (EI) mode.
Coffee samples by HPLC coupled with diode array detector (DAD).


-Uses of Furfuryl Alcohol as rocket propellant (fuel component):
Furfuryl alcohol has been used in rocketry as a fuel that ignites spontaneously (on immediate and energetic contact) with white fuming nitric acid or red fuming nitric acid oxidizer.
The use of Hypergoric avoids the need for igniters.
In late 2012, Spectra, a concept liquid rocket engine that uses white fuming nitric acid as the oxidizer for furfuryl alcohol fuel, was statically tested by Copenhagen Suborbitals.


-Resins, composites:
The primary use of furfuryl alcohol is as a monomer for the synthesis of furan resins.
These polymers are used in thermoset polymer matrix composites, cements, adhesives, coatings and casting/foundry resins.
Polymerization involves an acid-catalyzed polycondensation, usually giving a black cross-linked product.


-Applications for furfuryl alcohol include:
*The production of corrosion-resistant fiber-reinforced plastics
*The manufacture of corrosion-resistant cement and mortars
*A viscosity reducer for epoxy resins
*Formulation of paint thinners and cleaning compounds
*A chemical building block for drug synthesis



PRODUCTION OF FURFURYL ALCOHOL:
Naturally occurring and readily replenishable agricultural residues like sugarcane bagasse (a byproduct of sugarcane harvesting), corn cobs, wood products or cereal byproducts such as the hulls of cotton seed, oats and rice make up a huge renewable feedstock for furfural production.
The incoming furfural is produced at the world’s largest furfural facility: CRC, based in the Dominican Republic.

The selective Cu-catalyzed hydrogenation of furfural is the sole industrial route for furfuryl alcohol production.
This process can be performed in gas or liquid phase.
The world’s biggest and most effective furfural hydrogenation plant, located near Antwerp (Belgium), is operated by IFC’s sister company TransFurans Chemicals, producing 40,000 MT annually.



REACTIONS OF FURFURYL ALCOHOL:
Furfuryl Alcohol undergoes many reactions including Diels–Alder additions to electrophilic alkenes and alkynes.
Hydroxymethylation gives 1,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)furan.
Hydrolysis gives levulinic acid.

Upon treatment with acids, heat and/or catalysts, furfuryl alcohol can be made to polymerize into a resin, poly(furfuryl alcohol).
Hydrogenation of furfuryl alcohol can proceed to give hydroxymethyl derivative of tetrahydrofuran and 1,5-pentanediol.

The etherification reaction of furfuryl alcohol with alkyl or aryl halide (e.g. benzyl chloride) in the liquid-liquid-liquid triphase system with the help of a phase transfer catalyst also reported.
In the Achmatowicz reaction, also known as the Achmatowicz rearrangement, furfuryl alcohol is converted to a dihydropyran.



SYNTHESIS OF FURFURYL ALCOHOL:
Furfuryl alcohol is manufactured industrially by hydrogenation of furfural, which is itself typically produced from waste bio-mass such as corncobs or sugar cane bagasse.
As such furfuryl alcohol may be considered a green chemical.
One-pot systems have been investigated to produce furfuryl alcohol directly from xylose using solid acid catalysts.



PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of FURFURYL ALCOHOL:
CAS Number: 98-00-0
Molecular Weight: 98.10
Beilstein: 106291
EC Number: 202-626-1
MDL number: MFCD00003252
Chemical formula: C5H6O2
Molar mass: 98.10 g/mol
Appearance: colorless liquid
Odor: burning odor
Density: 1.128 g/cm3
Melting point: −29 °C (−20 °F; 244 K)
Boiling point: 170 °C (338 °F; 443 K)
Solubility in water: miscible
Physical state: clear, liquid
Color: colorless
Odor: No data available
Melting point/freezing point:
Melting point/range: -29 °C - lit.
Initial boiling point and boiling range: 170 °C - lit.
Flammability (solid, gas): No data available

Upper/lower flammability or explosive limits:
Upper explosion limit: 16,3 %(V)
Lower explosion limit: 1,8 %(V)
Flash point: 65 °C - closed cup
Autoignition temperature: ca.490 °C
Decomposition temperature: No data available
pH: No data available
Viscosity
Viscosity, kinematic: No data available
Viscosity, dynamic: 4,62 mPa.s at 25 °C
Water solubility: soluble
Partition coefficient: n-octanol/water:
log Pow: 0,3 at 25 °C - Bioaccumulation is not expected.
Vapor pressure: 0,53 hPa at 20 °C
Density: 1,135 g/cm3 at 25 °C - lit.
Relative density: No data available
Relative vapor density: No data available
Particle characteristics: No data available
Explosive properties: No data available
Oxidizing properties: none

Other safety information:
Solubility in other solvents:
Alcohol - completely soluble
Ether - completely soluble
Chloroform - soluble
Dissociation constant: 9,55
Relative vapor density: 3,39 - (Air = 1.0)
Molecular Weight: 98.10 g/mol
XLogP3: 0.3
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 1
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 2
Rotatable Bond Count: 1
Exact Mass: 98.036779430 g/mol
Monoisotopic Mass: 98.036779430 g/mol
Topological Polar Surface Area: 33.4Ų
Heavy Atom Count: 7
Formal Charge: 0
Complexity: 54
Isotope Atom Count: 0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0

Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 1
Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes
CAS: 98-00-0
Molecular Formula: C5H6O2
Molecular Weight (g/mol): 98.1
MDL Number: MFCD00003252
InChI Key: XPFVYQJUAUNWIW-UHFFFAOYSA-N
ChEBI: CHEBI:207496
IUPAC Name: furan-2-ylmethanol
SMILES: C1=COC(=C1)CO
Melting Point: -29°C
Color: Yellow
Density: 1.1300g/mL
Boiling Point: 170°C
Flash Point: 65°C
Infrared Spectrum: Authentic
Assay Percent Range: 97.5% min. (GC)
Refractive Index: 1.4850 to 1.488
Beilstein: 17, V,3, 338

Fieser: 01,408
Merck Index: 15, 4334
Specific Gravity: 1.13
Solubility Information: Solubility in water: miscible but unstable
Viscosity: 5 mPa.s (25°C)
Formula Weight: 98.1
Percent Purity: 98%
Physical Form: Liquid
Chemical Name or Material: Furfuryl alcohol
CAS number: 98-00-0
EC index number: 603-018-00-2
EC number: 202-626-1
Hill Formula: C₅H₆O₂
Molar Mass: 98.1 g/mol
HS Code: 2932 13 00
Boiling point: 170 - 171 °C (1013 mbar)
Density: 1.132 g/cm3 (20 °C)
Explosion limit: 1.8 - 16.3 %(V)
Flash point: 65 °C
Ignition temperature: 390 °C
Melting Point: -29 °C
pH value: 6 (300 g/l, H₂O, 20 °C)
Vapor pressure: 53 Pa (20 °C)

Physical description: Colorless to amber liquid with a faint, burning odor.
Boiling point: 338°F
Molecular weight: 98.1
Freezing point/melting point: -24°F
Vapor pressure: 0.6 mmHg at 77°F
Flash point: 167°F
Vapor density: 3.4
Specific gravity: 1.13
Lower explosive limit (LEL): 1.8%
Upper explosive limit (UEL): 16.3%
NFPA health rating: 3
NFPA fire rating: 2
NFPA reactivity rating: 1
Furfuryl Alcohol: C4H3OCH2OH
Molecular Weight: 98.10 g/mole
Boiling Point (760 mm Hg): 169.5 oC
Freezing Point: -14.6 oC
Specific Gravity 25oC/25oC: 1.1351
Refractive Index 20oC: 1.4870
Viscosity at 25oC: 4.62 cPs
Flash Point (closed cup): 65 oC
Ignition Temperature: 391 oC
Solubility in Water at 20 oC: ∞



FIRST AID MEASURES of FURFURYL ALCOHOL:
-Description of first-aid measures:
*General advice:
First aiders need to protect themselves.
Show this material safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
*If inhaled:
After inhalation:
Fresh air.
Immediately call in physician.
*In case of skin contact:
Take off immediately all contaminated clothing.
Rinse skin with water/ shower.
Consult a physician.
*In case of eye contact:
After eye contact:
Rinse out with plenty of water.
Call in ophthalmologist.
Remove contact lenses.
*If swallowed:
After swallowing:
Immediately make victim drink water (two glasses at most).
Consult a physician.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed:
No data available



ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of FURFURYL ALCOHOL:
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Cover drains.
Collect, bind, and pump off spills.
Observe possible material restrictions.
Take up carefully with liquid-absorbent material.
Dispose of properly.
Clean up affected area.



FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of FURFURYL ALCOHOL:
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Water
Foam
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Dry powder
*Unsuitable extinguishing media:
For this substance/mixture no limitations of extinguishing agents are given.
-Further information:
Remove container from danger zone and cool with water.
Prevent fire extinguishing water from contaminating surface water or the ground water system.



EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of FURFURYL ALCOHOL:
-Control parameters:
--Ingredients with workplace control parameters:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use equipment for eye protection.
Safety glasses
*Skin protection:
Full contact:
Material: butyl-rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,7 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Splash contact:
Material: Chloroprene
Minimum layer thickness: 0,65 mm
Break through time: 240 min
*Body Protection:
protective clothing
*Respiratory protection:
Recommended Filter type: Filter A-(P2)
-Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.



HANDLING and STORAGE of FURFURYL ALCOHOL:
-Precautions for safe handling:
*Advice on safe handling:
Work under hood.
*Advice on protection against fire and explosion:
Take precautionary measures against static discharge.
*Hygiene measures:
Immediately change contaminated clothing.
Apply preventive skin protection.
Wash hands and face after working with substance.
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
*Storage conditions:
Tightly closed.
Keep in a well-ventilated place.
Keep locked up or in an area accessible only to qualified or authorized persons.
Air sensitive.



STABILITY and REACTIVITY of FURFURYL ALCOHOL:
-Chemical stability:
The product is chemically stable under standard ambient conditions (room temperature) .



SYNONYMS:
2-(Hydroxymethyl)furan
(Furan-2-yl)methanol
Furan-2-ylmethanol
Furfuryl alcohol
2-Furanmethanol
2-Furancarbinol
2-(Hydroxymethyl)furan
FURFURYL ALCOHOL
98-00-0
2-Furanmethanol
2-Furylmethanol
furan-2-ylmethanol
2-Furancarbinol
Furfural alcohol
2-Furylcarbinol
2-Furanylmethanol
Furfuranol
2-Furfuryl alcohol
Furfurylalcohol
Furfuralcohol
5-Hydroxymethylfuran
2-(Hydroxymethyl)furan
Furyl alcohol
2-Hydroxymethylfuran
Furylcarbinol
alpha-Furylcarbinol
Furan-2-yl-methanol
2-Furfurylalkohol
Furfurylcarb
(2-furyl)methanol
Methanol, (2-furyl)-
2-hydroxymethylfurane
2-Furane-methanol
Furanmethanol
Furylcarbinol (VAN)
NCI-C56224
25212-86-6
2-furanemethanol
FEMA No. 2491
Furan-2-methanol
NSC 8843
(furan-2-yl)methanol
CCRIS 2922
HSDB 711
DTXSID2025347
CHEBI:207496
EINECS 202-626-1
Furfurylalcohol-d2
Qo furfuryl alcohol
UNII-D582054MUH
BRN 0106291
.alpha.-Furylcarbinol
alpha-Furfuryl alcohol
AI3-01171
D582054MUH
NSC-8843
.alpha.-Furfuryl alcohol
DTXCID105347
EC 202-626-1
5-17-03-00338 (Beilstein Handbook Reference)
Furfuryl alcohol, 98%
(2-FURYL)-METHANOL (FURFURYLALCOHOL)
FURFURYL ALCOHOL (IARC)
FURFURYL ALCOHOL [IARC]
2-Furfurylalkohol
CAS-98-00-0
FURFURYLALCOHOLRESIN
UN2874
2-Hydroxymethylfuran
2-Furylmethanol
2-Furfurylalcohol
furylmethanol
2-Furfurylalcohol
FU2
alpha -Furylcarbinol
MFCD00003252
PFFA
(2-furyl)-Methanol
Furfuryl alcohol [UN2874]
2-Hydroxymethyl-Furan
alpha -Furfuryl alcohol
Furfuryl alcohol, 8CI
2- FURANCARBINOL
2- FURANYLMETHANOL
Epitope ID:136037
furfuryl alcohol (furfurol)
WLN: T5OJ B1Q
CHEM-REZ 200
2-Furane-methanol (furfurol)
FURFURYL ALCOHOL [MI]
FURFURYL ALCOHOL [FCC]
CHEMBL308187
FURFURYL ALCOHOL [FHFI]
FURFURYL ALCOHOL [HSDB]
CHEBI:53371
FEMA 2491
Furfuryl alcohol, >=97%, FG
NSC8843
2-Furanmethanol (furfuryl alcohol)
2-Furylmethanol (ACD/Name 4.0)
STR01021
Tox21_202102
Tox21_303093
Furfuryl alcohol, analytical standard
AKOS000119178
AM81811
UN 2874
Furfuryl alcohol [UN2874]
Furfuryl alcohol, natural, >=95%, FG
NCGC00249166-01
NCGC00256987-01
NCGC00259651-01
93793-62-5
F0076
FT-0626576
FT-0668910
EN300-19106
C20441
Q27335
A845784
J-521401
F0001-2310
Z104472794
InChI=1/C5H6O2/c6-4-5-2-1-3-7-5/h1-3,6H,4H
2- FURANCARBINOL
FURFURALCOHOL
alpha-FURYLCARBINOL
2-HYDROXYMETHYLFURAN


FUROSEMİD
SYNONYMS 2-Furfurylamino-4-chloro-5-sulfamoylbenzoic acid;4-Chloro-N-(2-furylmethyl)-5-sulfamoylanthranilic acid;4-Chloro-N-furfuryl-5-sulfamoylanthranilic acid;4-Chloro-N-furfuryl-5-sulfamylanthranilic acid;5-(Aminosulfamyl)-4-chloro-2-[(2-furanylmethyl)amino]benzoic acid;5-(Aminosulfonyl)-4-chloro-2-[(2-furanylmethyl)amino]benzoic acid;Aisemide;Aldic;Aluzine CAS NO:54-31-9
Gabapentin
SYNONYMS 1-(Aminomethyl)cyclohexaneacetic acid; Gabapentino;Aclonium; Gabapentine; Gabapentino; Gabapentinum; Neuontin; Neurontin; cas no:60142-96-3
GALACTARIC ACID
GALLIC ACID, N° CAS : 149-91-7, Nom INCI : GALLIC ACID, Nom chimique : 3,4,5-Trihydroxybenzoic acid, N° EINECS/ELINCS : 205-749-9. Antioxydant : Inhibe les réactions favorisées par l'oxygène, évitant ainsi l'oxydation et la rancidité
GALACTOMANNAN POLYSACCHARIDE
Galactomannan polysaccharide is polysaccharide derivative.
Galactomannan polysaccharide increases or decreases the viscosity (toughness) of cosmetic products.
Galactomannan is one of the polysaccharides that has been studied and proven to have antioxidant and antibacterial activity.


CAS Number: 9000-30-0
EC Number: 232-536-8


Galactomannan polysaccharides are versatile macromolecules with broad industrial potential.
The influence of changes in the chemical structures and respective bioactivities of these polysaccharides have been extensively studied.
The derivatives obtained by sulfation, complexation, and phosphorylation are the most studied biological properties in galactomannans.


The derivatives obtained have shown several pharmacological activities such as antiviral, antimicrobial, anticoagulant, fibrinolytic, chemopreventive, anticancer, antioxidant, chondroprotective, analgesic, immunomodulatory, and antileishmanial.
Sugar palm fruit produced by palm trees (Arenga pinnata) is a fruit that contains galactomannan polysaccharide compounds.
Galactomannan contained in sugar palm fruit has antioxidant and antibacterial activity.


Sugar palm fruit is one of the natural ingredients that has not been studied for Galactomannan polysaccharide's potential as a compound that contains antioxidant activity.
Sugar palm fruit is mostly produced in the highlands of Toba, North Sumatra.
In general, sugar palm fruit in the Toba area is only used as food.


Sugar palm fruit contains 90.23-92.28% water, 1.42-3.11% protein, 3.42-4.09% carbohydrates, 1.59-2.50% fiber, 0.27-0.67 % fat, and 0.12-0.30% ash.
Carbohydrates in sugar palm fruit consist of Galactomannan polysaccharide with a mannose-to-galactose ratio ranging from 2:1 to 5:1.
Research conducted reported that Galactomannan polysaccharide has high antioxidant activity.


The antioxidant activity of Galactomannan polysaccharide is due to the presence of bioactive compounds which are conjugated with these galactomannans.
In addition to having antioxidant activity, Galactomannan polysaccharide from Prosopis spp can also be used for the formation of galactomannan/Zn (OH)2-ZnO composites so that they have antibacterial activity, as reported by.


The increase in antioxidant and antibacterial activity of the Galactomannan polysaccharide compound allows it to be carried out by the fermentation method.
Several researchers have reported that Galactomannan polysaccharides isolated from various plant species have antioxidant and antibacterial activities.


This proves that some bioactive compounds are conjugated with Galactomannan polysaccharide. ,
When fermentation is carried out on plants containing galactomannan polysaccharides, the microorganisms used as fermentation starters will produce enzymes that can hydrolyze bonds in polysaccharide compounds, so that bioactive compounds conjugated with polysaccharides can be released and sugars in polysaccharides can be utilized for cellular metabolic processes.


Bioactive compounds that have been released from polysaccharides have higher antioxidant and antibacterial activity.
Sugar palm fruit which is known to contain galactomannan polysaccharides and has antioxidant and antibacterial activity, has the potential to increase its antioxidant and antibacterial activity through fermentation methods which have not been studied much.
Therefore, submerged fermentation (SmF), solid state fermentation (SSF), and liquid fermentation methods can be recommended.


The optimum water content for the SSF method is about 75%, therefore the SSF method on sugar palm fruit is possible because the water content in sugar palm fruit is sufficient, which is about 91.8% in 100 grams of sugar palm fruit.
The SmF and liquid fermentation methods have several advantages, such as easy control of conditions, increased microbial contact with the substrate, faster and similar fermentation, and easier purification of the final product.


However, this method also has several drawbacks, for instance, it produces a lot of waste, requires high water requirements, and commands higher costs.
The advantages of the SSF method include lower costs, less water requirements, produce less waste and require lower energy, while the drawbacks of the SSF method are that it is prone to contamination.
Galactomannan polysaccharide fermentation can be carried out by microorganisms from the fungi and bacteria groups.


The type of fungus that can be used is Rhizopus oryzae and the type of bacteria is from the lactic acid bacteria group.
Galactomannan polysaccharide is a heteroglycan consisting of a mannan backbone with galactose side groups.
Galactomannan polysaccharide is a natural product found in Astragalus lehmannianus, Umbilicaria esculenta, and other organisms with data available.


Galactomannans are polysaccharides consisting of a mannose backbone with galactose side groups, more specifically, a (1-4)-linked beta-D-mannopyranose backbone with branchpoints from their 6-positions linked to alpha-D-galactose, (i.e. 1-6-linked alpha-D-galactopyranose).


In order of increasing number of mannose-to-galactose ratio:
fenugreek gum, mannose:galactose ~1:1
guar gum, mannose:galactose ~2:1
tara gum, mannose:galactose ~3:1
locust bean gum or carob gum, mannose:galactose ~4:1
cassia gum, mannose:galactose ~5:1


Galactomannans are often used in food products to increase the viscosity of the water phase.
Guar gum has been used to add viscosity to artificial tears, but is not as stable as carboxymethylcellulose.



USES and APPLICATIONS of GALACTOMANNAN POLYSACCHARIDE:
Galactomannan polysaccharide has a coating action on the skin that allows for moisture retention often used as a thickener and emulsifier in cosmetic formulations, guar gum is a polysaccharide found in the seeds of the guar plant.
Galactomannan polysaccharide is the nutrient material required by the developing plant embryo during germination.


When the endosperm, once separated from the hull and embryo, is ground to a powder form, Galactomannan polysaccharide is marketed as guar gum.
A 1% solution has a viscosity range of 2,000–3,500 cp at 25°c. Galactomannan polysaccharide is a versatile thickener and stabilizer used in ice cream, baked goods, sauces, and beverages at use levels ranging from 0.1 to 1.0%.
Galactomannan polysaccharide is used low calorie, soluble dietery fiber.


Galactomannan polysaccharide is used as a food additive, emulsifying stabilizer, thickener and gelling agent.
Galactomannan polysaccharide is used In paper sizing; as a protective colloid, stabilizer, thickening and film-forming agent for cheese, salad dressings, ice cream, and soups.


Galactomannan polysaccharide is used as a binding and disintegrating agent in tablet formulations in pharmaceutical jelly formulations, suspensions, emulsions, lotions, creams, and toothpaste in the mining industry as a flocculant, as a filtering agent in water treatment as a coagulant aid.


The most important property of Galactomannan polysaccharide is the ability to hydrate rapidly in cold water to attain a very high viscosity.
In addition to the food industry, Galactomannan polysaccharide is used in the mining, paper, textile, ceramic, paint, cosmetic, pharmaceutical, explosive, and other industries.


-Food grade:
*frozen food:
stop ice dreg from forming and increase the frozen stability.
-Pet goods:
increase oily slippery feeling and keep the humidity.


-Baking food:
keep the humidity and improve the texture.
-Drink:
improve taste and stabilize particle suspension.


-Salad dressing:
thickener, alternative oil.
-Cheese and cream:
improve the texture.


-Cooked meat food:
maintain water, increase oily slippery feeling.
-Vegetarian food:
alternative fat ingredients,keep moisture.


-Industrial grade:
*oil well fracturing and other drilling industries.
*Carpets, spin printing and dyeing, leather chemical industry. Building materials, cement, paint, tiles.
*Paper industry, pharmaceutical industry.
*Shampoo, detergent, skin care products, cosmetics.
*Viscera.
*Latex paint, exterior latex paint.


-Cosmetic Uses:
*binding agents
*emulsion stabilisers
*film formers
*surfactant - emulsifying
*viscosity controlling agents


-Pharmaceutical Applications of Galactomannan polysaccharide:
Galactomannan polysaccharide is a galactomannan, commonly used in cosmetics, food products, and pharmaceutical formulations.
Galactomannan polysaccharide has also been investigated in the preparation of sustained-release matrix tablets in the place of cellulose derivatives such as methylcellulose.
In pharmaceuticals, Galactomannan polysaccharide is used in solid-dosage forms as a binder and disintegrant; in oral and topical products as a suspending, thickening, and stabilizing agent; and also as a controlled-release carrier.
Galactomannan polysaccharide has also been examined for use in colonic drug delivery.
Therapeutically, Galactomannan polysaccharide has been used as part of the diet of patients with diabetes mellitus.


-Food use of Galactomannan polysaccharide:
Galactomannan polysaccharides are used in foods as stabilisers.
Galactomannan polysaccharide and locust bean gum (LBG) are commonly used in ice cream to improve texture and reduce ice cream meltdown.
LBG is also used extensively in cream cheese fruit preparations and salad dressings.
Galactomannan polysaccharide is seeing growing acceptability as a food ingredient but is still used to a much lesser extent than guar or LBG.
Galactomannan polysaccharide has the highest usage in foods, largely due to its low and stable price.


-Clinical use of Galactomannan polysaccharide
Galactomannan polysaccharide is a component of the cell wall of the mold Aspergillus and is released during growth.
Detection of Galactomannan polysaccharide in blood is used to diagnose invasive aspergillosis infections in humans.
This is performed with monoclonal antibodies in a double-sandwich ELISA; this assay from Bio-Rad Laboratories was approved by the FDA in 2003 and is of moderate accuracy.
The assay is most useful in patients who have had hemopoetic cell transplants (stem cell transplants).



CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OFGALACTOMANNAN POLYSACCHARIDE:
*White to light yellowish.
*Free flowing powder.
*Close to odorless.
*Form viscous liquid after dispersing in hot or cold water.
*The viscosity of 1% aqueous solution is about 4~5Pa which is the highest viscosity in natural rubber.
*After adding small amount of sodium tetraborate Galactomannan polysaccharide changes to gel.
*After dispersing in cold water for about 2h Galactomannan polysaccharide shows strong viscosity and the viscosity gradually increases reached the highest point after 24h.
*Galactomannan polysaccharide's viscosity is 5 to 8 times than that of starch and quickly reaches the highest point under heat.
*The aqueous solution is neutral.
*The viscosity is highest with pH between 6 and 8 and substantially decreases when pH is above10.
*And viscosity decreases sharply along with pH value dropping when pH value is 6.0 to 3.5.
The viscosity below 3.5 increases again.
*Yellowish-white free-flowing powder.
*Completely soluble in hot or cold water.
*Practically insoluble in oils, greases, hydrocarbons, ketones, esters.
*Water solutions are tasteless, odorless, nontoxic.
*Has 5-8 times the thickening power of starch.
*Reduces the friction drag of water on metals.



FUNCTIONS OF GALACTOMANNAN POLYSACCHARIDE:
*Fixing agent:
Galactomannan polysaccharide allows the cohesion of different cosmetic ingredients

*Emulsifying agent:
Galactomannan polysaccharide promotes the formation of intimate mixtures between immiscible liquids by modifying the interfacial tension (water and oil)

*Emulsion Stabilizer:
Galactomannan polysaccharide aids the emulsification process and improves emulsion stability and shelf life

*Film forming agent:
Galactomannan polysaccharide produces a continuous film on the skin, hair or nails

*Viscosity control agent:
Galactomannan polysaccharide increases or decreases the viscosity of cosmetics



FUNCTIONS OF GALACTOMANNAN POLYSACCHARIDE IN COSMETIC PRODUCTS:
Function(s) of this ingredient in cosmetic products:
*BINDING:
Galactomannan polysaccharide ensures the cohesion of powdered and powdered products

*EMULSION STABILIZING:
Galactomannan polysaccharide supports emulsification and improves product stability

*FILM FORMING:
Galactomannan polysaccharide forms a film on skin, hair or nails

*TENSID (EMULSIFYING) - EMULGATOR:
Galactomannan polysaccharide allows the formation of finely divided mixtures of oil and water (emulsions)



ACTION IN COSMETICS OF GALACTOMANNAN POLYSACCHARIDE:
*Binders:
Galactomannan polysaccharide is a substance that binds cosmetic ingredients.
Galactomannan polysaccharide is used as an emulsifier - Galactomannan polysaccharide combines the water phase and the oil phase.
The emulsifier molecules line up at the interface, partially dissolving in one phase and partially in the other.
Thanks to this, they stabilize the interface between the phases and hence the cream, lotion or other cosmetic does not stratify.
Galactomannan polysaccharide regulates the viscosity of the cosmetic - Galactomannan polysaccharide increases or decreases it.



COMPONENT TYPE OF GALACTOMANNAN POLYSACCHARIDE:
*Synthetic substance



FUNCTION IN COSMETICS OF GALACTOMANNAN POLYSACCHARIDE:
*Emulsifier, emulsifier
*Binder
*Viscosity regulator
*Film-forming substance
*Excipient



PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of GALACTOMANNAN POLYSACCHARIDE:
Appearance Form: solid
Odor: No data available
Odor Threshold: No data available
pH: No data available
Melting point/freezing point: No data available
Initial boiling point and boiling range: No data available
Flash point: No data available
Evaporation rate: No data available
Flammability (solid, gas): No data available
Upper/lower flammability or explosive limits: No data available
Vapor pressure: No data available
Vapor density: No data available
Relative density: No data available
Water solubility: No data available

Partition coefficient: n-octanol/water: No data available
Autoignition temperature: No data available
Decomposition temperature: No data available
Viscosity: No data available
Explosive properties: No data available
Oxidizing properties: No data available
Other safety information: No data available
Assay: 95.00 to 100.00
Food Chemicals Codex Listed: No
Appearance: White to off-white powder
Purity: ≥75% (Mannose + Galactose)
Identity (1H NMR): Proton NMR
Storage and Stability: Store at 4°C.



FIRST AID MEASURES of GALACTOMANNAN POLYSACCHARIDE:
-Description of first-aid measures:
*If inhaled:
If breathed in, move person into fresh air.
*In case of skin contact:
Wash off with soap and plenty of water.
*In case of eye contact:
Flush eyes with water as a precaution.
*If swallowed:
Rinse mouth with water.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed:
No data available



ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of GALACTOMANNAN POLYSACCHARIDE:
-Environmental precautions:
No special environmental precautions required.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Sweep up and shovel.
Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.



FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of GALACTOMANNAN POLYSACCHARIDE:
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.
-Special hazards arising from the substance or mixture:
Nature of decomposition products not known.
-Advice for firefighters:
Wear self-contained breathing apparatus for firefighting if necessary.
-Further information:
No data available



EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of GALACTOMANNAN POLYSACCHARIDE:
-Control parameters:
--Ingredients with workplace control parameters:
-Exposure controls:
--Appropriate engineering controls:
General industrial hygiene practice.
-Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use equipment for eye protection.
*Skin protection:
Handle with gloves.
Wash and dry hands.
-Control of environmental exposure:
No special environmental precautions required.



HANDLING and STORAGE of GALACTOMANNAN POLYSACCHARIDE:
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
Store in cool place.
Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place.
Recommended storage temperature 2 - 8 °C



STABILITY and REACTIVITY of GALACTOMANNAN POLYSACCHARIDE:
-Reactivity:
No data available
-Chemical stability:
Stable under recommended storage conditions.
-Possibility of hazardous reactions:
No data available
-Conditions to avoid:
No data available



SYNONYMS:
Galactomannan
Galactomannoglycan
CAROB GALACTOMANNAN
11078-30-1
(2R,3R,4S,5R,6S)-2-(hydroxymethyl)-6-[[(2R,3S,4R,5S,6R)-4,5,6-trihydroxy-3-[(2S,3S,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxyoxan-2-yl]methoxy]oxane-3,4,5-triol
C00883
AC1L975N
D-Galacto-D-mannane
SCHEMBL19799345
CHEBI:27680
ZINC8216558
W-200825
6-O-alpha-D-Galactopyranosyl-4-O-beta-D-mannopyranosyl-beta-D-mannopyranose
WURCS=2.0/2,3,2/[a1122h-1b_1-5][a2112h-1a_1-5]/1-1-2/a4-b1_a6-c1
(2R,3R,4S,5R,6S)-2-(hydroxymethyl)-6-[[(2R,3S,4R,5S,6R)-4,5,6-trihydroxy-3-[(2S,3S,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydropyran-2-yl]oxy-tetrahydropyran-2-yl]methoxy]tetrahydropyran-3,4,5-triol
Guar GuM Hydrolyzed
Guar Gum - HPMC
1212a
a-20d
burtonitev7e
burtonitev-7-e
cyamopsisgum
dealcatp1

GALACTOMANNAN POLYSACCHARIDE (GUAR GUM)
Galactomannan polysaccharide (guar gum), also called guaran, is a galactomannan polysaccharide extracted from guar beans that has thickening and stabilizing properties useful in food, feed, and industrial applications.
Galactomannan polysaccharide (guar gum) seeds are mechanically dehusked, hydrated, milled and screened according to application.
Galactomannan polysaccharide (guar gum) is typically produced as a free-flowing, off-white powder.


CAS Number: 9000-30-0
EC Number: 232-536-8
MDL Number: MFCD00131250
Chem/IUPAC Name: Cyamopsis Tetragonoloba Gum is a resinous material derived from the ground endosperm of the Guar, Cyamopsis tetragonoloba L., Leguminosae


Chemically, Galactomannan polysaccharide (guar gum) is an exo-polysaccharide composed of the sugars galactose and mannose.
The backbone is a linear chain of β 1,4-linked mannose residues to which galactose residues are 1,6-linked at every second mannose, forming short side-branches.
Galactomannan polysaccharide (guar gum) has the ability to withstand temperatures of 80 °C (176 °F) for five minutes.


Galactomannan polysaccharide (guar gum) belongs to the pea family that is majorly produced in India and Pakistan and the minor producers being China, Africa, the USA, Australia, and a few more.
Galactomannan polysaccharide (guar gum) powder exporters claim it to have almost eight times better than corn starch or similar food agents.


Galactomannan polysaccharide (guar gum) has the property of getting dispersed into the water while hydrating and swelling quickly to form a viscous solution.
The viscosity depends on factors like temperature, pH value, agitation rate, size of the particle, and concentration.
Galactomannan polysaccharide (guar gum) is a resinous material derived from the groundendosperm of Cyanopsis tetragonoloba.


Derivatives of Galactomannan polysaccharide (guar gum) that also may be used in cosmetics and personal care products include Hydroxypropyl Guar, Guar Hydroxpropyltrimonium Chloride and Hydroxypropyl Guar Hydroxypropyltrimonium Chloride.
Among these guar ingredients, Guar Hydroxypropyltrimonium Chloride is most frequently used in cosmetic products.


Galactomannan polysaccharide (guar gum) is the ground endosperm of the seed of the plant Cyamopsis tetragonolobus.
Galactomannan polysaccharide (guar gum) has been widely cultivated for centuries in India, for both animal and human consumption, and today India meets nearly 85% of the worldwide demand for Galactomannan polysaccharide (guar gum).


Galactomannan polysaccharide (guar gum) (also called Guar Gum) is a resinous material made from the guar bean.
Galactomannan polysaccharide (guar gum) is a type of polysaccharide called galactomannan made from legume plants that consists of a polymannose backbone to which galactose groups are bound.


Guar is primarily grown in the states of Rajasthan, Haryana and Gujarat and to a very small extent in the states of Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh.
However due to the recent rise in demand for Galactomannan polysaccharide (guar gum), other Indian states such as Maharashtra and Andhra Pradesh have also started experimenting with Guar cultivation.
This plant is cultivated in Pakistan and the United States.


Galactomannan polysaccharide (guar gum) is a plant-derived (coming from the seeds of Cyamopsis Tetragonoloba, aka Guar) big, branched sugar molecule that is used as a gelling agent.
Galactomannan polysaccharide (guar gum) gets its name from a Sanskrit phrase that means “cow food.”
The molecular weight of Galactomannan polysaccharide (guar gum) is estimated at between 200,000 and 250,000 Dalton.


Galactomannan polysaccharide (guar gum) is obtained by grinding the endosperm of a leguminous plant (Cyamopsis tetragonolobus) from India and Pakistan.
Galactomannan polysaccharide (guar gum) Market report highlights significant growth opportunities and challenges of Top Key Players along with revenue and CAGR status.
Guar seeds are about 3 mm to 5 mm in diameter and are dicotyledonous i.e. they have two endosperm halves.
Also known as Guar Splits, the endosperm halves are separated from the germ and hull using a combination of thermal and mechanical processes.


Guar Splits are then milled to produce Galactomannan polysaccharide (guar gum) powder.
Galactomannan polysaccharide (guar gum) is a creamish-white bland-tasting powder that is almost odourless.
Galactomannan polysaccharide (guar gum) disperses readily in hot or cold water to form a viscous pseudoplastic sol.


Galactomannan polysaccharide (guar gum) is a polysaccharide.
The galactomannan molecule is composed of a long straight chain of D-mannopyranose units with single membered side chains of D-galactopyranose units.
The Guar crop is sown after the first rains in June / July and is harvested after approximately 3 months.


Guar is a hardy, drought-resistant plant and requires 3 to 4 moderate rains at intervals of 15 to 20 days.
The Guar plant sprouts bean-like pods that are 5-10 cms long and contains 8-10 seeds.
Galactomannan polysaccharide (guar gum) has excellent properties such as gelling, thickening, emulsification and stable dispersion


Galactomannan polysaccharide (guar gum), also called guaran, is a substance made from guar beans which has thickening and stabilizing properties useful in various industries, traditionally the food industry and, increasingly, the hydraulic fracturing industry.
Galactomannan polysaccharide (guar gum) or cluster bean, with the botanical name Cyamopsis tetragonoloba, is an annual legume and the source of guar gum.


Galactomannan polysaccharide (guar gum) is also known as gavar, gawar, or guvar bean.
The origin of Cyamopsis tetragonoloba is unknown, since Galactomannan polysaccharide (guar gum) has never been found in the wild.
Galactomannan polysaccharide (guar gum), also known as Goma Guar, Gauran Goma Guar, and Gomme Guar, is a natural fibre obtained from the Indian Cyamopsis tetragonolobus plant, or Guar Plant.


Galactomannan polysaccharide (guar gum) consists of the endosperm of the seeds of the legume native to India.
The seeds are ground into a powder, of which Galactomannan polysaccharide (guar gum) is composed.
Galactomannan polysaccharide (guar gum) is a natural polysaccharide extracted from the seeds of the plant Cyamopsis tetragonolobus and consists mainly of galactose and mannan.


Guar bushes thrive in India, Pakistan, South Africa, Australia and the United States.
Galactomannan polysaccharide (guar gum) is found in powder form, it is odorless and tasteless, and water soluble in hot and cold water.
Guar plant is an annual crop and accommodative in growth even in dry regions.


Not much fertile soil is required for cultivation as they can grow in sandy soils.
Being a legume, it releases nitrogen into the soil making it more fertile giving it a great place in a crop rotation.
Galactomannan polysaccharide (guar gum) is made by grinding the endosperm of the leguminous plant Guar bean (Cyamopsis tetragonolobus).


Galactomannan polysaccharide (guar gum) is a macromolecular natural hydrophilic colloid, mainly composed of galactose and mannose.
Galactomannan polysaccharide (guar gum) belongs to natural galactomannan and is almost tasteless.
Galactomannan polysaccharide (guar gum) is well-known as an economical thickening agent as it has almost eight times the water-thickening potency of cornstarch, and only a very small quantity is needed for producing sufficient viscosity.


Galactomannan polysaccharide (guar gum) also retards ice crystal growth nonspecifically by slowing mass transfer across the solid/liquid interface.
Galactomannan polysaccharide (guar gum) is made from the seed tissue of the Guar plant’s beans, commonly known as Cluster Beans or Siam Beans.
Galactomannan polysaccharide (guar gum) is a water-soluble powder that is soft, fine, and off-white.


Galactomannan polysaccharides, including Galactomannan polysaccharide (guar gum), are derived from plants of the bean (also called the Legume family).
In most of the places where drought condition is there, guar plants can grow easily.
Galactomannan polysaccharide (guar gum) is most commonly grown in India and Pakistan.


Galactomannan polysaccharide (guar gum) is a fibre from the seed of the guar plant.
Galactomannan polysaccharide (guar gum) is assumed to have developed from the African species Cyamopsis senegalensis.
Galactomannan polysaccharide (guar gum) was further domesticated in South Asia, where it has been cultivated for centuries.


Guar grows well in semiarid areas, but frequent rainfall is necessary.
Galactomannan polysaccharide (guar gum) can be dispersed in hot or cold water to form a viscous liquid.
The viscosity of 1% aqueous solution is about 4-5pa-s, which is higher in natural rubber.


The addition of a small amount of sodium tetraborate was converted to a gel.
The average molecular weight is about 25,000 Daltons.
This gives a Galactomannan polysaccharide (guar gum) that still assays and functions as a soluble dietary fiber.


Galactomannan polysaccharide (guar gum) as sold commercially is completely soluble, acid and heat stable, unaffected by ions, and will not gel at high concentrations.
These plants make galactomannan polysaccharides as a source of energy to support the growth of the embryo within the seed.
Galactomannan polysaccharide (guar gum) is from certified organic agriculture, a natural clear thickener for dye pastes and paints.


Galactomannan polysaccharide (guar gum) is a natural ingredient obtained by grinding the seeds of Cyamopsis tetragonolobus.
Galactomannan polysaccharide (guar gum) can be dissolved in cold water or hot water to form a sol, and the pH of the natural solution is between 6-8.
Galactomannan polysaccharide (guar gum) is a thickening agent for water-based formulation.


Galactomannan polysaccharide (guar gum) is a white or slightly yellowish brown powder, some granular or flat, odorless.
Galactomannan polysaccharide (guar gum) has a multitude of different applications in food products, industrial products, and extractive industry.
Partially hydrolyzed Galactomannan polysaccharide (guar gum) is produced by the partial enzymatic hydrolysis of guaran, the galactomannan of the endosperm of guar seeds (guar gum).


Galactomannan polysaccharide (guar gum) is a neutral polysaccharide consisting of a mannose backbone chain with single galactose side units occurring on almost two out of every three mannose units.
Galactomannan polysaccharide (guar gum) is a fine, white, and cream-coloured powder with zero chemical additives.


Galactomannan polysaccharide (guar gum) has almost 8 times the water-thickening potency of similar products like corn starch.
Galactomannan polysaccharide (guar gum) can hinder ice crystal growth and shows good stability during freeze-thaw cycles.
The guar seeds are dehusked, milled and screened to obtain the guar gum.


Galactomannan polysaccharide (guar gum) is typically produced as a free-flowing, off-white powder.
Galactomannan polysaccharide (guar gum) is classed as a galactomannan.
The seeds of the guar bean contain a large endosperm.
This endosperm consists of a large polysaccharide of galactose and mannose.


This polymer is water-soluble and exhibits a viscosifying effect in water.
Galactomannan polysaccharide (guar gum) consists primarily of the ground endosperm of guar beans.
The seeds are de-husked, milled and screened to obtain the guar gum.
Galactomannan polysaccharide (guar gum) is highly soluble in water and actually naturally binds with water molecules.



USES and APPLICATIONS of GALACTOMANNAN POLYSACCHARIDE (GUAR GUM):
Reputed manufacturers and exporters use an advanced process to de-husk, screen mill, and further pulverized to obtain refined Galactomannan polysaccharide (guar gum) powder that is used in diverse industries.
Galactomannan polysaccharide (guar gum) is extracted from the guar bean and is extensively used as a thickening agent and emulsifier in food industries.


Galactomannan polysaccharide (guar gum) manufacturers also cater to a plethora of industries like the oil drilling, paper manufacturing, construction, mining, textiles, printing, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, beverage, food industry, pet foods and much more.
Galactomannan polysaccharide (guar gum) is added in sauces, jams, dairy products, and baking mixes to give a good thickening to a product so that a nice consistency is achieved.


Industrial products which make massive use of Galactomannan polysaccharide (guar gum) include body lotions, instant soups, yogurts, coconut, bottled soya and almond milk.
Galactomannan polysaccharide (guar gum) has immense properties of stabilization, thickening, texturization, and emulsification.
In cosmetics, Galactomannan polysaccharide (guar gum) is a thickening agent (used hot or cold).


Galactomannan polysaccharide (guar gum) provides a smooth, silky finish to your preparations, making it perfect for creams, lotions, and body milks.
Galactomannan polysaccharide (guar gum) is ideal for gelling water and aqueous solutions (hydrosols etc) hence its use in manufactured gel toothpastes and hair gels.
Hydroxypropyl Guar is also used in artificial tear solutions.


Plant-derived thickening agent, Galactomannan polysaccharide (guar gum), is often used in products that are attempting to be (or are) mostly natural.
Galactomannan polysaccharide (guar gum) is regarded for its use as a gelling agent and gives gels and emulsions their consistencies.
Frequent consumption of Galactomannan polysaccharide (guar gum) has also been found to help lower triglycerides and blood cholesterol levels and balance glucose levels.


Galactomannan polysaccharide (guar gum) is a resin-like material derived from the ground endosperm of the Guar, Cyamopsis tetragonoloba L., Leguminosae.
Galactomannan polysaccharide (guar gum) is used as an emulsion stabilizer, viscosity controller and film forming agent.
Clinical studies have shown that Galactomannan polysaccharide (guar gum) acts as a probiotic and due to its ability to absorb the right amount of fluids, reduces the symptoms of constipation, diarrhea and abdominal pain.


Galactomannan polysaccharide (guar gum)'s use increases the feeling of hunger satiety, and contributes to the reduction of food consumption and weight loss.
In cheeses Galactomannan polysaccharide (guar gum) serves to improve their texture.
In pre-fried foods reduce oil intake.


But Galactomannan polysaccharide (guar gum) seems to have health benefits.
Galactomannan polysaccharide (guar gum) powder is a polysaccharide that is predominantly made up of the crushed endosperm of guar beans and is used as a binder, thickener, and stabiliser in cosmetic compositions.


Galactomannan polysaccharide (guar gum) can be used in products as the only gelling/thickening agent.
Galactomannan polysaccharide (guar gum) is a good source of fiber for people who can not get the necessary daily amount through their diet, or for some reason have excluded them.
Galactomannan polysaccharide (guar gum) normalizes bowel function.


Galactomannan polysaccharide (guar gum) has a beneficial effect in cases of irritable bowel syndrome.
In addition, Galactomannan polysaccharide (guar gum) is a great moisturizer and easily counteracts the loss of moisture.
Galactomannan polysaccharide (guar gum) can be used in cold liquids.


Galactomannan polysaccharide (guar gum) can be used in products as the only gelling/thickening agent.
Galactomannan polysaccharide (guar gum) is used in non-oxidative, herbal Hair Colorants to give the product the desired consistency for application.
Galactomannan polysaccharide (guar gum) can also be found in bath products, hair care products, shaving preparations and skin care products.


Commercial Galactomannan polysaccharide (guar gum) is approximately 75% dietary fiber and has minimal effect on taste and texture in food and beverage items.
As a food additive, Galactomannan polysaccharide (guar gum) is used mainly as a thickening agent, and as a homogenizer and stabilizer of mixtures in sweets, ice cream jellies, etc.


In ice cream Galactomannan polysaccharide (guar gum) homogenizes the mixture and reduces ice crystals.
In baked goods it works as an improver of the texture of the dough.
Galactomannan polysaccharide (guar gum) is fully fermentable in the large bowel, with a high rate of volatile fatty acid formation.
The pH of the feces is lowered along with an increase in fecal bulk that mainly consists of bacterial cell mass and water.


Clinical studies have demonstrated a prebiotic effect of Galactomannan polysaccharide (guar gum).
Galactomannan polysaccharide (guar gum) is mainly used as a thickening agent and a stabilizer.
Galactomannan polysaccharide (guar gum) is used as a stabilizer and a viscosity modifier in cosmetic emulsions.


Galactomannan polysaccharide (guar gum) is a natural polysaccharide used mainly as a thickener, and as a food homogenizer.
Ever since the 1950s, the guar plant has been the source of the Galactomannan polysaccharide (guar gum) additive the food industry uses to thicken foods or keep various ingredients smoothly mixed together.


It’s in everything from frozen pizza to ice cream, egg white substitutes, and baked goods.
Studies have shown that Galactomannan polysaccharide (guar gum) can be used to maintain regularity.
Galactomannan polysaccharide (guar gum) is used in foods for particulate suspension, emulsification, antistaling, ice crystal control, and reduced fat baked goods.


Galactomannan polysaccharide (guar gum) may be used in bath products, hair conditioners, hair dyes, other hair care products and skin care products.
Galactomannan polysaccharide (guar gum) powder is certified organic and is used as a binder, thickener, and volume enhancer in food preparations.
In other words, Galactomannan polysaccharide (guar gum) shows good stability during freeze-thaw cycles, making it a popular ingredient in ice cream.


Galactomannan polysaccharide (guar gum) is also popularly used in gluten-free recipes and gluten-free products.
Galactomannan polysaccharide (guar gum) and the other guar derivatives may also be used in bath products, hair care products, shaving preparations and skin care products.
In addition to being used in cosmetics and personal care products, Galactomannan polysaccharide (guar gum) is commonly used as a thickener in foods such as salad dressings, ice cream and soups.


-Domestic use of Galactomannan polysaccharide (guar gum):
*Vegetable:
Galactomannan polysaccharide (guar gum)leaves can be used like spinach, and the pods are prepared like salad or vegetables.
Galactomannan polysaccharide (guar gum)'s beans are nutritious, but guar protein is not usable by humans unless toasted to destroy the trypsin inhibitor.


-Industrial applications of Galactomannan polysaccharide (guar gum):
*Textile industry – sizing, finishing and printing
*Paper industry – improved sheet formation, folding and denser surface for printing
*Explosives industry – as waterproofing agent mixed with ammonium nitrate, nitroglycerin, etc.
*Pharmaceutical industry – as binder or as disintegrator in tablets; main ingredient in some bulk-forming laxatives
*Cosmetics and toiletries industries – thickener in toothpastes, conditioner in shampoos (usually in a chemically modified version)
*Hydraulic fracturing Shale oil and gas extraction industries consumes about 90% of Galactomannan polysaccharide (guar gum) produced from India and Pakistan.


-Food:
In several food and beverages Galactomannan polysaccharide (guar gum) is used as additive to change its viscosity or as fiber source
-Forage:
Galactomannan polysaccharide (guar gum) plants can be used as cattle feed, but due to hydrocyanic acid in its beans, only mature beans can be used.
-Green manure:
Galactomannan polysaccharide (guar gum) plantings increase the yield of subsequent crops as this legume conserves soil nutrient content.



BENEFITS OF GALACTOMANNAN POLYSACCHARIDE (GUAR GUM):
*Lowering blood Glucose
*Lowering insulin levels



PROPERTIES OF GALACTOMANNAN POLYSACCHARIDE (GUAR GUM):
*Galactomannan polysaccharide (guar gum) has reasonably more thickening property as compared to corn starch.
*Holds back the growth of ice crystal
*Guar is draught resistant plant
*Galactomannan polysaccharide (guar gum) forms gel in water
*Endosperm of guar seeds are used in many sectors of industries like mining, petroleum, drilling and textile., food products, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, water treatment, mining, drilling,confectioneries and many more.
Since a long time Galactomannan polysaccharide (guar gum) can be also named as a hydrocolloid, is treated as the key product for humans and animals as it has a very high nourishing property.



MEDICINAL PROPERTIES OF GALACTOMANNAN POLYSACCHARIDE (GUAR GUM):
*Galactomannan polysaccharide (guar gum)'s healing properties are ideal to cure snakebites and boost the vision and power of the eyes
*The inherent anti-bacterial properties can fight skin diseases like fungal infections and ringworms
*If toddlers face the constipation problem along with fever and cold this remedial measure can be started immediately.
Galactomannan polysaccharide (guar gum) also helps to manage teething issues in children It has potential health maintenance capacities and can fight against typhoid effectively



FUNCTIONS OF GALACTOMANNAN POLYSACCHARIDE (GUAR GUM):
*Fixing agent:
Allows the cohesion of different cosmetic ingredients
*Emulsion Stabilizer:
Aids the emulsification process and improves emulsion stability and shelf life
*Film forming agent:
Produces a continuous film on the skin, hair or nails
*Masking Agent:
Reduces or inhibits base product odor or taste
*Viscosity control agent:
Increases or decreases the viscosity of cosmetics.



WHAT DOES DO IN A FORMULATION?
What does CYAMOPSIS TETRAGONOLOBA GUM do in a formulation?
Binding
Emulsion stabilising
Film forming
Masking
Viscosity controlling



GALACTOMANNAN POLYSACCHARIDE (GUAR GUM) BELONGS TO THE FOLLOWING SUBSTANCE GROUPS:
*Binders
*Film-forming agents
*Perfume / Fragrances
*Stabilisers
*Thickening agents / consistency regulators



FUNCTIONS OF GALACTOMANNAN POLYSACCHARIDE (GUAR GUM) IN COSMETIC PRODUCTS:
Function(s) of this ingredient in cosmetic products
*BINDING:
Ensures the cohesion of powdered products
*EMULSION STABILISING:
Supports emulsion formation and improves product stability
*FILM FORMING:
Produces a continuous film on skin, hair and / or nails
*FRAGRANCE:
Enhances the smell of a product and / or perfumes the skin
*VISCOSITY CONTROLLING:
Increases or decreases the viscosity of cosmetic products



WHAT IS GALACTOMANNAN POLYSACCHARIDE (GUAR GUM) OR CLUSTER BEANS?
Galactomannan polysaccharide (guar gum), more commonly known as cluster beans, is an annual legume native of Asia.
Galactomannan polysaccharide (guar gum) is mainly used as a vegetable in different Asian cousins.
The resinous material, Galactomannan polysaccharide (guar gum), made out of guar bean is called guar gum.
One of Galactomannan polysaccharide (guar gum)'s main component, galactomannan polysaccharide, is sort of polymer and the main ingredient responsible for its properties.
However, hydroxypropyl trimonium chloride, another component, Galactomannan polysaccharide (guar gum) is also frequently used in cosmetic products.



WHY IS GALACTOMANNAN POLYSACCHARIDE (GUAR GUM) USED IN COSMETICS AND PERSONAL CARE PRODUCTS?
The following functions have been reported for Galactomannan polysaccharide (guar gum) and the compounds made from Guar Gum:
Antistatic agents:
Guar Hydroxypropyltrimonium Chloride, Hydroxypropyl Guar Hydroxypropyltrimonium Chloride Binders
– Cyamopsis Tetragonoloba (Guar) Gum, Hydroxypropyl Guar Emulsion stabilizers
– Cyamopsis Tetragonoloba (Guar) Gum, Hydroxypropyl Guar Film formers
– Hydroxypropyl Guar Hair conditioning agents
– Guar Hydroxypropyltrimonium Chloride, Hydroxypropyl Guar Hydroxypropyltrimonium Chloride Skin-conditioning agents
- miscellaneous – Guar Hydroxypropyltrimonium Chloride Viscosit increasing agents
- aqueous – Cyamopsis Tetragonoloba (Guar) Gum, Hydroxypropyl Guar, Guar Hydroxypropyltrimonium Chloride



INDUSTRY OF GALACTOMANNAN POLYSACCHARIDE (GUAR GUM):
Derivatives of Galactomannan polysaccharide (guar gum) that have been further reacted are used in industrial applications, such as the paper and textile industries, ore flotation, the manufacture of explosives and hydraulic fracturing (fracking) of oil and gas formations.
Galactomannan polysaccharide (guar gum) is often crosslinked with boron or chromium ions to make it more stable and heat-resistant.
The crosslinking of Galactomannan polysaccharide (guar gum) with metal ions results in a gel that does not block the formation and helps efficiently in formation cleaning process.

Galactomannan polysaccharide (guar gum) and its derivatives make gel complexes with ions of Aluminium, Zirconium, Titanium, Chromium and Boron.
The borate–Galactomannan polysaccharide (guar gum) reaction is reversible, and depends on the pH (hydrogen ion concentration) of the solution.
This reaction is used to give the toy "slime" Galactomannan polysaccharide (guar gum)'s consistency.
Crosslinking of Galactomannan polysaccharide (guar gum) with borate occurs at high pH (approximately 9–10) of the solution.
Galactomannan polysaccharide (guar gum) has proven as useful substitute for locust bean gum (made from carob seeds).



USE AND BENEFITS OF GALACTOMANNAN POLYSACCHARIDE (GUAR GUM):
Galactomannan polysaccharide (guar gum) is very popular as a thickening agent in food preparation, but it is also used as an antistatic agent, having a polysaccharide structure, it can be understood there are many -OH- and H+ groups to donate.
Thus, Galactomannan polysaccharide (guar gum) can nullify any static produced due to weather or any other reason. Galactomannan polysaccharide (guar gum) forms a film over skin or hair surface and saves moisture loss, which is a primary reason for skin damage.

This way, Galactomannan polysaccharide (guar gum) conditions the skin and hair, by not letting moisture to escape.
Galactomannan polysaccharide (guar gum) also stabilizes emulsions with a similar principle of having many different ion donors and receivers.
Galactomannan polysaccharide (guar gum) also imparts viscosity to any product so it is used as a viscosity adjuster so that the product can look uniform and stability is also not compromised.
Galactomannan polysaccharide (guar gum) is used in bath products, hair care products, shaving creams, skin care products.



PURPOSES OF GALACTOMANNAN POLYSACCHARIDE (GUAR GUM):
*Binding
*Masking
*Film Forming
*Emulsion Stabilizer
*Viscosity Control



FUNCTIONS AND APPLICATIONS OF GALACTOMANNAN POLYSACCHARIDE (GUAR GUM):
1. Viscosity fresh water and brine- based fluids used for drilling, milling, underreaming.
2.Gravel packing operations.Suspend bridging agents
3.Weighting materials in fresh water and brine system



FRACKING AGENT:
The use of Galactomannan polysaccharide (guar gum) in the hydraulic fracturing (fracking) extraction of oil and shale gas has increased demand substantially.
Only 10% of Indian production is used domestically.
The remaining 90% is exported for shale gas and oil industries.
Consequently, many former cotton or wheat fields are converted into guar fields as production costs are lower.
The increase of Galactomannan polysaccharide (guar gum) prices also has other reasons.



GALACTOMANNAN POLYSACCHARIDE (GUAR GUM) IN FOODS:
Galactomannan polysaccharide (guar gum) is primarily used as a thickener, stabilizer, and emulsifier in foods, especially in cold desserts like ice cream, as well as industrial products such as body lotions.

Galactomannan polysaccharide (guar gum) is safe for consumers with celiac disease and is often used in gluten-free recipes as a binding agent.
Galactomannan polysaccharide (guar gum) doesn't need heat to work correctly, it can be added to hot and cold dishes, while still maintaining its thickening abilities.
AddGalactomannan polysaccharide (guar gum) to recipes like salad dressings, smoothies, or stews to create the perfect texture.

With so many applications to use Galactomannan polysaccharide (guar gum), use these measurements as a guideline to help you get started experimenting in the kitchen!
- For cold foods, Salad Dressing, Ice Cream, Puddings, and Custards add 1 - 2 teaspoons per litre of liquid
- For hot foods such as gravy, stews, soups, use 1 - 3 teaspoons per litre of liquid
- For gluten-free cookies use 1/4 to 1/2 teaspoon per cup of flour
- For gluten-free cakes, pancakes, and muffins start with 3/4 teaspoon per cup of flour

-Thicken Sauces and Salad Dressing:
Galactomannan polysaccharide (guar gum) powder doesn’t have much of a taste, but it’s one of the most potent natural thickeners out there.

-Improve the Consistency of Frozen Goods:
Thickening vegan ice cream is one of the most popular Galactomannan polysaccharide (guar gum) uses today.
Galactomannan polysaccharide (guar gum) will give any sorbet a smooth and creamy texture.
Galactomannan polysaccharide (guar gum) also reduces the rate of ice crystal formation.
That’s the reason why Galactomannan polysaccharide (guar gum) powder is often used in frozen goods production.

-Gluten-Free Baking:
Galactomannan polysaccharide (guar gum) should definitely be included in any gluten sensitivity treatment plan as it’s a highly efficient agent for perfect baking
-Homemade Noodles:
Adding Galactomannan polysaccharide (guar gum) powder to homemade noodles will improve their texture and increase the shelf life of the final product.

-Soups:
Like sauces, soups will benefit from the thickening ability of the Galactomannan polysaccharide (guar gum) powder.
Galactomannan polysaccharide (guar gum)’s a perfect addition to creamy mushroom and bean soups.

-Jam:
Galactomannan polysaccharide (guar gum) powder uses in jams are so common, many products sold in stores include this thickener. Galactomannan polysaccharide (guar gum)’s what will allow you to make a jam with the consistency of jellied fruits.



PREPARATION METHOD OF GALACTOMANNAN POLYSACCHARIDE (GUAR GUM):
Galactomannan polysaccharide (guar gum) is obtained by drying and pulverizing the endosperm part of the seed of the leguminous plant guar after being peeled off and having the germ removed, subjecting it to hydrolysis under pressure with water, precipitating it with 20% acetic acid, centrifuging it, drying it and pulverizing it.



BIOLOGY OF GALACTOMANNAN POLYSACCHARIDE (GUAR GUM):
Galactomannan polysaccharide (guar gum) grows upright, reaching a maximum height of up to 2–3 metres (7–10 ft).
Galactomannan polysaccharide (guar gum) has a main single stem with either basal branching or fine branching along the stem.
Guar taproots can access soil moisture in low soil depths.

This legume develops root nodules with nitrogen-fixing soil bacteria rhizobia in the surface part of its rooting system.
Its leaves and stems are mostly hairy, depending on the cultivar.
Its fine leaves have an elongated oval shape (5 to 10 centimetres (2 to 4 in)) and of alternate position.

Clusters of flowers grow in the plant axil and are white to blueish in color.
The developing pods are rather flat and slim containing 5 to 12 small oval seeds of 5 millimetres (1⁄4 in) length (TGW = 25–40 grams (1–1+1⁄2 oz)).
Usually mature seeds are white or gray, but with excess moisture they can turn black and lose germination capacity. The chromosome number of guar seeds is 2n=14.

The seeds of guar beans have a remarkable characteristic.
Its kernel consists of a protein-rich germ (43-46%) and a relatively large endosperm (34-40%), containing large amounts of the galactomannan.
This is a polysaccharide containing polymers of mannose and galactose in a ratio of 2:1 with many branches.
Thus, it exhibits a great hydrogen bonding activity having a viscosifying effect in liquids.



COMPATIBILITY WITH OTHER HYDROCOLLOIDS OF GALACTOMANNAN POLYSACCHARIDE (GUAR GUM):
Galactomannan polysaccharide (guar gum) is compatible with most other hydrocolloids and water soluble polymers such as Agar, Arabic, Carrageenan, Karaya, Locust Bean Gum, Pectin, Propylene Glycol Alginate, Sodium Alginate, Tragacanth, Methylcellulose, CMC and Xanthan.
Galactomannan polysaccharide (guar gum) is also compatible with raw starches, most modified starches and many water soluble proteins.



CULTIVATION:
*Climate requirements:
Guar is drought-tolerant and sun-loving, but it is susceptible to frost.
Although it can cope with little but regular rainfall, it requires sufficient soil moisture before planting and during maturation of seeds.

Frequent drought periods can lead to delayed maturation.
On the contrary, excessive moisture during the early growth phase and after maturation lead to lower seed quality.
Guar is also produced near to coastal areas in the Gandhidham region of Kutch, Gujarat, India.

*Soil requirements:
Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.) can grow on a wide range of soil types.
Preferably in fertile, medium-textured and sandy loam soils that are well-drained, since waterlogging decreases plant performance.

Guar grows best in moderate alkaline conditions (pH 7-8) and is tolerant of salinity.
Its taproots are inoculated with rhizobia nodules, thus it produces nitrogen-rich biomass and improves soil quality.

*Cultivation areas:
Guar is grown principally in north-western India and Pakistan with smaller crops grown in the semiarid areas of the high plains of Texas in the US, Australia and Africa.
The most important growing area centres on Jodhpur in Rajasthan, India where demand for guar for fractionation produced an agricultural boom as in 2012.

Currently, India is the main producer of cluster bean, accounting for 80% production of the world's total, while the Rajasthan, Gujarat and Kutch regions occupy the largest areas (82.1% of total) dedicated to guar cultivation.
In addition to its cultivation in India, the crop is also grown as a cash crop in other parts of the world.
Several commercial growers have converted their crops to guar production to support the increasing demand for guar and other organic crops in the United States.



GALACTOMANNAN POLYSACCHARIDE (GUAR GUM) POWDER:
The color of Galactomannan polysaccharide (guar gum) powder is whitish and yellowish consisting of slight odor.
Cyamopsis tetragonolobus or Guar Plants endosperm derives Galactomannan polysaccharide (guar gum).
Guar crop is basically a legume (a plant of a pea family) which grows effectively in sandy soils, with rainfall to some extent with lots of sunshine.

Food Grade Galactomannan polysaccharide (guar gum) powder is obtained from ground endosperm of guar plant.
The seed pods of Guar are grown in groups, 100 Kilos of beans, minus their bean pods yields roughly 29 kilos of endosperm; 29 kilos of Guar powder.
India Followed by Pakistan and US is the key producer of Guar Seeds constituting approximately 80% of the over all production.

Guar crop grows on semi arid and sub-tropical area harvested between Octobers to November.
Guar seed is the combination of three things the germ, endosperm and the husk.
Guar seed is basically the legume which regenerates the nitrogen in soil.

Green Guar is the source of vegetables and also fed to cattle’s.
Galactomannan polysaccharide (guar gum) can also be termed as the best and appropriate substitute for locust bean gum.
We offer goma guar as well as gomme guar from India.

Guar seeds are instantaneously sown after the first drizzles of the onset of monsoon i.e. in July.
The Hay of Guar is very nutritive making it a good fodder when mixed with wheat powder.
Guar seed can also be called as a cluster bean.

This Kharif legume is a highly nutritious crop used as green manure, vegetable and green fodder.
Galactomannan polysaccharide (guar gum) is extracted from Guar seeds and is grounded transforming it into Galactomannan polysaccharide (guar gum) Powder.



PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of GALACTOMANNAN POLYSACCHARIDE (GUAR GUM):
Physical state: powder
Color: beige
Odor: No data available
Melting point/freezing point: no data available
Initial boiling point and boiling range: No data available
Flammability (solid, gas): No data available
Upper/lower flammability or explosive limits: No data available
Flash point: No data available
Autoignition temperature: No data available
Decomposition temperature: No data available
pH: No data available
Viscosity
Viscosity, kinematic: No data available
Viscosity, dynamic: No data available
Water solubility No data available
Partition coefficient: n-octanol/water: No data available
Vapor pressure: No data available
Density: No data available
Relative density: No data available
Relative vapor density: No data available
Particle characteristics: No data available
Explosive properties: No data available
Oxidizing properties: No data available
Other safety information: No data available
Appearance: White-like powder
Storage Condition: Room Temprature



FIRST AID MEASURES of GALACTOMANNAN POLYSACCHARIDE (GUAR GUM):
-Description of first-aid measures:
*If inhaled:
If breathed in, move person into fresh air.
*In case of skin contact:
Wash off with soap and plenty of water.
*In case of eye contact:
Flush eyes with water as a precaution.
*If swallowed:
Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person.
Rinse mouth with water.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed:
No data available



ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of GALACTOMANNAN POLYSACCHARIDE (GUAR GUM):
-Environmental precautions:
No special environmental precautions required.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Sweep up and shovel.
Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.



FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of GALACTOMANNAN POLYSACCHARIDE (GUAR GUM):
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.
-Further information:
No data available



EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of GALACTOMANNAN POLYSACCHARIDE (GUAR GUM):
-Control parameters:
--Ingredients with workplace control parameters:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use equipment for eye protection.
*Skin protection:
Handle with gloves.
Wash and dry hands.
*Body Protection:
Choose body protection.
*Respiratory protection:
Respiratory protection is not required.
-Control of environmental exposure:
No special environmental precautions required.



HANDLING and STORAGE of GALACTOMANNAN POLYSACCHARIDE (GUAR GUM):
-Precautions for safe handling:
*Hygiene measures:
General industrial hygiene practice.
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
*Storage conditions:
Store in cool place.
Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place.
*Storage class:
Storage class (TRGS 510): 13: Non Combustible Solids



STABILITY and REACTIVITY of GALACTOMANNAN POLYSACCHARIDE (GUAR GUM):
-Reactivity:
No data available
-Chemical stability:
Stable under recommended storage conditions.
-Possibility of hazardous reactions:
No data available
-Conditions to avoid:
No data available



SYNONYMS:
Goma de guar
Gomma di Guar
Guar gum
Guarkernmehl
Guar
A-20D
J 2Fp
1212A
Guaran
Jaguar
Decorpa
Regonol
Guar gum
Uni-Guar
Gum guar
Lycoid DR
CCRIS 321
HSDB 1904
Indalca AG
Dealca TP1
Guar flour
Galactasol
Dealca TP2
NCI-C50395
Gendriv 162
Rein guarin
Supercol GF
Jaguar plus
Jaguar 6000
Jaguar A 40F
Jaguar A 20D
Syngum D 46D
Gum cyamopsis
Indalca AG-HV
FEMA No. 2537
Jaguar No.124
Supercol G.F.
Indalca AG-BV
Cyamopsis gum
Jaguar A 20 B
Guar gum, ext.
Burtonite V-7-E
UNII-E89I1637KE
Jaguar gum A-20-D
Supercol U powder
Guar Gum Seed Endosperm
Solvent purified guar gum
Guar gum (cyamopsis tetragonolobus)
Guar gum (Cyamopsis tetragonolobus (L.))
Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.) Taub. (Fabaceae)
Guar gum
Guar gum [NF]
Guaran
1212A
A-20D
Burtonite V-7-E
CCRIS 321
Cyamopsis gum
Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.) Taub. (Fabaceae)
Dealca TP1
Dealca TP2
Decorpa
EINECS 232-536-8
FEMA No. 2537
Galactasol
Gendriv 162
Guar
Guar flour
Guar gum
Guar gum (Cyamopsis tetragonolobus (L.))
Guar gum (cyamopsis tetragonolobus)
Guar Gum Seed Endosperm
Guaran
Gum cyamopsis
Gum guar
HSDB 1904
Indalca AG
Indalca AG-BV
Indalca AG-HV
J 2Fp
Jaguar
Jaguar 6000
Jaguar A 20 B
Jaguar A 20D
Jaguar A 40F
Jaguar gum A-20-D
Jaguar No.124
Jaguar plus
Lycoid DR
NCI-C50395
Regonol
Rein guarin
Solvent purified guar gum
Supercol G.F.
Supercol GF
Supercol U powder
Syngum D 46D
Uni-Guar
UNII-E89I1637KE
Guar gum
Guar gum
9000-30-0
E89I1637KE
1312293-38-1
53986-27-9
57406-68-5
57406-71-0
63799-54-2
85510-16-3
9008-17-7
9010-50-8
9049-33-6
9066-07-3


GALLIC ACID
GAMMA-TERPINENE, N° CAS : 99-85-4, Nom INCI : GAMMA-TERPINENE, Nom chimique : p-Mentha-1,4-diene; 1-Methyl-4-isopropyl-1,4-cyclohexadiene; 1-Methyl-4-(1-methylethyl)-1,4-cyclohexadiene, N° EINECS/ELINCS : 202-794-6. Agent parfumant : Utilisé pour le parfum et les matières premières aromatiques
GAMMA-TERPINENE
GDL;E575;Glucono;Lysactone;Fujiglucon;Glucopyrone;Glucolactone;Glucosactone;GLUCONOLACTONE;Glucarolactone CAS NO: 90-80-2
GARAMITE-1958
Garamite-1958 is a powdered rheology and thixotropic additive based on a composition of organically modified phyllosilicates.
Garamite-1958 increases storage stability and sag resistance.
The combination of various morphological structures in the mineral components results in it being particularly easy to disperse and offering high efficiency in various unsaturated polyester and vinylester-based resins.

CAS Number: 68911-87-5



APPLICATIONS


Garamite-1958 is used in the formulation of adhesives and sealants for its thickening and rheology control properties.
Garamite-1958 is used as a suspending agent in the production of ceramics and refractories.

Garamite-1958 is used in the manufacturing of drilling muds for its excellent rheology control and filtration properties.
Garamite-1958 is used in the production of paints and coatings for its thickening and anti-settling properties.

Garamite-1958 is used in the production of personal care products such as lotions and creams for its thickening and stabilizing properties.
Garamite-1958 is used as a binder and thickener in the production of carbon fiber composites to improve strength and adhesion.
Garamite-1958 is used as a rheological additive in oil-based drilling fluids to control fluid loss and increase viscosity.

Garamite-1958 is used in the production of ceramic filters to enhance plasticity, strength, and surface finish.
Garamite-1958 is used in the production of polymer-based coatings to improve stability and prevent settling.

Garamite-1958 is used in the production of refractory materials for high-temperature applications as a binder and thickener.
Garamite-1958 is used in the production of geothermal drilling muds to improve viscosity and prevent solids settling.

Garamite-1958 is used as a thickener and suspending agent in water-based coatings and paints to improve stability.
Garamite-1958 is used in the production of ceramic capacitors as a binder and thickener to enhance plasticity and strength.

Garamite-1958 is used in the production of synthetic fibers as a thickener to improve processing and reduce costs.
Garamite-1958 is used in the production of cosmetics such as lotions and creams to improve stability and texture.

Garamite-1958 is used as a thickener in toothpaste formulations to improve texture and mouthfeel.
Garamite-1958 is used as a binder in the production of catalyst supports to improve strength and thermal stability.
Garamite-1958 is used in the production of asphalt emulsions as a thickener and stabilizer to improve performance.

Garamite-1958 is used in the production of animal feed as a binder and pelletizing agent to improve quality and consistency.
Garamite-1958 is used as a thickener and stabilizer in latex paints to improve stability and consistency.

Garamite-1958 is used in the production of refractory castables to enhance flowability and workability.
Garamite-1958 is used in the production of ceramic fibers as a binder and thickener to enhance strength and thermal stability.

Garamite-1958 is used in the production of detergents and cleaning products as a thickener and stabilizer to improve efficacy and stability.
Garamite-1958 is used in the production of thermoplastics as a processing aid to improve extrusion and molding.

Garamite-1958 is used in the production of pharmaceuticals such as tablets and capsules as a binder and thickener to improve manufacturability.
Garamite-1958 is used as a thickener and suspending agent in personal care products such as shampoos and conditioners to improve texture and stability.

Garamite-1958 is used in the production of printing inks as a thickener and stabilizer to improve print quality and consistency.
Garamite-1958 is used as a binder and thickener in the production of wood adhesives to improve adhesion and water resistance.
Garamite-1958 is used as a thickener in drilling muds for tunneling applications to improve viscosity and prevent solids settling.

Garamite-1958 is used as a rheological additive in oil drilling fluids to increase viscosity and control fluid loss.
Garamite-1958 is used in the construction industry as a thickener and stabilizer for cement, grouts, and mortars.

Garamite-1958 is used in the production of ceramics to improve plasticity, strength, and surface finish.
Garamite-1958 is used as a binder and thickener in the production of refractory materials for high-temperature applications.

Garamite-1958 is used as a suspending agent and thickener in paints and coatings to improve stability and prevent settling.
Garamite-1958 is used in the production of adhesives and sealants as a rheological modifier to improve viscosity and adhesion.

Garamite-1958 is used in the food industry as a stabilizer, thickener, and gelling agent in products such as sauces, dressings, and desserts.
Garamite-1958 is used in the pharmaceutical industry as a binder and thickener for tablets, capsules, and topical formulations.

Garamite-1958 is used in the personal care industry as a thickener and stabilizer in cosmetic formulations such as creams, lotions, and shampoos.
Garamite-1958 is used in the textile industry as a thickener and stabilizer in printing pastes and as a sizing agent for fabrics.
Garamite-1958 is used in the production of batteries as a binder to hold electrode materials together.

Garamite-1958 is used in the production of drilling muds for geothermal wells.
Garamite-1958 is used in the production of ceramics for electronic applications, such as multilayer capacitors.

Garamite-1958 is used in the production of emulsion explosives as a gelling agent to improve stability and control detonation.
Garamite-1958 is used in the production of foundry sand binders to improve strength and reduce defects.

Garamite-1958 is used in the production of inkjet printing inks as a thickener and stabilizer to improve print quality.
Garamite-1958 is used in the production of paper coatings to improve smoothness and printability.
Garamite-1958 is used in the production of personal lubricants as a thickener to improve lubrication and prolong effectiveness.

Garamite-1958 is used in the production of synthetic rubber to improve processing and reduce costs.
Garamite-1958 is used in the production of thermal insulation materials to improve strength and thermal stability.

Garamite-1958 is used in the production of welding rods as a binder to hold the filler material together.
Garamite-1958 is used in the production of wood adhesives to improve adhesion and water resistance.

Garamite-1958 is used in the production of wound dressings as a thickener to improve adhesion and prevent leakage.
Garamite-1958 is used in the production of metalworking fluids to improve lubrication and reduce friction.

Garamite-1958 is used in the formulation of adhesives and sealants for its thickening and rheology control properties.
Garamite-1958 is used as a suspending agent in the production of ceramics and refractories.

Garamite-1958 is used in the manufacturing of drilling muds for its excellent rheology control and filtration properties.
Garamite-1958 is used in the production of paints and coatings for its thickening and anti-settling properties.


Some areas of applications for Garamite-1958:

Oil and gas industry
Construction industry
Ceramic industry
Refractory industry
Paints and coatings industry
Adhesives and sealants industry
Food industry
Pharmaceutical industry
Personal care industry
Textile industry
Battery industry
Geothermal industry
Electronic industry
Explosives industry
Foundry industry
Printing industry
Paper industry
Lubricants industry
Rubber industry
Thermal insulation industry
Welding industry
Wood adhesives industry
Wound dressings industry
Metalworking fluids industry
Detergents industry.


Garamite-1958 is used in the production of personal care products such as lotions and creams for its thickening and stabilizing properties.
Garamite-1958 is used in the production of latex paint to improve flow and leveling.

Garamite-1958 is used as a binder and thickener in the production of ceramic membranes for water treatment.
Garamite-1958 is used in the production of printing inks for gravure and flexographic printing.
Garamite-1958 is used as a thickener and stabilizer in the production of personal care products such as deodorants and toothpaste.

Garamite-1958 is used as a gelling agent in the production of cosmetic products such as facial masks and body scrubs.
Garamite-1958 is used in the production of adhesives for the woodworking industry to improve bonding strength.

Garamite-1958 is used in the production of artificial stone and solid surfaces for the construction industry.
Garamite-1958 is used as a binder in the production of abrasive materials such as grinding wheels and sandpaper.

Garamite-1958 is used as a rheology modifier in the production of drilling muds for oil and gas wells.
Garamite-1958 is used in the production of high-performance coatings for industrial and automotive applications.

Garamite-1958 is used as a thickener and stabilizer in the production of pet food and animal feed.
Garamite-1958 is used as a binder and rheology modifier in the production of refractory bricks and castables.

Garamite-1958 is used as a thickener and stabilizer in the production of household cleaning products such as dishwashing liquids and laundry detergents.
Garamite-1958 is used in the production of polymer concrete to improve strength and durability.
Garamite-1958 is used in the production of high-performance coatings for the aerospace industry.

Garamite-1958 is used as a thickener and stabilizer in the production of drilling fluids for geothermal wells.
Garamite-1958 is used in the production of high-strength concrete to improve workability and compressive strength.

Garamite-1958 is used as a rheology modifier in the production of hydraulic fracturing fluids.
Garamite-1958 is used in the production of ceramic tiles to improve adhesion and water resistance.
Garamite-1958 is used as a binder and thickener in the production of advanced composites for aerospace and defense applications.

Garamite-1958 is used as a thickener and stabilizer in the production of paints and coatings for marine applications.
Garamite-1958 is used in the production of detergents and surfactants as a thickener and rheology modifier.

Garamite-1958 is used as a binder and thickener in the production of industrial ceramics such as kiln furniture and refractory lining.
Garamite-1958 is used as a rheology modifier in the production of personal care products such as hair styling gels and lotions.
Garamite-1958 is used in the production of building materials such as concrete blocks and paving stones to improve strength and durability.



DESCRIPTION


Garamite-1958 is a powdered rheology and thixotropic additive based on a composition of organically modified phyllosilicates.
Garamite-1958 increases storage stability and sag resistance.
The combination of various morphological structures in the mineral components results in it being particularly easy to disperse and offering high efficiency in various unsaturated polyester and vinylester-based resins.

Garamite-1958 offers higher coating thicknesses and strong shear thinning effect.
Garamite-1958 also offers higher bulk densities compared with pyrogenic silica which means lower dusting and less storage space required and greater efficiency and/or lower dosage.

Garamite-1958 is particularly suited to formulating PVC plastisols.
Garamite-1958 provides pseudoplastic flow, broad compatibility with various plasticizers and greater effectiveness than precipitated fillers.

Garamite-1958 is easy to incorporate and has no impact on the VOC content.
The recommended level for PVC plastisols is 1-5% additive (as supplied) based upon the total formulation, depending on the properties of the formulation to be achieved.

Garamite-1958 is listed in EINECS, TSCA, DSL, AICS, PICCS, IECSC, ENCS, NZIoC and ECSI.
Garamite-1958 is in line with EU Directive 2011/65/EC (RoHS 2), EU Directive 2002/96/EC (WEEE), EU Directive 94/62/EC (Packaging Waste), CONEG Toxics in Packaging. It complies with REACH Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006.
The shelf life of Garamite-1958 is 60 months.

Garamite-1958 is a type of bentonite clay that is used as a rheological additive in a variety of industries.
Garamite-1958 is produced by the Georgia Industrial Minerals company and is commonly used in the oil and gas drilling industry.
Garamite-1958 is a natural product that is formed from volcanic ash deposits and is known for its high swelling and rheological properties.

Garamite-1958 is a highly effective viscosifier and suspension agent, making it ideal for use in drilling muds, cement slurries, and other fluids used in the oil and gas industry.
Garamite-1958 can also be used in water-based paints and coatings to improve viscosity and rheology.

Garamite-1958 is known for its ability to maintain stability and prevent fluid loss in high-temperature and high-pressure environments, making it a popular choice for use in challenging drilling conditions.
Garamite-1958 is also used in the construction industry as a binder in cement and mortar formulations, and as a thickener in grouts and other construction materials.
Its ability to improve workability and reduce shrinkage makes it an ideal additive for a variety of construction applications.

Other applications of Garamite-1958 include use as a rheological additive in adhesives, sealants, and caulks, as well as in foundry and ceramics applications for its ability to improve green strength and casting quality.
Garamite-1958 is typically available in powder form and should be stored in a dry, cool place to prevent moisture absorption and maintain product quality.
It is important to follow proper handling and safety procedures when working with bentonite clays to avoid inhalation and skin contact.


Garamite-1958 is a type of organoclay with several unique properties, including:

Rheological properties:

Garamite-1958 can significantly increase the viscosity of liquids, making it useful as a thickening agent in various industries.


Suspension properties:

The organoclay can suspend solid particles in liquids, preventing settling and improving stability.


Thixotropy:

Garamite-1958 exhibits thixotropic behavior, meaning it becomes less viscous when subjected to stress and returns to its original viscosity when the stress is removed.


Chemical stability:
The organoclay is highly resistant to chemical reactions, making it suitable for use in harsh environments.


Thermal stability:
Garamite-1958 can withstand high temperatures without degrading, making it useful in high-temperature applications.


Water resistance:
The organoclay is highly resistant to water, making it useful in products that need to be water-resistant or used in wet environments.


Compatibility:
Garamite-1958 is compatible with a wide range of solvents and binders, making it useful in many different formulations.


Shear thinning:
The organoclay exhibits shear-thinning behavior, meaning it becomes less viscous when subjected to shear forces, allowing for easy processing and application.


Non-toxicity:
Garamite-1958 is non-toxic and safe for use in various industries, including the food and pharmaceutical industries.



PROPERTIES


Molecular weight: Varies based on the specific composition
Appearance: Fine white powder
Solubility: Insoluble in water, organic solvents, and oils
pH: Varies based on the specific composition
Density: Varies based on the specific composition
Melting point: Varies based on the specific composition
Flash point: Not applicable, as it is not flammable
Vapor pressure: Not applicable, as it does not evaporate at normal temperatures
Stability: Stable under normal conditions of use and storage
Reactivity: Not reactive with water, but may react with some strong acids or bases.
Specific surface area: 20-25 m²/g
Thermal stability: Stable up to 300°C
Refractive index: 1.5-1.7 (depending on particle size and method of measurement)
Particle size: 5-50 microns (typical range)
Color: White to light beige



FIRST AID


Here are the first aid measures for Garamite-1958:

If inhaled:

Move the affected person to an area with fresh air.
If the person is not breathing, provide artificial respiration.
Seek medical attention if symptoms persist.


If on skin:

Remove contaminated clothing and wash the affected area with soap and water.
Seek medical attention if irritation or redness occurs.


If in eyes:

Rinse the eyes with water for several minutes, while holding the eyelids open.
If the person wears contact lenses, remove them if it is easy to do so.
Seek medical attention if irritation or pain persists.


If swallowed:

Rinse the mouth with water and drink plenty of water to dilute the substance.
Seek medical attention immediately.


If the substance has been injected:

Seek medical attention immediately.


Note:

It is important to seek medical attention if exposure to Garamite-1958 has occurred, as this substance may cause respiratory, skin, and eye irritation, and can be harmful if ingested or injected.



HANDLING AND STORAGE


Handling:

Avoid inhalation, ingestion, and skin contact with the substance.
Use appropriate protective equipment such as gloves, safety glasses, and respirators if necessary.

Ensure good ventilation in the work area to avoid the accumulation of dust or vapors.
Do not smoke, eat, or drink while handling the substance.
Clean any contaminated equipment or surfaces with appropriate cleaning agents.


Storage:

Store Garamite-1958 in a dry, cool, and well-ventilated area.
Keep the substance in a tightly sealed container to prevent moisture absorption and contamination.

Store away from sources of heat, sparks, or flames.
Keep the substance away from incompatible materials such as strong oxidizing agents or acids.
Follow all local regulations and guidelines for storage and handling of the substance.



SYNONYMS

Organoclay
Montmorillonite
Bentonite
Rheological additive
Thickening agent
Stabilizing agent
Gelling agent
Binder
Rheology modifier
Suspension agent
Viscosifier
Plasticizer
Emulsifier
Gel former
Clay mineral
Natural clay
Modified clay
Nanoclay
Smectite clay
Layered silicate
Inorganic clay
Sorptive clay
Flocculating agent
Coagulating agent
Organophilic clay
Montmorillonite clay
Bentonite clay
Smectite clay
Modified clay
Rheological clay
Thickening clay
Viscosifying clay
Gel-forming clay
Swelling clay
Adsorptive clay
Gelling clay
Plastic clay
Emulsion stabilizing clay
Suspension stabilizing clay
Drilling clay
Casting clay
Coating clay
Emulsifying clay
Sealing clay
Flocculating clay
Binding clay
Lubricating clay
Absorbing clay
Flocculant
Adsorbent
Emulsifier
Gellant
Thixotropic agent
Suspension agent
GARAMITE-7305
Garamite-7305 acts as a thickening agent.
Garamite-7305 is developed using Mixed Mineral Thixotrope (MMT) technology.
Garamite-7305 exhibits a very unique rheology profile compared to other thickening additives.


INCI Name: Benzalkonium Sepiolite (and) Benzalkonium Montmorillonite


Garamite-7305 was developed using patented Mixed Mineral Thixotrope (MMT) technology.
The MMT technology provides performance benefits which are not possible with traditional organoclay additives.
Traditional organoclays are very hard to disperse, typically requiring both very high shear mixing and a polar activator to help delaminate the aggregates of clay platelets.


Due to the multiple particle morphologies of Garamite-7305, the powder disperses very easily into oils or solvents with only moderate shear.
Garamite-7305 is very high low-shear viscosity can be achieved by incorporating it into formulations which results in outstanding anti-settling and anti-syneresis properties.
However, when a shear force is applied, the viscosity is quickly reduced which allows for excellent application properties and skin feel.


Garamite-7305 exhibits a very unique rheology profile compared to other thickening additives.
Garamite-7305 has high low-shear viscosity can be achieved by incorporating it into formulations which result in outstanding ant-settling and anti-syneresis properties.
However, when a shear force is applied, the viscosity is quickly reduced which allows for excellent application properties.


Garamite-7305 is most suited for medium to high polarity systems.
Garamite-7305 is a powdered rheology additive for polar solvent-borne and solvent-free systems to increase storage stability and sag resistance.
Garamite-7305 offers benefits over conventional organophilic phyllosilicates (organoclays).


Garamite-7305 is conventional phyllosilicates typically require incorporation at high shear forces and polar activators to support dispersion.
In contrast, Garamite-7305 can be easily incorporated and activated in solvents and binders under moderate shear force.
The additive, Garamite-7305, has a highly pseudoplastic viscosity profile.


Garamite-7305 makes it possible to produce formulations with high viscosity in the low shear range, which results in outstanding anti-settling and anti-syneresis properties. Garamite-7305 is applying shear force that causes a strong reduction in viscosity which significantly improves the application properties.
Garamite-7305 was developed using patented Mixed Mineral Thixotrope (MMT) technology.


The MMT technology provides performance benefits which are not possible with traditional organoclay additives.
Traditional organoclays are very hard to disperse, typically requiring both very high shear mixing and a polar activator to help delaminate the aggregates of clay platelets.


Due to the multiple particle morphologies of Garamite-7305, the powder disperses very easily into oils or solvents with only moderate shear.
Garamite-7305 exhibits a very unique rheology profile compared to other thickening additives.
Garamite-7305 is very high low-shear viscosity can be achieved by incorporating this product into formulations which results in outstanding ant-settling and anti-syneresis properties.


However, when a shear force is applied, the viscosity is quickly reduced which allows for excellent application properties.
Garamite-7305 was developed using Southern Clay Products’ patented Mixed Mineral Thixotrope (MMT) technology.
The MMT technology provides performance benefits which are not possible with traditional organoclay additives.


Traditional organoclays are very hard to disperse, typically requiring both very high shear mixing and a polar activator to help delaminate the aggregates of clay platelets.
Due to the multiple particle morphologies of Garamite-7305, the powder disperses very easily into oils or solvents with only moderate shear.


Garamite-7305 exhibits a very unique rheology profile compared to other thickening additives.
Garamite-7305 has very high low-shear viscosity can be achieved by incorporatingGaramite-7305 into formulations which results in outstanding ant-settling and anti-syneresis properties.


However, when a shear force is applied, the viscosity is quickly reduced which allows for excellent application properties.
Garamite-7305 is most suited for medium to high polarity systems.



USES and APPLICATIONS of GARAMITE-7305:
The organoclays Garamite-7305 is ideally suited to the task of suspending these particles and adjusting a shear thinning flow behavior with good residual emptying of the bottles, and generate highly temperature stable rheological properties
Garamite-7305 is due to the extremely polar surface coating for use in highly polar systems such as butyl acetate, ethyl acetate, acetone and alcohols as well as for corresponding high solid and 100 percent resin applications.


Garamite-7305 is used Medium to high polarity, Solvent-borne system
Garamite-7305 is used for medium to high polarity.
Garamite-7305 may be used in all medium to high polarity organic fluid systems.


Garamite-7305 is used in sun care, skin care products and nail lacquers.
Garamite-7305 is a powdered rheology additive for polar solvent-borne and solvent-free systems to increase storage stability and sag resistance.
Garamite-7305 offers benefits over conventional organophilic phyllosilicates (organoclays).


Garamite-7305 is conventional phyllosilicates typically require incorporation at high shear forces and polar activators to support dispersion.
In contrast, Garamite-7305 can be easily incorporated and activated in solvents and binders under moderate shear force.
Garamite-7305 is ideally suited to non-polar and medium-polar systems in the following applications: architectural, protective and industrial.
Garamite-7305 is most suited for medium to high polarity systems.



SPECIAL FEATURES AND BENEFITS OF GARAMITE-7305:
Garamite-7305 is a rheology additive that offers benefits over conventional organophilic phyllosilicates(organoclays).
Conventional phyllosilicates typically require incorporation at high shear forces and polar activators to support dispersion.
In contrast, Garamite-7305 can be easily incorporated and activated in solvents and binders under moderate shear force.
The additive has a highly pseudoplastic viscosity profile.
Garamite-7305 makes it possible to produce formulations with high viscosity in the low shear range, which results in outstanding anti-settling and anti-syneresis properties.
Applying shear force causes a strong reduction in viscosity whichsignificantly improves the application properties.



BENEFITS OF GARAMITE-7305:
Powdered rheology additive for polar solvent-borne and solvent-free systems to increase the storage stability and sag resistance.



PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of GARAMITE-7305:
Appearance: solid
Auto Ignition Temperature: 340 °C (644 °F)
Color: off-white
Flash Point: Not applicable
Lower Explosion Limit: 1.00 %(V)
Odor: odorless
Relative Density: 1.50 - 1.80 Reference Material: (water = 1)
Solubility in Water: insoluble
Appearance : powder
Colour : off-white
Odour : odourless
Odour Threshold : No data available

pH : No data available
Melting point/freezing point : Not applicable
Boiling point/boiling range : Not applicable
Vapour pressure : Not applicable
Flash point : Not applicable
Upper explosion limit : Not applicable
Lower explosion limit : Not applicable
Evaporation rate : Not applicable
Flammability (solid, gas) : May form combustible dust concentrations in air.
Minimum Explosible
Concentration: 100 g/m3
Relative vapour density : Not applicable

Relative Density/Specific:
Gravity: No data available
Density : No data available
Solubility(ies):
Water solubility : insoluble
Solubility in other solvents : No data available
Partition coefficient: noctanol/water : No data available
Auto-ignition temperature : 644 °F (340 °C)
Method: Minimum Ignition Temperature (layer): 1022 °F (550 °C)
Method: Minimum Ignition Temperature (cloud)
Thermal decomposition : No data available
Viscosity
Viscosity, dynamic : No data available



FIRST AID MEASURES of GARAMITE-7305:
-If inhaled :
If symptoms persist, call a physician.
-In case of skin contact :
Remove contaminated clothing.
Wash thoroughly with soap and water.
-In case of eye contact :
Flush eyes with water as a precaution.
Remove contact lenses.
Keep eye wide open while rinsing.
-If swallowed :
Keep respiratory tract clear.
Do not give milk or alcoholic beverages.
-Most important symptoms and effects, both acute and delayed :
No information available.



ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of GARAMITE-7305:
-Environmental precautions :
Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up :
Contain spillage, pick up with an electrically protected vacuum cleaner or by wet-brushing and transfer to a container for disposal according to local regulations.



FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of GARAMITE-7305:
-Suitable extinguishing media :
Alcohol-resistant foam
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Dry chemical
-Unsuitable extinguishing media:
No information available.
-Specific hazards during firefighting:
Handle as an industrial chemical.
Cool closed containers exposed to fire with water spray.



EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of GARAMITE-7305:
-Engineering measures :
Use with local exhaust ventilation.
-Personal protective equipment:
*Hand protection
Material :
Impervious glove
*Eye protection :
Eye wash bottle with pure water
Tightly fitting safety goggles
-Hygiene measures :
Wash hands before breaks and at the end of workday



HANDLING and STORAGE of GARAMITE-7305:
-Advice on safe handling:
Smoking, eating and drinking should be prohibited in the application area.
Dispose of rinse water in accordance with local and national regulations.
-Conditions for safe storage :
Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place.
-Materials to avoid :
No materials to be especially mentioned.



STABILITY and REACTIVITY of GARAMITE-7305:
-Reactivity :
No decomposition if stored and applied as directed.
-Chemical stability :
No decomposition if stored and applied as directed.
-Incompatible materials :
No data available
Hazardous decomposition products:
No data available



GARAMITE-7308 XR
Garamite-7308 XR is a rheology additive used in oil and solvent-based cosmetic applications.
Garamite-7308 XR is a blend of quaternium-90 sepiolite and quaternium-90 montmorillonite, which are both types of layered silicates.

CAS Number: 126825-29-8



APPLICATIONS


Garamite-7308 XR has various applications in the cosmetics industry, primarily as a rheology modifier for oil and solvent-based formulations.
Garamite-7308 XR can be used in a range of products such as creams, lotions, sunscreens, and other personal care items to improve texture, stability, and viscosity.
Garamite-7308 XR can also be used in the pharmaceutical industry as a binder and disintegrant for tablets and capsules.

Garamite-7308 XR is used as a rheology additive in oil-based cosmetic products such as creams and lotions.
Garamite-7308 XR is used as a thickener and emulsion stabilizer in skin care formulations.
Garamite-7308 XR is used as a viscosity modifier in hair care products.

Garamite-7308 XR is used as a conditioning agent in shampoos and conditioners.
Garamite-7308 XR is used as a binder in pressed powder and eye shadow formulations.

Garamite-7308 XR is used as a texturizing agent in styling products like hair gels and mousses.
Garamite-7308 XR is used as a suspension agent in sunscreens and other emulsions.

Garamite-7308 XR is used as a rheology modifier in deodorants and antiperspirants.
Garamite-7308 XR is used as a thickener and stabilizer in lipsticks and lip glosses.

Garamite-7308 XR is used as a gelling agent in facial masks and body scrubs.
Garamite-7308 XR is used as a binding agent in powder-based cosmetics such as blushes and bronzers.

Garamite-7308 XR is used as a filler in powders and foundations.
Garamite-7308 XR is used as a texture enhancer in shaving creams and foams.
Garamite-7308 XR is used as a rheology modifier in body lotions and moisturizers.

Garamite-7308 XR is used as a suspending agent in sunless tanning lotions and sprays.
Garamite-7308 XR is used as a thickener and emulsion stabilizer in body washes and shower gels.

Garamite-7308 XR is used as a binder in stick-based products such as deodorants and lip balms.
Garamite-7308 XR is used as a viscosity modifier in bath oils and salts.

Garamite-7308 XR is used as a texturizing agent in hair coloring products.
Garamite-7308 XR is used as a suspension agent in face and body scrubs.

Garamite-7308 XR is used as a thickener and emulsion stabilizer in facial cleansers.
Garamite-7308 XR is used as a rheology modifier in hand and foot creams.


Garamite-7308 XR has several areas of applications, including:

Cosmetics:

Garamite-7308 XR is used as a rheology modifier in oil and solvent-based cosmetic formulations, providing thickening and stabilizing effects.


Personal care:

Garamite-7308 XR is used in a variety of personal care products, including lotions, creams, and sunscreens, to enhance their texture and stability.


Pharmaceuticals:

Garamite-7308 XR is used as a suspending agent in pharmaceutical formulations to improve the stability and consistency of the product.


Paints and coatings:

Garamite-7308 XR is used as a rheology modifier and thickening agent in paints and coatings to improve their application properties.


Adhesives:

Garamite-7308 XR is used as a thickener and rheology modifier in adhesive formulations to improve their stability and adhesion properties.


Inks:

Garamite-7308 XR is used as a thickener and rheology modifier in ink formulations to improve their printability and consistency.


Oil and gas drilling:

Garamite-7308 XR is used as a viscosifier and rheology modifier in oil and gas drilling fluids to improve their performance and efficiency.


Construction:

Garamite-7308 XR is used in construction applications, such as grouts and mortars, to enhance their workability and stability.


Agriculture:

Garamite-7308 XR is used in agricultural formulations, such as herbicides and pesticides, to improve their suspension and stability properties.


Ceramics:

Garamite-7308 XR is used in ceramic formulations, such as glazes and engobes, to improve their rheological properties.


Rubber and plastics:

Garamite-7308 XR is used as a filler and reinforcement agent in rubber and plastic formulations, providing improved mechanical properties.


Textiles:

Garamite-7308 XR is used in textile printing applications as a thickener and rheology modifier to improve the printing quality and consistency.


Food:

Garamite-7308 XR is used as a thickener and stabilizer in food products, such as sauces, dressings, and soups.


Paper and pulp:

Garamite-7308 XR is used in paper and pulp applications as a retention aid and drainage aid to improve the efficiency of the process.


Mining:

Garamite-7308 XR is used as a flocculant and settling aid in mining applications to improve the separation of solids and liquids.


Water treatment:

Garamite-7308 XR is used in water treatment applications as a coagulant and flocculant to remove suspended solids and impurities.


Personal hygiene:

Garamite-7308 XR is used in personal hygiene products, such as wet wipes and sanitary napkins, to improve their texture and stability.


Cleaning products:

Garamite-7308 XR is used in cleaning products, such as detergents and degreasers, to improve their viscosity and stability.


Metalworking:

Garamite-7308 XR is used as a lubricant and anti-wear additive in metalworking fluids to improve the efficiency of the process.


Automotive:

Garamite-7308 XR is used in automotive applications, such as brake fluids and coolants, to improve their viscosity and stability.


Electronics:

Garamite-7308 XR is used in electronic applications, such as encapsulants and adhesives, to improve their viscosity and adhesion properties.


Marine:

Garamite-7308 XR is used in marine applications, such as coatings and sealants, to improve their performance and durability.


Aerospace:

Garamite-7308 XR is used in aerospace applications, such as adhesives and sealants, to improve their performance and durability.


Renewable energy:

Garamite-7308 XR is used in renewable energy applications, such as wind turbine blades and solar panels, to improve their performance and durability.


Garamite-7308 XR is used as a binding agent in pressed powders and compact foundations.
Garamite-7308 XR is used as a texturizing agent in volumizing hair sprays.
Garamite-7308 XR is used as a rheology modifier in facial serums and treatments.

Garamite-7308 XR is used as a suspension agent in leave-on hair treatments.
Garamite-7308 XR is used as a thickener and emulsion stabilizer in body lotions and creams.

Garamite-7308 XR is used as a binder in eye and lip pencils.
Garamite-7308 XR is used as a texturizing agent in hair pomades and waxes.

Garamite-7308 XR is used as a viscosity modifier in beard oils and balms.
Garamite-7308 XR is used in the formulation of hair styling products to improve hold and texture.

Garamite-7308 XR is used in nail polish formulations as a thickener and suspending agent.
Garamite-7308 XR is used in sunscreens and other UV protection products to improve texture and stability.
Garamite-7308 XR is used in lipsticks and lip glosses to improve texture and shine.

Garamite-7308 XR is used in deodorants and antiperspirants to improve texture and stability.
Garamite-7308 XR is used in body lotions and creams to improve texture and skin feel.

Garamite-7308 XR is used in facial masks and other skincare products to improve texture and ease of application.
Garamite-7308 XR is used in shaving creams and gels to improve texture and provide lubrication.

Garamite-7308 XR is used in hand sanitizers to improve texture and moisturizing properties.
Garamite-7308 XR is used in oral care products such as toothpaste and mouthwash to improve texture and mouthfeel.
Garamite-7308 XR is used in bath products such as shower gels and bath salts to improve texture and skin feel.

Garamite-7308 XR is used in hair dye formulations to improve texture and provide viscosity control.
Garamite-7308 XR is used in body scrubs and exfoliants to improve texture and provide mild abrasion.

Garamite-7308 XR is used in massage oils and creams to improve texture and provide lubrication.
Garamite-7308 XR is used in pet grooming products such as shampoos and conditioners to improve texture and ease of application.

Garamite-7308 XR is used in fabric softeners to improve texture and provide fragrance retention.
Garamite-7308 XR is used in household cleaning products to provide viscosity control and suspend abrasive particles.
Garamite-7308 XR is used in automotive cleaning products such as car waxes and polishes to improve texture and provide abrasion resistance.

Garamite-7308 XR is used in industrial coatings and adhesives to improve rheology and prevent settling.
Garamite-7308 XR is used in printing inks and coatings to improve texture and flow properties.

Garamite-7308 XR is used in drilling muds to improve rheology and prevent fluid loss.
Garamite-7308 XR is used in oil and gas production as a viscosity modifier and fluid loss control agent.

Garamite-7308 XR is used in agriculture as a soil conditioner and plant growth enhancer.
Garamite-7308 XR is used in construction as a rheology modifier in cementitious materials.
Garamite-7308 XR is used in the manufacture of ceramics to improve rheology and prevent settling of particles.



DESCRIPTION


Garamite-7308 XR is a rheology additive used in oil and solvent-based cosmetic applications.
Garamite-7308 XR is a blend of quaternium-90 sepiolite and quaternium-90 montmorillonite, which are both types of layered silicates.
The unique structure of these silicates allows them to function as thickeners and stabilizers in cosmetic formulations, improving their viscosity, texture, and stability.

Garamite-7308 XR is also known for its ability to enhance the sensory properties of cosmetics, giving them a smooth, silky feel.
Additionally, Garamite-7308 XR is compatible with a wide range of cosmetic ingredients and can be used in a variety of product types, such as lotions, creams, and gels.

Garamite-7308 XR exhibits performance benefits that cannot be achieved by traditional organoclays.
Garamite-7308 XR possesses outstanding anti-settling and anti-syneresis properties.
Garamite-7308 XR improves the spreadability and sprayability of cosmetic products.

Garamite-7308 XR is recommended for use in creams, lotions, sunscreens, antiperspirants, foundations, lipsticks and cream eye shadows.
Garamite-7308 XR is very easy to disperse with moderate shear.
Garamite-7308 XR has a shelf life of 36 months.



PROPERTIES


Appearance: white powder
Particle size: 98% < 20 microns
Bulk density: 0.30-0.45 g/cm3
pH: 6.5-7.5 (2% in water)
Moisture content: max. 10%
Solubility: insoluble in water, oils and solvents
Rheology modification: excellent thixotropic behavior and shear thinning properties
Compatibility: compatible with a wide range of oils, solvents and waxes
Stability: stable over a wide range of pH and temperature conditions
Viscosity: effective at low usage levels in achieving desired viscosity in formulations.



FIRST AID


The following are general first aid measures that can be taken in case of accidental exposure to Garamite-7308 XR:

Skin Contact:

Remove contaminated clothing and wash skin thoroughly with soap and water.
If irritation or redness develops, seek medical attention.


Eye Contact:

Rinse eyes with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes, lifting upper and lower eyelids occasionally.
Seek medical attention if irritation persists.


Inhalation:

Move to fresh air and seek medical attention if breathing becomes difficult.


Ingestion:

Rinse mouth with water and seek medical attention immediately.


It is important to note that these first aid measures are general guidelines and immediate medical attention should be sought in case of severe exposure or if symptoms persist.



HANDLING AND STORAGE


Handling:

Avoid contact with eyes, skin, and clothing.
Wear appropriate personal protective equipment, such as gloves and goggles.
Use in a well-ventilated area.
Avoid inhalation of dust or mist.


Storage:

Store in a cool, dry, and well-ventilated area.
Keep containers tightly closed when not in use.

Store away from incompatible materials, such as strong acids and oxidizing agents.
Keep away from sources of ignition, such as sparks and flames.
It is also recommended to review and follow the specific handling and storage instructions provided by the manufacturer of the product containing Garamite-7308 XR.



SYNONYMS


Quaternium-90 Sepiolite
Quaternium-90 Montmorillonite
sepiolite clay
Quaternium-90 sepiolite and quaternium-90 montmorillonite
Modified hectorite clay
Rheological additive
Viscosity modifier
Thickening agent
Gel former
Structurant
Emulsion stabilizer
Suspension agent
Flow control agent
Texture enhancer
Film-forming agent
Co-emulsifier
Conditioning agent
Opacifying agent
Anti-settling agent
Anti-sagging agent
Anti-scratch agent
Anti-blocking agent
Anti-fouling agent
Garcinia cambogia
garcinia cambogia fruit; gamboge tree fruit; garcinia gummi-gutta fruit; garcinia quaesita fruit CAS NO:90045-23-1
Garcinia mangostana
garcinia mangostana fruit extract; mangosteen fruit extract; extract of the fruit of the mangosteen, garcinia mangostana l., clusiaceae CAS NO:90045-25-3
GARLIC OIL
GARLIC OIL Garlic oil Garlic oil is the volatile oil derived from garlic. It is usually prepared using steam distillation, and can also be produced via distillation using ether. It is used in cooking and as a seasoning, a nutritional supplement, and also as an insecticide. Preparation Garlic oil is typically prepared using steam distillation, where crushed garlic is steamed with the resultant condensation containing the oil.[1] Garlic oil contains volatile sulfur compounds such as diallyl disulfide, a 60% constituent of the oil.[1][4][5][6] Steam-distilled garlic oil typically has a pungent and disagreeable odor and a brownish-yellow color.[5] Its odor has been attributed to the presence of diallyl disulfide.[5] To produce around 1 gram of pure steam-distilled garlic oil, around 500 grams of garlic is required.[1] Undiluted garlic oil has 900 times the strength of fresh garlic, and 200 times the strength of dehydrated garlic.[5] Ether can also be used to extract garlic oil.[1] A type of garlic oil involves soaking diced or crushed garlic in vegetable oil, but this is not pure garlic oil; rather it is a garlic-infused oil.[1] Uses Garlic oil is used as a nutritional supplement, and is sometimes marketed in the form of capsules, which may be diluted with other ingredients.[1][5] Some commercial preparations are produced with various levels of dilution, such as a preparation that contains 10% garlic oil.[5] Herbal folklore holds that garlic oil has antifungal and antibiotic properties,[2] but there is no clinical research confirming such effects. It is also sold in health food stores as a digestive aid.[7] It can also be used as an insecticide, diluted with water and sprayed on plants.[2][8] Stabilized garlic flavor blend is a proprietary mixture of dehydrated garlic powder infused with garlic oil, which increases the flavor of the garlic powder.[9] Garlic-flavored oil Garlic-flavored oil: vegetable oil infused with garlic used for seasoning Garlic-flavored oil is produced and used for cooking and seasoning purposes, and is sometimes used as an ingredient in seasoning mixtures.[1][5] This differs from essential garlic oil, and typically involves the use of chopped, macerated or crushed garlic placed in various vegetable oils to flavor the oil. See also Garlic sauce List of essential oils List of garlic dishes Theodor Wertheim – performed studies about garlic oil. Garlic, Allium sativum, is broadly used around the world for its numerous culinary and medicinal uses. Wild garlic, Allium vineale, has been used as a substitute for garlic, both in food as well as in herbal medicine. The present study investigated the chemical compositions of A. sativum and A. vineale essential oils. The essential oils from the bulbs of A. sativum, cultivated in Spain, were obtained by three different methods: laboratory hydrodistillation, industrial hydrodistillation, and industrial steam distillation. The essential oils of wild-growing A. vineale from north Alabama were obtained by hydrodistillation. The resulting essential oils were analyzed by gas chromatography-flame ionization detection (GC-FID) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Both A. sativum and A. vineale oils were dominated by allyl polysulfides. There were minor quantitative differences between the A. sativum oils owing to the distillation methods employed, as well as differences from previously reported garlic oils from other geographical locations. Allium vineale oil showed a qualitative similarity to Allium ursinum essential oil. The compositions of garlic and wild garlic are consistent with their use as flavoring agents in foods as well as their uses as herbal medicines. However, quantitative differences are likely to affect the flavor and bioactivity profiles of these Allium species. Keywords: Allium sativum, Allium vineale, essential oil composition, allyl polysulfides, cluster analysis Go to: 1. Introduction Garlic (Allium sativum L., Amaryllidaceae) likely originated in Central Asia [1]. The plant has been used as a flavoring agent and a traditional medicine since antiquity, and is now cultivated worldwide [1,2]. Allium vineale L. (wild garlic, crow garlic) is native to Great Britain, most of Europe, North Africa, and the Middle East. The plant has been introduced to North America, Australia, and New Zealand [3]. Allium sativum has been used as a diaphoretic, diuretic, expectorant, and stimulant [4]. Extracts of A. sativum have shown broad-spectrum antibacterial [5] and antifungal [6] activity and the plant has been used to treat tuberculosis, coughs, and colds [7]. Garlic preparations have demonstrated hypotensive activity in moderately hypertensive subjects, and garlic-based phytotherapeutic products are used in France for minor vascular disorders [8]. There is an inverse correlation between regular consumption of garlic and stomach cancer frequency [8], but there seems to be no correlation between garlic consumption and other cancers. Garlic has been used in food preparation not only for its flavor, but also as a digestive aid [4]. Allium vineale has been used as a substitute for A. sativum in cooking; the bulb is used as a flavoring agent and the leaves as an addition to salad [9,10]. Cherokee Native Americans used both A. vineale and A. sativum as carminatives, diuretics, and expectorants [11,12]. Although there have been numerous investigations on the phytochemistry of garlic (A. sativum) [1,13,14], the chemistry of wild garlic (A. vineale) has not been investigated, and because of the history of the uses of Allium species as both condiments and phytopharmaceuticals, we have investigated the essential oil compositions of A. sativum from Spain, obtained by different isolation methods, and A. vineale growing wild in north Alabama, USA. Go to: 2. Materials and Methods 2.1. Plant Material 2.1.1. Allium sativum Bulbs of Allium sativum were collected from a field in Las Pedroñeras, Spain (39°26′59″ N, 2°40′23″ W, 745 m elevation), in December 2015. Garlic bulbs were finely chopped, and were subjected to three different distillation methods: laboratory hydrodistillation using a Clevenger apparatus for 3 h, industrial hydrodistillation for 4 h, and industrial steam distillation for 5 h. Pale yellow essential oils were obtained in 0.2%, 0.22% and 0.18% yields, respectively. The obtained essential oils and hydrosol were separated by decantation; remaining water was removed from the essential oils with sodium chloride. The collected essential oil samples were stored under refrigeration (−4 °C) until analysis. 2.1.2. Allium vineale Four different samples of Allium vineale were collected from a field in Huntsville, Alabama (34°38′46″ N, 86°33′27″ W, 191 m elevation) on 10 April 2017, 8 a.m. Each sample was cleaned of debris, the entire plant (leaves and bulbs) chopped, and hydrodistilled using a Likens-Nickerson apparatus for 4 h with continuous extraction with dichloromethane (CH2Cl2). Evaporation of the dichloromethane yielded pale yellow essential oils with an extremely pungent odor (Table 1). Table 1 Essential oil yields of Allium vineale. Sample #1 a #2 #3 #4 Mass of plant material (g) 94.04 123.29 98.20 72.35 Mass of essential oil (mg) 87.2 258.5 210.5 25.3 Essential oil yield 0.0927% 0.2097% 0.2144% 0.0350% a #1, #2, #3, and #4 are different essential oil samples. 2.2. Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) GC-MS characterization of A. sativum oils was carried out as previously described using a Shimadzu GCMS-QP2010 Ultra (Shimadzu Scientific Instruments, Columbia, MD, USA) [15,16]. This instrument was operated in the electron impact (EI) mode set at electron energy 70 eV with a scan range of 40–400 amu, a scan rate of 3.0 scans per second, and with GC-MS solution software. A ZB-5 fused silica capillary column (Phenomenex, Torrance, CA, USA), 30 m length × 0.25 mm inner diameter, with a (5% phenyl)-polymethylsiloxane stationary phase and a film thickness of 0.25 μm was used as the GC column. Helium was used as the carrier gas and the pressure was set at 551.6 kPa with a flow rate of 1.37 mL/min on the column head. The temperature of the injector was set at 250 °C and the temperature of the ion source was set at 200 °C. The temperature of the GC oven was programmed to be 50 °C initially and was programmed to increase at a rate of 2 °C/min to a final temperature of 260 °C. The samples were prepared with CH2Cl2 in a 5% w/v solution. Then, 0.1 µL of the solutions were injected into the instrument with a split ratio of 30:1. GC-MS analysis of A. vineale oils was carried out as previously described [17]: Agilent 6890 GC (Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, CA, USA), Agilent 5973 mass selective detector (Agilent Technologies), EI mode (70 eV), 40–400 mass scan range, 3.99 scans/s scan rate, and operated through an Agilent ChemStation data system (G1701CA, Agilent Technologies); HP-5ms capillary column (30 m length × 0.25 mm inner diameter × 0.25 μm film thickness), helium carrier gas, head pressure (92.4 kPa), flow rate (1.5 mL/min); oven temperature program (60 °C initial temperature, which was held for 5 min, temperature increased at a rate of 3 °C/min up to 280 °C), inlet temperature (250 °C), interface temperature (280 °C). Allium vineale solutions (1 μL of 1% in CH2Cl2) were injected using a splitless mode. The retention indices were determined by reference to a homologous series of n-alkanes. The components of each essential oil sample were identified based on their retention indices and mass spectral fragmentation patterns compared to reference literature [18,19,20,21,22] and our in-house library. 2.3. Semi-Quantitative Gas Chromatography Semi-quantitative GC was performed with an Agilent 6890 GC with Agilent FID (flame ionization detector) (Agilent Technologies), HP-5ms column (30 m length × 0.25 mm inner diameter × 0.25 μm film thickness), He carrier gas, head pressure (144.1 kPa), flow rate (2.0 mL/min); oven temperature program (as above). The percent compositions of the essential oils were determined from raw peak area percentages without standardization. 2.4. Hierarchical Cluster Analysis The chemical compositions of A. sativum from this current study along with garlic oil compositions from previously published works (hydrodistillations and steam distillations only) [6,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30] were used as operational taxonomic units (OTUs). The percentages of the major sulfur-containing compounds (diallyl sulfide, allyl methyl disulfide, dimethyl trisulfide, diallyl disulfide, allyl (Z)-1-propenyl disulfide, allyl (E)-1-propenyl disulfide, allyl methyl trisulfide, 2-vinyl-4H-1,3-dithiine, diallyl trisulfide, and diallyl tetrasulfide) were used to evaluate the chemical similarities and differences between the garlic oil samples by agglomerative hierarchical cluster (AHC) analysis using the XLSTAT software, version 2015.4.01 (Addinsoft™, New York, NY, USA). Pearson correlation was used to evaluate similarity and clusters were defined by the unweighted pair-group method with arithmetic averaging (UPGMA). The oil compositions from this study show quantitative similarities and differences from previously published reports on garlic oil [6,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30]. Egyptian garlic essential oil extracted by hydrodistillation had diallyl disulfide (25.2%), allyl methyl trisulfide (23.8%) and diallyl trisulfide (21.1%) as the major constituents [29]. The major components of Serbian garlic essential oil obtained by hydrodistillation were diallyl trisulfide (33.6%), diallyl disulfide (28.1%), and allyl methyl trisulfide (17.8%) [26]. Diallyl disulfide (49.1%) and diallyl trisulfide (30.4%) were the main components of Tunisian garlic essential oil obtained by hydrodistillation [31]. The profile identified in this study was also different from French garlic oil presented by Mnayer et al. [27] in which the major components were diallyl disulfide (37.9%), diallyl trisulfide (28.1%), allyl methyl trisulfide (7.3%), diallyl sulfide (6.6%), diallyl tetrasulfide (4.1%) and allyl methyl disulfide (3.7%). Douiri et al. [23] showed that A. sativum essential oil obtained by Clevenger hydrodistillation was dominated by diallyl trisulfide (46.5%) followed by diallyl disulfide (16.0%), allyl methyl trisulfide (10.9%) and diallyl disulfide (7.2%). Similarly, Rao and co-workers have analyzed six geographical varieties of essential oils obtained by steam distillation of fresh garlic grown in India. These investigators found diallyl disulfide (27.1–46.8%) and diallyl trisulfide (19.9–34.1%) to be the dominant components, followed by allyl methyl trisulfide (8.3–18.2%), and allyl methyl disulfide (4.4–12.0%) [28]. Commercial Chinese garlic oil has shown abundant diallyl disulfide (45.1–63.2%), diallyl trisulfide (18.5–23.4%), diallyl sulfide (4.5–11.4%), and diallyl tetrasulfide (6.3–10.5%) (unpublished results from our laboratories). Kimbaris and co-workers obtained garlic oil from Greece (Likens-Nickerson hydrodistillation-extraction) and found diallyl disulfide (23.1–28.4%), diallyl trisulfide (18.2–22.1%), allyl methyl trisulfide (16.3–17.5%), and allyl methyl disulfide (8.5–11.2%) The essential oils of garlic and wild garlic are shown to be dominated by sulfur-containing compounds, particularly allyl polysulfides. Garlic oils from various geographical locations have shown qualitative similarities, but quantitative differences in the concentrations of organosulfur compounds, and are likely to affect both the medicinal and the organoleptic properties of the garlic. Wild garlic is qualitatively similar in composition to garlic, but there are some key differences: diallyl disulfide and diallyl trisulfide concentrations are higher in garlic than in wild garlic, while allyl 1-propenyl disulfide and dimethyl trisulfide concentrations are higher in wild garlic than in garlic. Allium sativum is one of the medicinal herbs placed in the family Alliaceae1. The important chemical constituents reported from Bulbus Allii Sativi are the sulfur compounds. The allicin, ajoenes and sulfides (e.g. diallyl disulfide, diallyl trisulfide), are not naturally occurring compounds. They are formed by naturally occurring alliin. When the garlic bulb is crushed, alliin is released and interacts with the enzyme alliinase to forms allicin.2,3 Allicin itself is an unstable product and undergo additional reactions to form different derivatives, depending on environmental conditions.4 Due to presence of compounds such as, sulfur's compounds, lipids, complex of fructosans, etheric oil, cellulose, minerals (Mg, Zn, Se, germanium), vitamins (C, A, from B complex), enzymes, amino acids, etc., it is particularly important in medicine.5 The presence of above chemicals in Garlic helps to inhibit bacteria, fungi, parasites. Cooked garlic or various aged extracts and oils can in some cases provide better protection against infection than raw garlic.6 Garlic extracts exhibited activity against gram negative (E. coli, Enterobacter, Pseudomonas, Kilabsella) and gram positive (S.aureus, S. Pneumonia, Group A Streptococcus and Bacillus anthrax). Molecular Weight of Garlic oil: 488.9 g/mol Computed by PubChem 2.1 (PubChem release 2019.06.18) Hydrogen Bond Donor Count of Garlic oil: 0 Computed by Cactvs 3.4.6.11 (PubChem release 2019.06.18) Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count of Garlic oil: 8 Computed by Cactvs 3.4.6.11 (PubChem release 2019.06.18) Rotatable Bond Count of Garlic oil: 16 Computed by Cactvs 3.4.6.11 (PubChem release 2019.06.18) Exact Mass of Garlic oil: 488.049814 g/mol Computed by PubChem 2.1 (PubChem release 2019.06.18) Monoisotopic Mass of Garlic oil: 488.049814 g/mol Computed by PubChem 2.1 (PubChem release 2019.06.18) Topological Polar Surface Area of Garlic oil: 188 Ų Computed by Cactvs 3.4.6.11 (PubChem release 2019.06.18) Heavy Atom Count of Garlic oil: 26 Computed by PubChem Formal Charge of Garlic oil: 0 Computed by PubChem Complexity of Garlic oil: 243 Computed by Cactvs 3.4.6.11 (PubChem release 2019.06.18) Isotope Atom Count of Garlic oil: 0 Computed by PubChem Defined Atom Stereocenter Count of Garlic oil: 0 Computed by PubChem Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count of Garlic oil: 1 Computed by PubChem Defined Bond Stereocenter Count of Garlic oil: 0 Computed by PubChem Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count of Garlic oil: 0 Computed by PubChem Covalently-Bonded Unit Count of Garlic oil: 3 Computed by PubChem Compound of Garlic oil Is Canonicalized Yes
GDL (Glukono Delta Lakton)
Synonyms: -Phosphoguanylyl-(3';TELEOSTEAN GELATIN;PRIONEX(R) GELATIN;absorbablegelatinsponge;Galfoam;gelatinfoam;gelfoam;BLOOM 300 CAS: 9000-70-8
Gelatin
gt;Galfoam;gelfoam;GELATIN;Gelfilm;Spongel;puragel;GELATINA;GELATINE;gelatins CAS NO: 9000-70-8
Gellan gum
Gum gellan; E418; Phytagel; Phytagel plantcell; E 418; K9A-40; GELLAN; GELRITE; FG 2250; Phytagel; GELRITE(R); GELLAN GUM; GELLUM GUM; GUM GELLAN; GELRITE(TM); GEL-GRO(TM); GelzanTM CM PHYTAGEL(TM); Gel Up J 3200; Gel Up WA 100; GELRITEGELLANGURI; GELLAN GUM POWDER; Phytagel plantcell; GELRITE GELLAN GUM; Phytagel(Gellan gum); GELRITE(TM) GELLAN GUM; AGAR SUBSTITUTE GELLING AGENT; phytagel plant cell culture tested; Agar substitute gelling agent, Gellan Gum; D-Glucopyranuronicacid,polymerwith6-deoxy-L-mannopyranoseandD-glucopyranose,acetate,calciumpotassiumsodiumsalt CAS NO:71010-52-1
GENISTEIN
GERANIAL, N° CAS : 141-27-5, Nom INCI : GERANIAL. Nom chimique : (E)-3,7-Dimethylocta-2,6-dienal. N° EINECS/ELINCS : 205-476-5. Agent parfumant : Utilisé pour le parfum et les matières premières aromatiques
GERANIAL
GERANIOL, N° CAS : 106-24-1 - Géraniol. Origine(s) : Naturelle, Synthétique. Nom INCI : GERANIOL. Nom chimique : 2,6-Octadien-1-ol, 3,7-dimethyl-, (2E)-. N° EINECS/ELINCS : 203-377-1, Le Géraniol aussi nommé rhodinol, est un alcool monoterpénique qui fait partie des 26 allergènes réglementés par l'Europe. On le retrouve présent dans les huiles essentielles de Géranium, de citronnelle mais aussi dans l'huile de rose et de Palmarosa. Il est utilisé en parfumerie pour son odeur de rose.Ses fonctions (INCI) Tonifiant : Produit une sensation de bien-être sur la peau et les cheveux Agent parfumant : Utilisé pour le parfum et les matières premières aromatiques
Géraniol
Glycerol; 1,2,3-Propanetriol; Glyceritol; Glycic Alcohol; 1,2,3-Trihydroxypropane; Trihydroxypropane; Clyzerin, Wasserfrei; Glyrol; Glysanin; Grocolene CAS NO: 56-81-5
GIBBSITE
Gibbsite occurs as a mineral in nature in three much rarer polymorphs: bayerite, doyleite and nordstrandite.
Gibbsite is amphoteric, i.e., Gibbsite has both basic and acidic properties.
Gibbsite is a halogen-free, environmentally friendly flame retardant and smoke suppressant filler for plastics and rubber.

CAS Number: 21645-51-2
EC Number: 244-492-7
Chemical Formula: Al(OH)3
Molar Mass: 78.003 g·mol−1

Aluminium trihydrate, Aluminum, trihydrate, DTXSID20421935, MXRIRQGCELJRSN-UHFFFAOYSA-N, aluminum;trihydroxide, Dried aluminum hydroxide gel, Aluminium hydroxide gel, dried, aluminium trihydroxide, aluminum hyroxide, Hydroxyde d' aluminium, Dried aluminium hydroxide, Aluminium hydroxide, dried, Aluminum hydroxide gel, dried, CHEMBL1200706, DTXSID2036405, NIOSH/BD0708000, Di-mu-hydroxytetrahydroxydialuminum, AF-260, AKOS015904617, Aluminum, di-mu-hydroxytetrahydroxydi-, DB06723, BD07080000, Aluminium trihydrate [ACD/IUPAC Name], Aluminium, trihydrate [French] [ACD/IUPAC Name], Aluminiumtrihydrat [German] [ACD/IUPAC Name], 106152-09-4 [RN], 12252-70-9 [RN], 128083-27-2 [RN], 1302-29-0 [RN], 13783-16-9 [RN], 14762-49-3 [RN], 151393-94-1 [RN], 159704-77-5 [RN], 21645-51-2 [RN], 51330-22-4 [RN], 8012-63-3 [RN], 8064-00-4 [RN], AC 714KC, AKP-DA, Al(OH)3, Alcoa A 325, Alcoa AS 301, Alcoa C 30BF, Alcoa C 31, Alcoa C 33, Alcoa C 330, Alcoa C 331, Alcoa C 333, Alcoa C 385, Alcoa H 65, Alhydrogel [Wiki], Alolt 8, ALterna GEL [Trade name], ALternaGEL, Alu-Cap, Alugel, Alugelibye, Alumigel, Alumina trihydrate, Aluminic acid (H3AlO3), Aluminium hydroxide [Wiki], aluminium(3+) hydroxide, aluminium(III) hydroxide, Aluminiumhydroxid, ALUMINUM HYDROXIDE [USP], Aluminum hydroxide (Al(OH)3), Aluminum Hydroxide Gel, Aluminum hydroxide, dried [JAN], Aluminum oxide trihydrate, Aluminum trihydroxide, Aluminum(III) hydroxide, Alusal, Amberol ST 140F, Amorphous alumina, Amphogel, Amphojel, Antipollon HT, Apyral, Apyral 120, Apyral 120VAW, Apyral 15, Apyral 2, Apyral 24, Apyral 25, Apyral 4, Apyral 40, Apyral 60, Apyral 8, Apyral 90, Apyral B, Arthritis Pain Formula Maximum Strength, Ascriptin, BACO AF 260, Boehmite, British aluminum AF 260, C 31C, C 31F, C 4D, C-31-F, Calcitrel, Calmogastrin, Camalox, Dialume [Trade name], Di-Gel Liquid, Gelusil, Gibbsite (Al(OH)3), Higilite, Higilite H 31S, Higilite H 32, Higilite H 42, Hychol 705, Hydrafil, Hydral 705, Hydral 710, Hydrated Alumina, Hydrated aluminum oxide, Kudrox, Liquigel, Maalox [Wiki], Maalox HRF, Maalox Plus, Martinal, Martinal A, Martinal A/S, Martinal F-A, Mylanta [Wiki], P 30BF, Reheis F 1000, Simeco Suspension, Tricreamalate, Trihydrated alumina, trihydroxidoaluminium, Trihydroxyaluminum, Trisogel, WinGel

Gibbsite is initially derived from bauxite ore, before being refined into a fine white powder.
Gibbsite (also known as ATH and aluminium trihydroxide, chemical formula Al (OH)3) is initially derived from bauxite ore, before being refined into a fine white powder.

Annual production of Gibbsite is around 100 million tons which is nearly all produced through the Bayer process.
The Bayer process dissolves bauxite (Aluminium Ore) in sodium hydroxide at elevated temperatures.

Gibbsite is then separated from the solids that remain after the heating process.
The solids remaining after the Gibbsite is removed is highly toxic and presents environmental issues.

Gibbsite are available in different uncoated and coated grades, with average particle size varying from 2 microns to 80 microns as per application.
Gibbsite is a common primary ingredient present in most solid surface material and accounts for as much as 70% of the total product.

Gibbsite is used as a filler for epoxy, urethane, or polyester resins, where fire retardant properties or increased thermal conductivity are required.
Gibbsite is white in color.

Gibbsite is a flame retardant and smoke suppressant.
Gibbsite thermodynamic properties, endothermic dehydration cools the plastic 6 rubber parts and dilutes the combustible gases with water vapours that is generated in case of fire.

Gibbsite is registered under the REACH Regulation and is manufactured in and / or imported to the European Economic Area, at ≥ 1 000 000 to < 10 000 000 tonnes per annum.
Gibbsite is used by consumers, in articles, by professional workers (widespread uses), in formulation or re-packing, at industrial sites and in manufacturing.

Gibbsite is a halogen-free, environmentally friendly flame retardant and smoke suppressant filler for plastics and rubber.
Gibbsite is suitable for a broad range of applications including solid surface, composites and electrical insulation.

Gibbsite is a white, translucent powder that is also called aluminum hydroxide.
Gibbsite is obtained from Bauxite.

When Gibbsite is strongly heated, Gibbsite will convert to Aluminum oxide with the release of water.
Gibbsite is used as a base in the preparation of transparent lake pigments.

Gibbsite is also used as an inert filler in paints and tends to increase the transparency of colors when dispersed in oils.
Gibbsite is used commercially as a paper coating, flame retardant, water repellant, and as a filler in glass, ceramics, inks, detergents, cosmetics, and plastics.

Gibbsite occurs as a mineral in nature in three much rarer polymorphs: bayerite, doyleite and nordstrandite.
Gibbsite is amphoteric, i.e., Gibbsite has both basic and acidic properties.

Closely related are aluminium oxide hydroxide, AlO(OH), and aluminium oxide or alumina (Al2O3), the latter of which is also amphoteric.
These compounds together are the major components of the aluminium ore bauxite.
Gibbsite also forms a gelatinous precipitate in water.

Gibbsite is a non-halogen fire retardant and smoke suppressant.
Gibbsite is a major mineral fire retardant being the largest selling fire retardant additive in the world.

Gibbsite is used commercially as a paper coating, flame retardant, water repellant, and as a filler in glass, ceramics, inks, detergents, cosmetics, and plastics.
When strongly heated, Gibbsite decomposes into aluminium oxide with release of water following an endothermic reaction.

Gibbsite (ATH or hydrated alumina) is a non-toxic, non-corrosive, flame retardant and smoke suppressant utilized in elastomeric applications.
Gibbsite is the most frequently used flame retardant in the world.

Gibbsite is a very effective flame retardant due to Gibbsite thermodynamic properties which absorb heat and release water vapor.
Gibbsite releases its 35% water of crystallization as water vapor when heated above 205°C.

The resulting endothermic reaction cools Gibbsite below flash point, reducing the risk of fire and acts as a vapor barrier to prevent oxygen from reaching the flame.
Typical loadings vary from 20 phr to 150 phr.
Because many polymers like polyethylene and polypropylene process above 200°C, these polyolefins should use magnesium hydroxide as a flame retardant filler since Gibbsite water of hydration releases at approximately 325°C.

Gibbsites are obtained by digestion of bauxite throughout the Bayer process.

Gibbsite starts to remove constitution water above 180°C
Water removal cools the surface and eliminates entry of oxygen, which confers flame retardant properties and smoke suppressant.
Accordingly Gibbsite is a necessary raw material for products like rubber, polyurethane, polyester, silicone, thermoplastic, cables, etc. with fire retardant properties.

Gibbsite has a number of common names used throughout the chemical industry which include: Hydrate Alumina, Alumina Hydrate, Aluminium Tri Hydroxide, ATH, Aluminium Hydrate and Aluminium Hydroxide.

Gibbsite is a white, odorless, powdery, solid substance.
Gibbsite demonstrates a very low solubility in water but is considered to be amphoteric, meaning Gibbsite will dissolve in both acids or a strong alkali.

The most common use of Gibbsite is for the production of aluminum metal.
Gibbsite is also used as a flame retardant and smoke suppressant filler in polymers such as rubber products and carpet backing.

Gibbsite is a white filling material that provides flame retardant and self-extinguishing properties for polyester resins and gelcoats.
Gibbsite exposes water molecules within the body at high temperatures to reduce flame spread and smoke formation.
Gibbsite is used in GRP pipe applications, in acrylic applications and in other multicomponent applications.

Aluminum trihydrate (also known as aluminum hydrate, alumina hydrate, aluminum hydroxide, or ATH) is a filler, extender pigment, and bodying agent in oil- and water-borne paint that does not greatly affect the color of the paint.
This is an 8-micron median particle size extender that is a white to tan colored powder and can be added to paint to impart transparency to the paint film.

Gibbsite is the most widely used flame retardant in commercial coatings due to Gibbsite versatility and low cost.
Gibbsite can be used in a wide range of paint binders at processing temperatures below 220°C.

Gibbsite is non-toxic, halogen-free, chemically inert, and has low abrasiveness.
Additional benefits are acid resistance and smoke suppression.

At about 220°C, Gibbsite begins to decompose endothermically releasing approximately 35% of Gibbsite weight as water vapor.

AI2O3•3H2O + HEAT —–> AI2O3 + 3 H2O

Gibbsite acts as a heat sink thereby retarding pyrolysis and reducing the burning rate.
The water vapor released has an added effect of diluting combustion gases and toxic fumes.

Gibbsite is the hydrated oxide of aluminium.
Aluminium hydrate is separated from bauxite ore using the Bayer process, with average particle size ranging from 80-100 micron.

The block crystals of alumina hydrate impart good chemical reactivity.
Alumina hydrate can react with a base as well as an acid, and finds use in many applications as raw material.

After drying, alumina hydrate is ground using mechanical mills and ceramic lined ball mills to obtain finer particle sizes.
Hindalco manufactures ground hydrate with different particle size (5-15 micron) distribution.
Surface-treated fine hydrate as well as super-ground fine hydrate (1-2.5 micron) are also available.

Gibbsite obtained in the Bayer process, is calcined at temperature above 1200°C and up to 1600°C to manufacture special grade alumina.
During calcinations, alumina hydrate crystals lose bound moisture and recrystallise to form alumina crystals.

The particle size of alumina remains at 85-100 micron.
Special alumina contains predominantly alpha phase.
The degree of calcination is a measure of the hardness of alumina – soft to hard.

Coarse alumina is classified based on the soda (Na2O) content:
Low soda alumina - Na2O <0.1%
Medium soda alumina - 0.1% < Na2O <0.2%
Normal Soda alumina - 0.20% < Na2O < 0.45%

Calcined alumina is ground in fluid energy mills or ceramic lined ball mills to meet the desired particle size required by the customers.
Hindalco manufactures fine alumina with varying particle size (0.5 to 8 micron) and distribution.
Low soda, medium soda and normal soda type are available in fine alumina also.

The global Gibbsite market size was valued at USD 1.5 billion in 2020 and is projected to reach USD 1.9 billion by 2025, growing at a cagr 5.5% from 2020 to 2025.
The major drivers for the market include the rising consumer demand for Gibbsite in different applications and enduse industries, such as flame retardants, and paints & coatings.
However, the substitutes present in the market, for instance, magnesium hydroxide, can restrain the market growth.

Covid-19 Impact On The Global Gibbsite Market:
The global Gibbsite market is expected to witness a moderate decrease in Gibbsite growth rate in 2020-2021, as the Gibbsite industry witness a significant decline in Gibbsite production.
Gibbsite has affected the market for Gibbsite manufacturers catering to the glass and rubber industries, which were not considered essential.

Moreover, most of the global companies operating in this market are based in Asia Pacific, the US, and European countries, which are adversely affected by the pandemic.
These companies having their manufacturing units in China and other Asian countries are also severely affected.
Therefore, disruptions in the supply chain have resulted in hampering production units due to a lack of raw materials and workforce.

Gibbsite Market Dynamics:

Driver: Increasing demand for non-halogenated flame retardants:
The growing number of residential and commercial establishments has increased the possibilities of explosions and fire-related accidents.
Therefore, several countries across North America and Europe have mandated stringent fire safety regulations and protocols.

This has led to the increased use of flame retardants in buildings to meet these government regulations.
The major application of flame retardants is in electric wire insulation in building & construction, and transportation.

Flame retardants are used in circuit boards, electronic casing, and cables & wire systems.
Stringent fire safety standards to reduce the spread of fires in residential and commercial buildings are driving the demand for halogen-free flame retardants.

Opportunities:
Use of Gibbsite in water treatment plants Gibbsite (alum) is the most common coagulant used in water and wastewater treatment.
The main purpose of using alum in these applications is to improve the settling of suspended solids and color removal.

Alum is also used to remove phosphate from wastewater treatment effluent.
Thus, the growing urbanization in emerging economies, such as China and India, is expected to fuel the demand for water treatment plants in residential areas.

Nevertheless, many people still lack access to safe water and suffer from preventable water-borne microbial diseases leading to the increased demand for wastewater treatment plants.
Thus, the use of aluminum hydroxide in water treatment plants in residential areas is expected to act as an opportunity for the growth of the Gibbsite market across the globe.

Challenges:

Environmental issues related to alumina production:
Alumina production leads to bauxite residue, also known as red mud.
The disposal of bauxite residue/red mud is a challenge due to relatively large volumes, occupying land areas, and the alkalinity of the residue and the run-off water.

Only a very small proportion of the bauxite residue produced are re-used in any way.
Although the residue has a number of characteristics of environmental concern, the most immediate and apparent barrier to remediation and utilization is Gibbsite high alkalinity and sodicity.

The high pH of the bauxite residue is a problem from both a health and safety point-of-view.
This can pose a challenge for the Gibbsite market.

Applications of Gibbsite:
Over 90% of all Gibbsite produced is converted to Aluminium Oxide (alumina) that is used to manufacture aluminum.
As a flame retardant, Gibbsite is chemically added to a polymer molecule or blended in with a polymer to suppress and reduce the spreading of a flame through a plastic.
Gibbsite is also used as an antacid that can be ingested in order to buffer the pH within the stomach.

Gibbsite is the hydrated oxide of aluminium.
Gibbsite is separated from ore bauxite using Bayer process with average particle size ranging from 80-100 micron.

The blocky crystals of Gibbsite impart good reactivity.
Gibbsite can react with a base as well as an acid and finds many applications as raw material.

Gibbsite is used in the manufacture of many inorganic chemicals like:
Non- ferric alum
Poly aluminium chloride
Aluminium fluoride
Sodium aluminate
Catalysts
Glass
Gibbsite gel
Alumina hydrate is available in wet as well as dry form.

Fine hydrate:
Gibbsite contain 3 molecules of water.
On exposure to heat above 220°C, alumina hydrate decomposes into aluminium oxide (alumina) and water.

This irreversible, endothermic reaction process makes alumina hydrate an effective flame retardant.
Also, the smoke generated by decomposition is non-corrosive and non-poisonous.
Ground alumina hydrate is used as fire retardant filler in applications like polymer composites, cable compounds, solid surface counter tops, etc.

Uses of Gibbsite:
Of the Common fillers used in Plastics, Rubber, FRP, SMC, DMC moulding and other polymers only Gibbsite has flame retarding and smoke suppressing properties as well as being an economical resin extender.

Gibbsite is used in polyester resins.
However with increased attention being given to smoke & toxic fume emissions, Gibbsite has found large volume application in vinyl as a low smoke, non toxic replacement for antimony and in polyurethane, latex, neoprene foam system, Rubber, wire & Cable insulation, vinyl walls & flooring coverings and epoxies.

Gibbsite acts as a flame retardant and smoke suppressor because of Gibbsite thermodynamic properties.
Gibbsite endothermic dehydration cools the plastic & Rubber parts and dilute with water vapour those combustible gases that do escape.
The latter is probably the main phenomenon associated with smoke suppression other excellent performance include electrical and track resistance.

Gibbsite widely use in Paper Industries as a whitening agent in place of titanium dioxide.

Gibbsite is also use in Paints Industries.
Gibbsite can replace upto 25% of the Titanium dioxide pigment & therefore is an economical extender reducing production cost.

Fire retardant filler:
Gibbsite also finds use as a fire retardant filler for polymer applications.
Gibbsite is selected for these applications because Gibbsite is colorless (like most polymers), inexpensive, and has good fire retardant properties.

Magnesium hydroxide and mixtures of huntite and hydromagnesite are used similarly.
Gibbsite decomposes at about 180 °C (356 °F), absorbing a considerable amount of heat in the process and giving off water vapour.
In addition to behaving as a fire retardant, Gibbsite is very effective as a smoke suppressant in a wide range of polymers, most especially in polyesters, acrylics, ethylene vinyl acetate, epoxies, polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and rubber.

Precursor to Al compounds:
Gibbsite is a feedstock for the manufacture of other aluminium compounds: calcined aluminas, aluminium sulfate, polyaluminium chloride, aluminium chloride, zeolites, sodium aluminate, activated alumina, and aluminium nitrate.

Freshly precipitated Gibbsite forms gels, which are the basis for the application of aluminium salts as flocculants in water purification.
This gel crystallizes with time.

Gibbsite gels can be dehydrated (e.g. using water-miscible non-aqueous solvents like ethanol) to form an amorphous Gibbsite powder, which is readily soluble in acids.
Heating converts Gibbsite to activated aluminas, which are used as desiccants, adsorbent in gas purification, and catalyst supports.

Pharmaceutical:
Under the generic name "algeldrate", Gibbsite is used as an antacid in humans and animals (mainly cats and dogs).
Gibbsite is preferred over other alternatives such as sodium bicarbonate because Al(OH)3, being insoluble, does not increase the pH of stomach above 7 and hence, does not trigger secretion of excess acid by the stomach.

Brand names include Alu-Cap, Aludrox, Gaviscon or Pepsamar.
Gibbsite reacts with excess acid in the stomach, reducing the acidity of the stomach content, which may relieve the symptoms of ulcers, heartburn or dyspepsia.

Such products can cause constipation, because the aluminium ions inhibit the contractions of smooth muscle cells in the gastrointestinal tract, slowing peristalsis and lengthening the time needed for stool to pass through the colon.
Some such products are formulated to minimize such effects through the inclusion of equal concentrations of magnesium hydroxide or magnesium carbonate, which have counterbalancing laxative effects.

Gibbsite is also used to control hyperphosphatemia (elevated phosphate, or phosphorus, levels in the blood) in people and animals suffering from kidney failure.
Normally, the kidneys filter excess phosphate out from the blood, but kidney failure can cause phosphate to accumulate.
The aluminium salt, when ingested, binds to phosphate in the intestines and reduce the amount of phosphorus that can be absorbed.

Precipitated Gibbsite is included as an adjuvant in some vaccines (e.g. anthrax vaccine).
One of the well-known brands of Gibbsite adjuvant is Alhydrogel, made by Brenntag Biosector.

Since Gibbsite absorbs protein well, Gibbsite also functions to stabilize vaccines by preventing the proteins in the vaccine from precipitating or sticking to the walls of the container during storage.
Gibbsite is sometimes called "alum", a term generally reserved for one of several sulfates.

Vaccine formulations containing Gibbsite stimulate the immune system by inducing the release of uric acid, an immunological danger signal.
This strongly attracts certain types of monocytes which differentiate into dendritic cells.

The dendritic cells pick up the antigen, carry Gibbsite to lymph nodes, and stimulate T cells and B cells.
Gibbsite appears to contribute to induction of a good Th2 response, so is useful for immunizing against pathogens that are blocked by antibodies.
However, Gibbsite has little capacity to stimulate cellular (Th1) immune responses, important for protection against many pathogens, nor is Gibbsite useful when the antigen is peptide-based.

Gibbsite is used in various industries as:
Gibbsite is used as a raw material in the production of Aluminium chemicals
Gibbsite is used as a raw material in the manufacture of glass and glazes

Gibbsite is used as a raw material in catalyst production
Gibbsite is used as a flame retardant and smoke suppressant filler in plastics (for example: Cables, rubber products and carpet backing)

Gibbsite is used as a raw material for fertilizers, and fiber cement board products
Gibbsite is used as an extender and a bodying agent in paper, solvent- and water-borne paints, UV-curable coatings, inks, and adhesives

Gibbsite is used as a polishing and cleansing agent Mould wash and separating agent
Gibbsite is used as a filler of cast polymer products such as onyx and solid surfaces

Uses at industrial sites:
Gibbsite is used in the following products: coating products, fillers, putties, plasters, modelling clay, polymers and washing & cleaning products.
Gibbsite has an industrial use resulting in manufacture of another substance (use of intermediates).

Gibbsite is used in the following areas: mining, building & construction work and formulation of mixtures and/or re-packaging.
Gibbsite is used for the manufacture of: chemicals, furniture, plastic products and rubber products.

Release to the environment of Gibbsite can occur from industrial use: in the production of articles, as an intermediate step in further manufacturing of another substance (use of intermediates), formulation of mixtures, manufacturing of Gibbsite and in processing aids at industrial sites.
Other release to the environment of Gibbsite is likely to occur from: indoor use (e.g. machine wash liquids/detergents, automotive care products, paints and coating or adhesives, fragrances and air fresheners), outdoor use, indoor use in long-life materials with low release rate (e.g. flooring, furniture, toys, construction materials, curtains, foot-wear, leather products, paper and cardboard products, electronic equipment) and outdoor use in long-life materials with low release rate (e.g. metal, wooden and plastic construction and building materials).

Consumer Uses:
Gibbsite is used in the following products: cosmetics and personal care products, coating products, inks and toners, fillers, putties, plasters, modelling clay, pharmaceuticals, adhesives and sealants, washing & cleaning products, lubricants and greases and polishes and waxes.
Release to the environment of Gibbsite can occur from industrial use: formulation of mixtures and formulation in materials.
Other release to the environment of Gibbsite is likely to occur from: indoor use (e.g. machine wash liquids/detergents, automotive care products, paints and coating or adhesives, fragrances and air fresheners) and outdoor use.

Widespread uses by professional workers:
Gibbsite is used in the following products: inks and toners, coating products, fillers, putties, plasters, modelling clay, washing & cleaning products, adhesives and sealants, cosmetics and personal care products, lubricants and greases and polishes and waxes.
Gibbsite is used in the following areas: building & construction work, printing and recorded media reproduction, formulation of mixtures and/or re-packaging and agriculture, forestry and fishing.

Gibbsite is used for the manufacture of: textile, leather or fur and wood and wood products.
Other release to the environment of Gibbsite is likely to occur from: indoor use (e.g. machine wash liquids/detergents, automotive care products, paints and coating or adhesives, fragrances and air fresheners) and outdoor use.

Gibbsite is characterised by:
High purity
High whiteness
Relatively low density (2.4g/cm3) compared to other mineral fillers (typically 2.7g/cm3)
Medium Mohs hardness of 3
Decomposition around 180oC, releasing water (making Gibbsite an excellent halogen-free flame retardant)

Properties of Gibbsite:
Gibbsite is amphoteric.
In acid, Gibbsite acts as a Brønsted–Lowry base.

Gibbsite neutralizes the acid, yielding a salt:
3 HCl + Al(OH)3 → AlCl3 + 3 H2O

In bases, Gibbsite acts as a Lewis acid by binding hydroxide ions:
Al(OH)3 + OH− → [Al(OH)4]−

Physical Properties:
Powdery substance
Odorless
Non-carcinogenic
Gibbsite adds thermal properties that provide translucency and whiteness
Solid surface material
Non-smoking
Low-toxicity
Halogen-free
Flame retardant

Performance Benefits of Gibbsite:
Flame retardant / smoke suppressant
Ultra-white / translucent
High purity – blush resistance
Faster gel time
Low viscosity / higher loadings
Higher mechanical properties

Production of Gibbsite:
Virtually all the Gibbsite used commercially is manufactured by the Bayer process which involves dissolving bauxite in sodium hydroxide at temperatures up to 270 °C (518 °F).
The waste solid, bauxite tailings, is removed and Gibbsite is precipitated from the remaining solution of sodium aluminate.
This Gibbsite can be converted to aluminium oxide or alumina by calcination.

The residue or bauxite tailings, which is mostly iron oxide, is highly caustic due to residual sodium hydroxide.
Gibbsite was historically stored in lagoons; this led to the Ajka alumina plant accident in 2010 in Hungary, where a dam bursting led to the drowning of nine people.
An additional 122 sought treatment for chemical burns.

The mud contaminated 40 square kilometres (15 sq mi) of land and reached the Danube.
While the mud was considered non-toxic due to low levels of heavy metals, the associated slurry had a pH of 13.

Structure of Gibbsite:
Al(OH)3 is built up of double layers of hydroxyl groups with aluminium ions occupying two-thirds of the octahedral holes between the two layers.
Four polymorphs are recognized.

All feature layers of octahedral Gibbsite units, with hydrogen bonds between the layers.
The polymorphs differ in terms of the stacking of the layers.

All forms of Al(OH)3 crystals are hexagonal:
Gibbsite is also known as γ-Al(OH)3 or α-Al(OH)3
Bayerite is also known as α-Al(OH)3 or β-Gibbsite
Nordstrandite is also known as Al(OH)3
Doyleite

Aluminium trihydrate, once thought to be Gibbsite, is an aluminium phosphate.
Nonetheless, both gibbsite and Aluminium trihydrate refer to the same polymorphism of Hydrargillite, with gibbsite used most commonly in the United States and Gibbsite used more often in Europe.
Gibbsite is named after the Greek words for water (hydra) and clay (argylles).

Safety of Gibbsite:
In the 1960s and 1970s Gibbsite was speculated that aluminium was related to various neurological disorders, including Alzheimer's disease.
Since then, multiple epidemiological studies have found no connection between exposure to environmental or swallowed aluminium and neurological disorders, though injected aluminium was not looked at in these studies.

Neural disorders were found in experiments on mice motivated by Gulf War illness (GWI).
Gibbsite injected in doses equivalent to those administered to the United States military, showed increased reactive astrocytes, increased apoptosis of motor neurons and microglial proliferation within the spinal cord and cortex.

Identifiers of Gibbsite:
CAS Number: 21645-51-2
ChEBI: CHEBI:33130
ChEMBL: ChEMBL1200706
ChemSpider: 8351587
DrugBank: DB06723
ECHA InfoCard: 100.040.433
KEGG: D02416
PubChem CID: 10176082
RTECS number: BD0940000
UNII: 5QB0T2IUN0
CompTox Dashboard (EPA): DTXSID2036405
InChI: InChI=1S/Al.3H2O/h;3*1H2/q+3;;;/p-3
Key: WNROFYMDJYEPJX-UHFFFAOYSA-K
A02AB02 (WHO) (algeldrate)
InChI=1/Al.3H2O/h;3*1H2/q+3;;;/p-3
Key: WNROFYMDJYEPJX-DFZHHIFOAJ
SMILES: [OH-].[OH-].[OH-].[Al+3]

CAS number: 21645-51-2
EC number: 244-492-7
Hill Formula: AlH₃O₃
Chemical formula: Al(OH)₃ * x H₂O
Molar Mass: 78 g/mol
HS Code: 2818 30 00
Quality Level: MQ200

Properties of Gibbsite:
Chemical formula: Al(OH)3
Molar mass: 78.003 g·mol−1
Appearance: White amorphous powder
Density: 2.42 g/cm3, solid
Melting point: 300 °C (572 °F; 573 K)
Solubility in water: 0.0001 g/(100 mL)
Solubility product (Ksp): 3×10−34
Solubility: soluble in acids and alkalis
Acidity (pKa): >7
Isoelectric point: 7.7

Density: 2.42 g/cm3 (20 °C)
Melting Point: 300 °C Elimination of water of crystallisation
pH value: 8 - 9 (100 g/l, H₂O, 20 °C) (slurry)
Vapor pressure:
Molecular Weight: 81.028 g/mol
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 3
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 3
Rotatable Bond Count: 0
Exact Mass: 81.0132325 g/mol
Monoisotopic Mass: 81.0132325 g/mol
Topological Polar Surface Area: 3Ų
Heavy Atom Count: 4
Complexity: 0
Isotope Atom Count: 0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 4
Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes

Thermochemistry of Gibbsite:
Std enthalpy of formation (ΔfH⦵298): −1277 kJ·mol−1

Specifications of Gibbsite:
Identity: conforms
Chloride (Cl): ≤ 0.01 %
Sulfate (SO₄): ≤ 0.05 %
Fe (Iron): ≤ 0.01 %
Na (Sodium): ≤ 0.3 %
Loss on ignition (700 °C): 30.0 - 35.0 %
Bulk density: about 90
Particle size (< 150 µm): about 90

Related compounds of Gibbsite:
Boric acid
Gallium(III) hydroxide
Indium(III) hydroxide
Thallium(III) hydroxide
Scandium(III) hydroxide
Sodium oxide
Aluminium oxide hydroxide

Names of Gibbsite:

Regulatory process names:
Aluminium hydroxide
aluminium hydroxide
Aluminum hydroxide, dried

IUPAC names:
Alumina hydrate
ALUMINA TRIHYDRATE
Alumina trihydrate
ALUMINIUM HYDROXIDE
Aluminium Hydroxide
Aluminium hydroxide
aluminium hydroxide
Aluminium Hydroxide
Aluminium hydroxide
aluminium hydroxide
Aluminium hydroxide, Alumina hydrate
Aluminium hydroxide_JS
Aluminium hydroxyde
aluminium trihydrate
Aluminium trihydrate
Aluminium trihydroxide
aluminium trihydroxide
aluminium(3+) ion trihydroxide
Aluminium(3+) trihydroxide
aluminium(3+) trihydroxide
aluminium(III) hydroxide
Aluminiumhydroxid
aluminuim hydroxide
ALUMINUM HYDROXIDE
Aluminum Hydroxide
Aluminum hydroxide
aluminum hydroxide
Aluminum hydroxide
Aluminum hydroxide (Al(OH)3)
Aluminum hydroxide (Al(OH)3)
Aluminum Trihydrate
Aluminum trihydrate
aluminum trihydrate
Aluminum trihydroxide
aluminum trihydroxide
ATH
Hydrate
Sulcabai

Preferred IUPAC name:
Aluminium hydroxide

Systematic IUPAC name:
Trihydroxidoaluminium

Trade names:
AB H-Series Alumina Trihydrate
Actilox
ALH-……
ALOLT-……….
Alumina Hydrate
Alumina hydrate
Aluminium hydrate
Aluminium Hydroxide
Aluminium hydroxide
aluminium hydroxide
Aluminium trihydroxide
Aluminiumhydroxid
Aluminum hydroxide
Aluminum hydroxide highly dispersed precipitated
aluminum trihydrate
Apyral
BARIACE
BARIFINE
Bayerit
Geloxal
Hidróxido de aluminio
Hydrate
Hydrated alumina
hydroxid hlinitý
HYMOD® Surface-Treated Alumina Trihydrate
JR-800, MT-500SA etc.
KB-30, HS , HC, Hydrate, Aluminium hydroxide
MARTIFILL®
MARTIFIN®
MARTINAL®
MICRAL® Alumina Trihydrate
MOLDX® Optimized Alumina Trihydrate
ONYX ELITE® Alumina Trihydrate
R-11P
SB Alumina Trihydrate
Sigunit
SSP
STR
T-Lite
VOGA

Other names:
Aluminium oxide, hydrate
Aluminum hydroxide (Al(OH)3)
Aluminum oxide (Al2O3), hydrate
Aluminic acid
Aluminic hydroxide
Alumanetriol
Aluminium(III) hydroxide
Aluminium hydroxide
Aluminium trihydroxide
Hydrated alumina
Orthoaluminic acid

Other identifiers:
106152-09-4
1071843-34-9
12040-59-4
12252-70-9
128083-27-2
1302-29-0
1333-84-2
13783-16-9
151393-94-1
156259-59-5
159704-77-5
16657-47-9
1847408-13-2
21645-51-2
227961-51-5
51330-22-4
546141-62-2
546141-68-8
8012-63-3
8064-00-4
Gibberellic Acid
C11 oxoalcohol ethoxylate with 7 EO ; About 90 %; Liquid 52 – 55 (1); HLB: About 13
Gingko biloba
augaherb ginkgo biloba leaf AG; augaherb ginkgo biloba leaf AG (Augustus); extract of the leaves of ginkgo biloba, ginkgoaceae ; gingko biloba extract natural; extrapone ginkgo biloba (Symrise); ginkgolden ginkgo biloba extract; ginkgo biloba extract(maidenhair tree extract) CAS NO:90045-36-6
GLASS FLAKES

Glass flakes are thin, flat, platelet-shaped particles made of glass.
Glass flakes have a distinctive shimmering appearance due to their flat and reflective surfaces.
Glass flakes are lightweight and delicate, resembling tiny scales or flakes.



APPLICATIONS


Glass flakes are commonly used as additives in coatings to enhance corrosion resistance and mechanical strength.
Glass flakes find applications in automotive coatings to improve durability, scratch resistance, and provide an attractive finish.

Glass flakes are incorporated into plastics and composites to enhance their strength, dimensional stability, and impact resistance.
In the aerospace industry, glass flakes are used in the manufacturing of lightweight and high-strength composite materials.

Glass flakes are utilized in marine applications to enhance the durability and resistance to saltwater corrosion.
Glass flakes are added to adhesives and sealants to improve bonding strength, flexibility, and resistance to environmental factors.
Glass flakes are used in architectural coatings to provide weather resistance and decorative effects.
In the cosmetics industry, glass flakes are employed in nail polishes and cosmetic formulations to create a shimmering or glittering effect.

Glass flakes are utilized in decorative art and crafts projects to add visual interest and texture to artworks.
Glass flakes find applications in printing inks to create unique visual effects and enhance the appearance of printed materials.
Glass flakes are used in the formulation of specialty paints for applications such as metal finishes and industrial coatings.

Glass flakes can be incorporated into concrete and cementitious materials to enhance their strength and reduce cracking.
In the electronics industry, glass flakes are utilized in the manufacture of insulating materials and circuit boards.
Glass flakes find applications in the production of high-performance sports equipment such as tennis rackets and surfboards.

Glass flakes are used in the formulation of corrosion-resistant coatings for pipelines, storage tanks, and offshore structures.
Glass flakes are employed in the manufacturing of reflective road markings and traffic signs for improved visibility.
Glass flakes find applications in the formulation of protective coatings for bridges, infrastructure, and architectural structures.

Glass flakes can be added to ceramic glazes to create unique visual effects and improve the durability of the glaze.
Glass flakes are used in the formulation of anti-fouling coatings for boats and underwater structures to prevent marine growth.
Glass flakes are utilized in the production of high-end decorative glass products such as glass tiles and countertops.
Glass flakes find applications in the formulation of specialty inks for security printing and anti-counterfeiting measures.
Glass flakes can be incorporated into composite materials used in the construction of lightweight and high-strength panels.

Glass flakes are utilized in the formulation of heat-resistant coatings for applications in high-temperature environments.
Glass flakes find applications in the production of corrosion-resistant and decorative stainless steel finishes.
Glass flakes are used in the formulation of specialty paints for artistic and creative applications such as murals and sculptures.

Glass flakes are utilized in the production of reflective coatings for safety garments and high-visibility clothing.
Glass flakes find applications in the formulation of UV-resistant coatings for outdoor furniture and structures.
Glass flakes are incorporated into fiberglass reinforced plastics (FRP) to enhance their strength and impact resistance.
In the renewable energy sector, glass flakes are used in the manufacturing of wind turbine blades to improve their durability.
Glass flakes find applications in the formulation of heat-resistant paints for industrial furnaces, chimneys, and exhaust systems.

Glass flakes are utilized in the production of decorative glass beads and mosaic tiles for interior and exterior design.
Glass flakes are added to gel coats in the boat-building industry to improve the surface finish and resistance to water ingress.
Glass flakes find applications in the formulation of anti-corrosion coatings for steel structures and pipelines.
Glass flakes are used in the production of high-performance sports helmets to provide impact resistance and durability.
Glass flakes are employed in the formulation of protective coatings for electronics and electrical components.

Glass flakes find applications in the formulation of conductive inks for printed electronics and flexible circuitry.
Glass flakes can be incorporated into fiberglass insulation materials to improve their thermal resistance and strength.
Glass flakes are used in the formulation of fire-resistant coatings for building materials and fireproofing applications.
Glass flakes find applications in the formulation of thermal barrier coatings for gas turbines and engines.

Glass flakes are utilized in the production of decorative glassware, vases, and artistic glass sculptures.
Glass flakes find applications in the formulation of high-performance floor coatings for industrial and commercial spaces.
Glass flakes are added to paint formulations for road markings to enhance visibility and durability.
Glass flakes are employed in the formulation of high-gloss coatings for automotive and furniture finishes.
Glass flakes find applications in the production of specialty glass fibers used in optical communication and fiber optics.
Glass flakes are used in the formulation of conductive coatings for EMI shielding and static dissipation.

Glass flakes are utilized in the manufacturing of reflective films for traffic signs and safety markings.
Glass flakes find applications in the production of architectural glass panels with enhanced strength and impact resistance.
Glass flakes are added to polymer composites used in the aerospace industry to improve structural integrity and weight reduction.
Glass flakes are employed in the formulation of high-performance brake pads and friction materials for automotive applications.
Glass flakes find applications in the production of specialty papers and coatings with unique visual effects and textures.


Here are some common applications of glass flakes:

Coatings:
Glass flakes are widely used as additives in coatings to enhance their performance.
They improve corrosion resistance, barrier properties, and mechanical strength of coatings.
Glass flakes also provide aesthetic effects such as sparkle or metallic-like appearance.

Plastics and Composites:
Glass flakes are incorporated into plastics and composites to improve their mechanical properties.
They enhance strength, dimensional stability, impact resistance, and reduce warping or deformation.
Glass flakes are commonly used in automotive parts, sports equipment, and construction materials.

Adhesives and Sealants:
Glass flakes are utilized in the formulation of adhesives and sealants to enhance their strength, durability, and resistance to environmental factors.
Glass flakes improve bonding properties and prevent moisture penetration.

Automotive Industry:
Glass flakes are employed in automotive coatings to enhance durability, scratch resistance, and weatherability.
Glass flakes provide an attractive appearance and protect the surface from corrosion and UV radiation.

Cosmetics:
Glass flakes are used in nail polishes, lip glosses, and other cosmetic products to create a shimmering or glittering effect.
Glass flakes add sparkle and visual appeal to cosmetic formulations.

Decorative Art and Crafts:
Glass flakes find applications in decorative art and crafts projects to create visually striking effects.
Glass flakes are used in resin art, mixed media, and other creative applications to add sparkle, texture, and dimension to artworks.

Electrical Insulation:
Glass flakes with their non-conductive nature are employed in electrical insulation materials, such as insulating tapes and coatings.
Glass flakes help improve the electrical resistance and insulation properties of these materials.

Marine and Aerospace Industries:
Glass flakes are utilized in the manufacture of composite materials for marine and aerospace applications.
Glass flakes enhance the strength, stiffness, and impact resistance of composite structures, making them suitable for demanding environments.

Printing Inks:
Glass flakes are incorporated into specialty printing inks to create unique visual effects and add texture.
Glass flakes provide a metallic or shimmering appearance to printed materials.

Construction Materials:
Glass flakes are used in construction materials like paints, coatings, and sealants to improve their performance.
Glass flakes enhance durability, weather resistance, and provide a decorative finish.



DESCRIPTION


Glass flakes, also known as glass microflakes or glass flake pigments, are thin, flat, and platelet-shaped particles made of glass.
Glass flakes are typically composed of a combination of different types of glass, such as soda-lime or borosilicate glass.
The exact composition can vary depending on the specific application and manufacturer.

Glass flakes have unique properties that make them suitable for a wide range of industrial applications.
Glass flakes have a high aspect ratio, meaning their length and width dimensions are significantly larger than their thickness.
This characteristic gives glass flakes their distinctive platelet shape.

Glass flakes are chemically inert and resistant to chemicals, moisture, and UV radiation.
Glass flakes offer excellent thermal stability and mechanical strength.
These properties make them valuable additives in various industries, including coatings, plastics, composites, and adhesives.

In coatings, glass flakes are often used to enhance corrosion resistance, barrier properties, and mechanical strength.
Glass flakes can improve the durability, weatherability, and scratch resistance of the coating.
Glass flakes also contribute to the aesthetics of the coating, providing unique visual effects such as sparkle or metallic-like appearance.

In plastics and composites, glass flakes can be incorporated to improve strength, dimensional stability, and impact resistance.
Glass flakes can enhance the mechanical properties of the material, making it more robust and resistant to deformation.

Glass flakes are available in different sizes and thicknesses, allowing for customization based on the desired effect and application requirements.
Glass flakes can be transparent or colored, further expanding their range of applications.

Glass flakes are thin, flat, platelet-shaped particles made of glass.
Glass flakes have a distinctive shimmering appearance due to their flat and reflective surfaces.
Glass flakes are lightweight and delicate, resembling tiny scales or flakes.

Glass flakes come in various sizes, ranging from micrometers to millimeters in diameter.
Glass flakes exhibit a high aspect ratio, with their length and width significantly larger than their thickness.
These flakes can be transparent or colored, offering a wide range of visual effects.

Glass flakes are chemically inert, making them resistant to chemical reactions and degradation.
Glass flakes have excellent resistance to moisture, UV radiation, and weathering.
Glass flakes contribute to the mechanical strength and durability of composite materials.
Glass flakes can enhance the dimensional stability of plastics and composites, reducing warping or deformation.

Glass flakes can improve the barrier properties of coatings, providing corrosion resistance and moisture protection.
The use of glass flakes in coatings enhances scratch and abrasion resistance.
Glass flakes offer thermal stability, making them suitable for applications in high-temperature environments.
These flakes are lightweight additives that do not significantly increase the density of the material.

Glass flakes can be easily dispersed in various matrices, such as polymers, resins, and solvents.
Glass flakes provide a unique visual effect, adding sparkle, shimmer, or metallic-like appearance to coatings or plastics.
Glass flakes are widely used in automotive coatings to enhance the aesthetic appeal and durability of the finish.

In the cosmetics industry, glass flakes are utilized in nail polishes and decorative products for a glittering effect.
Glass flakes are employed in the formulation of specialty paints and coatings for architectural and industrial applications.
Glass flakes can be incorporated into adhesives and sealants to improve their strength and resistance to environmental factors.
These flakes have a smooth surface, minimizing the risk of abrasion or damage to other materials in contact.
Glass flakes are commonly used in the manufacture of composite materials for aerospace and marine applications.

Glass flakes contribute to the electrical insulation properties of certain materials due to their non-conductive nature.
Glass flakes provide a visually striking effect in decorative art and crafts projects.
The use of glass flakes in various industries adds a touch of elegance and sophistication to the final product.



PROPERTIES


Shape: Glass flakes are thin, flat, and platelet-shaped particles.
Aspect Ratio: They have a high aspect ratio, with their length and width significantly larger than their thickness.
Appearance: Glass flakes have a reflective and shimmering appearance.
Composition: They are primarily composed of glass, which can vary in type (such as soda-lime or borosilicate glass) depending on the manufacturer and application.
Size Range: Glass flakes are available in various sizes, ranging from micrometers to millimeters in diameter.
Transparency: Glass flakes can be transparent or colored, providing a wide range of visual effects.
Chemical Inertness: Glass flakes are chemically inert and resistant to chemical reactions and degradation.
Moisture Resistance: They exhibit excellent resistance to moisture and do not easily absorb water.
UV Resistance: Glass flakes are resistant to UV radiation and do not degrade under prolonged exposure to sunlight.
Weatherability: They offer good weather resistance, maintaining their properties and appearance over extended periods in outdoor environments.
Thermal Stability: Glass flakes exhibit excellent thermal stability and can withstand high-temperature environments without deformation or degradation.
Mechanical Strength: They contribute to the mechanical strength of materials when incorporated as additives, enhancing resistance to deformation and impact.
Lightweight: Glass flakes are lightweight additives that do not significantly increase the density of the material.
Chemical Resistance: They are resistant to many chemicals and provide a protective barrier against corrosion and chemical attack.
Electrical Insulation: Glass flakes are non-conductive and can provide electrical insulation properties when incorporated into suitable materials.



FIRST AID


Inhalation:

If glass flakes are inhaled, remove the affected person to an area with fresh air.
If respiratory symptoms occur or breathing is difficult, seek immediate medical attention.
Provide oxygen or artificial respiration if necessary.
Keep the person calm and reassured while medical assistance is sought.


Skin Contact:

Remove any contaminated clothing or accessories.
Gently brush off or rinse away glass flakes from the skin using plenty of water.
If skin irritation or redness develops, wash the affected area with mild soap and water.
Seek medical attention if skin irritation persists or if large areas of the skin are affected.


Eye Contact:

Immediately flush the eyes with gentle, lukewarm water for at least 15 minutes, holding the eyelids open to ensure thorough rinsing.
Remove contact lenses, if applicable, after rinsing for a few minutes.
Seek immediate medical attention even if there are no initial symptoms of irritation or injury.


Ingestion:

In case of accidental ingestion of glass flakes, do not induce vomiting.
Rinse the mouth with water if flakes are present, but do not swallow the water.
Seek immediate medical attention or contact a poison control center for guidance.



HANDLING AND STORAGE


Handling Conditions:

Personal Protective Equipment (PPE):
Wear appropriate PPE, including safety goggles or glasses, gloves, and a dust mask or respiratory protection, to minimize the risk of exposure to glass flakes.

Ventilation:
Work in a well-ventilated area or use local exhaust ventilation to control and remove any dust or airborne particles generated during handling.

Avoiding Skin Contact:
Minimize direct skin contact with glass flakes by wearing long-sleeved clothing and pants.
Avoid rubbing or touching your face or eyes while handling the material.

Preventing Inhalation:
Avoid breathing in dust or aerosols generated by glass flakes.
Use appropriate respiratory protection, such as a dust mask or respirator, when handling in dusty environments.

Handling Tools:
Use appropriate tools or equipment to handle glass flakes, such as scoops, tongs, or dedicated containers, to minimize the risk of spills or accidents.

Spill Management:
In case of spills, carefully collect glass flakes using non-sparking tools and place them in a suitable container for proper disposal.
Avoid creating dust or dispersing the flakes into the air.

Hygiene Practices:
Practice good personal hygiene, including washing hands thoroughly with soap and water after handling glass flakes, and before eating, drinking, or smoking.


Storage Conditions:

Suitable Containers:
Store glass flakes in tightly sealed, labeled containers made of suitable materials such as plastic or glass.
Ensure the containers are compatible with the material and prevent leakage or breakage.

Temperature and Humidity:
Store glass flakes in a cool, dry area away from direct sunlight and extreme temperatures to maintain their quality and prevent degradation.

Separate from Incompatible Substances:
Store glass flakes away from strong oxidizing agents, acids, and other incompatible substances to avoid potential reactions or contamination.

Avoiding Mechanical Damage:
Handle and store containers with care to prevent damage or breakage, which could release glass flakes into the surrounding environment.

Fire Safety:
Glass flakes are not combustible, but as a general precaution, store them away from potential ignition sources and follow established fire safety regulations.

Accessibility:
Store glass flakes in a designated area with clear labeling to ensure easy identification and access, and to prevent accidental contact or misuse.

Security:
If necessary, store glass flakes in a secure area or locked storage cabinet to prevent unauthorized access or tampering.

Inventory Management:
Keep track of inventory and practice a first-in, first-out (FIFO) approach to ensure the use of older stock before newer batches.



SYNONYMS


Glass platelets
Glass powders
Glass microflakes
Glass granules
Glass particles
Glass shards
Glass fragments
Glass chips
Glass splinters
Glass shreds
Glass scales
Glass slivers
Glass dust
Glass grains
Glass fragments
Glass fibers
Glass crystals
Glass shards
Glass specks
Glass slabs
Glass shards
Glass shards
Glass grains
Glass crumbs
Glass crumbs
Glass slivers
Glass splinters
Glass shards
Glass fragments
Glass chips
Glass bits
Glass particles
Glass dust
Glass grit
Glass powder
Glass specks
Glass speckles
Glass crystals
Glass shards
Glass granules
Glass shards
Glass fragments
Glass fibers
Glass slabs
Glass scales
Glass shards
Glass crumbs
Glass grains
Glass shavings
Glass grits
GLISERIN
SYNONYMS 1,2,3-Propanetriol;1,2,3-Trihydroxypropane;111: PN: WO2004099237 PAGE: 34 claimed sequence;17: PN: WO03105888 PAGE: 20 claimed sequence;2-Propanol, 1,3-dihydroxy-;Bulbold;CRAON 17-501;Cristal;Crude glycerine;DG;DG Glycerin;E 422 CAS NO:56-81-5
GLISERIN FARMA
Nemlendirici ajan
GLISERIN MONO STEARAT %40-60-90
SYNONYMS Glyceryl monostearate;3-Stearoyloxy-1,2-propanediol; Glyceryl stearate; Alpha-Monostearin; Monostearin; Octadecanoic acid, 2,3-dihydroxypropyl ester; Glycerin 1-monostearate; Glycerin 1-stearate; Glycerol alpha-monostearate; Glyceryl 1-monostearate; Stearic acid alpha-monoglyceride CAS NO:31566-31-1
GLİKOLİK ASİT %70
Glikolik asit %70, glikolik asit konsantrasyonunun %70 olduğu sudaki bir glikolik asit çözeltisidir.
Glikolik asit %70 şeker kamışı gibi doğal kaynaklardan elde edilir ve peeling özellikleriyle bilinir.

CAS Numarası: 79-14-1
EC Numarası: 201-180-5

Glikolik asit, hidroksiasetik asit, hidroksietanoik asit, alfa-hidroksiasetik asit, 2-hidroksietanoik asit, glikolik asit, hidroasetik asit, alfa-hidroksietanoik asit, 2-hidroksiasetik asit, asit hidroksiasetik, asit hidroksiasetikum, asit glikolik, asit glikolikum, AHA, EGHPA , alfa-hidroksi-asetik asit, hidroksi-asetik asit, hidroksietanoik asit, hidroksietanoat, glikolik asit çözeltisi, glikolik asit USP, glikolik asit FCC, glikolik asit kozmetik sınıfı, glikolik asit farmasötik sınıfı, glikolik asit teknik sınıfı, glikolik asit yüksek saflıkta, glikolik asit %70, glikolik asit %99, glikolik asit %90, glikolik asit %80, glikolik asit %30, glikolik asit %10, glikolik asit %50, glikolik asit %60, glikolik asit losyonu, glikolik asit krem, glikolik asit jel, glikolik asit peelingi, glikolik asit toneri, glikolik asit temizleyici, glikolik asit serumu, glikolik asit nemlendirici, glikolik asit eksfoliyantı, glikolik asit kimyasal peeling, glikolik asit cilt bakımı, glikolik asit yaşlanma karşıtı, glikolik asit parlatıcı, glikolik asit gençleştirici, glikolik asit yüzey yenileme, glikolik asit akne tedavisi, glikolik asit kırışıklık azaltma, glikolik asit gözenek inceltme, glikolik asit kimyasal eksfoliasyon, glikolik asit alfa hidroksi asit, glikolik asit doğal kaynağı, glikolik asit şeker kamışından türetilmiş, glikolik asit bitkiden türetilmiş, glikolik asit meyve asidi .



UYGULAMALAR


Glikolik asit %70, kimyasal peelinglerde geniş uygulama alanı bulur ve cilt gençleştirme için kontrollü eksfoliasyon sunar.
Glikolik asit %70, peeling temizleyicilerin önemli bir bileşenidir ve daha parlak bir cilt için ölü cilt hücrelerinin temizlenmesine yardımcı olur.
Tonerlerde yaygın olarak %70 oranında glikolik asit bulunur ve cilt pH seviyelerinin dengelenmesine ve dokuların iyileştirilmesine yardımcı olur.

Yaşlanma karşıtı serumlarda glikolik asit, daha genç bir görünüm için ince çizgilerin ve kırışıklıkların azaltılmasına katkıda bulunur.
Hiperpigmentasyonu gidermede etkili olan bu madde, cilt aydınlatma ürünlerinde değerli bir bileşendir.

Sivilceyle mücadele eden formülasyonlar genellikle gözenekleri açmak ve sivilceleri önlemek için glikolik asit içerir.
Nemlendiricilerde %70 oranında glikolik asit bulunur ve cildin nemlendirilmesi için nemlendirici özelliklerinden yararlanılır.
Glikolik asit içeren gece maskeleri, cildin onarıcı döneminde sürekli eksfoliasyon ve nemlendirme sağlar.
Koyu nokta düzelticiler genellikle hiperpigmentasyonu hedeflemek ve azaltmak için glikolik asit içerir.

Dudak balsamları ve tedavileri, yumuşak ve pürüzsüz dudakları korumak amacıyla hafif pul pul dökülme için glikolik asit kullanır.
Glikolik asit %70, şampuanların arındırılmasına katkıda bulunarak saç ve saç derisindeki ürün birikiminin giderilmesine yardımcı olur.
Saç derisine olan potansiyel faydaları nedeniyle kepek önleyici şampuanlarda %70 oranında glikolik asit kullanılır.
Glikolik asit %70, göz kremlerinde yaygın olarak kullanılan bir içeriktir ve hassas göz bölgesindeki yaşlanma belirtilerini giderir.

Vücut losyonlarında bulunan %70 Glikolik asit, vücudun çeşitli bölgelerinde daha pürüzsüz ve yumuşak bir cilde katkıda bulunur.
Vücut peelinglerinde %70 Glikolik asit, cildin yenilenmesi için genel bir peeling tedavisi sağlar.
Glikolik asit %70, yüz maskelerinde ek bir eksfoliasyon desteği sağlamak ve cildin canlanmasını desteklemek için kullanılır.
Cilt arındırıcı maskeler genellikle cildi detoksifiye etmek ve canlandırmak için glikolik asit içerir.

Glikolik asit %70, yüz astarlarında bulunan bir bileşendir ve makyaj uygulaması için daha pürüzsüz bir tuval oluşturur.
Kişisel bakım ürünleri, hassas bölgelerde nazik eksfoliasyon için glikolik asit içerebilir.
Saç bakım ürünleri, saç derisi sağlığı için glikolik asit içerir ve temiz ve dengeli bir ortam sağlar.
Güneş kremlerinde %70 oranında glikolik asit bulunur ve bu da genel güneş koruma etkinliğini artırır.
Cilt bakım mendillerinde kullanılır, kullanışlı ve hızlı bir eksfoliasyon çözümü sağlar.

Saç derisi serumlarına %70 oranında glikolik asit dahil edilerek sağlıklı bir saç derisi ortamı ve saç büyümesini destekler.
Saç derisi peeling tedavilerinde kepeği gidermek ve sağlıklı bir saç derisini desteklemek için glikolik asit kullanılır.
Serinletici yüz sisleri genellikle glikolik asit içerir ve hareket halindeyken nemlendirme ile cilt için ilave faydalar sunar.

Glikolik asit %70, peeling serumlarının önemli bir bileşenidir ve daha pürüzsüz ve daha parlak bir cilt için günlük bir bakım sağlar.
Glikolik asit %70, ayaklardaki pürüzlü cilt dokusunu gidermek için ayak kremlerinde ve peeling peelinglerinde yaygın olarak kullanılır.
El kremlerinde %70 oranında glikolik asit bulunur ve ellerdeki cildin gençleşmesine katkıda bulunur.

Dudak peelinglerinde %70 Glikolik asit, daha yumuşak ve pürüzsüz dudaklar için yumuşak bir eksfoliasyon sunar.
Glikolik asit %70, yüz spreylerinde kullanılır, tazeleyici ve nemlendirici bir sprey sağlar ve cilde ilave faydalar sağlar.
Glikolik asit %70, koyu lekeler veya eşit olmayan cilt tonu gibi belirli cilt bakımı sorunlarını hedeflemek için tasarlanmış serumlarda bulunan değerli bir bileşendir.
Uygun ve kontrollü eksfoliasyon için önceden ıslatılmış pedlere %70 oranında glikolik asit dahildir.

Glikolik asit %70 genellikle ağda sonrası losyonlarda bulunur ve cildi rahatlatmaya ve kıl dönmesini önlemeye yardımcı olur.
Glikolik asit %70, özel yıkamalarda ve temizleyicilerde kullanılır ve hassas bölgeler için yumuşak bir eksfoliasyon sağlar.
Yüz pudralarında %70 oranında glikolik asit bulunur ve yağ emici ve cilt yumuşatıcı özelliklere katkıda bulunur.

Yüz peelinglerinde bulunan glikolik asit, yoğun cilt yenileme tedavileri sunar.
Glikolik asit %70, kütikül yağlarında bulunan bir bileşendir ve sağlıklı tırnaklar için hedefe yönelik bakım ve beslenmeye katkıda bulunur.
Dövme sonrası bakım ürünlerinde %70 glikolik asit kullanılır, cildin iyileşmesine yardımcı olur ve tahrişi azaltır.

Selülit önleyici kremlerde cildin sıkılığına ve tonusuna katkıda bulunarak daha pürüzsüz bir görünüm elde edilmesini sağlar.
Glikolik asit çatlak kremlerinde bulunur ve cildin elastikiyetini artırır.

Göz maskelerinde %70 glikolik asit kullanılarak yorgunluk belirtilerine ve göz çevresindeki ince çizgilere çözüm bulunur.
Glikolik asit %70 yaygın olarak vücut yıkama ürünlerinde bulunur ve yenilenmiş cilt için tüm vücutta eksfoliasyon sağlar.
Glikolik asit %70, cilt bakımı endişesi olan belirli bölgelere hedeflenen uygulama için leke tedavilerine dahildir.

Glikolik asit %70, peeling saç derisi fırçalarında bulunan ve fiziksel ve kimyasal peelingin bir kombinasyonunu sağlayan bir bileşendir.
Vücut serumlarında bulunan bu madde, genel cilt yenileme ve parlatma etkisine katkıda bulunur.

Yüz temizleyicilerinde %70 oranında glikolik asit kullanılır ve temiz ve tazelenmiş bir cilt için günlük peeling sunar.
Koltuk altı aydınlatıcı kremlerde %70 oranında glikolik asit bulunur ve daha eşit bir cilt tonuna katkıda bulunur.

Glikolik asit %70, ferahlatıcı ve tüy giderici bir etki için soğutma göz jellerinde yaygın olarak kullanılır.
Kütikül yumuşatıcılara %70 oranında glikolik asit dahil edilerek kütikül oluşumunun nazikçe giderilmesine yardımcı olur.

Yüz bantlarında %70 oranında glikolik asit bulunur ve belirli cilt bakımı sorunları için hedefe yönelik tedavi sağlar.

Glikolik asit %70, bireysel sivilce lekelerinin hedefe yönelik bakımı için leke tedavi bantlarında bulunur.
Glikolik asit %70, misel su formülasyonlarında yaygın olarak kullanılır ve yumuşak ve etkili bir makyaj temizleme çözümü sağlar.

Saç derisi peeling tedavilerinde %70 oranında glikolik asit bulunur, pullanmayı giderir ve sağlıklı bir saç derisini destekler.
Yüz astarlarında %70 Glikolik asit, daha iyi makyaj uygulaması için daha pürüzsüz bir cilt yüzeyine katkıda bulunur.

Sağlıklı bir saç derisinin derinlemesine eksfoliasyonu ve bakımı için saç derisi peelinglerinde %70 glikolik asit kullanılır.
Uzun süreli cilt yenilenmesi için serum ve kremler gibi durulanmayan peeling tedavilerinde %70 oranında glikolik asit bulunur.
Glikolik asit %70, ayak peelinglerinde ve maskelerinde yaygın olarak kullanılır ve daha pürüzsüz ayaklar için nasırlı bölgeleri hedef alır.
Tırnak eti kremlerine %70 oranında glikolik asit eklenerek sağlıklı tırnakların ve çevresindeki cildin korunmasına yardımcı olur.

Gece maskelerinde %70 Glikolik asit, cilt dinlenirken sürekli eksfoliasyon ve nemlendirme sağlar.
El dezenfektanlarında %70 oranında glikolik asit bulunur ve hem sanitizasyona hem de cilt bakımına katkıda bulunur.
Glikolik asit %70, özel yıkamalarda ve temizleyicilerde kullanılarak hassas bölgelerde nazik eksfoliasyon sağlar.

Dövme sonrası bakım ürünlerinde %70 oranında glikolik asit bulunur, cilt iyileşmesini destekler ve tahrişi azaltır.
Glikolik asit %70, gelişmiş peeling etkileri için diğer alfa hidroksi asitlerle kombinasyon halinde kullanılır.

Glikolik asit %70, yüz peelinglerinde daha yoğun cilt sorunlarına yönelik önemli bir bileşendir.
Sivilce lekesi jellerinde %70 oranında glikolik asit bulunur ve lekeler ve sivilceler için hedefe yönelik tedavi sağlar.

Saç derisine olan potansiyel faydaları nedeniyle kepek önleyici şampuanlarda %70 glikolik asit kullanılır.
Makyajı çözme ve cildi yenileme özelliği nedeniyle makyaj temizleyicilere %70 oranında glikolik asit eklenir.
Yaşlanma karşıtı formülasyonlarda sinerjistik bir etki için retinoidlerle kombinasyon halinde %70 glikolik asit kullanılır.

Dudak peelinglerinde %70 oranında glikolik asit bulunur ve daha pürüzsüz dudaklar için yumuşak bir eksfoliasyon sağlar.
Güneşten koruyucu formülasyonlarda %70 oranında glikolik asit bulunur ve güneş kaynaklı hasarın önlenmesine yardımcı olur.
Hedeflenen bakım ve beslenme için kütikül yağlarında %70 glikolik asit kullanılır.

Çatlak kremlerinde %70 oranında glikolik asit kullanılır ve cildin elastikiyetinin artmasına katkıda bulunur.
Daha yoğun bir el gençleştirme tedavisi için el peelinglerinde %70 oranında glikolik asit bulunur.

Etkili ancak nazik günlük eksfoliasyon için temizleyicilerde %70 glikolik asit kullanılır.
Saç derisi peeling tedavilerinde kepeği giderir ve sağlıklı bir saç derisi ortamını destekler.



TANIM


Glikolik asit %70, glikolik asit konsantrasyonunun %70 olduğu sudaki bir glikolik asit çözeltisidir.
Glikolik asit %70 şeker kamışı gibi doğal kaynaklardan elde edilir ve peeling özellikleriyle bilinir.

Cilt bakımında glikolik asit, cildin yenilenmesini destekleme, dokuyu iyileştirme ve çeşitli cilt sorunlarına çözüm bulma yeteneği nedeniyle yaygın olarak kullanılır.
%70'lik konsantrasyon nispeten yüksek bir mukavemete işaret eder ve bu konsantrasyona sahip solüsyonlar genellikle dermatolog muayenehaneleri veya cilt bakım klinikleri gibi profesyonel ortamlarda kimyasal peeling ve daha yoğun cilt tedavileri için kullanılır.

Glikolik asit %70, dikkate değer kimyasal özelliklere sahip, renksiz ve kokusuz bir sıvıdır.
Glikolik asit %70 alfa-hidroksi asit ailesine aittir ve şeker kamışı gibi doğal kaynaklardan elde edilir.
Suda çözünürlüğü ile bilinen glikolik asit, cilt bakımı formülasyonlarında sıklıkla kullanılır.
Glikolik asit %70, cilt üzerindeki güçlü peeling etkisi ile tanınır.

Küçük moleküler boyutuyla glikolik asit cilde etkili bir şekilde nüfuz ederek cildin yenilenmesine yardımcı olur.
Çoğunlukla kimyasal peelinglerde kullanılan bu ürün, çeşitli cilt sorunları için kontrollü eksfoliasyon sunar.
Glikolik asit %70 kollajen üretimini uyararak cilt elastikiyetinin artmasına katkıda bulunur.
Hiperpigmentasyona karşı etkili olup koyu lekelerin görünümünü azaltır.

Glikolik asit %70 gözeneklerin açılmasında değerlidir, bu da onu sivilceye yatkın ciltler için faydalı kılar.
Çeşitli cilt bakım ürünlerinde bulunan glikolik asit, diğer bileşenlerin emilimini artırır.
Glikolik asit %70 farklı cilt tipleri için uygundur, ancak hassasiyet için yama testi önerilir.

Yaşlanma karşıtı formülasyonların önemli bir bileşeni olan glikolik asit, ince çizgileri ve kırışıklıkları en aza indirir.
Cildin yenilenmesini teşvik ederken, güneş ışığına karşı hassasiyeti geçici olarak artırabilir.
Düzenli kullanım, daha eşit bir cilt tonuna ve gözenek boyutunun azalmasına katkıda bulunur.
%70 glikolik asit, özellikle hassas ciltler için fiziksel peelinglere alternatif olarak hizmet eder.

Kimyasal eksfolyantlarda yaygın olarak kullanılan Glikolik asit %70, zamanla daha pürüzsüz bir cilt dokusu sağlar.
Cildin yüzeyini dönüştürme yeteneğiyle tanınan bu ürün, cilt bakımı rutinlerinin temelini oluşturur.
Nemlendirici özellikleri, glikolik asidin nemi çekmesi ve tutması için etkili olmasını sağlar.

Kullanıcılar, uygulama sonrasında zamanla normalleşen bir karıncalanma hissi yaşayabilirler.
Çeşitli konsantrasyonlara uygun olup hem günlük rutinlerde hem de profesyonel tedavilerde kullanılır.
Glikolik asit %70 kimyasal eksfoliasyon sunarak genç ve canlanmış bir görünüme katkıda bulunur.
Aydınlatıcı ürünlerde yaygın bir seçim olan bu ürün, cildi gençleştirerek ışıltılı bir parlaklık sağlar.

Çok yönlülüğü, yaşlanmanın yaygın belirtilerini ve çeşitli cilt sorunlarını gidermeye kadar uzanır.
Düzenli kullanım, artan hücre yenilenmesinin bir sonucu olarak daha rafine ve pürüzsüz bir cilt dokusuna yol açar.
Cilt bakımı endüstrisinde geniş çapta kutlanan glikolik asit, etkili kimyasal eksfoliasyon için bir başvuru kaynağı olmaya devam ediyor.



ÖZELLİKLERİ


Kimyasal Adı: Glikolik asit
Kimyasal Formül: C ₂ H ₄ O ₃
Molekül Ağırlığı: Yaklaşık 76,05 g/mol
Fiziksel Form: Berrak, renksiz sıvı veya beyaz kristal katı (konsantrasyona bağlı olarak)
Koku: Kokusuz veya hafif karakteristik bir koku
Çözünürlük: Suda yüksek oranda çözünür ve yaygın organik çözücülerle karışabilir
pH: Asidik; genellikle çözeltide 3,5 civarında
Higroskopisite: Havadaki nemi emebilir
Erime Noktası: Erimeden ayrışır; genellikle uygulanamaz
Kaynama Noktası: Standart atmosferik basınç altında kaynamadan önce ayrışır
Yoğunluk: Konsantrasyona ve forma bağlıdır; saf sıvı için tipik olarak yaklaşık 1,27 g/cm³
Viskozite: Sıvı formda düşük viskozite
Kırılma İndeksi: Konsantrasyona bağlıdır; tipik olarak 1,42 ile 1,45 arasında değişir
Kararlılık: Normal saklama koşulları altında kararlıdır; aşırı ısı veya ışığa maruz kalma durumunda bozulabilir
Uyumluluk: Suyla ve çeşitli kozmetik ve farmasötik bileşenlerle uyumludur
Güvenlik: Belirtilen konsantrasyonlarda cilt bakımında kullanım için genel olarak güvenli olduğu kabul edilir.
Biyobozunurluk: Biyolojik olarak parçalanabilir kabul edilir
Depolama Stabilite: Serin ve kuru bir yerde saklayın; doğrudan güneş ışığından koruyun
Özgül Ağırlık: Konsantrasyona ve forma bağlıdır; sıvı için tipik olarak 1,26 ile 1,29 arasında değişir
Parlama Noktası: Uygulanamaz; önemli derecede yanıcılık göstermez
Tehlikeli Ayrışma Ürünleri: Ayrışma sonucu karbon monoksit ve karbon dioksit üretebilir
Karışabilirlik: Su ve çeşitli organik solventlerle karışabilir
Yüzey Gerilimi: Konsantrasyona ve forma bağlı olarak; genellikle sudan daha düşük



İLK YARDIM


Solunum:

Glikolik asit dumanları solunursa ve solunum yolu tahrişi meydana gelirse, etkilenen kişiyi temiz hava alan bir alana taşıyın.
Solunum güçlüğü devam ederse derhal tıbbi yardım alın.
Kişi nefes almıyorsa suni teneffüs yapın.
Eğitimli personel varsa oksijen sağlayın.


Ten teması:

Konsantre glikolik asitin ciltle teması halinde, kirlenmiş giysileri derhal çıkarın.
Etkilenen cildi en az 15 dakika boyunca bol suyla iyice yıkayarak durulayın.
Tahriş veya kızarıklık oluşur ve devam ederse tıbbi yardım isteyin.
Kirlenmiş giysileri yeniden kullanmadan önce yıkayın.
Varsa ve glikolik asitle kullanımı onaylanmışsa nötrleştirici bir madde uygulayın.


Göz teması:

Gözle teması halinde, göz kapaklarını açık tutarak gözleri en az 15 dakika boyunca hafifçe akan ılık suyla yıkayın.
Tahriş veya kızarıklık devam ederse derhal tıbbi yardım alın.
İlk yıkamadan sonra, varsa ve yapılması kolaysa kontakt lensleri çıkarın ve durulamaya devam edin.
Varsa bir göz yıkama istasyonu kullanın.


Yutma:

Glikolik asit yutulursa ve kişinin bilinci yerindeyse ağzını suyla iyice çalkalayın.
Tıbbi personel tarafından yönlendirilmedikçe kusturmayın.
Derhal tıbbi yardım alın veya bir zehir kontrol merkeziyle iletişime geçin.
Konsantrasyon da dahil olmak üzere, yutulan spesifik glikolik asit ürünü hakkında bilgi sağlayın.


Genel tavsiye:

Tıbbi personele, ilgili spesifik glikolik asit ürünü hakkında, konsantrasyonu da dahil olmak üzere bilgi sağlayın.
Semptomlar devam ederse veya kişinin sağlığıyla ilgili endişeler varsa derhal tıbbi yardım isteyin.
Üretici tarafından sağlanan güvenlik veri sayfasında (SDS) belirtilen tüm tavsiyelere ve önlemlere uyun.
Tıbbi personele gerekli bilgileri sağlamak için ürün kabını veya etiketini erişilebilir tutun.



TAŞIMA VE DEPOLAMA


İşleme:

Kişisel Koruyucu Donanım (PPE):
Kimyasallara dayanıklı eldivenler, koruyucu gözlükler veya yüz siperliği ve laboratuvar önlüğü veya koruyucu giysiler de dahil olmak üzere uygun KKD kullanın.
Buharlara veya aerosollere soluma yoluyla maruz kalma riski varsa, NIOSH onaylı bir solunum cihazı kullanın.

Havalandırma:
İyi havalandırılmış bir alanda, tercihen çeker ocak altında veya yerel egzoz havalandırması ile çalışın.
Buharları veya buğuyu solumaktan kaçının.

Temastan kaçının:
Uygun eldivenler giyerek cilt temasını en aza indirin.
Göz temasından kaçının; İşlem sırasında koruyucu gözlük veya yüz siperi kullanın.

Kullanım Önlemleri:
Dökülmeleri en aza indirmek için pipetler veya dağıtım sistemleri gibi araçları kullanın.
Sıçramayı veya aerosol oluşumunu önlemek için dikkatli kullanın.

Hijyen Uygulamaları:
Glikolik asitle temas ettikten sonra ellerinizi iyice yıkayın.
Kirlenmiş giysilerinizi derhal değiştirin.

Önleyici tedbirler:
Taşıma sırasında aerosol veya toz oluşumunu önlemek için önlemler uygulayın.
Mümkün olduğunda kapalı sistemler veya konteynerler kullanın.

İlk yardım:
Yakınlarda acil durum göz yıkama istasyonlarının ve güvenlik duşlarının mevcut olduğundan emin olun.


Depolama:

Depolama alanı:
Glikolik asidi serin, kuru ve iyi havalandırılan bir alanda saklayın.
Uyumsuz malzemelerden ve ısı kaynaklarından uzak tutun.

Sıcaklık kontrolü:
Üretici tarafından sağlanan önerilen saklama sıcaklığına uyun.
Aşırı sıcaklıklara maruz kalmaktan kaçının.

Konteyner Uyumluluğu:
Cam veya yüksek yoğunluklu polietilen (HDPE) gibi glikolik asitle uyumlu malzemelerden yapılmış kaplar kullanın.
Konteynerin bütünlüğünü düzenli olarak kontrol edin.

Etiketleme:
Kapları ürün adı, konsantrasyon, kullanım talimatları ve güvenlik bilgileri ile açıkça etiketleyin.
Kapları uygun tehlike sembolleriyle işaretleyin.

Ayrışma:
Glikolik asidi, güçlü bazlar ve oksitleyici maddeler de dahil olmak üzere uyumsuz maddelerden ayırın.
Yiyecek ve içeceklerden uzakta saklayın.

Ulaşılabilirlik:
Depolama alanının yetkili personel ve acil müdahale ekipleri tarafından kolayca erişilebilir olduğundan emin olun.
Acil durum çıkışlarını ve tahliye yollarını açıkça işaretleyin.

İzleme:
Önerilen yönergelere uygunluğu sağlamak için saklama koşullarını düzenli olarak inceleyin.
Kaplarda sızıntı veya hasar olup olmadığını kontrol edin.

Acil Durum ekipmanı:
Dökülme müdahale kitleri ve yangın söndürücüler gibi acil durum ekipmanlarının mevcut olduğundan emin olun.
Acil durum ekipmanının doğru kullanımı konusunda personeli eğitin.

Dökülmeye Müdahale:
Emici malzemeler ve nötrleştirici maddeler de dahil olmak üzere dökülmeye karşı müdahale malzemelerini hazır bulundurun.
Yerleşik dökülme müdahale prosedürlerini takip edin.

Belgeler:
Teslim alma ve kullanım tarihleri de dahil olmak üzere glikolik asit envanterinin doğru kayıtlarını tutun.


GLİSERİL MONO STEARAT
SYNONYMS Glyceryl monostearate;3-Stearoyloxy-1,2-propanediol; Glyceryl stearate; Alpha-Monostearin; Monostearin; Octadecanoic acid, 2,3-dihydroxypropyl ester; Glycerin 1-monostearate; Glycerin 1-stearate; Glycerol alpha-monostearate; Glyceryl 1-monostearate; Stearic acid alpha-monoglyceride CAS NO:31566-31-1
GLİSERİL MONO STEARAT 40%
Kozmetik ve ilaç sanayinde emülgatör ve koemülgatör olarak, şampuan ve kremlerde kıvamlaştırıcı, opaklaştırıcı olarak kullanılır
GLİSERİL STEARAT SİTRAT
SYNONYMS Glyceryl monostearate;3-Stearoyloxy-1,2-propanediol; Glyceryl stearate; Alpha-Monostearin; Monostearin; Octadecanoic acid, 2,3-dihydroxypropyl ester; Glycerin 1-monostearate; Glycerin 1-stearate; Glycerol alpha-monostearate; Glyceryl 1-monostearate; Stearic acid alpha-monoglyceride; Stearic acid 1-monoglyceride; CAS NO:123-94-4
Gliserin
GLUCAMINE, N° CAS : 488-43-7 Nom INCI : GLUCAMINE N° EINECS/ELINCS : 207-677-3 Ses fonctions (INCI) Conditionneur capillaire : Laisse les cheveux faciles à coiffer, souples, doux et brillants et / ou confèrent volume, légèreté et brillance Humectant : Maintient la teneur en eau d'un cosmétique dans son emballage et sur la peau
GLİSERİN (FARMA)
SYNONYMS Glycerol;1,2,3-Propanetriol; Glyceritol;Glycic Alcohol; 1,2,3-Trihydroxypropane; Trihydroxypropane; Clyzerin, Wasserfrei; Glyrol; Glysanin; Grocolene; CAS NO:56-81-5
Gliserin-Palm free
GLYCERIN – PALM FREE; glycerine; glyceol; bulbold; cristal; glyceol; glycerin; 1,2,3- propane triol; propane-1,2,3-triol; 1,2,3- trihydroxypropane CAS NO:56-81-5