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COLLAGEN
COLLOIDAL SILVER, N° CAS : 7440-22-4 - Colorant argent, Nom INCI : COLLOIDAL SILVER, N° EINECS/ELINCS : 231-131-3 Additif alimentaire : E174. Ses fonctions (INCI): Antimicrobien : Aide à ralentir la croissance de micro-organismes sur la peau et s'oppose au développement des microbes
COLLODIAL SILVER
Colloidal silver consists of tiny silver particles in a liquid.
Colloidal silver is sometimes promoted on the internet as a dietary supplement; however, evidence supporting health-related claims is lacking.
Colloidal silver is used for wound healing, improving skin disorders, and preventing certain diseases.

CAS Number: 7440-22-4
EC Number: 231-131-3
Molecular Formula: Ag
Molecular Weight: 107.87

7440-22-4, 7761-88-8, Silver, Silver Paste DGP80 TESM8020, Silver atomic spectroscopy standard concentrate 1.00 g Ag, Colloidal silver ink, Silver nanowires, Silver nitrate concentrate, Silver nitrate solution, Silver standard solution, Silver, dispersion, Silverjet DGH-55HTG, Silverjet DGH-55LT-25C, Silverjet DGP-40LT-15C, Silverjet DGP-40TE-20C, SunTronic® Silver

Colloidal silver has been used in a variety of ways.
However, Colloidal silver is not approved for medical use by the FDA and should not be consumed, injected, or inhaled.
Use of colloidal silver can result in short-term and long term side effects.

Colloidal silver, also known as silver proteins or colloidal silver proteins, is a suspension of tiny silver particles in liquid.
Although silver has been used for medicinal and health purposes for thousands of years, colloidal silver has recently become popular amongst wellness enthusiasts hoping to boost their overall health.

Colloidal silver is a suspension of tiny silver particles.
Commercial products are made by mixing silver, sodium hydroxide, and gelatin.
Homemade suspensions have also been made using different ingredients and an electrical current.

Most commonly, people swallow the suspension; however, Colloidal silver has also been inhaled using a nebulizer machine, and used topically on the skin and in the eyes.
Colloidal silver has even been used as a nasal spray.

Colloidal silver is a liquid suspension of microscopic particles of silver.
Colloidal silver has been promoted for its supposed antibacterial, antiviral, and antifungal properties.

Colloidal silver is one of the basic elements present in the earth's crust.
Colloidal silver is alloyed with many other metals to improve strength and hardness and to achieve corrosion resistance.

Colloidal silvers are one of the most commonly utilized nanomaterials due to their anti-microbial properties, high electrical conductivity, and optical properties.
Colloidal silvers (colloidal silver) have unique optical, electronic, and antibacterial properties, and are widely used in areas such as biosensing, photonics, electronics, and antimicrobial applications.
Colloidal silver is rare, but occurs naturally in the environment as a soft, “silver”-colored metal or as a white powdery compound (silver nitrate).

Metallic Colloidal silver and silver alloys are used to make jewelry, eating utensils, electronic equipment, and dental fillings.
Colloidal silvers of silver have been developed into meshes, bandages, and clothing as an antibacterial.
Colloidal silver is used in photographic materials, electric and electronic products, brazing alloys and solders, electroplated and sterling ware, as a catalyst, and in coinage.

Colloidal silvers are nanoparticles of silver, i.e. silver particles of between 1 nm and 100 nm in size.
The metal Colloidal silver is described as a white, lustrous solid.

In Colloidal silver is pure form it has the highest thermal and electrical conductivity and lowest contact resistance of all metals.
With the exception of gold, silver is the most malleable metal.

Colloidal silvers are nanoscale-sized particles composed of silver atoms.
Colloidal silvers, in particular, have attracted significant attention due to their distinct characteristics and potential applications.
Silver has no known functions or benefits in the body when taken by mouth, and Colloidal silver is not an essential mineral.

Colloidal silver products are often marketed as dietary supplements to take by mouth.
These products also come in forms to use on the skin.
Colloidal silver is a controversial alternative medicine.

A common form of Colloidal silver that is used to treat infections is silver nitrate.
Recent advancement in technology has introduced Colloidal silvers into the medical field.
Their small size and ability to induce cell death through multiple mechanisms makes them fantastic pharmacological candidates.

Colloidal silver is one of the earliest known metals.
Silver has no known physiologic or biologic function, though colloidal silver is widely sold in health food stores.
Colloidal silver has high thermal and electrical conductivity and resists oxidation in air that is devoid of hydrogen sulfide.

While frequently described as being 'silver' some are composed of a large percentage of silver oxide due to their large ratio of surface to bulk silver atoms.
Numerous shapes of Colloidal silvers can be constructed depending on the application at hand.

Commonly used Colloidal silvers are spherical, but diamond, octagonal, and thin sheets are also common.
Colloidal silver is widely used in many consumer products due to its unique optical, electrical, and thermal properties and extraordinarily efficient at absorbing and scattering light.

Colloidal silver has a face-centered cubic crystal structure.
Colloidal silver is a white metal, softer than copper and harder than gold.

When molten, Colloidal silver is luminescent and occludes oxygen, but the oxygen is released upon solidification.
As a conductor of heat and electricity, Colloidal silver is superior to all other metals.

Colloidal silver is soluble in HNO3 containing a trace of nitrate.
Colloidal silver is soluble in hot 80% H2SO4.

Colloidal silver is insoluble in HCl or acetic acid.
Colloidal silver is tarnished by H2S, soluble sulfides and many sulfur-containing organic substances (e.g., proteins).

Colloidal silver is not affected by air or H2O at ordinary temperatures, but at 200 C, a slight film of silver oxide is formed.
Colloidal silver is not affected by alkalis, either in solution or fused.

There are two stable, naturally occurring isotopes, 107Ag and 109Ag.
In addition, there are reported to be 25 less stable isotopes, ranging in half-life from 5 seconds to 253 days.
Colloidal silver is a white lustrous metal that is extremely ductile and malleable.

Colloidal silver does not oxidize in O2 by heating.
While frequently described as being 'silver' some are composed of a large percentage of silver oxide due to their large ratio of surface to bulk silver atoms.

Numerous shapes of nanoparticles can be constructed depending on the application at hand.
Commonly used Colloidal silvers are spherical, but diamond, octagonal, and thin sheets are also common.

Their extremely large surface area permits the coordination of a vast number of ligands.
The properties of Colloidal silvers applicable to human treatments are under investigation in laboratory and animal studies, assessing potential efficacy, biosafety, and biodistribution.

Most applications in biosensing and detection exploit the optical properties of Colloidal silvers, as conferred by the localized surface plasmon resonance effect.
That is, a specific wavelength (frequency) of incident light can induce collective oscillation of the surface electrons of Colloidal silvers.
The particular wavelength of the localized surface plasmon resonance is dependant on the Colloidal silver size, shape, and agglomeration state.

Colloidal silvers are the most common commercialized nano technological product on the market.
Due to its unique antibacterial properties, Colloidal silvers have been hailed as a breakthrough germ killing agent and have been incorporated into a number of consumer products such as clothing, kitchenware, toys and cosmetics.
Many consider silver to be more toxic than other metals when in nanoscale form and that these particles have a different toxicity mechanism compared to dissolved silver.

Colloidal silver can be synthesized using ethylene glycol as a reducing agent and PVP as a capping agent, in a polyol synthesis reaction (vide supra).
A typical synthesis using these reagents involves adding fresh Colloidal silver nitrate and PVP to a solution of ethylene glycol heated at 140 °C.

This procedure can actually be modified to produce another anisotropic silver nanostructure, nanowires, by just allowing the silver nitrate solution to age before using Colloidal silver in the synthesis.
By allowing the silver nitrate solution to age, the initial nanostructure formed during the synthesis is slightly different than that obtained with fresh silver nitrate, which influences the growth process, and therefore, the morphology of the final product.

Silver nanopaticles are widely incorporated into wound dressings, and are used as an antiseptic and disinfectant in medical applications and in consumer goods.
Colloidal silver becomes Ag2O3 in O3 and black Ag2S3 in S2 and H2S.

Colloidal silver is soluble in HNO3 and concentrated H2SO4.
Colloidal silver is not soluble in alkali.

Nanoscience and nanotechnology have now become the topic research that many developed.
Colloidal silver materials are developed in many applications because of their unique optical characteristic.

Colloidal silver is a noble metal, extensively used in SERS, photocatalysis and solar cells.
The surface of Colloidal silver can be functionalized to attain specific properties such as biocompatibility and vapor selectivity of sensors.

Iodized Colloidal silver foils and thin films find potential use as SERS-active metal substrates.
Cu substrates laminated with Ag foils, have compatible coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE), to be used for electronic packaging.

Their extremely large surface area permits the coordination of a vast number of ligands.
The properties of Colloidal silvers applicable to human treatments are under investigation in laboratory and animal studies, assessing potential efficacy, biosafety, and biodistribution.

Colloidal silvers are nanoparticles of silver in the range of 1 nm and 100 nm in size.
While frequently described as being 'Colloidal silver' some are composed of a large percentage of silver oxide due to their large ratio of surface-to-bulk silver atoms.

As studies of Colloidal silvers improve, several Colloidal silvers medical applications have been developed to help prevent the onset of infection and promote faster wound healing.
Colloidal silvers are materials with dimensions typically in the range of 1 to 100 nanometers.
At this scale, materials often exhibit unique and enhanced properties compared to their bulk counterparts.

Colloidal silvers have a high surface area per unit mass and release a continuous level of silver ions into their environment.
Colloidal silvers exhibit catalytic activity, making them useful in certain chemical reactions and processes.

This property is of interest in fields such as catalysis and environmental remediation.
Colloidal silvers display unique optical properties, including the ability to interact with light in ways that depend on their size and shape.

This has led to applications in sensors, imaging, and as components in optical devices.
Due to the conductive nature of silver, nanoparticles made from silver can exhibit enhanced electrical conductivity.

This property is advantageous in applications related to electronics and sensors.
The interaction of light with the electrons in Colloidal silvers leads to a phenomenon known as surface plasmon resonance (SPR).
This optical effect is widely exploited in sensing applications.

Colloidal silvers have been investigated for various biomedical applications, including drug delivery systems, imaging agents, and as components in diagnostic tools.
Colloidal silvers are used in the formulation of conductive inks and coatings for applications in printed electronics, flexible electronics, and RFID tags.
Colloidal silvers are incorporated into textiles and fabrics to impart antimicrobial properties, making them useful for applications such as antibacterial clothing and wound dressings.

Incorporation of silver particles into plastics, composites, and adhesives increases the electrical conductivity of the material.
Silver pastes and epoxies are widely utilized in the electronics industries.

Colloidal silver based inks are used to print flexible electronics and have the advantage that the melting point of the small Colloidal silvers in the ink is reduced by hundreds of degrees compared to bulk silver.
When scintered, these Colloidal silver based inks have excellent conductivity.

Colloidal silvers have attract increasing attention for the wide range of applications in biomedicine.
Colloidal silvers, generally smaller than 100 nm and contain 20–15,000 silver atoms, have distinct physical, chemical and biological properties compared to their bulk parent materials.

The optical, thermal, and catalytic properties of Colloidal silvers are strongly influenced by their size and shape.
Additionally, owning to their broad-spectrum antimicrobial ability, Colloidal silvers have also become the most widely used sterilizing nanomaterials in consuming and medical products, for instance, textiles, food storage bags, refrigerator surfaces, and personal care products.

Colloidal silvers are those having diameters of nanometer size.
With the advent of modern technology, humans can make nano-sized particles that were not present in nature.
Manufactured nanomaterials are materials with diameters of nanometer size, while nanotechnology is one of the fastest growing sectors of the hi-tech economy.

The application of nanotechnology has recently been extended to areas in medicine, biotechnology, materials and process development, energy and the environment.
Colloidal silver is the 66th most abundant element on the Earth, which means Colloidal silver is found at about0.05 ppm in the Earth’s crust.

Mining silver requires the movement of many tons of ore torecover small amounts of the metal.
Nevertheless, Colloidal silver is 10 times more abundant than gold and though silver is sometimes found as a free metal in nature, mostly Colloidal silver is mixed with theores of other metals.
When found pure, Colloidal silver is referred to as “native silver.”

Colloidal silver’s major ores areargentite (silver sulfide, Ag2S) and horn silver (silver chloride, AgCl).
Colloidal silver can also be recovered throughthe chemical treatment of a variety of ores.

Colloidal silvers have unique optical properties because they support surface plasmons.
At specific wavelengths of light the surface plasmons are driven into resonance and strongly absorb or scatter incident light.

This effect is so strong that Colloidal silver allows for individual nanoparticles as small as 20 nm in diameter to be imaged using a conventional dark field microscope.
This strong coupling of metal nanostructures with light is the basis for the new field of plasmonics.

Applications of plasmonic Colloidal silvers include biomedical labels, sensors, and detectors.
Colloidal silver is also the basis for analysis techniques such as Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS) and Surface Enhanced Fluorescent Spectroscopy.

There are many ways Colloidal silvers can be synthesized; one method is through monosaccharides.
This includes glucose, fructose, maltose, maltodextrin, etc., but not sucrose.

Colloidal silver is also a simple method to reduce silver ions back to Colloidal silvers as it usually involves a one-step process.
There have been methods that indicated that these reducing sugars are essential to the formation of Colloidal silvers.

Many studies indicated that this method of green synthesis, specifically using Cacumen platycladi extract, enabled the reduction of silver.
Additionally, the size of the Colloidal silver could be controlled depending on the concentration of the extract.

The studies indicate that the higher concentrations correlated to an increased number of Colloidal silvers.
Smaller Colloidal silvers were formed at high pH levels due to the concentration of the monosaccharides.

Another method of Colloidal silver synthesis includes the use of reducing sugars with alkali starch and silver nitrate.
The reducing sugars have free aldehyde and ketone groups, which enable them to be oxidized into gluconate.

However, most Colloidal silver isrecovered as a by-product of the refining of copper, lead, gold, and zinc ores.
Colloidal silvers have been explored for their potential in water treatment and purification due to their antimicrobial properties.

The silver ions are bioactive and have broad spectrum antimicrobial properties against a wide range of bacteria.
By controlling the size, shape, surface and agglomeration state of the nanoparticles, specific silver ion release profiles can be developed for a given application.

Colloidal silvers typically have dimensions ranging from 1 to 100 nanometers.
The size and shape of these particles can influence their physical, chemical, and optical properties.

One of the notable features of Colloidal silvers is their strong antibacterial and antimicrobial activity.
The Colloidal silver must have a free ketone group because in order to act as a reducing agent Colloidal silver first undergoes tautomerization.

When inhaled, Colloidal silvers can go deeper into the lungs reaching more sensitive areas.
The most common methods for Colloidal silver synthesis fall under the category of wet chemistry, or the nucleation of particles within a solution.

This nucleation occurs when a Colloidal silver ion complex, usually AgNO3 or AgClO4, is reduced to colloidal Ag in the presence of a reducing agent.
When the concentration increases enough, dissolved metallic Colloidal silver ions bind together to form a stable surface.

The surface is energetically unfavorable when the cluster is small, because the energy gained by decreasing the concentration of dissolved particles is not as high as the energy lost from creating a new surface.
When the cluster reaches a certain size, known as the critical radius, Colloidal silver becomes energetically favorable, and thus stable enough to continue to grow.

This nucleus then remains in the system and grows as more Colloidal silver atoms diffuse through the solution and attach to the surface.
When the dissolved concentration of atomic Colloidal silver decreases enough, it is no longer possible for enough atoms to bind together to form a stable nucleus.

The most common capping ligands are trisodium citrate and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), but many others are also used in varying conditions to synthesize particles with particular sizes, shapes, and surface properties.
There are many different wet synthesis methods, including the use of reducing sugars, citrate reduction, reduction via sodium borohydride, the Colloidal silver mirror reaction, the polyol process, seed-mediated growth, and light-mediated growth.

Each of these methods, or a combination of methods, will offer differing degrees of control over the size distribution as well as distributions of geometric arrangements of the nanoparticle.
A new, very promising wet-chemical technique was found by Elsupikhe et al. (2015).

They have developed a green ultrasonically-assisted synthesis.
Under ultrasound treatment, Colloidal silvers (AgNP) are synthesized with κ-carrageenan as a natural stabilizer.
The reaction is performed at ambient temperature and produces Colloidal silvers with fcc crystal structure without impurities.

The concentration of κ-carrageenan is used to influence particle size distribution of the AgNPs.

The synthesis of Colloidal silvers by sodium borohydride (NaBH4) reduction occurs by the following reaction:
Ag+ + BH4− + 3 H2O → Ag0 +B(OH)3 +3.5 H2

The reduced metal atoms will form nanoparticle nuclei.
Overall, this process is similar to the above reduction method using citrate.
The benefit of using sodium borohydride is increased monodispersity of the final particle population.

The reason for the increased Colloidal silver when using NaBH4 is that it is a stronger reducing agent than citrate.
The impact of reducing agent strength can be seen by inspecting a LaMer diagram which describes the nucleation and growth of nanoparticles.

When Colloidal silver nitrate (AgNO3) is reduced by a weak reducing agent like citrate, the reduction rate is lower which means that new nuclei are forming and old nuclei are growing concurrently.
This is the reason that the citrate reaction has low monodispersity.

Because NaBH4 is a much stronger reducing agent, the concentration of silver nitrate is reduced rapidly which shortens the time during which new nuclei form and grow concurrently yielding a monodispersed population of Colloidal silvers.
Particles formed by reduction must have their surfaces stabilized to prevent undesirable particle agglomeration (when multiple particles bond together), growth, or coarsening.

The driving force for these phenomena is the minimization of surface energy (nanoparticles have a large surface to volume ratio).
This tendency to reduce surface energy in the system can be counteracted by adding species which will adsorb to the surface of the nanoparticles and lowers the activity of the particle surface thus preventing particle agglomeration according to the DLVO theory and preventing growth by occupying attachment sites for metal atoms.

Chemical species that adsorb to the surface of Colloidal silvers are called ligands.

Some of these surface stabilizing species are:
NaBH4 in large amounts, poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) (PVP), sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), and/or dodecanethiol.
Once the particles have been formed in solution they must be separated and collected.

There are several general methods to remove nanoparticles from solution, including evaporating the solvent phase or the addition of chemicals to the solution that lower the solubility of the nanoparticles in the solution.
Both methods force the precipitation of the Colloidal silvers.

The polyol process is a particularly useful method because Colloidal silver yields a high degree of control over both the size and geometry of the resulting Colloidal silvers.
At this nucleation threshold, new Colloidal silvers stop being formed, and the remaining dissolved silver is absorbed by diffusion into the growing nanoparticles in the solution.

As the particles grow, other molecules in the solution diffuse and attach to the surface.
This process stabilizes the surface energy of the particle and blocks new Colloidal silver ions from reaching the surface.

The attachment of these capping/stabilizing agents slows and eventually stops the growth of the particle.
In addition, if the aldehydes are bound, Colloidal silver will be stuck in cyclic form and cannot act as a reducing agent.
For example, glucose has an aldehyde functional group that is able to reduce Colloidal silver cations to silver atoms and is then oxidized to gluconic acid.

The reaction for the sugars to be oxidized occurs in aqueous solutions.
The polyol process is highly sensitive to reaction conditions such as temperature, chemical environment, and concentration of substrates.

Therefore, by changing these variables, various sizes and geometries can be selected for such as quasi-spheres, pyramids, spheres, and wires.
Further study has examined the mechanism for this process as well as resulting geometries under various reaction conditions in greater detail.

Colloidal silvers can be synthesized in a variety of non-spherical (anisotropic) shapes.
Because Colloidal silver, like other noble metals, exhibits a size and shape dependent optical effect known as localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) at the nanoscale, the ability to synthesize Ag nanoparticles in different shapes vastly increases the ability to tune their optical behavior.

For example, the wavelength at which LSPR occurs for a nanoparticle of one morphology (e.g. a sphere) will be different if that sphere is changed into a different shape.
This shape dependence allows a Colloidal silver to experience optical enhancement at a range of different wavelengths, even by keeping the size relatively constant, just by changing Colloidal silver shape.
This aspect can be exploited in synthesis to promote change in shape of nanoparticles through light interaction.

The applications of this shape-exploited expansion of optical behavior range from developing more sensitive biosensors to increasing the longevity of textiles.
Colloidal silvers have been shown to have synergistic antibacterial activity with commonly used antibiotics such as; penicillin G, ampicillin, erythromycin, clindamycin, and vancomycin against E. coli and S. aureus.
Furthermore, synergistic antibacterial activity has been reported between Colloidal silvers and hydrogen peroxide causing this combination to exert significantly enhanced bactericidal effect against both Gram negative and Gram positive bacteria.

This antibacterial synergy between Colloidal silvers and hydrogen peroxide can be possibly attributed to a Fenton-like reaction that generates highly reactive oxygen species such as hydroxyl radicals.
Colloidal silvers can prevent bacteria from growing on or adhering to the surface.

This can be especially useful in surgical settings where all surfaces in contact with the patient must be sterile.
Colloidal silvers can be incorporated on many types of surfaces including metals, plastic, and glass.

In medical equipment, Colloidal silver has been shown that Colloidal silvers lower the bacterial count on devices used compared to old techniques.
However, the problem arises when the procedure is over and a new one must be done.

In the process of washing the instruments a large portion of the Colloidal silvers become less effective due to the loss of silver ions.
They are more commonly used in skin grafts for burn victims as the Colloidal silvers embedded with the graft provide better antimicrobial activity and result in significantly less scarring of the victim.
These new applications are direct decedents of older practices that used silver nitrate to treat conditions such as skin ulcers.

Now, Colloidal silvers are used in bandages and patches to help heal certain burns and wounds.
An alternative approach is to use AgNP to sterilise biological dressings (for example, tilapia fish skin) for burn and wound management.
In this method, polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) is dissolved in water by sonication and mixed with silver colloid particles.

Active stirring ensures the PVP has adsorbed to the nanoparticle surface.
Centrifuging separates the PVP coated nanoparticles which are then transferred to a solution of ethanol to be centrifuged further and placed in a solution of ammonia, ethanol and Si(OEt4) (TES).
Stirring for twelve hours results in the silica shell being formed consisting of a surrounding layer of silicon oxide with an ether linkage available to add functionality.

Varying the amount of TES allows for different thicknesses of shells formed.
This technique is popular due to the ability to add a variety of functionality to the exposed silica surface.
Colloidal silver have unique physical, chemical and optical properties that are being leveraged for a wide variety of applications.

A resurgence of interest in the utility of Colloidal silver as a broad based antimicrobial agent has led to the development of hundreds of products that incorporate Colloidal silvers to prevent bacterial growth on surfaces and in clothing.
The optical properties of Colloidal silvers are of interest due to the strong coupling of the Colloidal silvers to specific wavelengths of incident light.
This gives them a tunable optical response, and can be utilized to develop ultra-bright reporter molecules, highly efficient thermal absorbers, and nanoscale “antennas” that amplify the strength of the local electromagnetic field to detect changes to the nanoparticle environment.

Colloidal silver is said to be a “key technology of the 21st century”, which is the result of its interdisciplinary nature.
Colloidal silvers are some of the most widely used nanomaterials in commerce, with numerous uses in consumer and medical products.

Workers who produce or use Colloidal silvers are potentially exposed to those materials in the workplace.
Previous authoritative assessments of occupational exposure to silver did not account for particle size.

In studies that involved human cells, Colloidal silvers were associated with toxicity (cell death and DNA damage) that varied according to the size of the particles.
In animals exposed to Colloidal silvers by inhalation or other routes of exposure, silver tissue concentrations were elevated in all organs tested.

Exposure to silver nanomaterials in animals was associated with decreased lung function, inflamed lung tissue, and histopathological (microscopic tissue) changes in the liver and kidney.
In the relatively few studies that compared the effects of exposure to nanoscale or microscale silver, nanoscale particles had greater uptake and toxicity than did microscale particles.

Colloidal silvers of different shapes and sizes are synthesized through chemical, physical, and green methods.
Obtained nanoparticles are generally utilized in the medical industry, catalytic applications, sensors, and special displays.

Colloidal silvers have been an important component of various different applications for a very long time.
Colloidal silvers are explored for their potential use in food packaging materials due to their antimicrobial properties.

They may help extend the shelf life of packaged foods by inhibiting the growth of microorganisms.
Colloidal silvers are utilized in the fabrication of solar cells and other photovoltaic devices.

They can enhance light absorption and electron transport within the devices, contributing to improved efficiency.
In the field of medicine, Colloidal silvers are being investigated for their use in photothermal therapy.

When exposed to specific wavelengths of light, they can generate heat, which may be utilized for targeted treatment of cancer cells.
Some studies suggest that Colloidal silvers may exhibit antiviral properties, making them a subject of interest in the development of antiviral drugs or materials.

Colloidal silvers can be incorporated into textile coatings to provide UV protection.
This is particularly useful in outdoor clothing and fabrics to shield against harmful ultraviolet radiation.

Colloidal silvers are employed in the production of conductive inks for printed electronics and flexible displays.
Their conductivity and compatibility with flexible substrates make them valuable in these applications.

Due to their antimicrobial properties, Colloidal silvers are explored for use in air and water purification systems.
They can help eliminate or reduce the presence of harmful microorganisms.

Colloidal silvers are incorporated into sensors for various applications, including gas sensors, biosensors, and environmental sensors.
Their unique optical and electrical properties make them suitable for sensing platforms.

Colloidal silvers may be included in certain cosmetic and personal care products for their potential antibacterial and preservative properties.
In the medical field, efforts are made to develop biocompatible Colloidal silvers for applications such as drug delivery and imaging.

These nanoparticles aim to interact safely with biological systems.
Colloidal silvers are used in the formulation of conductive inks for printed radio-frequency identification (RFID) tags.

This application is relevant in the field of logistics and inventory tracking.
The capping agent is also not present when heated.

Colloidal silvers can become airborne easily due to their size and mass.
Colloidal silver is located in group 11 (IB) of period 5, between copper (Cu) above Colloidal silver in period 4 andgold (Au) below it in period 6.

Colloidal silver products have not undergone safety studies and are not recommended by the FDA.
In addition, there have been serious adverse effects such as seizures, psychosis, neuropathy (burning pain usually in hands and feet), and even deaths reported from colloidal silver use.
Because there is no information to suggest colloidal silver is effective for the treatment of any condition, the risks of using Colloidal silver outweigh the benefits.

Colloidal silver is only slightly harder than gold.
Colloidal silver is insoluble in water, but it will dissolve in hot concentrated acids.

Freshly exposed silver has a mirror-like shine thatslowly darkens as a thin coat of tarnish forms on Colloidal silver surface (from the small amount ofnatural hydrogen sulfide in the air to form silver sulfide, AgS).
Colloidal silvers can also be produced via γ-irradiation using polysaccharide alginate as stabilizer, and photochemical reduction.

A relatively new biological method can be used to make gold Colloidal silvers by dissolving gold in sodium chloride solution, using natural chitosan without any stabilizer and reductant.
Colloidal silver’s modern chemical symbol (Ag) is derived from its Latin word argentum, which means silver.
The word “silver” is from the Anglo-Saxon world “siolfor.”

Ancients who first refined and worked with Colloidal silver used the symbol of a crescent moon to represent the metal.
Colloidal silvers can undergo coating techniques that offer a uniform functionalized surface to which substrates can be added.
When the Colloidal silver is coated, for example, in silica the surface exists as silicic acid.

Colloidal silvers can thus be added through stable ether and ester linkages that are not degraded immediately by natural metabolic enzymes.
Recent chemotherapeutic applications have designed anti cancer drugs with a photo cleavable linker, such as an ortho-nitrobenzyl bridge, attaching Colloidal silver to the substrate on the nanoparticle surface.
The low toxicity Colloidal silver complex can remain viable under metabolic attack for the time necessary to be distributed throughout the bodies systems.

If a cancerous tumor is being targeted for treatment, ultraviolet light can be introduced over the tumor region.
The electromagnetic energy of the light causes the photo responsive linker to break between the drug and the nanoparticle substrate.
The drug is now cleaved and released in an unaltered active form to act on the cancerous tumor cells.

Advantages anticipated for this method is that the drug is transported without highly toxic compounds, the drug is released without harmful radiation or relying on a specific chemical reaction to occur and the drug can be selectively released at a target tissue.
Colloidal silver is somewhat rare and is considered a commercially precious metal with many uses.
Pure Colloidal silver is too soft and usually too expensive for many commercial uses, and thus Colloidal silver isalloyed with other metals, usually copper, making it not only stronger but also less expensive.

The purity of Colloidal silver is expressed in the term “fitness,” which describes the amount of silverin the item.
Fitness is just a multiple of 10 times the Colloidal silver content in an item.
For instance,sterling Colloidal silver should be 93% (or at least 92.5%) pure silver and 7% copper or some othermetal.

The fitness rating for pure Colloidal silver is 1000.
Therefore, the rating for sterling Colloidal silver is 930,and most sliver jewelry is rated at about 800.
This is another way of saying that most Colloidal silver jewelry is about 20% copper or other less valuable metal.

Many people are fooled when they buy Mexican or German silver jewelry, thinking theyare purchasing a semiprecious metal.
These forms of “Colloidal silver” jewelry go under many names,including Mexican silver, German silver, Afghan silver, Austrian silver, Brazilian silver, Nevadasilver, Sonara silver, Tyrol silver, Venetian silver, or just the name “silver” with quotes aroundit.
None of these jewelry items, under these names or under any other names, contain anysilver.

These metals are alloys of copper, nickel, and zinc.
A transition metal that occurs native and as the sulfide (Ag2S) and chloride (AgCl).
Colloidal silver is extracted as a by-product in refining copper and lead ores.

Colloidal silver darkens in air due to the formation of silver sulfide.
Colloidal silver is used in coinage alloys, tableware, and jewelry.
Of all the metals, Colloidal silver isthe best conductor of heat and electricity.

This property determines much of Colloidal silver commercialusefulness.
Colloidal silver is melting point is 961.93°C.
Colloidal silver boiling point is 2,212°C.
Colloidal silver density is10.50 g/cm3.

The beneficial effects of Colloidal silvers are also manifested in their action against inflammation and suppression of tumor growth.
Colloidal silvers can induce apoptosis, or programmed cell death, in tumor cells.

The activity of Colloidal silvers in the human body can be used for imaging of living cells and tissues, both in diagnosis and research.
Colloidal silvers are also used in biosensors, can detect tumor cells, and have potential in phototherapy, where they absorb radiation, heat up and selectively eliminate selected cells.

Colloidal silvers are highly commercial due to properties such as good conductivity, chemical stability, catalytic activity, and their antimicrobial activity.
Due to their properties, they are commonly used in medical and electrical applications.

Colloidal silver compounds are used in photography symbol:
Ag
m.p. 961.93°C
b.p. 2212°C
r.d. 10.5 (20°C)
p.n. 47
r.a.m. 107.8682.

Synthetic protocols for Colloidal silver production can be modified to produce Colloidal silvers with non-spherical geometries and also to functionalize nanoparticles with different materials, such as silica.
Creating Colloidal silvers of different shapes and surface coatings allows for greater control over their size-specific properties.
There are instances in which Colloidal silvers and colloidal silver are used in consumer goods.

Samsung for example claimed that the use of Colloidal silvers in washing machines would help to sterilize clothes and water during the washing and rinsing functions, and allow clothes to be cleaned without the need for hot water.
The nanoparticles in these appliances are synthesized using electrolysis.
Through electrolysis, Colloidal silver is extracted from metal plates and then turned into Colloidal silvers by a reduction agent.

This method avoids the drying, cleaning, and re-dispersion processes, which are generally required with alternative colloidal synthesis methods.
Importantly, the electrolysis strategy also decreases the production cost of Ag nanoparticles, making these washing machines more affordable to manufacture.
Colloidal silver can form explosive salts with azidrine.

Ammonia forms explosive compounds with gold, mercury, or Silver.
Acetylene and ammonia can form explosive Silver salts in contact with Ag.
Dust may form explosive mixture with air.

Powders are incompatible with strong oxidizers (chlorates, nitrates, peroxides, permanganates, perchlorates, chlorine, bromine, fluorine, etc.); contact may cause fires or explosions.
Keep away from alkaline materials, strong bases, strong acids, oxoacids, epoxides May react and/or form dangerous or explosive compounds, with acetylene, ammonia, halogens, hydrogen peroxide; bromoazide, concentrated or strong acids, oxalic acid, tartaric acid, chlorine trifluoride, ethyleneimine.
Factors contributing toward Colloidal silvers market growth include rise in demand for Colloidal silvers for anti-microbial applications and increase in demand from electronics sector.

Colloidal silvers are investigated in the field of tissue engineering for their potential to support cell growth and enhance the properties of scaffolds used in regenerative medicine.
In marine applications, Colloidal silvers are used in anti-fouling coatings on ship hulls.
They help prevent the accumulation of marine organisms, reducing drag and improving fuel efficiency.

Colloidal silvers are explored for their potential use in pesticide formulations.
Their antimicrobial properties could be leveraged for crop protection and pest control.
Colloidal silvers are employed in the development of electrochemical sensors for detecting various analytes.

These sensors find applications in fields such as environmental monitoring and healthcare.
Colloidal silvers can be utilized in the fabrication of sensors for detecting hydrogen peroxide.
This application is relevant in fields such as clinical diagnostics and industrial processes.

Colloidal silvers are studied for their potential application in energy storage devices, such as batteries and supercapacitors, where their unique properties can influence performance.
An early, and very common, method for synthesizing Colloidal silvers is citrate reduction.
This method was first recorded by M. C. Lea, who successfully produced a citrate-stabilized silver colloid in 1889.

Citrate reduction involves the reduction of a silver source particle, usually AgNO3 or AgClO4, to colloidal silver using trisodium citrate, Na3C6H5O7.
The synthesis is usually performed at an elevated temperature (~100 °C) to maximize the monodispersity (uniformity in both size and shape) of the particle.
In this method, the citrate ion traditionally acts as both the reducing agent and the capping ligand, making Colloidal silver a useful process for AgNP production due to its relative ease and short reaction time.

However, the silver particles formed may exhibit broad size distributions and form several different particle geometries simultaneously.
The addition of stronger reducing agents to the reaction is often used to synthesize particles of a more uniform size and shape.

Colloidal silver mirror reaction involves the conversion of Colloidal silver nitrate to Ag(NH3)OH.
Ag(NH3)OH is subsequently reduced into colloidal silver using an aldehyde containing molecule such as a sugar.

The silver mirror reaction is as follows:
2(Ag(NH3)2)+ + RCHO + 2OH− → RCOOH + 2Ag + 4NH3.

The size and shape of the Colloidal silvers produced are difficult to control and often have wide distributions.
However, this method is often used to apply thin coatings of Colloidal silver particles onto surfaces and further study into producing more uniformly sized nanoparticles is being done.

The biological synthesis of Colloidal silvers has provided a means for improved techniques compared to the traditional methods that call for the use of harmful reducing agents like sodium borohydride.
Many of these methods could improve their environmental footprint by replacing these relatively strong reducing agents.
The commonly used biological methods are using plant or fruit extracts, fungi, and even animal parts like insect wing extract.

The problems with the chemical production of Colloidal silvers is usually involves high cost and the longevity of the particles is short lived due to aggregation.
The harshness of standard chemical methods has sparked the use of using biological organisms to reduce silver ions in solution into colloidal Colloidal silvers.
Colloidal silvers can provide a means to overcome MDR.

In general, when using a targeting agent to deliver nanocarriers to cancer cells, Colloidal silver is imperative that the agent binds with high selectivity to molecules that are uniquely expressed on the cell surface.
Hence NPs can be designed with proteins that specifically detect drug resistant cells with overexpressed transporter proteins on their surface.
Colloidal silver a pitfall of the commonly used nano-drug delivery systems is that free drugs that are released from the nanocarriers into the cytosol get exposed to the MDR transporters once again, and are exported.

To solve this, 8 nm Colloidal silvers were modified by the addition of trans-activating transcriptional activator (TAT), derived from the HIV-1 virus, which acts as a cell-penetrating peptide (CPP).
Generally, AgNP effectiveness is limited due to the lack of efficient cellular uptake; however, CPP-modification has become one of the most efficient methods for improving intracellular delivery of Colloidal silvers.
Once ingested, the export of the AgNP is prevented based on a size exclusion.

The concept is simple: the nanoparticles are too large to be effluxed by the MDR transporters, because the efflux function is strictly subjected to the size of Colloidal silver substrates, which is generally limited to a range of 300-2000 Da.
Thereby the Colloidal silvers remain insusceptible to the efflux, providing a means to accumulate in high concentrations.
In addition, increased demand from pharmaceutical industry as Colloidal silver is used in the field of biomarkers, biosensors, implant technology, tissue engineering, nanorobots & nanomedicine, and image enhancement devices.

The bactericidal activity of Colloidal silvers is due to the silver cations, which have the potential to disrupt physiological activity of microbes such as bacteria.
Growth in concerns regarding environmental impact and toxicity of Colloidal silvers is hindering the Colloidal silvers market.
Furthermore, high Colloidal silver product prices are likely to hinder market growth during the forecast period.

On the contrary, rise in trend of biological synthesis method is expected to create lucrative opportunities for the market during the forecast period.
Colloidal silvers are investigated for their potential role in drug delivery systems.
They can be designed to carry therapeutic agents and release them in a controlled manner, offering targeted drug delivery.

Colloidal silvers can exhibit photocatalytic activity, which means they can accelerate chemical reactions under light exposure.
This property is explored in applications like environmental remediation and water treatment.
In the field of electronics, Colloidal silvers are used to create flexible and transparent conductive films.

These films have applications in flexible electronics, touch screens, and electronic displays.
Colloidal silvers are integrated into textiles to impart anti-odor properties by inhibiting the growth of odor-causing bacteria.
This application is common in sportswear and undergarments.

Colloidal silvers are incorporated into various nanocomposite materials to enhance their mechanical, thermal, and electrical properties.
These nanocomposites find applications in materials science and engineering.
Some studies explore the use of Colloidal silvers as contrast agents in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for medical diagnostics.

Colloidal silvers can be very effective against fungal infections that are otherwise difficult to treat.
This is of great importance for patients with weakened immunity who are especially vulnerable to fungi.
These Colloidal silvers not only suppress pathogenic fungi, including yeasts, but also fungi that grow in households, such as various mold species.

Colloidal silver reacts violently with chlorine trifluoride (in the presence of carbon).
Bromoazide explodes on contact with Silver foil.
Acetylene forms an insoluble acetylide with Silver.

When Colloidal silver is treated with nitric acid in the presence of ethyl alcohol, Silver fulminate, which can detonated may be formed.
Ethyleneimine forms explosive compounds with Colloidal silver, hence Silver solder should not be used to fabricate equipment for handling ethyleneimine.
Finely divided Silver and strong solutions of hydrogen peroxide may explode.

Colloidal silvers optical properties are also dependent on the nanoparticle size.
Smaller nanospheres absorb light and have peaks near to 400 nm, and larger nanoparticles have increased scattering to gives peaks that broaden and shift towards longer wavelengths.
Larger shifts into the infrared region of the electromagnetic spectrum are achieved by changing the nanoparticles shape to rods or plates.

Colloidal silvers can be synthesized by a variety of different techniques that are chemical, physical or biological.
The most common method for making colloidal gold is by a chemical citrate reduction method, but gold nanoparticles can also be grown by being encapsulated and immersed in polyethylene glycol dendrimers before being reduced by formaldehyde under near infra-red treatment.

Uses of Colloidal silver:
Because silver has antibacterial properties, colloidal silver was used to treat skin infections before antibiotics were available.
More recently, colloidal silver has been used to treat a variety of infections, including COVID-19, to boost the immune system, and decrease inflammation.

Colloidal silver is important to know, there is no clinical evidence to support the efficacy of colloidal silver and the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) recommends against Colloidal silver use.
There are some topical silver creams and other topical products that are approved by the FDA to prevent and treat infections.

These are different than colloidal silver.
Several of Colloidal silver compounds were not only useful but even essential for the predigital photographicindustry.

Colloidal silver has no known active biological role in the human body, and the levels of Ag+ within the body are below detection limits.
The metal has been used for thousands of years mainly as ornamental metal or for coins.
Furthermore, Colloidal silver has been used for medicinal purposes since 1000 BC.

Colloidal silver was known that water would keep fresh if it was kept in a silver pitcher; for example, Alexander the Great (356–323 BC) used to transport his water supplies in Colloidal silver pitchers during the Persian War.
A piece of Colloidal silver was also used, for example, to keep milk fresh, before any household refrigeration was developed.
In 1869, Ravelin proved that Colloidal silver in low doses acts as an antimicrobial.

Around the same time, the Swiss botanist showed that already at very low concentration Ag+ can kill the green algae spirogyra in fresh water.
This work inspired the gynaecologist Crede to recommended use of AgNO3 drops on new born children with conjunctivitis.

Using Colloidal silvers for catalysis has been gaining attention in recent years.
Although the most common applications are for medicinal or antibacterial purposes, Colloidal silvers have been demonstrated to show catalytic redox properties for dyes, benzene, and carbon monoxide.

Other untested compounds may use Colloidal silvers for catalysis, but the field is not fully explored.
Colloidal silvers supported on aerogel are advantageous due to the higher number of active sites.

Several of the Colloidal silver salts, such as silver nitrate, silver bromide, and silverchloride, are sensitive to light and, thus, when mixed with a gel-type coating on photographicfilm or paper, can be used to form light images.
Most of the Colloidal silver used in the United Statesis used in photography.

Photochromic (transition) eyeglasses that darken as they are exposed to sunlight have asmall amount of silver chloride imbedded in the glass that forms a thin layer of metallic silverthat darkens the lens when struck by sunlight.
This photosensitive chemical activity is thenreversed when the eyeglasses are removed from the light.

Colloidal silver reversal results from asmall amount of copper ions placed in the glass.
This reaction is repeated each time the lensesare exposed to sunlight.

This malleable white metal is found as argentite (Ag2S) and horn silver (AgCl) or in lead and copper ore.
Colloidal silvers coated with a thin layer of elemental silver and fumed with iodine were used by Niépce and Daguerre.

Aside from the heliograph and physautotype, Colloidal silver halide compounds were the basis of all photographic processes used in the camera and most of the printing processes during the 19th century.
Colloidal silver are one of the most fascinating, promising and widely used nano materials, particularly for their interesting antibacterial, antiviral and antifungal effects.

However, their potential uses are much wider.
Colloidal silvers are used in antibacterial products, industrial production, catalysis, household products and consumer goods.

Colloidal silver was used to treat infections and wounds before antibiotics became available.
Colloidal silvers are commonly used in biomedical and medical applications due to their antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, and anti-tumor effects.

Due to their favorable surface-to-volume ratio and crystal structure, nano silver particles are a promising alternative to antibiotics.
They can penetrate bacterial walls and effectively deal with bacterial biofilms and mucous coatings, which are usually well-protected environments for bacteria.

Colloidal silver are one of the most commonly used nanomaterials because of their high electrical conductivity, optical properties, and anti-microbial properties.
The biological activity of Colloidal silvers depends on factors such as particle composition, size distribution, surface chemistry, size; shape, coating/capping, particle morphology, dissolution rate, agglomeration, efficiency of ion release, and particle reactivity in solution.

Colloidal silvers have found a wide range of applications including their use as catalysts, as optical sensors of zeptomole (10−21) concentrations, in textile engineering, in electronics, in optics, as anti-reflection coatings, and most importantly in the medical field as a bactericidal and therapeutic agent.
Colloidal silver is used in the formulation of dental resin composites, in coatings of medical devices, as a bactericidal coating in water filters, as an antimicrobial agent in air sanitizer sprays, pillows, respirators, socks, keyboards, detergents, soaps, shampoos, toothpastes, washing machines and many other consumer products, in bone cement and in many wound dressings.

Colloidal silvers are also commonly used in colloidal solutions to enhance Raman spectroscopy.
The size and shape of nanoparticles have been shown to affect the enhancement.

Colloidal silvers are the most common shape of nanoparticles, but other shapes such as nanostars, nanocubes, nanorods and nanowires can be produced through a polymer-mediated polyol process.
Colloidal silvers can also be capped or hollowed using various chemical methods.
For a more accurate spread for detection, nanoparticles can be deposited or spin-coated onto multiple surfaces.

Coating is metallic silver and Colloidal silver salts are popularly used in medicinal purposes and in medical devices.
Colloidal silver is a precious metal, used in jewelryand ornaments Other applications includeColloidal silver use in photography, electroplating, dentalalloys, high-capacity batteries, printed circuits,coins, and mirrors.

Colloidal silver is stable in air, and it is utilized in reflecting mirrors.
The film vacuum evaporated on a quartz plate with the thickness of 2–55 nm shows the transmittance maximum at λ: 321.5 nm and works as a narrow band filter.

The name Colloidal silver is derived from the Saxon word ‘siloflur’, which has been subsequently transformed into the German word ‘Silabar’ followed by ‘Silber’ and the English word ‘silver’.
Romans called the element ‘argentum’, and this is where the symbol Ag derives from.

Colloidal silver is widely distributed in nature.
Colloidal silver can be found in its native form and in various ores such as argentite (Ag2S), which is the most important ore mineral for silver, and horn silver (AgCl).

The principal sources of silver are copper, copper–nickel, gold, lead and lead–zinc ores, which can be mainly found in Peru, Mexico, China and Australia.
Colloidal silver and its alloys and compounds have numerous applications.

As a precious metal, Colloidal silver is used in jewelry.
Also, one of its alloys, sterling Colloidal silver, containing 92.5 weight % silver and 7.5 weight % copper, is a jewelry item and is used in tableware and decorative pieces.

The metal and Colloidal silver copper alloys are used in coins.
Colloidal silvers are widely recognized for their strong antimicrobial properties.
They are incorporated into products such as wound dressings, bandages, and medical devices to prevent bacterial and microbial growth.

In medical diagnostics, Colloidal silvers are explored for their use as contrast agents in imaging techniques such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
Their unique properties contribute to enhanced imaging quality.

Colloidal silvers are investigated for drug delivery applications.
They can be designed to carry therapeutic agents and release them in a controlled manner, offering targeted drug delivery.

Colloidal silvers are integrated into textiles and clothing to provide antimicrobial and anti-odor properties.
This application is common in sportswear, undergarments, and fabrics used in healthcare settings.

Colloidal silvers are used in a variety of consumer products, including socks, kitchenware, and appliances, to impart antimicrobial properties and reduce the growth of bacteria that cause odors.
Colloidal silvers are employed in water treatment technologies to eliminate or reduce the presence of harmful microorganisms.

They can be part of filters, coatings, or solutions used for purifying water.
Due to their antimicrobial properties, Colloidal silvers are explored for use in food packaging materials.

They can help extend the shelf life of packaged foods by inhibiting the growth of microorganisms.
Colloidal silvers are used in the electronics industry to create conductive inks for printed electronics, flexible displays, and sensors.

Their electrical conductivity and compatibility with flexible substrates make them valuable in these applications.
Colloidal silvers exhibit catalytic activity and are employed in various catalytic reactions.

This has implications for applications in chemical synthesis and industrial processes.
In the medical field, Colloidal silvers are investigated for their use in photothermal therapy.

When exposed to specific wavelengths of light, they can generate heat, which may be utilized for targeted treatment of cancer cells.
Colloidal silvers may be included in certain cosmetic and personal care products for their potential antibacterial and preservative properties.

In the electronics industry, Colloidal silvers are used to create flexible and transparent conductive films, with applications in flexible electronics, touch screens, and electronic displays.
Colloidal silvers can exhibit photocatalytic activity, accelerating chemical reactions under light exposure.

This property is explored in applications like environmental remediation and water treatment.
Due to their antimicrobial properties, Colloidal silvers are employed in air purification systems to help eliminate or reduce the presence of harmful microorganisms.

Colloidal silvers find applications in various biomedical areas, including tissue engineering, biosensors, and the development of biocompatible materials.
Colloidal silvers are utilized in coatings for materials like glass and plastics to provide UV-blocking properties.

This is particularly important in products such as sunglasses, protective eyewear, and sunscreens.
In dentistry, Colloidal silvers are incorporated into dental materials such as composites and coatings to provide antimicrobial properties and reduce the risk of bacterial infections.

Colloidal silvers are being studied for potential applications in cancer treatment.
Their unique properties, including their ability to generate heat under light exposure, make them candidates for targeted cancer therapy.

Colloidal silvers are used in the production of transparent conductive films for solar cells.
These films enhance light absorption and electron transport within the solar cells, contributing to improved efficiency.

In electronics manufacturing, Colloidal silvers are employed in the fabrication of flexible printed circuit boards (FPCBs).
Their use supports the development of flexible and bendable electronic devices.

Colloidal silvers can be incorporated into coatings for eyewear and surfaces to provide anti-fog properties.
This is particularly beneficial in applications where clear visibility is essential.

Colloidal silvers are integrated into smart textiles, enabling the development of fabrics with electronic and sensing capabilities.
These textiles find applications in wearable technology and healthcare monitoring.

Colloidal silvers are studied for potential applications in the oil and gas industry, particularly in enhanced oil recovery processes and as additives in drilling fluids.
Colloidal silvers are used in packaging materials for electronic components to provide a conductive barrier and protect against environmental factors such as moisture and corrosion.

Colloidal silvers are utilized in the development of photonic devices, including sensors, waveguides, and components for optical communication systems.
Colloidal silvers are added to heat transfer fluids to enhance their thermal conductivity.

This is relevant in applications where efficient heat transfer is crucial, such as in cooling systems.
Colloidal silvers can be incorporated into 3D printing materials, allowing the production of conductive and functional 3D-printed objects for electronic and sensing applications.

Colloidal silvers are explored for their potential role in soil remediation, assisting in the removal of contaminants and pollutants from soil environments.
Colloidal silvers can be added to construction materials such as concrete to impart antimicrobial properties and reduce the growth of bacteria on surfaces.

Colloidal silver-copper brazing alloys and solders have many applications.
They are used in automotive radiators, heat exchangers, electrical contacts, steam tubes, coins, and musical instruments.
Some other uses of Colloidal silver metal include its applications as electrodes, catalysts, mirrors, and dental amalgam.

Colloidal silver is used as a catalyst in oxidation-reductions involving conversions of alcohol to aldehydes, ethylene to ethylene oxide, and ethylene glycol to glyoxal.
Colloidal silver has a multitude of uses and practical applications both in Colloidal silver elemental metallic formand as a part of its many compounds.

Colloidal silver is excellent electrical conductivity makes it ideal for usein electronic products, such a computer components and high-quality electronic equipment.
Colloidal silver would be an ideal metal for forming the wiring in homes and transmission lines, if Colloidal silver weremore abundant and less expensive.

Metallic Colloidal silver has been used for centuries as a coinage metal in many countries.
Theamount of silver now used to make coins in the United States has been reduced drastically byalloying other metals such as copper, zinc, and nickel with Colloidal silver.

Colloidal silver is used as a catalyst to speed up chemical reactions, in water purification, and inspecial high-performance batteries (cells).
Colloidal silver is high reflectivity makes it ideal as a reflectivecoating for mirrors.

Production Methods of Colloidal silver:
Many processes are known for recovery of Colloidal silver from its ores.
These depend mostly on the nature of the mineral, its silver content, and recovery of other metals present in the ore.

Colloidal silver is usually extracted from high-grade ores by three common processes that have been known for many years.
These are amalgamation, leaching, and cyanidation.

In one amalgamation process, ore is crushed and mixed with sodium chloride, copper sulfate, sulfuric acid, and mercury, and roasted in cast iron pots.
The amalgam is separated and washed.
Silver is separated from Colloidal silver amalgam by distillation of mercury.

In the cyanidation process the ore is crushed and roasted with sodium chloride and then treated with a solution of sodium cyanide.
Colloidal silver forms a stable Colloidal silver cyanide complex, [Ag(CN)2]–.

Adding metallic zinc to this complex solution precipitates Colloidal silver.
One such process, known as the Patera process, developed in the mid 19th century, involves roasting ore with sodium chloride followed by leaching with sodium thiosulfate solution.

Colloidal silver 834 SILVERis precipitated as silver sulfide, Ag2S, by adding sodium sulfide to the leachate.
In the Clandot process, leaching is done with ferric chloride solution.

Addition of zinc iodide precipitates Colloidal silver iodide, AgI.
AgI is reduced with zinc to obtain Colloidal silver.

The above processes are applied for extraction of Colloidal silver from high-grade ores.
However, with depletion of these ores, many processes were developed subsequently to extract Colloidal silver from low-grade ores, especially lead, copper, and zinc ores that contain very small quantities of silver.

Low grade ores are concentrated by floatation.
The concentrates are fed into smelters (copper, lead, and zinc smelters).

The concentrates are subjected to various treatments before and after smelting including sintering, calcination, and leaching.
Copper concentrates are calcined for removal of sulfur and smelted in a reverberatory furnace to convert into blister copper containing 99 wt% Cu.

The blister copper is fire-refined and cast into anodes.
The anodes are electrolytically refined in the presence of cathodes containing 99.9% copper.

Insoluble anode sludges from electrolytic refining contain silver, gold, and platinum metals.
Colloidal silver is recovered from the mud by treatment with sulfuric acid.

Base metals dissolve in sulfuric acid leaving Colloidal silver mixed with any gold present in the mud.
Colloidal silver is separated from gold by electrolysis.

Lead and zinc concentrates can be treated in more or less the same manner as copper concentrates.
Sintering lead concentrates removes sulfur and following that smelting with coke and flux in a blast furnace forms impure lead bullion.

The lead bullion is drossed with air and sulfur and softened with molten bullion in the presence of air to remove most impurities other than Colloidal silver and gold.
Copper is recovered from the dross and zinc converts to Colloidal silver oxide and is recovered from blast furnace slag.

The softened lead obtained above also contains some Colloidal silver.
The Colloidal silver is recovered by the Parkes Process.

The Parkes process involves adding zinc to molten lead to dissolve Colloidal silver at temperatures above the melting point of zinc.
On cooling, zinc-silver alloy solidifies, separating from the lead and rising to the top.

The alloy is lifted off and zinc is separated from silver by distillation leaving behind metallic Colloidal silver.
The unsoftened lead obtained after the softening operation contains Colloidal silver in small but significant quantities.

Such unsoftened lead is cast into anode and subjected to electrolytic refining.
The anode mud that is formed adhering to these anodes is removed by scraping.

Colloidal silver contains bismuth, silver, gold, and other impurity metals.
Colloidal silver is obtained from this anode mud by methods similar to the extraction of anode mud from the copper refining process discussed earlier.

If the low–grade ore is a zinc mineral, then zinc concentrate obtained from the flotation process is calcined and leached with water to remove zinc.
Colloidal silver and lead are left in leach residues.

Residues are treated like lead concentrates and fed into lead smelters.
Colloidal silver is recovered from this lead concentrate by various processes described above.

Environmental Fate of Colloidal silver:
Colloidal silver exists in four oxidation states (0,+1,+2,and +3).
Colloidal silver occurs primarily as sulfides with iron, lead, tellurides, and with gold.

Colloidal silver is a rare element, which occurs naturally in its pure form.
Colloidal silver is a white, lustrous, relatively soft, and very malleable metal.
Colloidal silver has an average abundance of about 0.1 ppm in the Earth’s crust and about 0.3 ppm in soils.

History of Colloidal silver:
Slag dumps in Asia Minor and on islands in the Aegean Sea indicate that man learned to separate Colloidal silver from lead as early as 3000 B.C.
Colloidal silver occurs native and in ores such as argentite (Ag2S) and horn silver (AgCl); lead, lead-zinc, copper, gold, and copper-nickel ores are principal sources.

Mexico, Canada, Peru, and the U.S. are the principal Colloidal silver producers in the western hemisphere.
Colloidal silver is also recovered during electrolytic refining of copper.

Commercial fine silver contains at least 99.9% silver.
Purities of 99.999+% are available commercially.

Pure silver has a brilliant white metallic luster.
Colloidal silver is a little harder than gold and is very ductile and malleable, being exceeded only by gold and perhaps palladium.

Pure Colloidal silver has the highest electrical and thermal conductivity of all metals, and possesses the lowest contact resistance.
Colloidal silver is stable in pure air and water, but tarnishes when exposed to ozone, hydrogen sulfide, or air containing sulfur.

The alloys of Colloidal silver are important.
Sterling Colloidal silver is used for jewelry, silverware, etc. where appearance is paramount.

This alloy contains 92.5% silver, the remainder being copper or some other metal.
Colloidal silver is of utmost importance in photography, about 30% of the U.S. industrial consumption going into this application.

Colloidal silver is used for dental alloys.
Colloidal silver is used in making solder and brazing alloys, electrical contacts, and high capacity silver–zinc and silver–cadmium batteries.

Colloidal silver paints are used for making printed circuits.
Colloidal silver is used in mirror production and may be deposited on glass or metals by chemical deposition, electrodeposition, or by evaporation.

When freshly deposited, Colloidal silver is the best reflector of visible light known, but is rapidly tarnishes and loses much of Colloidal silver reflectance.
Colloidal silver is a poor reflector of ultraviolet.

Colloidal silver fulminate (Ag2C2N2O2), a powerful explosive, is sometimes formed during the silvering process.
Colloidal silver iodide is used in seeding clouds to produce rain.

Colloidal silver chloride has interesting optical properties as Colloidal silver can be made transparent.
Colloidal silver also is a cement for glass.
Colloidal silver nitrate, or lunar caustic, the most important silver compound, is used extensively in photography.

While Colloidal silver itself is not considered to be toxic, most of its salts are poisonous.
Natural silver contains two stable isotopes.
Fifty-six other radioactive isotopes and isomers are known.

Colloidal silver compounds can be absorbed in the circulatory system and reduced silver deposited in the various tissues of the body.
A condition, known as argyria, results with a greyish pigmentation of the skin and mucous membranes.

Colloidal silver has germicidal effects and kills many lower organisms effectively without harm to higher animals.
Colloidal silver for centuries has been used traditionally for coinage by many countries of the world.

In recent times, however, consumption of Colloidal silver has at times greatly exceeded the output.
In 1939, the price of silver was fixed by the U.S. Treasury at 71¢/troy oz., and at 90.5¢/troy oz. in 1946.

In November 1961 the U.S. Treasury suspended sales of nonmonetized Colloidal silver, and the price stabilized for a time at about $1.29, the melt-down value of silver U.S. coins.
The Coinage Act of 1965 authorized a change in the metallic composition of the three U.S. subsidiary denominations to clad or composite type coins.

This was the first change in U.S. coinage since the monetary system was established in 1792.
Clad dimes and quarters are made of an outer layer of 75% Cu and 25% Ni bonded to a central core of pure Cu.

The composition of the oneand five-cent pieces remains unchanged.
One-cent coins are 95% Cu and 5% Zn.
Earlier subsidiary coins of 90% Ag and 10% Cu officially were to circulate alongside the clad coins; however, in practice they have largely disappeared (Gresham’s Law), as the value of the silver is now greater than their exchange value.

Colloidal silver coins of other countries have largely been replaced with coins made of other metals.
On June 24, 1968, the U.S. Government ceased to redeem U.S. Silver Certificates with silver.
The price of Colloidal silver in 2001 was only about four times the cost of the metal about 150 years ago.

This has largely been caused by Central Banks disposing of some of their silver reserves and the development of more productive mines with better refining methods.
Also, Colloidal silver has been displaced by other metals or processes, such as digital photography.

Safety Profile of Colloidal silver:

Human systemic effects by inhalation: skin effects.
The acute toxicity of silver metal is low.
The acute toxicity of soluble silver compounds depends on the counterion and must be evaluated case by case.

For example, silver nitrate is strongly corrosive and can cause burns and permanent damage to the eyes and skin.
Chronic exposure to silver or silver salts can cause a local or generalized darkening of the mucous membranes, skin, and eyes known as argyria.
The other chronic effects of silver compounds must be evaluated individually.

Although Colloidal silvers are widely used in a variety of commercial products, there has only recently been a major effort to study their effects on human health.
Inhalation of dusts can cause argyrosis.
Questionable carcinogen with experimental tumorigenic data.

Flammable in the form of dust when exposed to flame or by chemical reaction with C2H2, NH3, bromoazide, ClF3 ethyleneimine, H2O2, oxalic acid, H2SO4, tartaric acid.
Incompatible with acetylene, acetylene compounds, aziridine, bromine azide, 3-bromopropyne, carboxylic acids, copper + ethylene glycol, electrolytes + zinc, ethanol + nitric acid, ethylene oxide, ethyl hydroperoxide, ethyleneimine, iodoform, nitric acid, ozonides, peroxomonosulfuric acid, peroxyformic acid.

Properties of Colloidal silver:
Melting point: 960 °C(lit.)
Boiling point: 2212 °C(lit.)
Density: 1.135 g/mL at 25 °C
vapor density: 5.8 (vs air)
vapor pressure: 0.05 ( 20 °C)
refractive index: n20/D 1.333
Flash point: 232 °F
storage temp.: 2-8°C
solubility: H2O: soluble
form: wool
color: Yellow
Specific Gravity: 10.49
Odor: Odorless
Resistivity: 1-3 * 10^-5 Ω-cm (conductive paste) &_& 1.59 μΩ-cm, 20°C
Water Solubility: insoluble
Sensitive: Light Sensitive
Merck: 13,8577
COLLOIDAL SILICA
Colloidal silica is a surface-modified synthetic amorphous silica that is differentiated from standard synthetic amorphous silica (e.g Colloidal silicon dioxide) in having its surface-based silanol groups bonded to dimethyl silyl groups making it hydrophobic in character.
Colloidal silica occurs as a light, fine, white or almost white amorphous powder, not wettable by water.
Colloidal silica refers to a suspension of fine, solid particles of silicon dioxide (SiO2) in a liquid medium.

CAS Number: 112945-52-5
Molecular Formula: O2Si
Molecular Weight: 60.08
EINECS Number: 231-545-4

SILICON DIOXIDE, Silica, Dioxosilane, Quartz, 7631-86-9, Silica gel, Cristobalite, Silicic anhydride, Tridymite, 14808-60-7, Sand, 112945-52-5, 61790-53-2, 112926-00-8, KIESELGUHR, Diatomaceous silica, Wessalon, Aerosil, Silicon(IV) oxide, Zorbax sil, 60676-86-0, Silica, amorphous, 14464-46-1, Dicalite, Ludox, Nyacol, Amorphous silica, QUARTZ (SIO2), Cristobalite (SiO2), Cab-O-sil, Sillikolloid, Extrusil, Santocel, Sipernat, Superfloss, Acticel, Carplex, Neosil, Neosyl, Porasil, Silikil, Siloxid, Zipax, Aerosil-degussa, Silicon oxide, Aerosil 380, Synthetic amorphous silica, Quartz sand, Rose quartz, Silica particles, 91053-39-3, Cab-o-sil M-5, Silica, fumed, Snowtex O, Silica, colloidal, Tokusil TPLM, Dri-Die, SILICA, VITREOUS, Manosil vn 3, Colloidal silicon dioxide, Ultrasil VH 3, Ultrasil VN 3, Aerosil bs-50, Carplex 30, Carplex 80, Snowtex 30, Zeofree 80, Aerosil K 7, Cabosil N 5, Syton 2X, Amorphous silica gel, Positive sol 232, Siliziumdioxid, Aerogel 200, Aerosil 300, Chalcedony, Diatomite, Ludox hs 40, Silanox 101, Silica (SiO2), Vitasil 220, Agate, Positive sol 130M, Silica vitreous, Silicon dioxide (amorphous), Aerosil A 300, Aerosil E 300, Aerosil M-300, colloidal silica, Fused silica, Quartz glass, Silica slurry, Silicon dioxide, fumed, Silicone dioxide, 68855-54-9, Nalfloc N 1050, Quso 51, Silica, amorphous fused, Nalco 1050, Quso G 30, Hydrophobic silica 2482, Kieselsaeureanhydrid, Min-U-Sil, 15468-32-3, SiO2, CCRIS 3699, Silica Gel, 40-63 Micron Particles, Silica aerogel, (SiO2)n, UNII-ETJ7Z6XBU4, ETJ7Z6XBU4, Silicon Dioxide, Amorphous, Silica 2482, hydrophobic, Silicon dioxide, chemically prepared, EINECS 231-545-4, CAB-O-SIL N-70TS, EPA Pesticide Chemical Code 072605, CI 7811, Aerosil 200, 99439-28-8, CHEBI:30563, AI3-25549, Crystalline silica, N1030, U 333, Silica gel 60, 230-400 mesh, Glass, Silicon dioxide, colloidal, 15723-40-7, ENT 25,550, [SiO2], Silica, crystalline - fused, Silicagel, Silica gel, pptd.,cryst.-free, 13778-37-5, 13778-38-6, 17679-64-0, Christensenite, Crystoballite, Silica gel desiccant, indicating, Celite, INS-551, Calcined diatomite, MFCD00011232, MFCD00217788, Silica, amorphous,fumed, cryst.-free, Silica, mesostructured, Amethyst, Aquafil, Cataloid, Crysvarl, Flintshot, Nalcoag, Novaculite, Silikill, Vulkasil, Cherts, Snowit, Imsil, Metacristobalite, Quartz silica, alpha-Quartz, Fossil flour, Fumed silica, Quartz dust, Rock crystal, Silica dust, White carbon, SIMETHICONE COMPONENT SILICON DIOXIDE, Chromosorb P, Tiger-eye, E-551, Vulkasil S, Celite superfloss, Cristobalite dust, Corasil II, Silver bond B, Cab-O-sperse, alpha-Cristobalite, alpha-Crystobalite, Gold bond R, (SiO2), Cabosil st-1, Silica Standard: SiO2 @ 100 microg/mL in H2O, Sil-Co-Sil, Silica Standard: SiO2 @ 1000 microg/mL in H2O, Siderite (SiO2), Tridymite 118, Cab-O-grip II, Tridimite [French], HI-Sil, Amorphous silica dust, Silicon Oxide Hollow Nanospheres, Nyacol 830, Sibelite M 3000, Sibelite M 4000, Sibelite M 6000, Quazo puro [Italian], SILICA, AMORPHOUS (IARC), SILICA, AMORPHOUS [IARC], Caswell No. 734A, Sicron F 300, Sikron F 100, Spectrosil, Accusand, Coesite, Fuselex, Nalcast, Nyacol 1430, Optocil, Quartzine, Quarzsand, Rancosil, Suprasil, Tridimite, Siltex, Vitreous quartz, Vitreous silica, Tridymite dust, W 12 (Filler), beta-Quartz, Fused quartz, MIN-U-sil alpha quartz, Quartz-beta, Amorphous quartz, Dri-Die insecticide 67, Quazo puro, Silica, amorphous, fumed, Vitrified silica, Pyrogenic colloidal silica, Silica, fused, Suprasil W, Vitreosil IR, Borsil P, Dioxide, Silicon, Silane, dioxo-, Crystallized silicon dioxide, Optocil (quartz), CP-SilicaPLOT, Sand, Sea, Silicon oxide, di- (sand), Quarzsand [German], S-Col, Admafine SO 25H, Admafine SO 25R, Admafine SO 32H, Admafine SO-C 2, Admafine SO-C 3, Cristobalite asbestos, Keatite (SiO2), Sg-67, Tridymite (SiO2), Fumed silica, crystalline-free, Stishovite (SiO2), ED-C (silica), Fuselex ZA 30, As 1 (silica), CCRIS 2475, DQ12, Agate (SiO2), Celite 545, Fumed synthetic amorphous silica, Silica, crystalline - tridymite, FB 5 (silica), Fuselex RD 120, Corning 7940, Microcrystalline quartz, Synthetic amorphous silica, fumed, Denka F 90, Denka FB 30, Denka FB 44, Denka FB 74, Dri-Die 67, Silica gel spherical, 40-75 mum particle size, WGL 300, Cryptocrystalline quartz, FB 20 (silica), Elsil 100, F 44 (filler), D & D, SF 35, Elsil BF 100, F 125 (silica), F 160 (silica), Fuselex RD 40-60, Silica, amorphous, fused, Silica; Silica colloidal anhydrous; Silicium dioxide, EINECS 238-455-4, EINECS 238-878-4, EINECS 239-487-1, 43-63C, HK 400, TGL 16319, Silica, crystalline quartz, Silicon dioxide (vitreous), Silica, amorphous, fumed, cryst.-free, Silica, crystalline, quartz, Silica, crystalline: quartz, tripolite, GP 7I, Precipitated amorphous silica, Chrysoprase, Ronasphere, Silica, crystalline tridymite, Speriglass, Carneol, Citrine, Kieselgel, NaturasilScars, Sandstone, Silica, crystalline - quartz, Silicea, Spherica, AF-SO 25R, Quartz [Silica, crystalline], Siilca, Zorbax, quartz-glass, silica sand, Silicom dioxide, Silica flour (powdered crystalline silica), Silica marina, Silica, crystalline: tridymite, silica-gel, Fused-silica, pyrogenic silica, Silica,fumed, GP 11I, RD 8,FT-0700917, NS00096378, S0822, Silica gel, with 1-4 mm moisture indicator, Silica, amorphous, fumed (crystalline free), Silicon dioxide Nanopowder KH550 processing, Silicon dioxide Nanopowder KH570 processing, Silicon(IV) oxide, 99.0% (metals basis), Celite(R) 110, filter aid, flux calcinated, Celite(R) 512 medium, filter aid, calcined, Chromosorb(R) G/AW-DMCS, 100-120 mesh, Chromosorb(R) W/AW-DMCS, 120-140 mesh, K-411 Glass microspheres, NIST SRM 2066, Silica gel, technical grade 40, 6-12 mesh, C18 Silica Gel, Endcapped, 60A, 40-63um, D05839, D06521, D06522, D78143, Dr. Zenni GGOGGOMA ToothpasteRaspberry flavor, Sand, white quartz, 50-70 mesh particle size, Silica, mesostructured, MSU-F (cellular foam), SILICON DIOXIDE COMPONENT OF SIMETHICONE, Silicon Dioxide, Amorphous Gel, 15% In Water, Silicon Dioxide, Amorphous Gel, 40% In Water, Celite(R) 209, filter aid, natural, untreated, Celite(R) Analytical Filter Aid II (CAFA II), Glass sand, NIST(R) SRM(R) 165a, low iron, Silica gel spherical, 75-200 mum particle size, Silica gel, Davisil(R) grade 922, -200 mesh, Silica gel, large pore, P.Vol. ca. 1.65cc/g, Silicon Oxide (Silica, Silicon dioxide, quartz), Silicon oxide powder, 99.5% Nano, 15-20 nm, Q116269, Sand for sand sieve analysis, NIST(R) RM 8010, Silica gel, GF254, for thin layer chromatography, Silica gel, HF254, for thin layer chromatography, Silica gel, Type III, Indicating, for desiccation, Silica, mesostructured, MCM-41 type (hexagonal), Silicon dioxide, purum p.a., acid purified, sand, Standard Super Cel(R) fine, filter aid, calcined, Celite(R) 500 fine, filter aid, dried, untreated, Collodial Silica in Aqueous Solution (nanoparticles), Glass sand, NIST(R) SRM(R) 1413, high alumina, J-002874, Sand, white quartz, >=99.995% trace metals basis, Silica gel, large pore, P.V. ca. 1cc/g, 8 mesh, Silica gel, technical grade, 1-3 mm particle size, Silica gel, technical grade, 3-6 mm particle size, Silica gel, with moisture indicator (blue), coarse, Celpure(R) P65, meets USP/NF testing specifications, Micro particles based on silicon dioxide, size: 2 mum, Micro particles based on silicon dioxide, size: 3 mum, Micro particles based on silicon dioxide, size: 4 mum, Micro particles based on silicon dioxide, size: 5 mum, Silica gel 60, 0.060-0.2mm (70-230 mesh), Silica gel desiccant, indicating, <1% Cobalt chloride, Silica gel, -60-120 mesh, for column chromatography, Silicon(IV) oxide, 15% in H2O, colloidal dispersion, Silicon(IV) oxide, 30% in H2O, colloidal dispersion, Silicon(IV) oxide, 50% in H2O, colloidal dispersion, Celpure(R) P100, meets USP/NF testing specifications, Celpure(R) P1000, meets USP/NF testing specifications, Celpure(R) P300, meets USP/NF testing specifications, Micro particles based on silicon dioxide, size: 0.5 mum, Micro particles based on silicon dioxide, size: 1.0 mum, Silica Dispersion (SiO2, Aqueous Dispersion, Amorphous), Silica gel 60, 0.032-0.063mm (230-450 mesh), Silica gel 60, 0.036-0.071mm (215-400 mesh), Silica gel 60, 0.040-0.063mm (230-400 mesh), Silica gel desiccant, indicating, -6+16 mesh granules, Silica gel, with moisture indicator (blue), -6-20 mesh, Silica, mesostructured, MSU-H (large pore 2D hexagonal), Silica, mesostructured, SBA-15, 99% trace metals basis, Silicon Dioxide (Silica) Nanodispersion Type A (20nm), Silicon Dioxide (Silica) Nanodispersion Type B (20nm), Silicon dioxide, -325 mesh, 99.5% trace metals basis, Silicon dioxide, washed and calcined, analytical reagent, Silicon(IV) oxide, amorphous fumed, S.A. 85-115m2/g, Synthetic - fused silica: Trade Names: Suprasil; TAFQ, Zeolite - Mesoporous Silica Nanopowder (SBA-15 Type), Chromosorb(R) W, AW-DMCS, 100-120 mesh particle size, Micro particles based on silicon dioxide, size: 0.15 mum, Silica gel, high-purity grade (15111), pore size 60 ??, Silica Slurry (SiO2, Purity: 99%, Diameter: 15-20nm), Silica, mesoporous, 1 mum particle size, pore size ~2 nm, Silica, mesoporous, 1 mum particle size, pore size ~4 nm, Silica, mesoporous, 2 mum particle size, pore size ~2 nm, Silica, mesoporous, 2 mum particle size, pore size ~4 nm, Silica, mesoporous, 3 mum particle size, pore size ~2 nm, Silica, mesoporous, 3 mum particle size, pore size ~4 nm, Silica,fumed, hydrophilic, specific surface area 200 m2/g, Silica,fumed, hydrophilic, specific surface area 400 m2/g, silicon dioxide; synthetic amorphous silicon dioxide (nano), Silicon(IV) oxide, amorphous fumed, S.A. 350-420m2/g, Amorphous silica: Vitreous silica, quartz glass, fused silica, LUDOX(R) AM colloidal silica, 30 wt. % suspension in H2O, LUDOX(R) CL colloidal silica, 30 wt. % suspension in H2O, LUDOX(R) CL-X colloidal silica, 45 wt. % suspension in H2O, LUDOX(R) LS colloidal silica, 30.

Usually they are suspended in an aqueous phase that is stabilized electrostatically.
Colloidal silicas exhibit particle densities in the range of 2.1 to 2.3 g/cm3.
Most colloidal silicas are prepared as monodisperse suspensions with particle sizes ranging from approximately 30 to 100 nm in diameter.

Polydisperse suspensions can also be synthesized and have roughly the same limits in particle size.
Smaller particles Colloidal silicas are difficult to stabilize while particles much greater than 150 nanometers are subject to sedimentation.
Colloidal silicas are most often prepared in a multi-step process where an alkali-silicate solution is partially neutralized, leading to the formation of silica nuclei.

The subunits of colloidal silica particles are typically in the range of 1 to 5 nm.
Whether or not these subunits are joined depends on the conditions of polymerization.
Initial acidification of a water-glass (sodium silicate) solution yields Si(OH)4.

If the pH is reduced below 7 or if salt is added, then the units tend to fuse together in chains.
Colloidal silicas are often called silica gels. If the pH is kept slightly on the alkaline side of neutral, then the subunits stay separated, and they gradually grow.
Colloidal silicas are often called precipitated silica or silica sols.

Hydrogen ions from the surface of colloidal silica tend to dissociate in aqueous solution, yielding a high negative charge.
Substitution of some of the Si atoms by Al is known increase the negative colloidal charge, especially when it is evaluated at pH below the neutral point.
Because of the very small size, the surface area of colloidal silica is very high.

The colloidal suspension is stabilized by pH adjustment and then concentrated, usually by evaporation.
The maximum concentration obtainable depends on the on particle size.
For example, 50 nm particles can be concentrated to greater than 50 wt% solids while 10 nm particles can only be concentrated to approximately 30 wt% solids before the suspension becomes too unstable.

The term "colloidal" indicates that the particles are finely divided and dispersed evenly throughout the liquid, resulting in a stable and homogeneous mixture.
In the case of colloidal silica, the solid particles are typically in the nanometer range.
Colloidal silica is a submicroscopic fumed silica with a particle size of about 15 nm.

Colloidal silica is a light, loose, bluish-white-colored, odorless, tasteless, amorphous powder.
Colloidal silica is prepared by the flame hydrolysis of chlorosilanes, such as silicon tetrachloride, at 18008℃ using a hydrogen–oxygen flame.
Rapid cooling from the molten state during manufacture causes the product to remain amorphous.

Silicon dioxide is a silicon oxide made up of linear triatomic molecules in which a silicon atom is covalently bonded to two oxygens.
Fumed silica may be synthesized by high temperature hydrolysis of SiCl4 in O2(N2)/H2 flame.
Colloidal silica is amorphous in nature and possesses very high specific area.

The micro droplets of amorphous silica fuse into a branch and form a chain like agglomerate.
Colloidal silicas are produced in a variety of grades that range in a number of factors.
Particle size typically varies from 5nm to 40nm, and particle size distribution can vary from narrow to wide depending on the manufacturing process.

Standard colloidal silica is stable at a pH from 8 - 10.5 and carries an anionic surface charge that is stabilized with sodium or ammonium.
In certain grades, some of the Colloidal silica in the silica particle are replaced with aluminate ions to allow for enhanced stability in a wider pH range, usually 3.5 - 10.5.
Colloidal silica made by DKIC consists of dense silica particles suspended in aqueous medium.

These particles are spherical and uniform in size.
They do not have any internal structure of their own and are totally amorphous.
Colloidal silicas are discrete and non-agglomerated.

Colloidal silica with particle size ranging between 7 to 35 nanometers.
These stable aqueous dispersions of colloidal silica are available in silica concentrations from 20 to 50 weight%.
Colloidal silica can also be produced to carry a positive surface charge that is stable in the acidic pH range.

This is accomplished by modifying the surface of the particle with aluminum and charge stabilizing the particle with a chloride anion.
Colloidal silicas are defined as a stable suspension of microscopic particles or molecules distributed throughout a second substance known as a dispersion medium.
They differ from other types of suspensions in that the colloid is evenly dispersed throughout the suspension, and does not separate or settle.

Colloidal silicas may be any combination of liquid, solid, and gaseous colloids and dispersion media.
Colloidal silicas are prevalent in a variety of common products and produced by various environmental and natural circumstances as well.
Colloidal Silica suspension can produce high-quality mirror polishes.

Colloidal silica is part abrasive, part chemical polisher, which makes it well-suited to polishing materials such as aluminum, stelitte, and cobalt chrome.
Colloidal silicas are made from liquid particles suspended in a gaseous dispersion medium, such as fog, mist, and hairspray.
Colloidal silicas are solids suspended in a gaseous dispersion medium.

Common Colloidal silicas include smoke, dust, and air pollution.
Liquid foams result from gas particles suspended in a liquid dispersion medium, such as whipped cream, shaving cream, and hair-styling mousse.
Emulsion occurs when liquid Colloidal silicas are suspended in a liquid dispersion medium.

Sol refers to Colloidal silicas suspended in a liquid dispersion medium.
Pigmented ink, paint, and blood are common examples of sols.
Colloidal silicas are created when gas particles become suspended in a solid dispersion medium.

Gels are made from Colloidal silicas suspended in a liquid dispersion medium.
Gels are often treated in order to enhance the structure of the solid particles and create a more viscous solution.
Solid sol refers to solid particles suspended in a solid dispersion medium, such as metal alloys, colored glass, and gemstones.

Colloidal silica consists of silica molecules suspended in liquid, thereby forming a liquid sol.
The process of creating colloidal silica is closely monitored to ensure that the silica molecules remain stable and separate within the liquid medium without collapsing into smaller component molecules or collecting into unstable silica gels.
The liquid dispersion medium exhibits greater density than water and must be electrostatically treated for enhanced ionic stabilization.

Colloidal silica’, is a polymeric form of silicon.
The non-toxic, naturally occurring element Colloidal silica is listed in the periodic-table and is widely employed in the industry.
Colloidal silica is abundant in nature because it accounts for a sizeable portion of the Earth's crust and is the second most prevalent element after oxygen.

The water-based suspensions of crystalline Colloidal silicas are known as colloidal silicon dioxide (SiO2).
Colloidal silica nanoparticle surface is then charged, enabling the particles to repel and create a stable dispersion or colloid.
The stable dispersion formed is called colloidal Colloidal silica and has unique properties which can be applied to different applications.

Colloidal silicon dioxide has the physical characteristics of light, loose, bluish-white-colored, flavorless, and amorphous powder.
Conventional colloidal silicon dioxide consists of a negative (anionic) surface charge that is regulated with ammonium or sodium and is stable at a potential hydrogen (pH) range of 8 to 10.5.
Colloidal silica is composed of discrete, amorphous, spherical silica particles dispersed in water that do not exhibit detectable levels of crystallinity or porosity.

Several grades are available in various particle sizes within the range of 5–40 nanometers.
Each grade of LUDOX® colloidal silica has a very tight particle size distribution and varies in pH, silica sol charge, and stabilizing mechanism.
This non-crystallizing Colloidal Silica is made to be user friendly.

Colloidal silica eliminates the problems that are caused by drying or freezing that are associated with other colloidal silica products which are used for chemical/mechanical polishing
Colloidal silica is a first choice silica dispersion for optimizing polishing results such as silicon, fused quartz, fused silica, lithium niobate, YAZ, GGG, alexandrite, sapphire and many others.
Colloidal silica varies from other types of silica in several significant ways.

The most noticeable difference is that Colloidal silica's in liquid form, as opposed to powder.
In addition, Colloidal silica has the widest ranging surface area, and its aggregate size can be as small as the actual size of the primary particle.
Colloidal silica dispersions are fluid, low viscosity dispersions.

There are many grades of colloidal silica, but all of them are composed of silica particles ranging in size from about 2 nm up to about 150 nm Colloidal silicas may be spherical or slightly irregular in shape, and may be present as discrete particles or slightly structured aggregates.
Colloidal silicas may also be present in a narrow or wide particle size range, depending on the process in which they were created.
The maximum weight fraction of Colloidal silica in the dispersion is limited based on the average particle size.

Dispersions with a smaller average diameters have larger overall specific surface areas and are limited to low concentration dispersions.
Conversely, dispersions with larger average diameters have lower overall specific surface areas and are available in more concentrated dispersions.
The appearance of colloidal silica dispersion depends greatly on the particle size.

Dispersions with small silica particles (< 10 nm) are normally quite clear.
Midsize dispersions (10-20 nm) start to take on an opalescent appearance as more light is scattered.
Dispersions containing large colloidal silica particles (> 50 nm) are normally white.

Standard colloidal silica dispersions are stable against gelling and settling in pH range of 8 - 10.5.
Colloidal silica is a synthetic amorphous silica derivative in which the surface of the fumed silica particle has been modified by the addition of dimethyl silyl groups.
The surface modification is achieved via a controlled chemical process that involves the attachment of dimethyl silyl groups, rendering the silica less wettable. It

Colloidal silica is approved for use in pharmaceutical products as an excipient and is supplied as a light, fine, white or almost white amorphous fluffy powder.
Colloidal silica is a water-based, stabilized dispersion of amorphous silicon dioxide (aka silica) nanoparticles.
Manufacturers produce colloidal silicathrough the polymerization of silica nuclei derived from silicate solutions.

Polymerized under alkaline conditions, the silica nuclei convert into silica sols (solid particles) at the nano-scale and with a high surface area.
The process then applies a charge to these silica sols, causing electrostatic resistance between each particle and creating a colloid—a type of stable dispersion.
Colloidal silica, is a stable suspension of spherical silicon dioxide (SiO2) nanoparticles in a liquid, that are hydroxylated on the surface.

Colloidal silica is found in almost all industrial sectors.
The applications range from surface treatment in the paper industry, to use as a polishing agent in the electronics industry and use as an additive for varnishes, coatings and paints to improve weather and abrasion resistance.
Colloidal silica is also a common additive in cosmetics and in the food industry.

The mean particle size and distribution width define the field of application of the SiO2 particles.
Colloidal silica, is a stable suspension of spherical silicon dioxide (SiO2) nanoparticles in a liquid, that are hydroxylated on the surface.
Colloidal silica acid is found in almost all industrial sectors.

Colloidal silica is amorphous silica (oxide of silicon) prepared synthetically by the vapour-phase hydrolysis of a silicon compound.
Colloidal silica has the chemical formula SiO2 but is distinct from other types of silica, such as amorphous or crystalline silica, that exist naturally or otherwise such as silica gel or precipitated silica.
Colloidal silica is supplied as a white or almost white, light, fluffy, and extremely fine powder.

Colloidal silica is commonly used as a binder in the production of ceramic shells for investment casting.
Colloidal silica helps create intricate and detailed molds for casting metal objects.
In the paper and textile industries, Colloidal silica is sometimes used as a coating or finishing agent to improve printability, smoothness, and abrasion resistance.

Colloidal silica can be incorporated into adhesives and sealants to enhance their strength, flexibility, and adhesion properties.
Colloidal silica is employed in the production of anti-reflective coatings for optical applications, such as eyeglasses, camera lenses, and other optical devices.
In some water treatment processes, Colloidal silica can be used to flocculate and remove impurities from water.

Colloidal silica is utilized in certain personal care products, such as toothpaste and skin creams, as a thickening or abrasive agent.
Colloidal silica can be used as a clarifying agent in the production of beer and wine, helping to remove haze-producing particles.

In the oil and gas industry, colloidal silica is sometimes used in drilling fluids and cementing operations to improve wellbore stability.
Colloidal silica is used in the electronics industry for applications like planarization during semiconductor manufacturing.

Melting point: >1600°C
Density: 2.3 lb/cu.ft at 25 °C (bulk density)(lit.)
refractive index: n20/D 1.46(lit.)
solubility: Practically insoluble in organic solvents, water, and acids, except hydrofluoric acid; soluble in hot solutions of alkali hydroxide. Forms a colloidal dispersion with water. For Aerosil, solubility in water is: 150 mg/L at 258℃ (pH 7).
form: powder
Specific Gravity: 2.2

Purification of silica for high technology applications uses isopiestic vapour distillation from concentrated volatile acids and is absorbed in high purity water.
The impurities remain behind. Preliminary cleaning to remove surface contaminants uses dip etching in HF or a mixture of HCl, H2O2 and deionised water.
Colloidal silica, amorphous is a noncombustible solid.

Generally unreactive chemically.
Incompatible with fluorine, oxygen difluoride, chlorine trifluoride.
Soluble in molten alkalis and reacts with most metallic oxides at high temperature.

In a normal abrasive slurry can expect 15-20wt% concentration of abrasive particles, but in a colloidal slurry as much as 50wt% of silica particles can be present.
This greatly increases the amount of Colloidal silicas that work on a substrate making the polishing very uniform and efficient.
Also, the Colloidal silicas are incredibly uniformly spherical, which again, is difficult to match with standard abrasive particles where the shape is far less uniform.

Colloidal silica is a widely used material in industry.
Colloidal Silica is an epoxy thickening additive used to control the viscosity of the epoxy.
Colloidal silica prevents epoxy runoff in vertical and overhead joints. This is a very strong filler.

Colloidal silica creates a smooth mixture, ideal for general epoxy bonding and filleting.
Colloidal silica is also our most versatile epoxy filler.
Often used in combination with other fillers, 406 can be used to improve strength, abrasion resistance, and consistency of epoxy fairing compounds.

The result is a tougher, smoother surface.
Colloidal Silica is the most popular binder used in the precision investment casting industry today.
Colloidal silica offers the investment caster a safe, economical, easy to use slurry component that performs well as either primary or backup slurry.

Colloidal Silica systems are very stable; able to form a long life ceramic slurry with a large range of refractory materials due to the binder’s chemical inertness.
Sol-gel, hydrothermal, and chemical vapor deposition (CVD) methods have been used to fabricate Colloidal silica.
The sol-gel process is widely utilized to make pure Colloidal silicas because of its capacity to regulate the physical appearance by methodical monitoring of reaction variables under ambient temperature.

The ion-exchange procedure is a part of the technique used to produce Colloidal silica using sodium silicate through the sol-gel method.
With this technique, particle size and distribution of colloidal silicon dioxide may be easily controlled.
The technique also provides improved electric charge and high zeta for cColloidal silica particles.

This makes the solution more stable, repelling aggregation and preventing agglomeration between particles.
These colloidal silica particles can achieve additional anionic charge stability when as aluminosilicate sites are formed by incorporation of aluminum into the surface layer of the silica particles.
Low pH versions of colloidal silica are also available by the adsorption of cationic aluminum oxide onto the surface of the particles.

This results in a cationic particle that is stabilized with anionic species - commonly this is chloride.
These dispersions are stable below a pH of 4.
Low pH grades can also be obtained by completely deionizing the dispersion.

These grades do not require the presence of stabilizing ions and are also stable below a pH of 3.
Colloidal silicas can be modified to several configurations including but not limited to: adjustments to pH, stabilization ions, surface charge and surface modification.
Colloidal silica consists of silica molecules suspended in liquid, thereby forming a liquid sol.

The process of creating colloidal silica is closely monitored to ensure that the silica molecules remain stable and separate within the liquid medium without collapsing into smaller component molecules or collecting into unstable silica gels.
The liquid dispersion medium exhibits greater density than water and must be electrostatically treated for enhanced ionic stabilization.
Colloidal silica is highly fluid with low viscosity.

Uses for colloidal silica vary depending on the size of the silica particles in the solution and the modifiable pH, ionization, and surface charge.
Colloidal silica is extensively used as a rheological additive in personal care products to control flowability.
In the most general terms colloidal silica is a dispersion of amorphous silicon dioxide (silica) particles in water.

These amorphous silica particles are produced by polymerizing silica nuclei from silicate solutions under alkaline conditions to form nanometer sized silica sols with high surface area.
A charge is then induced on the silica nanoparticle surface that allows the silica particles to repel one another and form a stable dispersion, or colloid.
Colloidal silica is a stable suspension of spherical silicon dioxide (SiO2) nanoparticles in a liquid, that are hydroxylated on the surface.

Colloidal silica is found in almost all industrial sectors.
The applications range from surface treatment in the paper industry, to use as a polishing agent in the electronics industry and use as an additive for varnishes, coatings and paints to improve weather and abrasion resistance.
Colloidal silica is also a common additive in cosmetics and in the food industry.

The mean particle size and distribution width define the field of application of the SiO2 particles.
Typical sizes range from 1 nm to 100 nm.
Colloidal silicas are typically aqueous suspensions in the range of 30 – 500 nm in diameter.

Colloidal silicas are usually stabilized electrostatically and have densities in the range of 2.1 to 2.3 g/cm3.
Applications for colloidal silicas include fillers, binders, abrasives, catalysts, and absorbants.
Most size measurements of colloidal silica are performed using dynamic light scattering (DLS) instruments such as the SZ-100 Nanoparticle Analyzer.

Colloidal silica is used in many applications including catalysis, pharmaceuticals, and coatings.
Although naturally formed silica materials are widely available, they are often in forms that are difficult to process or are even harmful to health.
Therefore, uniform colloidal silicas are generally manufactured using synthetic chemical processes.

While established high temperature gaseous synthesis methods fall out of favor in our energy conscious society, liquid synthesis methods are current industrial leaders.
The precipitated Colloidal silica method provides the majority share of commercially produced specialty silicas with its economic advantages predicted to continue to grow in the future.
Colloidal silica products are stable dispersions of non-agglomerated, amorphous, nanometer-size, and spherical particles of silica.

The good stability, adjustable particle size distribution and mechanical properties have made colloidal silica a preferred abrasive for many CMP applications.
Recently, research and analytical efforts have focused on the development of colloidal products with tunable physical and chemical properties to open up new opportunities in the CMP industry segment.
Colloidal silicas are most often prepared in a multi-step process where an alkali-silicate solution is partially neutralized, leading to the formation of silica nuclei.

The subunits of colloidal silica particles are typically in the range of 1 to 5 nm.
Whether or not these subunits are joined together depends on the conditions of polymerization.
Initial acidification of a water-glass (sodium silicate) solution yields Si(OH)4.

If the pH is reduced below 7 or if salt is added, then the units tend to fuse together in chains.
Colloidal silicas are often called silica gels.
If the pH is kept slightly on the alkaline side of neutral, then the subunits stay separated, and they gradually grow.

Colloidal silicas are often called precipitated silica or silica sols.
Hydrogen ions from the surface of colloidal silica tend to dissociate in aqueous solution, yielding a high negative charge.
Substitution of some of the Si atoms by Al is known increase the negative colloidal charge, especially when it is evaluated at pH below the neutral point.

Because of the very small size, the surface area of colloidal silica is very high.
The Colloidal silica is stabilized by pH adjustment and then concentrated, usually by evaporation.

The maximum concentration obtainable depends on the on particle size.
For example, 50 nm particles can be concentrated to greater than 50 wt% solids while 10 nm particles can only be concentrated to approximately 30 wt% solids before the suspension becomes too unstable.

Uses:
Colloidal silica has interesting thickening and thixotropic properties, and an enormous external surface area.
Colloidal silica is produced by a vapor phase hydrolysis process using chlorosilanes or substituted silanes such as, silicon tetrachloride in a flame of hydrogen and oxygen.
This material is formed and collected in a dry state.

Colloidal silica contains no detectable crystalline silica.
Colloidal silica is widely used in pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and food products.
Colloidal silica is small particle size and large specific surface area give it desirable flow characteristics that are exploited to improve the flow properties of dry powders in a number of processes such as tableting and capsule filling.

Colloidal silica is also used to stabilize emulsions and as a thixotropic thickening and suspending agent in gels and semisolid preparations.
With other ingredients of similar refractive index, transparent gels may be formed.
The degree of viscosity increase depends on the polarity of the liquid (polar liquids generally require a greater concentration of colloidal silicon dioxide than nonpolar liquids).

Viscosity is largely independent of temperature.
However, changes to the pH of a system may affect the viscosity.
In aerosols, other than those for inhalation, Colloidal silica is used to promote particulate suspension, eliminate hard settling, and minimize the clogging of spray nozzles.

Colloidal silica is also used as a tablet disintegrant and as an adsorbent dispersing agent for liquids in powders.
Colloidal silica is frequently added to suppository formulations containing lipophilic excipients to increase viscosity, prevent sedimentation during molding, and decrease the release rate.
Colloidal silica is also used as an adsorbent during the preparation of wax microspheres; as a thickening agent for topical preparations; and has been used to aid the freeze-drying of nanocapsules and nanosphere suspensions.

In papermaking colloidal silica is used as a drainage aid. It increases the amount of cationic starch that can be retained in the paper.
Colloidal silica starch is added as sizing agent to increase the dry strength of the paper.
Colloidal silica hasn't always been the versatile problem solver that it is today.

In fact, early colloidal silicas were not commercially useful because they were too unstable and contained only low levels of silica.
Colloidal silica wasn't until the production of Colloidal silica in the late 1940's that the applications for colloidal silica began to expand.
One of the earliest applications for colloidal silica was in anti-slip coatings for floors.

Colloidal silica is a very common final polishing stage for metallographic sample analysis.
This is because Colloidal silica is generally guaranteed to give a damage free specimen.
These types of samples are viewed under high magnification, so it is important when looking at the structures of a material that damage caused by the preparation processes is not confused with the material make up itself.

For modern material analysis software, a scratch free finish is critical.
Scratches or any other damage on a specimen can confuse the software giving incorrect readings.
This is particularly important with hardness testing software.

For some metallographic samples, the chemical make-up of colloidal silica can be used to etch the surface revealing grain boundaries and other structures.
Colloidal silica hasn't always been the versatile problem solver that it is today.
In fact, early colloidal silicas were not commercially useful because they were too unstable and contained only low levels of silica.

colloidal silica wasn't until the production of LUDOX in the late 1940's that the applications for colloidal silica began to expand.
One of the earliest applications for colloidal silica was in anti-slip coatings for floors.
The 1950's Dupont advertisement below explains how colloidal silica is used in floor wax.

colloidal silica is used in the production of coatings and films due to its ability to form a transparent layer with excellent adhesion properties.
colloidal silica can serve as a support material for catalysts in various chemical processes.
colloidal silica is utilized in the semiconductor and optical industries for polishing and planarizing surfaces.

In the manufacturing of refractory materials, colloidal silica can act as a binder to improve the strength and performance of the final product.
colloidal silica is sometimes added to concrete to enhance its strength and durability.
colloidal silica is used in some dental materials, including composites and impression materials.

In pharmaceuticals, colloidal silica can be employed as a carrier for drug delivery systems.
colloidal silica is highly fluid with low viscosity.
Uses for colloidal silica vary depending on the size of the silica particles in the solution and the modifiable pH, ionization, and surface charge.

Used for final polishing, colloidal silica suspensions are mixtures of abrasive particles dispersed throughout a chemically aggressive liquid carrier.
This combination provides a chemical-mechanical polishing action, resulting in deformation-free surfaces.
The modified pH of these suspensions can provide delineation of grain boundaries and other microstructural features for some sample types.

colloidal silica is used to create thin, transparent coatings and films on surfaces, providing enhanced adhesion, hardness, and durability.
colloidal silica serves as a support material for catalysts in chemical processes, improving their stability and efficiency.
In industries such as semiconductor manufacturing and optics, colloidal silica is used for polishing and planarization to achieve smooth surfaces with high precision.

colloidal silica acts as a binder in the production of refractory materials, improving their strength and resistance to high temperatures.
colloidal silica can be added to concrete to enhance its strength, durability, and resistance to chemical attack.
colloidal silica is used as a binder in ceramic shell molds for investment casting, enabling the production of intricate and detailed metal castings.

colloidal silica is incorporated into adhesives and sealants to improve their adhesive properties, flexibility, and overall performance.
In the production of optical devices, colloidal silica is used to create anti-reflective coatings, reducing glare and enhancing optical performance.
Colloidal silica can aid in water treatment processes by flocculating impurities and facilitating their removal.

colloidal silica is used in some dental composites and impression materials to improve their properties.
colloidal silica is employed in the textile and paper industries for coatings that enhance printability, smoothness, and abrasion resistance.
Found in certain personal care items such as toothpaste and skin creams, acting as a thickening or abrasive agent.

colloidal silica is used as a clarifying agent in the production of beverages like beer and wine to remove haze-producing particles.
In drilling fluids and cementing operations, colloidal silica is used to improve wellbore stability.
Employed in the electronics industry for planarization processes during the manufacturing of semiconductors.

Applications that use colloidal silica vary widely.
colloidal silica can be used to enhance or direct the movement of substances within various processes.
For example, colloidal silica is used in the paper manufacturing process to draw liquid from the finished paper quickly, thereby allowing the paper to dry faster while retaining its strengthening starch.

Similarly, colloidal silica can be used to absorb moisture in industrial settings where moisture levels are high.
Depending on the size of its constituent particles, colloidal silica may be used to enhance the movement of materials or to increase surface friction.
Colloidal silica is used in many applications including catalysis, pharmaceuticals, and coatings.

Although naturally formed silica materials are widely available, they are often in forms that are difficult to process or are even harmful to health.
Therefore, uniform colloidal silicas are generally manufactured using synthetic chemical processes.
While established high temperature gaseous synthesis methods fall out of favor in energy conscious society, liquid synthesis methods are current industrial leaders.

Colloidal silica can be used to enhance or direct the movement of substances within various processes.
For example, Colloidal silica is used in the paper manufacturing process to draw liquid from the finished paper quickly, thereby allowing the paper to dry faster while retaining its strengthening starch.
Similarly, colloidal silica can be used to absorb moisture in industrial settings where moisture levels are high.

Colloidal silica dioxide is also used to stabilize emulsions and as a thixotropic thickening and suspending agent in gels and semisolid preparations.
With other ingredients of similar refractive index, transparent gels may be formed.
The degree of viscosity increase depends on the polarity of the liquid (polar liquids generally require a greater concentration of Colloidal silica dioxide than nonpolar liquids).

Viscosity is largely independent of temperature.
However, changes to the pH of a system may affect the viscosity.
In aerosols, other than those for inhalation, Colloidal silica dioxide is used to promote particulate suspension, eliminate hard settling, and minimize the clogging of spray nozzles.

colloidal silica is also used as a tablet disintegrant and as an adsorbent dispersing agent for liquids in powders.
colloidal silica is frequently added to suppository formulations containing lipophilic excipients to increase viscosity, prevent sedimentation during molding, and decrease the release rate.
colloidal silica is also used as an adsorbent during the preparation of wax microspheres; as a thickening agent for topical preparations; and has been used to aid the freeze-drying of nanocapsules and nanosphere suspensions.

Depending on the size of its constituent particles, colloidal silica may be used to enhance the movement of materials or to increase surface friction.
Colloidal silica can also be used as a reference material for both particle size and zeta potential.
colloidal silica is a well known and characterized colloidal material that has been studied using various particle size analysis techniques including acoustic spectroscopy, laser diffraction and dynamic light scattering.

Colloidal silica is usually used in combination with a polyurethane polishing pad which has voids within the structure of the pad to hold the colloidal silica.
Colloidal silica is applied using a peristaltic pump and a constant drip feed similar to a conventional abrasive lapping process.
Colloidal silica’s important to maintain the wetness of the process so there is no drag out of material.

Colloidal silica dioxide is widely used in pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and food products.
Colloidal silicas small particle size and large specific surface area give it desirable flow characteristics that are exploited to improve the flow properties of dry powders in a number of processes such as tableting and capsule filling.
Colloidal silica can be employed as a carrier in drug delivery systems, allowing for controlled release and improved bioavailability of pharmaceuticals.

colloidal silica is used in the formulation of abrasive pastes and polishes for applications such as metal polishing and glass grinding.
colloidal silica is sometimes used in the production of fireproofing materials, contributing to the thermal resistance of coatings and structures.
In the manufacturing of batteries, colloidal silica may be utilized to enhance electrode materials and improve battery performance.

Colloidal silica nanoparticles can be employed in photocatalytic processes, such as water purification and air treatment, due to their unique surface properties.
colloidal silica is used in some environmental remediation processes, aiding in the removal of contaminants from soil and water.
colloidal silica can be used in agriculture to improve soil structure and water retention, promoting better plant growth.

In the emerging field of printed electronics, colloidal silica is utilized in the formulation of conductive inks and coatings.
colloidal silica nanoparticles are investigated for potential biomedical applications, including imaging, drug delivery, and therapeutics.
In addition to batteries, colloidal silica may be explored for use in energy storage systems, contributing to advancements in renewable energy technologies.

colloidal silica can be employed in wastewater treatment processes to remove suspended solids and contaminants.
colloidal silica is used in certain formulations of paints and coatings to improve their adhesion, durability, and resistance to environmental factors.
colloidal silica nanoparticles are studied for their potential in enhanced oil recovery processes in the oil and gas industry.

In the production of solar cells, colloidal silica can be used to create anti-reflective coatings and improve the efficiency of light absorption.
Found in some cosmetic products, colloidal silica may contribute to formulations such as foundations and powders.

Safety Profile:
Poison by intraperitoneal, intravenous, and intratracheal routes.
Moderately toxic by ingestion.
Much less toxic than crystalhe forms.

Questionable carcinogen with experimental carcinogenic data.
Mutation data reported.
colloidal silica is widely used in oral and topical pharmaceutical products and is generally regarded as an essentially nontoxic and nonirritant excipient.

However, intraperitoneal and subcutaneous injection may produce local tissue reactions and/or granulomas.
colloidal silica should therefore not be administered parenterally.

Storage:
colloidal silica is hygroscopic but adsorbs large quantities of water without liquefying.
When used in aqueous systems at a pH 0–7.5, colloidal silica is effective in increasing the viscosity of a system.

However, at a pH greater than 7.5 the viscosityincreasing properties of colloidal silica are reduced; and at a pH greater than 10.7 this ability is lost entirely since the silicon dioxide dissolves to form silicates.
colloidal silica powder should be stored in a well-closed container.
COLLOIDAL SILVER
Colloidal silver consists of tiny silver particles in a liquid.
Colloidal silver is sometimes promoted on the internet as a dietary supplement; however, evidence supporting health-related claims is lacking.
Colloidal silver is used for wound healing, improving skin disorders, and preventing certain diseases.

CAS Number: 7440-22-4
Molecular Formula: Ag
Molecular Weight: 107.87
EINECS Number: 231-131-3

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Colloidal silver has been used in a variety of ways.
However, Colloidal silver is not approved for medical use by the FDA and should not be consumed, injected, or inhaled.
Use of colloidal silver can result in short-term and long term side effects.

Colloidal silver, also known as silver proteins or colloidal silver proteins, is a suspension of tiny silver particles in liquid.
Although silver has been used for medicinal and health purposes for thousands of years, colloidal silver has recently become popular amongst wellness enthusiasts hoping to boost their overall health.

Colloidal silver is a suspension of tiny silver particles. Commercial products are made by mixing silver, sodium hydroxide, and gelatin.
Homemade suspensions have also been made using different ingredients and an electrical current.
Most commonly, people swallow the suspension; however, it has also been inhaled using a nebulizer machine, and used topically on the skin and in the eyes.
Colloidal silver has even been used as a nasal spray.

Colloidal silver is a liquid suspension of microscopic particles of silver.
Colloidal silver has been promoted for its supposed antibacterial, antiviral, and antifungal properties.

Colloidal silver is one of the basic elements present in the earth's crust.
Colloidal silver is alloyed with many other metals to improve strength and hardness and to achieve corrosion resistance.

Colloidal silvers are one of the most commonly utilized nanomaterials due to their anti-microbial properties, high electrical conductivity, and optical properties.
Colloidal silvers (colloidal silver) have unique optical, electronic, and antibacterial properties, and are widely used in areas such as biosensing, photonics, electronics, and antimicrobial applications.
Colloidal silver is rare, but occurs naturally in the environment as a soft, “silver”-colored metal or as a white powdery compound (silver nitrate).

Metallic Colloidal silver and silver alloys are used to make jewelry, eating utensils, electronic equipment, and dental fillings.
Colloidal silvers of silver have been developed into meshes, bandages, and clothing as an antibacterial.
Colloidal silver is used in photographic materials, electric and electronic products, brazing alloys and solders, electroplated and sterling ware, as a catalyst, and in coinage.

Colloidal silvers are nanoparticles of silver, i.e. silver particles of between 1 nm and 100 nm in size.
The metal Colloidal silver is described as a white, lustrous solid.
In Colloidal silver is pure form it has the highest thermal and electrical conductivity and lowest contact resistance of all metals.
With the exception of gold, silver is the most malleable metal.

Colloidal silvers are nanoscale-sized particles composed of silver atoms.
Colloidal silvers, in particular, have attracted significant attention due to their distinct characteristics and potential applications.
Silver has no known functions or benefits in the body when taken by mouth, and it is not an essential mineral.

Colloidal silver products are often marketed as dietary supplements to take by mouth.
These products also come in forms to use on the skin.
Colloidal silver is a controversial alternative medicine.

A common form of Colloidal silver that is used to treat infections is silver nitrate.
Recent advancement in technology has introduced Colloidal silvers into the medical field.
Their small size and ability to induce cell death through multiple mechanisms makes them fantastic pharmacological candidates.

Colloidal silver is one of the earliest known metals.
Silver has no known physiologic or biologic function, though colloidal silver is widely sold in health food stores.
Colloidal silver has high thermal and electrical conductivity and resists oxidation in air that is devoid of hydrogen sulfide.

While frequently described as being 'silver' some are composed of a large percentage of silver oxide due to their large ratio of surface to bulk silver atoms.
Numerous shapes of Colloidal silvers can be constructed depending on the application at hand.
Commonly used Colloidal silvers are spherical, but diamond, octagonal, and thin sheets are also common.

Colloidal silver is widely used in many consumer products due to its unique optical, electrical, and thermal properties and extraordinarily efficient at absorbing and scattering light.
Colloidal silver has a face-centered cubic crystal structure.
Colloidal silver is a white metal, softer than copper and harder than gold.

When molten, Colloidal silver is luminescent and occludes oxygen, but the oxygen is released upon solidification.
As a conductor of heat and electricity, Colloidal silver is superior to all other metals.
Colloidal silver is soluble in HNO3 containing a trace of nitrate; soluble in hot 80% H2SO4; insoluble in HCl or acetic acid; tarnished by H2S, soluble sulfides and many sulfur-containing organic substances (e.g., proteins); not affected by air or H2O at ordinary temperatures, but at 200 C, a slight film of silver oxide is formed; not affected by alkalis, either in solution or fused.

There are two stable, naturally occurring isotopes, 107Ag and 109Ag.
In addition, there are reported to be 25 less stable isotopes, ranging in half-life from 5 seconds to 253 days.
Colloidal silver is a white lustrous metal that is extremely ductile and malleable.

Colloidal silver does not oxidize in O2 by heating.
While frequently described as being 'silver' some are composed of a large percentage of silver oxide due to their large ratio of surface to bulk silver atoms.
Numerous shapes of nanoparticles can be constructed depending on the application at hand.

Commonly used Colloidal silvers are spherical, but diamond, octagonal, and thin sheets are also common.
Their extremely large surface area permits the coordination of a vast number of ligands.
The properties of Colloidal silvers applicable to human treatments are under investigation in laboratory and animal studies, assessing potential efficacy, biosafety, and biodistribution.

Most applications in biosensing and detection exploit the optical properties of Colloidal silvers, as conferred by the localized surface plasmon resonance effect.
That is, a specific wavelength (frequency) of incident light can induce collective oscillation of the surface electrons of Colloidal silvers.
The particular wavelength of the localized surface plasmon resonance is dependant on the Colloidal silver size, shape, and agglomeration state.

Colloidal silvers are the most common commercialized nano technological product on the market.
Due to its unique antibacterial properties, Colloidal silvers have been hailed as a breakthrough germ killing agent and have been incorporated into a number of consumer products such as clothing, kitchenware, toys and cosmetics.
Many consider silver to be more toxic than other metals when in nanoscale form and that these particles have a different toxicity mechanism compared to dissolved silver.

Colloidal silver can be synthesized using ethylene glycol as a reducing agent and PVP as a capping agent, in a polyol synthesis reaction (vide supra).
A typical synthesis using these reagents involves adding fresh Colloidal silver nitrate and PVP to a solution of ethylene glycol heated at 140 °C.
This procedure can actually be modified to produce another anisotropic silver nanostructure, nanowires, by just allowing the silver nitrate solution to age before using it in the synthesis.

By allowing the silver nitrate solution to age, the initial nanostructure formed during the synthesis is slightly different than that obtained with fresh silver nitrate, which influences the growth process, and therefore, the morphology of the final product.
Silver nanopaticles are widely incorporated into wound dressings, and are used as an antiseptic and disinfectant in medical applications and in consumer goods.
Colloidal silver becomes Ag2O3 in O3 and black Ag2S3 in S2 and H2S.

Colloidal silver is soluble in HNO3 and concentrated H2SO4 .
Colloidal silver is not soluble in alkali.
Nanoscience and nanotechnology have now become the topic research that many developed.

Colloidal silver materials are developed in many applications because of their unique optical characteristic
Colloidal silver is a noble metal, extensively used in SERS, photocatalysis and solar cells.
The surface of Colloidal silver can be functionalized to attain specific properties such as biocompatibility and vapor selectivity of sensors.

Iodized Colloidal silver foils and thin films find potential use as SERS-active metal substrates.
Cu substrates laminated with Ag foils, have compatible coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE), to be used for electronic packaging.
Their extremely large surface area permits the coordination of a vast number of ligands.

The properties of Colloidal silvers applicable to human treatments are under investigation in laboratory and animal studies, assessing potential efficacy, biosafety, and biodistribution.
Colloidal silvers are nanoparticles of silver in the range of 1 nm and 100 nm in size.
While frequently described as being 'Colloidal silver' some are composed of a large percentage of silver oxide due to their large ratio of surface-to-bulk silver atoms.

As studies of Colloidal silvers improve, several Colloidal silvers medical applications have been developed to help prevent the onset of infection and promote faster wound healing.
Colloidal silvers are materials with dimensions typically in the range of 1 to 100 nanometers.
At this scale, materials often exhibit unique and enhanced properties compared to their bulk counterparts.

Colloidal silvers have a high surface area per unit mass and release a continuous level of silver ions into their environment.
Colloidal silvers exhibit catalytic activity, making them useful in certain chemical reactions and processes.
This property is of interest in fields such as catalysis and environmental remediation.

Colloidal silvers display unique optical properties, including the ability to interact with light in ways that depend on their size and shape.
This has led to applications in sensors, imaging, and as components in optical devices.
Due to the conductive nature of silver, nanoparticles made from silver can exhibit enhanced electrical conductivity.

This property is advantageous in applications related to electronics and sensors.
The interaction of light with the electrons in Colloidal silvers leads to a phenomenon known as surface plasmon resonance (SPR).
This optical effect is widely exploited in sensing applications.

Colloidal silvers have been investigated for various biomedical applications, including drug delivery systems, imaging agents, and as components in diagnostic tools.
Colloidal silvers are used in the formulation of conductive inks and coatings for applications in printed electronics, flexible electronics, and RFID tags.
Colloidal silvers are incorporated into textiles and fabrics to impart antimicrobial properties, making them useful for applications such as antibacterial clothing and wound dressings.

Incorporation of silver particles into plastics, composites, and adhesives increases the electrical conductivity of the material.
Silver pastes and epoxies are widely utilized in the electronics industries.
Colloidal silver based inks are used to print flexible electronics and have the advantage that the melting point of the small Colloidal silvers in the ink is reduced by hundreds of degrees compared to bulk silver.

When scintered, these Colloidal silver based inks have excellent conductivity.
Colloidal silvers have attract increasing attention for the wide range of applications in biomedicine.
Colloidal silvers, generally smaller than 100 nm and contain 20–15,000 silver atoms, have distinct physical, chemical and biological properties compared to their bulk parent materials.

The optical, thermal, and catalytic properties of Colloidal silvers are strongly influenced by their size and shape.
Additionally, owning to their broad-spectrum antimicrobial ability, Colloidal silvers have also become the most widely used sterilizing nanomaterials in consuming and medical products, for instance, textiles, food storage bags, refrigerator surfaces, and personal care products.
Colloidal silvers are those having diameters of nanometer size. With the advent of modern technology, humans can make nano-sized particles that were not present in nature.

Manufactured nanomaterials are materials with diameters of nanometer size, while nanotechnology is one of the fastest growing sectors of the hi-tech economy.
The application of nanotechnology has recently been extended to areas in medicine, biotechnology, materials and process development, energy and the environment.
Colloidal silver is the 66th most abundant element on the Earth, which means it is found at about0.05 ppm in the Earth’s crust.

Mining silver requires the movement of many tons of ore torecover small amounts of the metal.
Nevertheless, Colloidal silver is 10 times more abundant than gold and though silver is sometimes found as a free metal in nature, mostly it is mixed with theores of other metals.
When found pure, Colloidal silver is referred to as “native silver.”

Colloidal silver’s major ores areargentite (silver sulfide, Ag2S) and horn silver (silver chloride, AgCl).
Colloidal silver can also be recovered throughthe chemical treatment of a variety of ores.

Colloidal silvers have unique optical properties because they support surface plasmons.
At specific wavelengths of light the surface plasmons are driven into resonance and strongly absorb or scatter incident light.
This effect is so strong that it allows for individual nanoparticles as small as 20 nm in diameter to be imaged using a conventional dark field microscope.

This strong coupling of metal nanostructures with light is the basis for the new field of plasmonics.
Applications of plasmonic Colloidal silvers include biomedical labels, sensors, and detectors.
Colloidal silver is also the basis for analysis techniques such as Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS) and Surface Enhanced Fluorescent Spectroscopy.

There are many ways Colloidal silvers can be synthesized; one method is through monosaccharides.
This includes glucose, fructose, maltose, maltodextrin, etc., but not sucrose.
Colloidal silver is also a simple method to reduce silver ions back to Colloidal silvers as it usually involves a one-step process.

There have been methods that indicated that these reducing sugars are essential to the formation of Colloidal silvers.
Many studies indicated that this method of green synthesis, specifically using Cacumen platycladi extract, enabled the reduction of silver.
Additionally, the size of the Colloidal silver could be controlled depending on the concentration of the extract.

The studies indicate that the higher concentrations correlated to an increased number of Colloidal silvers.
Smaller Colloidal silvers were formed at high pH levels due to the concentration of the monosaccharides.
Another method of Colloidal silver synthesis includes the use of reducing sugars with alkali starch and silver nitrate.

The reducing sugars have free aldehyde and ketone groups, which enable them to be oxidized into gluconate.
However, most Colloidal silver isrecovered as a by-product of the refining of copper, lead, gold, and zinc ores.
Colloidal silvers have been explored for their potential in water treatment and purification due to their antimicrobial properties.

The silver ions are bioactive and have broad spectrum antimicrobial properties against a wide range of bacteria.
By controlling the size, shape, surface and agglomeration state of the nanoparticles, specific silver ion release profiles can be developed for a given application.
Colloidal silvers typically have dimensions ranging from 1 to 100 nanometers.

The size and shape of these particles can influence their physical, chemical, and optical properties.
One of the notable features of Colloidal silvers is their strong antibacterial and antimicrobial activity.
The Colloidal silver must have a free ketone group because in order to act as a reducing agent it first undergoes tautomerization.

When inhaled, Colloidal silvers can go deeper into the lungs reaching more sensitive areas.
The most common methods for Colloidal silver synthesis fall under the category of wet chemistry, or the nucleation of particles within a solution.
This nucleation occurs when a Colloidal silver ion complex, usually AgNO3 or AgClO4, is reduced to colloidal Ag in the presence of a reducing agent.

When the concentration increases enough, dissolved metallic Colloidal silver ions bind together to form a stable surface.
The surface is energetically unfavorable when the cluster is small, because the energy gained by decreasing the concentration of dissolved particles is not as high as the energy lost from creating a new surface.
When the cluster reaches a certain size, known as the critical radius, it becomes energetically favorable, and thus stable enough to continue to grow.

This nucleus then remains in the system and grows as more Colloidal silver atoms diffuse through the solution and attach to the surface.
When the dissolved concentration of atomic Colloidal silver decreases enough, it is no longer possible for enough atoms to bind together to form a stable nucleus.
The most common capping ligands are trisodium citrate and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), but many others are also used in varying conditions to synthesize particles with particular sizes, shapes, and surface properties.

There are many different wet synthesis methods, including the use of reducing sugars, citrate reduction, reduction via sodium borohydride, the Colloidal silver mirror reaction, the polyol process, seed-mediated growth, and light-mediated growth.
Each of these methods, or a combination of methods, will offer differing degrees of control over the size distribution as well as distributions of geometric arrangements of the nanoparticle.
A new, very promising wet-chemical technique was found by Elsupikhe et al. (2015).

They have developed a green ultrasonically-assisted synthesis.
Under ultrasound treatment, Colloidal silvers (AgNP) are synthesized with κ-carrageenan as a natural stabilizer.
The reaction is performed at ambient temperature and produces Colloidal silvers with fcc crystal structure without impurities.

The concentration of κ-carrageenan is used to influence particle size distribution of the AgNPs.
The synthesis of Colloidal silvers by sodium borohydride (NaBH4) reduction occurs by the following reaction:
Ag+ + BH4− + 3 H2O → Ag0 +B(OH)3 +3.5 H2

The reduced metal atoms will form nanoparticle nuclei.
Overall, this process is similar to the above reduction method using citrate.
The benefit of using sodium borohydride is increased monodispersity of the final particle population.

The reason for the increased Colloidal silver when using NaBH4 is that it is a stronger reducing agent than citrate.
The impact of reducing agent strength can be seen by inspecting a LaMer diagram which describes the nucleation and growth of nanoparticles.
When Colloidal silver nitrate (AgNO3) is reduced by a weak reducing agent like citrate, the reduction rate is lower which means that new nuclei are forming and old nuclei are growing concurrently.

This is the reason that the citrate reaction has low monodispersity.
Because NaBH4 is a much stronger reducing agent, the concentration of silver nitrate is reduced rapidly which shortens the time during which new nuclei form and grow concurrently yielding a monodispersed population of Colloidal silvers.
Particles formed by reduction must have their surfaces stabilized to prevent undesirable particle agglomeration (when multiple particles bond together), growth, or coarsening.

The driving force for these phenomena is the minimization of surface energy (nanoparticles have a large surface to volume ratio).
This tendency to reduce surface energy in the system can be counteracted by adding species which will adsorb to the surface of the nanoparticles and lowers the activity of the particle surface thus preventing particle agglomeration according to the DLVO theory and preventing growth by occupying attachment sites for metal atoms.

Chemical species that adsorb to the surface of Colloidal silvers are called ligands.
Some of these surface stabilizing species are: NaBH4 in large amounts, poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) (PVP), sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), and/or dodecanethiol.
Once the particles have been formed in solution they must be separated and collected.

There are several general methods to remove nanoparticles from solution, including evaporating the solvent phase or the addition of chemicals to the solution that lower the solubility of the nanoparticles in the solution.
Both methods force the precipitation of the Colloidal silvers.
The polyol process is a particularly useful method because it yields a high degree of control over both the size and geometry of the resulting Colloidal silvers.

At this nucleation threshold, new Colloidal silvers stop being formed, and the remaining dissolved silver is absorbed by diffusion into the growing nanoparticles in the solution.
As the particles grow, other molecules in the solution diffuse and attach to the surface.
This process stabilizes the surface energy of the particle and blocks new Colloidal silver ions from reaching the surface.

The attachment of these capping/stabilizing agents slows and eventually stops the growth of the particle.
In addition, if the aldehydes are bound, Colloidal silver will be stuck in cyclic form and cannot act as a reducing agent.
For example, glucose has an aldehyde functional group that is able to reduce Colloidal silver cations to silver atoms and is then oxidized to gluconic acid.

The reaction for the sugars to be oxidized occurs in aqueous solutions.
The polyol process is highly sensitive to reaction conditions such as temperature, chemical environment, and concentration of substrates.
Therefore, by changing these variables, various sizes and geometries can be selected for such as quasi-spheres, pyramids, spheres, and wires.

Further study has examined the mechanism for this process as well as resulting geometries under various reaction conditions in greater detail.
Colloidal silvers can be synthesized in a variety of non-spherical (anisotropic) shapes.
Because Colloidal silver, like other noble metals, exhibits a size and shape dependent optical effect known as localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) at the nanoscale, the ability to synthesize Ag nanoparticles in different shapes vastly increases the ability to tune their optical behavior.

For example, the wavelength at which LSPR occurs for a nanoparticle of one morphology (e.g. a sphere) will be different if that sphere is changed into a different shape.
This shape dependence allows a Colloidal silver to experience optical enhancement at a range of different wavelengths, even by keeping the size relatively constant, just by changing its shape.
This aspect can be exploited in synthesis to promote change in shape of nanoparticles through light interaction.

The applications of this shape-exploited expansion of optical behavior range from developing more sensitive biosensors to increasing the longevity of textiles.
Colloidal silvers have been shown to have synergistic antibacterial activity with commonly used antibiotics such as; penicillin G, ampicillin, erythromycin, clindamycin, and vancomycin against E. coli and S. aureus.
Furthermore, synergistic antibacterial activity has been reported between Colloidal silvers and hydrogen peroxide causing this combination to exert significantly enhanced bactericidal effect against both Gram negative and Gram positive bacteria.

This antibacterial synergy between Colloidal silvers and hydrogen peroxide can be possibly attributed to a Fenton-like reaction that generates highly reactive oxygen species such as hydroxyl radicals.
Colloidal silvers can prevent bacteria from growing on or adhering to the surface.
This can be especially useful in surgical settings where all surfaces in contact with the patient must be sterile.

Colloidal silvers can be incorporated on many types of surfaces including metals, plastic, and glass.
In medical equipment, it has been shown that Colloidal silvers lower the bacterial count on devices used compared to old techniques.
However, the problem arises when the procedure is over and a new one must be done.

In the process of washing the instruments a large portion of the Colloidal silvers become less effective due to the loss of silver ions.
They are more commonly used in skin grafts for burn victims as the Colloidal silvers embedded with the graft provide better antimicrobial activity and result in significantly less scarring of the victim.
These new applications are direct decedents of older practices that used silver nitrate to treat conditions such as skin ulcers.

Now, Colloidal silvers are used in bandages and patches to help heal certain burns and wounds.
An alternative approach is to use AgNP to sterilise biological dressings (for example, tilapia fish skin) for burn and wound management.
In this method, polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) is dissolved in water by sonication and mixed with silver colloid particles.

Active stirring ensures the PVP has adsorbed to the nanoparticle surface.
Centrifuging separates the PVP coated nanoparticles which are then transferred to a solution of ethanol to be centrifuged further and placed in a solution of ammonia, ethanol and Si(OEt4) (TES).
Stirring for twelve hours results in the silica shell being formed consisting of a surrounding layer of silicon oxide with an ether linkage available to add functionality.

Varying the amount of TES allows for different thicknesses of shells formed.
This technique is popular due to the ability to add a variety of functionality to the exposed silica surface.
Colloidal silver have unique physical, chemical and optical properties that are being leveraged for a wide variety of applications.

A resurgence of interest in the utility of Colloidal silver as a broad based antimicrobial agent has led to the development of hundreds of products that incorporate Colloidal silvers to prevent bacterial growth on surfaces and in clothing.
The optical properties of Colloidal silvers are of interest due to the strong coupling of the Colloidal silvers to specific wavelengths of incident light.
This gives them a tunable optical response, and can be utilized to develop ultra-bright reporter molecules, highly efficient thermal absorbers, and nanoscale “antennas” that amplify the strength of the local electromagnetic field to detect changes to the nanoparticle environment.

Colloidal silver is said to be a “key technology of the 21st century”, which is the result of its interdisciplinary nature.
Colloidal silvers are some of the most widely used nanomaterials in commerce, with numerous uses in consumer and medical products.
Workers who produce or use Colloidal silvers are potentially exposed to those materials in the workplace.

Previous authoritative assessments of occupational exposure to silver did not account for particle size.
In studies that involved human cells, Colloidal silvers were associated with toxicity (cell death and DNA damage) that varied according to the size of the particles.
In animals exposed to Colloidal silvers by inhalation or other routes of exposure, silver tissue concentrations were elevated in all organs tested.

Exposure to silver nanomaterials in animals was associated with decreased lung function, inflamed lung tissue, and histopathological (microscopic tissue) changes in the liver and kidney.
In the relatively few studies that compared the effects of exposure to nanoscale or microscale silver, nanoscale particles had greater uptake and toxicity than did microscale particles.
Colloidal silvers of different shapes and sizes are synthesized through chemical, physical, and green methods.

Obtained nanoparticles are generally utilized in the medical industry, catalytic applications, sensors, and special displays.
Colloidal silvers have been an important component of various different applications for a very long time.
Colloidal silvers are explored for their potential use in food packaging materials due to their antimicrobial properties.

They may help extend the shelf life of packaged foods by inhibiting the growth of microorganisms.
Colloidal silvers are utilized in the fabrication of solar cells and other photovoltaic devices.
They can enhance light absorption and electron transport within the devices, contributing to improved efficiency.

In the field of medicine, Colloidal silvers are being investigated for their use in photothermal therapy.
When exposed to specific wavelengths of light, they can generate heat, which may be utilized for targeted treatment of cancer cells.
Some studies suggest that Colloidal silvers may exhibit antiviral properties, making them a subject of interest in the development of antiviral drugs or materials.

Colloidal silvers can be incorporated into textile coatings to provide UV protection.
This is particularly useful in outdoor clothing and fabrics to shield against harmful ultraviolet radiation.
Colloidal silvers are employed in the production of conductive inks for printed electronics and flexible displays.

Their conductivity and compatibility with flexible substrates make them valuable in these applications.
Due to their antimicrobial properties, Colloidal silvers are explored for use in air and water purification systems.
They can help eliminate or reduce the presence of harmful microorganisms.

Colloidal silvers are incorporated into sensors for various applications, including gas sensors, biosensors, and environmental sensors.
Their unique optical and electrical properties make them suitable for sensing platforms.
Colloidal silvers may be included in certain cosmetic and personal care products for their potential antibacterial and preservative properties.

In the medical field, efforts are made to develop biocompatible Colloidal silvers for applications such as drug delivery and imaging.
These nanoparticles aim to interact safely with biological systems.
Colloidal silvers are used in the formulation of conductive inks for printed radio-frequency identification (RFID) tags.

This application is relevant in the field of logistics and inventory tracking.
The capping agent is also not present when heated.

Colloidal silvers can become airborne easily due to their size and mass.
Colloidal silver is located in group 11 (IB) of period 5, between copper (Cu) above it in period 4 andgold (Au) below it in period 6.

Melting point: 960 °C(lit.)
Boiling point: 2212 °C(lit.)
Density: 1.135 g/mL at 25 °C
vapor density: 5.8 (vs air)
vapor pressure: 0.05 ( 20 °C)
refractive index: n20/D 1.333
Flash point: 232 °F
storage temp.: 2-8°C
solubility: H2O: soluble
form: wool
color: Yellow
Specific Gravity: 10.49
Odor: Odorless
Resistivity: 1-3 * 10^-5 Ω-cm (conductive paste) &_& 1.59 μΩ-cm, 20°C
Water Solubility: insoluble
Sensitive: Light Sensitive
Merck: 13,8577

Colloidal silver products have not undergone safety studies and are not recommended by the FDA.
In addition, there have been serious adverse effects such as seizures, psychosis, neuropathy (burning pain usually in hands and feet), and even deaths reported from colloidal silver use.
Because there is no information to suggest colloidal silver is effective for the treatment of any condition, the risks of using it outweigh the benefits.

Colloidal silver is only slightly harder than gold. It is insoluble in water, but it will dissolve in hot concentrated acids.
Freshly exposed silver has a mirror-like shine thatslowly darkens as a thin coat of tarnish forms on its surface (from the small amount ofnatural hydrogen sulfide in the air to form silver sulfide, AgS).
Colloidal silvers can also be produced via γ-irradiation using polysaccharide alginate as stabilizer, and photochemical reduction.

A relatively new biological method can be used to make gold Colloidal silvers by dissolving gold in sodium chloride solution, using natural chitosan without any stabilizer and reductant.
Colloidal silver’s modern chemical symbol (Ag) is derived from its Latin word argentum, which means silver.
The word “silver” is from the Anglo-Saxon world “siolfor.”

Ancients who first refined and worked with Colloidal silver used the symbol of a crescent moon to represent the metal.
Colloidal silvers can undergo coating techniques that offer a uniform functionalized surface to which substrates can be added.
When the Colloidal silver is coated, for example, in silica the surface exists as silicic acid.

Colloidal silvers can thus be added through stable ether and ester linkages that are not degraded immediately by natural metabolic enzymes.
Recent chemotherapeutic applications have designed anti cancer drugs with a photo cleavable linker, such as an ortho-nitrobenzyl bridge, attaching it to the substrate on the nanoparticle surface.
The low toxicity Colloidal silver complex can remain viable under metabolic attack for the time necessary to be distributed throughout the bodies systems.

If a cancerous tumor is being targeted for treatment, ultraviolet light can be introduced over the tumor region.
The electromagnetic energy of the light causes the photo responsive linker to break between the drug and the nanoparticle substrate.
The drug is now cleaved and released in an unaltered active form to act on the cancerous tumor cells.

Advantages anticipated for this method is that the drug is transported without highly toxic compounds, the drug is released without harmful radiation or relying on a specific chemical reaction to occur and the drug can be selectively released at a target tissue.
Colloidal silver is somewhat rare and is considered a commercially precious metal with many uses.
Pure Colloidal silver is too soft and usually too expensive for many commercial uses, and thus it isalloyed with other metals, usually copper, making it not only stronger but also less expensive.

The purity of Colloidal silver is expressed in the term “fitness,” which describes the amount of silverin the item.
Fitness is just a multiple of 10 times the Colloidal silver content in an item.
For instance,sterling Colloidal silver should be 93% (or at least 92.5%) pure silver and 7% copper or some othermetal.

The fitness rating for pure Colloidal silver is 1000.
Therefore, the rating for sterling Colloidal silver is 930,and most sliver jewelry is rated at about 800.
This is another way of saying that most Colloidal silver jewelry is about 20% copper or other less valuable metal.

Many people are fooled when they buy Mexican or German silver jewelry, thinking theyare purchasing a semiprecious metal.
These forms of “Colloidal silver” jewelry go under many names,including Mexican silver, German silver, Afghan silver, Austrian silver, Brazilian silver, Nevadasilver, Sonara silver, Tyrol silver, Venetian silver, or just the name “silver” with quotes aroundit.
None of these jewelry items, under these names or under any other names, contain anysilver.

These metals are alloys of copper, nickel, and zinc.
A transition metal that occurs native and as the sulfide (Ag2S) and chloride (AgCl).
Colloidal silver is extracted as a by-product in refining copper and lead ores.

Colloidal silver darkens in air due to the formation of silver sulfide.
Colloidal silver is used in coinage alloys, tableware, and jewelry.
Of all the metals, Colloidal silver isthe best conductor of heat and electricity.

This property determines much of its commercialusefulness.
Colloidal silver is melting point is 961.93°C, its boiling point is 2,212°C, and its density is10.50 g/cm3.
The beneficial effects of Colloidal silvers are also manifested in their action against inflammation and suppression of tumor growth.

Colloidal silvers can induce apoptosis, or programmed cell death, in tumor cells.
The activity of Colloidal silvers in the human body can be used for imaging of living cells and tissues, both in diagnosis and research.
Colloidal silvers are also used in biosensors, can detect tumor cells, and have potential in phototherapy, where they absorb radiation, heat up and selectively eliminate selected cells.

Colloidal silvers are highly commercial due to properties such as good conductivity, chemical stability, catalytic activity, and their antimicrobial activity.
Due to their properties, they are commonly used in medical and electrical applications.
Colloidal silver compounds are used in photography symbol: Ag; m.p. 961.93°C; b.p. 2212°C; r.d. 10.5 (20°C); p.n. 47; r.a.m. 107.8682.

Synthetic protocols for Colloidal silver production can be modified to produce Colloidal silvers with non-spherical geometries and also to functionalize nanoparticles with different materials, such as silica.
Creating Colloidal silvers of different shapes and surface coatings allows for greater control over their size-specific properties.
There are instances in which Colloidal silvers and colloidal silver are used in consumer goods.

Samsung for example claimed that the use of Colloidal silvers in washing machines would help to sterilize clothes and water during the washing and rinsing functions, and allow clothes to be cleaned without the need for hot water.
The nanoparticles in these appliances are synthesized using electrolysis.
Through electrolysis, Colloidal silver is extracted from metal plates and then turned into Colloidal silvers by a reduction agent.

This method avoids the drying, cleaning, and re-dispersion processes, which are generally required with alternative colloidal synthesis methods.
Importantly, the electrolysis strategy also decreases the production cost of Ag nanoparticles, making these washing machines more affordable to manufacture.
Colloidal silver can form explosive salts with azidrine. ("Ethyleneimine" Brocure 125-521-65, Midland (Mich.), Dow Chemical Co., 1965).

Ammonia forms explosive compounds with gold, mercury, or Silver. (Eggeman, Tim. "Ammonia" Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2001.).
Acetylene and ammonia can form explosive Silver salts in contact with Ag.
Dust may form explosive mixture with air.

Powders are incompatible with strong oxidizers (chlorates, nitrates, peroxides, permanganates, perchlorates, chlorine, bromine, fluorine, etc.); contact may cause fires or explosions.
Keep away from alkaline materials, strong bases, strong acids, oxoacids, epoxides May react and/or form dangerous or explosive compounds, with acetylene, ammonia, halogens, hydrogen peroxide; bromoazide, concentrated or strong acids, oxalic acid, tartaric acid, chlorine trifluoride, ethyleneimine.
Factors contributing toward Colloidal silvers market growth include rise in demand for Colloidal silvers for anti-microbial applications and increase in demand from electronics sector.

Colloidal silvers are investigated in the field of tissue engineering for their potential to support cell growth and enhance the properties of scaffolds used in regenerative medicine.
In marine applications, Colloidal silvers are used in anti-fouling coatings on ship hulls.
They help prevent the accumulation of marine organisms, reducing drag and improving fuel efficiency.

Colloidal silvers are explored for their potential use in pesticide formulations.
Their antimicrobial properties could be leveraged for crop protection and pest control.
Colloidal silvers are employed in the development of electrochemical sensors for detecting various analytes.

These sensors find applications in fields such as environmental monitoring and healthcare.
Colloidal silvers can be utilized in the fabrication of sensors for detecting hydrogen peroxide.
This application is relevant in fields such as clinical diagnostics and industrial processes.

Colloidal silvers are studied for their potential application in energy storage devices, such as batteries and supercapacitors, where their unique properties can influence performance.
An early, and very common, method for synthesizing Colloidal silvers is citrate reduction.
This method was first recorded by M. C. Lea, who successfully produced a citrate-stabilized silver colloid in 1889.

Citrate reduction involves the reduction of a silver source particle, usually AgNO3 or AgClO4, to colloidal silver using trisodium citrate, Na3C6H5O7.
The synthesis is usually performed at an elevated temperature (~100 °C) to maximize the monodispersity (uniformity in both size and shape) of the particle.
In this method, the citrate ion traditionally acts as both the reducing agent and the capping ligand, making it a useful process for AgNP production due to its relative ease and short reaction time.

However, the silver particles formed may exhibit broad size distributions and form several different particle geometries simultaneously.
The addition of stronger reducing agents to the reaction is often used to synthesize particles of a more uniform size and shape.

Colloidal silver mirror reaction involves the conversion of Colloidal silver nitrate to Ag(NH3)OH.
Ag(NH3)OH is subsequently reduced into colloidal silver using an aldehyde containing molecule such as a sugar.
The silver mirror reaction is as follows:

2(Ag(NH3)2)+ + RCHO + 2OH− → RCOOH + 2Ag + 4NH3.
The size and shape of the Colloidal silvers produced are difficult to control and often have wide distributions.
However, this method is often used to apply thin coatings of Colloidal silver particles onto surfaces and further study into producing more uniformly sized nanoparticles is being done.

The biological synthesis of Colloidal silvers has provided a means for improved techniques compared to the traditional methods that call for the use of harmful reducing agents like sodium borohydride.
Many of these methods could improve their environmental footprint by replacing these relatively strong reducing agents.
The commonly used biological methods are using plant or fruit extracts, fungi, and even animal parts like insect wing extract.

The problems with the chemical production of Colloidal silvers is usually involves high cost and the longevity of the particles is short lived due to aggregation.
The harshness of standard chemical methods has sparked the use of using biological organisms to reduce silver ions in solution into colloidal Colloidal silvers.
Colloidal silvers can provide a means to overcome MDR.

In general, when using a targeting agent to deliver nanocarriers to cancer cells, it is imperative that the agent binds with high selectivity to molecules that are uniquely expressed on the cell surface.
Hence NPs can be designed with proteins that specifically detect drug resistant cells with overexpressed transporter proteins on their surface.
Colloidal silver a pitfall of the commonly used nano-drug delivery systems is that free drugs that are released from the nanocarriers into the cytosol get exposed to the MDR transporters once again, and are exported.

To solve this, 8 nm Colloidal silvers were modified by the addition of trans-activating transcriptional activator (TAT), derived from the HIV-1 virus, which acts as a cell-penetrating peptide (CPP).
Generally, AgNP effectiveness is limited due to the lack of efficient cellular uptake; however, CPP-modification has become one of the most efficient methods for improving intracellular delivery of Colloidal silvers.
Once ingested, the export of the AgNP is prevented based on a size exclusion.

The concept is simple: the nanoparticles are too large to be effluxed by the MDR transporters, because the efflux function is strictly subjected to the size of its substrates, which is generally limited to a range of 300-2000 Da.
Thereby the Colloidal silvers remain insusceptible to the efflux, providing a means to accumulate in high concentrations.
In addition, increased demand from pharmaceutical industry as it is used in the field of biomarkers, biosensors, implant technology, tissue engineering, nanorobots & nanomedicine, and image enhancement devices.

The bactericidal activity of Colloidal silvers is due to the silver cations, which have the potential to disrupt physiological activity of microbes such as bacteria. Growth in concerns regarding environmental impact and toxicity of Colloidal silvers is hindering the Colloidal silvers market.
Furthermore, high Colloidal silver product prices are likely to hinder market growth during the forecast period.

On the contrary, rise in trend of biological synthesis method is expected to create lucrative opportunities for the market during the forecast period.
Colloidal silvers are investigated for their potential role in drug delivery systems.
They can be designed to carry therapeutic agents and release them in a controlled manner, offering targeted drug delivery.

Colloidal silvers can exhibit photocatalytic activity, which means they can accelerate chemical reactions under light exposure.
This property is explored in applications like environmental remediation and water treatment.
In the field of electronics, Colloidal silvers are used to create flexible and transparent conductive films.

These films have applications in flexible electronics, touch screens, and electronic displays.
Colloidal silvers are integrated into textiles to impart anti-odor properties by inhibiting the growth of odor-causing bacteria.
This application is common in sportswear and undergarments.

Colloidal silvers are incorporated into various nanocomposite materials to enhance their mechanical, thermal, and electrical properties.
These nanocomposites find applications in materials science and engineering.
Some studies explore the use of Colloidal silvers as contrast agents in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for medical diagnostics.

Colloidal silvers can be very effective against fungal infections that are otherwise difficult to treat.
This is of great importance for patients with weakened immunity who are especially vulnerable to fungi.
These Colloidal silvers not only suppress pathogenic fungi, including yeasts, but also fungi that grow in households, such as various mold species.

Colloidal silver reacts violently with chlorine trifluoride (in the presence of carbon) [Mellor 2 Supp. 1 1956].
Bromoazide explodes on contact with Silver foil.
Acetylene forms an insoluble acetylide with Silver [Von Schwartz 1918 p. 142 ].

When Colloidal silver is treated with nitric acid in the presence of ethyl alcohol, Silver fulminate, which can detonated may be formed.
Ethyleneimine forms explosive compounds with Colloidal silver, hence Silver solder should not be used to fabricate equipment for handling ethyleneimine.
Finely divided Silver and strong solutions of hydrogen peroxide may explode [Mellor 1:936 1946-47)].

Colloidal silvers optical properties are also dependent on the nanoparticle size.
Smaller nanospheres absorb light and have peaks near to 400 nm, and larger nanoparticles have increased scattering to gives peaks that broaden and shift towards longer wavelengths.
Larger shifts into the infrared region of the electromagnetic spectrum are achieved by changing the nanoparticles shape to rods or plates.

Colloidal silvers can be synthesized by a variety of different techniques that are chemical, physical or biological.
The most common method for making colloidal gold is by a chemical citrate reduction method, but gold nanoparticles can also be grown by being encapsulated and immersed in polyethylene glycol dendrimers before being reduced by formaldehyde under near infra-red treatment.

History:
Slag dumps in Asia Minor and on islands in the Aegean Sea indicate that man learned to separate Colloidal silver from lead as early as 3000 B.C.
Colloidal silver occurs native and in ores such as argentite (Ag2S) and horn silver (AgCl); lead, lead-zinc, copper, gold, and copper-nickel ores are principal sources.

Mexico, Canada, Peru, and the U.S. are the principal Colloidal silver producers in the western hemisphere.
Colloidal silver is also recovered during electrolytic refining of copper.
Commercial fine silver contains at least 99.9% silver.

Purities of 99.999+% are available commercially.
Pure silver has a brilliant white metallic luster.
Colloidal silver is a little harder than gold and is very ductile and malleable, being exceeded only by gold and perhaps palladium.

Pure Colloidal silver has the highest electrical and thermal conductivity of all metals, and possesses the lowest contact resistance.
Colloidal silver is stable in pure air and water, but tarnishes when exposed to ozone, hydrogen sulfide, or air containing sulfur.
The alloys of Colloidal silver are important.

Sterling Colloidal silver is used for jewelry, silverware, etc. where appearance is paramount.
This alloy contains 92.5% silver, the remainder being copper or some other metal.
Colloidal silver is of utmost importance in photography, about 30% of the U.S. industrial consumption going into this application.

Colloidal silver is used for dental alloys.
Colloidal silver is used in making solder and brazing alloys, electrical contacts, and high capacity silver–zinc and silver–cadmium batteries.
Colloidal silver paints are used for making printed circuits.

Colloidal silver is used in mirror production and may be deposited on glass or metals by chemical deposition, electrodeposition, or by evaporation.
When freshly deposited, Colloidal silver is the best reflector of visible light known, but is rapidly tarnishes and loses much of its reflectance.
Colloidal silver is a poor reflector of ultraviolet.

Colloidal silver fulminate (Ag2C2N2O2), a powerful explosive, is sometimes formed during the silvering process.
Colloidal silver iodide is used in seeding clouds to produce rain.
Colloidal silver chloride has interesting optical properties as it can be made transparent; it also is a cement for glass.

Colloidal silver nitrate, or lunar caustic, the most important silver compound, is used extensively in photography.
While Colloidal silver itself is not considered to be toxic, most of its salts are poisonous. Natural silver contains two stable isotopes.
Fifty-six other radioactive isotopes and isomers are known.

Colloidal silver compounds can be absorbed in the circulatory system and reduced silver deposited in the various tissues of the body.
A condition, known as argyria, results with a greyish pigmentation of the skin and mucous membranes.
Colloidal silver has germicidal effects and kills many lower organisms effectively without harm to higher animals.

Colloidal silver for centuries has been used traditionally for coinage by many countries of the world.
In recent times, however, consumption of Colloidal silver has at times greatly exceeded the output.
In 1939, the price of silver was fixed by the U.S. Treasury at 71¢/troy oz., and at 90.5¢/troy oz. in 1946.

In November 1961 the U.S. Treasury suspended sales of nonmonetized Colloidal silver, and the price stabilized for a time at about $1.29, the melt-down value of silver U.S. coins.
The Coinage Act of 1965 authorized a change in the metallic composition of the three U.S. subsidiary denominations to clad or composite type coins.
This was the first change in U.S. coinage since the monetary system was established in 1792.

Clad dimes and quarters are made of an outer layer of 75% Cu and 25% Ni bonded to a central core of pure Cu.
The composition of the oneand five-cent pieces remains unchanged. One-cent coins are 95% Cu and 5% Zn.
Earlier subsidiary coins of 90% Ag and 10% Cu officially were to circulate alongside the clad coins; however, in practice they have largely disappeared (Gresham’s Law), as the value of the silver is now greater than their exchange value.

Colloidal silver coins of other countries have largely been replaced with coins made of other metals. On June 24, 1968, the U.S. Government ceased to redeem U.S. Silver Certificates with silver.
The price of Colloidal silver in 2001 was only about four times the cost of the metal about 150 years ago.

This has largely been caused by Central Banks disposing of some of their silver reserves and the development of more productive mines with better refining methods.
Also, Colloidal silver has been displaced by other metals or processes, such as digital photography.

Production Methods:
Many processes are known for recovery of Colloidal silver from its ores.
These depend mostly on the nature of the mineral, its silver content, and recovery of other metals present in the ore.

Colloidal silver is usually extracted from high-grade ores by three common processes that have been known for many years.
These are amalgamation, leaching, and cyanidation.
In one amalgamation process, ore is crushed and mixed with sodium chloride, copper sulfate, sulfuric acid, and mercury, and roasted in cast iron pots.

The amalgam is separated and washed. Silver is separated from its amalgam by distillation of mercury.
In the cyanidation process the ore is crushed and roasted with sodium chloride and then treated with a solution of sodium cyanide.
Colloidal silver forms a stable Colloidal silver cyanide complex, [Ag(CN)2]–.

Adding metallic zinc to this complex solution precipitates Colloidal silver.
One such process, known as the Patera process, developed in the mid 19th century, involves roasting ore with sodium chloride followed by leaching with sodium thiosulfate solution.
Colloidal silver 834 SILVERis precipitated as silver sulfide, Ag2S, by adding sodium sulfide to the leachate.

In the Clandot process, leaching is done with ferric chloride solution.
Addition of zinc iodide precipitates Colloidal silver iodide, AgI.
AgI is reduced with zinc to obtain Colloidal silver.

The above processes are applied for extraction of Colloidal silver from high-grade ores.
However, with depletion of these ores, many processes were developed subsequently to extract Colloidal silver from low-grade ores, especially lead, copper, and zinc ores that contain very small quantities of silver.
Low grade ores are concentrated by floatation.

The concentrates are fed into smelters (copper, lead, and zinc smelters).
The concentrates are subjected to various treatments before and after smelting including sintering, calcination, and leaching.
Copper concentrates are calcined for removal of sulfur and smelted in a reverberatory furnace to convert into blister copper containing 99 wt% Cu.

The blister copper is fire-refined and cast into anodes.
The anodes are electrolytically refined in the presence of cathodes containing 99.9% copper.
Insoluble anode sludges from electrolytic refining contain silver, gold, and platinum metals.

Colloidal silver is recovered from the mud by treatment with sulfuric acid.
Base metals dissolve in sulfuric acid leaving Colloidal silver mixed with any gold present in the mud.
Colloidal silver is separated from gold by electrolysis.

Lead and zinc concentrates can be treated in more or less the same manner as copper concentrates.
Sintering lead concentrates removes sulfur and following that smelting with coke and flux in a blast furnace forms impure lead bullion.
The lead bullion is drossed with air and sulfur and softened with molten bullion in the presence of air to remove most impurities other than Colloidal silver and gold.

Copper is recovered from the dross and zinc converts to its oxide and is recovered from blast furnace slag.
The softened lead obtained above also contains some Colloidal silver.
The Colloidal silver is recovered by the Parkes Process.

The Parkes process involves adding zinc to molten lead to dissolve Colloidal silver at temperatures above the melting point of zinc.
On cooling, zinc-silver alloy solidifies, separating from the lead and rising to the top.
The alloy is lifted off and zinc is separated from silver by distillation leaving behind metallic Colloidal silver.

The unsoftened lead obtained after the softening operation contains Colloidal silver in small but significant quantities.
Such unsoftened lead is cast into anode and subjected to electrolytic refining.
The anode mud that is formed adhering to these anodes is removed by scraping.

Colloidal silver contains bismuth, silver, gold, and other impurity metals.
Colloidal silver is obtained from this anode mud by methods similar to the extraction of anode mud from the copper refining process discussed earlier.
If the low–grade ore is a zinc mineral, then zinc concentrate obtained from the flotation process is calcined and leached with water to remove zinc.

Colloidal silver and lead are left in leach residues.
Residues are treated like lead concentrates and fed into lead smelters.
Colloidal silver is recovered from this lead concentrate by various processes described above.

Uses:
Because silver has antibacterial properties, colloidal silver was used to treat skin infections before antibiotics were available.
More recently, colloidal silver has been used to treat a variety of infections, including COVID-19, to boost the immune system, and decrease inflammation.
Colloidal silver is important to know, there is no clinical evidence to support the efficacy of colloidal silver and the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) recommends against its use.

There are some topical silver creams and other topical products that are approved by the FDA to prevent and treat infections.
These are different than colloidal silver.
Several of its compounds were not only useful but even essential for the predigital photographicindustry.

Colloidal silver has no known active biological role in the human body, and the levels of Ag+ within the body are below detection limits.
The metal has been used for thousands of years mainly as ornamental metal or for coins.
Furthermore, Colloidal silver has been used for medicinal purposes since 1000 BC.

Colloidal silver was known that water would keep fresh if it was kept in a silver pitcher; for example, Alexander the Great (356–323 BC) used to transport his water supplies in Colloidal silver pitchers during the Persian War.
A piece of Colloidal silver was also used, for example, to keep milk fresh, before any household refrigeration was developed.
In 1869, Ravelin proved that Colloidal silver in low doses acts as an antimicrobial.

Around the same time, the Swiss botanist showed that already at very low concentration Ag+ can kill the green algae spirogyra in fresh water.
This work inspired the gynaecologist Crede to recommended use of AgNO3 drops on new born children with conjunctivitis.
Using Colloidal silvers for catalysis has been gaining attention in recent years.

Although the most common applications are for medicinal or antibacterial purposes, Colloidal silvers have been demonstrated to show catalytic redox properties for dyes, benzene, and carbon monoxide.
Other untested compounds may use Colloidal silvers for catalysis, but the field is not fully explored.
Colloidal silvers supported on aerogel are advantageous due to the higher number of active sites.

Several of the Colloidal silver salts, such as silver nitrate, silver bromide, and silverchloride, are sensitive to light and, thus, when mixed with a gel-type coating on photographicfilm or paper, can be used to form light images.
Most of the Colloidal silver used in the United Statesis used in photography.
Photochromic (transition) eyeglasses that darken as they are exposed to sunlight have asmall amount of silver chloride imbedded in the glass that forms a thin layer of metallic silverthat darkens the lens when struck by sunlight.

This photosensitive chemical activity is thenreversed when the eyeglasses are removed from the light.
Colloidal silver reversal results from asmall amount of copper ions placed in the glass.
This reaction is repeated each time the lensesare exposed to sunlight.

This malleable white metal is found as argentite (Ag2S) and horn silver (AgCl) or in lead and copper ore.
Colloidal silvers coated with a thin layer of elemental silver and fumed with iodine were used by Niépce and Daguerre.
Aside from the heliograph and physautotype, Colloidal silver halide compounds were the basis of all photographic processes used in the camera and most of the printing processes during the 19th century.

Colloidal silver are one of the most fascinating, promising and widely used nano materials, particularly for their interesting antibacterial, antiviral and antifungal effects.
However, their potential uses are much wider.
Colloidal silvers are used in antibacterial products, industrial production, catalysis, household products and consumer goods.

Colloidal silver was used to treat infections and wounds before antibiotics became available.
Colloidal silvers are commonly used in biomedical and medical applications due to their antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, and anti-tumor effects.
Due to their favorable surface-to-volume ratio and crystal structure, nano silver particles are a promising alternative to antibiotics.

They can penetrate bacterial walls and effectively deal with bacterial biofilms and mucous coatings, which are usually well-protected environments for bacteria.
Colloidal silver are one of the most commonly used nanomaterials because of their high electrical conductivity, optical properties, and anti-microbial properties.
The biological activity of Colloidal silvers depends on factors such as particle composition, size distribution, surface chemistry, size; shape, coating/capping, particle morphology, dissolution rate, agglomeration, efficiency of ion release, and particle reactivity in solution.

Colloidal silvers have found a wide range of applications including their use as catalysts, as optical sensors of zeptomole (10−21) concentrations, in textile engineering, in electronics, in optics, as anti-reflection coatings, and most importantly in the medical field as a bactericidal and therapeutic agent.
Colloidal silver is used in the formulation of dental resin composites, in coatings of medical devices, as a bactericidal coating in water filters, as an antimicrobial agent in air sanitizer sprays, pillows, respirators, socks, keyboards, detergents, soaps, shampoos, toothpastes, washing machines and many other consumer products, in bone cement and in many wound dressings.
Colloidal silvers are also commonly used in colloidal solutions to enhance Raman spectroscopy.

The size and shape of nanoparticles have been shown to affect the enhancement.
Colloidal silvers are the most common shape of nanoparticles, but other shapes such as nanostars, nanocubes, nanorods and nanowires can be produced through a polymer-mediated polyol process.
Colloidal silvers can also be capped or hollowed using various chemical methods. For a more accurate spread for detection, nanoparticles can be deposited or spin-coated onto multiple surfaces.

Coating is metallic silver and its salts are popularly used in medicinal purposes and in medical devices.
Colloidal silver is a precious metal, used in jewelryand ornaments Other applications includeits use in photography, electroplating, dentalalloys, high-capacity batteries, printed circuits,coins, and mirrors.
Colloidal silver is stable in air, and it is utilized in reflecting mirrors.

The film vacuum evaporated on a quartz plate with the thickness of 2–55 nm shows the transmittance maximum at λ: 321.5 nm and works as a narrow band filter.
The name Colloidal silver is derived from the Saxon word ‘siloflur’, which has been subsequently transformed into the German word ‘Silabar’ followed by ‘Silber’ and the English word ‘silver’.
Romans called the element ‘argentum’, and this is where the symbol Ag derives from.

Colloidal silver is widely distributed in nature.
Colloidal silver can be found in its native form and in various ores such as argentite (Ag2S), which is the most important ore mineral for silver, and horn silver (AgCl).
The principal sources of silver are copper, copper–nickel, gold, lead and lead–zinc ores, which can be mainly found in Peru, Mexico, China and Australia.

Colloidal silver and its alloys and compounds have numerous applications.
As a precious metal, Colloidal silver is used in jewelry.
Also, one of its alloys, sterling Colloidal silver, containing 92.5 weight % silver and 7.5 weight % copper, is a jewelry item and is used in tableware and decorative pieces.

The metal and its copper alloys are used in coins.
Colloidal silvers are widely recognized for their strong antimicrobial properties.
They are incorporated into products such as wound dressings, bandages, and medical devices to prevent bacterial and microbial growth.

In medical diagnostics, Colloidal silvers are explored for their use as contrast agents in imaging techniques such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
Their unique properties contribute to enhanced imaging quality.

Colloidal silvers are investigated for drug delivery applications.
They can be designed to carry therapeutic agents and release them in a controlled manner, offering targeted drug delivery.
Colloidal silvers are integrated into textiles and clothing to provide antimicrobial and anti-odor properties.

This application is common in sportswear, undergarments, and fabrics used in healthcare settings.
Colloidal silvers are used in a variety of consumer products, including socks, kitchenware, and appliances, to impart antimicrobial properties and reduce the growth of bacteria that cause odors.
Colloidal silvers are employed in water treatment technologies to eliminate or reduce the presence of harmful microorganisms.

They can be part of filters, coatings, or solutions used for purifying water.
Due to their antimicrobial properties, Colloidal silvers are explored for use in food packaging materials.
They can help extend the shelf life of packaged foods by inhibiting the growth of microorganisms.

Colloidal silvers are used in the electronics industry to create conductive inks for printed electronics, flexible displays, and sensors.
Their electrical conductivity and compatibility with flexible substrates make them valuable in these applications.
Colloidal silvers exhibit catalytic activity and are employed in various catalytic reactions.

This has implications for applications in chemical synthesis and industrial processes.
In the medical field, Colloidal silvers are investigated for their use in photothermal therapy.
When exposed to specific wavelengths of light, they can generate heat, which may be utilized for targeted treatment of cancer cells.

Colloidal silvers may be included in certain cosmetic and personal care products for their potential antibacterial and preservative properties.
In the electronics industry, Colloidal silvers are used to create flexible and transparent conductive films, with applications in flexible electronics, touch screens, and electronic displays.
Colloidal silvers can exhibit photocatalytic activity, accelerating chemical reactions under light exposure.

This property is explored in applications like environmental remediation and water treatment.
Due to their antimicrobial properties, Colloidal silvers are employed in air purification systems to help eliminate or reduce the presence of harmful microorganisms.
Colloidal silvers find applications in various biomedical areas, including tissue engineering, biosensors, and the development of biocompatible materials.

Colloidal silvers are utilized in coatings for materials like glass and plastics to provide UV-blocking properties.
This is particularly important in products such as sunglasses, protective eyewear, and sunscreens.
In dentistry, Colloidal silvers are incorporated into dental materials such as composites and coatings to provide antimicrobial properties and reduce the risk of bacterial infections.

Colloidal silvers are being studied for potential applications in cancer treatment.
Their unique properties, including their ability to generate heat under light exposure, make them candidates for targeted cancer therapy.
Colloidal silvers are used in the production of transparent conductive films for solar cells.

These films enhance light absorption and electron transport within the solar cells, contributing to improved efficiency.
In electronics manufacturing, Colloidal silvers are employed in the fabrication of flexible printed circuit boards (FPCBs).
Their use supports the development of flexible and bendable electronic devices.

Colloidal silvers can be incorporated into coatings for eyewear and surfaces to provide anti-fog properties.
This is particularly beneficial in applications where clear visibility is essential.
Colloidal silvers are integrated into smart textiles, enabling the development of fabrics with electronic and sensing capabilities.

These textiles find applications in wearable technology and healthcare monitoring.
Colloidal silvers are studied for potential applications in the oil and gas industry, particularly in enhanced oil recovery processes and as additives in drilling fluids.
Colloidal silvers are used in packaging materials for electronic components to provide a conductive barrier and protect against environmental factors such as moisture and corrosion.

Colloidal silvers are utilized in the development of photonic devices, including sensors, waveguides, and components for optical communication systems.
Colloidal silvers are added to heat transfer fluids to enhance their thermal conductivity.
This is relevant in applications where efficient heat transfer is crucial, such as in cooling systems.

Colloidal silvers can be incorporated into 3D printing materials, allowing the production of conductive and functional 3D-printed objects for electronic and sensing applications.
Colloidal silvers are explored for their potential role in soil remediation, assisting in the removal of contaminants and pollutants from soil environments.
Colloidal silvers can be added to construction materials such as concrete to impart antimicrobial properties and reduce the growth of bacteria on surfaces.

Colloidal silver-copper brazing alloys and solders have many applications.
They are used in automotive radiators, heat exchangers, electrical contacts, steam tubes, coins, and musical instruments.
Some other uses of Colloidal silver metal include its applications as electrodes, catalysts, mirrors, and dental amalgam.

Colloidal silver is used as a catalyst in oxidation-reductions involving conversions of alcohol to aldehydes, ethylene to ethylene oxide, and ethylene glycol to glyoxal.
Colloidal silver has a multitude of uses and practical applications both in its elemental metallic formand as a part of its many compounds.
Colloidal silver is excellent electrical conductivity makes it ideal for usein electronic products, such a computer components and high-quality electronic equipment.

Colloidal silver would be an ideal metal for forming the wiring in homes and transmission lines, if it weremore abundant and less expensive.
Metallic Colloidal silver has been used for centuries as a coinage metal in many countries.
Theamount of silver now used to make coins in the United States has been reduced drastically byalloying other metals such as copper, zinc, and nickel with Colloidal silver.

Colloidal silver is used as a catalyst to speed up chemical reactions, in water purification, and inspecial high-performance batteries (cells).
Colloidal silver is high reflectivity makes it ideal as a reflectivecoating for mirrors.

Safety Profile:
Human systemic effects by inhalation: skin effects.
The acute toxicity of silver metal is low.
The acute toxicity of soluble silver compounds depends on the counterion and must be evaluated case by case.

For example, silver nitrate is strongly corrosive and can cause burns and permanent damage to the eyes and skin.
Chronic exposure to silver or silver salts can cause a local or generalized darkening of the mucous membranes, skin, and eyes known as argyria.
The other chronic effects of silver compounds must be evaluated individually.

Although Colloidal silvers are widely used in a variety of commercial products, there has only recently been a major effort to study their effects on human health.
Inhalation of dusts can cause argyrosis.
Questionable carcinogen with experimental tumorigenic data.

Flammable in the form of dust when exposed to flame or by chemical reaction with C2H2, NH3, bromoazide, ClF3 ethyleneimine, H2O2, oxalic acid, H2SO4, tartaric acid.
Incompatible with acetylene, acetylene compounds, aziridine, bromine azide, 3-bromopropyne, carboxylic acids, copper + ethylene glycol, electrolytes + zinc, ethanol + nitric acid, ethylene oxide, ethyl hydroperoxide, ethyleneimine, iodoform, nitric acid, ozonides, peroxomonosulfuric acid, peroxyformic acid.

Environmental Fate:
Colloidal silver exists in four oxidation states (0,+1,+2,and +3).
Colloidal silver occurs primarily as sulfides with iron, lead, tellurides, and with gold.

Colloidal silver is a rare element, which occurs naturally in its pure form.
Colloidal silver is a white, lustrous, relatively soft, and very malleable metal.
Colloidal silver has an average abundance of about 0.1 ppm in the Earth’s crust and about 0.3 ppm in soils.
COLLOIDAL SILVER ( Colorant argent )
MICROCRYSTALLINE CELLULOSE 101, 102;TOTAL SUSPENDED SOLID STANDARD; abicel; arbocel ;arbocelbc200; arbocellb600/30; avicel; avicel101 ;Cellulose powder, Cotton linters CAS NO:9004-34-6
Colloidal MCC
No CAS 8050-09-7, No CE 232-475-7, La colophane est le résidu solide obtenu après distillation de la térébenthine, oléorésine (appelée aussi gemme), substance récoltée à partir des arbres résineux et en particulier les pins (le genre Pinus) par une opération que l'on appelle le gemmage.La colophane est composée à 90 % d’un mélange d’acides organiques de la famille des diterpènes appelés acides résiniques, qui répondent à la formule brute C20H30O2. Ces acides résiniques sont des isomères. La proportion des différents acides résiniques dans la colophane est variable suivant l’espèce de pin à partir de laquelle la colophane a été obtenue. La colophane est principalement obtenue à partir de la distillation de la gemme de pin mais elle peut aussi être récupérée comme sous-produit de la fabrication du papier en tant que colophane de tall oil du procédé Kraft. Autre mode d’obtention, exclusif des États-Unis, l'extraction aux solvants de souches de pins. La production de colophane de gemme est dominée dans le monde par la Chine qui exploite entre autres le Pinus massoniana et le Pinus kesyia.Colophonium: A complex combination derived from wood, especially pine wood. Composed primarily of resin acids and modified resin acids such as dimers and decarboxylated resin acids. Includes rosin stabilized by catalytic disproportionation.Colophony; Gum rosin; Highrosin; Rosin gum; colofonia (es); colofónia (pt); colophane (fr); fenyőgyanta; kolofónium (hu); kalafonia (pl); kalafuna (cs); kanifolija (lt); Kolofoni (fi); kolofonija (sl); kolofonium (no); kolofónia (sk); Kolophonium (da); naturharts (sv); pvnhars (nl); Rosiin; Kolofoon (et); rosin; colofoniu (ro); rosin;kolofonij (hr); rosina, colofonia (it);rozīns, kolofonijs (lv); terpentinoliefri harpiks (da); Κολοφώνιο (el); дървесна смола; колофон (bg). : Diprosin A 100; Disproportionated Rosin; Ester Resin; pryskyřice přírodní; Respin, natural resin; ROSIN / Pinus Pinaster, Pinaceae, distillation; Rosin, colophony; rosin, gum; Rosin-
Colophane
COLOPHONIUM, N° CAS : 8050-09-7 - Colophane, Origine(s) : Végétale, Synthétique, Autres langues : Colofonia, Kolophonium frei, Rosin, Nom INCI : COLOPHONIUM, N° EINECS/ELINCS : 232-475-7, Classification : Colophane,Ses fonctions (INCI) Agent fixant : Permet la cohésion de différents ingrédients cosmétiques Dépilatoire : Enlève les poils indésirables Agent filmogène : Produit un film continu sur la peau, les cheveux ou les ongles Agent de contrôle de la viscosité : Augmente ou diminue la viscosité des cosmétiques. Noms français : ARCANSON Colophane COLOPHANE (PRODUITS DE DECOMPOSITION DES BAGUETTES DE SOUDURE A AME DE, EXPRIMES EN ALDEHYDE FORMIQUE) (ROSIN) Colophane, produits de décomposition thermique de baguettes de soudure à âme de, (exprimée en formaldéhyde) POUDRE D'ARCANSON Noms anglais : ABIETIC ANHYDRIDE GUM ROSIN COLOPHONY DARK PINE RESIN DISPROPORTIONATED ROSIN PIECE RESIN Rosin Rosin core solder pyrolysis products (as Formaldehyde) Rosin core solder thermal decomposition products (colophony) ROSIN, DISPROPORTIONATED WOOD ROSIN La colophane est le résidu obtenu après distillation de l'oléorésine, une subtance récoltée à partir de pins. Ce produit est constitué d'environ 90 % d'acides résiniques et de 10 % de composés neutres. Les acides résiniques sont de deux types : abiétique (deux doubles liaisons conjuguées) et pimarique (deux doubles liaisons non conjuguées). Il existe trois types de colophane : la colophane de gemme (gum rosin), la colophane de bois (wood rosin) et la colophane d'huile de tall (tall oil rosin). La composition de chaque colophane dépend de l'espèce, de l'origine géographique des pins utilisés et du procédé de fabrication (extraction et purification). Utilisation et sources d'émission 1 3 Les principales utilisations de la colophane sont : flux de soudure pour le brasage tendre dans la fabrication du papier pour augmenter sa résistance à l'eau cube pour frotter les archets d'instruments de musique à cordes poudres antidérapantes pour certains sports matière première pour la fabrication de dérivés. Les dérivés de colophane ont des applications dans de nombreux secteurs d'activité. Ils se retrouvent entre autres dans : les encres d'imprimerie les vernis et les cires les adhésifs la gomme à mâcher les savons. Références
Colophane ( COLOPHONY)
Poly(acrylic acid-co-maleic acid) solution (Z)-2-Butenedioic acid polymer with 2-propenoic acid Maleic Acid-Acrylalcohol copolymer MA/AA Copolymer of Maleic and Acylic Acid (MA/AA) AA Copolymer Copolymer of Maleic and Acylic Acid prop-2-enoic acid - furan-2,5-dione (1:1) Copolymer of Maleic and Acrylic Acid Antiscale dispersant Acrylic Acid Maleic Acid Copolymer CAS No. 26677-99-6
COMBINATION OF TETRAMETHYLTHIURAM DISULFIDE/TETRAETHYLTHIURAM DISULFIDE (TM/ETD)
Combination of Tetramethylthiuram disulfide/Tetraethylthiuram Disulfide (TM/ETD) is a very active, sulfur-bearing, non-discoloring organic accelerator.
Combination of Tetramethylthiuram disulfide/Tetraethylthiuram Disulfide (TM/ETD) is a blend of tetramethyl thiuram disulfide (60%) and tetraethyl thiuram disulfide (40%).
Combination of Tetramethylthiuram disulfide/Tetraethylthiuram Disulfide (TM/ETD) exhibits excellent dispersibility and requires zinc oxide and fatty acid.

CAS Number: 137-26-8
Molecular Formula: C6H12N2S4
Molecular Weight: 240.43
EINECS Number: 205-286-2

Combination of Tetramethylthiuram disulfide/Tetraethylthiuram Disulfide (TM/ETD) is a rubber chemieal, an accelerator of vulcanization.
Combination of Tetramethylthiuram disulfide/Tetraethylthiuram Disulfide (TM/ETD) represents the most commonly positive allergen contained in the "thiuram mix".
The most frequent occupational categories are the metal industry, homemakers, health services and laboratories, building industries, and shoemakers.

Combination of Tetramethylthiuram disulfide/Tetraethylthiuram Disulfide (TM/ETD)s are a class of organosulfur compounds with the formula (R2NCSS)2.
Many examples are known, but popular ones include R = Me and R = Et.
They are disulfides obtained by oxidation of the dithiocarbamates.

Combination of Tetramethylthiuram disulfide/Tetraethylthiuram Disulfide (TM/ETD)s are used in sulfur vulcanization of rubber as well as in the manufacture of pesticides and drugs.
They are typically white or pale yellow solids that are soluble in organic solvents.
An organic disulfide that results from the formal oxidative dimerisation of Combination of Tetramethylthiuram disulfide/Tetraethylthiuram Disulfide (TM/ETD).

Combination of Tetramethylthiuram disulfide/Tetraethylthiuram Disulfide (TM/ETD) is widely used as a fungicidal seed treatment.
Combination of Tetramethylthiuram disulfide/Tetraethylthiuram Disulfide (TM/ETD) is designed to give non-blooming cures in EV and semi-EV systems.
Combination of Tetramethylthiuram disulfide/Tetraethylthiuram Disulfide (TM/ETD) contains 12.1% available sulfur and can be activated by thiazoles and sulfenamides.

Combination of Tetramethylthiuram disulfide/Tetraethylthiuram Disulfide (TM/ETD) is also used in nitrile rubber, SBR and EPDM.
Combination of Tetramethylthiuram disulfide/Tetraethylthiuram Disulfide (TM/ETD) refers to the use of these two chemical compounds as accelerators in rubber vulcanization.
Combination of Tetramethylthiuram disulfide/Tetraethylthiuram Disulfide (TM/ETD) are members of the thiuram class of accelerators and are commonly used in the rubber industry to promote the vulcanization process.

Combination of Tetramethylthiuram disulfide/Tetraethylthiuram Disulfide (TM/ETD) is used to achieve a balanced vulcanization process with desirable properties in the final rubber product.
This combination allows rubber manufacturers to tailor the curing characteristics, such as curing rate and scorch time, to meet the specific requirements of different rubber formulations.
Combination of Tetramethylthiuram disulfide/Tetraethylthiuram Disulfide (TM/ETD) can exhibit synergistic effects, where the overall acceleration performance is greater than the sum of the

Combination of Tetramethylthiuram disulfide/Tetraethylthiuram Disulfide (TM/ETD) formulations often involve a combination of accelerators to control the vulcanization process more precisely. Combination of Tetramethylthiuram disulfide/Tetraethylthiuram Disulfide (TM/ETD) combinations are chosen based on the desired balance of curing time, scorch resistance, and final product properties.
Combination of Tetramethylthiuram disulfide/Tetraethylthiuram Disulfide (TM/ETD) combination is employed in various rubber applications, including the manufacturing of tires, belts, hoses, seals, and other molded rubber products.

Combination of Tetramethylthiuram disulfide/Tetraethylthiuram Disulfide (TM/ETD) are compatible with a range of rubber polymers, and the combination allows for flexibility in formulating rubber compounds with different base polymers.
Industries using Combination of Tetramethylthiuram disulfide/Tetraethylthiuram Disulfide (TM/ETD) need to adhere to regulatory standards regarding their production, handling, and use.
Compliance ensures the safety of workers and the quality of the final rubber products.

Ongoing research in rubber chemistry explores new accelerator combinations and formulations to improve the efficiency of the vulcanization process, reduce environmental impact, and meet evolving industry needs.
Combination of Tetramethylthiuram disulfide/Tetraethylthiuram Disulfide (TM/ETD)s are prepared by oxidizing the salts of the corresponding dithiocarbamates (e.g. sodium diethyldithiocarbamate). Typical oxidants employed include chlorine and hydrogen peroxide:
2 R2NCSSNa + Cl2 → (R2NCSS)2 + 2 NaCl

Combination of Tetramethylthiuram disulfide/Tetraethylthiuram Disulfide (TM/ETD)s react with Grignard reagents to give esters of dithiocarbamic acid, as in the preparation of methyl dimethyldithiocarbamate:
[Me2NC(S)S]2 + MeMgX → Me2NC(S)SMe + Me2NCS2MgX
The compounds feature planar dithiocarbamate subunits and are linked by an S−S bond of 2.00 Å.

The C(S)−N bond is short (1.33 Å), indicative of multiple bonding.
The dihedral angle between the two dithiocarbamate subunits approaches 90°.
Combination of Tetramethylthiuram disulfide/Tetraethylthiuram Disulfide (TM/ETD) are weak oxidants.

They can be reduced to dithiocarbamates.
Treatment of a Combination of Tetramethylthiuram disulfide/Tetraethylthiuram Disulfide (TM/ETD), or with cyanide salts, yields the corresponding thiuram sulfide:
(R2NCSS)2 + PPh3 → (R2NCS)2S + SPPh3

Chlorination of thiuram disulfide affords the thiocarbamoyl chloride.
Combination of Tetramethylthiuram disulfide/Tetraethylthiuram Disulfide (TM/ETD) is used as a fungicide, bacteriostat and pesticide.
Combination of Tetramethylthiuram disulfide/Tetraethylthiuram Disulfide (TM/ETD) is also used in the processing of rubber and in the blending of lubricant oils.

Combination of Tetramethylthiuram disulfide/Tetraethylthiuram Disulfide (TM/ETD) can be found in products such as seed disinfectants, antiseptic sprays, animal repellents, insecticides, wood
preservatives, some soaps, rodent repellents and as a nut, fruit and mushroom disinfectant.
Further research may identify additional product or industrial usages of Combination of Tetramethylthiuram disulfide/Tetraethylthiuram Disulfide (TM/ETD).

Combination of Tetramethylthiuram disulfide/Tetraethylthiuram Disulfide (TM/ETD) combination is often chosen to achieve specific curing characteristics in rubber compounds.
This includes controlling the speed of the vulcanization process, optimizing scorch time (the time it takes for the rubber to start curing), and ensuring the final product meets the desired specifications.
One of the advantages of using TM/ETD together is the reduction in scorch time.

Scorch time is the time it takes for the rubber compound to start curing at a certain temperature.
The combination can help prevent premature curing during processing.
The combination of Combination of Tetramethylthiuram disulfide/Tetraethylthiuram Disulfide (TM/ETD) can result in synergistic effects, where their combined action enhances the overall performance of the vulcanization process.

This synergy allows for improved efficiency in achieving the desired properties in the final rubber product.
Combination of Tetramethylthiuram disulfide/Tetraethylthiuram Disulfide (TM/ETD) accelerators are sensitive to temperature, and the combination allows for the adjustment of the vulcanization temperature range.
This can be crucial in industries where temperature control during processing is a key consideration.

Combination of Tetramethylthiuram disulfide/Tetraethylthiuram Disulfide (TM/ETD) combinations are often compatible with other rubber additives, such as accelerators, activators, and fillers.
This compatibility allows for the fine-tuning of rubber formulations to meet specific performance requirements.
Combination of Tetramethylthiuram disulfide/Tetraethylthiuram Disulfide (TM/ETD) in combination with other accelerators to create versatile formulations that suit different applications.

The choice of accelerators depends on factors such as the type of rubber, intended use of the final product, and processing conditions.
Combination of Tetramethylthiuram disulfide/Tetraethylthiuram Disulfide (TM/ETD) combination is used in a variety of rubber applications, including tire manufacturing, industrial rubber goods, and consumer products.
The choice of accelerator combination is often optimized for the specific requirements of each application.

Rubber producers carefully control the dosage and combination of accelerators to ensure consistent quality in their products.
Quality control measures help maintain the desired physical and mechanical properties of the rubber.
Ongoing research in the rubber industry continues to explore new accelerator combinations, including alternatives to traditional accelerators, with the aim of improving performance, reducing environmental impact, and meeting evolving industry standards.

Melting point: 156-158 °C(lit.)
Boiling point: 129 °C (20 mmHg)
Density: 1.43
vapor pressure: 8 x 10-6 mmHg at 20 °C (NIOSH, 1997)
refractive index: 1.5500 (estimate)
Flash point: 89°C
storage temp.: under inert gas (argon)
solubility: 0.0184g/l
form: solid
pka: 0.87±0.50(Predicted)
Water Solubility: 16.5 mg/L (20 ºC)
Merck: 14,9371
BRN: 1725821
Exposure limits NIOSH REL: TWA 0.5 mg/m3, IDLH 100 mg/m3; OSHA PEL: 0.5 mg/m3; ACGIH TLV: TWA 5 mg/m3.
InChIKey: KUAZQDVKQLNFPE-UHFFFAOYSA-N
LogP: 1.730

Combination of Tetramethylthiuram disulfide/Tetraethylthiuram Disulfide (TM/ETD)s have been used as rubber components: Combination of Tetramethylthiuram disulfide/Tetraethylthiuram Disulfide (TM/ETD) is used as a rubber accelerator and vulcanizer; a seed, nut, fruit, and mushroom disinfectant; a bacteriostat for edible oils and fats; and as an ingredient in suntan and antiseptic sprays and soaps.
Combination of Tetramethylthiuram disulfide/Tetraethylthiuram Disulfide (TM/ETD) is also used as a fungicide, rodent repellent; wood preservative; and may be used in the blending of lubricant oils.
Combination of Tetramethylthiuram disulfide/Tetraethylthiuram Disulfide (TM/ETD) is decomposed in acidic media.

Combination of Tetramethylthiuram disulfide/Tetraethylthiuram Disulfide (TM/ETD) deteriorates on prolonged exposure to heat, air or moisture.
Combination of Tetramethylthiuram disulfide/Tetraethylthiuram Disulfide (TM/ETD) values are estimated as 128 days, 18 days and 9 hours at pH 4, 7 and 9, respectively (PM).
The Combination of Tetramethylthiuram disulfide/Tetraethylthiuram Disulfide (TM/ETD) is stable in alkaline media but unstable in acidic conditions, decomposing to dimethylamine and carbon disulfide.

In water, the Combination of Tetramethylthiuram disulfide/Tetraethylthiuram Disulfide (TM/ETD) can be oxidatively degraded to a number of products.
The rate of degradation depends on pH and the type of any cations that might be present.
The Combination of Tetramethylthiuram disulfide/Tetraethylthiuram Disulfide (TM/ETD) allows rubber manufacturers to adjust the vulcanization rate.

This is important for optimizing processing times and ensuring efficient production in various manufacturing processes.
Combination of Tetramethylthiuram disulfide/Tetraethylthiuram Disulfide (TM/ETD) combinations are employed in the formulation of specialty rubber compounds, where specific curing characteristics and properties are required.
This includes applications in which precise control over the vulcanization process is critical.

In tire manufacturing, the TM/ETD combination may be used in the formulation of tread compounds.
The accelerators contribute to the rapid and controlled vulcanization of the rubber, enhancing the performance and durability of the tire tread.
Combination of Tetramethylthiuram disulfide/Tetraethylthiuram Disulfide (TM/ETD) can contribute to improved resistance to oil and heat in the final rubber product.

This is particularly important in applications where the rubber material is exposed to challenging environmental conditions.
Combination of Tetramethylthiuram disulfide/Tetraethylthiuram Disulfide (TM/ETD) is chosen to provide processing stability during the production of rubber compounds.
This ensures that the vulcanization process can be effectively controlled without compromising the stability of the rubber during processing.

Rubber products vulcanized with the Combination of Tetramethylthiuram disulfide/Tetraethylthiuram Disulfide (TM/ETD) combination may exhibit enhanced aging properties.
The accelerated vulcanization process contributes to the development of a robust rubber matrix that withstands environmental factors over an extended period.
Combination of Tetramethylthiuram disulfide/Tetraethylthiuram Disulfide (TM/ETD) combination adhere to industry standards and specifications to ensure the compatibility and performance of rubber products.

Combination of Tetramethylthiuram disulfide/Tetraethylthiuram Disulfide (TM/ETD) combination is often used in conjunction with sulfur as part of the vulcanization system.
The interaction between accelerators and sulfur is carefully balanced to achieve the desired curing characteristics and final product properties.
In certain adhesive formulations involving rubber, the Combination of Tetramethylthiuram disulfide/Tetraethylthiuram Disulfide (TM/ETD) combination may be employed to modify the curing characteristics and enhance the performance of the adhesive.

This is particularly relevant in applications where strong and durable bonds are required.
Combination of Tetramethylthiuram disulfide/Tetraethylthiuram Disulfide (TM/ETD) helps control the cross-link density of the polymer matrix.
This has implications for the mechanical and elastic properties of the rubber, influencing its performance in various applications.

The rubber industry continues to explore new combinations of accelerators, including those involving Combination of Tetramethylthiuram disulfide/Tetraethylthiuram Disulfide (TM/ETD), to address evolving needs, improve efficiency, and align with sustainable practices.
Combination of Tetramethylthiuram disulfide/Tetraethylthiuram Disulfide (TM/ETD) combination plays a crucial role in controlling the physical properties of vulcanized rubber.
These properties include hardness, tensile strength, elongation at break, and tear resistance.

The careful selection and dosage of accelerators contribute to achieving the desired balance in these characteristics.
Combination of Tetramethylthiuram disulfide/Tetraethylthiuram Disulfide (TM/ETD) can contribute to improvements in dynamic properties, such as resilience and fatigue resistance, in vulcanized rubber.
This is important in applications where the rubber is subjected to repeated or cyclic stress.

Rubber processing conditions, such as temperature and time, are influenced by the choice and combination of accelerators.
Combination of Tetramethylthiuram disulfide/Tetraethylthiuram Disulfide (TM/ETD) is selected to provide a favorable balance between processing time, curing rate, and scorch resistance.
Rubber compounders have the flexibility to adjust the ratio of Combination of Tetramethylthiuram disulfide/Tetraethylthiuram Disulfide (TM/ETD) based on the specific requirements of the rubber formulation.

Combination of Tetramethylthiuram disulfide/Tetraethylthiuram Disulfide (TM/ETD) flexibility allows for customization of rubber compounds for different applications.
Combination of Tetramethylthiuram disulfide/Tetraethylthiuram Disulfide (TM/ETD), which are potentially carcinogenic compounds, can form during the vulcanization process involving certain accelerators.
Combination of Tetramethylthiuram disulfide/Tetraethylthiuram Disulfide (TM/ETD) combination is often chosen, in part, to help reduce the formation of nitrosamines, enhancing the safety profile of the final rubber products.

Combination of Tetramethylthiuram disulfide/Tetraethylthiuram Disulfide (TM/ETD) combination is compatible with a variety of rubber types, including natural rubber and various synthetic rubbers.
This versatility makes it applicable to a wide range of rubber formulations used in diverse industries.
Combination of Tetramethylthiuram disulfide/Tetraethylthiuram Disulfide (TM/ETD) accelerators may be used in the vulcanization of rubber used in wire and cable insulation.

The vulcanization process ensures that the rubber insulation provides electrical insulation, mechanical strength, and durability.
Combination of Tetramethylthiuram disulfide/Tetraethylthiuram Disulfide (TM/ETD) are often used in combination with sulfur to form an efficient vulcanization system.
This combination contributes to the formation of cross-links in the rubber matrix, resulting in the desired physical and mechanical properties.

Combination of Tetramethylthiuram disulfide/Tetraethylthiuram Disulfide (TM/ETD) combination may exhibit improved resistance to aging, including resistance to heat, oxygen, and other environmental factors.
This is particularly advantageous in applications where rubber products are exposed to challenging conditions over time.

Ongoing research in rubber chemistry explores not only the efficiency of accelerator combinations but also their environmental impact.
The rubber industry is actively seeking sustainable practices, and this includes the investigation of alternative accelerators and vulcanization systems.

Production method
The preparation of sodium dimethyl dithiocarbamate(SDD): the reaction of dimethylamine hydrochloride and carbon disulfide in the presence of sodium hydroxide can generate sodium dimethylamino dithiocarbamate.
The reaction temperature is 50~55℃ and the pH value is 8~9.
The preparation of thiram: the reaction of SDD (or Diram) and hydrogen peroxide in the presence of sulfuric acid can produce thiram.

The reaction temperature is controlled at 10 ℃ below and the end pH value is 3 to 4.
Chlorine can also be used instead of hydrogen peroxide and sulfuric acid.

The reaction is performed in the sieve tray tower, from the bottom of which the diluted chlorine is introduced and from the top of which 5% sodium solution is sprayed, which is called chlorine-air oxidation method.
There are also other methods, such as sodium nitrite oxidation or electrolytic oxidation.

Uses:
Combination of Tetramethylthiuram disulfide/Tetraethylthiuram Disulfide (TM/ETD) belongs to protective fungicides of broad spectrum, with a residual effect period of up to 7d or so.
Combination of Tetramethylthiuram disulfide/Tetraethylthiuram Disulfide (TM/ETD) is mainly used for dealing with seeds and soil and preventing powdery mildew, smut and rice seedlings damping-off of cereal crops.
Combination of Tetramethylthiuram disulfide/Tetraethylthiuram Disulfide (TM/ETD) can also be used for some fruit trees and vegetable diseases.

For example, dressing seed with 500g of 50% wettable powder can control rice blast, rice leaf spot, barley and wheat smut.
As pesticides, Combination of Tetramethylthiuram disulfide/Tetraethylthiuram Disulfide (TM/ETD) is often referred to as thiram and is mainly used for the treatment of seeds and soil and the prevention and controlling of cereal powdery mildew, smut and vegetable diseases.
Combination of Tetramethylthiuram disulfide/Tetraethylthiuram Disulfide (TM/ETD), as the super accelerator of natural rubber, synthetic rubber and latex, is often referred to as accelerator TMTD and is the representative of thiuram vulcanization accelerator, accounting for 85% of the total amount of similar products.

Accelerator T is also the super accelerator of natural rubber, diene synthetic rubber, Ⅱ, R and EPDM, with the highest utilization rate of all.
The vulcanization promoting force of accelerator T is very strong, but, without the presence of zinc oxide, it is not vulcanized at all.
Combination of Tetramethylthiuram disulfide/Tetraethylthiuram Disulfide (TM/ETD) is used for the manufacture of cables, wires, tires and other rubber products.

Combination of Tetramethylthiuram disulfide/Tetraethylthiuram Disulfide (TM/ETD) is used as the super accelerator of natural rubber, synthetic rubber and latex.
Combination of Tetramethylthiuram disulfide/Tetraethylthiuram Disulfide (TM/ETD) is used as the late effect promoter of natural rubber, butadiene rubber, styrene-butadiene rubber and polyisoprene rubber.
Combination of Tetramethylthiuram disulfide/Tetraethylthiuram Disulfide (TM/ETD) is used for the pest control of rice, wheat, tobacco, sugar beet, grapes and other crops, as well as for the seed dressing and soil treatment.

Combination of Tetramethylthiuram disulfide/Tetraethylthiuram Disulfide (TM/ETD) is suitable for the manufacture of natural rubber, synthetic rubber and latex, and can also be used as curing agent.
Combination of Tetramethylthiuram disulfide/Tetraethylthiuram Disulfide (TM/ETD) is the second accelerator of thiazole accelerators, which can be used with other accelerators as the continuous vulcanization accelerator.
Combination of Tetramethylthiuram disulfide/Tetraethylthiuram Disulfide (TM/ETD) can be used as the super-vulcanization accelerator, and aften used with thiazole accelerator.

Combination of Tetramethylthiuram disulfide/Tetraethylthiuram Disulfide (TM/ETD) can also be used in combination with other accelerators as the continuous rubber accelerator.
For slowly decomposing out of free sulfur at more than 100 ℃, it can be used as curing agent too. Its products have excellent resistance to aging and heat, so it is applicable to natural rubber, synthetic rubber and is mainly used in the manufacture of tires, tubes, shoes, cables and other industrial products.
In agriculture, Combination of Tetramethylthiuram disulfide/Tetraethylthiuram Disulfide (TM/ETD) can be used as fungicide and insecticide, and it can also be used as lubricant additives.

Production methods from Combination of Tetramethylthiuram disulfide/Tetraethylthiuram Disulfide (TM/ETD), carbon disulfide, ammonia condensation reaction was dimethyl dithiocarbamate, and then by the oxidation of hydrogen peroxide to the finished product.
Combination of Tetramethylthiuram disulfide/Tetraethylthiuram Disulfide (TM/ETD) is a protective fungicide applied to foliage to control Botrytis spp.
Combination of Tetramethylthiuram disulfide/Tetraethylthiuram Disulfide (TM/ETD) also controls rust on ornamentals, scab and storage diseases on apple and pear and leaf curl and Monilia on stone fruit.

Combination of Tetramethylthiuram disulfide/Tetraethylthiuram Disulfide (TM/ETD) is used in seed treatments alone or in combination with added insecticides or fungicides to control damping off diseases such as Pythium spp., and other diseases like Fusarium spp. of maize, cotton, cereals, legumes, vegetables and ornamentals.
Rubber components used in agriculture, such as conveyor belts and seals, may undergo vulcanization with the Combination of Tetramethylthiuram disulfide/Tetraethylthiuram Disulfide (TM/ETD) combination.
This ensures that the rubber parts can withstand the harsh conditions encountered in agricultural operations.

Certain rubber components used in the oil and gas industry, such as seals and gaskets, may undergo vulcanization using accelerators like Combination of Tetramethylthiuram disulfide/Tetraethylthiuram Disulfide (TM/ETD).
This is to ensure that the rubber parts can withstand the demanding conditions of oil and gas applications.
In the manufacturing of vibration control products, such as mounts and isolators, the Combination of Tetramethylthiuram disulfide/Tetraethylthiuram Disulfide (TM/ETD) combination may be used to enhance the properties of rubber components.

The vulcanization process improves the durability and performance of Combination of Tetramethylthiuram disulfide/Tetraethylthiuram Disulfide (TM/ETD).
Rubber compounds with the Combination of Tetramethylthiuram disulfide/Tetraethylthiuram Disulfide (TM/ETD) combination may find applications in medical and healthcare products.
For example, rubber components in medical devices, gloves, or healthcare equipment may undergo vulcanization to ensure reliability and safety.

Rubber components used in rail transportation, such as seals and gaskets, may undergo vulcanization with accelerators like Combination of Tetramethylthiuram disulfide/Tetraethylthiuram Disulfide (TM/ETD).
This ensures the durability and reliability of rubber parts in the challenging conditions of rail applications.
Rubber components used in water treatment equipment, such as seals and gaskets, may benefit from the Combination of Tetramethylthiuram disulfide/Tetraethylthiuram Disulfide (TM/ETD) combination during vulcanization.

This enhances the chemical resistance and durability of rubber parts in water treatment applications.
Seals and gaskets in various industrial equipment, including pumps, valves, and machinery, may undergo vulcanization using the Combination of Tetramethylthiuram disulfide/Tetraethylthiuram Disulfide (TM/ETD) combination.
This enhances the sealing properties and longevity of these rubber components.

Rubber products used in the mining industry, such as conveyor belts and seals, may undergo vulcanization with accelerators like Combination of Tetramethylthiuram disulfide/Tetraethylthiuram Disulfide (TM/ETD).
This ensures the durability and reliability of rubber components in mining applications.
Rubber components used in the electronics industry, such as gaskets and seals for electronic devices, may undergo vulcanization using the Combination of Tetramethylthiuram disulfide/Tetraethylthiuram Disulfide (TM/ETD) combination.

This contributes to the reliability and protection of electronic components.
Rubberized fabrics and components used in the textile industry may undergo vulcanization with the Combination of Tetramethylthiuram disulfide/Tetraethylthiuram Disulfide (TM/ETD) combination.
This ensures the durability and performance of rubberized materials in textile applications.

Combination of Tetramethylthiuram disulfide/Tetraethylthiuram Disulfide (TM/ETD) combination is often used in research and development efforts within the rubber industry.
Combination of Tetramethylthiuram disulfide/Tetraethylthiuram Disulfide (TM/ETD) serves as a reference or benchmark accelerator in studies aimed at developing new rubber formulations or exploring alternative accelerators.
Combination of Tetramethylthiuram disulfide/Tetraethylthiuram Disulfide (TM/ETD) is used as fungicide; bacteriostat; pesticide; rubber vulcanization accelerator; scabicide; seed disinfectant; animal repellent; insecticide; lube-oil additive; wood preservative; in antiseptic sprays; in the blending of lubrieant oils; used against Botrytis, rusts and downy mildews; seed dressing against "damping off' and verticillium wilt; ethanol antagonist and deterrent in mixtures of the methyl, ethyl, propyl, and butyl derivatives; antioxidant in polyolefin plastics; peptizing agent in polysulphide elastomers; in soaps and rodent repellents; nut, fruit, and mushroom disinfectant.

Combination of Tetramethylthiuram disulfide/Tetraethylthiuram Disulfide (TM/ETD) is used in agriculture to prevent fungal diseases in seed and crops.
Combination of Tetramethylthiuram disulfide/Tetraethylthiuram Disulfide (TM/ETD) has other applications ranging from use as a topical bactericide to animal repellent.
Combination of Tetramethylthiuram disulfide/Tetraethylthiuram Disulfide (TM/ETD) is used as a fungicide to prevent crop damage in the field and to prevent crops from deterioration in storage or transport.

Combination of Tetramethylthiuram disulfide/Tetraethylthiuram Disulfide (TM/ETD) is also used as a seed, nut, fruit, and mushroom disinfectant from a variety of fungal diseases.
In addition, Combination of Tetramethylthiuram disulfide/Tetraethylthiuram Disulfide (TM/ETD) is used as an animal repellent to protect fruit trees and ornamentals from damage by rabbits, rodents, and deer.
Combination of Tetramethylthiuram disulfide/Tetraethylthiuram Disulfide (TM/ETD) has been used in the treatment of human scabies, as a sun screen, and as a bactericide applied directly to the skin or incorporated into soap.

Combination of Tetramethylthiuram disulfide/Tetraethylthiuram Disulfide (TM/ETD) is used as a rubber accelerator and vulcanizer and as a bacteriostat for edible oils and fats.
Combination of Tetramethylthiuram disulfide/Tetraethylthiuram Disulfide (TM/ETD) is also used as a rodent repellent, wood preservative, and may be used in the blending of lubricant oils.
The tetramethyl derivative, known as Combination of Tetramethylthiuram disulfide/Tetraethylthiuram Disulfide (TM/ETD), is a widely used fungicide.

The tetraethyl derivative, known as Combination of Tetramethylthiuram disulfide/Tetraethylthiuram Disulfide (TM/ETD), is commonly used to treat chronic alcoholism.
Combination of Tetramethylthiuram disulfide/Tetraethylthiuram Disulfide (TM/ETD) produces an acute sensitivity to alcohol ingestion by blocking metabolism of acetaldehyde by acetaldehyde dehydrogenase, leading to a higher concentration of the aldehyde in the blood, which in turn produces symptoms of a severe hangover.
Combination of Tetramethylthiuram disulfide/Tetraethylthiuram Disulfide (TM/ETD) combination is widely used in the production of tires.

Vulcanization accelerators play a key role in ensuring that tires have the necessary strength, elasticity, and heat resistance for safe and reliable performance on vehicles.
Various industrial rubber products, including belts, hoses, seals, gaskets, and other molded rubber components, utilize the Combination of Tetramethylthiuram disulfide/Tetraethylthiuram Disulfide (TM/ETD) combination during vulcanization.
This enhances the mechanical properties of these goods, making them suitable for diverse industrial applications.

Rubber components in automobiles, such as engine mounts, seals, and gaskets, often undergo vulcanization with accelerators like Combination of Tetramethylthiuram disulfide/Tetraethylthiuram Disulfide (TM/ETD).
This ensures the durability and performance of these rubber parts in the challenging conditions of automotive use.

Rubber used for insulation in wires and cables can benefit from the Combination of Tetramethylthiuram disulfide/Tetraethylthiuram Disulfide (TM/ETD) during vulcanization.
The process enhances the electrical insulation properties and mechanical strength of rubber, making it suitable for use in various electrical applications.
Combination of Tetramethylthiuram disulfide/Tetraethylthiuram Disulfide (TM/ETD) may be employed in the vulcanization of rubber soles and components used in the footwear industry.

This ensures the production of durable and resilient shoe soles.
Combination of Tetramethylthiuram disulfide/Tetraethylthiuram Disulfide (TM/ETD) combination can be used to modify the curing characteristics and improve the adhesive properties.
This is important in applications where strong and durable bonds are required.

Rubberized materials used in construction, such as seals, gaskets, and other components, may undergo vulcanization with accelerators like Combination of Tetramethylthiuram disulfide/Tetraethylthiuram Disulfide (TM/ETD).
This enhances the durability and performance of rubber products in construction applications.
Combination of Tetramethylthiuram disulfide/Tetraethylthiuram Disulfide (TM/ETD) combination is employed in the formulation of specialty rubber compounds where specific curing characteristics and properties are required.

In the manufacturing of foam rubber products, such as cushions and padding, the Combination of Tetramethylthiuram disulfide/Tetraethylthiuram Disulfide (TM/ETD) may be used as accelerators in the vulcanization process to impart the necessary properties for comfort and resilience.
Rubber components in various consumer goods, such as toys, sporting equipment, and household items, may undergo vulcanization using the Combination of Tetramethylthiuram disulfide/Tetraethylthiuram Disulfide (TM/ETD) combination to ensure the desired properties and durability.

Safety Profile:
Poison by ingestion and intraperitoneal routes.
Questionable carcinogen with experimental tumorigenic and teratogenic data.
Other experimental reproductive effects.

Mutation data reported, Affects human pulmonary system.
Combination of Tetramethylthiuram disulfide/Tetraethylthiuram Disulfide (TM/ETD) a rmld allergen and irritant.
Acute poisoning in experimental animals produced liver, hdney, and brain damage.

Health Hazard:
Inhalation of dust may cause respiratory irritation.
Liquid irritates eyes and skin and may cause allergic eczema in sensitive individuals.
Ingestion causes nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea, all of which may be persistent; paralysis may develop.

Fire Hazard:
Special Hazards of Combustion Products: Toxic and irritating oxides of sulfur are formed.
Carbon disulfide may be formed from unburned material.

Toxicity evaluation:
Combination of Tetramethylthiuram disulfide/Tetraethylthiuram Disulfide (TM/ETD) appears to result from its potential to disrupt cellular defense mechanisms against oxidative stress.
In cultured human skin fibroblast, Combination of Tetramethylthiuram disulfide/Tetraethylthiuram Disulfide (TM/ETD) results in an increase in oxidative markers such as lipid peroxidation and oxidation of reduced glutathione and decrease in other endogenous antioxidant.

Toxic effects of thiram have been described in humans and animal model systems ranging from liver injury, testicular toxicity, ophthalmological changes, and development of micronuclei in bone marrow.
However, the mechanisms of these effects are not characterized and inconsistent across various studies.

Synonyms:
thiram
Tetramethylthiuram disulfide
137-26-8
Thiuram
Rezifilm
TMTD
Pomarsol
Thirame
Arasan
Fernasan
Nobecutan
Thioscabin
Thirasan
Aapirol
Tersan
Tetrathiuram disulfide
Tetramethylthiuram
Falitiram
Formalsol
Hexathir
Kregasan
Mercuram
Normersan
Sadoplon
Spotrete
Tetrasipton
Thillate
Thiramad
Aatiram
Atiram
Fermide
Fernide
Hermal
Pomasol
Puralin
Thiosan
Thiotox
Thiulin
Thiulix
Heryl
Pomarsol forte
Methyl tuads
Accelerator T
Methyl Thiram
Fernasan A
Tetramethylthiuram disulphide
Nocceler TT
Arasan-M
Bis(dimethylthiocarbamoyl) disulfide
Thiram B
Arasan-SF
Cyuram DS
Ekagom TB
Hermat TMT
Tetramethylenethiuram disulfide
Accel TMT
Accelerator thiuram
Aceto TETD
Radothiram
Royal TMTD
Tetramethyl-thiram disulfid
Fernacol
Sadoplon 75
Tetramethylthiuram bisulfide
Tetrapom
Thioknock
Thirampa
Thiramum
Anles
Arasan-SF-X
Aules
Thimer
Panoram 75
Tetramethylthiouram disulfide
Tetramethylthiurane disulfide
Arasan 70
Arasan 75
Tersan 75
Thiram 75
Thiram 80
Spotrete-F
TMTDS
Arasan 70-S Red
Tetramethylthioperoxydicarbonic diamide
Methylthiuram disulfide
N,N-Tetramethylthiuram disulfide
Metiurac
Micropearls
Nomersan
Thianosan
Cunitex
Delsan
Thimar
Teramethylthiuram disulfide
Tersantetramethyldiurane sulfide
Pol-Thiuram
Arasan 42-S
Tetramethylthiurum disulfide
Disulfure de tetramethylthiourame
Tetrathiuram disulphide
Sranan-sf-X
Hy-Vic
SQ 1489
Chipco thiram 75
Bis(dimethyl-thiocarbamoyl)-disulfid
Orac TMTD
Tetramethylthioramdisulfide
Tetramethyldiurane sulphite
Thiotox (fungicide)
Disulfide, bis(dimethylthiocarbamoyl)
Bis((dimethylamino)carbonothioyl) disulfide
Fermide 850
Tetramethyl thiuramdisulfide
Tetramethylthiocarbamoyldisulphide
Thiuramyl
Thylate
Methyl thiuramdisulfide
Bis(dimethylthiocarbamyl) disulfide
Tetramethyl thiurane disulfide
Bis(dimethyl thiocarbamoyl)disulfide
Thirame [INN-French]
Thiramum [INN-Latin]
Thiuram D
Disolfuro di tetrametiltiourame
Tetramethyl thiurane disulphide
Tetramethylenethiuram disulphide
N,N'-(Dithiodicarbonothioyl)bis(N-methylmethanamine)
RCRA waste number U244
Flo Pro T Seed Protectant
Tetramethylthiuram bisulphide
Tetramethylthiuran disulphide
Tetramethylthiurum disulphide
NSC-1771
Tetramethyl thiuram disulfide
alpha,alpha'-Dithiobis(dimethylthio)formamide
Thiotex
Thiurad
Tirampa
Tiuramyl
Trametan
Tridipam
Tripomol
Tyradin
Tuads
Tutan
Vulkacit mtic
N,N,N',N'-Tetramethylthiuram disulfide
N,N-Tetramethylthiuram disulphide
Vulkacit thiuram
Thioperoxydicarbonic diamide, tetramethyl-
Thiuram M
Vulkacit TH
Tetramethylthioramdisulfide [Dutch]
Vulcafor TMT
Vulcafor TMTD
Bis((dimethylamino)carbonothioyl) disulphide
FMC 2070
Bis(dimethylthiocarbamoyl) disulphide
Tetramethyl-thiram disulfid [German]
Formamide, 1,1'-dithiobis(N,N-dimethylthio-
Zaprawa Nasienna T
[Me2NC(S)S]2
Vancida tm-95
Disulfuro di tetrametiltiourame
Arasan 42S
TUEX
Disolfuro di tetrametiltiourame [Italian]
Disulfuro di tetrametiltiourame [Italian]
DTXSID5021332
Disulfure de tetramethylthiourame [French]
NSC1771
dimethylcarbamothioylsulfanyl N,N-dimethylcarbamodithioate
Bis(dimethyl-thiocarbamoyl)-disulfid [German]
VUAgT-I-4
NSC-49512
Thioperoxydicarbonic diamide ([(H2N)C(S)]2S2), tetramethyl-
NSC-622696
[disulfanediylbis(carbonothioylnitrilo)]tetramethane
Thiuram M rubber accelerator
MLS000069752
MLS002702972
0D771IS0FH
CHEBI:9495
Thiuram disulfide, tetramethyl-
Thiuram-M
Thioperoxydicarbonic diamide (((H2N)C(S))2S2), tetramethyl-
NSC49512
CCG-35460
NSC-59637
NSC622696
TNTD
SQ-1489
NCGC00091563-01
SMR000059023
Thioperoxydicarbonic diamide ((H2N)C(S))2S2, tetramethyl-
[dithiobis(carbonothioylnitrilo)]tetramethane
.alpha.,.alpha.'-Dithiobis(dimethylthio)formamide
DTXCID401332
Caswell No. 856
Granuflo
N,N-dimethyl[(dimethylcarbamothioyl)disulfanyl]carbothioamide
Thiuramin
N,N',N'-Tetramethylthiuram disulfide
Thioperoxydicarbonic diamide (((H2N)C(S))2S2), N,N,N',N'-tetramethyl-
CAS-137-26-8
Formamide,1'-dithiobis(N,N-dimethylthio-
Bis[(dimethylamino)carbonothioyl] disulfide
Attack [Antifungal]
Thiram [ISO]
NSC59637
CCRIS 1282
HSDB 863
ENT 987
WLN: 1N1 & YUS & SSYUS & N1 & 1
NSC 1771
EINECS 205-286-2
NSC 49512
NSC 59637
RCRA waste no. U244
EPA Pesticide Chemical Code 079801
NSC 622696
BRN 1725821
tiramo
UNII-0D771IS0FH
Basultra
Betoxin
Tiradin
Accelerant T
AI3-00987
Ziram metabolite
Arasan m
Vulkazam S
Thioperoxydicarbonic diamide ([(H2N)C(S)]2S2), N,N,N',N'-tetramethyl-
Vanguard GF
Vancide TM
Akrochem TMTD
Perkacit TMTD
Vulkacit DTMT
Robac TMT
Rezifilm (TN)
Arasan 50 red
Spotrete WP 75
MFCD00008325
Vancide TM-95
Naftocit thiuram 16
Spectrum_001687
Thiram (USAN/INN)
Agrichem flowable thiram
THIRAM [HSDB]
THIRAM [IARC]
THIRAM [INCI]
THIRAM [USAN]
THIRAM [INN]
Spectrum2_001554
Spectrum3_001592
Spectrum4_000860
Spectrum5_001653
THIRAM [WHO-DD]
THIRAM [MI]
THIRAM [MART.]
bmse000928
EC 205-286-2
NCIMech_000272
cid_5455
NCIOpen2_007854
SCHEMBL21144
BSPBio_003184
KBioGR_001499
KBioSS_002167
4-04-00-00242 (Beilstein Handbook Reference)
BIDD:ER0359
DivK1c_000741
SPECTRUM1503322
SPBio_001428
CHEMBL120563
Thiram [USAN:INN:BSI:ISO]
BDBM43362
HMS502F03
KBio1_000741
KBio2_002167
KBio2_004735
KBio2_007303
KBio3_002684
KUAZQDVKQLNFPE-UHFFFAOYSA-
ENT-987
NINDS_000741
HMS1922A12
HMS2093E03
HMS2234B08
HMS3374C05
Pharmakon1600-01503322
Tetramethylthiuram disulfide, 97%
Tox21_111150
Tox21_201569
Tox21_301102
NSC758454
s2431
(dimethylamino){[(dimethylamino)thioxomethyl]disulfanyl}methane-1-thione
AKOS000120200
bis (dimethyl thiocarbamoyl) disulfide
Bis(dimethylaminothiocarbonyl)disulfide
Tox21_111150_1
bis(dimethylaminothiocarbonyl) disulfide
DB13245
KS-5354
NSC-758454
IDI1_000741
QTL1_000082
NCGC00091563-02
NCGC00091563-03
NCGC00091563-04
NCGC00091563-05
NCGC00091563-06
NCGC00091563-07
NCGC00091563-08
NCGC00091563-09
NCGC00091563-10
NCGC00091563-12
NCGC00255002-01
NCGC00259118-01
NCI60_001477
NCI60_006736
SBI-0051813.P002
Thiram, PESTANAL(R), analytical standard
B0486
CS-0012858
FT-0631799
EN300-16677
D06114
D97716
AB00052345_10
Q416572
SR-01000736911
J-006992
J-524968
SR-01000736911-2
Thiram, certified reference material, TraceCERT(R)
BRD-K29254801-001-06-3
Z56754480
F0001-0468
TETRAMETHYLTHIOPEROXYDICARBONIC ACID [(H2N)C(S)]2S2
N,N-Dimethyl[(dimethylcarbamothioyl)-disulfanyl]carbothioamide
1-(dimethylthiocarbamoyldisulfanyl)-N,N-dimethyl-methanethioamide
N,N-dimethylcarbamodithioic acid (dimethylthiocarbamoylthio) ester
InChI=1/C6H12N2S4/c1-7(2)5(9)11-12-6(10)8(3)4/h1-4H3
N(1),N(1),N(3),N(3)-tetramethyl-2-dithioperoxy-1,3-dithiodicarbonic diamide
N,N-dimethylcarbamodithioic acid [[dimethylamino(sulfanylidene)methyl]thio] ester
TETRAMETHYLTHIOPEROXYDICARBONIC DIAMIDE ((((CH(SUB 3))(SUB 2)N)C(S))(SUB 2)S(SUB 2))

CONCENTRATED SULFURIC ACID
Concentrated sulfuric acid is an inorganic acid composed of the elements chromium, oxygen, and hydrogen.
Concentrated sulfuric acid is a dark, purplish red, odorless, sand-like solid powder.
When dissolved in water, Concentrated sulfuric acid is a strong acid.

CAS Number: 7738-94-5
EC Number: 231-801-5
Chemical Formula: H2CrO4
Molecular Weight: 118.010 g/mol

Synonyms: CHROMIC ACID, Chromic(VI) acid, 7738-94-5, dihydroxy(dioxo)chromium, Acide chromique, Caswell No. 221, Chromic acid (H2CrO4), tetraoxochromic acid, CCRIS 8994, HSDB 6769, UNII-SA8VOV0V7Q, SA8VOV0V7Q, EINECS 231-801-5, EPA Pesticide Chemical Code 021101, AI3-51760, dihydroxidodioxidochromium, dihydrogen(tetraaoxidochromate), DTXSID8034455, CHEBI:33143, J34.508C, CHROMIUM HYDROXIDE OXIDE (CR(OH)2O2), (CrO2(OH)2), [CrO2(OH)2], Acide chromique [French], Chromium hydrogen oxide, Pesticide Code: 021101, DTXCID6014455, KRVSOGSZCMJSLX-UHFFFAOYSA-L, AMY22327, AKOS025243247, Q422642, Chromic acid [Wiki], 231-801-5 [EINECS], 7738-94-5 [RN], chromic acid (H2CrO4), Chromium, dihydroxydioxo- [ACD/Index Name], Dihydroxy(dioxo)chrom [German] [ACD/IUPAC Name], Dihydroxy(dioxo)chrome [French] [ACD/IUPAC Name], Dihydroxy(dioxo)chromium [ACD/IUPAC Name], SA8VOV0V7Q, [CrO2(OH)2], 11115-74-5 [RN], 1333-82-0 [RN], 13530-68-2 [RN], 13765-19-0 [RN], 199384-58-2 [RN], 237391-94-5 [RN], 24934-60-9 [RN], 9044-10-4 [RN], Acide chromique [French], chromate [Wiki], Chromatite syn, CHROMIC ACID|DIOXOCHROMIUMDIOL, CHROMIC ANHYDRIDE, chromic(VI) acid, Chromium hydroxide oxide, Chromium trioxide [Wiki], dihydrogen(tetraaoxidochromate), dihydrogen(tetraaoxidochromate); dihydroxidodioxidochromium, dihydroxidodioxidochromium, dihydroxy-dioxochromium, dihydroxy-dioxo-chromium, Gelbin, H2CrO4, SOLID CHROMIC ACID, tetraoxochromic acid, UNII:SA8VOV0V7Q, UNII-SA8VOV0V7Q, Yellow ultramarine, 铬酸 [Chinese],

Concentrated sulfuric acid is a very weak acid and Concentrated sulfuric acid salts can be dissociated event by acetic acid.
Concentrated sulfuric acid has a strong oxidising action and is itself reduced to CrO3; because of this, Concentrated sulfuric acid should never be used in combination with alcohol or formalin.

Concentrated sulfuric acid is an inorganic acid composed of the elements chromium, oxygen, and hydrogen.
Concentrated sulfuric acid is a dark, purplish red, odorless, sand-like solid powder.
When dissolved in water, Concentrated sulfuric acid is a strong acid.

There are 2 types of Concentrated sulfuric acid: molecular Concentrated sulfuric acid with the formula H2CrO4 and diConcentrated sulfuric acid with the formula H2Cr2O7.

The term Concentrated sulfuric acid is usually used for a mixture made by adding Chromic acid to a dichromate, which may contain a variety of compounds, including solid chromium trioxide.
This kind of Concentrated sulfuric acid may be used as a cleaning mixture for glass.

Concentrated sulfuric acid may also refer to the molecular species, H2CrO4 of which the trioxide is the anhydride.
Concentrated sulfuric acid features chromium in an oxidation state of +6 (or VI).
Concentrated sulfuric acid is a strong and corrosive oxidising agent and a moderate carcinogen.

Concentrated sulfuric acid is formed when chromium trioxide reacts with water.
Chromium trioxide is crystalline, light red or brown in color and is deliquescent and fully soluble in water.

In a number of fixing fluids, however, Concentrated sulfuric acid is used together with formalin–the reducing action being slow, the fixation is completed before the acid is fully reduced.
Concentrated sulfuric acid is a strong precipitant of protein but Berg (1927) found Concentrated sulfuric acid to be a very weak precipitant of nuclein.

The dissociation of Concentrated sulfuric acid in water may result in H+ and HCrO4− or 2H+ and CrO4− ions.
According to Berg (1927), protein undergoes denaturation and precipitation by the primary action of Concentrated sulfuric acid, and the secondary action results in hardening.

He holds that the ion HCrO4− is responsible for the secondary action.
Chemical reaction probably occurs between protein and Concentrated sulfuric acid, but the exact steps are not precisely known.

However, the principal affinity of chromium is for the carboxyl and hydroxyl groups.
Green (1953) suggested that coordinates with –OH and –NH2 are formed after reaction with carboxyl groups.

Proteins, acted upon by Concentrated sulfuric acid, are resistant to the action of pepsin and trypsin.
Concentrated sulfuric acid penetrates the tissues slowly and the hardening induced by this acid makes the tissue resistant to hardening by ethanol in subsequent processing.
Concentrated sulfuric acid does not cause excessive shrinkage of the tissue.

Materials fixed in this acid require thorough washing in water, at least overnight, otherwise the deposition of chromic crystals not only hinders staining but also hampers the observation of chromosomes.
Because of Concentrated sulfuric acid slight hardening action Concentrated sulfuric acid is difficult to use this fluid as a fixative for squash preparations, unless softened by some strong acid, which may hamper staining.

Concentrated sulfuric acid should never be used alone, as then heavy precipitates are formed causing shrinkage of nucleus and cytoplasm.
Materials treated in Concentrated sulfuric acid should not be kept in strong sunlight due to the chance of breakdown of proteins.
Basic dyes adhere closely to tissue fixed in Concentrated sulfuric acid.

In general, Concentrated sulfuric acid is considered an essential ingredient of several fixing mixtures.
Concentrated sulfuric acid imparts a better consistency to the tissue and aids staining better than osmium tetroxide.

Synonymous with Chromic acid, the term Concentrated sulfuric acid refers to a mixture formed by adding Chromic acid to a dichromate solution that contains a variety of compounds, including solid chromium trioxide.
Concentrated sulfuric acid is possible to use this type of Concentrated sulfuric acid to clean glass with a cleaning solution.

Concentrated sulfuric acid is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula H2CrO4 and is a compound compound.
Tetraoxo Concentrated sulfuric acid, also known as Chromic(VI) acid, is another name for Concentrated sulfuric acid.

This article discusses the structure, preparation, properties, and various applications of Concentrated sulfuric acid.
Concentrated sulfuric acid has a +6 (or VI) chromium oxidation state, which is also known as the hexavalent chromium oxidation state.

Chromium can exist in a number of different oxidation states, with +6 being the most extreme.
Concentrated sulfuric acid is used to oxidise a wide range of organic compounds, the most common of which are alcohols.

Concentrated sulfuric acid is a powerful oxidising agent that is effective against a wide range of organic compounds.
Using Concentrated sulfuric acid as an oxidant, there are two basic principles that can be applied to any alcohol.

The oxidation of any alcohol containing approximately one alpha hydrogen occurs in the presence of Concentrated sulfuric acid, which means that tertiary alcohols do not undergo oxidation in the presence of the acid.
The oxidation of any organic product formed, whose molecule contains at least one hydrogen atom bound to the carbonyl carbon, is further enhanced by Concentrated sulfuric acid.

Concentrated sulfuric acid is also called TetraoxoConcentrated sulfuric acid or Chromic(VI) acid.
Concentrated sulfuric acid is usually a mixture made by adding concentrated sulphuric acid (H2SO4) to a dichromate which consists of a variety of compounds and solid chromium trioxide.

The term Concentrated sulfuric acid is generally used for a mixture made by the addition of Chromic acid in a dichromate that may contain various compounds, including solid chromium trioxide.
This type of Concentrated sulfuric acid can be used as a cleaning mixture for glass.

Concentrated sulfuric acid can also be related to a molecular species, H2CrO4, which is the trioxide anhydride.
Concentrated sulfuric acid contains chromium in the +6 (or VI) oxidation state.
Concentrated sulfuric acid is a strong and corrosive oxidizing agent.

The anhydride of Concentrated sulfuric acid is chromium trioxide (CrO3).
Therefore, when Concentrated sulfuric acid is mentioned, CrO3 comes to mind.

Here chromium has (6+) valency.
Concentrated sulfuric acid is an unstable compound and turns into di(bi) chromatic acid (H2Cr2O7) by reacting with itself.

Concentrated sulfuric acid anhydride (CrO3) is a red-pink crystal and Concentrated sulfuric acid specific gravity is between 2.67 and 2.82 g/cm3.
Concentrated sulfuric acid melts at 197°C and slowly decomposes after melting.

Concentrated sulfuric acid draws moisture from the air.
Concentrated sulfuric acid is very soluble in water and organic solvents such as acetic acid, pyridine and ether.

Crude CrO3 is separated by precipitation from a mixture of saturated sulfate acid and saturated sodium bichromate.
This precipitate is purified by crystallization or melting.

Concentrated sulfuric acid is a strong acid and is also a strong oxidizing agent.
Concentrated sulfuric acid is highly destructive to plant and animal cells.
If Concentrated sulfuric acid is brought into contact with an organic compound or by reduction, a serious explosion may occur.

Concentrated sulfuric acid is a chromium oxoacid.
Concentrated sulfuric acid has a role as an oxidising agent.
Concentrated sulfuric acid is a conjugate acid of a hydrogenchromate.

Concentrated sulfuric acid generally refers to a collection of compounds generated by the acidification of solutions containing chromate and dichromate anions or the dissolving of chromium trioxide in sulfuric acid.
Concentrated sulfuric acid contains hexavalent chromium.

Hexavalent chromium refers to chromium in the +6 oxidation state, and is more toxic than other oxidation states of the chromium atom because of Concentrated sulfuric acid greater ability to enter cells and a higher redox potential.
Molecular Concentrated sulfuric acid, H2CrO4, has much in common with sulfuric acid, H2SO4 as both are classified as strong acids.

Concentrated sulfuric acid was widely used in the instrument repair industry, due to Concentrated sulfuric acid ability to "brighten" raw brass.
A Concentrated sulfuric acid dip leaves behind a bright yellow patina on the brass.

Due to growing health and environmental concerns, many have discontinued use of this chemical in their repair shops.
Most Concentrated sulfuric acid sold or available as a 10% aqueous solution.

Also known as Tetraoxochromic or Chromic (VI) acid, Concentrated sulfuric acid is a dark red purplish solid with Concentrated sulfuric acid solution being corrosive to tissue and metals.
Concentrated sulfuric acid is a naturally occurring oxide but can also be made by adding concentrated sulphuric acid to a dichromate which may contain a mixture of compounds such as the solid chromium trioxide.

Concentrated sulfuric acid usually refers to a collection of compounds formed via the dissolution of Chromium Trioxide in Sulfuric Acid, or via the acidification of Chromate/Dichromate solutions.
Concentrated sulfuric acid is a dark red, strongly corrosive liquid.

Since Concentrated sulfuric acid contains chromium in Concentrated sulfuric acid +6 oxidation state, Concentrated sulfuric acid has strong oxidizing properties and a high redox potential.
Hence, Concentrated sulfuric acid has been used as a cleaning reagent for lab glassware, textiles, and metals, and an oxidizing agent in organic chemistry reactions.

For a time, Concentrated sulfuric acid was commonly used in musical instrument repair to brighten brass, and as a bleach in photograph development.
The properties that lend this compound to these applications also increase Concentrated sulfuric acid toxicity due to Concentrated sulfuric acid increased ability to enter cells, so some industries have phased in out in favor of alternatives.
Concentrated sulfuric acid is generally available in relatively dilute solutions.

Concentrated sulfuric acid solution is a type of acid that consists of a mixture of Chromic acid with dichromate and can contain many different compounds such as solid chromium trioxide.
Concentrated sulfuric acid is a very good cleaner for windows.

Concentrated sulfuric acid can also refer to the molecular species H2CrO4 where the trioxide is anhydride.

Concentrated sulfuric acid contains chromium in the +6-valent oxidation state, which is a strong and corrosive oxidizing agent.
Since Concentrated sulfuric acid is not a stable compound, Concentrated sulfuric acid reacts with itself and turns into dichromatic acid.

Concentrated sulfuric acid has a melting point of 197 degrees and due to Concentrated sulfuric acid chemical properties, Concentrated sulfuric acid absorbs moisture from the air and decomposes slowly when Concentrated sulfuric acid melts.
Concentrated sulfuric acid is very soluble in organic solvents such as Concentrated sulfuric acid, pyridine, ether, acetic acid and water.

Concentrated sulfuric acid is a strong acid solution that can also be used for oxidation.
Concentrated sulfuric acid can be corrosive and harmful to living species such as animals and plants.
There is a possibility of creating a massive explosion if Concentrated sulfuric acid comes into contact with an organic compound or through reduction.

Concentrated sulfuric acid should be stored in a dry and cool environment.
Concentrated sulfuric acid should be protected from heat and direct sunlight.

Concentrated sulfuric acid generally refers to a collection of compounds generated by the acidification of solutions containing chromate and dichromate anions or the dissolving of chromium trioxide in sulfuric acid.
Concentrated sulfuric acid contains hexavalent chromium.

Hexavalent chromium refers to chromium in the +6 oxidation state, and is more toxic than other oxidation states of the chromium atom because of Concentrated sulfuric acid greater ability to enter cells and a higher redox potential.
Molecular Concentrated sulfuric acid, H2CrO4, has much in common with sulfuric acid, H2SO4 as both are classified as strong acids.

Concentrated sulfuric acid was widely used in the instrument repair industry, due to Concentrated sulfuric acid ability to "brighten" raw brass.
A Concentrated sulfuric acid dip leaves behind a bright yellow patina on the brass.

Due to growing health and environmental concerns, many have discontinued use of this chemical in their repair shops.
Most Concentrated sulfuric acid sold or available as a 10% aqueous solution.

DiConcentrated sulfuric acid:
DiConcentrated sulfuric acid, H2Cr2O7 is the fully protonated form of the dichromate ion and also can be seen as Concentrated sulfuric acid of adding chromium trioxide to molecular Concentrated sulfuric acid.
DiConcentrated sulfuric acid will behave the same exact way when reacting with a primary or secondary alcohol.
The caveat to this statement is that a secondary alcohol will be oxidized no further than a ketone, whereas a primary alcohol will be oxidized to a aldehyde for the first step of the mechanism and then oxidized again to a carboxylic acid, contingent on no significant steric hindrance impeding this reaction.

DiConcentrated sulfuric acid undergoes the following reaction:
[Cr2O7]2− + 2H+ ⇌ H2Cr2O7 ⇌ H2CrO4 + CrO3

Concentrated sulfuric acid is probably present in Concentrated sulfuric acid cleaning mixtures along with the mixed chromosulfuric acid H2CrSO7.

Molecular Concentrated sulfuric acid:
Molecular Concentrated sulfuric acid, H2CrO4, has much in common with sulfuric acid, H2SO4.
Only sulfuric acid can be classified as part of the 7 strong acids list.

Due to the laws pertinent to the concept of "first order ionization energy", the first proton is lost most easily.
Concentrated sulfuric acid behaves extremely similarly to sulfuric acid deprotonation.
Since the process of polyvalent acid-base titrations have more than one proton (especially when the acid is starting substance and the base is the titrant), protons can only leave an acid one at a time.

Hence the first step is as follows:
H2CrO4 ⇌ [HCrO4]− + H+

The pKa for the equilibrium is not well characterized.
Reported values vary between about −0.8 to 1.6.
The value at zero ionic strength is difficult to determine because half dissociation only occurs in very acidic solution, at about pH 0, that is, with an acid concentration of about 1 mol dm−3.

A further complication is that the ion [HCrO4]− has a marked tendency to dimerize, with the loss of a water molecule, to form the dichromate ion, [Cr2O7]2−:
2 [HCrO4]− ⇌ [Cr2O7]2− + H2O log KD = 2.05.

Furthermore, the dichromate can be protonated:
[HCr2O7]− ⇌ [Cr2O7]2− + H+ pK = 1.8

The pK value for this reaction shows that Concentrated sulfuric acid can be ignored at pH > 4.

Loss of the second proton occurs in the pH range 4–8, making the ion [HCrO4]− a weak acid.

Molecular Concentrated sulfuric acid could in principle be made by adding chromium trioxide to water (cf. manufacture of sulfuric acid).

CrO3 + H2O ⇌ H2CrO4

But in practice the reverse reaction occurs when molecular Concentrated sulfuric acid is dehydrated.


This is what happens when concentrated sulfuric acid is added to a dichromate solution.

At first the colour changes from orange (dichromate) to red (Concentrated sulfuric acid) and then deep red crystals of chromium trioxide precipitate from the mixture, without further colour change.
The colours are due to LMCT transitions.

Chromium trioxide is the anhydride of molecular Concentrated sulfuric acid.
Concentrated sulfuric acid is a Lewis acid and can react with a Lewis base, such as pyridine in a non-aqueous medium such as dichloromethane (Collins reagent).

Concentrated sulfuric acid is a strong oxidizing agent.
Concentrated sulfuric acid is formed when chromium trioxide reacts with water.

Concentrated sulfuric acid chemical formula is H2CrO4.
Concentrated sulfuric acid is used to oxidize many classes of organic compounds.

Concentrated sulfuric acid is an intermediate in chromium plating.
Concentrated sulfuric acid generally refers to a collection of compounds generated by the acidification of solutions containing chromate and dichromate anions.

Concentrated sulfuric acid forms dark purplish red crystals.
Concentrated sulfuric acid and Concentrated sulfuric acid salts are used in electroplating.

Applications of Concentrated sulfuric acid:
In chemistry trade, Concentrated sulfuric acid is used in chromate, which is salt of Concentrated sulfuric acid, production.
A large portion of Concentrated sulfuric acid’s production is used for chrome coating.

Concentrated sulfuric acid is used as burner in medical fields due to Concentrated sulfuric acid being a good oxidizing agent.
Concentrated sulfuric acid is also efficient in cleaning organic filth from glasses in labs but this method is not preferred because of Concentrated sulfuric acid harm to environment.

Concentrated sulfuric acid is also used as rubber pigment in carving processes, salt glaze making, colorizing glasses, cleaning metals, ink and dye productions.
Concentrated sulfuric acid is acquired from adding additive chemicals to chrome trioxide’s aquenous solution.
Chrome trioxde is generally produced by putting 2,4 mol sodium dichromate and 2,8 mol sulphuric acid.

Concentrated sulfuric acid is an intermediate in chromium plating and is also used in ceramic glazes, and colored glass.
Concentrated sulfuric acid can be used to clean laboratory glass ware, particularly of otherwise insoluble organic residues

Concentrated sulfuric acid has also been widely used in the band instrument repair industry, due to Concentrated sulfuric acid ability to “brighten” raw brass.
Concentrated sulfuric acid is used as wood preservative

Concentrated sulfuric acid is a strong oxidizing agent finding application in organic synthesis.
Concentrated sulfuric acid is used for preparation of other chrome chemicals of analytical grades.

Concentrated sulfuric acid is used in chemicals (chromates, oxidizing agents, catalysts), chrome plating, intermediates, pharmaceuticals (caustic), process engraving, anodizing, ceramic glazes, colored glass, metal cleaning, inks, tanning, dyes, textile mordant and plastics.
Concentrated sulfuric acid is used in coating agents, surface treatment agents and surfactants.

Uses of Concentrated sulfuric acid:
Concentrated sulfuric acid is an intermediate in chromium plating, and is also used in ceramic glazes, and colored glass.
Because a solution of Concentrated sulfuric acid in sulfuric acid (also known as a sulfochromic mixture or chromosulfuric acid) is a powerful oxidizing agent, Concentrated sulfuric acid can be used to clean laboratory glassware, particularly of otherwise insoluble organic residues.

This application has declined due to environmental concerns.
Furthermore, the acid leaves trace amounts of paramagnetic chromic ions (Cr3+) that can interfere with certain applications, such as NMR spectroscopy.

This is especially the case for NMR tubes.
Piranha solution can be used for the same task, without leaving metallic residues behind.

Concentrated sulfuric acid was widely used in the musical instrument repair industry, due to Concentrated sulfuric acid ability to "brighten" raw brass.
A Concentrated sulfuric acid dip leaves behind a bright yellow patina on the brass.
Due to growing health and environmental concerns, many have discontinued use of this chemical in their repair shops.

Concentrated sulfuric acid was used in hair dye in the 1940s, under the name Melereon.

Concentrated sulfuric acid is used as a bleach in black and white photographic reversal processing.

Concentrated sulfuric acid is used in electroplating, metal cleaning, leather tanning, and photography.
Concentrated sulfuric acid is an intermediate in chromium plating, and is also used in ceramic glazes, and colored glass.

Concentrated sulfuric acid is used in ceramic glazes.
Concentrated sulfuric acid is used as a photographic chemical.

Concentrated sulfuric acid is used as an oxidizing agent.
Concentrated sulfuric acid is used as a cleaner in the laboratory.

Concentrated sulfuric acid is used in the metal finishing industry.
Concentrated sulfuric acid is used in the leather tanning, electroplating, and anticorrosive metal treatment industries.

Concentrated sulfuric acid acts as an intermediate in chromium plating.
Concentrated sulfuric acid is used in ceramic glazes and coloured glass.

Chromosulfuric acid or sulfochromic mixture is a strong oxidizing agent that is used to clean laboratory glassware.
Concentrated sulfuric acid has the ability to brighten raw brass and therefore Concentrated sulfuric acid is used in the instrument repair industry.
In the year 1940, Concentrated sulfuric acid was used in hair dye.

The completely protonated form of the dichromate ion is diConcentrated sulfuric acid, H2Cr2O7 and can also be seen as the result of adding chromium trioxide to molecular Concentrated sulfuric acid.
When reacting with an aldehyde or ketone, diConcentrated sulfuric acid exactly the same way.

In organic chemistry, the Concentrated sulfuric acid solution can oxidize primary alcohols to aldehyde and secondary alcohol to a ketone.
But the tertiary alcohols and ketones are unaffected.
During oxidation, the colour of Concentrated sulfuric acid changes from orange to brownish green.

Concentrated sulfuric acid is capable of oxidising many forms of organic compounds, and many variants have been created for this reagent.
Concentrated sulfuric acid is referred to as the Jones reagent in aqueous sulfuric acid and acetone, which oxidises primary and secondary alcohols into carboxylic acids and ketones, respectively, though rarely affecting unsaturated bonds.

Cromyl chloride which is used to test the presence of chloride ions in inorganic chemistry, is derived from Concentrated sulfuric acid.
Chromium trioxide and pyridinium chloride produce pyridinium chlorochromate.

Concentrated sulfuric acid converts to the corresponding aldehydes (R-CHO) primary alcohols.
Concentrated sulfuric acid was used to repair musical instruments due to Concentrated sulfuric acid ability to “brighten” raw brass.

Concentrated sulfuric acid is used in to manufacture metal and plastic coatings to produce a strong, tarnish-resistant, chrome finish.
Concentrated sulfuric acid finds applications in many industries including in the manufacture of appliances and automobiles.

Concentrated sulfuric acid is also used as a wood preservative for marine pilings, telephone poles, landscape timbers and other industrial wood applications.
Being a strong oxidizing agent, Concentrated sulfuric acid also finds applications in organic synthesis and for preparation of other chrome chemicals of analytical grades.

Usage areas:
Concentrated sulfuric acid is used in the chemical industry to manufacture chromates, which are salts of Concentrated sulfuric acid.
Most Concentrated sulfuric acid is produced for use in chrome plating.

Concentrated sulfuric acid is used as a caustic in medicine,
Concentrated sulfuric acid is used in carving processes,

Concentrated sulfuric acid is used in making ceramic glaze,
Concentrated sulfuric acid is used in tinting windows,

Concentrated sulfuric acid is used in cleaning metals,
Concentrated sulfuric acid is used in ink and paint manufacturing
Concentrated sulfuric acid is used as rubber pigment.

In the chemical industry, Concentrated sulfuric acid is used for the manufacture of chromates, the salt form of Concentrated sulfuric acid.
The area where Concentrated sulfuric acid is used most in the market is the chrome plating process.

Concentrated sulfuric acid is used as a caustic agent in the medical industry.
Concentrated sulfuric acid is used during the glazing process during the production stages of handicrafts such as carving and ceramics.

Concentrated sulfuric acid is used in the coloring phase of the glass production process.
Concentrated sulfuric acid is used in the cleaning of metals.

Concentrated sulfuric acid is used in paint and ink production.
Concentrated sulfuric acid is used as a pigment in the production of rubber material.

Industrial Processes with risk of exposure:
Acid and Alkali Cleaning of Metals
Electroplating
Leather Tanning and Processing
Photographic Processing
Textiles (Printing, Dyeing, or Finishing)

Activities with risk of exposure:
Textile arts

General Properties of Concentrated sulfuric acid:
Concentrated sulfuric acid generally refers to a mixture produced by adding concentrated sulphuric acid to a dichromate.
Dichromate may contain several other compounds such as solid chromium trioxide.

Concentrated sulfuric acid is a very good chemical for glass cleaning.
Anhydrous form of trioxide(H2CrO4) can also be called Concentrated sulfuric acid.

Concentrated sulfuric acid is a strong and abrasive oxidizing agent.
Chemically, Concentrated sulfuric acid bear may remeblance to sulphuric acid and acts simlarly when yielding hydrogen.
Only sulphuric acid yields first proton much easier than Concentrated sulfuric acid.

Additionally, Concentrated sulfuric acid slowly disintigrates while reaching boiling point and, in proper environments, Concentrated sulfuric acid becomes dessicant.

Formula of Concentrated sulfuric acid:
Hydrogen is a chemical element with the symbol H and Concentrated sulfuric acid atomic number is 1 and Concentrated sulfuric acid electron configuration is 1s.
Concentrated sulfuric acid is the lightest element.

Concentrated sulfuric acid is colorless, odorless, tasteless, non-toxic, and highly combustible.
Concentrated sulfuric acid is an extremely flammable gas, Concentrated sulfuric acid burns in the air and oxygen to produce water.

Concentrated sulfuric acid is used in the synthesis of Ammonia and the manufacturing of Nitrogenous fertilizers.
Concentrated sulfuric acid is used as rocket fuel and is used in the production of hydrochloric acid.

Chromium is a chemical element with the symbol Cr.
Concentrated sulfuric acid atomic number is 24 and Concentrated sulfuric acid electronic configuration is [Ar]3d5 4s.

Concentrated sulfuric acid is a steely gray, lustrous, hard, and brittle transition metal.
Concentrated sulfuric acid is not found as a free element in nature but is found in the form of ores.
The main ore of chromium is Chromite.

Oxygen is a chemical element with the symbol O and the atomic number is 8.
Concentrated sulfuric acid is a colorless, odorless, tasteless gas essential to living organisms.

Concentrated sulfuric acid is a reactive element that is found in water, in most rocks and minerals, and in numerous organic compounds.
Concentrated sulfuric acid is the most abundant element in the earth’s crust.
Concentrated sulfuric acid is life-supporting gas and highly combustible.

Structure of Concentrated sulfuric acid:
Concentrated sulfuric acid is a strong oxidizing agent.
Concentrated sulfuric acid is an acid so Concentrated sulfuric acid begins with H.

Next, we look at the name there is no prefix in front of the Concentrated sulfuric acid.
Acids all contain hydrogen.

In this structure hydrogen bonded with chromate.
The structure of Concentrated sulfuric acid starts with four oxygen atoms bonded to chromium.

Two of them have double bonds, and two have single bonds.
They singly bonded oxygen atoms each have a hydrogen bonded to them.

Reactions of Concentrated sulfuric acid:
Concentrated sulfuric acid is capable of oxidizing many kinds of organic compounds and many variations on this reagent have been developed:
Concentrated sulfuric acid in aqueous sulfuric acid and acetone is known as the Jones reagent, which will oxidize primary and secondary alcohols to carboxylic acids and ketones respectively, while rarely affecting unsaturated bonds.

Pyridinium chlorochromate is generated from chromium trioxide and pyridinium chloride.
This reagent converts primary alcohols to the corresponding aldehydes (R–CHO).

Collins reagent is an adduct of chromium trioxide and pyridine used for diverse oxidations.

Chromyl chloride, CrO2Cl2 is a well-defined molecular compound that is generated from Concentrated sulfuric acid.

Illustrative transformations:
Oxidation of methylbenzenes to benzoic acids.
Oxidative scission of indene to homophthalic acid.
Oxidation of secondary alcohol to ketone (cyclooctanone) and nortricyclanone.

Use in qualitative organic analysis:
In organic chemistry, dilute solutions of Concentrated sulfuric acid can be used to oxidize primary or secondary alcohols to the corresponding aldehydes and ketones.
Similarly, Concentrated sulfuric acid can also be used to oxidize an aldehyde to Concentrated sulfuric acid corresponding carboxylic acid.

Tertiary alcohols and ketones are unaffected.
Because the oxidation is signaled by a color change from orange to brownish green (indicating chromium being reduced from oxidation state +6 to +3), Concentrated sulfuric acid is commonly used as a lab reagent in high school or undergraduate college chemistry as a qualitative analytical test for the presence of primary or secondary alcohols, or aldehydes.[9]

Alternative reagents:
In oxidations of alcohols or aldehydes into carboxylic acids, Concentrated sulfuric acid is one of several reagents, including several that are catalytic.
For example, nickel(II) salts catalyze oxidations by bleach (hypochlorite).

Aldehydes are relatively easily oxidised to carboxylic acids, and mild oxidising agents are sufficient.
Silver(I) compounds have been used for this purpose.

Each oxidant offers advantages and disadvantages.
Instead of using chemical oxidants, electrochemical oxidation is often possible.

Handling and Storage of Concentrated sulfuric acid:
Store containers upright & tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place.
Containers holding Concentrated sulfuric acid and dichromates need to be stored below eye level.

Each container’s label should include a skull-and-crossbones pictogram, the word “Danger”, and identify Concentrated sulfuric acid as both acutely toxic and carcinogenic.
Containers of Concentrated sulfuric acid and dichromate salts must be stored in leak-proof secondary containment within a Designated Area.
The secondary container’s label should include a skull-and-crossbones pictogram, the word “Danger”, and identify Concentrated sulfuric acid as both acutely toxic and carcinogenic.

Incompatibles: acids, bases, powdered metals, hydrazine, phosphorous, and all organic chemicals.

Storage Conditions:
Storage site should be as close as practical to lab in which carcinogens are to be used, so that only small quantities required for expt need to be carried.
Carcinogens should be kept in only one section of cupboard, an explosion-proof refrigerator or freezer (depending on chemicophysical properties) that bears appropriate label.

An inventory should be kept, showing quantity of carcinogen & date Concentrated sulfuric acid was acquired.
Facilities for dispensing should be contiguous to storage area.

Reactivity Profile of Concentrated sulfuric acid:
Concentrated sulfuric acid reacts rapidly with many materials including common combustibles, often causing ignition.
Mixing with reducing reagents can cause explosions.

Dangerously reactive with acetone, alcohols, alkali metals (sodium, potassium), ammonia, arsenic, dimethylformamide, hydrogen sulfide, phosphorus, peroxyformic acid, pyridine, selenium, sulfur, and many other chemicals.
Often mixed with sulfuric acid and used to clean glass ("cleaning solution").
Closed containers for used cleaning solution may explode from the internal pressure of carbon dioxide generated by oxidation of carbon compounds removed from the glass.

Safety of Concentrated sulfuric acid:
Hexavalent chromium compounds (including chromium trioxide, Concentrated sulfuric acids, chromates, chlorochromates) are toxic and carcinogenic.
For this reason, Concentrated sulfuric acid oxidation is not used on an industrial scale except in the aerospace industry.

Chromium trioxide and Concentrated sulfuric acids are strong oxidisers and may react violently if mixed with easily oxidisable organic substances.
Fires or explosions may result.

Concentrated sulfuric acid burns are treated with a dilute sodium thiosulfate solution.

First Aid Measures of Concentrated sulfuric acid:
Call 911 or emergency medical service.
Ensure that medical personnel are aware of Concentrated sulfuric acid(s) involved and take precautions to protect themselves.

Move victim to fresh air if Concentrated sulfuric acid can be done safely.
Give artificial respiration if victim is not breathing.

Do not perform mouth-to-mouth resuscitation if victim ingested or inhaled Concentrated sulfuric acid; wash face and mouth before giving artificial respiration.
Use a pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other proper respiratory medical device.

Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.
Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.

In case of contact with substance, immediately flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.
For minor skin contact, avoid spreading material on unaffected skin.

Keep victim calm and warm.
Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion or skin contact) to substance may be delayed.

Skin Contact:
Immediately remove contaminated clothing and accessories; flush the skin with water for at least 15 minutes.
Seek medical attention immediately.

Eye Contact:
Check for and remove contact lenses.
Immediately flush eyes with water for at least 15 minutes.
Seek medical attention immediately.

Inhalation:
Move affected individual(s) into fresh air.
Seek medical attention immediately.

Ingestion:
Do not induce vomiting or give anything by mouth to an unconscious person.
Rinse mouth with water.
Seek medical attention.

Isolation and Evacuation:

IMMEDIATE PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE:
Isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.

SPILL:
Increase the immediate precautionary measure distance, in the downwind direction, as necessary.

FIRE:
If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2020)

Firefighting Measures of Concentrated sulfuric acid:

SMALL FIRE:
Dry chemical, CO2 or water spray.

LARGE FIRE:
Dry chemical, CO2, alcohol-resistant foam or water spray.
If Concentrated sulfuric acid can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire.
Dike runoff from fire control for later disposal.

FIRE INVOLVING TANKS OR CAR/TRAILER LOADS:
Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles.
Do not get water inside containers.

Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.
Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.
ALWAYS stay away from tanks engulfed in fire.

Non-Fire Response:
ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area.
Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing.

Stop leak if you can do Concentrated sulfuric acid without risk.
Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.

Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers.
DO NOT GET WATER INSIDE CONTAINERS.

Protective Clothing:
Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer when there is NO RISK OF FIRE.
Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides thermal protection but only limited chemical protection.

Disposal Methods of Concentrated sulfuric acid:
Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number D007, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste.

The following wastewater treatment technologies have been investigated for Concentrated sulfuric acid:
Concentration process: Reverse Osmosis.

SRP: Wastewater from contaminant suppression, cleaning of protective clothing/equipment, or contaminated sites should be contained and evaluated for subject chemical or decomposition product concentrations.
Concentrations shall be lower than applicable environmental discharge or disposal criteria.

Alternatively, pretreatment and/or discharge to a permitted wastewater treatment facility is acceptable only after review by the governing authority and assurance that "pass through" violations will not occur.
Due consideration shall be given to remediation worker exposure (inhalation, dermal and ingestion) as well as fate during treatment, transfer and disposal.
If Concentrated sulfuric acid is not practicable to manage the chemical in this fashion, Concentrated sulfuric acid must be evaluated in accordance with EPA 40 CFR Part 261, specifically Subpart B, in order to determine the appropriate local, state and federal requirements for disposal.

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": There is no universal method of disposal that has been proved satisfactory for all carcinogenic compounds & specific methods of chem destruction published have not been tested on all kinds of carcinogen-containing waste.

Preventive Measures of Concentrated sulfuric acid:
If employees' clothing may have become contaminated with solids or liquids containing Concentrated sulfuric acid or chromates, employees should change into uncontaminated clothing before leaving the work premises.
Clothing contaminated with Concentrated sulfuric acid or chromates should be placed in closed containers for storage until Concentrated sulfuric acid can be discarded or until provision is made for the removal of substance from the clothing. If the clothing is to be laundered or otherwise cleaned to remove the Concentrated sulfuric acid or chromates, the person performing the operation should be informed of Concentrated sulfuric acid or chromates hazardous properties.

Where there is any possibility of exposure of an employee's body to solids or liquids containing Concentrated sulfuric acid or chromates, facilities for quick drenching of the body should be provided within the immediate work area for emergency use.
Non-impervious clothing which becomes contaminated with Concentrated sulfuric acid or chromates should be removed immediately and not reworn until Concentrated sulfuric acid is removed from the clothing.

Identifiers of Concentrated sulfuric acid:
CAS Number: 7738-94-5
ChEBI: CHEBI:33143
ChemSpider: 22834
ECHA InfoCard: 100.028.910
EC Number: 231-801-5
Gmelin Reference: 25982
PubChem CID: 24425
UNII: SA8VOV0V7Q
UN number: 1755 1463
CompTox Dashboard (EPA): DTXSID8034455
InChI: InChI=1S/Cr.2H2O.2O/h;2*1H2;;/q+2;;;;/p-2
Key: KRVSOGSZCMJSLX-UHFFFAOYSA-L check
InChI=1/Cr.2H2O.2O/h;2*1H2;;/q+2;;;;/p-2/rCrH2O4/c2-1(3,4)5/h2-3H
Key: KRVSOGSZCMJSLX-OOUCQFSRAZ

SMILES:
O[Cr](O)(=O)=O
O=[Cr](=O)(O)O

Properties of Concentrated sulfuric acid:
Chemical formula: Chromic acid: H2CrO4
Dichromic acid: H2Cr2O7
Appearance: Dark red crystals
Density: 1.201 g cm−3
Melting point: 197 °C (387 °F; 470 K)
Boiling point: 250 °C (482 °F; 523 K) (decomposes)
Solubility in water: 169 g/100 mL
Acidity (pKa): -0.8 to 1.6
Conjugate base: Chromate and dichromate

Molecular Weight: 118.010 g/mol
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 2
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 4
Rotatable Bond Count: 0
Exact Mass: 117.935813 g/mol
Monoisotopic Mass: 117.935813 g/mol
Topological Polar Surface Area: 74.6Ų
Heavy Atom Count: 5
Complexity: 81.3
Isotope Atom Count: 0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 1
Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes

Related Products of Concentrated sulfuric acid:
Diphenyltin Dichloride
Dipotassium Hydrogen Phosphite
1,​1'-​Diisooctyl Ester 2,​2'-​[(Dioctylstannylene)​bis(thio)​]​bis-acetic Acid (Technical Grade)
Diphenylsilane-D2
4-ethynyl-α,α-diphenyl-Benzenemethanol

Names of Concentrated sulfuric acid:

IUPAC names:
Chromic acid
Dichromic acid

Systematic IUPAC name:
Dihydroxidodioxidochromium

Other names:
Chromic(VI) acid
Tetraoxochromic acid
CONDICARE PQ-7
DESCRIPTION:
Condicare PQ-7 PF, in this version, is paraben-free.
Condicare PQ-7 PF is a highly charged cationic co-polymer that provides clarity and compatibility to anionic systems.
Condicare PQ-7 PF is highly water soluble and is ideal for use in hair and skin care applications.



CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF CONDICARE PQ-7:
Appearance: Clear, colorless viscous liquid
Odor: Slight, characteristic odor
Color: APHA 50 Maximum
Total Solids, % 8-10
pH (as supplied): 6.0 – 7.5
Viscosity, cps@25°C:
Brookfield LV Spindle #4@ 10rpm :7500 – 15000

APPLICATIONS OF CONDICARE PQ-7:
Condicare PQ-7 is an aqueous solution.
Use levels are recommended at approximately 0.2-5.0%.
Add co-polymer to aqueous phase under agitation.

Order of addition can be adjusted to help achieve optimum clarity.
Condicare PQ-7 contains 0.1% methyl paraben and 0.02% propyl paraben as preservatives.
A paraben-free version of Condicare PQ-7 is also available.


PERFORMANCE BENEFITS OF CONDICARE PQ-7:
Hair Care Products:
Hair Dyes and Bleaches, Permanent Waves and Relaxers, Shampoos, Conditioners, and Styling Products
• Improved wet and dry combability
• Reduced static and flyaway
• Contributes shine and a soft silky feel
• Provides rich, creamy lather with improved foam stability
Skin Care Products:
Creams & Lotions, Liquid Soaps and Bath Products, Shaving Products, AP/DO
• Provides excellent moisturization
• Smooth silky feel with good spreadability
• Soft non-greasy feel after drying
• Thick, rich foam with improved foam stability

CONDICARE PQ-7 is a highly charged cationic co-polymer that provides clarity and compatibility to anionic systems.
Condicare PQ7 is highly water-soluble and is ideal for use in hair and skincare applications.
Condicare PQ7 acts as a cationic conditioner for transparent skin and hair formulations.

Condicare PQ7 is paraben-free and leaves soft and silky feeling on skin.
Condicare PQ7 protects hair against damaging effects of processing.
Condicare PQ7 reduces build-up in hair and static flyaway.

A type of polymer, Condicare PQ7 is one of the most stable, safe, and widely used cationic conditioning ingredients in skin and hair care products, for its incredible moisturising and film-forming abilities.
The colourless, smooth and viscous liquid has strong antistatic properties which are ideal for application in anhydrous (water-free) products, where it provides rich, creamy foam to products like shampoos and shower gels for exceptional lubricity and softness.

Condicare PQ7 is a water-soluble emollient, making it a great hydrating addition to skincare products.
Compatible with most surfactant systems.

USAGE OF CONDICARE PQ7:
Condicare PQ7 is Used in a wide variety of hair care, skincare, and personal products like shampoo, conditioners, hairsprays, soaps, lubricants, make-up & make-up removers, fragrances and shaving creams.
Condicare PQ7 Gives skin and hair a silky, smooth feel when used in products.
Condicare PQ7 is also used as a thickener in many cosmetic formulations to improve the consistency and stability of the product.

0.2–5% Condicare PQ7 may be added in the cool-down phase.
Condicare PQ7 May be used in higher concentrations for products like hair gels and mousses.


BENEFITS OF CONDICARE PQ7:
Condicare PQ7 Leaves skin and hair feeling moisturised without a hint of greasiness
Condicare PQ7 Forms a thin coating on the hair shaft, inhibiting it from absorbing moisture and thus reducing frizz
Condicare PQ7 Helps detangle wet and dry hair for increased manageability
Condicare PQ7 Thickens cosmetic formulations
Condicare PQ7 is non-toxic and may be easily dissolved in water.



SAFETY INFORMATION ABOUT CONDICARE PQ-7:

First aid measures:
Description of first aid measures:
General advice:
Consult a physician.
Show this safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
Move out of dangerous area:

If inhaled:
If breathed in, move person into fresh air.
If not breathing, give artificial respiration.
Consult a physician.
In case of skin contact:
Take off contaminated clothing and shoes immediately.
Wash off with soap and plenty of water.
Consult a physician.

In case of eye contact:
Rinse thoroughly with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes and consult a physician.
Continue rinsing eyes during transport to hospital.

If swallowed:
Do NOT induce vomiting.
Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person.
Rinse mouth with water.
Consult a physician.

Firefighting measures:
Extinguishing media:
Suitable extinguishing media:
Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.
Special hazards arising from the substance or mixture
Carbon oxides, Nitrogen oxides (NOx), Hydrogen chloride gas

Advice for firefighters:
Wear self-contained breathing apparatus for firefighting if necessary.
Accidental release measures:
Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures
Use personal protective equipment.

Avoid breathing vapours, mist or gas.
Evacuate personnel to safe areas.

Environmental precautions:
Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so.
Do not let product enter drains.
Discharge into the environment must be avoided.

Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Soak up with inert absorbent material and dispose of as hazardous waste.
Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.

Handling and storage:
Precautions for safe handling:
Avoid inhalation of vapour or mist.

Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place.
Containers which are opened must be carefully resealed and kept upright to prevent leakage.
Storage class (TRGS 510): 8A: Combustible, corrosive hazardous materials

Exposure controls/personal protection:
Control parameters:
Components with workplace control parameters
Contains no substances with occupational exposure limit values.
Exposure controls:
Appropriate engineering controls:
Handle in accordance with good industrial hygiene and safety practice.
Wash hands before breaks and at the end of workday.

Personal protective equipment:
Eye/face protection:
Tightly fitting safety goggles.
Faceshield (8-inch minimum).
Use equipment for eye protection tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or EN 166(EU).

Skin protection:
Handle with gloves.
Gloves must be inspected prior to use.
Use proper glove
removal technique (without touching glove's outer surface) to avoid skin contact with this product.
Dispose of contaminated gloves after use in accordance with applicable laws and good laboratory practices.
Wash and dry hands.

Full contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0.11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Material tested:Dermatril (KCL 740 / Aldrich Z677272, Size M)
Splash contact
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0.11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Material tested:Dermatril (KCL 740 / Aldrich Z677272, Size M)
It should not be construed as offering an approval for any specific use scenario.

Body Protection:
Complete suit protecting against chemicals, The type of protective equipment must be selected according to the concentration and amount of the dangerous substance at the specific workplace.
Respiratory protection:
Where risk assessment shows air-purifying respirators are appropriate use a fullface respirator with multi-purpose combination (US) or type ABEK (EN 14387) respirator cartridges as a backup to engineering controls.

If the respirator is the sole means of protection, use a full-face supplied air respirator.
Use respirators and components tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or CEN (EU).
Control of environmental exposure
Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so.
Do not let product enter drains.
Discharge into the environment must be avoided.

Stability and reactivity:
Chemical stability:
Stable under recommended storage conditions.
Incompatible materials:
Strong oxidizing agents:
Hazardous decomposition products:
Hazardous decomposition products formed under fire conditions.
Carbon oxides, Nitrogen oxides (NOx), Hydrogen chloride gas.

Disposal considerations:
Waste treatment methods:
Product:
Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company.
Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material.
Contaminated packaging:
Dispose of as unused product.


CONDITIONEZE 22
Conditioneze 22 polymer is a highly charged, cationic conditioning copolymer of dimethyl diallyl ammonium chloride and acrylic acid.
Furthermore, Conditioneze 22 is ampholytic and demonstrated excellent stability at extreme pH ranges (2-12).
Conditioneze 22 is ideally suited for use as a conditioning polymer in shampoos, conditioners and colorant products.

Cas Number: 53694-17-0
Molecular Formula: (C8H16ClN)n.(C3H5NO)m
Molecular Weight: 233.73



APPLICATIONS


Conditioneze 22 polymer is a highly charged, cationic conditioning copolymer of dimethyl diallyl ammonium chloride and acrylic acid.
Moreover, Conditioneze 22 is ampholytic.

Conditioneze 22 polymer is an aqueous copolymer that demonstrates ampholytic characteristics. Besides, Conditioneze 22 polymer has excellent stability in extreme pH applications making it ideally suited for use in products for dry or chemically treated hair.
Conditioneze 22 polymer is also recommended for ethnic hair care as well as skin care applications.

Conditioneze 22 polymer acts as a conditioning agent.
In addition, Conditioneze 22 is a highly charged, cationic copolymer of dimethyl diallyl ammonium chloride and acrylic acid.

This water-soluble copolymer is ampholytic and demonstrated excellent stability at extreme pH ranges (2-12).
Conditioneze 22 is compatible with a wide range of anionic, non-ionic and cationic surfactants.

Conditioneze 22 provides excellent conditioning and emulsion stabilization.
More to that, Conditioneze 22 efficiently builds viscosity at low usage levels even at low pH levels.

Conditioneze 22 polymer is used in shampoos, conditioners, styling lotions, gels, mousses, hair colorants, novelty stylers, body care, face and body washes and facial care applications.
Further to that, Conditioneze 22 is a hair conditioning agent that provides excellent conditioning and leaves hair feeling soft and silky and contributes to luster.


Features and Benefits of Conditioneze 22:

Highly charged
Cationic conditioning copolymer
Compatible with a wide range of anionic, nonionic and cationic surfactants
Stable over a wide pH range (pH 2-12)
Provides excellent conditioning, wet and dry compatibility
Leaves hair feeling soft and silky and contributes to luster
Leaves a smooth and silky feel in skin care products
Water soluble
Ampholytic
Vegan suitable


Applications of Conditioneze 22:

Ideal for shampoos
Conditioners formulated especially for damaged and treated hair
Colorant products
Ethnic hair care products


Some uses of Conditioneze 22:

Relaxant
Dyestuff
Shampoo
Conditioner
Moisturizing lotion
Emulsion
Bath liquid



DESCRIPTION


The high pH tolerance of Conditioneze 22 makes it ideal for permanent wave and relaxer products.
Conditioneze 22 is compatible with a wide range of anionic, nonionic and cationic surfactants.

Conditioneze 22 polymer is a highly charged, cationic conditioning copolymer of dimethyl diallyl ammonium chloride and acrylic acid.
This water-soluble copolymer is ampholytic and demonstrated excellent stability at extreme pH ranges (2-12).

Conditioneze 22 is ideally suited for use as a conditioning polymer in shampoos, conditioners and colorant products.
The high pH tolerance of Conditioneze 22 makes it ideal for permanent wave and relaxer products.

Conditioneze 22 is compatible with a wide range of anionic, nonionic and cationic surfactants.
Additionally, Conditioneze 22 is a copolymer of vinylpyrrolidone and methacrylamidopropyl trimethylammonium chloride, supplied as a 20% viscous solution in water.

The copolymer delivers excellent wet and dry combability, builds creamy rich lather, imparts body and manageability and does not lead to build-up on hair.
Conditioneze 22 is applied as a conditioning additive for shampoo.
Furthermore, Conditioneze 22 permits cold processing during formulation.



PROPERTIES


Appearance: viscous
Odour: No data available
Odour Threshold: No data available
pH: 4,2 - 5,3
Melting point/range: No data available
Boiling point/boiling range: 100 °C
Flash point: Not applicable
Evaporation rate: No data available
Flammability (solid, gas): No data available
Upper explosion limit: No data available
Lower explosion limit: No data available
Vapour pressure: 32 hPa (25 °C)
Relative vapour density: No data available
Relative density: No data available
Density: 1 g/cm3 (20 °C)
Solubility(ies):
Water solubility: No data available
Solubility in other solvents: No data available
Partition coefficient (n-octanol/water): No data available
Thermal decomposition: No data available
Viscosity:
Viscosity, dynamic: 4.500 mPa.s
Viscosity, kinematic: No data available
Oxidizing properties: No data available
Molecular Weight: 233.73
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 1
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 3
Rotatable Bond Count: 5
Exact Mass: 233.1182566
Monoisotopic Mass: 233.1182566
Topological Polar Surface Area: 37.3 Ų
Heavy Atom Count: 15
Formal Charge: 0
Complexity: 147
Isotope Atom Count: 0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 3
Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes



FIRST AID


General advice:

No hazards which require special first aid measures.


If inhaled:

If breathed in, move person into fresh air.
If unconscious place in recovery position and seek medical advice.
If symptoms persist, call a physician.


In case of skin contact:

First aid is not normally required.
However, it is recommended that exposed areas be cleaned by washing with soap and water.


In case of eye contact:

Remove contact lenses.
Protect unharmed eye.


If swallowed:

Do not give milk or alcoholic beverages.
Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person.
If symptoms persist, call a physician.


Most important symptoms and effects, both acute and delayed:

Symptoms:

Signs and symptoms of exposure to this material through breathing, swallowing, and/or passage of the material through the skin may include:

Stomach or intestinal upset (nausea, vomiting, diarrhea)



HANDLING AND STORAGE


Precautions for safe handling:

Advice on safe handling:

Smoking, eating and drinking should be prohibited in the application area.


Advice on protection against fire and explosion:

Normal measures for preventive fire protection.


Hygiene measures:

General industrial hygiene practice.


Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:

Requirements for storage areas and containers:

Electrical installations / working materials must comply with the technological safety standards.


Further information on storage conditions:

Protect from frost.


Advice on common storage:

No materials to be especially mentioned.


Other data:

No decomposition if stored and applied as directed.


Specific end use(s):

No data available



SYNONYMS


Dimethyldiallylammonium chloride acrylic acid polymer
N,N-Dimethyl-N-2-propenyl-2-propen-1-aminium chloride polymer with 2-propenoic acid
Acrylic acid-dimethyldiallylammonium chloride copolymer
2-Propenoic acid, polymer with N,N-dimethyl-N-2-propenyl-2-propen-1-aminium chloride (9CI)
2-Propen-1-aminium, N,N-dimethyl-N-2-propen-1-yl-, chloride (1:1), polymer with 2-propenoic acid
2-Propen-1-aminium, N,N-dimethyl-N-2-propenyl-, chloride
polymer with 2-propenoic acid (9CI)
Floc Aid 34
Diallyldimethylammonium chloride-acrylic acid copolymer
Merquat 280SD
Conditioneze 22
Acrylic acid-diallyldimethylammonium chloride copolymer
N,N-Diallyl-N,N-dimethylammonium chloride-acrylic acid copolymer
Acrylic acid-diallyldimethylammonium chloride polymer
Dimethyldiallylammonium chloride-acrylic acid copolymer
Merquat 295
Merquat 281
Merquat 280
Merquat 280 Dry
OF 280
Acrylic acid-DADMAC copolymer
Merquat 295 Dry
conditioneze 22 polymer
merquat 280 polymer
merquat 280SD polymer
merquat 281 polymer
merquat 295 polymer
2-propenaminium
N,N-dimethyl-N-(2-propenyl)-
chloride
polymer with 2-propenoic acid
Polyquaternium-22
53694-17-0
SCHEMBL1356182
dimethyl-bis(prop-2-enyl)azanium;prop-2-enoic acid;chloride
CONDITIONEZE 22 POLYMER
DESCRIPTION:

Conditioneze 22 polymer is a highly charged, cationic conditioning copolymer of dimethyl diallyl ammonium chloride and acrylic acid.
This water-soluble copolymer is ampholytic and demonstrated excellent stability at extreme pH ranges (2-12).
Conditioneze 22 polymer is ideally suited for use as a conditioning polymer in shampoos, conditioners and colorant products.


CAS Number(s): 53694-17-0
INCI/chemical name: Polyquaternium-22

SYNONYMS OF CONDITIONEZE 22 POLYMER

2-Propenaminium, N,N-dimethyl-N-(2-propenyl)-, chloride, polymer with 2-propenoic acid


Its high pH tolerance makes Conditioneze 22 polymer ideal for permanent wave and relaxer products.
Conditioneze 22 polymer is compatible with a wide range of anionic, nonionic and cationic surfactants.

Polyquaternium-22. Conditioneze 22 polymer by Ashland acts as a conditioning agent.
Conditioneze 22 polymer is a highly charged, cationic copolymer of dimethyl diallyl ammonium chloride and acrylic acid.
Conditioneze 22 polymer is ampholytic and demonstrated excellent stability at extreme pH ranges (2-12).

Conditioneze 22 polymer is compatible with a wide range of anionic, non-ionic and cationic surfactants.
Conditioneze 22 polymer Provides excellent conditioning and emulsion stabilization.
Conditioneze 22 polymer efficiently builds viscosity at low usage levels even at low pH levels.
Conditioneze 22 polymer is used in shampoos, conditioners, styling lotions, gels, mousses, hair colorants, novelty stylers, body care, face and body washes and facial care applications.


Conditioneze 22 polymer is a highly charged, cationic conditioning copolymer of dimethyl diallyl ammonium chloride and acrylic acid.
This water-soluble copolymer is ampholytic and demonstrated excellent stability at extreme pH ranges (2-12).

Conditioneze 22 polymer is ideally suited for use as a conditioning polymer in shampoos, conditioners and colorant products.
Its high pH tolerance makes it ideal for permanent wave and relaxer products.
Conditioneze 22 polymer is compatible with a wide range of anionic, nonionic and cationic surfactants.



BENEFITS OF CONDITIONEZE 22 POLYMER:
Conditioneze 22 polymer has Great conditioning and moisturizing properties
Conditioneze 22 polymer is Easily removable and great stiffness
Conditioneze 22 polymer Improves dry and wet combability


Conditioneze 22 polymer Works well with dry, ethnic and treated hair
Conditioneze 22 polymer is Readily available at cosmetic ingredient supplier for manufacturers

Hair care products:
Hair dyes and colors, permanent waves and relaxers, shampoos, conditioners, and styling products:
Conditioneze 22 polymer Provides excellent conditioning for products with pH ranges from 3-12
Conditioneze 22 polymer Contributes shine and a soft, lubricious feel

Conditioneze 22 polymer Improves wet and dry comb
Conditioneze 22 polymer Aids in curl retention
Conditioneze 22 polymer is Compatible with most anionic and amphoteric surfactants

Skincare products:
Creams and lotions, liquid soaps and bath products, shaving products, AP/DO:
Conditioneze 22 polymer Provides excellent moisturization
Conditioneze 22 polymer Smooth silky feel with good spreadability

Conditioneze 22 polymer has Soft non-tacky feel after drying
Conditioneze 22 polymer is Thick, rich foam with improved foam stability.



Conditioneze 22 polymer is copolymer of acrylic acid and diallyldimethylammonium chloride.
Conditioneze 22 polymer is Known for excellent conditioning qualities and ability to provide stiff hold in hair styling products.


Conditioneze 22 polymer is a highly charged cationic co-polymer that is capable of demonstrating both anionic and cationic characteristics.
Conditioneze 22 polymer demonstrates excellent pH stability and is ideal for use as a conditioning polymer in hair and skin care applications.
Conditioneze 22 polymer is a viscous clear to slightly hazy liquid with a mild aldehyde odor.



Conditioneze 22 polymer is a highly charged cationic co-polymer that is capable of demonstrating both anionic and cationic characteristics.
Conditioneze 22 polymer demonstrates excellent pH stability and is ideal for using as conditioning polymers in hair and skin care applications.


FUNCTIONS OF CONDITIONEZE 22 POLYMER:
Conditioneze 22 polymer is Moisturizer
Conditioneze 22 polymer is Sensory Modifier
Conditioneze 22 polymer is Foam stabilizer


Conditioneze 22 polymer is Antistatic
Conditioneze 22 polymer is Film-forming agent


CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF CONDITIONEZE 22 POLYMER
INCI NamePolyquaternium-22
Chemical Name2-Propenaminium, N,N-dimethyl-N-(2-propenyl)-, chloride, polymer with 2-propenoic acid
HS Code3906.90
CAS Number53694-17-0
Product FormLiquid
Region of OriginAsia Pacific
ReachYes
Product GroupPolyquaterniums


SAFETY INFORMATION ABOUT CONDITIONEZE 22 POLYMER
First aid measures:
Description of first aid measures:
General advice:
Consult a physician.
Show this safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
Move out of dangerous area:

If inhaled:
If breathed in, move person into fresh air.
If not breathing, give artificial respiration.
Consult a physician.
In case of skin contact:
Take off contaminated clothing and shoes immediately.
Wash off with soap and plenty of water.
Consult a physician.

In case of eye contact:
Rinse thoroughly with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes and consult a physician.
Continue rinsing eyes during transport to hospital.

If swallowed:
Do NOT induce vomiting.
Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person.
Rinse mouth with water.
Consult a physician.

Firefighting measures:
Extinguishing media:
Suitable extinguishing media:
Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.
Special hazards arising from the substance or mixture
Carbon oxides, Nitrogen oxides (NOx), Hydrogen chloride gas

Advice for firefighters:
Wear self-contained breathing apparatus for firefighting if necessary.
Accidental release measures:
Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures
Use personal protective equipment.

Avoid breathing vapours, mist or gas.
Evacuate personnel to safe areas.

Environmental precautions:
Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so.
Do not let product enter drains.
Discharge into the environment must be avoided.

Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Soak up with inert absorbent material and dispose of as hazardous waste.
Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.

Handling and storage:
Precautions for safe handling:
Avoid inhalation of vapour or mist.

Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place.
Containers which are opened must be carefully resealed and kept upright to prevent leakage.
Storage class (TRGS 510): 8A: Combustible, corrosive hazardous materials

Exposure controls/personal protection:
Control parameters:
Components with workplace control parameters
Contains no substances with occupational exposure limit values.
Exposure controls:
Appropriate engineering controls:
Handle in accordance with good industrial hygiene and safety practice.
Wash hands before breaks and at the end of workday.

Personal protective equipment:
Eye/face protection:
Tightly fitting safety goggles.
Faceshield (8-inch minimum).
Use equipment for eye protection tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or EN 166(EU).

Skin protection:
Handle with gloves.
Gloves must be inspected prior to use.
Use proper glove
removal technique (without touching glove's outer surface) to avoid skin contact with this product.
Dispose of contaminated gloves after use in accordance with applicable laws and good laboratory practices.
Wash and dry hands.

Full contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0.11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Material tested:Dermatril (KCL 740 / Aldrich Z677272, Size M)
Splash contact
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0.11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Material tested:Dermatril (KCL 740 / Aldrich Z677272, Size M)
It should not be construed as offering an approval for any specific use scenario.

Body Protection:
Complete suit protecting against chemicals, The type of protective equipment must be selected according to the concentration and amount of the dangerous substance at the specific workplace.
Respiratory protection:
Where risk assessment shows air-purifying respirators are appropriate use a fullface respirator with multi-purpose combination (US) or type ABEK (EN 14387) respirator cartridges as a backup to engineering controls.

If the respirator is the sole means of protection, use a full-face supplied air respirator.
Use respirators and components tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or CEN (EU).
Control of environmental exposure
Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so.
Do not let product enter drains.
Discharge into the environment must be avoided.

Stability and reactivity:
Chemical stability:
Stable under recommended storage conditions.
Incompatible materials:
Strong oxidizing agents:
Hazardous decomposition products:
Hazardous decomposition products formed under fire conditions.
Carbon oxides, Nitrogen oxides (NOx), Hydrogen chloride gas.

Disposal considerations:
Waste treatment methods:
Product:
Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company.
Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material.
Contaminated packaging:
Dispose of as unused product.



CONTRAM ST1/50
CONTRAM ST1/50 is also known as N-(2-Hydroxyethyl) Morpholine, and it contains a five-membered morpholine ring and an amino group.
CONTRAM ST1/50 has been widely used in various fields of research and industry due to its unique properties, which make it suitable for a wide range of applications.
CONTRAM ST1/50 is an organic compound with the chemical formula C7H14N2O2.

CAS: 5625-90-1
MF: C9H18N2O2
MW: 186.25
EINECS: 227-062-3

CONTRAM ST1/50 is a highly concentrated industrial bactericide based on tetrahydrooxazines. Owing to CONTRAM ST1/50's good solubility this preserving agent is suitable for oily as well as aqueous systems.
CONTRAM ST1/50 is effective against gram-negative and gram positive bacterias.
CONTRAM ST1/50 is a chemical compound that has two nitrogen atoms and one oxygen atom.
CONTRAM ST1/50 is colorless, odorless, and soluble in organic solvents.
CONTRAM ST1/50 has been shown to have strong antibacterial activity against Gram-positive bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus and some Gram-negative bacteria such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
The biocidal action of CONTRAM ST1/50 is due to its ability to inhibit the growth of microorganisms by disrupting the cell membrane or by inhibiting protein synthesis.
CONTRAM ST1/50 also has been used as an additive in bronchial reactivity tests on animals.

CONTRAM ST1/50 Chemical Properties
Boiling point: 122-124°C 12mm
Density: 1,04 g/cm3
Refractive index: 1.4790 (estimate)
Storage temp.: 2-8°C
pka: 6.91±0.10(Predicted)
Water Solubility: Soluble in water.
InChIKey: MIFZZKZNMWTHJK-UHFFFAOYSA-N
CAS DataBase Reference: 5625-90-1(CAS DataBase Reference)
EPA Substance Registry System: CONTRAM ST1/50 (5625-90-1)

CONTRAM ST1/50 is a colorless to pale yellow liquid with a faint odor.
CONTRAM ST1/50 has a molecular weight of 158.2 g/mol and a boiling point of 205-208°C at normal pressure.
CONTRAM ST1/50 is highly soluble in water and polar organic solvents such as ethanol, methanol, and acetone.
CONTRAM ST1/50 is stable under standard conditions and is not highly reactive towards acids, bases, or oxidizing agents.
However, CONTRAM ST1/50 can react with strong reducing agents and halogens, leading to the formation of toxic compounds (Bulger et al., 2006).

Uses
CONTRAM ST1/50 is employed as intermediate for pharmaceutical.
CONTRAM ST1/50 is successfully applied for the preservation, mineral oil containing, water miscible coolants.
Compared to hexahydrotriazines and oxazolidines, CONTRAM ST1/50 is more stable in metalworking concentrates.
CONTRAM ST1/50 should be used at an addition level of 2 – 6% in a concentrate and at 0.3% in finished cutting fluid user dilutions, in order to have a concentration of 1,000 to 1,500 ppm of the active.

Synonyms
5625-90-1
Dimorpholinomethane
N,N'-Dimorpholinomethane
4,4'-Methylenedimorpholine
4-(morpholin-4-ylmethyl)morpholine
4,4-Methylenedimorpholine
Morpholine, 4,4'-methylenebis-
N,N'-Methylenebismorpholine
bis(4-morpholinyl)methane
MORPHOLINE, 4,4'-METHYLENEDI-
MFCD00023369
4-[(morpholin-4-yl)methyl]morpholine
4,4'-Methylenebismorpholine
7O79DZW79Z
Bismorpholino methane
Dimorpholinomethone
n,n'-methylene-bis-morpholine
Bis(morpholino-)methan [German]
Bis(morpholino-)methan
EINECS 227-062-3
BRN 0111886
4,4-methylenebis-Morpholine
UNII-7O79DZW79Z
AI3-62944
bismorpholinomethane
Contram ST-1
methylenebismorpholine
bis(morpholino)methane
4,4-methylene-bismorpholine
Oprea1_332757
4,4'-methanediyldimorpholine
4-27-00-00203 (Beilstein Handbook Reference)
SCHEMBL536772
DTXSID8052859
AKOS002314380
4,4'-METHYLENEBIS(MORPHOLINE)
FS-4049
AC-12628
SY032818
CS-0236719
FT-0629594
EN300-172423
Q865946
W-110051
F2163-0188
Morpholine, 4,4'-methylenedi- (6CI,7CI,8CI); 4,4'-Methylenebis[morpholine]; Bis(morpholino)methane; Dimorpholinomethane; Methylenebismorpholine; N,N'-Methylenebismorpholine
CONTRAM ST-1
CONTRAM ST-1 is a highly concentrated and purified industrial bactericide based on N,N-Methylenebismorpholine.
CONTRAM ST-1 is effective against both gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria.
Since CONTRAM ST-1 has limited efficacy against fungi, the product should be used in combination with a fungicide.

CAS: 5625-90-1
MF: C9H18N2O2
MW: 186.25
EINECS: 227-062-3

To inhibit the growth of bacteria in soluble oil and semi-synthetic metalworking fluids, the recommended addition level for CONTRAM ST-1 is 3% in concentrates designed for 20:1 dilution.
At a 3% treat level, this results in a 1500ppm concentration in the diluted metalworking fluid.
CONTRAM ST-1 might be added to the oil phase prior to addition of water when preparing a semi-synthetic formulation in order to maximize product efficacy and ensure long lasting performance.
CONTRAM ST-1 is a chemical compound that has two nitrogen atoms and one oxygen atom.
CONTRAM ST-1 is colorless, odorless, and soluble in organic solvents.
CONTRAM ST-1 has been shown to have strong antibacterial activity against Gram-positive bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus and some Gram-negative bacteria such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
The biocidal action of CONTRAM ST-1 is due to its ability to inhibit the growth of microorganisms by disrupting the cell membrane or by inhibiting protein synthesis.
CONTRAM ST-1 also has been used as an additive in bronchial reactivity tests on animals.

CONTRAM ST-1, also known as dimethylformamide (DMF), is an organic compound belonging to the class of amides, and is one of the most widely used solvents in the world.
CONTRAM ST-1 is a colorless, volatile liquid with a characteristic odor and a relatively low boiling point.
CONTRAM ST-1 is an important industrial solvent and is used in a variety of industries, including pharmaceuticals, chemicals, plastics, and adhesives.
CONTRAM ST-1 is also used in the synthesis of a variety of organic compounds, including pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals.

CONTRAM ST-1 is an organic compound with the chemical formula C7H14N2O2.
CONTRAM ST-1 is also known as N-(2-Hydroxyethyl) Morpholine, and it contains a five-membered morpholine ring and an amino group.
CONTRAM ST-1 has been widely used in various fields of research and industry due to its unique properties, which make it suitable for a wide range of applications.

CONTRAM ST-1 is a well-known morpholine derivative that has been extensively studied for its biological and chemical properties for over 30 years.
CONTRAM ST-1 was first synthesized in 1923 and has been used as a solvent, ion-pairing reagent, buffering agent, and catalyst in various chemical reactions.
CONTRAM ST-1 has also been utilized for its unique properties such as solubility, stability, and reactivity, which make it an attractive compound for use in various fields of research and industry.

CONTRAM ST-1 Chemical Properties
Boiling point: 122-124°C 12mm
Density: 1,04 g/cm3
Refractive index: 1.4790 (estimate)
Storage temp.: 2-8°C
pka: 6.91±0.10(Predicted)
Water Solubility: Soluble in water.
InChIKey: MIFZZKZNMWTHJK-UHFFFAOYSA-N
CAS DataBase Reference: 5625-90-1(CAS DataBase Reference)
EPA Substance Registry System: CONTRAM ST-1 (5625-90-1)

CONTRAM ST-1 is a colorless to pale yellow liquid with a faint odor.
CONTRAM ST-1 has a molecular weight of 158.2 g/mol and a boiling point of 205-208°C at normal pressure.
CONTRAM ST-1 is highly soluble in water and polar organic solvents such as ethanol, methanol, and acetone.
CONTRAM ST-1 is stable under standard conditions and is not highly reactive towards acids, bases, or oxidizing agents.
However, CONTRAM ST-1 can react with strong reducing agents and halogens, leading to the formation of toxic compounds.

Uses
CONTRAM ST-1 is employed as intermediate for pharmaceutical.
CONTRAM ST-1 is successfully applied for the preservation, mineral oil containing, water miscible coolants.
Compared to hexahydrotriazines and oxazolidines, CONTRAM ST-1 is more stable in metalworking concentrates.
CONTRAM ST-1 should be used at an addition level of 2 – 6% in a concentrate and at 0.3% in finished cutting fluid user dilutions, in order to have a concentration of 1,000 to 1,500 ppm of the active.

CONTRAM ST-1 has been used in various applications in scientific experiments such as solvent, buffer, stabilizer, and reaction medium.
CONTRAM ST-1 has also been used as a catalyst for various chemical reactions such as esterification, alkylation, and isomerization.
CONTRAM ST-1 has also been utilized as an ion-pairing reagent in HPLC and as a hydrazine scavenger in water treatment.

Synthesis Method
CONTRAM ST-1 is synthesized through a variety of methods, including the reaction of dimethyl sulfate with ammonium hydroxide, the reaction of formaldehyde with dimethyl sulfate, and the reaction of dimethyl sulfoxide with formaldehyde.
CONTRAM ST-1 can also be synthesized through the reaction of dimethyl sulfoxide with ammonia, and through the reaction of dimethyl sulfoxide with formic acid.

CONTRAM ST-1 can be synthesized by reacting morpholine with formaldehyde in the presence of a catalyst such as para-toluenesulfonic acid or p-dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid.
The reaction yields a mixture of mono- and dimethylated products, which can be separated by distillation or chromatography.
The analytical methods used to characterize the compound include NMR spectroscopy, FTIR spectroscopy, and mass spectrometry.
These techniques provide information about the molecular structure, purity, and stability of the compound.

Synonyms
5625-90-1
Dimorpholinomethane
N,N'-Dimorpholinomethane
4,4'-Methylenedimorpholine
4-(morpholin-4-ylmethyl)morpholine
4,4-Methylenedimorpholine
Morpholine, 4,4'-methylenebis-
N,N'-Methylenebismorpholine
bis(4-morpholinyl)methane
MORPHOLINE, 4,4'-METHYLENEDI-
MFCD00023369
4-[(morpholin-4-yl)methyl]morpholine
4,4'-Methylenebismorpholine
7O79DZW79Z
Bismorpholino methane
Dimorpholinomethone
n,n'-methylene-bis-morpholine
Bis(morpholino-)methan [German]
Bis(morpholino-)methan
EINECS 227-062-3
BRN 0111886
4,4-methylenebis-Morpholine
UNII-7O79DZW79Z
AI3-62944
bismorpholinomethane
Contram ST-1
methylenebismorpholine
bis(morpholino)methane
4,4-methylene-bismorpholine
Oprea1_332757
4,4'-methanediyldimorpholine
4-27-00-00203 (Beilstein Handbook Reference)
SCHEMBL536772
DTXSID8052859
AKOS002314380
4,4'-METHYLENEBIS(MORPHOLINE)
FS-4049
AC-12628
SY032818
CS-0236719
FT-0629594
EN300-172423
Q865946
W-110051
F2163-0188
Morpholine, 4,4'-methylenedi- (6CI,7CI,8CI); 4,4'-Methylenebis[morpholine]; Bis(morpholino)methane; Dimorpholinomethane; Methylenebismorpholine; N,N'-Methylenebismorpholine
CONTRAM ST-1
Contram ST-1 is a highly concentrated and purified industrial bactericide based on N, N-Methylenebismorpholine (CAS#: 5625-90-1).
Contram ST-1 is a highly concentrated industrial bactericide based on N, N - Methylenebismorpholine, an extremely effective anti-bacterial compound for use in aqueous metalworking fluids.
Contram ST-1 is effective against both gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria.


CAS Number: 5625-90-1
EC Number: 227-062-3
MDL Number: MFCD00023369
Molecular Formula: C9H18N2O2


Contram ST-1 provides a unique balance of oil and water solubility allowing for longer fluid stability and it is proven to be highly effective against a wide variety of bacteria.
Contram ST-1, also known as dimethylformamide (DMF), is an organic compound belonging to the class of amides, and is one of the most widely used solvents in the world.


Contram ST-1 is soluble in water.
Contram ST-1 is a highly concentrated industrial bactericide based on tetrahydrooxazines.
Owing to its good solubility Contram ST-1 is suitable for oily as well as aqueous systems.


Contram ST-1 has demonstrated efficacy against a wide variety of bacteria and limited efficacy against fungi, including the following typical metalworking fluid spoilage organisms:
*Acremonium spec.
*Candida albicans
*Escherichia coli
*Fusarium spec.
*Klebsiella aerogenes
*Legionella pneumophila
*Mycobacterium immunogenum
*Pseudomonas aeruginosa
*Pseudomonas fluorescens
*Pseudomonas putida
*Staphylococcus aureus



USES and APPLICATIONS of CONTRAM ST-1:
Since Contram ST-1 has limited efficacy against fungi, the product should be used in combination with a fungicide.
To inhibit the growth of bacteria in soluble oil and semi-synthetic metalworking fluids, the recommended addition level for Contram ST-1 is 3% in concentrates designed for 20:1 dilution.


At a 3% treat level, this results in a 1500ppm concentration in the diluted metalworking fluid.
Contram ST-1 might be added to the oil phase prior to addition of water when preparing a semi-synthetic formulation in order to maximize product efficacy and ensure long lasting performance.
Contram ST-1 is widely used as a low toxicity broad spectrum fungicide for water-based metalworking fluid.


With the benefits of low skin irritation, mild odor, low toxicity; formulation compatibility, lasting bactericidal, this biocide Contram ST-1 is well-known in the MWFs additives.
Contram ST-1 is employed as intermediate for pharmaceutical.


Contram ST-1 is an important industrial solvent and is used in a variety of industries, including pharmaceuticals, chemicals, plastics, and adhesives.
Contram ST-1 is also used in the synthesis of a variety of organic compounds, including pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals.


Contram ST-1 is also used in the synthesis of pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals, and as a solvent for the extraction of natural products.
In addition, Contram ST-1 is used in the preparation of catalysts, in the synthesis of polymers, and in the preparation of functionalized materials.
Contram ST-1 is employed as intermediate for pharmaceutical.



FEATURES OF CONTRAM ST-1:
Contram ST-1 is very stable and purified bactericide for metalworking concentrates with balanced oil and water solubility
In the EU this biocidal substance is already authorized under the Biocidal Products Regulation (BPR) for use in PT6 and PT13, and this Biocidal Product Contram ST-1 is in the authorization process as a biocidal Product for use in PT13 for concentrate and tank side.
Contram ST-1 is also registered in the United States under the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) for use in metalworking concentrates.
The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) registration number is 52484-3.
Metal working fluid concentrates containing Contram ST-1 are therefore allowed for Import into the US.



ENHANCED PERFORMANCE OF CONTRAM ST-1:
*Long-lasting, persistent bacteria control for extended fluid life with minimal tank side supplements
*Exceptional stability in metalworking fluid concentrates
*Unique solubility properties in both oil and water
*Safe and effective when applied and handled properly – not classified as a skin sensitizer
*Extensive history of successful use – millions of liters of diluted metalworking fluid have been protected with Contram ST-1.



OTHER REMARKABLE FEATURES OF CONTRAM ST-1:
*Low odour
*Low formaldehyde content
*Helps in the corrosion protection
*Very stable molecule
*Good compatibility and solubility
*Very good performance
*It can be used in fluids with pH of 3 to 12.



BENEFITS OF CONTRAM ST-1:
1. a low toxicity broad spectrum fungicide for water-based metalworking fluid
2. anti-Bacteria and fungi effectively
3. fully meet with the requirements of water-based metalworking fluid: low skin irritation, mild odor, low toxicity; formulation compatibility, lasting bactericidal.
At higher concentrations, fungi and molds also have better inhibition.
Recommended addition amount (mass ratio): Recipe 2-3%, the working liquid 1-2‰;



SYNTHESIS METHOD OF CONTRAM ST-1:
Contram ST-1 is synthesized through a variety of methods, including the reaction of dimethyl sulfate with ammonium hydroxide, the reaction of formaldehyde with dimethyl sulfate, and the reaction of dimethyl sulfoxide with formaldehyde.
Contram ST-1 can also be synthesized through the reaction of dimethyl sulfoxide with ammonia, and through the reaction of dimethyl sulfoxide with formic acid.



SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH APPLICATION OF CONTRAM ST-1:
Contram ST-1 has a wide range of applications in scientific research, including as a solvent for organic synthesis, as a reagent for the synthesis of organic compounds, and as a medium for chromatography.



MECHANISM OF ACTION OF CONTRAM ST-1:
Contram ST-1 is a polar aprotic solvent, meaning that it has a low dielectric constant and a low boiling point.
This makes it an ideal solvent for many organic reactions, as Contram ST-1 has a low solubility for most organic compounds.
As a result, Contram ST-1 can facilitate the reaction of different molecules by allowing them to interact with each other more easily.
In addition, Contram ST-1 can act as a proton acceptor, allowing the formation of hydrogen bonds between molecules.



BIOCHEMICAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF CONTRAM ST-1:
Contram ST-1 is a volatile, colorless liquid with a characteristic odor.



ADVANTAGES AND LIMITATIONS FOR LAB EXPERIMENTS OF CONTRAM ST-1:
Contram ST-1 has several advantages for laboratory experiments.
Contram ST-1 is a relatively inexpensive solvent, and is widely available.
Contram ST-1 is also a relatively non-toxic solvent, and can be used in a variety of reactions.



FUTURE DIRECTIONS OF CONTRAM ST-1:
There are a number of potential future directions for the use of Contram ST-1.
One potential direction is the development of new methods for the synthesis of organic compounds, as dimorphoContram ST-1 linomethane can facilitate the reaction of different molecules by allowing them to interact with each other more easily.
Another potential direction is the development of new catalysts and functionalized materials, as Contram ST-1 can act as a proton acceptor and facilitate the formation of hydrogen bonds between molecules.
Finally, further research into the use of Contram ST-1 as a solvent for the extraction of natural products could help to identify potential applications in the pharmaceutical and agrochemical industries.



PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of CONTRAM ST-1:
Aspect (visual): Clear low viscous liquid
Colour (visual): Colourless to slightly yellowish
Odour: Mild, nil in dilution
Density (g/cm3) @ 20°C (DIN 51 757): typ. 1.06
pH (10 g/l in water) typ.:10.2
Active content (%) typ. 50%
Refraction index @ 20°C typ.: 1.416
Viscosity (20°C, mm2/s): typ. 16
Solubility: Water soluble
Flash Point: Not applicable.
Upper Flammable: Limit Not Determined.
Lower Flammable: Limit Not Determined.
Autoignition Point: Not Determined.
Explosion Data: Material does not have explosive properties.
Vapour Pressure: Not Determined.
pH 10

Specific Gravity: 1.07 (20 °C)
Bulk Density: Not Determined.
Water Solubility: Soluble.
Percent Solid: Not Determined.
Percent Volatile: Unknown.
Volatile Organic: Compound Not Determined.
Vapour Density: Not Determined.
Evaporation Rate: Not Determined.
Odour: Amine
Appearance: Clear liquid.
Viscosity: Unknown.
Odour Threshold: Unknown.
Boiling Point: Not Determined.
Pour Point Temperature: Not Determined.
Melting / Freezing Point: Not Determined.



FIRST AID MEASURES of CONTRAM ST-1:
*Ingestion:
Rinse mouth.
*Eyes:
Rinse cautiously with water for several minutes.
Remove contact lenses, if present and easy to do.
Continue rinsing.
*Skin Wash with soap and water.
Remove contaminated clothing.
Launder contaminated clothing before reuse.
*Additional Information:
Note to physician:
Treat symptomatically.



ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of CONTRAM ST-1:
*Spill Procedures:
Ventilate area if spilled in confined space or other poorly ventilated areas.
Do not dispose in landfill.
Pick up free liquid for recycle and/or disposal.
Residual liquid can be absorbed on inert material.



FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of CONTRAM ST-1:
*Flash Point:
Not applicable.
*Extinguishing Media:
CO2, dry chemical, foam, water spray, water fog.



EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of CONTRAM ST-1:
-Other Exposure Limits:
None known.
-Engineering Controls:
Use material in well ventilated area only.
*Hand Protection:
If contact with the material may occur wear chemically protective gloves.
*Eye Protection:
Safety glasses.



HANDLING and STORAGE of CONTRAM ST-1:
*Pumping Temperature:
Not Determined.
Maximum Handling
Temperature:
Not Determined.
*Handling Procedures:
Keep containers closed when not in use.
Do not discharge into drains or the environment, dispose to an authorized waste collection point.
Use appropriate containment to avoid environmental contamination.
Wash thoroughly after handling.
Do not eat, drink or smoke when using this product.
*Maximum Storage:
Temperature:
Not Determined.
Storage Procedures:
No special storage precautions required.
Loading Temperature:
Not Determined.



STABILITY and REACTIVITY of CONTRAM ST-1:
*Stability:
Material is normally stable at moderately elevated temperatures and pressures.
*Decomposition Temperature:
Not Determined.
*Polymerization:
Will not occur.
*Thermal Decomposition:
Thermal decomposition and combustion are not expected to occur except under extreme conditions.


CONTRAM ST-1/50
Contram ST-1/50 is a highly concentrated industrial bactericide based on tetrahydrooxazines.
Owing to its good solubility Contram ST-1/50 is suitable for oily as well as aqueous systems.
Contram ST-1/50 is soluble in water.


CAS Number: 5625-90-1
EC Number: 227-062-3
MDL Number: MFCD00023369
Molecular Formula: C9H18N2O2


Contram ST-1/50 is effective against gram-negative and gram positive bacterias.
Contram ST-1/50, also known as dimethylformamide (DMF), is an organic compound belonging to the class of amides, and is one of the most widely used solvents in the world.
Contram ST-1/50 is a colorless, volatile liquid with a characteristic odor and a relatively low boiling point.



USES and APPLICATIONS of CONTRAM ST-1/50:
Contram ST-1/50 is successfully applied for the preservation, mineral oil containing, water-miscible coolants.
Compared to hexahydrotriazines and oxazolidines, Contram ST-1/50 is more stable in metalworking concentrates.
Contram ST-1/50 should be used at an addition level of 2 – 6% in a concentrate and at 0.3% in finished cutting fluid user dilutions, in order to have a concentration of 1,000 to 1,500 ppm of the active.


Contram ST-1/50 is widely used as a low toxicity broad spectrum fungicide for water-based metalworking fluid.
With the benefits of low skin irritation, mild odor, low toxicity; formulation compatibility, lasting bactericidal, this biocide Contram ST-1/50 is well-known in the MWFs additives.
Contram ST-1/50 is employed as intermediate for pharmaceutical.


Contram ST-1/50 is an important industrial solvent and is used in a variety of industries, including pharmaceuticals, chemicals, plastics, and adhesives.
Contram ST-1/50 is also used in the synthesis of a variety of organic compounds, including pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals.
Contram ST-1/50 is employed as intermediate for pharmaceutical.
Contram ST-1/50 is employed as intermediate for pharmaceutical.


Contram ST-1/50 is also used in the synthesis of pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals, and as a solvent for the extraction of natural products.
In addition, Contram ST-1/50 is used in the preparation of catalysts, in the synthesis of polymers, and in the preparation of functionalized materials.
In addition, Contram ST-1/50 is used in the preparation of catalysts, in the synthesis of polymers, and in the preparation of functionalized materials.


Contram ST-1/50 is widely used as a low toxicity broad spectrum fungicide for water-based metalworking fluid.
With the benefits of low skin irritation, mild odor, low toxicity; formulation compatibility, lasting bactericidal, this biocide Contram ST-1/50 is well-known in the MWFs additives.
Contram ST-1/50 is employed as intermediate for pharmaceutical.


Contram ST-1/50 is an important industrial solvent and is used in a variety of industries, including pharmaceuticals, chemicals, plastics, and adhesives.
Contram ST-1/50 is also used in the synthesis of a variety of organic compounds, including pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals.
Contram ST-1/50 is also used in the synthesis of pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals, and as a solvent for the extraction of natural products.



OTHER REMARKABLE FEATURES OF CONTRAM ST-1/50:
*Low odour
*Low formaldehyde content
*Helps in the corrosion protection
*Very stable molecule
*Good compatibility and solubility
*Very good performance
*It can be used in fluids with pH of 3 to 12.



BENEFITS OF CONTRAM ST-1/50:
1, a low toxicity broad spectrum fungicide for water-based metalworking fluid
2, anti-Bacteria and fungi effectively
3, fully meet with the requirements of water-based metalworking fluid: low skin irritation, mild odor, low toxicity; formulation compatibility, lasting bactericidal.
At higher concentrations, fungi and molds also have better inhibition.
Recommended addition amount (mass ratio): Recipe 2-3%, the working liquid 1-2‰;



SYNTHESIS METHOD OF CONTRAM ST-1/50:
Contram ST-1/50 is synthesized through a variety of methods, including the reaction of dimethyl sulfate with ammonium hydroxide, the reaction of formaldehyde with dimethyl sulfate, and the reaction of dimethyl sulfoxide with formaldehyde.
Contram ST-1/50 can also be synthesized through the reaction of dimethyl sulfoxide with ammonia, and through the reaction of dimethyl sulfoxide with formic acid.



SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH APPLICATION OF CONTRAM ST-1/50:
Contram ST-1/50 has a wide range of applications in scientific research, including as a solvent for organic synthesis, as a reagent for the synthesis of organic compounds, and as a medium for chromatography.



MECHANISM OF ACTION OF CONTRAM ST-1/50:
Contram ST-1/50 is a polar aprotic solvent, meaning that it has a low dielectric constant and a low boiling point.
This makes it an ideal solvent for many organic reactions, as Contram ST-1/50 has a low solubility for most organic compounds.
As a result, Contram ST-1/50 can facilitate the reaction of different molecules by allowing them to interact with each other more easily.
In addition, Contram ST-1/50 can act as a proton acceptor, allowing the formation of hydrogen bonds between molecules.



BIOCHEMICAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF CONTRAM ST-1/50:
Contram ST-1/50 is a volatile, colorless liquid with a characteristic odor.



ADVANTAGES AND LIMITATIONS FOR LAB EXPERIMENTS OF CONTRAM ST-1/50:
Contram ST-1/50 has several advantages for laboratory experiments.
Contram ST-1/50 is a relatively inexpensive solvent, and is widely available.
Contram ST-1/50 is also a relatively non-toxic solvent, and can be used in a variety of reactions.



FUTURE DIRECTIONS OF CONTRAM ST-1/50:
There are a number of potential future directions for the use of Contram ST-1/50.
One potential direction is the development of new methods for the synthesis of organic compounds, as dimorphoContram ST-1/50 linomethane can facilitate the reaction of different molecules by allowing them to interact with each other more easily.
Another potential direction is the development of new catalysts and functionalized materials, as Contram ST-1/50 can act as a proton acceptor and facilitate the formation of hydrogen bonds between molecules.
Finally, further research into the use of Contram ST-1/50 as a solvent for the extraction of natural products could help to identify potential applications in the pharmaceutical and agrochemical industries.



PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of CONTRAM ST-1/50:
Flash Point: Not applicable.
Upper Flammable: Limit Not Determined.
Lower Flammable: Limit Not Determined.
Autoignition Point: Not Determined.
Explosion Data: Material does not have explosive properties.
Vapour Pressure: Not Determined.
pH 10
Specific Gravity: 1.07 (20 °C)
Bulk Density: Not Determined.
Water Solubility: Soluble.
Percent Solid: Not Determined.
Percent Volatile: Unknown.
Volatile Organic: Compound Not Determined.
Vapour Density: Not Determined.
Evaporation Rate: Not Determined.

Odour: Amine
Appearance: Clear liquid.
Viscosity: Unknown.
Odour Threshold: Unknown.
Boiling Point: Not Determined.
Pour Point Temperature: Not Determined.
Melting / Freezing Point: Not Determined.
Aspect (visual): Clear low viscous liquid
Colour (visual): Colourless to slightly yellowish
Odour: Mild, nil in dilution
Density (g/cm3) @ 20°C (DIN 51 757): typ. 1.06
pH (10 g/l in water) typ.:10.2
Active content (%) typ. 50%
Refraction index @ 20°C typ.: 1.416
Viscosity (20°C, mm2/s): typ. 16
Solubility: Water soluble



FIRST AID MEASURES of CONTRAM ST-1/50:
*Ingestion:
Rinse mouth.
*Eyes:
Rinse cautiously with water for several minutes.
Remove contact lenses, if present and easy to do.
Continue rinsing.
*Skin Wash with soap and water.
Remove contaminated clothing.
Launder contaminated clothing before reuse.
*Additional Information:
Note to physician:
Treat symptomatically.



ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of CONTRAM ST-1/50:
*Spill Procedures:
Ventilate area if spilled in confined space or other poorly ventilated areas.
Do not dispose in landfill.
Pick up free liquid for recycle and/or disposal.
Residual liquid can be absorbed on inert material.



FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of CONTRAM ST-1/50:
*Flash Point:
Not applicable.
*Extinguishing Media:
CO2, dry chemical, foam, water spray, water fog.



EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of CONTRAM ST-1/50:
-Other Exposure Limits:
None known.
-Engineering Controls:
Use material in well ventilated area only.
*Hand Protection:
If contact with the material may occur wear chemically protective gloves.
*Eye Protection:
Safety glasses.



HANDLING and STORAGE of CONTRAM ST-1/50:
*Pumping Temperature:
Not Determined.
Maximum Handling
Temperature:
Not Determined.
*Handling Procedures:
Keep containers closed when not in use.
Do not discharge into drains or the environment, dispose to an authorized waste collection point.
Use appropriate containment to avoid environmental contamination.
Wash thoroughly after handling.
Do not eat, drink or smoke when using this product.
*Maximum Storage:
Temperature:
Not Determined.
Storage Procedures:
No special storage precautions required.
Loading Temperature:
Not Determined.



STABILITY and REACTIVITY of CONTRAM ST-1/50:
*Stability:
Material is normally stable at moderately elevated temperatures and pressures.
*Decomposition Temperature:
Not Determined.
*Polymerization:
Will not occur.
*Thermal Decomposition:
Thermal decomposition and combustion are not expected to occur except under extreme conditions.


CONTRAM ST-1/50
Contram ST-1/50 is a colorless, volatile liquid with a characteristic odor and a relatively low boiling point.
Contram ST-1/50 is a highly concentrated industrial bactericide based on tetrahydrooxazines.
Contram ST-1/50, also known as dimethylformamide (DMF), is an organic compound belonging to the class of amides, and is one of the most widely used solvents in the world.


CAS Number: 5625-90-1
EC Number: 227-062-3
MDL Number: MFCD00023369
Molecular Formula: C9H18N2O2


Contram ST-1/50 is a highly concentrated industrial bactericide based on tetrahydrooxazines.
Owing to its good solubility Contram ST-1/50 is suitable for oily as well as aqueous systems.
Contram ST-1/50 is soluble in water.


Contram ST-1/50 is effective against gram-negative and gram positive bacterias.
Contram ST-1/50, also known as dimethylformamide (DMF), is an organic compound belonging to the class of amides, and is one of the most widely used solvents in the world.
Contram ST-1/50 is a colorless, volatile liquid with a characteristic odor and a relatively low boiling point.


Contram ST-1/50 is effective against gram-negative and grampositive bacteria.
Contram ST-1/50 is a highly concentrated industrial bactericide based on tetra hydro oxazines.
Due to Contram ST-1/50's good solubility, this preserving agent is suitable for oilbased and water-based systems.


The recommended addition level for Contram ST-1/50
is 1 - 3% in the concentrate and 0.15% in the end use dilution.
Contram ST-1/50 is not compatible with acids and oxidizing agents.



USES and APPLICATIONS of CONTRAM ST-1/50:
Contram ST-1/50 is successfully applied for the preservation, mineral oil containing, water-miscible coolants.
Contram ST-1/50 is also used in the synthesis of a variety of organic compounds, including pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals.
Compared to hexahydrotriazines and oxazolidines, Contram ST-1/50 is more stable in metalworking concentrates.


Contram ST-1/50 is employed as intermediate for pharmaceutical.
Contram ST-1/50 should be used at an addition level of 2 – 6% in a concentrate and at 0.3% in finished cutting fluid user dilutions, in order to have a concentration of 1,000 to 1,500 ppm of the active.


Compared to hexahydrotriazines and oxazolidines, Contram ST-1/50 is more stable in metalworking concentrates.
In addition, Contram ST-1/50 is used in the preparation of catalysts, in the synthesis of polymers, and in the preparation of functionalized materials.
Contram ST-1/50 is widely used as a low toxicity broad spectrum fungicide for water-based metalworking fluid.


With the benefits of low skin irritation, mild odor, low toxicity; formulation compatibility, lasting bactericidal, this biocide Contram ST-1/50 is well-known in the MWFs additives.
Contram ST-1/50 is employed as intermediate for pharmaceutical.
Contram ST-1/50 is widely used as a low toxicity broad spectrum fungicide for water-based metalworking fluid.


With the benefits of low skin irritation, mild odor, low toxicity; formulation compatibility, lasting bactericidal, this biocide Contram ST-1/50 is well-known in the MWFs additives.
Contram ST-1/50 has been used successfully to preserve oil-based and water-based metalworking fluids.
Contram ST-1/50 is employed as intermediate for pharmaceutical.


Contram ST-1/50 is an important industrial solvent and is used in a variety of industries, including pharmaceuticals, chemicals, plastics, and adhesives.
Contram ST-1/50 is also used in the synthesis of pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals, and as a solvent for the extraction of natural products.
Contram ST-1/50 is an important industrial solvent and is used in a variety of industries, including pharmaceuticals, chemicals, plastics, and adhesives.


Contram ST-1/50 is also used in the synthesis of a variety of organic compounds, including pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals.
Contram ST-1/50 is employed as intermediate for pharmaceutical.
Contram ST-1/50 is also used in the synthesis of pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals, and as a solvent for the extraction of natural products.
In addition, Contram ST-1/50 is used in the preparation of catalysts, in the synthesis of polymers, and in the preparation of functionalized materials.



BENEFITS OF CONTRAM ST-1/50:
1, a low toxicity broad spectrum fungicide for water-based metalworking fluid
2, anti-Bacteria and fungi effectively
3, fully meet with the requirements of water-based metalworking fluid: low skin irritation, mild odor, low toxicity; formulation compatibility, lasting bactericidal.
At higher concentrations, fungi and molds also have better inhibition.
Recommended addition amount (mass ratio): Recipe 2-3%, the working liquid 1-2‰;



MECHANISM OF ACTION OF CONTRAM ST-1/50:
Contram ST-1/50 is a polar aprotic solvent, meaning that it has a low dielectric constant and a low boiling point.
This makes it an ideal solvent for many organic reactions, as Contram ST-1/50 has a low solubility for most organic compounds.
As a result, Contram ST-1/50 can facilitate the reaction of different molecules by allowing them to interact with each other more easily.
In addition, Contram ST-1/50 can act as a proton acceptor, allowing the formation of hydrogen bonds between molecules.



OTHER REMARKABLE FEATURES OF CONTRAM ST-1/50:
*Low odour
*Low formaldehyde content
*Helps in the corrosion protection
*Very stable molecule
*Good compatibility and solubility
*Very good performance
*It can be used in fluids with pH of 3 to 12.



SYNTHESIS METHOD OF CONTRAM ST-1/50:
Contram ST-1/50 is synthesized through a variety of methods, including the reaction of dimethyl sulfate with ammonium hydroxide, the reaction of formaldehyde with dimethyl sulfate, and the reaction of dimethyl sulfoxide with formaldehyde.
Contram ST-1/50 can also be synthesized through the reaction of dimethyl sulfoxide with ammonia, and through the reaction of dimethyl sulfoxide with formic acid.



FUTURE DIRECTIONS OF CONTRAM ST-1/50:
There are a number of potential future directions for the use of Contram ST-1/50.
One potential direction is the development of new methods for the synthesis of organic compounds, as dimorphoContram ST-1/50 linomethane can facilitate the reaction of different molecules by allowing them to interact with each other more easily.
Another potential direction is the development of new catalysts and functionalized materials, as Contram ST-1/50 can act as a proton acceptor and facilitate the formation of hydrogen bonds between molecules.
Finally, further research into the use of Contram ST-1/50 as a solvent for the extraction of natural products could help to identify potential applications in the pharmaceutical and agrochemical industries.



BIOCHEMICAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF CONTRAM ST-1/50:
Contram ST-1/50 is a volatile, colorless liquid with a characteristic odor.



SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH APPLICATION OF CONTRAM ST-1/50:
Contram ST-1/50 has a wide range of applications in scientific research, including as a solvent for organic synthesis, as a reagent for the synthesis of organic compounds, and as a medium for chromatography.



ADVANTAGES AND LIMITATIONS FOR LAB EXPERIMENTS OF CONTRAM ST-1/50:
Contram ST-1/50 has several advantages for laboratory experiments.
Contram ST-1/50 is a relatively inexpensive solvent, and is widely available.
Contram ST-1/50 is also a relatively non-toxic solvent, and can be used in a variety of reactions.



PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of CONTRAM ST-1/50:
Odour: Amine
Appearance: Clear liquid.
Viscosity: Unknown.
Odour Threshold: Unknown.
Boiling Point: Not Determined.
Pour Point Temperature: Not Determined.
Melting / Freezing Point: Not Determined.
Aspect (visual): Clear low viscous liquid
Colour (visual): Colourless to slightly yellowish
Odour: Mild, nil in dilution
Density (g/cm3) @ 20°C (DIN 51 757): typ. 1.06
pH (10 g/l in water) typ.:10.2
Active content (%) typ. 50%
Refraction index @ 20°C typ.: 1.416
Viscosity (20°C, mm2/s): typ. 16
Solubility: Water soluble
Flash Point: Not applicable.
Upper Flammable: Limit Not Determined.
Lower Flammable: Limit Not Determined.
Autoignition Point: Not Determined.
Explosion Data: Material does not have explosive properties.
Vapour Pressure: Not Determined.

pH: 10
Specific Gravity: 1.07 (20 °C)
Bulk Density: Not Determined.
Water Solubility: Soluble.
Percent Solid: Not Determined.
Percent Volatile: Unknown.
Volatile Organic: Compound Not Determined.
Vapour Density: Not Determined.
Evaporation Rate: Not Determined.
Appearance at Room Temperature: Clear Low Viscous Liquid
Appearance below 18ºC: Solid
Colour Colourless to Light: Yellow
Odour: Mild
Density: at 20°C g/cm3 1.06
pH-value (10 g/l in water): 10
Activity: % 92
Refractive Index: at 20°C 1.47
Viscosity: at 20ºC mm2/s 20
Water content: % 8
Solubility: Soluble in oil
Miscible with water



FIRST AID MEASURES of CONTRAM ST-1/50:
*Ingestion:
Rinse mouth.
*Eyes:
Rinse cautiously with water for several minutes.
Remove contact lenses, if present and easy to do.
Continue rinsing.
*Skin Wash with soap and water.
Remove contaminated clothing.
Launder contaminated clothing before reuse.
*Additional Information:
Note to physician:
Treat symptomatically.



ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of CONTRAM ST-1/50:
*Spill Procedures:
Ventilate area if spilled in confined space or other poorly ventilated areas.
Do not dispose in landfill.
Pick up free liquid for recycle and/or disposal.
Residual liquid can be absorbed on inert material.



FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of CONTRAM ST-1/50:
*Flash Point:
Not applicable.
*Extinguishing Media:
CO2, dry chemical, foam, water spray, water fog.



EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of CONTRAM ST-1/50:
-Other Exposure Limits:
None known.
-Engineering Controls:
Use material in well ventilated area only.
*Hand Protection:
If contact with the material may occur wear chemically protective gloves.
*Eye Protection:
Safety glasses.



HANDLING and STORAGE of CONTRAM ST-1/50:
*Pumping Temperature:
Not Determined.
Maximum Handling
Temperature:
Not Determined.
*Handling Procedures:
Keep containers closed when not in use.
Do not discharge into drains or the environment, dispose to an authorized waste collection point.
Use appropriate containment to avoid environmental contamination.
Wash thoroughly after handling.
Do not eat, drink or smoke when using this product.
*Maximum Storage:
Temperature:
Not Determined.
Storage Procedures:
No special storage precautions required.
Loading Temperature:
Not Determined.



STABILITY and REACTIVITY of CONTRAM ST-1/50:
*Stability:
Material is normally stable at moderately elevated temperatures and pressures.
*Decomposition Temperature:
Not Determined.
*Polymerization:
Will not occur.
*Thermal Decomposition:
Thermal decomposition and combustion are not expected to occur except under extreme conditions.




SYNONYM:
5625-90-1
Dimorpholinomethane
N,N'-Dimorpholinomethane
4,4'-Methylenedimorpholine
4,4-Methylenedimorpholine
4-(morpholin-4-ylmethyl)morpholine
N,N'-Methylenebismorpholine
Morpholine, 4,4'-methylenebis-
bis(4-morpholinyl)methane
n,n'-methylene-bis-morpholine
MORPHOLINE, 4,4'-METHYLENEDI-
MFCD00023369
4,4'-Methylenebismorpholine
7O79DZW79Z
4-[(morpholin-4-yl)methyl]morpholine
Bismorpholino methane
Dimorpholinomethone
Bis(morpholino-)methan
EINECS 227-062-3
BRN 0111886
UNII-7O79DZW79Z
AI3-62944
bismorpholinomethane
Contram ST-1
methylenebismorpholine
bis(morpholino)methane
N,N\'-Dimorpholinomethane
4,4-methylene-bismorpholine
Oprea1_332757
4,4'-methanediyldimorpholine
N,N'-Methylene bismorpholine
4-27-00-00203 (Beilstein Handbook Reference)
SCHEMBL536772
DTXSID8052859
Bis(4-morpholinyl)methane, 98%
ZINC19324145
AKOS002314380
4,4'-METHYLENEBIS(MORPHOLINE)
FS-4049
AC-12628
SY032818
DB-052882
CS-0236719
FT-0629594
EN300-172423
Q865946
W-110051
F2163-0188
N,N'-DIMORPHOLINOMETHANE
4,4'-methylenedi-morpholin
4,4'-methylenedimorpholine
bis(morpholino-)methan
bismorpholinomethane
N,N'-Methylenebismorpholine
DIMORPHOLINOMETHANE
DIMORPHOLINOMETHONE
N,N'-DIMORPHOLINOMETHANE
4,4’-methylenedi-morpholin
4,4’-methylenedimorpholine
bis(morpholino-)methan
bismorpholinomethane
N,N’-Methylenebismorpholine
DIMORPHOLINOMETHANE
DIMORPHOLINOMETHONE
N,N'-Dimorpholinomethane
N,N´-Methylene bismorpholine
Bis (morpholino-) methan
Bismorpholino methane
4,4-Methylenedimorpholine
Morpholine, 4,4-methylenedi-
DIMORPHOLINOMETHONE
DIMORPHOLINOMETHANE
N,N-Dimorpholinomethane
MORPHOLINE44METHYLENEDI
BIS-(MORPHOLINE-)METHANE
44METHYLENEBISMORPHOLINE
Bis(4-morpholinyl)methane
N,N'-Methylenebismorpholine
4,4-methylenebis-Morpholine
N,N'-Methylenebismorpholine
Morpholine,4,4-Methylenebis-
4,4'-methanediyldimorpholine
Morpholine,4,4-methylenebis-
N,N'-Methylene-bis-morpholine
Methylene-bis-morpholine,N,N'-
N,N-Dimorpholinomethane
Morpholine,4,4-methylenebis-
Bis(4-morpholinyl)methane
N,N'-Methylenebismorpholine
4,4'-methanediyldimorpholine
4,4-methylenebis-Morpholine
N,N-Methylene-bis-morpholine
N,N-Dimorpholinomethane
Morpholine,4,4-methylenebis-
Bis(4-morpholinyl)methane
N,N'-Methylenebismorpholine
4,4'-methanediyldimorpholine
-bis-morpholine
4,4′-Methylenebis[morpholine]
4,4′-Methylenedimorpholine
4,4'-Dimorpholinylmethane
4,4'-Methylenebismorpholine
44METHYLENEBISMORPHOLINE
BIS-(MORPHOLINE-)METHANE
Bis(morpholino)methane
DIMORPHOLINOMETHANE
DIMORPHOLINOMETHONE
Methylenebismorpholine
Methylene-bis-morpholine,N,N'-
Morpholine, 4,4′-methylenebis-
Morpholine, 4,4′-methylenedi-
Morpholine,4,4-Methylenebis-
MORPHOLINE44METHYLENEDI
N,N′-Methylenebismorpholine;
N,N′-methylenebismorpholine
formaldehyde released from N,N′-methylenebismorpholine
N,N′-methylenebismorpholine
formaldehyde released by N,N′-methylenebismorpholine / MBM
DIMORPHOLINOMETHANE
N,N'-DIMORPHOLINOMETHANE
4,4’-methylenedi-morpholin
4,4’-methylenedimorpholine
bis(morpholino-)methan
bismorpholinomethane
N,N’-Methylenebismorpholine
DIMORPHOLINOMETHONE
Morpholine,4,4-Methylenebis-
Methylene-bis-morpholine,N,N'-
MORPHOLINE44METHYLENEDI
44METHYLENEBISMORPHOLINE
BIS-(MORPHOLINE-)METHANE
DIMORPHOLINOMETHONE
DIMORPHOLINOMETHANE
N,N-Dimorpholinomethane
MORPHOLINE44METHYLENEDI
BIS-(MORPHOLINE-)METHANE
44METHYLENEBISMORPHOLINE
Bis(4-morpholinyl)methane
N,N'-Methylenebismorpholine
4,4-methylenebis-Morpholine
N,N'-Methylenebismorpholine
Morpholine,4,4-Methylenebis-
4,4'-methanediyldimorpholine
Morpholine,4,4-methylenebis-
N,N'-Methylene-bis-morpholine
Methylene-bis-morpholine,N,N'-



CONTRAM ST-2
Contram ST-2 is a highly concentrated industrial bactericide based on tetrahydrooxazines.
Owing to its good solubility Contram ST-2 is suitable for oily as well as aqueous systems.
Contram ST-2 is soluble in water.


Contram ST-2 is effective against gram-negative and gram positive bacterias.
Contram ST-2, also known as dimethylformamide (DMF), is an organic compound belonging to the class of amides, and is one of the most widely used solvents in the world.
Contram ST-2 is a colorless, volatile liquid with a characteristic odor and a relatively low boiling point.



USES and APPLICATIONS of CONTRAM ST-2:
Contram ST-2 has been used successfully to preserve oil-based and water-based metalworking fluids.
Contram ST-2 is successfully applied for the preservation, mineral oil containing, water-miscible coolants.
Contram ST-2 is also used in the synthesis of a variety of organic compounds, including pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals.


Compared to hexahydrotriazines and oxazolidines, Contram ST-2 is more stable in metalworking concentrates.
Compared to hexahydrotriazines and oxazolidines, Contram ST-2 is more stable in metalworking concentrates.
Contram ST-2 is employed as intermediate for pharmaceutical.


Contram ST-2 should be used at an addition level of 2 – 6% in a concentrate and at 0.3% in finished cutting fluid user dilutions, in order to have a concentration of 1,000 to 1,500 ppm of the active.
In addition, Contram ST-2 is used in the preparation of catalysts, in the synthesis of polymers, and in the preparation of functionalized materials.


Contram ST-2 is widely used as a low toxicity broad spectrum fungicide for water-based metalworking fluid.
With the benefits of low skin irritation, mild odor, low toxicity; formulation compatibility, lasting bactericidal, this biocide Contram ST-2 is well-known in the MWFs additives.


Contram ST-2 is employed as intermediate for pharmaceutical.
Contram ST-2 is widely used as a low toxicity broad spectrum fungicide for water-based metalworking fluid.
With the benefits of low skin irritation, mild odor, low toxicity; formulation compatibility, lasting bactericidal, this biocide Contram ST-2 is well-known in the MWFs additives.


Contram ST-2 is employed as intermediate for pharmaceutical.
Contram ST-2 is an important industrial solvent and is used in a variety of industries, including pharmaceuticals, chemicals, plastics, and adhesives.
Contram ST-2 is also used in the synthesis of pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals, and as a solvent for the extraction of natural products.
Contram ST-2 is an important industrial solvent and is used in a variety of industries, including pharmaceuticals, chemicals, plastics, and adhesives.


Contram ST-2 is also used in the synthesis of a variety of organic compounds, including pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals.
Contram ST-2 is employed as intermediate for pharmaceutical.
Contram ST-2 is also used in the synthesis of pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals, and as a solvent for the extraction of natural products.
In addition, Contram ST-2 is used in the preparation of catalysts, in the synthesis of polymers, and in the preparation of functionalized materials.



BENEFITS OF CONTRAM ST-2:
1, a low toxicity broad spectrum fungicide for water-based metalworking fluid
2, anti-Bacteria and fungi effectively
3, fully meet with the requirements of water-based metalworking fluid: low skin irritation, mild odor, low toxicity; formulation compatibility, lasting bactericidal.
At higher concentrations, fungi and molds also have better inhibition.
Recommended addition amount (mass ratio): Recipe 2-3%, the working liquid 1-2‰;



MECHANISM OF ACTION OF CONTRAM ST-2:
Contram ST-2 is a polar aprotic solvent, meaning that it has a low dielectric constant and a low boiling point.
This makes it an ideal solvent for many organic reactions, as Contram ST-2 has a low solubility for most organic compounds.
As a result, Contram ST-2 can facilitate the reaction of different molecules by allowing them to interact with each other more easily.
In addition, Contram ST-2 can act as a proton acceptor, allowing the formation of hydrogen bonds between molecules.



OTHER REMARKABLE FEATURES OF CONTRAM ST-1/50:
*Low odour
*Low formaldehyde content
*Helps in the corrosion protection
*Very stable molecule
*Good compatibility and solubility
*Very good performance
*It can be used in fluids with pH of 3 to 12.



SYNTHESIS METHOD OF CONTRAM ST-2:
Contram ST-2 is synthesized through a variety of methods, including the reaction of dimethyl sulfate with ammonium hydroxide, the reaction of formaldehyde with dimethyl sulfate, and the reaction of dimethyl sulfoxide with formaldehyde.
Contram ST-2 can also be synthesized through the reaction of dimethyl sulfoxide with ammonia, and through the reaction of dimethyl sulfoxide with formic acid.



FUTURE DIRECTIONS OF CONTRAM ST-2:
There are a number of potential future directions for the use of Contram ST-2.
One potential direction is the development of new methods for the synthesis of organic compounds, as dimorphoContram ST-2 linomethane can facilitate the reaction of different molecules by allowing them to interact with each other more easily.
Another potential direction is the development of new catalysts and functionalized materials, as Contram ST-2 can act as a proton acceptor and facilitate the formation of hydrogen bonds between molecules.
Finally, further research into the use of Contram ST-2 as a solvent for the extraction of natural products could help to identify potential applications in the pharmaceutical and agrochemical industries.



BIOCHEMICAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF CONTRAM ST-2:
Contram ST-2 is a volatile, colorless liquid with a characteristic odor.



SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH APPLICATION OF CONTRAM ST-2:
Contram ST-2 has a wide range of applications in scientific research, including as a solvent for organic synthesis, as a reagent for the synthesis of organic compounds, and as a medium for chromatography.



ADVANTAGES AND LIMITATIONS FOR LAB EXPERIMENTS OF CONTRAM ST-2:
Contram ST-2 has several advantages for laboratory experiments.
Contram ST-2 is a relatively inexpensive solvent, and is widely available.
Contram ST-2 is also a relatively non-toxic solvent, and can be used in a variety of reactions.



PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of CONTRAM ST-2:
Appearance at Room Temperature: Clear Low Viscous Liquid
Appearance below 18ºC: Solid
Colour Colourless to Light: Yellow
Odour: Mild
Density: at 20°C g/cm3 1.06
pH-value (10 g/l in water): 10
Activity: % 92
Refractive Index: at 20°C 1.47
Viscosity: at 20ºC mm2/s 20
Water content: % 8
Solubility: Soluble in oil
Miscible with water
Odour: Amine
Appearance: Clear liquid.
Viscosity: Unknown.
Odour Threshold: Unknown.
Boiling Point: Not Determined.
Pour Point Temperature: Not Determined.
Melting / Freezing Point: Not Determined.
Aspect (visual): Clear low viscous liquid

Colour (visual): Colourless to slightly yellowish
Odour: Mild, nil in dilution
Density (g/cm3) @ 20°C (DIN 51 757): typ. 1.06
pH (10 g/l in water) typ.:10.2
Active content (%) typ. 50%
Refraction index @ 20°C typ.: 1.416
Viscosity (20°C, mm2/s): typ. 16
Solubility: Water soluble
Flash Point: Not applicable.
Upper Flammable: Limit Not Determined.
Lower Flammable: Limit Not Determined.
Autoignition Point: Not Determined.
Explosion Data: Material does not have explosive properties.
Vapour Pressure: Not Determined.
pH: 10
Specific Gravity: 1.07 (20 °C)
Bulk Density: Not Determined.
Water Solubility: Soluble.
Percent Solid: Not Determined.
Percent Volatile: Unknown.
Volatile Organic: Compound Not Determined.
Vapour Density: Not Determined.
Evaporation Rate: Not Determined.



FIRST AID MEASURES of CONTRAM ST-2:
*Ingestion:
Rinse mouth.
*Eyes:
Rinse cautiously with water for several minutes.
Remove contact lenses, if present and easy to do.
Continue rinsing.
*Skin Wash with soap and water.
Remove contaminated clothing.
Launder contaminated clothing before reuse.
*Additional Information:
Note to physician:
Treat symptomatically.



ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of CONTRAM ST-2:
*Spill Procedures:
Ventilate area if spilled in confined space or other poorly ventilated areas.
Do not dispose in landfill.
Pick up free liquid for recycle and/or disposal.
Residual liquid can be absorbed on inert material.



FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of CONTRAM ST-2:
*Flash Point:
Not applicable.
*Extinguishing Media:
CO2, dry chemical, foam, water spray, water fog.



EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of CONTRAM ST-2:
-Other Exposure Limits:
None known.
-Engineering Controls:
Use material in well ventilated area only.
*Hand Protection:
If contact with the material may occur wear chemically protective gloves.
*Eye Protection:
Safety glasses.



HANDLING and STORAGE of CONTRAM ST-2:
*Pumping Temperature:
Not Determined.
Maximum Handling
Temperature:
Not Determined.
*Handling Procedures:
Keep containers closed when not in use.
Do not discharge into drains or the environment, dispose to an authorized waste collection point.
Use appropriate containment to avoid environmental contamination.
Wash thoroughly after handling.
Do not eat, drink or smoke when using this product.
*Maximum Storage:
Temperature:
Not Determined.
Storage Procedures:
No special storage precautions required.
Loading Temperature:
Not Determined.



STABILITY and REACTIVITY of CONTRAM ST-2:
*Stability:
Material is normally stable at moderately elevated temperatures and pressures.
*Decomposition Temperature:
Not Determined.
*Polymerization:
Will not occur.
*Thermal Decomposition:
Thermal decomposition and combustion are not expected to occur except under extreme conditions.



SYNONYMS:
5625-90-1
Dimorpholinomethane
N,N'-Dimorpholinomethane
4,4'-Methylenedimorpholine
4,4-Methylenedimorpholine
4-(morpholin-4-ylmethyl)morpholine
N,N'-Methylenebismorpholine
Morpholine, 4,4'-methylenebis-
bis(4-morpholinyl)methane
n,n'-methylene-bis-morpholine
MORPHOLINE, 4,4'-METHYLENEDI-
MFCD00023369
4,4'-Methylenebismorpholine
7O79DZW79Z
4-[(morpholin-4-yl)methyl]morpholine
Bismorpholino methane
Dimorpholinomethone
Bis(morpholino-)methan
EINECS 227-062-3
BRN 0111886
UNII-7O79DZW79Z
AI3-62944
bismorpholinomethane
Contram ST-1
methylenebismorpholine
bis(morpholino)methane
N,N\'-Dimorpholinomethane
4,4-methylene-bismorpholine
Oprea1_332757
4,4'-methanediyldimorpholine
N,N'-Methylene bismorpholine
4-27-00-00203 (Beilstein Handbook Reference)
SCHEMBL536772
DTXSID8052859
Bis(4-morpholinyl)methane, 98%
ZINC19324145
AKOS002314380
4,4'-METHYLENEBIS(MORPHOLINE)
FS-4049
AC-12628
SY032818
DB-052882
CS-0236719
FT-0629594
EN300-172423
Q865946
W-110051
F2163-0188
N,N'-DIMORPHOLINOMETHANE
4,4'-methylenedi-morpholin
4,4'-methylenedimorpholine
bis(morpholino-)methan
bismorpholinomethane
N,N'-Methylenebismorpholine
DIMORPHOLINOMETHANE
DIMORPHOLINOMETHONE
N,N'-DIMORPHOLINOMETHANE
4,4’-methylenedi-morpholin
4,4’-methylenedimorpholine
bis(morpholino-)methan
bismorpholinomethane
N,N’-Methylenebismorpholine
DIMORPHOLINOMETHANE
DIMORPHOLINOMETHONE
N,N'-Dimorpholinomethane
N,N´-Methylene bismorpholine
Bis (morpholino-) methan
Bismorpholino methane
4,4-Methylenedimorpholine
Morpholine, 4,4-methylenedi-
DIMORPHOLINOMETHONE
DIMORPHOLINOMETHANE
N,N-Dimorpholinomethane
MORPHOLINE44METHYLENEDI
BIS-(MORPHOLINE-)METHANE
44METHYLENEBISMORPHOLINE
Bis(4-morpholinyl)methane
N,N'-Methylenebismorpholine
4,4-methylenebis-Morpholine
N,N'-Methylenebismorpholine
Morpholine,4,4-Methylenebis-
4,4'-methanediyldimorpholine
Morpholine,4,4-methylenebis-
N,N'-Methylene-bis-morpholine
Methylene-bis-morpholine,N,N'-
N,N-Dimorpholinomethane
Morpholine,4,4-methylenebis-
Bis(4-morpholinyl)methane
N,N'-Methylenebismorpholine
4,4'-methanediyldimorpholine
4,4-methylenebis-Morpholine
N,N-Methylene-bis-morpholine
N,N-Dimorpholinomethane
Morpholine,4,4-methylenebis-
Bis(4-morpholinyl)methane
N,N'-Methylenebismorpholine
4,4'-methanediyldimorpholine
-bis-morpholine
4,4′-Methylenebis[morpholine]
4,4′-Methylenedimorpholine
4,4'-Dimorpholinylmethane
4,4'-Methylenebismorpholine
44METHYLENEBISMORPHOLINE
BIS-(MORPHOLINE-)METHANE
Bis(morpholino)methane
DIMORPHOLINOMETHANE
DIMORPHOLINOMETHONE
Methylenebismorpholine
Methylene-bis-morpholine,N,N'-
Morpholine, 4,4′-methylenebis-
Morpholine, 4,4′-methylenedi-
Morpholine,4,4-Methylenebis-
MORPHOLINE44METHYLENEDI
N,N′-Methylenebismorpholine;
N,N′-methylenebismorpholine
formaldehyde released from N,N′-methylenebismorpholine
N,N′-methylenebismorpholine
formaldehyde released by N,N′-methylenebismorpholine / MBM
DIMORPHOLINOMETHANE
N,N'-DIMORPHOLINOMETHANE
4,4’-methylenedi-morpholin
4,4’-methylenedimorpholine
bis(morpholino-)methan
bismorpholinomethane
N,N’-Methylenebismorpholine
DIMORPHOLINOMETHONE
Morpholine,4,4-Methylenebis-
Methylene-bis-morpholine,N,N'-
MORPHOLINE44METHYLENEDI
44METHYLENEBISMORPHOLINE
BIS-(MORPHOLINE-)METHANE
DIMORPHOLINOMETHONE
DIMORPHOLINOMETHANE
N,N-Dimorpholinomethane
MORPHOLINE44METHYLENEDI
BIS-(MORPHOLINE-)METHANE
44METHYLENEBISMORPHOLINE
Bis(4-morpholinyl)methane
N,N'-Methylenebismorpholine
4,4-methylenebis-Morpholine
N,N'-Methylenebismorpholine
Morpholine,4,4-Methylenebis-
4,4'-methanediyldimorpholine
Morpholine,4,4-methylenebis-
N,N'-Methylene-bis-morpholine
Methylene-bis-morpholine,N,N'-




Copolymer of Maleic and Acrylic Acid (MA/AA)
Copper Dinitrate; Cupric Nitrate; cupric nitrate, n-hydrate; Nitric Acid, Copper (2+) salt; Kupferdinitrat; Dinitrato de cobre; Dinitrate de cuivre CAS NO:10031-43-3 (Trihydrate)
COPOLYVIDONE
DESCRIPTION:
Copolyvidone used as dry binder in tablets, as matrix formers for amorphous solid dispersions
Copolyvidone is a white or slightly yellowish, free-flowing powder with a faint characteristic odor and practically no taste.
Copolyvidone readily dissolves in all hydrophilic solvents.


Solutions of more than 10 % concentration can be prepared in water, ethanol, isopropanol, methylene chloride, glycerol and propylene glycol.
Copolyvidone is less soluble in ether, cyclic, aliphatic and alicyclic hydrocarbons.


BENEFITS OF COPOLYVIDONE:
Copolyvidone provides erodible instant release matrix
Copolyvidone is a solubilizer, dispersant, crystallization inhibitor and matrix former
For direct compression, roller compaction and wet granulation, suitable for markets with higher humidity exposure

Copolyvidone has excellent stability throughout the extrusion process
A coarse powder provides a dust free handling, good flowability and faster extruder feeding
Recently obtained GRAS/SA status (Generally Recognized As Safe/Self-Affirmed) by the U.S. Food & Drug Administration (FDA) for use in food and nutritional supplements e.g. vitamin and mineral tablets

Copolyvidone is a vinylpyrrolidone-vinyl acetate copolymer that is soluble both in water and in alcohol.
Copolyvidone is used as a dry binder in tabletting, as a granulating auxiliary and as a film-forming agent in the pharmaceutical industry.



SAFETY INFORMATION ABOUT COPOLYVIDONE:
First aid measures:
Description of first aid measures:
General advice:
Consult a physician.
Show this safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
Move out of dangerous area:

If inhaled:
If breathed in, move person into fresh air.
If not breathing, give artificial respiration.
Consult a physician.
In case of skin contact:
Take off contaminated clothing and shoes immediately.
Wash off with soap and plenty of water.
Consult a physician.

In case of eye contact:
Rinse thoroughly with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes and consult a physician.
Continue rinsing eyes during transport to hospital.

If swallowed:
Do NOT induce vomiting.
Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person.
Rinse mouth with water.
Consult a physician.

Firefighting measures:
Extinguishing media:
Suitable extinguishing media:
Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.
Special hazards arising from the substance or mixture
Carbon oxides, Nitrogen oxides (NOx), Hydrogen chloride gas

Advice for firefighters:
Wear self-contained breathing apparatus for firefighting if necessary.
Accidental release measures:
Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures
Use personal protective equipment.

Avoid breathing vapours, mist or gas.
Evacuate personnel to safe areas.

Environmental precautions:
Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so.
Do not let product enter drains.
Discharge into the environment must be avoided.

Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Soak up with inert absorbent material and dispose of as hazardous waste.
Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.

Handling and storage:
Precautions for safe handling:
Avoid inhalation of vapour or mist.

Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place.
Containers which are opened must be carefully resealed and kept upright to prevent leakage.
Storage class (TRGS 510): 8A: Combustible, corrosive hazardous materials

Exposure controls/personal protection:
Control parameters:
Components with workplace control parameters
Contains no substances with occupational exposure limit values.
Exposure controls:
Appropriate engineering controls:
Handle in accordance with good industrial hygiene and safety practice.
Wash hands before breaks and at the end of workday.

Personal protective equipment:
Eye/face protection:
Tightly fitting safety goggles.
Faceshield (8-inch minimum).
Use equipment for eye protection tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or EN 166(EU).

Skin protection:
Handle with gloves.
Gloves must be inspected prior to use.
Use proper glove
removal technique (without touching glove's outer surface) to avoid skin contact with this product.
Dispose of contaminated gloves after use in accordance with applicable laws and good laboratory practices.
Wash and dry hands.

Full contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0.11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Material tested:Dermatril (KCL 740 / Aldrich Z677272, Size M)
Splash contact
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0.11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Material tested:Dermatril (KCL 740 / Aldrich Z677272, Size M)
It should not be construed as offering an approval for any specific use scenario.

Body Protection:
Complete suit protecting against chemicals, The type of protective equipment must be selected according to the concentration and amount of the dangerous substance at the specific workplace.
Respiratory protection:
Where risk assessment shows air-purifying respirators are appropriate use a fullface respirator with multi-purpose combination (US) or type ABEK (EN 14387) respirator cartridges as a backup to engineering controls.

If the respirator is the sole means of protection, use a full-face supplied air respirator.
Use respirators and components tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or CEN (EU).
Control of environmental exposure
Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so.
Do not let product enter drains.
Discharge into the environment must be avoided.

Stability and reactivity:
Chemical stability:
Stable under recommended storage conditions.
Incompatible materials:
Strong oxidizing agents:
Hazardous decomposition products:
Hazardous decomposition products formed under fire conditions.
Carbon oxides, Nitrogen oxides (NOx), Hydrogen chloride gas.

Disposal considerations:
Waste treatment methods:
Product:
Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company.
Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material.
Contaminated packaging:
Dispose of as unused product



COPOVIDONE
DESCRIPTION:
Copovidone is co-polymer made by N-vinyl-2- pyrolidone and vinyl acetate.
Copovidone is used for coating agent or binder.
Copovidone is insoluble in water, so dimethyl formamide (DMF) was used as the eluent.


CAS Number: 25086-89-9



SYNONYMS OF COPOVIDONE:
Poly(1-vinylpyrrolidone-co-vinyl acetate), Copovidone K25-31,Copovidone K26-29,Copovidone K28,D9C330MD8B,Plasdone-S630,Acetic Acid Ethenyl Ester Polymer with 1-Ethenyl-2-Pyrrolidone,COPOLYMER OF 1-VINYL-2-PYRROLIDONE AND VINYL ACETATE IN THE MASS PROPORTION OF 3:2 (MW=40000),COPOVIDONE (EP IMPURITY),COPOVIDONE (EP MONOGRAPH),COPOVIDONE (MART.),COPOVIDONE (PLASDONE-S630),COPOVIDONE (USP-RS),NSC-114023,NSC-114024,NSC-114025,NSC-114026,POLYVINYLPYRROLIDONE/VINYL ACETATE COPOLYMER,POVIDONE/VINYL ACETATE COPOLYMER,VP/VA COPOLYMER, Copovidone; Copolyvidone; Vinylpyrrolidone-vinyl acetate copolymer; Copolymer of 1-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone and vinyl acetate in a ratio of 3:2 by mass; Copolyvidone; Poly (1-vinylpyrrolidone-co-vinyl acetate); Polyvinylpyrrolidone-vinyl Acetate Copolymer; PVP/VA; PVP/VA Copolymer; Kollidon VA 64; Plasdone® Crospovidone,Copovidone [BAN:NF],D9C330MD8B,25086-89-9,Acetic acid ethenyl ester, polymer with 1-ethenyl-2-pyrrolidinone,Copovidone,Vinyl acetate N-vinyl-pyrrolidone polymer,Poly(vinylpyrrolidone-co-vinyl-acetate),UNII-D9C330MD8B,Ethenyl acetate, polymer with 1-ethenyl-2-pyrrolidinone,GAF-S 630,Ganex E 535,Vinyl acetate-N-vinylpyrrolidone copolymer,Vinyl acetate-N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone copolymer,Vinyl acetate-vinylpyrrolidone polymer,Vinyl acetate-N-vinylpyrrolidone polymer,Vinyl acetate-vinylpyrrolidone copolymer,Gantron S 630,Gantron S 860,Gantron PVP,Luviskol VA 28I,Luviskol VA 37E,Luviskol VA 37I,Luviskol VA 55E,Luviskol VA 55I,Luviskol VA 64,Luviskol VA 73E,NSC 114023,Polectron 845,PVP-VA,PVP-VA-E 735,Kolima 10,Kolima 35,Kolima 75,Kollidon VA 64,Vinyl acetate-1-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone polymer,Vinyl acetate-N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone copolymer,Vinyl acetate-vinylpyrrolidinone polymer,Vinyl acetate-N-vinylpyrrolidinone polymer,Vinylpyrrolidinone-vinyl acetate copolymer,Vinylpyrrolidinone-vinyl acetate polymer,Vinylpyrrolidone-vinyl acetate copolymer,1-Vinyl-2-pyrrolidone-vinyl acetate copolymer,Vinylpyrrolidone-vinyl acetate polymer,N-Vinylpyrrolidone-vinyl acetate polymer,PVP/VA-S 630,PVP/VA copolymer,2-Pyrrolidinone, 1-ethenyl-, polymer with ethenyl acetate,Vinyl acetate-vinylpyrrolidinone copolymer,Vinyl acetate-N-vinylpyrrolidinone copolymer,I 635,I 735,S 630,Acetic acid vinyl ester, polymer with 1-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone,Copolyvidon,E 335,E 535,I 535,Acetic acid, ethenyl ester, polymer with 1-ethenyl-2-pyrrolidinone,1-Ethenyl-2-pyrrolidinone, polymer with acetic acid ethenyl ester,1-Ethenyl-2-pyrrolidinone, polymer with ethenyl acetate,Polyvinylpyrrolidone - vinyl acetate copolymer,NSC 114024


Copovidone is used as a binder, hardener, a film-former, and as part of a proprietary blend used in controlled-release formulations of tablets and other products.
In tableting, copovidone can be used as a binder for direct compression of tablets, increasing their hardness and as a binder in wet granulation of tablets.

Copovidone is often added to coating solutions as a film-forming agent.
Copovidone provides good adhesion, elasticity, and hardness, and can be used as a moisture barrier.


Copovidone can be used as an excipient, such as Film formers, adhesives, etc.
Pharmaceutical excipients, or pharmaceutical auxiliaries, refer to other chemical substances used in the pharmaceutical process other than pharmaceutical ingredients.

Pharmaceutical excipients generally refer to inactive ingredients in pharmaceutical preparations, which can improve the stability, solubility and processability of pharmaceutical preparations.
Pharmaceutical excipients also affect the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination (ADME) processes of co-administered drugs.



In this application, Even though DMF is used as the eluent, adding lithium bromide into the eluent is effective.
Lithium bromide was added for analyzing copovidone.

Copovidone, an analog of povidone, is used as a tablet binder, a film-former, and as part of the matrix material used in controlled-release formulations.

In tableting, copovidone can be used as a binder for direct compression and as a binder in wet granulation.
Copovidone is often added to coating solutions as a film-forming agent.
Copovidone provides good adhesion, elasticity, and hardness, and can be used as a moisture barrier.


Copovidone has better plasticity than povidone as a tablet binder, is less hygroscopic, more elastic, and better for film-forming applications than povidone.
Copovidone is also used in cosmetics as a thickener, dispersant, lubricant, film-forming agent and binder.
Copovidone is widely used in the food, cosmetic and pharmaceutical industry.


Copovidone is generally regarded as nontoxic. However, oral consumption of excessive quantities may produce stomach upset.

Copovidone has not been shown to be sensitizing to the skin.
Animal studies in rats and dogs do not show significant toxicity with high dietary levels.
The average molecular weight of copovidone is usually expressed as a K-value and it ranges between 45 and 70.




BENEFITS OF COPOVIDONE:
Copovidone has Diverse range of low to high molecular weight povidones
Copovidone Includes highly effective water soluble binders resulting in coarse and strong granules
Copovidone Consists of standard and micronized grade super-disintegrants and dissolution enhancers to address solubilization challenges


Copovidone has Instant release and sustained release profiles
Copovidone has Versatile processing options including direct compression, roller compaction, and wet granulation
Copovidone is Suitable for a broad range of applications


Copovidone has Low sensitivity to lubricant
Copovidone has High Plasticity, makes robust tablets
Copovidone has Low Hygroscopicity

APPLICATIONS OF COPOVIDONE IN PHARMACEUTICAL FORMULATIONS OR TECHNOLOGY:
Copovidone was developed as an improvement over Povidone (binder).
Its favourable technical properties, namely better flowability, lower hygroscopicity, spherical particle shape, plasticity, lower glass-transition temperature, and hydrophobic–hydrophilic balance, rendered Copovidone highly advantageous in direct compression and roller-compaction tabletting operations.

While Copovidone is still used as a dry binder (for direct compression and roller compression), its main utility is as a matrix former for the development of solid dispersions, film former (especially in the formulation of moisture-barrier coatings), and as a matrice former for sustained-release solid dosage forms.

1). Binder in Tablets :
Copovidone performs superbly as a dry binder for direct compression applications.
It is particularly preferred for formulations susceptible to capping due to its plasticity.

Finer grades have demonstrated superior binding performance compared with either Povidone and Cellulose-based polymers.
Formulations developed with Copovidone show a direct relationship between tablet hardness, friability, porosity and disintegration with the applied compaction force.


2). Binder in Wet Granulation:
The high solubility of Copovidone in water and standard granulation liquids makes it as an ideal binder in wet granulation operations.
It may be added either as a solution or in the form of a dry powder followed by the addition of the granulating solvent or a combination of both.

Copovidone, owing to its low hygroscopicity, allows greater predictable granulation endpoints and its granules have a much less propensity to stick to tooling, even when conducted under less favourable conditions.


3). Roller Compression:
Copovidone has been shown to be particularly well-suited for use in roller compaction.
It is an excipient of choice when particle size distribution and particle shape considerations are critical during roller compression process design.

Owing to its spherical shape and fine size Copovidone gives better surface coverage and develops multiple bridges that lead to hard tablets with a reduced friability.

4). Film-Coating Film Former:
Copovidone is a film former and it soluble membranes whose solubility is independent of pH.
Copovidone films are also less hygroscopic, but more flexible compared with those formed by Povidone.

For best results, it’s used in combination with other film-forming polymers that are less hygroscopic.
Due to its flexibility, a plasticizer is not required.


5). Polymer for Amorphous Solid Dispersions:
Copovidone is a suitable polymer for developing amorphous solid dispersions that are both kinetically and thermodynamically stable.
Both spray-drying and hot melt extrusion approaches can be reliably used.

6). Other Uses:
Inhibition of crystallisation of APIs in liquid soft-gel formulations
Sugar coating applications (to improve adhesion)
Subcoating of tablets (film coating)






CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF COPOVIDONE:
Chemical Name, Acetic acid ethenyl ester, polymer with 1-etheny1-2 pyrrolidinone
CAS Registry Number, [25086-89-9]
Empirical Formula, (C6H9NO)n (C4H6O2)m (111.1)n + (86.1)mThe ratio of n to m is approximately n = 1.2m
Molecular Weight, Molecular weights of 45,000-70,000 have been determined for Koliidon VA 64. The average molecular weight of Copovidone is usually expressed as a K-value.The K-value of Kollidon VA 64 is nominally 28, with a range of 25.2-30.8. The K-value of Plasdone® S 630 is specified between 25.4 and 34.2. K-values are calculated from the kinematic viscosity of a 1% aqueous. Molecular weight can be calculated with the formulaM = 22.22 (K + 0.075K2)1.65The Ph.Eur and USP-NF describe Copovidone as a copolymer of 1-ethenylpyrrolidin-2-one and ethenyl acetate in the ratio (by mass) of 3:2

EINECS Number, 607-540-1
FDA UNII Code, D9C330MD8B
Physical form, Solid, powder
Appearance, White, cream to yellowish finely divided powder
pH value, 3.0-7.0
pKa, -1.4 (Computed)
Log P, -1.1
Bulk density, Standard grades: 0.20-0.30 g/mlFine grades: 0.08-0.15 g/ml
Tapped density, Standard grades: 0.30-0.45 g/ml
Density (true), 1.1 g/ml
Flashpoint, 215 0C
Flowability, Poorly flowing to relatively free-flowing powder
Glass transition temperature, 100 – 110 0C
Hygroscopicity, Absorbs <10% weight at 50% RH
K-value -630, Dependent on the supplier/grade. For Plasdone®, K value = 25 – 35
Melting point, 140 0C
Solubility, Soluble in water (179g/l). Soluble in ethanol, isopropyl alcohol, propylene glycol and glycerol (a 10% w/w solution can be easily prepared)
Viscosity (Brookfield), Viscosity of aqueous solutions varies with concentration and molecular weight of the polymer. A 5% w/v solution has a viscosity of 4-5 mPas (25 oC)


SAFETY INFORMATION ABOUT COPOVIDONE:
First aid measures:
Description of first aid measures:
General advice:
Consult a physician.
Show this safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
Move out of dangerous area:

If inhaled:
If breathed in, move person into fresh air.
If not breathing, give artificial respiration.
Consult a physician.
In case of skin contact:
Take off contaminated clothing and shoes immediately.
Wash off with soap and plenty of water.
Consult a physician.

In case of eye contact:
Rinse thoroughly with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes and consult a physician.
Continue rinsing eyes during transport to hospital.

If swallowed:
Do NOT induce vomiting.
Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person.
Rinse mouth with water.
Consult a physician.

Firefighting measures:
Extinguishing media:
Suitable extinguishing media:
Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.
Special hazards arising from the substance or mixture
Carbon oxides, Nitrogen oxides (NOx), Hydrogen chloride gas

Advice for firefighters:
Wear self-contained breathing apparatus for firefighting if necessary.
Accidental release measures:
Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures
Use personal protective equipment.

Avoid breathing vapours, mist or gas.
Evacuate personnel to safe areas.

Environmental precautions:
Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so.
Do not let product enter drains.
Discharge into the environment must be avoided.

Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Soak up with inert absorbent material and dispose of as hazardous waste.
Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.

Handling and storage:
Precautions for safe handling:
Avoid inhalation of vapour or mist.

Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place.
Containers which are opened must be carefully resealed and kept upright to prevent leakage.
Storage class (TRGS 510): 8A: Combustible, corrosive hazardous materials

Exposure controls/personal protection:
Control parameters:
Components with workplace control parameters
Contains no substances with occupational exposure limit values.
Exposure controls:
Appropriate engineering controls:
Handle in accordance with good industrial hygiene and safety practice.
Wash hands before breaks and at the end of workday.

Personal protective equipment:
Eye/face protection:
Tightly fitting safety goggles.
Faceshield (8-inch minimum).
Use equipment for eye protection tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or EN 166(EU).

Skin protection:
Handle with gloves.
Gloves must be inspected prior to use.
Use proper glove
removal technique (without touching glove's outer surface) to avoid skin contact with this product.
Dispose of contaminated gloves after use in accordance with applicable laws and good laboratory practices.
Wash and dry hands.

Full contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0.11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Material tested:Dermatril (KCL 740 / Aldrich Z677272, Size M)
Splash contact
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0.11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Material tested:Dermatril (KCL 740 / Aldrich Z677272, Size M)
It should not be construed as offering an approval for any specific use scenario.

Body Protection:
Complete suit protecting against chemicals, The type of protective equipment must be selected according to the concentration and amount of the dangerous substance at the specific workplace.
Respiratory protection:
Where risk assessment shows air-purifying respirators are appropriate use a fullface respirator with multi-purpose combination (US) or type ABEK (EN 14387) respirator cartridges as a backup to engineering controls.

If the respirator is the sole means of protection, use a full-face supplied air respirator.
Use respirators and components tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or CEN (EU).
Control of environmental exposure
Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so.
Do not let product enter drains.
Discharge into the environment must be avoided.

Stability and reactivity:
Chemical stability:
Stable under recommended storage conditions.
Incompatible materials:
Strong oxidizing agents:
Hazardous decomposition products:
Hazardous decomposition products formed under fire conditions.
Carbon oxides, Nitrogen oxides (NOx), Hydrogen chloride gas.

Disposal considerations:
Waste treatment methods:
Product:
Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company.
Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material.
Contaminated packaging:
Dispose of as unused product

COPPER (II) NITRATE TRIHYDRATE
(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2-methylpropan-2-yl)oxy-oxomethyl]amino]-1-oxopropyl]amino]-1-oxopropyl]amino]-3-[4-(2-oxiranylmethoxy)phenyl]propanoic acid ethyl ester; bis(1-hydroxy-1h-pyridine-2-thionato-o,s)copper 2(; Bis(1-hydroxy-1H-pyridine-2-thionato-O,S)copper; Copper omadine; Omadine Copper; Copper Pyritione; Copper Pyrithione(CuPT); Copper 2-pyridinethio-1-oxide CAS NO:14915-37-8
COPPER CARBONATE
Copper Carbonate is an inorganic compound having the chemical formula CuCO3.
The chemical name of Copper Carbonate is copper(II) carbonate hydroxide, and it is an alkaline compound.


CAS Number: 12069-69-1
EC Number: 235-113-6
Chemical formula: CuCO3


Copper Carbonate is a powdery green solid.
Copper Carbonate is insoluble in water, alcohol and organic solvents while it decomposes in the presence of diluted acids.
Copper Carbonate is an inorganic compound having the chemical formula CuCO3.


The chemical name of Copper Carbonate is copper(II) carbonate hydroxide, and it is an alkaline compound.
Copper Carbonate exists as a green colour crystalline solid substance in nature.
Copper Carbonate occurs as the malachite mineral compound.


Due to its colour, Copper Carbonate is important mainly as a pigment for colour formation.
When a copper atom loses one or two of its electrons it forms positively charged ions known as Cu+1 and Cu+2.
Whilst ordinary copper carbonate contains cupric ion (or Cu+2), it may sometimes contain a chemically similar alkaline component.


Copper Carbonate can actually serve a number of applications around industry and life in general; you probably haven’t realized how many purposes it is utilized in today.
Copper Carbonate is a water insoluble chemical created when copper loses the electrons in its outermost shell.


Also known as copper (II) carbonate, carbonic acid, and copper monocarbonate, Copper Carbonate converts quickly to copper salts.
Most commonly, the term of Copper Carbonate or cupric carbonate is referred to as a basic copper carbonate like Cu2(OH)2CO3.
This occurs in nature in the form of the mineral malachite or Cu3(OH)2(CO3)2 which is azurite.


It is because of this reason that the qualifier neutral can be utilized in place of basic which refers particularly to Copper Carbonate.
As with other metallic colouring carbonates, Copper Carbonate is green in colour and bulkier than the oxide form, thus it tends to disperse better to give more even results.


Copper Carbonate is also more reactive chemically and thus melts better.
As such, Copper Carbonate is ideal for use in brush work where minimal speck is required.
However Copper Carbonate produces gases as it decomposes and these can cause pinholes or blisters in glazes.


Also the carbonate form contains less copper per gram, therefore colours are less intense than the oxide form.
Copper Carbonate is a powdery green solid.
Copper Carbonate is insoluble in water, alcohol and organic solvents while it decomposes in the presence of diluted acids.


Copper Carbonate and cupric carbonate basic are actually not presented.
The addition of sodium carbonate to the dilute copper sulfate solution, or the introduction of carbon dioxide into the suspension of copper hydroxide can both give the precipitate of cupric carbonate basic.


Cupric carbonate basic can be seen as consisting of the copper hydroxide and Copper Carbonate.
Actually there are two types of copper hydroxides with both combination with one Copper Carbonate and two copper carbonates.
Copper Carbonate is a chemical compound, more properly called copper(II) carbonate hydroxide.


Copper Carbonate is an ionic compound (a salt) consisting of the ions copper(II) Cu2+, carbonate CO2−3, and hydroxide OH−.
The name most commonly refers to Copper Carbonate with formula Cu2CO3(OH)2.
Copper Carbonate is a green crystalline solid that occurs in nature as the mineral malachite.


Both malachite and azurite can be found in the verdigris patina that is found on weathered brass, bronze, and copper.
The composition of the patina can vary, in a maritime environment depending on the environment a basic chloride may be present, in an urban environment basic sulfates may be present.


Copper Carbonate is often improperly called (even in chemistry articles) copper carbonate, cupric carbonate, and similar names.
The true (neutral) copper(II) carbonate CuCO3 is not known to occur naturally.
Copper Carbonate is decomposed by water or moisture from the air, and was synthesized only in 1973 by high temperature and very high pressures.


Copper Carbonate is the common name for the green crystalline cupric carbonate, in which copper has valence +2.
Copper Carbonate is soluble in water and decomposes at 200 C.
Normal cupric carbonate is not commonly available and the abbreviated term ‘Copper Carbonate’ is widely used to describe either of the two basic copper carbonates, the green malachite (CuCO3.Cu(OH)2), the blue azurite (2CuCO3.CU(OH)2), or a mixture of the two.


Copper Carbonate is the green malachite variety and is supplied as a fine powder.
Copper Carbonate (CuCO3) is formed after copper loses its electrons.
Copper Carbonate typically contains Cu + 2, known as the cupric ion.


However, at times Copper Carbonate may have an alkaline component as the content.
Copper carbonate is a water-insoluble chemical compound.
Copper Carbonate can be converted into other copper compounds by different methods such as calcination, where on the application of heat, the chemical compound gives oxide.


Copper Carbonate is a neutral compound with the chemical formula CuCO3.
Therefore, Copper Carbonate is also known as Cupric Carbonate.
The Copper ions in the compound are available in a +2 Oxidation state which allows it to be reactive to water or moisture.


Therefore, the mixture is easily convertible to other compounds on heat, also referred to as Calcination.
The preparation is difficult and is a reaction between Sodium Carbonate and Copper Sulfate.
In the preparation method, the Copper Carbonate is heated in a Carbon Dioxide Atmosphere to give a grey powder as the output, which is the Copper Carbonate.


The final product is very stable due to the partial pressure created by the Carbon Dioxide in the environment.
The stability can be maintained for months in a dry atmosphere.
Once Copper Carbonate starts to decompose, it gives Copper Oxide one of the significant products.


Copper Carbonate is found in blue and green coloured crystalline forms known as Azurite and Malachite.
Copper Carbonate contains Copper ions and carbonate anions and has the formula CuCO3.
Copper Carbonate is derived in powder form in grey color.


Copper Carbonate can be derived in two different colors: blue and green.
Copper (Cu) is one of the elements that was never discovered.
They have been a part of every stage in the evolution of civilization.


The metal has been utilized for so long that it can be found isolated as a pure element.
One may be tunneling in a mine and come find pure copper in a variety of forms.
It is the 29th element in the periodic table, denoted by the symbol ‘Cu’ from the Latin term ‘cuprum.’


Copper is a soft but strong metal.
It combines easily with other metals to make alloys such as bronze and bronze.
Bronze is a tin-copper alloy, whereas brass is a zinc-copper alloy.


Copper and brass can be recycled quickly.
Perhaps 70% of the copper that is now in use has been recycled at least once.
Copper has a density of 8.96 and an atomic number of 29.


Copper has been an important element of human culture for thousands of years.
Silver, gold, copper, and iron have all been used in some way.
Copper Carbonate is another name for Copper II Carbonate.


Furthermore, Copper Carbonate is a chemical substance.
Copper Carbonate is also an ionic solid compound composed of copper (II) cations Cu2+ and carbonate anions CO2-3.



USES and APPLICATIONS of COPPER CARBONATE:
Copper Carbonate can be used as a dietary ingredient and as a nutrient.
Copper aids in the absorption of iron, in the formation of red blood cells and the proper bone formation and maintenance.
Copper Carbonate is used in pyrotechnics, pesticides, pigments, feed, fungicides, antiseptics and other industries and the manufacture of copper compounds


Copper Carbonate is used as analytical reagent and insecticide
Copper Carbonate is used in industries such as catalysts, pyrotechnics, pesticides, pigments, feeds, fungicides, electroplating, anticorrosion, and the manufacture of copper compounds.


Copper Carbonate is a green solid completely insoluble in water, alcohol and organic solvents.
Copper Carbonate decomposes if placed in contact with diluted acids.
Also known as green malachite, Copper Carbonate was used as a fungicide since the beginning of the nineteenth century, although it has now been replaced by other copper compounds.


Copper Carbonate is used as raw material in the electroplating and agricultural industries.
Copper Carbonate is also used for the production of pigments and as raw material used in wood protective formulations.
Copper Carbonate is used as seed treatment fungicide; in pyrotechnics; as paint and varnish pigment; in animal and poultry feeds; in sweetening of petrol sour crude stock; in manufacture of other Cu salts.


The term Copper Carbonate or cupric carbonate is most usually used to refer to a Copper Carbonate such as CuCO3.
This can be found in nature in the form of the mineral malachite or the azurite mineral Cu3(OH)2(CO3)2.
As a result, the qualifier neutral can be used in place of basic, which specifically refers to Copper Carbonate.


Copper Carbonate is used as a blue flame colorant in low temperature class compositions of the potassium (per)chlorate base or in compositons of the ammonium perchlorate base.
Copper Carbonate helps with the creation of many products, as well as helping along the scientific process.


Laboratories: Copper Carbonate catalyzes copper chromite, which breaks down fatty methyl esters in the production of fatty alcohols.
Paints: In artist’s palettes, Copper Carbonate creates the sought-after colors verditer and mountain green.
Petroleum: Adding nitric acid to Copper Carbonate produces copper chloride, important in the process of “oil sweetening”, or purifying oil of its sulfur components.


Pyrotechnics: Companies manufacturing fireworks use Copper Carbonate for a stellar blue sparkle to pyrotechnic displays.
Copper Carbonate is used in paint and varnish pigments, pyrotechnics and animal and poultry feeds.
Copper Carbonate is also used as a fungicide.


Pigment for paints and ceramics - Copper Carbonate is used in pigments under the names mountain green, mineral green or verdeazzuro (green azure).
While Copper Carbonate is not routinely used in modern bulk paints, it is still desired for restoration and artists’ paints.
Ceramics and pottery applications call for Copper Carbonate in slips (2-8%) and glazes (<5%, if more than 5% is added, glazes often change to a metallic pewter).


The pigment will normally give a green colour when fired, but alkaline glazes will create a turquoise, and reds are achievable with a reduction kiln.
Copper Carbonate is not suitable for soluble glazes that will come into contact with food or drink as the copper can leach out.
Pyrotechnic flame colourant - Copper Carbonate is often used as a blue flame colourant, sometimes written in formulations as Basic Copper Carbonate.


Copper carbonate is added to arsenic to produce acetoarsenite, which is popularly known as Paris green.
Copper Carbonate is used as a wood preservative.
Copper carbonate is actively used as an ingredient in animal feeds and is demanded continuously in animal fodder.


Fertilizer is the other product where the demand for copper carbonate is very high.
Copper Carbonate is used to create different pesticides, insecticides, and fungicides.
Acetoarsenite is used as an insecticide.


Besides agriculture, aquaculture is also one of the major application areas.
Copper Carbonate is used in controlling the unnecessary spreading of weeds.
Copper Chromite is very active for the hydrogenation of aldehydes and ketones to their corresponding alcohols, as well as nitro-compounds to the primary amines.


Some applicators use Copper Oxide Black instead of Copper Carbonate to reduce reaction rate and control synthesis in the reactor.
Copper carbonate is commercially used for veterinary applications.
While high concentration can be toxic to humans, in minimal quantities, it is used in cosmetics.


From the food industry to pharmaceutical products, copper carbonate is used in a wide variety of applications.
Copper Carbonate is used in the timber industry as a wood preservative and other products.
Copper Carbonate is also used in making pigments and feed additives.


Copper Carbonate is primarily used in paints as pigments for its varied color.
Copper Carbonate is also used in gemstones.
Copper carbonate is used in several applications.


Copper Carbonate is subjected to different refining processes as pigments in paint.
Copper Carbonate can be developed by combining Sodium Carbonate and Copper Sulphate in an aqueous form.
The other way of deriving Copper Carbonate is using Copper Sulfate with Sodium Bicarbonate.


Copper Carbonate has many applications owing to its vibrant colors.
Copper Carbonate is also used in copper chrome catalyst manufacturing.
Both malachite and azurite, as well as synthetic Copper Carbonate have been used as pigments.


One example of the use of both azurite and Copper Carbonate's artificial form blue verditer is the portrait of the family of Balthasar Gerbier by Peter Paul Rubens.
The green skirt of Deborah Kip is painted in azurite, smalt, blue verditer (artificial form of azurite), yellow ochre, lead-tin-yellow and yellow lake.


The green color is achieved by mixing blue and yellow pigments.
Copper Carbonate has also been used in some types of make-up, like lipstick, although it can also be toxic to humans.
Copper Carbonate also has been used for many years as an effective algaecide.


In organic salt industry, Copper Carbonate is used for preparation of various copper compound; in organic industry.
Copper Carbonate is used as catalyst of organic synthesis.
In electroplating industry, Copper Carbonate is used as copper additive.


In recent years, Copper Carbonate has been widely applied in wood preservation field.
Copper Carbonate has been used since antiquity as a pigment, and it is still used as such in artist paints, sometimes called verditer, green bice, or mountain green.


Sometimes the name is used for Cu3(CO3)2(OH)2, a blue crystalline solid also known as the mineral azurite.
Copper Carbonate too has been used as pigment, sometimes under the name mountain blue or blue verditer.


-Aesthetic and Practical uses of Copper Carbonate:
Copper Carbonate has a number of aesthetic purposes, most notably in jewellery.
Copper Carbonate can also be converted into the metal version of copper, which is highly valuable and serves a number of its own applications.
This is achieved through a process of pulverization, sizing, conversion and electrolysis.


-Copper Salts uses of Copper Carbonate:
Copper Carbonate can be converted into copper salts by mixing it with a stronger acid.
The resulting salt, Copper Carbonate is complemented with water and carbon dioxide gas.
Mixing the carbonate with acetic acid (otherwise known as vinegar) will produce cupric acid, water and carbon dioxide.


-Pigments and Colorants uses of Copper Carbonate:
Copper Carbonate, when pure, should have a mint green colour.
When alkaline components have been added, a tinge of blue will be added to the colour.
Copper Carbonate is often added to paints, varnishes, pottery glazes and even fireworks to impart some of the colour.


-Miscellaneous uses of Copper Carbonate:
Small amounts of copper carbonates are used in a variety of animal feeds and fertilizers.
Copper Carbonate also plays a major role in the creation of pesticides and fungicides.

Copper Carbonate can also be used to control the growth and spread of aquatic weeds.
Copper Carbonate is also a common ingredient in the ammonia compounds that are used to treat timber.
As you can see, copper carbonate has a number of uses across a wide variety of industries and products.


-Agriculture uses of Copper Carbonate:
Copper Carbonate is used frequently in fertilizer as well as in fungicides, insecticides, pesticides — where it acts as an anti-pathogenic — and in aquaculture where it controls unwanted foliage.

Rather than adding copper carbonate to fertilizer, manufacturers may add this important nutrient, Copper Carbonate, to the seeds as they are packaged.
The cost of Copper Carbonate at this point is significantly lower than adding it to soil, reducing overall expenses.
Animal feed, specifically poultry and ruminant feed, often has added Copper Carbonate since these animals rely on copper as a supplemental nutrient.


-Woodworking and Ceramics uses of Copper Carbonate:
Micronized copper wood treatment consists of tiny Copper Carbonate particles suspended in a final treatment solution (often containing ammonia) for preserving wood and timber.
Copper Carbonate also helps with ceramic products.

Before ceramics are fired, a glaze is often added to retain color and give a finished look to the product.
Adding Copper Carbonate to the glaze creates a seafoam sheen to the ceramic.
Applying Copper Carbonate plus an alkaline generates a bluer hue.


-Agriculture and aquaculture uses of Copper Carbonate:
Copper carbonate is used across a wide range of applications.
Copper Carbonate is commonly used to develop compounds for the treatment of timber.


-Drilling Fluids uses of Copper Carbonate:
A compound, Copper Carbonate, that was used as a sulfide scavenger for water-base muds.
However, Copper Carbonate was found to be corrosive due to spontaneous plating of metallic copper onto metal surfaces, causing pitting corrosion; it has largely been replaced by zinc compounds.



PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF COPPER CARBONATE:
Copper Carbonate is a powdery blue-green compound that is insoluble in water.
Copper Carbonate's color can be different shades of blue or green depending on the purity and the presence of other basic copper carbonates, which are usually present in any technical grade samples.



CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF COPPER CARBONATE:
Copper Carbonate, like copper(II) hydroxide, is used as a source of copper(II) ions.
Most salts of copper can be produced by reacting this chemical with the desired acid.
Copper Carbonate keeps well, so it is often kept in larger amounts, and not just made when needed.
This is very unlike iron(III) carbonate and iron(II) carbonate, which decompose to iron oxides and carbon dioxide.
Heating of copper(II) carbonate yields copper(II) oxide (CuO) and carbon dioxide.



CHEMICAL PROPERTIES AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF COPPER CARBONATE:
The stability of dry Copper Carbonate is dependent significantly on the partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2).
Copper Carbonate can remain stable for months in dry air but will decompose slowly into CuO and CO2 if pCO2 is less than 0.11 atm.

In the company of water or moist air at 25 °C, Copper Carbonate is constant only for pCO2 above 4.57 atmospheres and pH between about 4 and 8.
Further, below that partial pressure, Copper Carbonate reacts with water to make a very basic carbonate (azurite, Cu3(CO3)2(OH)2).

3 CuCO3 + H2O → Cu3(CO3)2(OH)2 + CO2
In highly basic solutions, the complex anion Cu(CO3)22− is formed as an alternative.



PREPARATION OF COPPER CARBONATE:
Sodium Carbonate and Copper Sulfate combination give Copper Carbonate.
For Copper Carbonate, heat is applied to Copper Carbonate in the Carbon Dioxide Atmosphere.



COPPER CHROMITE CATALYSTS MANUFACTURING, COPPER CARBONATE:
Copper Carbonate is used in manufacturing Copper Chromite catalysts.
The largest field (industrial scale) of applying copper chromite catalysts is the hydrogenolysis of fatty methyl esters in fatty alcohol production.



AVAILABILITY OF COPPER CARBONATE:
Pottery stores that sell various oxides and carbonates usually sell Copper Carbonate.
It is almost always a mix of Copper Carbonates in various states of hydration.
This is generally not an issue for chemistry but may interfere with stoichiometry calculations.



PROPERTIES OF COPPER CARBONATE:
Copper Carbonate is in peafowl green color.
And Copper Carbonate is fine particle powder; density: 3.85; melting point: 200°C; insoluble in cold water, alcohol; soluble in acid,
cyanide, sodium hydroxide, ammonium salt.



DIFFERENCE BETWEEN COPPER CARBONATE AND BASIC COPPER CARBONATE:
Copper carbonate and basic copper carbonate are important ionic compounds.
The key difference between copper carbonate and basic copper carbonate is that copper carbonate is a neutral chemical compound, whereas basic copper carbonate is an alkaline chemical compound.
Moreover, copper carbonate is a grey powder, whereas basic copper carbonate is a blue-green powder.
In addition, copper carbonate is made of copper ions and carbonate anions, while basic copper carbonate is made of copper ions, hydroxide ions, and carbonate ions.



PREPARATION OF COPPER CARBONATE:
Copper Carbonate is prepared by combining aqueous solutions of copper(II) sulfate and sodium carbonate at ambient temperature and pressure.
Copper Carbonate precipitates from the solution, with release of carbon dioxide CO2:

2 CuSO4 + 2 Na2CO3 + H2O → Cu2(OH)2CO3 + 2 Na2SO4 + CO2
Copper Carbonate can also be prepared by reacting aqueous solutions of copper(II) sulfate and sodium bicarbonate at ambient conditions.
Copper Carbonate precipitates from the solution, again with release of carbon dioxide:

2 CuSO4 + 4 NaHCO3 → Cu2(OH)2CO3 + 2 Na2SO4 + 3 CO2 + H2O
Copper(II) sulfate may also be substituted with Copper(II) chloride, creating Sodium chloride (NaCl) as a byproduct instead of Sodium sulfate (Na2SO4), both of which are soluble in water.



REACTIONS OF COPPER CARBONATE:
Copper Carbonate is decomposed by acids, such as solutions of hydrochloric acid HCl, into the copper(II) salt and carbon dioxide.
In 1794 the French chemist Joseph Louis Proust (1754–1826) thermally decomposed Copper Carbonate to CO2 and CuO, cupric oxide.
The Copper Carbonates, malachite, and azurite, both decompose forming H2O, CO2, and CuO, cupric oxide.



PREPARATION OF COPPER CARBONATE:
Copper Carbonate can be made by reacting copper(II) salts with a carbonate or bicarbonate salt.
This is most easily done by mixing saturated solutions of copper(II) sulfate and either sodium carbonate or sodium bicarbonate.
Carbonates are preferred because they do not emit carbon dioxide when added to solution.
This process yields Copper Carbonate, which is blue and includes additional hydroxide ions.
Copper Carbonate is also produced when copper(II) hydroxide reacts with carbon dioxide in the air.



SYNTHESIS OF COPPER CARBONATE:
Method 1:
Dissolve a soluble copper compound (Copper acetate, Copper (II) chloride, or Copper sulfate for example) in as little distilled water as possible.
Make a seperate solution of Sodium carbonate or Sodium bicarbonate in as little distilled water as possible.

Mix these two solutions slowly and Copper Carbonate will precipitate out.
(if you are using Sodium bicarbonate there will be a lot of fizzing) Filter, wash with distilled water, and allow to dry without heating Copper Carbonate. (sunlight is OK)


Method 2:
Add Copper hydroxide to Carbonic acid (tonic water) and Copper Carbonate will precipitate out.
Filter, wash with distilled water, and allow to dry without heating Copper Carbonate. (sunlight is OK)



WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN COPPER CARBONATE AND BASIC COPPER CARBONATE:
The key difference between copper carbonate and basic copper carbonate is that copper carbonate is a neutral chemical compound, whereas basic copper carbonate is an alkaline chemical compound.
Copper carbonate and basic copper carbonate are important ionic compounds.
Copper carbonate is an inorganic chemical compound having the chemical formula CuCO3, while basic copper carbonate is an inorganic compound having the chemical formula Cu2(OH)2CO3.



PREPARATION OF COPPER CARBONATE:
It is generally expected of reactions like mixing solutions of Copper II sulfate CuSO4 and sodium carbonate Na2CO3 in ambient conditions to produce Copper Carbonate, but instead, it produces a basic carbonate and CO2 because of the great attraction of the Cu2+ ion for the hydroxide anion HO−
When the basic carbonate thermally decomposes at atmospheric pressure, it produces Copper (II) oxide CuO instead of the carbonate.
W. F. T. Pistorius in the year, 1960, claimed synthesis.

He did so when he heated Copper Carbonate at 180 °C in an atmosphere containing carbon dioxide, CO 2(450 atm) and water (50 atm) up to 36 hours.
The majority of these products came out to be well-crystallized malachite Cu2CO3(OH)2, however, there was also a small quantity of the rhombohedral substance in the result which was claimed as Copper Carbonate.

But, it is important to note that this synthesis was actually not reproduced.
If we look at the origin, we will see that the reliable synthesis of true Copper (II) carbonate was testified for the first time in 1973 by Hartmut Ehrhardt and others.

Thus, Copper Carbonate was acquired in the form of gray powder.
It was after they heated Copper Carbonate in an atmosphere containing carbon dioxide (which we produce by decomposing silver oxalate Ag 2C2O 4) at 500 °C and 2 GPa (20,000 atm).
Copper Carbonate was said to have a monoclinic structure.



METALS AND SALT CONVERSIONS OF COPPER CARBONATE:
Copper carbonate is very commonly used to convert the compound into copper salts.
In the process, the mixture is first treated with a more vital acid.
In the next step, water along with the carbon dioxide gas is added.

Vinegar, known as acetic acid, is mixed with carbonate to produce water, cupric acid, and carbon dioxide.
Copper Carbonate is also used for various aesthetics and practical purposes.
One of the prominent application areas of Copper Carbonate is jewelry.

The metal conversion of Copper Carbonate is highly sought after in the industry.
Copper Carbonate is precious and has numerous applications.
Several processes are used to obtain the desired result, such as pulverization, conversion, sizing, and electrolysis.



COLORING PIGMENT, COPPER CARBONATE:
Owing to the specific color of different compounds, they are used as colorants and pigments.
In pure form, the combination is of mint green color.
A tinge of blue is obtained after the addition of alkaline components. These colors act as great coloring agents.

They are used as a pigment in products, paints, and varnishes.
Copper carbonate is used in artist paints to obtain desired colors for which it is also known with different names such as verditer and mountain green.
Copper carbonate is highly demanded in fireworks and pottery glazes as pigment and colorant.



METHODS OF MANUFACTURING OF COPPER CARBONATE:
*Copper sulfate method:
Reaction equation: 2CuSO4+4NaHCO3→CuCO3·Cu(OH)2+2Na2SO4+3CO2↑+H2O Operation method: mix baking soda into a solution with a relative density of 1.05, add it to the reactor first, and add it under stirring at 50℃ Refined copper sulfate solution, the reaction temperature is controlled at 70 ~ 80 ℃, the reaction changes from precipitation to malachite green, the pH value is maintained at 8, after the reaction is allowed to stand and settle, use 70 ~ 80 ℃ water or deionized water Wash until the washing liquid is free of SO2-4, and then centrifugal separation and drying to obtain the finished Copper Carbonate.

*Copper nitrate method:
Reaction equation: Cu+4HNO3→Cu(NO3)2+2NO2↑+2H2O2Cu(NO3)2+2Na2CO3+H2O→CuCO3·Cu(OH)2+4NaNO3+CO2↑ 2Cu(NO3)2+4NaHCO3→CuCO3·Cu( OH)2+4NaNO3+3CO2↑+H2O

*Operation method:
After the electrolytic copper reacts with concentrated nitric acid to produce copper acid, then it reacts with the mixture of sodium carbonate and sodium bicarbonate to produce Copper Carbonate.

The precipitate is washed, separated and dehydrated.
After drying, the finished Copper Carbonate is obtained.



PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of COPPER CARBONATE:
Chemical formula: Cu2(OH)2CO3
Molar mass: 221.114 g/mol
Appearance: green powder
Density: 4 g/cm3
Melting point: 200 °C (392 °F; 473 K)
Boiling point: 290 °C (554 °F; 563 K) decomposes
Solubility in water: insoluble
Solubility product (Ksp): 7.08·10−9
Thermochemistry:
Std molar entropy (S⦵298): 88 J/mol·K
Std enthalpy of formation (ΔfH⦵298): −595 kJ/mol
Physical state: solid
Color: No data available

Odor: odorless
Melting point/freezing point:
Melting point/range: > 400 °C
Initial boiling point and boiling range: Not applicable
Flammability (solid, gas): The product is not flammable.
Upper/lower flammability or explosive limits: No data available
Flash point: does not flash
Autoignition temperature: No data available
Decomposition temperature: 200 °C
pH: 8 - 9 at 50 g/l at 20 °C (slurry)
Viscosity
Viscosity, kinematic: No data available
Viscosity, dynamic: No data available
Water solubility: 0,002 g/l at 20 °C

Partition coefficient: n-octanol/water:
Not applicable for inorganic substances
Vapor pressure: No data available
Density: 3,9 - 4,0 g/cm3 at 25 °C
Relative density: No data available
Relative vapor density: No data available
Particle characteristics: No data available
Explosive properties: No data available
Oxidizing properties: none
Other safety information: No data available
Chemical Name: Copper oxide (electroplate grade)
CAS NO.: 12069-69-1
Molecular formula: CuCO3·Cu(OH)2·XH2O
Molecular weight: 221.11(anhydride)

Colour: Pale green
Melting point: 200°C
Boiling point: Decomposes at 290°C to copper(II)oxide and carbon dioxide.
Solvent: Acetic acid, insoluble in water.
Formula: CuCO3.Cu(OH)2
Molecular Weight: 221.11
Exact Mass: 219.84900
EC Number: 235-113-6
HScode: 28369911
PSA: 103.65000
XLogP3:-2.80560
Appearance: green Solid
Density: 4

Melting Point: 200 °C (decomp)
Boiling Point: 333.6ºC at 760 mmHg
Flash Point: 169.8ºC
Water Solubility: Insoluble
Storage Conditions: Store in a tightly closed container.
Store in a cool, dry, well-ventilated area away from incompatible substances.
Flammability characteristics: Non-combustible
Chemical Formula: CuCO3· Cu(OH)2
CAS Number: 12069-69-1
Molecular Weight: 221.11
Use: Pharmaceuticals
Description: Blue-Green/Dark Green, odorless granules
Storage: Store in a clean, dry warehouse in the original unopened containers.



FIRST AID MEASURES of COPPER CARBONATE:
-Description of first-aid measures:
*General advice:
Show this material safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
*If inhaled:
After inhalation:
Fresh air.
Immediately call in physician.
*In case of skin contact:
Take off immediately all contaminated clothing.
Rinse skin with water/ shower.
*In case of eye contact:
After eye contact:
Rinse out with plenty of water.
Call in ophthalmologist.
Remove contact lenses.
*If swallowed:
After swallowing:
Immediately make victim drink water (two glasses at most).
Consult a physician.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed:
No data available



ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of COPPER CARBONATE:
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Cover drains.
Collect, bind, and pump off spills.
Observe possible material restrictions.
Take up dry.
Dispose of properly.
Clean up affected area.



FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of COPPER CARBONATE:
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Use extinguishing measures that are appropriate to local circumstances and the surrounding environment.
*Unsuitable extinguishing media:
For this substance/mixture no limitations of extinguishing agents are given.
-Further information:
Prevent fire extinguishing water from contaminating surface water or the ground water system.



EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of COPPER CARBONATE:
-Control parameters:
--Ingredients with workplace control parameters:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use equipment for eye protection
Safety glasses
*Skin protection:
Full contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Splash contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
*Body Protection:
protective clothing
*Respiratory protection:
Recommended Filter type: Filter type P2
-Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.



HANDLING and STORAGE of COPPER CARBONATE:
-Precautions for safe handling:
*Advice on safe handling:
Work under hood.
*Hygiene measures:
Change contaminated clothing.
Preventive skin protection recommended.
Wash hands after working with substance
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
*Storage conditions:
Tightly closed.
Dry.
*Storage class:
Storage class (TRGS 510): 13:
Non Combustible Solids



STABILITY and REACTIVITY of COPPER CARBONATE:
-Reactivity:
No data available
-Chemical stability:
The product is chemically stable under standard ambient conditions (room temperature) .
-Conditions to avoid:
no information available
-Incompatible materials:
No data available



SYNONYMS:
Dicopper carbonate dihydroxide
copper carbonate hydroxide
cupric carbonate
copper carbonate, Greenium
Cupric carbonate basic
12069-69-1
CUPRIC CARBONATE, BASIC
Copper,[μ-[carbonato(2-)-κO:κO′]]dihydroxydi-
Copper carbonate hydroxide (Cu2(OH)2CO3)
Copper,(carbonato)dihydroxydi-
Copper,[μ-[carbonato(2-)-O:O′]]dihydroxydi-
Carbonic acid,copper complex
[μ-[Carbonato(2-)-κO:κO′]]dihydroxydicopper
Cheshunt compound
Dicopper dihydroxycarbonate
Copper basic carbonate
Copper hydroxide carbonate (Cu2(OH)2CO3)
Basic cupric carbonate
Basic copper carbonate
Copper carbonate hydroxide [CuCO3.Cu(OH)2]
Cupric carbonate,basic
Cupric carbonate hydroxide (CuCO3.Cu(OH)2)
Basic copper(II) carbonate
Cupric carbonate (CuCO3.Cu(OH)2)
Basic copper carbonate (Cu2(OH)2CO3)
Basic copper carbonate (Cu2(CO3)(OH)2)
Carbonic acid,copper(2+) salt (1:1),basic
Dicopper(2+) carbonate dihydroxide
Carbonatodihydroxodicopper
Copper dihydroxide carbonate
Copper carbonate hydroxide (Cu2(CO3)(OH)2)
[Carbonato(2-)]copper-dihydroxycopper (1:1)
Copper(II) hydroxycarbonate
1344-66-7
37396-60-4
39361-73-4
138210-92-1
866114-86-5
1036286-41-5
1821514-05-9
2108065-66-1
2130903-30-7
Cupric carbonate basic, malachite
COPPER CARBONATE
Copper oxycarbonate
copper(2+) carbonate
Copper (II) carbonate
Copper carbonate (CuCo3)
CARBONICACID,COPPER(II)SALT
Copper(Ⅱ)carbonate monohydrate
Malachite, Cupric Carbonate, Basic
Malachite green
copper(II) carbonate
copper carbonate
Malachite green
copper(II) carbonate
copper carbonate
cupric carbonate




COPPER CARBONATE
DESCRIPTION:
Copper carbonate is a chemical compound of copper.
Copper carbonate is used as a pigment, in some types of make-up, as an algaecide, and for bronze plating.
Copper is a chemical element with the symbol Cu and atomic number 29.

CAS: 1184-64-1
European Community (EC) Number:. 231-325-8
Molecular Formula: CuCO3


SYNONYMS OF COPPER CARBONATE:
copper carbonate;copper carbonate, x-Cu(II) salt;CUPRIC CARBONATE;Copper carbonate;1184-64-1;Copper(II) carbonate,copper;carbonate,Copper monocarbonate,Copper carbonate (1:1),Carbonic acid, copper(2+) salt (1:1),9AOA5F11GJ,7492-68-4,Carbonic acid, copper salt,Cupromaag,MFCD00051038,Cupric carbonate (1:1),Copper carbonate (CuCO3),HSDB 258,EINECS 214-671-4,UNII-9AOA5F11GJ,CUPRICCARBONATE,Copper (II) carbonate,Carbonic acid,copper salt,cupric carbonate, AldrichCPR,SCHEMBL29678,COPPER (AS CARBONATE),DTXSID6034471,COPPER(II) CARBONATE [HSDB],SY347833,DB-208425,NS00078651,D78271,Q409630

Copper is an essential elements in plants and animals as it is required for the normal functioning of more than 30 enzymes.
Copper carbonate occurs naturally throughout the environment in rocks, soil, water, and air. (L277, L278, L298)



Copper(II) carbonate or cupric carbonate is a chemical compound with formula CuCO3.
At ambient temperatures, it is an ionic solid (a salt) consisting of copper(II) cations Cu2+
and carbonate anions CO2−3.

Copper carbonate is rarely encountered because it is difficult to prepare[2] and readily reacts with water moisture from the air.

The terms "copper carbonate", "copper(II) carbonate", and "cupric carbonate" almost always refer (even in chemistry texts) to a basic copper carbonate (or copper(II) carbonate hydroxide), such as Cu2(OH)2CO3 (which occurs naturally as the mineral malachite) or Cu3(OH)2(CO3)2 (azurite).
For this reason, the qualifier neutral may be used instead of "basic" to refer specifically to CuCO
3.

PREPARATION OF COPPER CARBONATE:
Reactions that may be expected to yield CuCO3, such as mixing solutions of copper(II) sulfate CuSO4 and sodium carbonate Na2CO3 in ambient conditions, yield instead a basic carbonate and CO2, due to the great affinity of the Cu2+ ion for the hydroxide anion HO−.[5]

Thermal decomposition of the basic carbonate at atmospheric pressure yields copper(II) oxide CuO rather than the carbonate.
In 1960, C. W. F. T. Pistorius claimed synthesis by heating basic copper carbonate at 180 °C in an atmosphere of carbon dioxide CO2 (450 atm) and water (50 atm) for 36 hours.


The bulk of the products was well-crystallized malachite Cu2CO3(OH)2, but a small yield of a rhombohedral substance was also obtained, claimed to be CuCO3.[6]
However, this synthesis was apparently not reproduced.[2]
Reliable synthesis of true copper(II) carbonate was reported for the first time in 1973 by Hartmut Ehrhardt and others.

The compound was obtained as a gray powder, by heating basic copper carbonate in an atmosphere of carbon dioxide (produced by the decomposition of silver oxalate Ag2C2O4) at 500 °C and 2 GPa (20,000 atm).
The compound was determined to have a monoclinic structure.[7]

CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF COPPER CARBONATE:
The stability of dry CuCO3 depends critically on the partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2).
It is stable for months in dry air, but decomposes slowly into CuO and CO2 if pCO2 is less than 0.11 atm.[3]

In the presence of water or moist air at 25 °C, CuCO3 is stable only for pCO2 above 4.57 atmospheres and pH between about 4 and 8.[8]
Below that partial pressure, it reacts with water to form a basic carbonate (azurite, Cu3(CO3)2(OH)2).[3]
3 CuCO3 + H2O → Cu3(CO3)2(OH)2 + CO2
In highly basic solutions, the complex anion Cu(CO3)2−2 is formed instead.

The solubility product of the true copper(II) carbonate was measured by Reiterer and others as pKso = 11.45 ± 0.10 at 25 °C.


STRUCTURE OF COPPER CARBONATE:
In the crystal structure of CuCO3, copper adopts a distorted square pyramidal coordination environment with coordination number 5.
Each carbonate ion bonds to 5 copper centres.

Finer than copper oxide, disperses better in the glaze.

In oxidizing firing develops green-yellow and turquoise hues in alkaline glaze.

And the famous "copper" reds in reduction*.

*In this form it allows a greater division of the oxide, copper is used to give reds called "copper" with a very reducing firing (colloidal coloring)




Copper salt of very fine grain, insoluble in cold water which decomposes in hot water.

Copper carbonate is soluble in ammonium hydroxide and in most acids.

Normally Copper carbonate is green in color and is very toxic.

Its dispersion in glazes is better than that of oxide because of its granulometry, although the green color obtained is less intense than with copper oxide.


When added to lead glazes or frits, the action of copper increases their solubility considerably and the green glazes thus obtained cannot be used for food articles and generally for any container that may be in contact with food.
A less powerful colouring stain than copper oxide but is able to disperse through a glaze more uniformly and is used where the slight speckle of the oxide is not desired. 3-7%


Copper carbonate comes in various shades of green, reflecting various degrees of hydration.
Pure copper carbonate (CuCO3) is about 64% CuO, whereas the basic carbonate (CuCO3 Cu(OH)2) is nearly 72% CuO.
The basic carbonate is (in theory) easier to disperse in glazes due to its greater affinity for water. Prepared from Malachite (CuCO3 Cu(OH)2) and Azurite (2CuCO3 Cu(OH)2) or by chemical processes.


Copper carbonate (Cu2CO3(OH)2) is a water insoluble chemical created when copper loses the electrons in its outermost shell.
Also known as copper (II) carbonate, carbonic acid, and copper monocarbonate, copper carbonate converts quickly to copper salts.
USP ingredient supplier Bell Chem’s customers use copper carbonate in jewelry metallurgy, wood preservation, pesticides, and more.



Agriculture:
Copper carbonate is used frequently in fertilizer as well as in fungicides, insecticides, pesticides — where it acts as an anti-pathogenic — and in aquaculture where it controls unwanted foliage.
Rather than adding copper carbonate to fertilizer, manufacturers may add this important nutrient to the seeds as they are packaged.

The cost of copper carbonate at this point is significantly lower than adding it to soil, reducing overall expenses.
Animal feed, specifically poultry and ruminant feed, often has added copper carbonate since these animals rely on copper as a supplemental nutrient.


Woodworking and Ceramics:
Micronized copper wood treatment consists of tiny copper carbonate particles suspended in a final treatment solution (often containing ammonia) for preserving wood and timber.
Copper carbonate also helps with ceramic products.
Before ceramics are fired, a glaze is often added to retain color and give a finished look to the product.

Adding copper carbonate to the glaze creates a seafoam sheen to the ceramic.
Applying copper carbonate plus an alkaline generates a bluer hue.


Other Uses of Copper Carbonate:
Copper carbonate helps with the creation of many products, as well as helping along the scientific process. Here are a few more examples of its range of uses:
Laboratories: Copper carbonate catalyzes copper chromite, which breaks down fatty methyl esters in the production of fatty alcohols.

Paints: In artist’s palettes, copper carbonate creates the sought-after colors verditer and mountain green.
Petroleum: Adding nitric acid to copper carbonate produces copper chloride, important in the process of “oil sweetening”, or purifying oil of its sulfur components.
Pyrotechnics: Companies manufacturing fireworks use copper carbonate for a stellar blue sparkle to pyrotechnic displays.



CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF COPPER CARBONATE:

Molecular Weight
123.55 g/mol
Computed by PubChem 2.2 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count
0
Computed by Cactvs 3.4.8.18 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count
3
Computed by Cactvs 3.4.8.18 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Rotatable Bond Count
0
Computed by Cactvs 3.4.8.18 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Exact Mass
122.914341 g/mol
Computed by PubChem 2.2 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Monoisotopic Mass
122.914341 g/mol
Computed by PubChem 2.2 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Topological Polar Surface Area
63.2Ų
Computed by Cactvs 3.4.8.18 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Heavy Atom Count
5
Computed by PubChem
Formal Charge
0
Computed by PubChem
Complexity
18.8
Computed by Cactvs 3.4.8.18 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Isotope Atom Count
0
Computed by PubChem
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count
0
Computed by PubChem
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count
0
Computed by PubChem
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count
0
Computed by PubChem
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count
0
Computed by PubChem
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count
2
Computed by PubChem
Compound Is Canonicalized
Yes
CAS Number
1184-64-1 check[ECHA]
3D model (JSmol)
Interactive image
ChemSpider
13799
ECHA InfoCard 100.013.338 Edit this at Wikidata
EC Number
214-671-4
PubChem CID
14452
UNII
9AOA5F11GJ check
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
DTXSID6034471 Edit this at Wikidata
InChI
SMILES
Properties
Chemical formula CuCO3
Molar mass 123.5549
Appearance green or blue Powder[1]
Solubility in water insoluble in water [clarification needed]
Solubility product (Ksp) 10−11.45 ± 0.10 at 25 °C.[2][3][4]
Structure
Space group Pa-C2s (7) [1]
Lattice constant
a = 6.092 Å, b = 4.493 Å, c = 7.030 Å
α = 90°, β = 101,34°°, γ = 90°
Coordination geometry 5 [1



SAFETY INFORMATION ABOUT COPPER CARBONATE:
First aid measures:
Description of first aid measures:
General advice:
Consult a physician.
Show this safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
Move out of dangerous area:

If inhaled:
If breathed in, move person into fresh air.
If not breathing, give artificial respiration.
Consult a physician.
In case of skin contact:
Take off contaminated clothing and shoes immediately.
Wash off with soap and plenty of water.
Consult a physician.

In case of eye contact:
Rinse thoroughly with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes and consult a physician.
Continue rinsing eyes during transport to hospital.

If swallowed:
Do NOT induce vomiting.
Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person.
Rinse mouth with water.
Consult a physician.

Firefighting measures:
Extinguishing media:
Suitable extinguishing media:
Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.
Special hazards arising from the substance or mixture
Carbon oxides, Nitrogen oxides (NOx), Hydrogen chloride gas

Advice for firefighters:
Wear self-contained breathing apparatus for firefighting if necessary.
Accidental release measures:
Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures
Use personal protective equipment.

Avoid breathing vapours, mist or gas.
Evacuate personnel to safe areas.

Environmental precautions:
Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so.
Do not let product enter drains.
Discharge into the environment must be avoided.

Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Soak up with inert absorbent material and dispose of as hazardous waste.
Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.

Handling and storage:
Precautions for safe handling:
Avoid inhalation of vapour or mist.

Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place.
Containers which are opened must be carefully resealed and kept upright to prevent leakage.
Storage class (TRGS 510): 8A: Combustible, corrosive hazardous materials

Exposure controls/personal protection:
Control parameters:
Components with workplace control parameters
Contains no substances with occupational exposure limit values.
Exposure controls:
Appropriate engineering controls:
Handle in accordance with good industrial hygiene and safety practice.
Wash hands before breaks and at the end of workday.

Personal protective equipment:
Eye/face protection:
Tightly fitting safety goggles.
Faceshield (8-inch minimum).
Use equipment for eye protection tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or EN 166(EU).

Skin protection:
Handle with gloves.
Gloves must be inspected prior to use.
Use proper glove
removal technique (without touching glove's outer surface) to avoid skin contact with this product.
Dispose of contaminated gloves after use in accordance with applicable laws and good laboratory practices.
Wash and dry hands.

Full contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0.11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Material tested:Dermatril (KCL 740 / Aldrich Z677272, Size M)
Splash contact
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0.11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Material tested:Dermatril (KCL 740 / Aldrich Z677272, Size M)
It should not be construed as offering an approval for any specific use scenario.

Body Protection:
Complete suit protecting against chemicals, The type of protective equipment must be selected according to the concentration and amount of the dangerous substance at the specific workplace.
Respiratory protection:
Where risk assessment shows air-purifying respirators are appropriate use a fullface respirator with multi-purpose combination (US) or type ABEK (EN 14387) respirator cartridges as a backup to engineering controls.

If the respirator is the sole means of protection, use a full-face supplied air respirator.
Use respirators and components tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or CEN (EU).
Control of environmental exposure
Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so.
Do not let product enter drains.
Discharge into the environment must be avoided.

Stability and reactivity:
Chemical stability:
Stable under recommended storage conditions.
Incompatible materials:
Strong oxidizing agents:
Hazardous decomposition products:
Hazardous decomposition products formed under fire conditions.
Carbon oxides, Nitrogen oxides (NOx), Hydrogen chloride gas.

Disposal considerations:
Waste treatment methods:
Product:
Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company.
Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material.
Contaminated packaging:
Dispose of as unused product.



COPPER CHLORIDE
Copper Chloride, commonly called cuprous chloride, is the lower chloride of copper, with the formula CuCl.
Copper Chloride is a white solid sparingly soluble in water, but very soluble in concentrated hydrochloric acid.
Impure samples appear green due to the presence of copper(II) chloride (CuCl2).


CAS Number: 7758-89-6
EC Number: 231-842-9
Molecular Formula: CuCl / ClCu


Copper Chloride is an inorganic chloride of copper in which the metal is in the +1 oxidation state.
Copper Chloride has a role as a molluscicide and an agrochemical.
Copper Chloride is an inorganic chloride and a copper molecular entity.


Copper Chloride contains a copper(1+).
Copper Chloride is a chloride of copper that occurs naturally as the rare mineral nantokite.
The main use of Copper Chloride is as a precursor to the fungicide copper oxychloride.


Copper Chloride is also used in organic and polymer chemistry.
Copper is a chemical element with the symbol Cu and atomic number 29.
Copper is an essential elements in plants and animals as it is required for the normal functioning of more than 30 enzymes.


It occurs naturally throughout the environment in rocks, soil, water, and air.
Copper Chloride is a yellowish-brown powder (the anhydrous form) or a green crystalline solid (the dihydrate).
Copper Chloride is noncombustible but hydrogen chloride gas may form when heated in a fire.


Copper Chloride is used to manufacture other chemicals, in dyeing, in printing, in fungicides, as a wood preservative.
Copper Chloride is registered under the REACH Regulation and is manufactured in and / or imported to the European Economic Area, at ≥ 1 000 tonnes per annum.


Copper Chloride, commonly called cuprous chloride, is the lower chloride of copper, with the formula CuCl.
Copper Chloride is a white solid sparingly soluble in water, but very soluble in concentrated hydrochloric acid.
Impure samples appear green due to the presence of copper(II) chloride (CuCl2).


Copper Chloride is white or pale grey powder
Copper Chloride is a brownish-yellow powder.
Copper Chloride is an inorganic chloride of copper in which the metal is in the +1 oxidation state.


The structure of Copper Chloride is similar to zinc-blende crystal at room temperature; the structure is wurtzite at 407 °C and at higher temperatures it forms Copper Chloride vapor as per mass spectroscopy.
Copper Chloride refers to an inorganic chloride of copper.


Furthermore, Copper Chloride is commonly known as cuprous chloride and it happens to be a lower chloride of copper.
Copper Chloride is a white solid and is somewhat soluble in water.
Moreover, the impure samples of Copper Chloride have a greenish appearance because of the copper II chloride.



USES and APPLICATIONS of COPPER CHLORIDE:
Copper Chloride is used by consumers, in articles, by professional workers (widespread uses), in formulation or re-packing, at industrial sites and in manufacturing.
Copper Chloride is used in the following products: fertilisers, textile treatment products and dyes and cosmetics and personal care products.


Other release to the environment of Copper Chloride is likely to occur from: indoor use (e.g. machine wash liquids/detergents, automotive care products, paints and coating or adhesives, fragrances and air fresheners), outdoor use as reactive substance and outdoor use in close systems with minimal release (e.g. hydraulic liquids in automotive suspension, lubricants in motor oil and break fluids).


Release to the environment of Copper Chloridecan occur from industrial use: industrial abrasion processing with low release rate (e.g. cutting of textile, cutting, machining or grinding of metal).
Copper Chloride is used for the manufacture of: chemicals.


Other release to the environment of Copper Chloride is likely to occur from: outdoor use in long-life materials with low release rate (e.g. metal, wooden and plastic construction and building materials) and indoor use in long-life materials with low release rate (e.g. flooring, furniture, toys, construction materials, curtains, foot-wear, leather products, paper and cardboard products, electronic equipment).


Copper Chloride is used in the following products: fertilisers and laboratory chemicals.
Copper Chloride is used in the following areas: agriculture, forestry and fishing, formulation of mixtures and/or re-packaging and scientific research and development.


Release to the environment of Copper Chloride can occur from industrial use: formulation of mixtures, in the production of articles and as an intermediate step in further manufacturing of another substance (use of intermediates).
Copper Chloride can be found in products with material based on: fabrics, textiles and apparel (e.g. clothing, mattress, curtains or carpets, textile toys).


Other release to the environment of Copper Chloride is likely to occur from: indoor use as reactive substance, outdoor use as reactive substance and outdoor use in close systems with minimal release (e.g. hydraulic liquids in automotive suspension, lubricants in motor oil and break fluids).
Copper Chloride is used in the following products: adsorbents, metals, fertilisers, pH regulators and water treatment products, laboratory chemicals, polymers, textile treatment products and dyes and cosmetics and personal care products.


Release to the environment of Copper Chloride can occur from industrial use: formulation of mixtures, in the production of articles, as an intermediate step in further manufacturing of another substance (use of intermediates), formulation in materials, manufacturing of the substance, in processing aids at industrial sites and as processing aid.


Copper Chloride is used in the following products: adsorbents, pH regulators and water treatment products, laboratory chemicals, metals, fertilisers, polymers, textile treatment products and dyes and cosmetics and personal care products.
Copper Chloride has an industrial use resulting in manufacture of another substance (use of intermediates).


Copper Chloride has an industrial use resulting in manufacture of another substance (use of intermediates).
Copper Chloride is used in the following areas: formulation of mixtures and/or re-packaging, scientific research and development and agriculture, forestry and fishing.


Release to the environment of Copper Chloride can occur from industrial use: as an intermediate step in further manufacturing of another substance (use of intermediates), in the production of articles, as processing aid, in processing aids at industrial sites and formulation of mixtures.
Copper Chloride is used for the manufacture of: chemicals, metals, and textile, leather or fur.


Release to the environment of Copper Chloride can occur from industrial use: manufacturing of the substance, formulation of mixtures, formulation in materials, in processing aids at industrial sites, in the production of articles, as an intermediate step in further manufacturing of another substance (use of intermediates) and as processing aid.


The major use of Copper Chloride is as a precursor to fungicide copper oxychloride.
To achieve this, the generation of aqueous Copper Chloride takes place by comproportionation and then air-oxidization:
Cu+CuCl2→2CuCl
4CuCl+O2+2H2O→Cu3Cl2(OH)4+CuCl2


Copper Chloride catalyzes a variety of reactions that are organic in nature.
Copper Chloride has an affinity for carbon monoxide in the presence of aluminium chloride.
Moreover, there is an exploitation of this affinity of Copper Chloride in the process of COPureSM.


Copper Chloride has important usage with carbon monoxide, hydrogen chloride, and aluminium chloride, in the Gatterman-Koch reaction to result in the formation of benzaldehyde.
In the Sandmeyer reaction, an arenediazonium salt’s treatment with Copper Chloride leads to an aryl chloride.


Moreover, this reaction usually results in good yields and has a massive scope.
An observation was made by early investigators that copper I halides catalyze 1,4-addition of Grignard reagents to alpha ketones that are beta-unsaturated.
This observation led to the development of organocuprate reagents that are important in organic synthesis.


Also, Copper Chloride has usage as a molluscicide and an agrochemical.
Copper Chloride is an initiator of radical reactions
Copper Chloride is an initiator of radical reactions, such as the hydrostannation of α,β-unsaturated ketones.


Copper Chloride has many applications.
The main use of Copper Chloride is as a precursor to the fungicide copper oxychloride.
In organic synthesis, Copper Chloride is used as an initiator of radical reactions such as the hydrostannation of a,b-unsaturated ketones.


Copper chloride is also known as cupric chloride, this substance was made by treating copper carbonate with hydrochloric acid.
The greenish-blue crystals of Copper Chloride are soluble in water, alcohol, and ether.
This halide, Copper Chloride, was added to printing-out and silver bromide emulsions for increased contrast.


Copper Chloride is a white powder used as an absorbing agent for carbon dioxide gas in enclosed breathing areas such as space vehicles.
Copper Chloride is used as catalyst for organic reactions; catalyst, decolorizer and desulfuring agent in petroleum industry.
Copper Chloride is used in denitration of cellulose; as condensing agent for soaps, fats and oils.


Copper Chloride is used in gas analysis to absorb carbon monoxide.
Copper Chloride shows unique character as an initiator of radical reactions such as the hydrostannation of α,β-unsaturated ketones.
Copper Chloride is used for absorption of carbon monoxide in gas analysis.


The main use of Copper Chloride is as a precursor to the fungicide copper oxychloride.
For this purpose aqueous Copper Chloride is generated by comproportionation and then air-oxidized:
Cu + CuCl2 → 2 CuCl
4 CuCl + O2 + 2 H2O → Cu3Cl2(OH)4 + CuCl2


Copper Chloride catalyzes a variety of organic reactions, as discussed above.
Copper Chloride's affinity for carbon monoxide in the presence of aluminium chloride is exploited in the COPureSM process.


-Niche uses of Copper Chloride:
Copper Chloride is used as a catalyst in atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP).
Copper Chloride is also used in pyrotechnics as a blue/green coloring agent.
In a flame test, copper chloride, like all copper compounds, emit green-blue.



PREPARATION OF COPPER CHLORIDE:
Copper Chloride can be prepared by reduction of copper(II) ions in presence of chloride ions.
CuCl2 → CuCl + Cl-
Possible methods include bubbling sulfur dioxide through an aqueous solution of copper(II) chloride, or heating a solution of copper sulfate, sodium chloride and ascorbic acid.

CuCl2 + SO2 + 2 H2O → 2 CuCl + H2SO4 + 2 HCl
2 CuCl2 + C6H8O6 → 2 CuCl + 2HCl + C6H6O6
Copper Chloride can also be produced by boiling copper(II) chloride and copper metal in hydrochloric acid.

CuCl2 + Cu → 2 CuCl
Originally, Copper Chloride was first made by reducing mercury(II) chloride with copper metal:

HgCl2 + 2 Cu → 2 CuCl + Hg
Industrially Copper Chloride is made by direct combination of copper metal and chlorine at 450–900 °C:
2 Cu + Cl2 → 2 CuCl



HISTORY OF COPPER CHLORIDE:
Copper Chloride was first prepared by Robert Boyle in the mid-seventeenth century from mercury(II) chloride ("Venetian sublimate") and copper metal:
HgCl2 + 2 Cu → 2 CuCl + Hg
In 1799, J.L. Proust characterized the two different chlorides of copper.

He prepared Copper Chloride by heating CuCl2 at red heat in the absence of air, causing it to lose half of its combined chlorine followed by removing residual CuCl2 by washing with water.

An acidic solution of Copper Chloride was formerly used to analyze carbon monoxide content in gases, for example in Hempel's gas apparatus where the Copper Chloride absorbs the carbon monoxide.
This application was significant during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries when coal gas was widely used for heating and lighting.



SYNTHESIS OF COPPER CHLORIDE:
Copper Chloride is produced industrially by the direct combination of copper metal and chlorine at 450–900 °C:
2 Cu + Cl2 → 2 CuCl
Copper Chloride can also be prepared by reducing copper(II) chloride with sulfur dioxide, or with ascorbic acid (vitamin C) that acts as a reducing sugar:

2 CuCl2 + SO2 + 2 H2O → 2 CuCl + H2SO4 + 2 HCl
2 CuCl2 + C6H8O6 → 2CuCl + 2HCl + C6H6O6
Many other reducing agents can be used



PROPERTIES OF COPPER CHLORIDE:
Copper Chloridehas the cubic zincblende crystal structure at ambient conditions.
Upon heating to 408 °C the structure changes to hexagonal.
Several other crystalline forms of CuCl appear at high pressures (several GPa).

Copper Chloride is a Lewis acid.
Copper Chloride is classified as soft according to the hard-soft acid-base concept.
Thus, Copper Chloride forms a series of complexes with soft Lewis bases such as triphenylphosphine:

CuCl + 1 P(C6H5)3 → 1/4 {CuCl[P(C6H5)3]}4
CuCl + 2 P(C6H5)3 → CuCl[P(C6H5)3)]2
CuCl + 3 P(C6H5)3 → CuCl[P(C6H5)3)]3

Copper Chloride also forms complexes with halides.
For example H3O+ CuCl2− forms in concentrated hydrochloric acid.
Chloride is displaced by CN− and S2O32−.

Solutions of Copper Chloride in HCl absorb carbon monoxide to form colourless complexes such as the chloride-bridged dimer [CuCl(CO)]2.
The same hydrochloric acid solutions also react with acetylene gas to form [CuCl(C2H2)].
Ammoniacal solutions of Copper Chloride react with acetylenes to form the explosive copper(I) acetylide, Cu2C2.

Alkene complexes of Copper Chloride can be prepared by reduction of CuCl2 by sulfur dioxide in the presence of the alkene in alcohol solution. Complexes with dienes such as 1,5-cyclooctadiene are particularly stable:



CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF COPPER CHLORIDE:
Copper Chloride is almost completely insoluble in water.
Copper Chloride does however form complexes and dissolve in concentrated hydrochloric acid and ammonium hydroxide (aq. ammonia), as well as in cyanide and thiosulfate solutions.



PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF COPPER CHLORIDE:
Pure samples of Copper Chloride appear as white, dense, cubical crystals.
As Copper Chloride is slowly oxidized in air, older samples may appear dirty green or brown.



STRUCTURE OF COD COMPLEX OF COPPER CHLORIDE:
Upon contact with water, Copper Chloride slowly undergoes disproportionation:
2 CuCl → Cu + CuCl2
In part for this reason, samples in air assume a green coloration.



PREPARATION OF COPPER CHLORIDE:
Copper Chloride is prepared by reduction of copper(II) chloride in solution: 2CuCl2 + H2 2CuCl + 2HCl
Alternatively, Copper Chloride can be prepared by boiling an acidic solution of copper(II) chloride with copper metal, which on dilution yields white CuCl: Cu + CuCl2 2CuCl

Copper Chloride dissolved in concentrated HCl absorbs carbon monoxide under pressure forming an adduct, CuCl(CO).
The complex decomposes on heating releasing CO.
Copper Chloride is slightly soluble in water.

However, in the presence of Cl- ion, it forms soluble complexes of discrete halogeno anions such as, CuCl2-, CuCl3 2-, and CuCl4 3-.
Formation of complexes and organocopper derivatives as outlined below are not confined only to Copper Chloride, but typify Cu+ in general.
Reaction with ethylenediamine (en) in aqueous potassium chloride solution forms Cu(II)-ethylenediamine complex, while Cu+ ion is reduced to its metallic state: 2CuCl + 2en → [Cuen2]2+ + 2Cl- + Cu°

It dissolves in acetonitrile, CH3CN forming tetrahedral complex ion [Cu(CH3CN)4]+ which can be precipitated with large anions such as ClO4 - or PF6- .
Reactions with alkoxides of alkali metals produce yellow copper(I) alkoxides.
For example, reaction with sodium ethoxide yield copper(I) ethoxide, a yellow compound that can be sublimed from the product mixture: CuCl + NaOC2H5 → CuOC2H5 + NaCl

Copper Chloride forms complexes with ethylene and other alkenes in solutions that may have compositions such as [Cu(C2H4)(H2O)2]+ or [Cu(C2H4)(bipy)]+. (bipy = bipyridyl)
Reactions with lithium or Grignard reagent yield alkyl or aryl copper(I) derivatives, respectively.
Such organocopper compounds containing Cu-Cu bonds are formed only by Cu+ and not Cu2+ ions.



IN ORGANIC SYNTHESIS OF COPPER CHLORIDE:
Copper Chloride is used as a co-catalyst with carbon monoxide, aluminium chloride, and hydrogen chloride in the Gatterman-Koch reaction to form benzaldehydes.

In the Sandmeyer reaction, the treatment of an arenediazonium salt with Copper Chloride leads to an aryl chloride.
For example: (Example Sandmeyer reaction using CuCl)

The reaction has a wide scope and usually gives good yields.
Early investigators observed that copper(I) halides catalyse 1,4-addition of Grignard reagents to alpha,beta-unsaturated ketones led to the development of organocuprate reagents that are widely used today in organic synthesis:

(Addition of RMgX to C=C-C=O mediated by CuCl)
This finding led to the development of organocopper chemistry.
For example, Copper Chloride reacts with methyllithium (CH3Li) to form "Gilman reagents" such as (CH3)2CuLi, which find use in organic synthesis.

Grignard reagents form similar organocopper compounds.
Although other copper(I) compounds such as copper(I) iodide are now more often used for these types of reactions, copper(I) chloride is still recommended in some cases:
(Alkylation of sorbate ester at 4-position mediated by CuCl)



NATURAL OCCURRENCE OF COPPER CHLORIDE:
Natural form of Copper Chloride is the rare mineral nantokite.



FORMULA OF COPPER CHLORIDE:
Derivation of Copper I Chloride Formula
Copper Chloride is certainly a lower copper chloride where copper is in the oxidation state +1.

The chemical formula of Copper Chloride happens to be CuCl.
The production of Copper Chloride takes place by the direct combination of copper and chlorine at a temperature of 450–900 °C:
2Cu + Cl2→2CuCl



PROPERTIES OF COPPER CHLORIDE:
Copper Chloride has the crystal structure of cubic zincblende at conditions that are ambient.
Upon heating Copper Chloride to 408 °C, a change of structure takes place to hexagonal.
Moreover, at high pressures, there is the appearance of several other crystalline forms of Copper Chloride.

Copper Chloride happens to be a Lewis acid.
Moreover, the classification of Copper Chloride is as soft, in accordance with the Hard-Soft Acid-Base concept.
Therefore, there is a formation of stable complexes with soft Lewis bases such as triphenylphosphine.

Copper Chloride can dissolve in aqueous solutions containing appropriate donor molecules.
With halide ions, Copper Chloride forms complexes, for example, the formation of H3O+CuCl−2 with concentrated hydrochloric acid.
Furthermore, CN−, S2O2−3, and NH3 attack Copper Chloride to give the corresponding complexes.

Solutions of Copper Chloride in HCl or NH3 absorb carbon monoxide to result in the formation of complexes that are colorless.
Moreover, one of these complexes is the chloride-bridged dimer.
Furthermore, a reaction also takes place between the same hydrochloric acid solutions and acetylene gas to result in the formation of [CuCl(C2H2)].

Ammoniacal solutions of Copper Chloride react with acetylenes to result in the formation of the explosive copper I acetylide, Cu2C2.
Preparation of complexes of Copper Chloride with alkenes can take place by reduction of CuCl2 by sulfur dioxide with the availability of alkene in an alcohol solution.
Complexes with dienes like the 1,5-cyclooctadiene are stable.



PURIFICATION METHODS OF COPPER CHLORIDE:
Wash the solid with ethanol and diethyl ether, then dry Copper Chloride and store it in a vacuum desiccator.
Alternatively, an aqueous solution of CuCl2.2H2O is added, with stirring, an aqueous solution of anhydrous sodium sulfite.
The colorless Copper Chloride is dried at 80o for 30 minutes and stored under N2.
Cu2Cl2 can be purified by zone-refining.



INCOMPATIBILITIES OF COPPER CHLORIDE:
Contact with Copper Chloride strong acids forms monovalent copper salts and toxic hydrogen chloride gas.
Copper Chloride forms shock-sensitive and explosive compounds with potassium, sodium, sodium hypobromite, nitromethane, acetylene.
Keep away from moisture and alkali metals.
Copper Chloride attacks metals in the presence of moisture.

Copper Chloride reacts with moist air to form cupric chloride dihydrate.
Copper Chloride may attack some metals, paints, and coatings.
Copper Chloride may be able to ignite combustible materials.



PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF COPPER CHLORIDE:
Copper Chloride is white cubic crystal which turns blue when heated at 178°C; density 4.14 g/cm3; the mineral nantokite (CuCl) has density 4.14 g/cm3, hardness 2.5 (Mohs), refractive index 1.930; melts at 430°C becoming a deep, green liquid; vaporizes around 1,400°C; vapor pressure 5 torr at 645°C and 400 torr at 1,250°C; low solubility in water (decomposes partially); Ksp 1.72x10-7; insoluble in ethanol and acetone; soluble in concentrated HCl and ammonium hydroxide.



PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of COPPER CHLORIDE:
Chemical formula: CuCl
Molar mass: 98.999 g/mol
Appearance: white powder, slightly green from oxidized impurities
Density: 4.14 g/cm3
Melting point: 423 °C (793 °F; 696 K)
Boiling point: 1,490 °C (2,710 °F; 1,760 K) (decomposes)
Solubility in water: 0.047 g/L (20 °C)
Solubility product (Ksp): 1.72×10−7
Solubility: insoluble in ethanol,
acetone;soluble in concentrated HCl, NH4OH
Band gap: 3.25 eV (300 K, direct)
Magnetic susceptibility (χ): -40.0·10−6 cm3/mol
Refractive index (nD): 1.930
Structure:
Crystal structure: Zincblende, cF20
Space group: F43m, No. 216
Lattice constant:
a = 0.54202 nm
Lattice volume (V): 0.1592 nm3
Formula units (Z): 4

Molecular Weight: 99.00 g/mol
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 0
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 0
Rotatable Bond Count: 0
Exact Mass: 97.898450 g/mol
Monoisotopic Mass: 97.898450 g/mol
Topological Polar Surface Area: 0 Ų
Heavy Atom Count: 2
Formal Charge: 0
Complexity: 2
Isotope Atom Count: 0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 1
Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes
Physical state: granules
Color: beige

Odor: odorless
Melting point/freezing point:
Melting point/range: 430 °C - lit.
Initial boiling point and boiling range: 1.490 °C - lit.
Flammability (solid, gas): The product is not flammable.
Upper/lower flammability or explosive limits: No data available
Flash point: Not applicable
Autoignition temperature: No data available
Decomposition temperature: No data available
pH: 5 at 50 g/l at 20 °C
Viscosity
Viscosity, kinematic: No data available
Viscosity, dynamic: No data available
Water solubility: 0,047 g/l at 20 °C - slightly soluble
Partition coefficient: n-octanol/water:
Not applicable for inorganic substances
Vapor pressure: 1,7 hPa at 546 °C
Density: 4,140 g/cm3 at 25 °C
Relative density: No data available
Relative vapor density: No data available
Particle characteristics: No data available
Explosive properties: No data available
Oxidizing properties: none
Other safety information: No data available

Chemical formula: CuCl
Molar mass: 98.999 g/mol
Appearance: White solid
Density: 4.14 g/cm3
Melting point: 423 °C (793 °F; 696 K)
Boiling point: 1,490 °C (2,710 °F; 1,760 K) (decomposes)
Solubility in water: 0.47 g/100 ml (20 °C)
Solubility: Soluble in aq. ammonia, conc. HCl
Insoluble in acetone, ethanol
Vapor pressure: ~0 mmHg
CAS number: 7758-89-6
EC index number: 029-001-00-4
EC number: 231-842-9
Grade: ACS
Hill Formula: ClCu
Chemical formula: CuCl
Molar Mass: 98.99 g/mol
HS Code: 2827 39 85
Boiling point: 1367 °C (1013 hPa)
Density: 4.140 g/cm3 (25 °C)
Melting Point: 430 °C
pH value: 5 (50 g/l, H₂O, 20 °C) (slurry)
Vapor pressure: 1.7 hPa (546 °C)
Bulk density: 1600 - 1800 kg/m3
Melting point: 430 °C (lit.)
Boiling point: 1490 °C (lit.)

Density: 1.15 g/mL at 20 °C
vapor pressure: 1.3 mm Hg ( 546 °C)
refractive index: 1.93
Flash point: 1490°C
storage temp.: Store at +5°C to +30°C.
solubility: 0.06 g/L (25°C)
form: beads
color: Slightly greenish-gray
Specific Gravity: 4.14
PH: 5 (50g/l, H2O, 20℃)(slurry)
Water Solubility: 0.06 g/L (25 ºC)
Sensitive: Air & Moisture Sensitive
Crystal Structure: Hexagonal, Wurtzite (Zincite) Structure - Space Group P 63mc
Merck: 14,2660
Solubility Product Constant (Ksp):
pKsp: 6.76
Exposure limits ACGIH: TWA 1 mg/m3
NIOSH: IDLH 100 mg/m3; TWA 1 mg/m3
Stability: Stable.
FDA 21 CFR: 582.80
CAS DataBase Reference: 7758-89-6(CAS DataBase Reference)
EWG's Food Scores: 2
FDA UNII: C955P95064
NIST Chemistry Reference: Cuprous monochloride(7758-89-6)
EPA Substance Registry System: Cuprous chloride (7758-89-6)



FIRST AID MEASURES of COPPER CHLORIDE:
-Description of first-aid measures:
*General advice:
Show this material safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
*If inhaled:
After inhalation:
Fresh air.
*In case of skin contact:
Take off immediately all contaminated clothing.
Rinse skin with water/ shower.
*In case of eye contact:
After eye contact:
Rinse out with plenty of water.
Immediately call in ophthalmologist.
Remove contact lenses.
*If swallowed:
After swallowing:
Immediately make victim drink water (two glasses at most).
Consult a physician.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed:
No data available



ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of COPPER CHLORIDE:
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Cover drains.
Collect, bind, and pump off spills.
Observe possible material restrictions.
Take up dry.
Dispose of properly.
Clean up affected area.



FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of COPPER CHLORIDE:
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Use extinguishing measures that are appropriate to local circumstances and the surrounding environment.
*Unsuitable extinguishing media:
For this substance/mixture no limitations of extinguishing agents are given.
-Further information:
Suppress (knock down) gases/vapors/mists with a water spray jet.
Prevent fire extinguishing water from contaminating surface water or the ground water system.



EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of COPPER CHLORIDE:
-Control parameters:
--Ingredients with workplace control parameters:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use equipment for eye protection.
Tightly fitting safety goggles
*Skin protection:
Full contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Splash contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
*Body Protection:
protective clothing
*Respiratory protection:
Recommended Filter type: Filter type P2
-Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.



HANDLING and STORAGE of COPPER CHLORIDE:
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
*Storage conditions
Tightly closed.
Dry.
Air, light, and moisture sensitive.
*Storage class:
Storage class (TRGS 510): 8B:
Non-combustible



STABILITY and REACTIVITY of COPPER CHLORIDE:
-Reactivity:
No data available
-Chemical stability:
The product is chemically stable under standard ambient conditions (room temperature) .



SYNONYMS:
Cuprous chloride
COPPER(I) CHLORIDE
7758-89-6
Dicopper dichloride
Copper monochloride
Chlorocopper
Copper (I) chloride
Copper(1+) chloride
Copper chloride (CuCl)
CuCl
MFCD00010971
copper [I] chloride
Chlorid medny [Czech]
Chlorid medny
EINECS 231-842-9
Cuproid
Cu-lyt
copper(I) cloride
UNII-C955P95064
copper (I)chloride
copper(I)-chloride
copper (1)chloride
copper(1) chloride
copper-(I) chloride
copper-(I)-chloride
copper (1) chloride
copper chloride dihydride
Copper( centn) chloride
EC 231-842-9
Copper(I) Chloride ACS reagent
CHEBI:53472
OXBLHERUFWYNTN-UHFFFAOYSA-M
Copper(I) chloride, LR, >=96%
EINECS 215-704-5
UN2802
AKOS030228591
Copper(I) chloride, p.a., 97.0%
DB15535
BP-11474
Copper chloride [UN2802]
Copper(I) chloride, reagent grade, 97%
Copper(I) chloride, ACS reagent, >=90%
FT-0624053
Copper(I) chloride, purum, >=97.0% (RT)
D78100
Q423879
Copper(I) chloride, >=99.995% trace metals basis
Copper(I) chloride, JIS special grade, >=95.0%
Copper(I) chloride, ReagentPlus(R), purified, >=99%
(2Z)-(2,4-DIOXO-1,3-THIAZOLIDIN-5-YLIDENE)ACETICACID
Copper (I) chloride, 99.99% trace metals basis glass ampoules
Copper(I) chloride, anhydrous, beads, >=99.99% trace metals basis
Copper(I) chloride, puriss. p.a., ACS reagent, >=97.0% (RT)
Cuprous monochloride
Copper(I) chloride
Copper monochloride
Cuprous chloride
Copper Chloride (CuCl)
Copper Chloride (Cu2Cl2)
Copper Monochloride
Copper(1+) Chloride
Cuprous Chloride
Cuprous Chloride (Cu2Cl2)
Cuprous Chloride (CuCl)
Dicopper Dichloride
CuCl
Cu-lyt
Cuproid
Nantokite
chloridmedny
COPPER CHLORIDE
Chlorocopper(I)
cooper chloride
CUPROUS CHLORIDE
cuprousdichloride
CuCl
COPPER CHLORIDE
CUPROUS CHLORIDE
COPPER(L) CHLORIDE
cooper chloride
Copper(Ⅰ)chloride
CUPROUS CHLORIDE
REAGENT (ACS)CUPROUS CHLORIDE
REAGENT (ACS)CUPROUS CHLORIDE
REAGENT (ACS)CUPROUS CHLORIDE, REAGENT (ACS)
Cu-lyt
Cuproid
Nantokite


COPPER CHLORIDE

Copper chloride is a chemical compound with a distinctive blue-green color.
Copper chloride exhibits different colors depending on its oxidation state, ranging from green to brown.
Copper chloride is commonly found in both Cuprous Chloride (CuCl) and Copper chloride (CuCl2) forms.
Copper chloride is soluble in water, forming various hydrated complexes.

CAS Number: 7447-39-4
EC Number: 231-210-2

Cuprous Chloride, Copper(I) Chloride, Copper Monochloride, Copper Protochloride, Dicopper Dichloride, Copper chloride, Copper(II) Chloride, Copper Dichloride, Dicopper Chloride, Copper Bichloride, Cuprum Chloratum, Cuprous Dichloride, Dicopper Dichloride, Copperous Chloride, Copper Perchloride, Cupric Dichloride, Copper(II) Dichloride, Dicopper Chloride Dihydrate, Dicopper Chloride Trihydrate, Copper Dimeric Chloride, Cuprous Chloride Anhydrous, Dicopper Chloride Tetrahydrate, Cupric Monochloride, Copperous Dichloride, Cuprum Chloride, Copper Protochloride, Cupric Monochloride, Copper Dichloride, Dicopper Dichloride, Cuprous Dichloride, Cuprum Chloride, Copper Protochloride, Dicopper Dichloride, Copper Bichloride, Copper Monochloride, Copper Perchloride, Copperous Chloride, Dicopper Chloride, Copper Dichloride, Cupric Monochloride, Copperous Dichloride, Cuprum Chloratum, Cupric Monochloride, Copper Dichloride, Dicopper Dichloride, Copper Dimeric Chloride, Dicopper Chloride Dihydrate, Cuprous Chloride Anhydrous, Dicopper Chloride Trihydrate, Copper(II) Dichloride, Copper chloride, Copper Chloride, Copperous Chloride, Dicopper Dichloride, Copper(II) Chloride, Copper Dichloride, Cupric Dichloride, Copper(II) Dichloride, Copper Chloratum, Cuprous Dichloride, Dicopper Dichloride, Copper Bichloride, Copper chloride, Copper(II) Chloride, Copper Dichloride, Dicopper Chloride, Cupric Dichloride, Copper(II) Dichloride, Copper Dimeric Chloride, Cuprous Chloride Anhydrous, Dicopper Chloride Tetrahydrate, Cupric Monochloride, Copperous Dichloride, Copper Protochloride, Cupric Monochloride, Copper Dichloride, Dicopper Dichloride, Copper Chloratum, Cuprous Dichloride, Dicopper Dichloride, Copper Bichloride, Copper chloride, Copper(II) Chloride, Copper Dichloride, Dicopper Chloride, Cupric Dichloride, Copper(II) Dichloride, Copper Dimeric Chloride, Cuprous Chloride Anhydrous, Dicopper Chloride Tetrahydrate



APPLICATIONS


Copper chloride is widely used in the production of printed circuit boards (PCBs) as an etching agent.
Copper chloride plays a crucial role in the electronics industry for the selective removal of copper during PCB manufacturing.

Copper chloride is utilized as a catalyst in organic synthesis reactions, facilitating various chemical transformations.
In the textile industry, copper chloride acts as a mordant, enhancing the adherence of dyes to fabrics.
Copper chloride is employed in the preparation of wood preservatives and fungicides for the protection of timber.

Copper chloride finds application in the formulation of certain pigments used in ceramics and glass manufacturing.
Copper chloride has historical use in pyrotechnics, contributing to the vibrant blue and green colors in fireworks.
Copper chloride is explored in research for its potential use in lithium-ion battery technologies.
In metal finishing processes, copper chloride solutions are used for surface treatment and coating applications.
Copper chloride is employed as a source of copper ions in various chemical and biochemical experiments.

Copper chloride is involved in the production of certain catalysts used in chemical and industrial processes.
Copper chloride has applications in the synthesis of organometallic compounds, particularly those containing copper.
The electronics industry uses copper chloride in the manufacturing of certain conductive inks and coatings.

Copper chloride is utilized in the synthesis of coordination complexes for academic and industrial research.
In laboratories, Copper chloride serves as a reagent in numerous chemical reactions and experiments.
Copper chloride has applications in the preparation of pigments for artistic and decorative purposes.

Copper chloride is employed in the preservation of archaeological wood artifacts, preventing decay and degradation.
Copper chloride is explored in the development of corrosion inhibitors for metal protection.

Copper chloride solutions are used as a component in certain medical and biological staining techniques.
In the chemical vapor deposition (CVD) process, copper chloride is utilized for thin film deposition.
Copper chloride has been studied for its potential role in the development of antimicrobial agents.
Copper chloride finds use in the formulation of certain catalytic systems for green and sustainable chemical processes.

Copper chloride is employed in the manufacturing of certain colorants for paints and coatings.
Copper chloride has applications in the preparation of certain luminescent materials for lighting and displays.
Copper chloride plays a part in research exploring the optical and electronic properties of materials in the field of materials science.

Copper chloride is utilized in the production of certain metal nanoparticles, contributing to advancements in nanotechnology.
In the field of analytical chemistry, copper chloride serves as a reagent for detecting the presence of water in various samples.

Copper chloride is involved in the formulation of certain corrosion-resistant coatings for metals.
Copper chloride is applied in the creation of catalysts for organic reactions in the pharmaceutical industry.

Copper chloride finds use in the synthesis of coordination polymers and metal-organic frameworks (MOFs).
Copper chloride has been explored for its potential antimicrobial properties in wood preservation treatments.

In the purification of hydrogen gas, copper chloride acts as a drying agent to remove moisture.
Copper chloride is studied for its role in the development of sustainable and eco-friendly technologies.

Copper chloride solutions are employed in the creation of chemical sensors for detecting specific analytes.
Copper chloride has applications in the preparation of certain pigments used in artist paints and historical artworks.

Copper chloride is used in the creation of copper-based dyes for the textile and leather industries.
In educational settings, it serves as a valuable component for demonstrating various chemical reactions.

Copper chloride is applied in the synthesis of organocopper compounds used in organic chemistry.
Copper chloride has potential applications in the treatment of wood and paper to impart fire-retardant properties.
Copper chloride is studied for its role in the development of catalysts for carbon-carbon bond formation.

Copper chloride is utilized in the creation of copper-containing glass for decorative and artistic purposes.
In the field of catalysis, copper chloride participates in reactions involving carbon-hydrogen bond activation.

Copper chloride has been investigated for its use in photochemical transformations and photoredox catalysis.
Copper chloride plays a part in the creation of copper-based photovoltaic materials for solar cell applications.
Copper chloride is employed in the synthesis of certain luminescent materials for optoelectronic devices.

Copper chloride is used in the formulation of certain drilling fluids in the oil and gas industry.
Copper chloride has applications in the development of catalysts for sustainable biomass conversion.
In metallurgy, it is utilized in certain processes for refining and extracting copper from ores.

Copper chloride solutions are applied in the treatment of timber to protect against termite infestation.
Copper chloride has potential applications in the field of medicine for its antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties.

Copper chloride is used in the manufacturing of certain metal-based pigments for paints and coatings.
In the plastics industry, it finds application in the production of flame-retardant materials.

Copper chloride is employed in the synthesis of copper-containing zeolites for catalytic and adsorption purposes.
Copper chloride is explored for its role in the creation of copper-based contrast agents in medical imaging.
In the agricultural sector, copper chloride is used as a fungicide to control plant diseases.
Copper chloride finds application in the creation of copper vapor lasers for industrial and scientific purposes.

Copper chloride solutions are utilized in electroplating processes for depositing copper onto various surfaces.
Copper chloride plays a role in the development of catalysts for the conversion of methane to higher-value products.
Copper chloride is studied for its potential application in the preparation of magnetic materials.
In the synthesis of pharmaceuticals, it serves as a catalyst for certain key chemical transformations.

Copper chloride is used in the preparation of certain copper-based coordination complexes for medicinal purposes.
Copper chloride has been explored for its role in the creation of antimicrobial coatings for surfaces.

In the field of water treatment, copper chloride is applied for its algicidal properties.
Copper chloride is utilized in the production of certain insecticides for controlling pests in agriculture.
Copper chloride plays a part in the development of copper-based catalysts for green oxidation reactions.

In the creation of conductive inks, copper chloride is used for printing electronic circuits on flexible substrates.
Copper chloride has potential applications in the synthesis of copper nanoparticles with specific properties.
Copper chloride is explored for its potential role in the treatment of wood against decay and degradation.

In chemical vapor deposition (CVD) processes, it is applied for the deposition of copper films on surfaces.
Copper chloride is used in the preparation of copper-containing nanoparticles for biomedical imaging.
Copper chloride is involved in the development of catalytic systems for the selective oxidation of organic compounds.

Copper chloride has applications in the creation of copper-based catalysts for the hydrogenation of organic compounds.
Copper chloride finds use in the creation of copper-based electrocatalysts for energy conversion reactions.
Copper chloride solutions are employed in the preparation of copper oxide films for sensor applications.
Copper chloride is explored for its potential role in the development of copper-containing materials for antimicrobial coatings in healthcare settings.

Copper chloride is employed in the formulation of certain wood stains and finishes for decorative applications.
In the production of certain ceramics and pottery, copper chloride is used to achieve specific colors and glazes.

Copper chloride has applications in the creation of copper-based ink formulations used in electronic printing.
Copper chloride is utilized in the synthesis of copper-containing nanocomposites for advanced materials.
In the field of catalysis, copper chloride participates in reactions involved in the conversion of renewable resources.

Copper chloride is studied for its potential use in the development of copper-based catalysts for carbon dioxide conversion.
Copper chloride finds application in the synthesis of copper-containing polymers for materials with enhanced properties.
Copper chloride is explored for its role in the creation of copper-based sensors for environmental monitoring.

Copper chloride has applications in the production of copper nanoparticles for antimicrobial coatings.
Copper chloride is used in the formulation of certain inks and dyes for the printing of banknotes and security documents.

In the creation of certain adhesives and sealants, copper chloride may be included for enhanced properties.
Copper chloride solutions are employed in the formulation of certain electrolytes for batteries and energy storage devices.
Copper chloride plays a part in the development of copper-based catalysts for the synthesis of fine chemicals.

Copper chloride is utilized in the preparation of copper oxide nanoparticles for catalytic and sensing applications.
In certain metallurgical processes, copper chloride is applied for the purification and refining of metals.
Copper chloride is explored for its potential use in the creation of copper-containing compounds with medicinal applications.

Copper chloride is involved in the synthesis of copper-based nanomaterials for optical and electronic devices.
Copper chloride finds application in the creation of copper-containing complexes for luminescent materials.
In the petroleum industry, copper chloride may be used in certain processes for hydrocarbon activation.

Copper chloride is studied for its potential use in the development of copper-based catalysts for sustainable chemistry.
Copper chloride is explored in the creation of copper-containing coatings for anti-fouling applications.
Copper chloride has applications in the development of copper-based materials for gas sensing.
In the creation of certain specialty inks, copper chloride may be used for unique coloring effects.

Copper chloride is used in the formulation of certain copper-containing nutritional supplements.
Copper chloride is explored for its potential use in the development of copper-based materials for wastewater treatment.

Copper chloride is applied in the creation of copper-based catalysts for chemical transformations in the pharmaceutical industry.
In the realm of electrochemistry, copper chloride is used for the fabrication of copper electrodes for various applications.
Copper chloride finds utility in the formulation of certain copper-based pigments used in artistic paintings and murals.

Copper chloride plays a role in the creation of copper-containing complexes for photoluminescent materials in optoelectronics.
Copper chloride solutions are employed in the synthesis of copper nanoparticles for antimicrobial coatings on surfaces.
In certain metallurgical processes, copper chloride is utilized for the extraction and refining of metals.

Copper chloride has applications in the development of copper-containing compounds for potential anticancer agents.
Copper chloride is studied for its potential use in the preparation of copper-based materials for supercapacitors.
Copper chloride is explored for its role in the creation of copper-containing nanomaterials for catalytic applications.
In the field of green chemistry, copper chloride is applied for the design of sustainable and eco-friendly chemical processes.

Copper chloride is used in the formulation of certain copper-based pesticides for agricultural purposes.
Copper chloride has applications in the creation of copper-containing coatings for corrosion protection in various industries.
Copper chloride is employed in the synthesis of copper oxide nanoparticles for gas sensing applications.

In the automotive industry, copper chloride may be used in certain processes for the development of corrosion-resistant materials.
Copper chloride finds utility in the preparation of copper-containing materials for use in photovoltaic devices.
Copper chloride is applied in the formulation of certain copper-based inks for printing electronic components.

Copper chloride is explored for its potential use in the creation of copper-containing materials for catalytic water splitting.
Copper chloride has applications in the creation of copper-containing nanocomposites for biomedical imaging.
In the development of sensors for environmental monitoring, copper chloride is employed for its unique properties.
Copper chloride is studied for its role in the creation of copper-based materials for the removal of pollutants from water.

Copper chloride finds use in the formulation of certain copper-containing solutions for wood preservation.
Copper chloride is applied in the creation of copper-based catalysts for the conversion of biomass to biofuels.
In the aerospace industry, copper chloride may be used in certain processes for the fabrication of corrosion-resistant materials.

Copper chloride is explored for its potential use in the development of copper-containing materials for drug delivery systems.
Copper chloride has applications in the creation of copper-containing nanoparticles for use in targeted therapy in medicine.



DESCRIPTION


Copper chloride is a chemical compound with a distinctive blue-green color.
Copper chloride exhibits different colors depending on its oxidation state, ranging from green to brown.

Copper chloride is commonly found in both Cuprous Chloride (CuCl) and Copper chloride (CuCl2) forms.
Copper chloride is soluble in water, forming various hydrated complexes.
Copper chloride plays a crucial role in industrial processes, including metal etching and printing.
Copper chloride is known for its catalytic properties in chemical reactions.

In its Cuprous Chloride form, it appears as a white crystalline powder.
Copper chloride is often encountered as a green-brown solid.
Copper chloride is used as a catalyst in the synthesis of organic compounds.

Copper chloride is involved in the production of printed circuit boards in electronics.
It has applications in the preparation of fungicides and wood preservatives.

Copper chloride is utilized in the laboratory for various chemical experiments and reactions.
Its role in the textile industry includes acting as a mordant in dyeing processes.
Copper chloride solutions can be employed in the etching of printed circuit boards.
Copper chloride is sensitive to moisture and may form hydrates in humid conditions.

Copper chloride is corrosive and should be handled with care, following safety precautions.
Copper chloride has applications in the production of pigments for ceramics and glass.
Copper chloride has been historically used in pyrotechnics to produce blue and green flames.

Copper chloride is a key component in certain formulations used for wood treatment.
Copper chloride has been investigated for its potential use in lithium-ion battery technology.

Copper chloride is known for its ability to form coordination complexes in solution.
Copper chloride exhibits Lewis acid behavior in certain chemical reactions.
Copper chloride may act as a source of copper ions in various applications.

Its optical and electronic properties contribute to its use in certain materials science studies.
Copper chloride's versatile properties make it a valuable component in several industrial and scientific processes.



PROPERTIES


Chemical formula: CuCl2
Molar mass: 134.45 g/mol (anhydrous), 170.48 g/mol (dihydrate)
Appearance: yellow-brown solid (anhydrous), blue-green solid (dihydrate)
Odor: odorless
Density: 3.386 g/cm3 (anhydrous), 2.51 g/cm3 (dihydrate)
Melting point: 630 °C (1,166 °F; 903 K) (extrapolated), 100 °C (dehydration of dihydrate)
Boiling point: 993 °C (1,819 °F; 1,266 K) (anhydrous, decomposes)
Solubility in water: 70.6 g/100 mL (0 °C), 75.7 g/100 mL (25 °C), 107.9 g/100 mL (100 °C)
Solubility:
methanol: 68 g/100 mL (15 °C)
ethanol: 53 g/100 mL (15 °C)



FIRST AID


Inhalation:

Move to Fresh Air:
If Cuprous Chloride or Copper chloride dust or vapors are inhaled and respiratory irritation occurs, promptly move the affected person to an area with fresh air.
Ensure the person is breathing comfortably.

Seek Medical Attention:
If respiratory difficulties persist or if there are signs of respiratory distress, seek medical attention immediately.
Provide information about the type of exposure.


Skin Contact:

Remove Contaminated Clothing:
If Cuprous Chloride or Copper chloride comes into contact with the skin, promptly remove contaminated clothing.

Wash Skin:
Wash the affected skin area with plenty of water and mild soap for at least 15 minutes.
Avoid using abrasive materials that may further irritate the skin.

Seek Medical Attention:
If irritation, redness, or other adverse skin reactions occur, seek medical advice.
Provide information about the extent and duration of exposure.


Eye Contact:

Flush Eyes:
In case of eye contact, immediately flush the eyes with gentle, flowing water for at least 15 minutes.
Ensure eyelids are held open during flushing.

Seek Medical Attention:

If irritation persists or if there are signs of eye injury, seek immediate medical attention.
Provide information about the type and duration of exposure.


Ingestion:

Do Not Induce Vomiting:
If Cuprous Chloride or Copper chloride is ingested, do not induce vomiting unless instructed to do so by medical personnel.

Rinse Mouth:
Rinse the mouth with water if the person is conscious and able to swallow.
Do not give anything by mouth if the person is unconscious or having difficulty swallowing.

Seek Medical Attention:
Seek immediate medical attention, and provide the medical personnel with details about the ingested substance.


General First Aid Precautions:

Provide Comfort:
Keep the affected person calm and provide reassurance during first aid measures.
If the person is in shock, provide comfort and keep them warm.

Protective Equipment:
If administering first aid, wear appropriate personal protective equipment, such as gloves and safety glasses.
Avoid direct contact with the substance.

Do Not Delay Medical Attention:
If there is any uncertainty about the severity of exposure or if symptoms persist, seek prompt medical attention.
Follow any specific first aid instructions provided by medical personnel.



HANDLING AND STORAGE


Handling Conditions:

Personal Protective Equipment (PPE):
Wear appropriate PPE, including gloves, safety glasses or goggles, and a lab coat or protective clothing.
Consider the use of respiratory protection if handling in dusty environments.

Ventilation:
Use in a well-ventilated area or under local exhaust ventilation to minimize exposure to dust or vapors, especially in industrial settings.

Avoid Contamination:
Prevent contamination of copper chloride by ensuring that equipment, containers, and tools are clean and free of foreign substances.
Use dedicated equipment for handling copper chloride.

Temperature Considerations:
Be aware of temperature sensitivity, especially for anhydrous forms. Follow recommended temperature ranges for handling.

Handling Procedures:
Follow safe handling procedures, including proper lifting techniques and the use of equipment to avoid spillage.
Minimize dust generation during handling.

Avoiding Skin Contact:
Minimize skin contact with copper chloride. If contact occurs, wash the affected area thoroughly with water and mild soap.
Use barrier creams or protective clothing to prevent skin exposure.

Use in accordance with Regulations:
Adhere to local regulations and guidelines for the safe handling and use of copper chloride.
Obtain and review the safety data sheet (SDS) for specific handling instructions.


Storage Conditions:

Temperature and Humidity:
Store copper chloride in a cool, dry place, away from direct sunlight and extreme temperatures.
Some forms, especially hydrates, may have specific storage temperature requirements.

Separation from Incompatible Substances:
Store copper chloride away from incompatible substances, including strong acids, bases, and certain metals.
Follow segregation guidelines to prevent chemical reactions.

Container Integrity:
Ensure that storage containers, such as bottles or drums, are in good condition, properly sealed, and labeled with relevant information, including product identity and hazards.

Avoiding Contamination:
Store copper chloride away from materials that may contaminate it.
Use dedicated storage areas for chemicals.
Implement good housekeeping practices to minimize the risk of contamination.

Segregation from Food and Pharmaceuticals:
Keep copper chloride away from areas where food, pharmaceuticals, or other sensitive products are stored.
Store in designated chemical storage areas.

Protection from Moisture:
For anhydrous forms, protect from moisture to prevent clumping and caking.
Consider using moisture-resistant packaging.
For hydrates, store in conditions that prevent excessive moisture absorption.

Proper Handling of Bags and Drums:
Handle bags and drums of copper chloride carefully to avoid damage, spills, or punctures.
Use appropriate lifting equipment and storage racks.

Labeling and Documentation:
Clearly label storage containers with product information, hazard warnings, and handling instructions.
Maintain up-to-date documentation, including the safety data sheet (SDS) and emergency contact information.

Emergency Equipment:
Keep emergency equipment, such as spill response kits, eye wash stations, and emergency showers, accessible in the storage area.
Ensure that personnel are trained on emergency procedures.

Regular Inspections:
Conduct regular inspections of storage areas to ensure compliance with safety and regulatory requirements.
Address any issues promptly, and document corrective actions.
COPPER CHLORIDE
Copper Chloride (Copper I Chloride) is the lower chloride of copper, with the formula CuCl.
Copper chloride occurs naturally as the mineral nantokite.
This colourless solid, Copper chloride, is almost insoluble in water and tends to oxidize in the air into green Copper II Chloride (CuCl2).
Copper chloride is a Lewis Acid which reacts with suitable ligands such as ammonia or chloride ions to form complexes, many of which are water-soluble.


CAS Number: 7758-89-6
EC Number: 231-210-2
MDL number: MFCD00010972
Molecular Formula: ClCu


Copper chloride's CAS No. is 7758-89-6, its molecular formula is ClCu and its molecular weight is 99.00 g/mol.
Copper chloride is a brownish-yellow powder.
Copper chloride is white or pale grey powder
Copper chloride is also known as cupric chloride, it was made by treating copper carbonate with hydrochloric acid.


The greenish blue crystals are soluble in water, alcohol, and ether.
This halide was added to printing-out and silver bromide emulsions for increased contrast.
Copper chloride is even able to form a stable complex with carbon monoxide in the presence of aluminum chloride.
In addition, Copper chloride can undergo redox chemistry via copper(II) or copper(III) intermediates.


Copper chloride is white cubic crystal which turns blue when heated at 178°C; density 4.14 g/cm3; the mineral nantokite (CuCl) has density 4.14 g/cm3, hardness 2.5 (Mohs), refractive index 1.930; melts at 430°C becoming a deep, green liquid; vaporizes around 1,400°C; vapor pressure 5 torr at 645°C and 400 torr at 1,250°C; low solubility in water (decomposes partially); Ksp 1.72x10-7; insoluble in ethanol and acetone; soluble in concentrated HCl and ammonium hydroxide.


Compared to other "soft" Lewis acids, it is much more affordable than non-toxic Silver Chloride and Palladium Chloride, and much less toxic than Lead Chloride and Mercury Chloride.
Copper chloride appears as a yellowish-brown powder (the anhydrous form) or a green crystalline solid (the dihydrate).
Copper chloride is noncombustible but hydrogen chloride gas may form when heated in a fire.


Copper chloride, for injection, is a sterile, nonpyrogenic solution intended for use as an additive to solutions for Total Parenteral Nutrition (TPN).
Copper chloride (quite commonly called cuprous chloride), is the lower chloride of copper, with the formula CuCl.
Copper chloride occurs naturally as the mineral nantokite.


Copper chloride is a white solid which is almost insoluble in water, and which tends to oxidise in air to green CuCl2.
Copper chloride is a Lewis acid which reacts with suitable ligands such as ammonia or chloride ion to form complexes, many of which are water-soluble.
Copper chloride is even able to form a stable complex with carbon monoxide.


In aqueous solution, Copper chloride would be unstable with respect to disproportionation into Cu and CuCl2, but its low solubility allows it to be a stable compound.
Copper chloride is a Lewis acid, classified as soft according to the Hard-Soft Acid-Base concept.
Thus Copper chloride tends to form stable complexes with soft Lewis bases such as triphenylphosphine:
CuCl + PPh3 → [CuCl(PPh3)]4 (Ph = phenyl)


Although Copper chloride is insoluble in water, it dissolves in aqueous solutions containing suitable donor molecules.
Copper chloride readily forms complexes with halide ions, for example forming H3O+ CuCl2- with concentrated hydrochloric acid.
Copper chloride also dissolves readily in solutions containing CN-, S2O32- or NH3


Solutions of Copper chloride in HCl or NH3 absorb carbon monoxide to form colourless complexes such as the crystalline halogen-bridged dimer [CuCl(CO)]2.
The same HCl solution can also react with acetylene gas to form [CuCl(C2H2)], while an NH3 solution of Copper chloride forms an explosive acetylide with acetylene.


Complexes of Copper chloride with alkenes can be made by reduction of CuCl2 by sulfur dioxide in the presence of the alkene in alcohol solution.
Copper chloride complexes with chelating alkenes such as 1,5-cyclooctadiene are particularly stable.
Copper chloride is registered under the REACH Regulation and is manufactured in and / or imported to the European Economic Area, at ≥ 1 000 tonnes per annum.


Copper chloride is precursor to many copper compounds including copper oxychloride and many organocuprate compounds of synthetic interest.
Copper chloride catalyzes 1,4-addition of Grignard reagents to alpha,beta-unsaturated ketones.
Copper chloride is very soluble in concentrated HCl.
Copper chloride is soluble in ammonium hydroxide.


Copper chloride is a white solid sparingly soluble in water, but very soluble in concentrated hydrochloric acid.
Copper chloride is insoluble in ethanol and acetone.
Copper chloride is sparingly soluble in water.
Copper chloride is an inorganic chloride of copper in which the metal is in the +1 oxidation state.


Copper chloride has a role as a molluscicide and an agrochemical.
Copper chloride is an inorganic chloride and a copper molecular entity.
Copper chloride contains copper(1+).
Copper chloride is a chloride of copper that occurs naturally as the rare mineral nantokite.


The main use of Copper chloride is as a precursor to the fungicide copper oxychloride.
Copper chloride is also used in organic and polymer chemistry.
Copper is a chemical element with the symbol Cu and atomic number 29.
Copper is an essential element in plants and animals as it is required for the normal functioning of more than 30 enzymes.


It occurs naturally throughout the environment in rocks, soil, water, and air.
Copper chloride, Powder, Reagent, ACS is considered the lower chloride of copper and is a precursor to the fungicide copper oxychloride.
Copper chloride is an inorganic chloride of copper in which the metal is in the +1 oxidation state.
The structure of Copper chloride is similar to zinc-blende crystal at room temperature; the structure is wurtzite at 407 °C and at higher temperatures it forms copper(I) chloride vapor as per mass spectroscopy.


Copper Chloride is a highly insoluble copper source for uses compatible with chlorides.
Chloride compounds can conduct electricity when fused or dissolved in water.
Chloride materials can be decomposed by electrolysis to chlorine gas and the metal.
They are formed through various chlorination processes whereby at least one chlorine anion (Cl-) is covalently bonded to the relevant metal or cation.


Ultra high purity and proprietary formulations can be prepared.
The chloride ion controls fluid equilibrium and pH levels in metabolic systems.
They can form either inorganic or organic compounds.
Copper Chloride is generally immediately available in most volumes.



USES and APPLICATIONS of COPPER CHLORIDE:
Copper chloride is often used to absorb carbon monoxide.
Copper chloride is as a catalyst for a variety of organic reactions.
Copper chloride is used to manufacture other chemicals, in dyeing, in printing, in fungicides, as a wood preservative.


Copper chloride is used by consumers, in articles, by professional workers (widespread uses), in formulation or re-packing, at industrial sites and in manufacturing.
Copper chloride is used in the following products: fertilisers, textile treatment products and dyes and cosmetics and personal care products.


Other release to the environment of Copper chloride is likely to occur from: indoor use (e.g. machine wash liquids/detergents, automotive care products, paints and coating or adhesives, fragrances and air fresheners), outdoor use as reactive substance and outdoor use in close systems with minimal release (e.g. hydraulic liquids in automotive suspension, lubricants in motor oil and break fluids).


Release to the environment of Copper chloride can occur from industrial use: industrial abrasion processing with low release rate (e.g. cutting of textile, cutting, machining or grinding of metal).
Other release to the environment of Copper chloride is likely to occur from: outdoor use in long-life materials with low release rate (e.g. metal, wooden and plastic construction and building materials) and indoor use in long-life materials with low release rate (e.g. flooring, furniture, toys, construction materials, curtains, foot-wear, leather products, paper and cardboard products, electronic equipment).


Copper chloride can be found in products with material based on: fabrics, textiles and apparel (e.g. clothing, mattress, curtains or carpets, textile toys).
Copper chloride is widespread used by professional workers
Copper chloride is used in the following products: fertilisers and laboratory chemicals.


Copper chloride is used in the following areas: agriculture, forestry and fishing, formulation of mixtures and/or re-packaging and scientific research and development.
Copper chloride is used for the manufacture of: chemicals.
Release to the environment of Copper chloride can occur from industrial use: formulation of mixtures, in the production of articles and as an intermediate step in further manufacturing of another substance (use of intermediates).


Other release to the environment of Copper chloride is likely to occur from: indoor use as reactive substance, outdoor use as reactive substance and outdoor use in close systems with minimal release (e.g. hydraulic liquids in automotive suspension, lubricants in motor oil and break fluids).
Copper chloride is used in the following products: adsorbents, metals, fertilisers, pH regulators and water treatment products, laboratory chemicals, polymers, textile treatment products and dyes and cosmetics and personal care products.


Copper chloride has an industrial use resulting in manufacture of another substance (use of intermediates).
Release to the environment of Copper chloride can occur from industrial use: formulation of mixtures, in the production of articles, as an intermediate step in further manufacturing of another substance (use of intermediates), formulation in materials, manufacturing of the substance, in processing aids at industrial sites and as processing aid.


Copper chloride is used in the following products: adsorbents, pH regulators and water treatment products, laboratory chemicals, metals, fertilisers, polymers, textile treatment products and dyes and cosmetics and personal care products.
Copper chloride has an industrial use resulting in manufacture of another substance (use of intermediates).
Copper chloride is used in the following areas: formulation of mixtures and/or re-packaging, scientific research and development and agriculture, forestry and fishing.


Copper chloride is used for the manufacture of: chemicals, metals, and textile, leather or fur.
Release to the environment of Copper chloride can occur from industrial use: as an intermediate step in further manufacturing of another substance (use of intermediates), in the production of articles, as processing aid, in processing aids at industrial sites and formulation of mixtures.


Release to the environment of Copper chloride can occur from industrial use: manufacturing of the substance, formulation of mixtures, formulation in materials, in processing aids at industrial sites, in the production of articles, as an intermediate step in further manufacturing of another substance (use of intermediates) and as processing aid.
Copper chloride is used as a catalyst as well as a reagent in many organic reactions including Gatterman-Koch, Sandmeyer, Grignard and Gilman reactions.


Copper chloride is also used as a doping salt to enhance the cationization of polystyrene in matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry.
Copper chloride is also an intermediate formed in the Wacker process.
As an ACS-grade quality reagent, Copper chloride's chemical specifications are the de facto standards for chemicals used in many high-purity applications and typically designate the highest quality chemical available for laboratory use.


Copper chloride, has many applications.
The main use of Copper chloride is as a precursor to the fungicide copper oxychloride.
In organic synthesis, Copper chloride is used as an initiator of radical reactions such as the hydrostannation of α,β-unsaturated ketones.
Copper chloride (CuCl) or cuprous chloride is a white powder used as an absorbing agent for carbon dioxide gas in enclosed breathing areas such as space vehicles.


Copper chloride is used as catalyst for organic reactions; catalyst, decolorizer and desulfuring agent in petroleum industry; in denitration of cellulose; as condensing agent for soaps, fats and oils; in gas analysis to absorb carbon monoxide.
Copper chloride shows unique character as an initiator of radical reactions such as the hydrostannation of α,β-unsaturated ketones.
Copper chloride is used for absorption of carbon monoxide in gas analysis.


Copper Chloride is used to produce other copper compounds and in the production of silicone polymers, ethylene-propene rubbers, dialkyl carbonates, and acrylonitrile.
Copper Chloride is also used to purify carbon monoxide and to produce phthalocyanine pigments.
Copper Chloride occurs in nature as nantokite.


Copper Chloride is used as a catalyst for organic reactions, decolorizer, catalyst, and desulfuring agent in the petroleum industry, in denitration of cellulose, as condensing agent for soaps, fats, and oils, and in gas analysis to absorb carbon monoxide.
Copper Chloride is used in Korea as a raw material for coloring agents and as a catalyst for CO and H2 production.
Copper Chloride is used to control plant root growth in nursery pots (incorporated into the plastic)


-Uses of Copper chloride:
*Dyes
*Printing Fabric
*Disinfectant
*Feed Additive
*Pigment for Glass & Ceramics



STRUCTURE OF COD COMPLEX OF COPPER CHLORIDE:
Copper chloride reacts with organometallic compounds such as methyllithium (CH3Li) to form "Gilman reagents" such as (CH3)2CuLi, which find extensive use in organic synthesis.
Grignard reagents react similarly.



PREPARATION OF COPPER CHLORIDE:
Copper chloride may be prepared by the reduction of copper(II) salts such as CuSO4 using sulfur dioxide or copper metal.
SO2 may be prepared in situ from sodium bisulfite (NaHSO3) or sodium metabisulfite (Na2S2O5) and acid.
The reduction is carried out in hydrochloric acid, and the resulting CuCl2- complex is diluted to precipitate white Copper chloride (by driving the equilibrium using Le Chatelier's principle).

(1) NaHSO3( aq) + HCl ( aq) → SO2( aq) + NaCl + H2O( l)
(2) 2 CuSO4( aq) + SO2( aq) + 2 H2O( l) + 4 HCl( aq) → 2 HCuCl2( aq) + 3 H2SO4( aq)
(3) HCuCl2( aq) + H2O( l) → CuCl( s) + H3O+( aq) + Cl-( aq)

A major chemical use for Copper chloride is as a catalyst for a variety of organic reactions.
Compared to other "soft" Lewis acids, Copper chloride is much more affordable than non-toxic silver(I) chloride and palladium(II) chloride, and much less toxic than lead(II) chloride and mercury(II) chloride.
In addition, Copper chloride can undergo redox chemistry via copper(II) or copper(III) intermediates.
This combination of properties make copper(I) salts invaluable reagents.

One such application of Copper chloride is in the Sandmeyer reaction.
Treatment of an arene diazonium salt with Copper chloride leads to an aryl chloride, for example: The reaction has a wide scope and usually gives good yields.

The observation that copper(I) halides catalyse 1,4-addition of Grignard reagents to alpha,beta-unsaturated ketones led to the development of organocuprate reagents that are widely used today in organic synthesis :
(Addition of RMgX to C=C-C=O mediated by CuCl)

Although other copper(I) compounds such as copper(I) iodide are now more often used for this type of reaction, there are cases where copper(I) chloride is particularly effective:
(Alkylation of sorbate ester at 4-position mediated by CuCl)
Here, Bu indicates an n- butyl group.
Without Copper chloride, the Grignard reagent alone gives a mixture of 1,2 and 1,4-addition products (i.e., the butyl adds at the closer to the C=O).

Copper chloride is also an intermediate formed from copper(II) chloride in the Wacker process.
Copper chloride induces the activity of chalcone synthase, a key enzyme in the biosynthesis of diverse flavonoids involved in plant disease resistance



PREPARATION OF COPPER CHLORIDE:
Copper chloride is prepared by reduction of copper(II) chloride in solution: 2CuCl2 + H2 2CuCl + 2HCl
Alternatively, it can be prepared by boiling an acidic solution of copper(II) chloride with copper metal, which on dilution yields white Copper chloride: Cu + CuCl2 2CuCl
Copper chloride dissolved in concentrated HCl absorbs carbon monoxide under pressure forming an adduct, CuCl(CO).
The complex decomposes on heating releasing CO.

Copper chloride is slightly soluble in water.
However, in the presence of Cl- ion, it forms soluble complexes of discrete halogeno anions such as, CuCl2-, CuCl3 2-, and CuCl4 3-.
Formation of complexes and organocopper derivatives as outlined below are not confined only to Copper chloride, but typify Cu+ in general.
Reaction with ethylenediamine (en) in aqueous potassium chloride solution forms Cu(II)-ethylenediamine complex, while Cu+ ion is reduced to its metallic state: 2CuCl + 2en → [Cuen2]2+ + 2Cl- + Cu°

Copper chloride dissolves in acetonitrile, CH3CN forming tetrahedral complex ion [Cu(CH3CN)4]+ which can be precipitated with large anions such as ClO4 - or PF6-.
Reactions with alkoxides of alkali metals produce yellow copper(I) alkoxides.
For example, a reaction with sodium ethoxide yield copper(I) ethoxide, a yellow compound that can be sublimed from the product mixture:
CuCl + NaOC2H5 → CuOC2H5 + NaCl

Copper chloride forms complexes with ethylene and other alkenes in solutions that may have compositions such as
[Cu(C2H4)(H2O)2]+ or [Cu(C2H4)(bipy)]+. (bipy = bipyridyl)
Reactions with lithium or Grignard reagent yield alkyl or aryl copper(I) derivatives, respectively.
Such organocopper compounds containing Cu-Cu bonds are formed only by Cu+ and not Cu2+ ions.



RELATED COMPOUNDS COPPER CHLORIDE:
-Other anions:
*Copper(I) bromide
*Copper(I) iodide
-Other cations:
*Copper(II) chloride
*Silver(I) chloride



PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of COPPER CHLORIDE:
Melting Point: 430ºC
Boiling Point: 1490ºC
Flash Point: 1490ºC
Molecular Formula: ClCu
Molecular Weight: 98.99900
Density and phase: 4.140 g/cm3, solid
Solubility in water: 0.0062 g/100 ml (20 °C)
Melting point: 430 °C (703 K)
Boiling point: 1490 °C (1760 K)
Molecular formula: CuCl
Molar mass: 98.99 g/mol
Appearance: white powder, slightly green from oxidation
Molecular Weight: 134.45
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 0
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 0

Rotatable Bond Count: 0
Exact Mass: 132.867303
Monoisotopic Mass: 132.867303
Topological Polar Surface Area: 0 Ų
Heavy Atom Count: 3
Formal Charge: 0
Complexity: 2.8
Isotope Atom Count: 0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 1
Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes

Physical state: powder
Color: brown
Odor: odorless
Melting point/freezing point:
Melting point/range: 620 °C - lit.
Initial boiling point and boiling range: 993 °C at 1013,250 hPa
Flammability (solid, gas): No data available
Upper/lower flammability or explosive limits: No data available
Flash point: Not applicable
Autoignition temperature: < 400 °C
Decomposition temperature: No data available
pH: No data available
Viscosity
Viscosity, kinematic: No data available
Viscosity, dynamic: No data available

Water solubility: 620 g/l at 20 °C - soluble
Partition coefficient: n-octanol/water:
Not applicable for inorganic substances
Vapor pressure: No data available
Density: 3,386 g/mL at 25 °C - lit.
Relative density: 3,4 at 25 °C
Particle characteristics: No data available
Explosive properties: No data available
Oxidizing properties: none
Other safety information: No data available
Formula: CuCl
Formula Weight: 98.99
Form: Powder
Melting point: 430°

Boiling Point: 1490°
Density: 4.14
Refractive Index: 1.93
Storage: Ambient temperatures.
Num. heavy atoms : 2
Num. arom. heavy atoms : 0
Fraction Csp3 : None
Num. rotatable bonds : 0
Num. H-bond acceptors : None
Num. H-bond donors : None
Molar Refractivity : 5.85
TPSA : 0.0 Ų
Melting point: 430 °C (lit.)
Boiling point: 1490 °C (lit.)
Density: 1.15 g/mL at 20 °C

vapor pressure: 1.3 mm Hg ( 546 °C)
refractive index: 1.93
Flash point: 1490°C
storage temp.: Store at +5°C to +30°C.
solubility: 0.06 g/L (25°C)
form: beads
color: Slightly greenish-gray
Specific Gravity: 4.14
PH: 5 (50g/l, H2O, 20℃)(slurry)
Water Solubility: 0.06 g/L (25 ºC)
Sensitive: Air & Moisture Sensitive
Crystal Structure: Hexagonal, Wurtzite (Zincite) Structure - Space Group P 63mc
Merck: 14,2660
Solubility Product Constant (Ksp): pKsp: 6.76
Stability: Stable.



FIRST AID MEASURES of COPPER CHLORIDE:
-Description of first-aid measures:
*General advice:
Show this material safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
*If inhaled:
After inhalation:
Fresh air.
*In case of skin contact:
Take off immediately all contaminated clothing.
Rinse skin with water/ shower.
Consult a physician.
*In case of eye contact:
After eye contact:
Rinse out with plenty of water.
Immediately call in ophthalmologist.
Remove contact lenses.
*If swallowed:
After swallowing:
Immediately make victim drink water (two glasses at most).
Consult a physician.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed:
No data available



ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of COPPER CHLORIDE:
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Cover drains.
Collect, bind, and pump off spills.
Take up dry.



FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of COPPER CHLORIDE:
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Use extinguishing measures that are appropriate to local circumstances and the surrounding environment.
*Unsuitable extinguishing media:
For this substance/mixture no limitations of extinguishing agents are given.
-Further information:
Prevent fire extinguishing water from contaminating surface water or the ground water system.



EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of COPPER CHLORIDE:
-Control parameters:
--Ingredients with workplace control parameters:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use equipment for eye protection.
Tightly fitting safety goggles.
*Skin protection:
Full contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Splash contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
*Body Protection:
protective clothing
-Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.



HANDLING and STORAGE of COPPER CHLORIDE:
-Precautions for safe handling:
*Hygiene measures:
Immediately change contaminated clothing.
Apply preventive skin protection.
Wash hands and face after working with substance.
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
*Storage conditions:
Tightly closed.
Dry.
Hygroscopic.
Store under inert gas.



STABILITY and REACTIVITY of COPPER CHLORIDE:
-Reactivity:
No data available
-Chemical stability:
The product is chemically stable under standard ambient conditions (room temperature).
-Conditions to avoid:
no information available



SYNONYMS:
CUPRIC CHLORIDE
Copper(II) chloride
Copper chloride
7447-39-4
Cupric chloride anhydrous
Copper dichloride
Copper bichloride
Cupric dichloride
Copper(2+) chloride
CuCl2
Copper chloride (CuCl2)
dichlorocopper
Copper(2+)chloride
COPPER (II) CHLORIDE
Copper(II) chloride (1:2)
Coclor
Copper(II)chloride
Copper(II) chloride, anhydrous
CHEBI:49553
MFCD00010972
NSC165706
Copper chloride
CCRIS 6883
HSDB 259
Cupric chloride in plastic container
EINECS 231-210-2
copper (II)chloride
copper(II)-chloride
copper (II) cloride
NSC 165706
copper (II)-chloride
AI3-01658
Epitope ID:156811
Copper(II) chloride, 97%
Copper (II) chloride, 95%
Copper(II) chloride, ultra dry
UNII-P484053J2Y
Copper(II) chloride, powder, 99%
Copper(II) chloride, p.a., 97%
Copper(II) chloride, LR, >=98%
AKOS015902778
DB09131
BP-13443
NCI60_001274
Copper (II) Chloride
FT-0624119
EC 231-210-2
Copper(II) chloride, SAJ first grade, >=98.0%
Q421781
Copper(II) chloride, 99.999% trace metals basis
Copper(II) chloride, anhydrous, powder, >=99.995% trace metals basis
Copper (II) chloride, ultra dry, powder, ampoule, 99.995% trace metals grade
Copper atomic spectroscopy standard concentrate 1.00 g Cu, 1.00 g/L, for 1L standard solution, analytical standard
Cupric chloride
EINECS 231-210-2
copper chloride
Coclor
Copper(2+) dichloride
cupricdichloride
MFCD00010972
Copper(2+) chloride
Copper(2+)chloride
CuCl2
Copper(II) chloride
Cupric dichloride
copper dichloride
copper (ii) chloride
Copper(II) chloride (1:2)
Cupperdichloride
copperbichloride
Copper(I) chloride
Cuprous chloride
Copper chloride (CuCl)
Cuprous chloride
Copper(I) chloride
Copper chloride
Copper monochloride
Cuprous chloride (CuCl)
Copper(1+) chloride
Copper chloride (Cu2Cl2)
Dicopper dichloride
Cuprous chloride (Cu2Cl2)
Copper Chloride (CuCl)
Copper Chloride (Cu2Cl2)
Copper Monochloride
Copper(1+) Chloride
Cuprous Chloride
Cuprous Chloride (Cu2Cl2)
Cuprous Chloride (CuCl)
Dicopper Dichloride
Cuprous chloride
COPPER(I) CHLORIDE
7758-89-6
Dicopper dichloride
Copper monochloride
Chlorocopper
Copper (I) chloride
Copper(1+) chloride
Copper chloride (CuCl)
CuCl
MFCD00010971
copper [I] chloride
Chlorid medny
EINECS 231-842-9
Cuproid
Cu-lyt
copper(I) cloride
UNII-C955P95064
copper (I)chloride
copper(I)-chloride
copper (1)chloride
copper(1) chloride
copper-(I) chloride
copper-(I)-chloride
copper (1) chloride
copper chloride dihydride
Copper( centn) chloride
Copper chloride (solution)
EC 231-842-9
Copper(I) Chloride ACS reagent
CHEBI:53472
Copper(I) chloride, LR, >=96%
EINECS 215-704-5
UN2802
AKOS030228591
Copper(I) chloride, p.a., 97.0%
DB15535
BP-11474
Copper chloride [UN2802]
Copper(I) chloride, reagent grade, 97%
Copper(I) chloride, ACS reagent, >=90%
FT-0624053
Copper(I) chloride, purum, >=97.0% (RT)
D78100
Q423879
Copper(I) chloride, >=99.995% trace metals basis
Copper(I) chloride, JIS special grade, >=95.0%
Copper(I) chloride, ReagentPlus(R), purified, >=99%
(2Z)-(2,4-DIOXO-1,3-THIAZOLIDIN-5-YLIDENE)ACETICACID
Copper (I) chloride, 99.99% trace metals basis glass ampoules
Copper(I) chloride, anhydrous, beads, >=99.99% trace metals basis
Copper(I) chloride, puriss. p.a., ACS reagent, >=97.0% (RT)
12258-96-7
CuCl
COPPER CHLORIDE
CUPROUS CHLORIDE
COPPER(L) CHLORIDE
cooper chloride
Copper(Ⅰ)chloride
Cu-lyt
Cuproid
Nantokite




COPPER DIMETHYLDITHIOCARBAMATE (CuDD)
Copper dimethyldithiocarbamate (CuDD) in butyl rubber, combines good process safety with a high rate of cure when used with MBT or its derivatives.


CAS Number: 137-29-1
EC Number: 205-287-8
MDL Number: MFCD00050845
Molecular Formula: C6H12CuN2S4



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bis(dimethyldithiocarbamate)copper, bis(dimethyldithio-carbamate)copper, bis(dimethyldithiocarbamato)-coppe, Carbamic acid, dimethyldithio-, copper(ii) salt, Compound-4018, copper(2+)dimethyldithiocarbamate, Copper, bis(dimethylcarbamodithioato-S,S')-, (SP-4-1)-, Copper, bis(dimethyldithiocarbamato)-, cupricn,n-dimethyldithiocarbamate, Copper Bis(Dimethyldithiocarbamate), Copper(Ii) Dimethyldithiocarbamate, Copperdimethyldithiocarbamate, Copper Dimethyl Dithiocarbamate, Cdd, Bis(Dimethylcarbamodithioato-S,S') Copper, Dimethyldithiocarbamic Acid Copper Salt, Cupric Dimethyldithiocarbamate, Cumate, Copper Dimethyldithiocarbamate, Methyl Cumate, Methyl Cumate Rodform, Akrochem Cu.D.D, Bis(Dimethylcarbamodithioato-S,S')-,(Sp-4-1)-Copper, Bis(Dimethylcarbamodithioato-S,S')-Coppe(Sp-4-1), Bis(Dimethyldithiocarbamate)Copper, Bis(Dimethyldithio-Carbamate)Copper, Bis(Dimethyldithiocarbamato)-Coppe, Carbamic Acid, Dimethyldithio-, Copper(Ii) Salt, Compound-4018, Copper(2+)Dimethyldithiocarbamate, Copper, Bis(Dimethylcarbamodithioato-S,S')-, (Sp-4-1)-, Copper, Bis(Dimethyldithiocarbamato)-, Cupricn,N-Dimethyldithiocarbamate, copper(2+) bis(dimethylcarbamodithioate), bis(dimethylcarbamothioylsulfanyl)copper, Rubber Accelerator CuMDC, Rubber Accelerator CDD,



Copper dimethyldithiocarbamate (CuDD) is safe-processing secondary accelerator for use in black and dark colours.
Copper dimethyldithiocarbamate (CuDD) is registered under the REACH Regulation and is manufactured in and / or imported to the European Economic Area, at ≥ 1 to < 10 tonnes per annum.


Copper dimethyldithiocarbamate (CuDD) is a chemical compound with a purity of 98%.
Copper dimethyldithiocarbamate (CuDD) in butyl rubber, combines good process safety with a high rate of cure when used with MBT or its derivatives.
In EPDM rubber, Copper dimethyldithiocarbamate (CuDD) can provide as an economic substitution of TDEC.


It is not suitable for use in white or light colored compounds as Copper dimethyldithiocarbamate (CuDD) provides a brown undertone.
However, Copper dimethyldithiocarbamate (CuDD) is classified as non-staining (migratory) to other products.
Copper dimethyldithiocarbamate (CuDD) is one of numerous organometallic compounds sold by American Elements under the trade name AE Organometallics.



USES and APPLICATIONS of COPPER DIMETHYLDITHIOCARBAMATE (CuDD):
Other Research Areas: Copper dimethyldithiocarbamate (CuDD) is also being investigated for its potential applications in other areas of scientific research, including:
Agriculture uses of Copper dimethyldithiocarbamate (CuDD): As a fungicide to control plant diseases Source.


Medicine uses of Copper dimethyldithiocarbamate (CuDD): As a potential anti-cancer agent .
Electronics uses of Copper dimethyldithiocarbamate (CuDD): Copper sulfides exhibit interesting electrical and light-emitting properties, making them potential candidates for transistors, solar cells, and light-emitting diodes .


Catalysis uses of Copper dimethyldithiocarbamate (CuDD): Copper sulfide nanoparticles can act as catalysts, accelerating chemical reactions in various industrial processes .
Copper dimethyldithiocarbamate (CuDD) is used in formulation or re-packing and at industrial sites.


Copper dimethyldithiocarbamate (CuDD) is used in the following products: adhesives and sealants, coating products, inks and toners and polymers.
Release to the environment of Copper dimethyldithiocarbamate (CuDD) can occur from industrial use: formulation of mixtures.
Copper dimethyldithiocarbamate (CuDD) is used in the following products: adhesives and sealants, coating products, inks and toners, laboratory chemicals and polymers.


Release to the environment of Copper dimethyldithiocarbamate (CuDD) can occur from industrial use: as processing aid.
Copper dimethyldithiocarbamate (CuDD) is commonly used in the rubber industry as an accelerator for vulcanization.
Copper dimethyldithiocarbamate (CuDD) can also be used as a fungicide in agriculture and as a stabilizer in PVC production.


Copper dimethyldithiocarbamate (CuDD) must be handled with care due to its potential toxicity, and proper personal protective equipment should be worn when handling it.
Copper dimethyldithiocarbamate (CuDD) should be stored in a cool, dry place away from direct sunlight or heat sources.


Copper dimethyldithiocarbamate (CuDD) is intended for industrial or laboratory use only.
Copper dimethyldithiocarbamate (CuDD) uses and applications include: Primary vulcanization accelerator, thiazole secondary accelerator for rubber molded and extruded goods; accelerator for food-contact rubber articles for repeated use.


Copper dimethyldithiocarbamate (CuDD) is used fast action at high vulcanisation temperatures.
Copper dimethyldithiocarbamate (CuDD) is used in SBR C.V extrusions.
Accelerator Copper dimethyldithiocarbamate (CuDD) is a very powerful primary accelerator and can serve as a secondary booster for thiazoles & sulphenamides accelerators.


Copper dimethyldithiocarbamate (CuDD) finds use in natural as well as many synthetic rubbers such as SBR, EPDM and butyl.
Organometallics are useful reagent, catalyst, and precursor materials with applications in thin film deposition, industrial chemistry, pharmaceuticals, LED manufacturing, and others.


American Elements supplies Copper dimethyldithiocarbamate (CuDD) in most volumes including bulk quantities and also can produce materials to customer specifications.


Copper dimethyldithiocarbamate (CuDD) is used as an ultraaccelerator or vulcanization agent for SBR (styrenebutadiene), IR (polyisoprene isoprene), and EPDM (ethylene-propylene terpolymer) rubbers.
Copper dimethyldithiocarbamate (CuDD) is often used as a stabilizer/antioxidant for synthetic elastomers or polyethers.


-Biological Applications of Copper dimethyldithiocarbamate (CuDD):
Copper dimethyldithiocarbamate (CuDD) has been explored for its potential antimicrobial properties.
Recent studies have shown that Copper dimethyldithiocarbamate (CuDD) can exhibit copper-dependent toxicity against certain bacteria, fungi, and parasites .
This research is ongoing, and the potential therapeutic applications of Copper dimethyldithiocarbamate (CuDD) are still under investigation.


-Material Science Applications of Copper dimethyldithiocarbamate (CuDD):
Copper dimethyldithiocarbamate (CuDD) has been studied for its potential use as a single-source precursor (SSP) for the synthesis of various nanoscale copper sulfides.
These materials possess unique physical properties that make them desirable for various applications, including.



ADVANTAGES OF COPPER DIMETHYLDITHIOCARBAMATE (CuDD):
*Polymer bound or encapsulated dispersions are a proven means of upgrading plant safety, efficiency, quality & raw material control.
*As a dispersion, better uniformity of the mix at low process temperatures are possible.
*The physical form is easy to handle and weigh accurately.
With a dispersion, better uniformity of the mix at lower processing temperatures is possible.



PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of COPPER DIMETHYLDITHIOCARBAMATE (CuDD):
Molecular Weight: 304.0 g/mol
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 0
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 4
Rotatable Bond Count: 0
Exact Mass: 302.917930 g/mol
Monoisotopic Mass: 302.917930 g/mol
Topological Polar Surface Area: 72.7Ų
Heavy Atom Count: 13
Formal Charge: 0
Complexity: 54.3
Isotope Atom Count: 0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 3

Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes
Molecular weight: 303.98
EINECS: 205-287-8
SMILES: CN(C)C1=S[Cu+2]2([SH-]C(=S2)N(C)C)[SH-]1
InChI: 1S/2C3H7NS2.Cu/c2*1-4(2)3(5)6;/h2*1-2H3,(H,5,6);/q;;+2/p-2
InChIKey: ZOUQIAGHKFLHIA-UHFFFAOYSA-L
Melting Point: 260°C
Density: 1,75 g/cm3
Molecular Formula / Molecular Weight: C6H12CuN2S4 = 303.96
Physical State (20 deg.C): Solid
CAS RN: 137-29-1
Reaxys Registry Number: 3915474
PubChem Substance ID: 87567601
MDL Number: MFCD00050845
Compound Formula: C6H12CuN2S4
Molecular Weight: 303.98

Appearance: Yellowish-red crystals or powder
Melting Point: 196-201 °C
Boiling Point: N/A
Density: N/A
Solubility in H2O: N/A
Exact Mass: 302.91793 g/mol
Monoisotopic Mass: 302.91793 g/mol
Melting point: 260°C
Boiling point: 415.51°C (estimate)
Density: 1,75 g/cm3
vapor pressure: 0 Pa at 25℃
form: powder to crystal
color: Orange to Amber to Dark red
Specific Gravity: 1.75
Hydrolytic Sensitivity: 4: no reaction with water under neutral conditions
InChIKey: ZOUQIAGHKFLHIA-UHFFFAOYSA-L

LogP: 4.55
CAS DataBase Reference: 137-29-1(CAS DataBase Reference)
Indirect Additives used in Food Contact Substances: COPPER DIMETHYLDITHIOCARBAMATE
FDA 21 CFR: 177.2600
EWG's Food Scores: 1
FDA UNII: F3D0AX36Y9
NIST Chemistry Reference :Bis(dimethyldithiocarbamato) copper complex(137-29-1)
EPA Substance Registry System: Copper dimethyldithiocarbamate (137-29-1)
Linear Formula: C6H12CuN2S4
Pubchem CID: 472181
MDL Number: MFCD00050845
EC No.: 205-287-8
IUPAC Name: copper; N,N-dimethylcarbamodithioate
SMILES: CN(C)C(=S)[S-].CN(C)C(=S)[S-].[Cu+2]
InchI Identifier: InChI=1S/2C3H7NS2.Cu/c2*1-4(2)3(5)6;/h2*1-2H3,(H,5,6);/q;;+2/p-2
InchI Key: ZOUQIAGHKFLHIA-UHFFFAOYSA-L
Molecular Weight:304.0
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count:4
Exact Mass:302.917930

Monoisotopic Mass:302.917930
Topological Polar Surface Area:72.7
Heavy Atom Count:13
Complexity:54.3
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count:3
Compound Is Canonicalized:Yes
Molecular Weight:303.98
Exact Mass:302.917938
EC Number:205-287-8
UNII:F3D0AX36Y9
DSSTox ID:DTXSID2020345
Characteristics
PSA:121.26000
XLogP3:2.05830
Appearance:Brown powder
Density:1.75 g/cm3
Melting Point:260 °C (decomp)
Boiling Point:129.4ºC at 760mmHg
Flash Point:32ºC



FIRST AID MEASURES of COPPER DIMETHYLDITHIOCARBAMATE (CuDD):
-Description of first-aid measures:
*If inhaled:
If breathed in, move person into fresh air.
*In case of skin contact:
Wash off with soap and plenty of water.
*In case of eye contact:
Flush eyes with water as a precaution.
*If swallowed:
Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person.
Rinse mouth with water.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed:
No data available



ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of COPPER DIMETHYLDITHIOCARBAMATE (CuDD):
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.



FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of COPPER DIMETHYLDITHIOCARBAMATE (CuDD):
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.
-Further information:
No data available



EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of COPPER DIMETHYLDITHIOCARBAMATE (CuDD):
-Control parameters:
--Ingredients with workplace control parameters:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use equipment for eye protection.
*Skin protection:
Handle with gloves.
Wash and dry hands.
*Body Protection:
Impervious clothing
*Respiratory protection:
Respiratory protection not required.
-Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.



HANDLING and STORAGE of COPPER DIMETHYLDITHIOCARBAMATE (CuDD):
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
*Storage conditions:
Store in cool place.
Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place.
Containers which are opened must be carefully resealed and kept upright to prevent leakage.



STABILITY and REACTIVITY of COPPER DIMETHYLDITHIOCARBAMATE (CuDD):
-Reactivity:
No data available
-Chemical stability:
Stable under recommended storage conditions.
-Possibility of hazardous reactions:
No data available
-Conditions to avoid:
No data available


COPPER DIMETHYLDITHIOCARBAMATE (CUDD)

Copper dimethyldithiocarbamate (CuDD) is a copper-containing coordination complex characterized by its distinct molecular structure.
Copper dimethyldithiocarbamate (CuDD) is composed of copper atoms coordinated with two dimethyldithiocarbamate ligands, creating a unique chemical entity.
Copper dimethyldithiocarbamate (CuDD) is recognized for its application as a fungicide in agriculture, where it plays a crucial role in controlling specific plant diseases.
Copper dimethyldithiocarbamate (CuDD) is often encountered in various isomeric forms, and the properties of these isomers may vary based on synthesis conditions.

CAS Number: 137-29-1
EC Number: 205-287-8



APPLICATIONS


Copper dimethyldithiocarbamate (CuDD) finds primary application as a fungicide in agriculture, offering effective protection against various plant diseases.
Its use extends to crop protection, where it plays a vital role in managing fungal pathogens that can compromise crop yield.
Copper dimethyldithiocarbamate (CuDD) is employed in fruit orchards to combat fungal infections that can affect the quality and quantity of fruit production.
Copper dimethyldithiocarbamate (CuDD) is utilized in the cultivation of vegetables to control diseases caused by pathogenic fungi.

In vineyards, Copper dimethyldithiocarbamate (CuDD) serves as a key tool in preventing and managing fungal diseases that can impact grape quality and wine production.
Copper dimethyldithiocarbamate (CuDD) is applied in cereal crops to safeguard them from fungal infections that may lead to reduced grain yield.
Copper dimethyldithiocarbamate (CuDD) plays a role in protecting ornamental plants and flowers, ensuring their health and aesthetic appeal.

Copper dimethyldithiocarbamate (CuDD) is utilized in the forestry sector to mitigate the impact of fungal diseases on trees, promoting sustainable forest management.
Copper dimethyldithiocarbamate (CuDD) is integrated into fungicidal formulations designed for both conventional and organic farming practices.
Copper dimethyldithiocarbamate (CuDD) is part of integrated pest management strategies, contributing to a holistic approach to disease control in agriculture.

Its application helps reduce reliance on synthetic chemical fungicides, supporting more environmentally friendly farming practices.
Copper dimethyldithiocarbamate (CuDD) is employed in nurseries to protect young plants from fungal infections during the critical early growth stages.
In horticulture, CuDD assists in maintaining the health of plants in greenhouses and controlled environments.

Copper dimethyldithiocarbamate (CuDD) is used to combat soil-borne diseases that can affect the root systems of various crops.
Copper dimethyldithiocarbamate (CuDD)'s applications extend to turf management, where it aids in preventing fungal diseases in lawns and sports fields.
Copper dimethyldithiocarbamate (CuDD) is utilized in seed treatments to provide early protection against fungal pathogens during germination.

Copper dimethyldithiocarbamate (CuDD) is an essential component in disease management programs for crops susceptible to various fungal infections.
Copper dimethyldithiocarbamate (CuDD) is employed in rotational strategies to minimize the development of fungicide resistance in fungal populations.
In organic farming, CuDD serves as a valuable tool for disease control while adhering to organic certification standards.

Its applications contribute to maintaining the overall health and productivity of agricultural ecosystems.
Copper dimethyldithiocarbamate (CuDD) is utilized in regions with high humidity or favorable conditions for fungal growth to prevent disease outbreaks.
Copper dimethyldithiocarbamate (CuDD) is incorporated into formulations that allow for convenient and efficient application in the field.

Copper dimethyldithiocarbamate (CuDD) has a role in protecting valuable crops like potatoes, tomatoes, and other economically significant plant species.
Its applications are guided by a balance between effective disease control and environmentally responsible practices.
Ongoing research explores novel applications and formulations of CuDD, aiming to enhance its efficacy and minimize environmental impact in agriculture.

Copper dimethyldithiocarbamate (CuDD) is an integral part of disease management programs for viticulture, protecting grapevines from fungal infections that could compromise wine production.
Copper dimethyldithiocarbamate (CuDD) is employed in post-harvest treatments to safeguard stored fruits and vegetables from post-harvest fungal decay.
Copper dimethyldithiocarbamate (CuDD) is utilized in floriculture to ensure the health and longevity of cut flowers and ornamental plants.
In the cultivation of specialty crops such as nuts and berries, CuDD helps prevent and manage diseases that could impact these high-value crops.

Copper dimethyldithiocarbamate (CuDD) plays a role in preventing damping-off diseases in seedlings, ensuring a healthy start for a variety of crops.
Copper dimethyldithiocarbamate (CuDD) is used in the management of downy mildews, a common group of plant diseases affecting crops like lettuce, grapes, and cucumbers.
Copper dimethyldithiocarbamate (CuDD) is an essential tool in organic farming, providing farmers with an effective means of disease control that aligns with organic certification standards.

Copper dimethyldithiocarbamate (CuDD) applications extend to the protection of bulb crops such as onions and garlic, preserving the quality of these staple foods.
Copper dimethyldithiocarbamate (CuDD) contributes to the sustainable production of cut Christmas trees, protecting them from fungal infections during cultivation.
Copper dimethyldithiocarbamate (CuDD) is incorporated into disease forecasting models to optimize its application timing, ensuring maximum efficacy in disease prevention.

Copper dimethyldithiocarbamate (CuDD) aids in the management of anthracnose, a fungal disease that affects a wide range of crops, including fruits, vegetables, and ornamental plants.
Copper dimethyldithiocarbamate (CuDD)'s applications in forestry include protecting tree seedlings from damping-off diseases during reforestation efforts.
Copper dimethyldithiocarbamate (CuDD) is used in greenhouse production to create an environment conducive to plant health and free from common fungal threats.

In the cultivation of legumes, such as peas and beans, CuDD helps prevent diseases like rust and powdery mildew.
Copper dimethyldithiocarbamate (CuDD) is applied in the protection of tobacco crops, mitigating the impact of fungal diseases that can affect the quality of tobacco leaves.
Copper dimethyldithiocarbamate (CuDD) contributes to the management of blights in various crops, including tomatoes and potatoes.
Copper dimethyldithiocarbamate (CuDD) is utilized in the protection of oilseed crops, ensuring the health of plants like sunflowers and canola.

Copper dimethyldithiocarbamate (CuDD) aids in the control of leaf spot diseases, preserving the foliage of crops like lettuce and spinach.
Copper dimethyldithiocarbamate (CuDD)'s versatility allows for application through various methods, including foliar sprays, soil drenches, and seed treatments.
Copper dimethyldithiocarbamate (CuDD)'s use in integrated pest management programs promotes a holistic approach to disease and pest control, minimizing environmental impact.
Copper dimethyldithiocarbamate (CuDD) is employed in the management of citrus canker, a bacterial disease affecting citrus crops.
Copper dimethyldithiocarbamate (CuDD) contributes to reducing post-harvest losses in the storage and transportation of crops vulnerable to fungal deterioration.

Copper dimethyldithiocarbamate (CuDD) has applications in turfgrass management, ensuring the health and aesthetics of lawns, golf courses, and sports fields.
Copper dimethyldithiocarbamate (CuDD) is used in the protection of medicinal plants and herbs, preserving their quality for pharmaceutical and herbal industries.
Its applications underscore its importance as a key tool in modern agriculture, helping to ensure food security and sustainable farming practices.

Copper dimethyldithiocarbamate (CuDD) plays a pivotal role in controlling powdery mildew, a widespread fungal disease affecting a diverse range of crops, including grapes and cucurbits.
Its applications extend to the protection of cereal crops, such as wheat and barley, against fungal pathogens that can lead to significant yield losses.
Copper dimethyldithiocarbamate (CuDD) is utilized in the floriculture industry to maintain the health and appearance of potted plants and flowering ornamentals.

In the cultivation of beans and peas, CuDD aids in the prevention of diseases like rust, ensuring the quality of legume crops.
Copper dimethyldithiocarbamate (CuDD) contributes to the management of rust diseases in various crops, including coffee plants and ornamental shrubs.
Copper dimethyldithiocarbamate (CuDD) is employed in the protection of hops, a key ingredient in brewing, against downy mildew and other fungal threats.

Copper dimethyldithiocarbamate (CuDD) has applications in the protection of sugar beets, contributing to the control of diseases that can impact sugar production.
Copper dimethyldithiocarbamate (CuDD) aids in the management of late blight in potatoes and tomatoes, safeguarding these essential food crops.
The compound is used in the protection of peppers and eggplants, helping prevent diseases that can affect fruit quality.

In the cultivation of berries, CuDD contributes to the control of diseases such as anthracnose, ensuring high-quality berry production.
Copper dimethyldithiocarbamate (CuDD) is applied in the production of seed potatoes to prevent the spread of diseases during the propagation process.

Copper dimethyldithiocarbamate (CuDD) plays a crucial role in managing fungal diseases in flower bulbs, including tulips and daffodils, ensuring vibrant blooms.
Copper dimethyldithiocarbamate (CuDD) is employed in turfgrass management, contributing to disease control in lawns, parks, and recreational areas.
Copper dimethyldithiocarbamate (CuDD) aids in the prevention of damping-off diseases in nurseries, ensuring the healthy development of young plants.

Copper dimethyldithiocarbamate (CuDD) applications include the protection of woody ornamentals, contributing to the health and aesthetics of landscaped areas.
In the cultivation of medicinal herbs, CuDD helps prevent diseases that could compromise the quality of herbal products.
Copper dimethyldithiocarbamate (CuDD) is used in forestry practices to protect tree seedlings from fungal infections during reforestation efforts.

Copper dimethyldithiocarbamate (CuDD) contributes to the management of dollar spot disease in turfgrass, a common concern in golf courses and sports fields.
Copper dimethyldithiocarbamate (CuDD) plays a role in managing fire blight, a bacterial disease affecting fruit trees, particularly in apple and pear orchards.
Copper dimethyldithiocarbamate (CuDD) is applied in greenhouse production to control diseases and create an optimal environment for plant growth.
Copper dimethyldithiocarbamate (CuDD) aids in preventing leaf spot diseases in various crops, preserving the foliage and overall health of plants.

Copper dimethyldithiocarbamate (CuDD) is used in the protection of legume forages, contributing to the health of pastures and forage crops.
Copper dimethyldithiocarbamate (CuDD) applications are essential in managing diseases in vegetable crops, including cucumbers, squash, and melons.
Copper dimethyldithiocarbamate (CuDD) is applied in the control of root rot diseases that can affect a variety of crops, including beans and tomatoes.
Copper dimethyldithiocarbamate (CuDD)'s applications showcase its versatility in protecting a wide range of crops, promoting sustainable and resilient agricultural practices.



DESCRIPTION


Copper dimethyldithiocarbamate (CuDD) is a copper-containing coordination complex characterized by its distinct molecular structure.
Copper dimethyldithiocarbamate (CuDD) is composed of copper atoms coordinated with two dimethyldithiocarbamate ligands, creating a unique chemical entity.
Copper dimethyldithiocarbamate (CuDD) is recognized for its application as a fungicide in agriculture, where it plays a crucial role in controlling specific plant diseases.
Copper dimethyldithiocarbamate (CuDD) is often encountered in various isomeric forms, and the properties of these isomers may vary based on synthesis conditions.

Copper dimethyldithiocarbamate (CuDD) exhibits fungicidal activity by inhibiting the growth and development of fungi, making it valuable in crop protection.
Copper dimethyldithiocarbamate (CuDD) is subject to careful handling and usage due to its potential toxicity, and adherence to safety guidelines is imperative in its application.

Its fungicidal properties contribute to its role in safeguarding crops from diseases that can adversely affect yield and quality.
Copper dimethyldithiocarbamate (CuDD)'s efficacy in plant protection underscores its significance in modern agricultural practices.
Copper dimethyldithiocarbamate (CuDD) has been studied for its environmental impact and persistence to ensure responsible use in farming applications.
The chemical interactions between copper and dimethyldithiocarbamate ligands govern its fungicidal activity.

The complex nature of Copper dimethyldithiocarbamate (CuDD) allows it to interact selectively with fungal pathogens while minimizing adverse effects on non-target organisms.
Copper dimethyldithiocarbamate (CuDD) is employed as a protective measure against diseases caused by various fungi, contributing to sustainable agriculture.

The chemical and physical properties of Copper dimethyldithiocarbamate (CuDD) make it a suitable candidate for incorporation into fungicidal formulations.
Copper dimethyldithiocarbamate (CuDD) may exhibit coloration, and the hue of its various isomeric forms can be influenced by factors such as impurities and crystal structure.
Copper dimethyldithiocarbamate (CuDD)'s molecular structure is determined by the coordination geometry around the copper atoms.
Copper dimethyldithiocarbamate (CuDD) may undergo chemical transformations under specific conditions, influencing its stability and reactivity.

Its agricultural applications involve the formulation of fungicidal products designed to combat specific plant pathogens.
Copper dimethyldithiocarbamate (CuDD) has a role in integrated pest management strategies, contributing to disease control in an environmentally conscious manner.
Copper dimethyldithiocarbamate (CuDD)'s mode of action involves disrupting key processes in fungal cells, leading to the inhibition of their growth.
Copper dimethyldithiocarbamate (CuDD)'s effectiveness as a fungicide extends to various crops, protecting them from diseases that could compromise their health and productivity.

Research on Copper dimethyldithiocarbamate (CuDD) focuses not only on its fungicidal properties but also on its environmental fate and potential impacts on ecosystems.
The application of Copper dimethyldithiocarbamate (CuDD) in agriculture necessitates a thorough understanding of its behavior under different conditions to optimize its efficacy while minimizing environmental concerns.



PROPERTIES


Physical Properties:

Appearance: Typically a crystalline or powdered solid, but it can vary.
Color: Can range from pale yellow to reddish-brown, depending on impurities and crystal structure.
Odor: May have a faint characteristic odor.
Solubility: Generally insoluble in water, but soluble in organic solvents.


Chemical Properties:

Chemical Formula: Cu(N(CH₃)₂CS₂)₂ or similar, indicating coordination of copper with dimethyldithiocarbamate ligands.
Coordination Geometry: The molecular structure involves copper atoms coordinated with dimethyldithiocarbamate ligands.
Isomerism: Copper dimethyldithiocarbamate can exist in different isomeric forms with varying properties.



FIRST AID


Inhalation:

Move to Fresh Air:
If inhaled, move the affected person to an area with fresh air.

Provide Rest:
Allow the person to rest in a comfortable position.

Seek Medical Attention:
If respiratory symptoms persist or if the person has difficulty breathing, seek immediate medical attention.


Skin Contact:

Remove Contaminated Clothing:
Remove any contaminated clothing.

Wash Skin:
Wash the affected area with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes.

Seek Medical Attention:
If irritation, redness, or other symptoms persist, seek medical attention.


Eye Contact:

Flush Eyes:
Immediately flush the eyes with gently flowing water for at least 15 minutes, holding the eyelids open.

Remove Contact Lenses:
If applicable and easily removable, remove contact lenses after the initial flush.

Seek Medical Attention:
If irritation, redness, or other symptoms persist, seek immediate medical attention.


Ingestion:

Do Not Induce Vomiting:
Do not induce vomiting unless directed by medical personnel.

Rinse Mouth:
Rinse the mouth with water but do not swallow.

Seek Medical Attention:
Seek immediate medical attention.



HANDLING AND STORAGE


Handling:

Personal Protective Equipment (PPE):
Wear appropriate PPE, including gloves, safety goggles or face shield, and protective clothing, as specified in the SDS.
Use respiratory protection if handling in an environment with inadequate ventilation or when airborne exposure is likely.

Ventilation:
Ensure adequate ventilation in the working area to minimize inhalation exposure.
Use local exhaust ventilation systems where possible to control airborne concentrations.

Avoid Contact:
Avoid skin contact and inhalation of dust or vapors.
Prevent eye contact; use protective eyewear.

Hygiene Practices:
Wash hands thoroughly after handling.
Do not eat, drink, or smoke while handling the substance.

Spill Response:
In the event of a spill, follow spill response procedures outlined in the SDS.
Use appropriate absorbent materials to contain and clean up spills.

Equipment Handling:
Use corrosion-resistant equipment when handling Copper dimethyldithiocarbamate (CuDD).
Ensure equipment is designed for the specific tasks involving CuDD.


Storage:

Storage Conditions:
Store Copper dimethyldithiocarbamate (CuDD) in a cool, dry, and well-ventilated area.
Keep away from incompatible materials and sources of heat or ignition.

Temperature Control:
Store at temperatures specified in the SDS. Avoid extremes of temperature.

Container Compatibility:
Store Copper dimethyldithiocarbamate (CuDD) in containers made of compatible materials as specified in the SDS.
Check for any signs of container deterioration or damage.

Segregation:
Store Copper dimethyldithiocarbamate (CuDD) away from incompatible substances, such as acids, strong bases, and reducing agents.

Security Measures:
Implement appropriate security measures to prevent unauthorized access.
Clearly label storage areas with hazard information.

Handling Precautions:
Use appropriate handling and storage practices to minimize the risk of spills or leaks.
Follow proper lifting techniques when moving containers.

Fire Prevention:
Keep Copper dimethyldithiocarbamate (CuDD) away from sources of ignition.
Implement fire prevention measures in accordance with local regulations.

Compatibility:
Avoid storing CuDD with incompatible materials, and follow compatibility guidelines.



SYNONYMS


CuDD
Copper bis(dimethyldithiocarbamate)
Copper dimethyldithiocarbamate complex
Bis(dimethylcarbamodithioato-S,S')copper
N,N-Dimethyl-N'-phenylthiourea copper complex
Cuprozone
Cuprozin
CUPROZIN (copper fungicide)
Cuprous dimethyldithiocarbamate
Dimethyldithiocarbamic acid copper complex
Polyram® DF
Bis(dimethyldithiocarbamato)copper
Copper N,N-dimethyl-N'-phenylthiourea complex
Copper dimethyldithiocarbamate sulfate
Copper 1,2-dithio-N,N-dimethylcarbamate
Cuprous dimethyldithiocarbamate complex
Bis(dimethylthiocarbamoyl)copper
Copper N-methyl-N-phenylthiocarbamate complex
Cupric dimethyldithiocarbamate
Copper salt of dimethyldithiocarbamic acid
Dithane CU FLOWABLE
Dithane CUF
N,N-Dimethyl-N'-phenylthiourea copper
N,N-Dimethyldithiocarbamic acid copper(2+) salt
Bis(dimethyldithiocarbamato-O,S)copper
Polyram DF
Copper dimethylcarbamodithioate
Bis(dimethyldithiocarbamato)copper(II)
Copper(II) dimethylcarbamodithioate
Bis(dimethyldithiocarbamic acid)copper
N,N-Dimethyl-N'-phenylthiourea copper complex
CuDDF
Bis(dimethyldithiocarbamic acid) copper complex
Cuprous dimethylthiocarbamate
Dithane CUF 500 FLOWABLE
Polyram DF fungicide
Polyram FLOWABLE
Copper dimethylammoniumdithiocarbamate
Copper dimethyldithiocarbamate hydroxide
Copper dimethylcarbamodithioate sulfate
CuM
Cuprous dimethyldithiocarbamate sulfate
N,N-Dimethylthiourea copper salt
Copper N,N-dimethyldithiocarbamate sulfate
Bis(dimethyldithiocarbamato) cupric sulfate
Cupric dimethylthiocarbamate
Bis(dimethylthiocarbamoyl)copper
Copper(II) dimethylcarbamodithioate complex
Bis(dimethylcarbamodithioato)copper
Copper(II) dimethyldithiocarbamate sulfate
Bis(dimethyldithiocarbamato) copper sulfate
Cuprous dimethylcarbamodithioate sulfate
Copper dimethylammoniumdithiocarbamate sulfate
Polyram Flowable fungicide
N,N-Dimethyl-N'-phenylthiourea copper sulfate
Bis(dimethyldithiocarbamic acid) copper sulfate
Copper dimethylcarbamodithioate hydroxide
Cuprous dimethyldithiocarbamate hydroxide
Dithane CUF 3000 FLOWABLE
Copper N-methyl-N-phenylthiourea sulfate
Cuprozin Flowable
Bis(dimethyldithiocarbamato) copper hydroxide
Cuprous dimethyldithiocarbamate hydroxide sulfate
Cuprozin Flowable fungicide
Copper dimethylcarbamodithioate chloride
Bis(dimethyldithiocarbamic acid) copper chloride
Copper dimethylcarbamodithioate nitrate
Bis(dimethyldithiocarbamato) copper nitrate
Polyram FLOWABLE fungicide
Copper dimethylthiocarbamate thiourea sulfate
COPPER HYDROXIDE
Copper hydroxide is used as a source for Copper salts and as a mordant in dyeing textiles.
Copper hydroxide in ammonia solution, known as Schweizer's reagent, possesses the interesting ability to dissolve cellulose, which led to its use in the production of rayon.
Copper hydroxide is used widely in the aquarium industry for its ability to destroy external parasites in fish without killing the fish.

CAS Number: 20427-59-2
EC Number: 243-815-9
Chemical Formula: Cu(OH)2
Molar Mass: 97.561 g/mol

Synonyms: 20427-59-2, Copper(II) hydroxide, Copper dihydroxide, copper;dihydrate, copper(II)hydroxide, dihydroxycopper, MFCD00010968, Kuprablau, Parasol, Champ, Cuzin, Kocide, Wetcol, Cupravit blau, Comac Parasol, Cupravit Blue, Blue Shield, Technical Hydrox, Funguran OH, KOP Hydroxide, Blue Shield DF, Kocide DF, Kocide LF, Kocide SD, Champ Formula II, Nu-Cop, KOP Hydroxide WP, Spin Out FP, Kocide 101, Kocide 101PM, Kocide 220, Kocide 404, Caswell No. 242, Copper(2+) hydroxide, Kocide 2000, copper hydrate, Copper hydroxide (Cu(OH)2), HSDB 262, Hydrocop T, EINECS 243-815-9, EPA Pesticide Chemical Code 023401, Kocide Cupric Hydroxide Formulation Grade, Kocide Copper Hydroxide Antifouling Pigment, Cu(OH)2, Cupric Hydroxide Formulation Grade Agricultural Fungicide, DTXSID6034473, AKOS015903383, Copper(II) hydroxide, technical grade, EC 243-815-9, Copper hydroxide, Cuprichydroxide, copper;dihydroxide, 1344-69-0, COPPER(I)HYDROXIDE, 12125-21-2, Cuprous hydroxide, Copper monohydroxide, Copper(I) hydroxide, Spinout, PEI 24, EINECS 215-705-0, CuO2, CHEBI:81907, AKOS030228342, S521, C18712, Q186357, J-013306, J-520119, Copper(II) carbonate hydroxide, 12069-69-1, Carbonate hydroxyde de cuivre(2+) , Carbonic acid, copper(2+) salt, hydrate , Copper carbonate hydroxide, copper carbonate, basic , Copper hydroxide carbonate, Copper(2+)ato(2-) carbonatato(2-) hydroxido(2-), Cupric carbonate hydroxide, Kupfer(2+)carbonathydroxid , Kupfer(2+)carbonathydroxid, (Carbonato(2-))dihydroxydicopper, (Carbonato)dihydroxydicopper, 1344-66-7 , 138210-92-1 , 235-113-6 , 37396-60-4 , 39361-73-4 , BASIC COPPER CARBONATE, Basic copper(II) carbonate, Basic cupric carbonate, Carbonic acid, copper(2+) salt , Copper hydroxide carbonate (CuCO3.Cu(OH)2), Copper hydroxy carbonate, Copper hydroxy carbonate (Cu2(OH)2CO3), Copper(II) carbonate basic, Copper(II) carbonate copper(II) hydroxide , Copper(II) carbonate dihydroxide, Copper(II) carbonate hydroxide , Copper(II) carbonate, basic, Copper(II) hydroxide carbonate, Copper, (carbonato)dihydroxydi-, Copper, (μ-(carbonato(2-)-O:O'))dihydroxydi-, Copper, (μ-(carbonato(2-)-κO:κO'))dihydroxydi-, Cupric carbonate basic, Cupric carbonate hydroxide (CuCO3.Cu(OH)2), Cupric carbonate, basic, Cupric subcarbonate, dicopper carbonate dihydroxide, Dicopper dihydroxycarbonate, dicupric carbonate dihydroxide, Kop karb

Copper hydroxide is also called cupric hydroxide is a pale blue precipitate produced when sodium or potassium hydroxide is added in excess to a solution of a copper salt.
Copper hydroxide is crystalline but inert compound used in the preparation of a wide variety of salts.
Copper hydroxide is prepared by adding just sufficient aqueous ammonia to cupric sulphate to hold the copper in solution and then precipitating the hydroxide either by the addition of an equivalent quantity of alkali by removing ammonia from the solution using a dessicator.

Copper Hydroxide is a highly water insoluble crystalline Copper source for uses compatible with higher (basic) pH environments.
Hydroxide, the OH- anion composed of an oxygen atom bonded to a hydrogen atom, is commonly present in nature and is one of the most widely studied molecules in physical chemistry.

Hydroxide compounds have diverse properties and uses, from base catalysis to detection of carbon dioxide.
In a watershed 2013 experiment, scientists at JILA (the Joint Institute for Laboratory Astrophysics) achieved evaporative cooling of compounds for the first time using hydroxide molecules, a discovery that may lead to new methods of controlling chemical reactions and could impact a range of disciplines, including atmospheric science and energy production technologies.

Copper Hydroxide is generally immediately available in most volumes.
Ultra high purity and high purity compositions improve both optical quality and usefulness as scientific standards.
Nanoscale elemental powders and suspensions, as alternative high surface area forms, may be considered.

The orthorhombic nature of copper hydroxide crystals was determined by X ray diffraction.
Copper hydroxide can act as a heterogeneous catalyst in the selective oxidative cross coupling of terminal alkynes to yield their corresponding ynamides.

A bright blue-green gel or light blue powder.
Cupric hydroxide will decompose with time or heat to form black copper oxide.

Copper hydroxide is used as a source for Copper salts and as a mordant in dyeing textiles.
Copper hydroxide reacts with Ammonium hydroxide to form the cuprammonium ion that is capable of dissolving Cellulose.

Copper hydroxide is used in the manufacture of rayon.
Copper hydroxide has also been reported as a component in marine corrosion crusts on copper alloys.

Copper hydroxide is the hydroxide of copper with the chemical formula of Cu(OH)2.
Copper hydroxide is a pale greenish blue or bluish green solid.

Some forms of Copper hydroxide are sold as "stabilized" Copper hydroxide, although they likely consist of a mixture of copper(II) carbonate and hydroxide.
Cupric hydroxide is a strong base, although Copper hydroxides low solubility in water makes this hard to observe directly.

Copper hydroxide (chemical formula Cu(OH)2) is the hydroxide of the metal copper.
The typical color of copper hydroxide is blue.

Some forms of Copper hydroxide are sold as "stabilized" copper hydroxide, quite likely a mixture of copper(II) carbonate and hydroxide.
These are often greener in color.

Coppers, fixed – copper hydroxide, copper oxide, copper oxychloride, includes products exempted from EPA tolerance, provided, that, copper-based materials must be used in a manner that minimizes accumulation in the soil and shall not be used as herbicides.

Copper hydroxide is the hydroxide of the metal copper with the chemical formula of CuOH.
Copper hydroxide is a mild, highly unstable alkali.

The color of pure Copper hydroxide is yellow or orange-yellow, but Copper hydroxide usually appears rather dark red because of impurities.
Copper hydroxide is extremely easily oxidized even at room temperature.

Copper hydroxide is useful for some industrial processes and in preventing condensation of formaldehyde.
Copper hydroxide is also an important reactant and intermediate for several important products including Cu2O3 and Cu(OH)2.

Additionally, Copper hydroxide can act as a catalyst in the synthesis pyrimidopyrrolidone derivatives.
Copper hydroxide used as fungicides.

A mixture of copper hydroxide and copper sulfate is also used as insecticides and pesticides.
Malachite copper hydroxide is a bright green mineral used as a semiprecious stone for making ornaments.

Copper hydroxide is formed by adding a sodium hydroxide to a dilute solution of copper(II) sulfate(CuSO4·5H2O).

Copper hydroxide is an ionic compound.
Copper hydroxide undergoes dissociation to produce Cu2+ cation and OH- anion.
Cu is a metal and oxygen is non-metal so the bond between Cu and Oxygen is ionic in nature.

Copper hydroxide is a hydrated copper oxide, and Copper hydroxide does provide some concentration of OH- ions when Copper hydroxide is in the presence of acids (H3O+).
However, Copper hydroxide is largely insoluble in water.
Therefore, copper hydroxide would not be considered an alkali, but rather a weak base.

Copper hydroxide used as a fungicide.
Copper hydroxide which is used to kill parasitic fungi or their spores is known as fungicide.

Copper hydroxide is a quite inexpensive and abundant material, but the literature contains no reports of using Copper hydroxide as a stable water oxidation catalyst (WOC).
In this study, we report for the first time that Cu(OH)2 material synthesized from a simple copper salt can be used as a WOC with good activity and stability.
Under optimal conditions using Cu(OH)2 as the electrocatalyst, a catalytic current density of 0.1 mA/cm2 can be achieved under an applied potential of ∼1.05 V relative to Ag/AgCl at pH 9.2.

The slope of the Tafel plot is 78 mV/dec.
The Tafel plot indicates that a current density of ∼0.1 mA/cm2 requires an overpotential of 550 mV.

The Faradaic efficiency was measured to be ∼95%.
The as-synthesized Cu(OH)2 material was characterized by X-ray powder diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy.

Copper hydroxide is used as a fungicide for agriculture, as a mordant, as a source for copper salts, and for the manufacturing of rayon.

Applications of Copper hydroxide:
Copper hydroxide based monoliths can be used in the synthesis of copper hydroxide-based monolithic xerogels.
Potential applications of this metal organic frameworks (MOFs) include gas storage, separation, drug delivery, and biomedicine.
Supported Cu(OH)x can be used as a catalyst for the aerobic cross dehydrogenative coupling of benzenethiols and cyclic amides to yield N-acylsulfenamides.

Copper hydroxide is an important intermediate in the formation of copper(I) oxide (Cu2O).
The Cu2O compound has versatile applications such as for use in solar cells, for the oxidation of fiberglass, and for use in lithium ion batteries.

Copper hydroxide has even been shown to have a useful application in the development of DNA biosensors for the hepatitis B virus.
Notably, Copper hydroxide has been found that both CuOH and Cu(OH)2 must be simultaneously present for the synthesis of Cu2O.

Uses of Copper Hydroxide:
Copper hydroxide fungicides, first developed in the 1970’s, have become favored for most fungicide applications.
A mixture of copper hydroxide and copper sulfate is used as insecticides and pesticides.

Malachite copper hydroxide carbonate a bright green mineral used as an ore of copper and as a semiprecious stone for making ornaments.
Copper hydroxide has been used as an effective biocides as wood preservatives.

Copper hydroxide in ammonia solution, known as Schweizer's reagent, possesses the interesting ability to dissolve cellulose.
This property led to Copper hydroxide being used in the production of rayon, a cellulose fiber.

Copper hydroxide is also used widely in the aquarium industry for Copper hydroxides ability to destroy external parasites in fish, including flukes, marine ich, Brooklynellosis, and marine velvet, without killing the fish.
Although other water-soluble copper compounds can be effective in this role, they generally result in high fish mortality.

Copper hydroxide has been used as an alternative to the Bordeaux mixture, a fungicide and nematicide.
Copper hydroxide is also occasionally used as ceramic colorant.

Copper hydroxide has been combined with latex paint, making a product designed to control root growth in potted plants.
Secondary and lateral roots thrive and expand, resulting in a dense and healthy root system.

Copper hydroxide was sold under the name Spin Out, which was first introduced by Griffin L.L.C.
Copper hydroxide is now sold as Microkote either in a solution you apply yourself, or as treated pots.

Copper hydroxide has been used as an alternative to the Bordeaux mixture, a fungicide and nematacide.
Nowadays, Copper hydroxide is disfavored because of environmental contamination problems.
Copper hydroxide is also occasionally used as ceramic colorant.

Industry Uses:
Agricultural chemicals (non-pesticidal)
Architectural and electrical products
Industrial Use
Intermediates
Metal Recovery
Metals recovery
Solids separation agents
Used as a smelter feedstock for metal recovery
Used as smelter feedstock for metal recovery
used as smelter feedstock for metal recovery

Use as an organic reagent:
Copper hydroxide has a rather specialized role in organic synthesis.
Often, when Copper hydroxide is utilized for this purpose, Copper hydroxide is prepared in situ by mixing a soluble copper(II) salt and potassium hydroxide.

Copper hydroxide is sometimes used in the synthesis of aryl amines.
For example, Copper hydroxide catalyzes the reaction of ethylenediamine with 1-bromoanthraquinone or 1-amino-4-bromoanthraquinone to form 1-((2-aminoethyl)amino)anthraquinone or 1-amino-4-((2-aminoethyl)amino)anthraquinone, respectively.

Copper hydroxide also converts acid hydrazides to carboxylic acids at room temperature.
This is especially useful in synthesizing carboxylic acids with other fragile functional groups.
The published yields are generally excellent as is the case with the production of benzoic acid and octanoic acid.

Structure of Copper hydroxide:
The structure of Copper hydroxide has been determined by X-ray crystallography The copper center is square pyramidal.
Four Cu-O distances in the plane range are 1.96 Å, and the axial Cu-O distance is 2.36 Å.

The hydroxide ligands in the plane are either doubly bridging or triply bridging.
Copper hydroxide can be a linear molecule of the symmetry group C∞v.

For the linear structure, the bond distance of the Cu-O bond has been found to be 1.788 Å and the distance of the O-H bond has been found to be 0.952 Å.
The Copper hydroxide bond angle was measured as 180°.

There is also the possibility of a formed Copper hydroxide with the point group Cs.
This has been found to have increased stability compared to the linear geometry.

In this case, the bond distance of the Cu-O bond was 1.818 Å and the bond distance of the O-H bond was 0.960 Å.
The bond angle for this geometry was 131.9°.
Copper hydroxide is highly ionic in character, which is why this angle is not exactly 120°.

Spectroscopic characterization of Copper hydroxide:
Copper hydroxide has been characterized spectroscopically using intracavity laser spectroscopy, single vibronic level emission, and microwave spectroscopic detection.

Reagent for organic chemistry of Copper hydroxide:
Copper hydroxide has a rather specialized role in organic synthesis.
Often, when Copper hydroxide is utilized for this purpose, Copper hydroxide is prepared in situ by mixing a soluble copper(II) salt and potassium hydroxide.

Copper hydroxide is sometimes used in the synthesis of aryl amines.
For example, Copper hydroxide catalyzes the reaction of ethylenediamine with 1-bromoanthraquinone or 1-amino-4-bromoanthraquinone to form 1-((2-aminoethyl)amino)anthraquinone or 1-amino-4-((2-aminoethyl)amino)anthraquinone.

Copper hydroxide also converts acid hydrazides to carboxylic acids at room temperature.
This conversion is useful in the synthesis of carboxylic acids in the presence of other fragile functional groups.
The yields are generally excellent as is the case with the production of benzoic acid and octanoic acid.

Copper (I) vs other oxidation states of Copper hydroxide:
Cu+ and Cu2+ are the most common oxidation states of copper although Cu3+ and Cu4+ have also been reported.

Cu2+ tends to form stable compounds whereas Cu+ usually forms unstable compounds such as Copper hydroxide.
One exception to this is Cu2O, which is much more stable.

However, aside from Copper hydroxide, compounds containing Cu+ have not been studied as extensively as Cu2+ compounds due to their relative instability.
This includes Copper hydroxide.

Reactions of Copper hydroxide:
Moist samples of Copper hydroxide slowly turn black due to the formation of copper(II) oxide.
When Copper hydroxide is dry, however, Copper hydroxide does not decompose unless Copper hydroxide is heated to 185°C.

Copper hydroxide reacts with a solution of ammonia to form a deep blue solution consisting of the [Cu(NH3)4]2+ complex ion, but the hydroxide is reformed when the solution is diluted with water.
Copper hydroxide in ammonia solution, known as Schweizer's reagent, possesses the interesting ability to dissolve cellulose.
This property led to Copper hydroxide being used in the production of rayon, a cellulosic fiber.

Since Copper hydroxide is mildly amphoteric, Copper hydroxide dissolves slightly in concentrated alkali, forming [Cu(OH)4]2-.

Similar to iron(II) hydroxide, Copper hydroxide can easily oxidise into Copper hydroxide:
4CuOH + 2H2O + O2 <=> 4Cu(OH)2

Production of Copper hydroxide:

Copper hydroxide can be produced by adding sodium hydroxide to a solution of a soluble copper(II) salt, such as copper(II) sulfate (CuSO4·5H2O):
2NaOH + CuSO4·5H2O → Cu(OH)2 + 6H2O + Na2SO4

The precipitate produced in this manner, however, often contains water and an appreciable amount of sodium containing impurities.
A purer product can be attained if ammonium chloride is added to the solution beforehand.

Alternatively, copper hydroxide is readily made by electrolysis of water (containing a little electrolyte such as sodium sulfate or magnesium sulfate) with a copper anode:
Cu + 2OH− → Cu(OH)2 + 2e−

Producing Process of Copper hydroxide:
Copper hydroxide is produced by a reaction of copper oxychloride in an aqueous suspension with alkali hydroxide or alkaline earth metal hydroxide in the presence of a stabilizing agent and the product is separated and washed.
To improve the stability of the copper hydroxide and to avoid a black coloring by copper oxide, inorganic silicon compounds which contain hydroxyl groups (SiOH) in the molecules or form such groups in an aqueous medium are added to the suspension.
Copper hydroxide is desirable to use particulate solid silicic acids or silicic acids which are soluble in water or colloidally dissolved.

Copper hydroxide (as the rarely occurring mineral spertiniite) is formed under alkaline, oxidising conditions.
Copper hydroxide has been observed as a naturally occurring corrosion product of brass in sea water.

But most occurrences on copper alloys are due to conservation treatments using basic solutions (sodium hydroxide or ammonia) or to intentional patination.
Classical brass centrepieces (c. 1800), ‘cleaned’ with ammonia solution, developed a blue spertiniite patina in gaps, where evaporation was hindered.

Additional to the danger of stress corrosion cracking this is another reason now outlawing this treatment.
Copper pigment layers will transform to copper hydroxide when exposed to bases.

The treatment of basic copper salts with bases has been used intentionally in the production of Bremen blue and similar pigments which can be composed of copper hydroxide as well.
When concentrated ammonia solution (ammonium hydroxide) is added to a clear, light blue, aqueous solution of copper(II) chloride, a powdery, light blue precipitate of Copper hydroxide forms.

Further addition of ammonia causes the copper ion to go back into solution as a deep blue ammonia complex.
The addition of 12M sulfuric acid reverses the changes through the copper hydroxide precipate back to clear, light blue color of the original solution.

This is less reactive than copper carbonate basic and more reactive than cupric oxide (CuO).
This material does not contribute to CO2 bubbling in glazes.

Copper Hydroxide has a fairly complex decomposition as Copper hydroxide is heated to melting point.
Around 185C Copper hydroxide loses about 18% weight as Copper hydroxide decomposes to the heat stable CuO (cupric oxide) which remains stable until 1000C.
Around 1050C about 6.5% is lost, likely involving partial loss of oxygen to form a mix of cuprous and cupric oxides.

Please check the accompanying curve to see the history of weight loss as this is fired.
You can see how much weight Copper hydroxide lost, where Copper hydroxide occurs and how fast Copper hydroxide happens.
Compare this with Copper Carbonate Basic to see the difference.

Copper hydroxide is the hydroxide of copper with the chemical formula of Cu(OH)2.
Copper hydroxide is a pale greenish blue or bluish green solid.

Some forms of Copper hydroxide are sold as "stabilized" Copper hydroxide, although they likely consist of a mixture of copper(II) carbonate and hydroxide.
Cupric hydroxide is a strong base, although Copper hydroxides low solubility in water makes this hard to observe directly.

Field of the invention:
Our present invention relates to a process of producing stabilized Copper hydroxide i.e. Copper hydroxide from copper oxychloride by a reaction with basic substances.

Background of the invention:
The process of producing Copper hydroxide from copper oxychloride known uses phosphate ions to ensure that the product will be stable and storable.
These phosphate ions are added before the copper oxychloride suspended in an aqueous phase is reacted with alkali metal hydroxide and/or alkaline earth metal hydroxide, the precipitated Copper hydroxide formed by the reaction is washed and the resuspended Copper hydroxide is stabilized by a treatment with acid phosphate with an adjustment of a pH value between 7.5 and 9.

That process consists of a plurality of steps, at high labor and equipment cost.
For this reason Copper hydroxide is also known to produce Copper hydroxide without a subsequent pH adjustment.
This process has the disadvantage that the Copper hydroxide product is converted at least in part to black copper(II) oxide during prolonged storage or earlier during a drying treatment.

Objects of the invention:
Copper hydroxide is the general object of our invention to provide a method of making stable Copper hydroxide which obviates the disadvantages of the prior art processes.
Copper hydroxide is another object of the invention to provide for the production of Copper hydroxide from copper oxychloride a process which involves only low labor and equipment costs so that Copper hydroxide can be carried out in a simple manner and which results in a stable, storable Copper hydroxide.

Description of the invention:
Copper hydroxide is produced by a reaction of hydroxide or alkaline earth metal hydroxide in the presence of a stabilizing agent separating and washing the product.
In accordance with the invention in the stabilizing agent consists of one or more inorganic silicon compounds which contain hydroxyl groups (SiOH, silanol groups) in the molecule or form such groups in an aqueous medium and is added an amount of 1 to 10% by weight of the solid Copper hydroxide.

By the addition of one or more of these substances in accordance with the invention a stabilization of the precipitated copper hydroxide is effected in a simple manner and even a partial conversion of the copper hydroxide to black copper(II) oxide will be avoided during a prolonged storage as a suspension and during recovery of dry Copper hydroxide.
Within the scope of the invention, suitable stabilizing agents include particulate solid silicic acids or silicic acids which are dissolved or colloidally dispersed in a aqueous medium.

Those additives which are insoluble in water are directly added to the aqueous suspension of a freshly prepared copper oxychloride.
In that case the additives are added to the copper oxychloride suspension in the reaction vessel immediately before the reaction with alkali metal hydroxide or alkaline earth metal hydroxide.

Stabilizing agents which are soluble in water or colloidally dispersible therein are suitably added to a separately prepared Copper hydroxide suspension immediately after the washing and filtering process.
Suitable water-insoluble inorganic silicon compounds which contain hydroxyl groups in the molecule or form such groups in an aqueous medium include pyrogenic silicic acids, such as silicic acids formed by a thermal decomposition of silicon tetrachloride in an oxyhydrogen gas flame.

Such pyrogenic silicic acids generally have a particle diameter between 10 and 20 millimicrons and will improve also the physical properties of the final product, for instance, the aqueous suspensibility or wettability of the copper hydroxide.
Particulate silica can similarly be used.

A properly classified silica having a particle size between 10 and 80 millimicrons is preferred in that case.
In an aqueous medium, the solid silicic acids tend to take up water molecules by an addition reaction with formation of hydrogen-bond bridges so that a large proportion of SiOH groups is formed.

Substances which may be used to form a stabilized copper hydroxide in the process in accordance with the invention include also the silicic acids which are soluble in water or colloidally dissolved, such as the orthosilicic acid, metasilicic acid or polysilicic acids.
Suitable stabilizing agents include, e.g., silica sols or silica gels made from water-glass solutions by an addition of dilute acids.
In a preferred embodiment of the invention, dissolved alkali metal silicate may be used, e.g., in the form of a water-glass solution.

As noted, in the process in accordance with the invention the inorganic silicon compounds are used in an amount equal to 1 to 10% by weight of the solid Copper hydroxide.
In a preferred embodiment of the invention a stabilized Copper hydroxide is produced in a process in which the stabilizing agent is used in an amount of 2 to 5% of the solid Copper hydroxide.

In another desirable embodiment of the invention, a stabilizer is selected which will also improve important physical properties of the final product, such as Copper hydroxides water suspensibility and wettability, which properties are required for various uses, particularly in agriculture for the protection of crops with copper-containing agents.
Pyrogenic silicic acids are particularly suitable for that purpose.

In the process in accordance with the invention Copper hydroxide is also necessary to take care and to ensure that the suspension of the stabilized Copper hydroxide has a pH value in the range from 7.5 to 9.
This is accomplished in a simple manner by washing or by addition of phosphoric acid.

The process in accordance with the invention has numerous advantages.
For instance the washing water which becomes available in the process in accordance with the invention contains virtually no substances which pollute the effluent.

The mother liquor and part of the spent washing water which becomes available can be recycled and re-used to suspend the copper oxychloride employed as a starting product, although the concentration of the alkaline solution must be increased in that case from an initial value of 2 to 5 grams per liter to 4 to 10 grams per liter.
The stabilized Copper hydroxide produced by the process in accordance with the invention contains 45 to 61 wt.% copper.

Copper hydroxide has a particle size of 0.1 to 5 microns and Copper hydroxides physical and chemical composition will not change even with storage over several years.
The Copper hydroxide produced by the process in accordance with the invention is particularly suitable for making other copper compounds, for the further processing to copper-based coloring materials and for the production of preparations for the protection of crops.

Specific examples:
The invention will be explained more in detail by the following Examples.

Example 1:
116 liters of a freshly prepared suspension of copper oxychloride having a solids content of 860 grams per liter are mixed with stirring with 3 kg pyrogenic silicic acid finely dispersed in 600 liters water.
A solution of 36 kg caustic soda in 150 liters water was subsequently quickly admixed, while a reaction temperature of up to 25° C was maintained.

The reaction was completed after a few minutes; this was apparent from an intense blue color of the resulting Copper hydroxide.
The resulting Copper hydroxide was subsequently washed with water on a rotary filter.

This resulted in a decrease of the pH value to 7.5 to 9.
The product obtained could be processed further as a suspension or after having been dried to a powder.
No formation of copper(II) oxide with development of a black color has noted during the storage of the liquid product or during the drying of the product.

Example 2:
The process of Example 1 was repeated but the water employed as a suspension medium for the copper oxychloride used as a starting product was replaced by the mother liquor enriched with caustic soda solution and by part of the spent washing water.
The sodium chloride contained in that water had an influence only in that the concentration of the alkaline solution had to be increased from 4 g/l in Example 1 to 7 g/l.

Claims:
A method of producing Copper hydroxide which comprises reacting copper oxychloride in an aqueous suspension with a substance selected from the group consisting of alkali hydroxide and alkaline earth metal hydroxide, adding as a stabilizer agent for the Copper hydroxide at least one inorganic silicon compound selected from the group consisting of silicon compounds containing hydroxyl groups in their molecules and silicon compounds forming hydroxyl groups in an aqueous medium, in a quantity of 1 to 10% by weight of the solid Copper hydroxide formed; and recovering and washing the said Copper hydroxide thus formed.
The method defined in claim 1 wherein said silicon compound is a compound selected from the group which consists of particulate solid silicic acid, water-soluble silicic acid, and colloidally dissolved silicic acid.

The method defined in claim 2 wherein said silicon compound is selected from the group which consists of orthosilicic acid, metasilicic acid or polysilicic acid.
The method defined in claim 1 wherein said compound is particulate pyrogenic silicic acid produced by a decomposition of silicon tetrachloride.

The method defined in claim 1 wherein said compound is a particulate silica having a particle size of 10 to 80 millimicrons.
The method defined in claim 1 wherein said compound is an alkali metal silicate.
The method defined in claim 1 wherein said inorganic silicon compound is used in an amount of 2 to 5% by weight of the solid Copper hydroxide.

Preparation of Copper hydroxide:
Copper hydroxide can be made by adding very dilute sodium hydroxide to a soluble copper(II) salt, and not the other way around.
The hydroxide precipitates, with the best samples precipitating in colder solutions.
In excessively basic conditions, the hydroxide formed will rapidly convert to copper(II) oxide, which is exacerbated by heating.

If aqueous ammonia is used instead of sodium hydroxide, the Copper hydroxide precipitated has much greater air stability, but if excess ammonia is added, the hydroxide will begin to dissolve, forming the deep blue tetraammine copper(II) complex.
A diluted solution of sodium hydroxide is then added to precipitate the Copper hydroxide from the solution, and this route has the advantage of preventing local hotspots which cause the formation of copper(II) oxide.

Very pure copper hydroxide can also be made via electrolysis of water with a copper anode, containing small amounts of sodium sulfate.

The dissociation of Cu(OH)2- leads to the formation of Copper hydroxide.
Cu(OH)2- <=> CuOH + OH-

The dissociation energy required for this reaction is 62 ± 3 kcal/mol.

Another method is by the double displacement of CuCl and NaOH:
CuCl + NaOH <=> NaCl + CuOH

Notably, this method is rarely used because the Copper hydroxide produced will gradually dehydrate and eventually turn into Cu2O.

General Manufacturing Information of Copper hydroxide:

Industry Processing Sectors:
Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting
All other basic inorganic chemical manufacturing
Computer and electronic product manufacturing
Mining (except oil and gas) and support activities
Other - Secondary Precious Metals Reclaimers
Primary metal manufacturing

Synthesis of Copper hydroxide:
Copper hydroxide can be produced by adding a small amount of sodium hydroxide to a dilute solution of copper(II) sulfate (CuSO4 · 5H2O).
The precipitate produced in this manner, however, often contains an appreciable amount of sodium hydroxide impurity and a purer product can be attained if ammonium chloride is added to the solution beforehand.

Alternatively, copper hydroxide is readily made by electrolysis of water (containing a little electrolyte such as sodium bicarbonate).
A copper anode is used, often made from scrap copper.

"Copper in moist air slowly acquires a dull green coating. The green material is a 1:1 mole mixture of Cu(OH)2 and CuCO3."
2Cu(s) + H2O(g) + CO2(g) + O2(g) ---> Cu(OH)2(s) + CuCO3(s)

Catalytic activity of Copper hydroxide:
Copper hydroxide can act as a catalyst.
Copper hydroxide has been found to be useful in the reaction of heterocyclic ketene aminals (an important building block) with diazoesters.

This reaction is used to synthesize pyrimidopyrrolidone derivatives with high yields and mild reaction conditions needed.
As a catalyst in these reactions, Copper hydroxide is used with potassium tert-butoxide and argon with tert-butyl hydroperoxide and dichloroethane.

25 examples of these reactions were successfully performed.
Chemicals in the pyrrolidone family have been useful for drug development, including pharmaceuticals for the neuroprotection after strokes and in anti-seizure medications.

Although these are psychoactive drugs, they tend to have fewer side effects than their counterparts.
The mechanisms by which these drugs work have yet to be established.

Copper hydroxide is stable to about 100 °C.
Copper hydroxide reacts with a solution of ammonia to form a deep blue solution of tetramminecopper [Cu(NH3)4]2+ complex ion.

Copper hydroxide catalyzes the oxidation of ammonia solutions in presence of dioxygen, giving rise to copper ammine nitrites, such as Cu(NO2)2(NH3)n.
Copper hydroxide is mildly amphoteric.
Copper hydroxide dissolves slightly in concentrated alkali, forming [Cu(OH)4]2−.

Other Copper hydroxides:
Together with other components, Copper hydroxides are numerous.
Several copper(II)-containing minerals contain hydroxide.
Notable examples include azurite, malachite, antlerite, and brochantite.
Azurite (2CuCO3·Cu(OH)2) and malachite (CuCO3·Cu(OH)2) are hydroxy-carbonates, whereas antlerite (CuSO4·2Cu(OH)2) and brochantite (CuSO4·3Cu(OH)2) are hydroxy-sulfates.

Many synthetic Copper hydroxide derivatives have been investigated.

Chemical Properties of Copper Hydroxide:
Copper hydroxide reacts with sulfuric acid forms copper sulfate and water.

The chemical equation is given below.
Cu(OH)2 + H2SO4 → CuSO4 + 2 H2O

Mineral of Copper hydroxide:
The mineral of the formula Cu(OH)2 is called spertiniite.
Copper hydroxide is rarely found as an uncombined mineral because Copper hydroxide slowly reacts with carbon dioxide from the atmosphere to form a basic copper(II) carbonate.

Thus copper slowly acquires a dull green coating in moist air by the reaction:
2 Cu(OH)2 + CO2 → Cu2CO3(OH)2 + H2O

The green material is in principle a 1:1 mole mixture of Cu(OH)2 and CuCO3.
This patina forms on bronze and other copper alloy statues such as the Statue of Liberty.

Occurrence of Copper hydroxide:
Copper hydroxide has been known since copper smelting began around 5000 BC although the alchemists were probably the first to manufacture Copper hydroxide by mixing solutions of lye (sodium or potassium hydroxide) and blue vitriol (copper(II) sulfate).
Sources of both compounds were available in antiquity.

Copper hydroxide was produced on an industrial scale during the 17th and 18th centuries for use in pigments such as blue verditer and Bremen green.
These pigments were used in ceramics and painting.

Natural occurrence:
Copper hydroxide is found in several different copper minerals, most notably azurite, malachite, antlerite, and brochantite.
Azurite (2CuCO3 • Cu(OH)2 ) and malachite (CuCO3 • Cu(OH)2) are carbonates while antlerite (CuSO4 • 2Cu(OH)2) and brochantite (CuSO4 • 3Cu(OH)2) are sulfates.
Copper hydroxide is rarely found as an uncombined mineral because Copper hydroxide slowly reacts with carbon dioxide from the atmosphere to form a basic copper(II) carbonate.

History of Copper hydroxide:
Copper hydroxide has been known to man since copper smelting began around 5000 BCE although the alchemists were probably the first to manufacture Copper hydroxide.
This was easily done by mixing solutions of lye and blue vitriol, both chemicals which were known in antiquity.

Copper hydroxide was produced on an industrial scale during the 17th and 18th centuries for use in pigments such as blue verditer and Bremen green.
These pigments were used in ceramics and painting.

Pharmacology and Biochemistry of Copper hydroxide:

Absorption, Distribution and Excretion:
Ionic copper is absorbed from the stomach, duodenum, & jejunum.
The initial absorption is about 30%, but the effective net absorption is only about 5% due to excretion of copper into the bile; biliary copper is bound to protein, & this complex is not reabsorbed.

Absorption is influenced by a number of factors including the chemical forms of copper: oxides, hydroxides, iodides, glutamates, citrates, & pyrophosphates of copper are readily absorbed, but copper sulfides & other water insoluble salts are poorly absorbed.
Copper complexes of some amino acids are easily absorbed, whereas copper porphyrins present in meat are very poorly absorbed.

Handling and storage of Copper hydroxide:

Storage:
Dry copper hydroxide should be stored in closed plastic bottles.

Advice on safe handling:
Work under hood.
Do not inhale substance/mixture.

Hygiene measures:
Change contaminated clothing.
Preventive skin protection recommended.

Wash hands after
working with substance.

Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:

Storage conditions:
Tightly closed.
Dry.

Keep in a well-ventilated place.
Keep locked up or in an area accessible only to qualified or authorized persons.

Keep in a dry place.
Air and moisture sensitive.

Store under argon.
Hygroscopic.
Store at controlled room temperature (15 to 30°C).

Storage class:
Storage class (TRGS 510): 6.1B: Non-combustible, acute toxic Cat. 1 and 2 / very toxic hazardous materials

Stability and reactivity of Copper hydroxide:

Reactivity:
No data available

Chemical stability:
The product is chemically stable under standard ambient conditions (room temperature).

Possibility of hazardous reactions:

Violent reactions possible with:
Strong acids
Acid anhydrides

Conditions to avoid:
no information available

Incompatible materials:
No data available

Safety of Copper hydroxide:
Copper hydroxide is mostly safe, but oral and skin exposure should be limited when wet, as Copper hydroxide is sparingly soluble, and the general trend among soluble copper compounds is that they act as irritants and are mildly toxic.
Dilute hydrochloric acid in the stomach may react with Copper hydroxide to form copper(II) chloride, which is more of a concern.

First aid measures of Copper hydroxide:

General advice:
First aiders need to protect themselves.
Show this material safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.

If inhaled:

After inhalation:
Take a fresh air.
Immediately call in physician.

If breathing stops:
Immediately apply artificial respiration, if necessary also oxygen.

In case of skin contact:
Take off immediately all contaminated clothing.
Rinse skin with water/ shower.

In case of eye contact:

After eye contact:
Rinse out with plenty of water.
Immediately call in ophthalmologist.
Remove contact lenses.

If swallowed:

After swallowing:
Immediately make victim drink water (two glasses at most).
Consult a physician.

Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed:
No data available

Firefighting measures of Copper hydroxide:

Suitable extinguishing media:
Use extinguishing measures that are appropriate to local circumstances and the surrounding environment.

Unsuitable extinguishing media:
For this substance/mixture no limitations of extinguishing agents are given.

Special hazards arising from the substance or mixture:
Copper oxides
Not combustible.
Ambient fire may liberate hazardous vapours.

Advice for firefighters:
Stay in danger area only with self-contained breathing apparatus.
Prevent skin contact by keeping a safe distance or by wearing suitable protective clothing.

Further information:
Prevent fire extinguishing water from contaminating surface water or the ground water system.

Accidental release measures of Copper hydroxide:

Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures:

Advice for non-emergency personnel:
Avoid generation and inhalation of dusts in all circumstances.
Avoid substance contact.

Ensure adequate ventilation.
Evacuate the danger area, observe emergency procedures, consult an expert.

Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.

Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Cover drains.
Collect, bind, and pump off spills.

Observe possible material restrictions.
Take up carefully.

Dispose of properly.
Clean up affected area.
Avoid generation of dusts.

Exposure controls/personal protection of Copper hydroxide:

Personal protective equipment:

Eye/face protection:
Use equipment for eye protection tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or EN 166(EU).
Tightly fitting safety goggles.

Skin protection:
This recommendation applies only to the product stated in the safety data sheet, supplied by us and for the designated use.
When dissolving in or mixing with other substances and under conditions deviating from those stated in EN 16523-1 please contact the supplier of CE-approved gloves.

Full contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Material tested:KCL 741 Dermatril® L

Splash contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Material tested:KCL 741 Dermatril® L

Body Protection:
protective clothing

Respiratory protection:
required when dusts are generated.

Our recommendations on filtering respiratory protection are based on the following standards:
DIN EN 143, DIN 14387 and other accompanying standards relating to the used respiratory protection system.

Recommended Filter type: Filter type P3
The entrepeneur has to ensure that maintenance, cleaning and testing of respiratory protective devices are carried out according to the instructions of the producer.
These measures have to be properly documented.

Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains

Identifiers of Copper hydroxide:
CAS Number: 20427-59-2
ChemSpider: 144498
ECHA InfoCard: 100.039.817
KEGG: C18712
PubChem CID: 164826
UNII: 3314XO9W9A
CompTox Dashboard (EPA): DTXSID6034473
InChI:
InChI=1S/Cu.2H2O/h;2*1H2/q+2;;/p-2
Key: JJLJMEJHUUYSSY-UHFFFAOYSA-L
InChI=1/Cu.2H2O/h;2*1H2/q+2;;/p-2
Key: JJLJMEJHUUYSSY-NUQVWONBAH
SMILES: [Cu+2].[OH-].[OH-]

Linear Formula: Cu(OH)2
MDL Number: MFCD00010968
EC No.: 243-815-9
Beilstein/Reaxys No.: N/A
Pubchem CID: 164826
IUPAC Name: copper dihydroxide
SMILES: [Cu+2].[OH-].[OH-]
InchI Identifier: InChI=1S/Cu.2H2O/h;2*1H2/q+2;;/p-2
InchI Key: JJLJMEJHUUYSSY-UHFFFAOYSA-L

Properties of Copper hydroxide:
Chemical formula: Cu(OH)2
Molar mass: 97.561 g/mol
Appearance: Blue or blue-green solid
Density: 3.368 g/cm3, solid
Melting point: 80 °C (176 °F; 353 K) approximate, decomposes into CuO
Solubility in water: negligible
Solubility product (Ksp): 2.20 x 10−20[1]
Solubility:
İnsoluble in ethanol;
Soluble in NH4OH
Magnetic susceptibility (χ): +1170.0·10−6 cm3/mol

Cu(OH)2: Copper Hydroxide
Density: 3.37 g/cm³
Molecular Weight/ Molar Mass: 97.561 g/mol
pH: 7.69
Melting Point: 80° C
Chemical Formula: Cu(OH)2

Odour: Fishy odour
Appearance: Blue or bluish green solid
Covalently-Bonded Unit: 3
Heavy Atom Count: 3
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor: 2
Solubility: Insoluble in water

Molecular Weight: 99.58:
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 2:
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 2:
Rotatable Bond Count: 0:
Exact Mass: 98.950726:
Monoisotopic Mass: 98.950726:
Topological Polar Surface Area: 2 Ų:
Heavy Atom Count: 3:
Complexity: 2.8:
Isotope Atom Count: 0:
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0:
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0:
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0:
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0:
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 3:
Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes

Thermochemistry of Copper hydroxide:
Std molar entropy (So298): 108 J·mol−1·K−1
Std enthalpy of formation (ΔfH⦵298): −450 kJ·mol−1

Related compounds of Copper hydroxide:
Copper(I) oxide
Copper(I) chloride

Other anions:
Copper(II) oxide
Copper(II) carbonate
Copper(II) sulfate
Copper(II) chloride

Other cations:
Nickel(II) hydroxide
Zinc hydroxide
Iron(II) hydroxide
Cobalt hydroxide

Names of Copper hydroxide:

IUPAC name:
Copper(II) hydroxide

Other name:
Cupric hydroxide

MeSH of Copper hydroxide:
Cu(OH)2
cupric hydroxide
COPPER OXIDE
Copper oxide or cupric oxide is an inorganic compound with the formula CuO.
Copper oxide as a naturally occurring compound produced from mining, it is also used as a precursor to other cooper applications, including fungicide and wood preservatives.
Copper oxide a black solid, it is one of the two stable oxides of copper, the other being Cu2O or copper(I) oxide (cuprous oxide).

CAS Number: 1317-38-0
Molecular Formula: CuO
Molecular Weight: 79.55
EINECS Number: 215-269-1

Copper oxide is a product of copper mining and the precursor to many other copper-containing products and chemical compounds.
Mainly used in wood preservatives, ceramics, and mineral supplements for animal feed.
Copper oxide nanoparticles (NPCuO) have industrial applications as antimicrobial agents in textiles and paints, and catalysts in organic synthesis.

Copper oxide is also occasionally used for animal feed, but incorrectly, as its copper bioavailability is inferior to of a number of other compounds including cupric acetate and alkaline Cu carbonate.
Other uses include preparation of superconductors, manufacture of batteries, and as a catalyst for various industrial processes.
Black monoclinic crystal or black to brown-black amorphous crystalline powder; Insoluble in water and alcohol; soluble in dilute acid, ammonium chloride, ammonium carbonate and potassium cyanide.

Copper oxide is a product of copper mining and the precursor to many other copper-containing products and chemical compounds.
Copper oxide a black solid, it is one of the two stable oxides of copper, the other being Cu2O or copper(I) oxide (cuprous oxide).
As a mineral, Copper oxide is known as tenorite.

They may also be produced from electronic wastes.
Copper oxide poses potential health and environmental concern due to toxic and mutagenic particles generating reactive oxygen species.
Copper oxide or cupric oxide is an inorganic compound with the formula CuO.

Copper oxide is used for blue-green pigmentation in ceramics.
In this capacity, Copper oxide is used as an antifouling paint agent for boat hulls, and other outdoor, freshwater, and seawater wood constructions.
As a mineral, Copper oxide is known as tenorite.

Copper oxides are p-type semiconductor materials with small band gap energy.
High physical and chemical stability of metal oxide nanoparticles renders them extremely useful in catalytic applications.
The structures of the compounds are monoclinic.

Nanoscaled Copper oxide compounds can be prepared by thermal plasma technology.
Copper oxide a study reports its antimicrobial properties.
Copper oxide, or copper (II) oxide, is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula CuO.

Copper oxide is used as a precursor in many copper-containing products such as wood preservatives and ceramics.
Copper oxide may be found in over-the-counter vitamin-mineral supplements as a source of Copper.
The mean daily dietary intake of Copper oxide in adults ranges between 0.9 and 2.2 mg 3.

Common routes of Copper oxide exposure include ingestion, dermal exposure and inhalation.
Copper oxide nanoparticles (NPCuO) have industrial applications as antimicrobial agents in textiles and paints, and catalysts in organic synthesis.
They may also be produced from electronic wastes.

Copper oxide poses potential health and environmental concern due to toxic and mutagenic particles generating reactive oxygen species.
Copper metal, metal compounds and alloys are often used in “hot” operations in the workplace.
The workplace operations include, but are not limited to, welding, brazing, soldering, plating, cutting, and metalizing.

Copper oxide at the high temperatures reached in these operations, metals often form metal fumes that have different health effects.
Copper oxide is an important industrial compound.
The reason for this is its properties.

Copper oxide has stable physical and chemical properties, high-temperature resistance and lasting effect.
Copper oxide melts above 1200 ° C and it is amphoteric, so it can dissolve in acids and alkaline solutions.
Copper oxide has a small size and no fading, and it can be used for special purposes such as in thin films and ultrafine fibers.

Moreover, Copper oxide has excellent performance, broad-spectrum bactericidal, safe and non-toxic.
Copper oxide belongs to the insoluble antibacterial additive, which has strong washing resistance.
A black solid prepared by the action of heat on copper(II) nitrate, hydroxide, or carbonate.

Copper oxide is a basic oxide and reacts with dilute acids to form solutions of copper(II) salts.
Copper oxide can be reduced to copper by heating in a stream of hydrogen or carbon monoxide.
Copper oxide can also be reduced by mixing with carbon and heating the mixture.

Copper oxide is stable up to its melting point, after which it decomposes to give oxygen, copper(I) oxide, and eventually copper.
Copper oxide is an oxide of the mineral copper.
Copper oxide is an essential element needed by the body to perform a host of functions.

Copper oxide is used by specific enzymes to help in the production of energy, to create collagen and elastin, to metabolize iron, and in many functions of the brain and central nervous system.
Copper oxide is found in health supplements such as vitamins and health aid treatments.
Copper oxide is a mineral that is needed in the body in small doses but has the ability to become toxic at high levels.

Additional supplements of Copper oxide beyond what you should get in your normal diet should be discussed with a doctor.
Copper oxide is a reddish metal, which has a very high electrical and thermal conductivity, only surpassed by the thermal conductivity of gold and the electrical conductivity of silver.
Copper oxide has a low oxidation state in most of its compounds (+2 is usual).

There are also some compounds with the oxidation state of +1.
In the presence of air, the initial salmon-red color is converted into violet red color because of the creation of cuprous oxide (Cu2O) and then it blackens itself by the production of Copper oxide (CuO), and continuously exposed to moist air forms an adherent layer carbonate raincoat that is poisonous.
Copper oxide is easily attacked by halogen elements, in the occurrence of moisture, as dry bromine and chlorine have no effect, although fluoride attacks at the temperature higher than 500 °C.

Among Copper oxide is mechanical properties, its exceptional deformability and ductility stand out.
Copper oxide or cupric oxide is an inorganic compound with the formula CuO. A black solid, it is one of the two stable oxides of copper, the other being Cu2O or copper(I) oxide (cuprous oxide).
As a mineral, Copper oxide is known as tenorite.

Copper oxide is a product of copper mining and the precursor to many other copper-containing products and chemical compounds.
Copper oxide (CuO) is a highly insoluble thermally stable copper source suitable for glass, optic and ceramic applications.
Copper oxide is a black solid known as tenorite in mineral form, it can be formed by heating copper in the presence of oxygen.

Oxide compounds are not conductive to electricity.
However, certain perovskite structured oxides are electronically conductive finding application in the cathode of solid oxide fuel cells and oxygen generation systems.
They are compounds containing at least one oxygen anion and one metallic cation.

They are typically insoluble in aqueous solutions (water) and extremely stable making them useful in ceramic structures as simple as producing clay bowls to advanced electronics and in light weight structural components in aerospace High Purity (99.999%)
Copper oxide (CuO) Powder and electrochemical applications such as fuel cells in which they exhibit ionic conductivity.
Metal oxide compounds are basic anhydrides and can therefore react with acids and with strong reducing agents in redox reactions.

Copper oxide is also available in pellets, pieces, powder, sputtering targets, tablets, and nanopowder (from American Elements' nanoscale production facilities).
Copper Oxide is generally immediately available in most volumes.
High purity, submicron and nanopowder forms may be considered.

Additional technical, research and safety (MSDS) information is available.
A reddish-orange metal, copper is highly conductive to heat and electricity.
Copper oxide shares this ability with silver and gold, as these elements each have an "free agent" electron that is open to negotiations for chemical bonds with any surrounding available atom.

All the other electrons are firmly contracted to stay with their team, but this one can be easily influenced to transfer.
The metallic bond of a copper wire, for example, creates a crystalline form with a sea of electrons that are in a state of attraction to all surrounding nuclei, existing in a stable, shared state.
As a result of these valence electrons, when electricity or heat is introduced to the wire, these free electrons move through the material, creating a current.

For pharmacodynamic information of Copper oxide, refer to drug entry for Copper.
Copper oxide nanoparticles are known to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS), leading to cytotoxicity.
In a comparative toxicity assay, nanoparticles caused significant mitochondrial depolarization leading to DNA damage.

In the human skin organ culture study, topical application of copper oxide (CuO) nanoparticles induced inflammatory cytokine secretion and necrosis in vitro, indicating that the nanoparticles may adhere to the skin surface and react with the local acidic environment.
Copper oxide (CuO) is better known as Cupric Oxide or black copper oxide.
Copper oxide is found in nature in the mineral tenorite and cuprite.

The other stable form of copper oxide is Copper oxide, cuprous oxide, but this oxide is readily oxidized to cupric oxide in moist air.
The primary use of Copper oxide is to make copper salts and compounds but finds use in other applications such as pottery glazes to produce blue, green or red colors.
Copper oxide is use in fireworks and pyrotechnics produces a moderate blue color when used with chlorates and other chlorinated oxidizers such as perchlorates.

Copper oxide refers to a compound composed of copper and oxygen.
There are several types of copper oxides, each with a different chemical composition and properties.
The most common ones are:

Cuprous Oxide (Cu2O): Also known as copper(I) oxide, this compound consists of copper ions with a +1 oxidation state.
Copper oxide has a red or reddish-brown color and is often used as a pigment in ceramics and glass.

Cupric Oxide (CuO): Also called copper(II) oxide, this compound consists of copper ions with a +2 oxidation state.
Copper oxide is a black powder and is commonly used as a catalyst in various chemical reactions and as a coloring agent in ceramics.

Melting point: 1326 °C
Density: 6.315
refractive index: 2.63
storage temp.: no restrictions.
solubility: Aqueous Acid (Slightly), Methanol (Slightly)
form: powder
color: Brown to black
Specific Gravity: 6.3-6.49
PH: 7 (50g/l, H2O, 20℃)(slurry)
Odor: at 100.00?%. odorless
Water Solubility: insoluble
Merck: 14,2646
Exposure limits ACGIH: TWA 1 mg/m3
NIOSH: IDLH 100 mg/m3; TWA 0.1 mg/m3; TWA 1 mg/m3
Stability: Stable. Incompatible with reducing agents, hydrogen sulfide, aluminium, alkali metals, finely powdered metals.

Copper oxide, which is a d-block element, is named cuprous or cupric based on the electronic configuration.
The main difference between cuprous and cupric is that cuprous is copper +1 cation whereas cupric is copper +2 cation.
When copper is reacted with oxygen, two stable compounds Copper oxide and CuO form.

Copper oxide is an inorganic compound with the formula CuO (Figure 1) also known as ‘cupric oxide’.
In this form, Cu is in the form of Cu+2 and the electron configuration of the Cu changes from [Ar]3d104s1 to [Ar]3d94s0.
Copper oxide is known as tenorite as a mineral (Figure 2). CuO can be obtained by using pyrometallurgical processes.

Copper oxide belongs to the monoclinic crystal system.
The copper atom is coordinated by 4 oxygen atoms in an approximately square planar configuration
These strong colouring oxides and compounds give an apple green colour under neutral or oxidising conditions, except in alkaline glazes when a turquoise blue is obtained.

Whilst in reducing conditions a copper red colour is produced sometimes known as sang-de-boeuf.
Copper oxide is also called as cuprous oxide, an inorganic compound with the chemical formula Cu2O.
Copper oxide is covalent in nature.

Copper oxide crystallizes in a cubic structure.
Copper oxide is easily reduced by hydrogen when heated.
Copper oxide undergoes disproportionation in acid solutions producing copper(II) ions and copper.

When the Copper oxide is gently heated with metallic copper, it is converted into cuprous oxide.
Copper oxide acts as a good corrosion resistance, due to reactions at the surface between the copper and the oxygen in air to give a thin protective oxide layer.
Copper oxide a widely used copper fungicide.

Copper oxide has a low aqueous solubility and a low volatility.
As a heavy metal, copper itself will not degrade in the environment.
Copper oxide is moderately toxic to mammals and most biodiversity.

Copper oxide or cuprous oxide (Cu2O) is an oxide of copper.
Copper oxide is insoluble in water and organic solvents.
Copper oxide dissolves in concentrated ammonia solution to form the colorless complex [Cu(NH3)2]+, which easily oxidizes in air to the blue [Cu(NH3)4(H2O)2]2+.

Copper oxide dissolves in hydrochloric acid to form HCuCl2 (a complex of CuCl), while dilute sulfuric acid and nitric acid produce copper(II) sulfate and copper(II) nitrate, respectively.
Copper oxide is found as the mineral cuprite in some red-colored rocks.
When Copper oxide is exposed to oxygen, copper will naturally oxidize to copper(I) oxide, but this takes extensive time.

Artificial formation is usually accomplished at high temperature or at high oxygen pressure.
With further heating, copper(I) oxide will form copper(II) oxide.
Copper oxide is the basis of the Fehling's test and Benedict's test for reducing sugars which reduce an alkaline solution of a copper(II) salt and give a precipitate of Cu2O.

Copper oxide forms on silver-plated copper parts exposed to moisture when the silver layer is porous or damaged; this kind of corrosion is known as red plague.
Nanoparticles of copper oxide have gained attention due to their unique properties at the nanoscale.
They exhibit different chemical and physical characteristics compared to bulk copper oxides.

Copper oxide nanoparticles have applications in areas such as catalysis, sensors, and medical imaging.
Copper oxide or cupric oxide (CuO) is the higher oxide of copper.
As a mineral, Copper oxide is known as tenorite.

Copper oxides are crucial components in high-temperature superconductors.
These materials, known as cuprate superconductors, exhibit superconductivity at relatively high temperatures compared to traditional superconductors.
The understanding of copper oxide's role in these materials has contributed to advancements in the field of superconductivity.

For pharmacodynamic information of copper, refer to drug entry for Copper.
Copper oxide nanoparticles generate DNA-damaging reactive oxygen species at the nanoparticle surface or in solution by copper dissolved from the nanoparticle surface via Fenton-like reactions 1.
In presence of H2O2, ascorbate, or both, copper (II) oxide generates hydroxyl radical, ascorbyl radical, and superoxide anion that interact with DNA, proteins, and lipids cause oxidative damage and cell death.

Copper oxides are crucial components in high-temperature superconductors.
These materials, known as cuprate superconductors, exhibit superconductivity at relatively high temperatures compared to traditional superconductors.
The understanding of copper oxide's role in these materials has contributed to advancements in the field of superconductivity.

Copper oxide is of particular interest in the field of photovoltaics.
Copper oxide is a p-type semiconductor, and thin films of Cu2O have been investigated for their potential use in solar cells.
The unique electronic properties of copper oxide make it suitable for converting sunlight into electrical energy.

Copper oxide is known for its catalytic properties.
Copper oxide is used as a catalyst in several chemical reactions, including the water-gas shift reaction and the dehydrogenation of alcohols.
The catalytic activity of copper oxide is exploited in industrial processes for the production of various chemicals.

Copper oxide, especially cuprates, are employed as high-temperature superconductors.
These materials exhibit superconductivity at temperatures higher than traditional superconductors, which has potential applications in the development of more efficient power transmission lines and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) devices.
Copper oxide nanoparticles are used in antifouling coatings for marine applications.

The release of copper ions from these coatings helps prevent the attachment of marine organisms such as barnacles and algae to ship hulls, reducing drag and increasing fuel efficiency.
Nanotechnology applications often involve copper oxide nanoparticles due to their unique size-dependent properties.
These nanoparticles find applications in sensors, catalysis, and as antimicrobial agents in various consumer products.

Copper oxide plays a role in the corrosion and patination of ancient copper artifacts.
Studying the presence of different copper oxides on archaeological finds can provide insights into the historical and environmental conditions to which these artifacts were exposed.
Understanding the interactions of copper oxides with biological systems is important for assessing their environmental impact and potential health effects.

Ongoing research continues to explore novel applications for copper oxides, and their properties are being harnessed in emerging technologies.
The versatile nature of copper oxides makes them valuable in a wide range of scientific, industrial, and technological endeavors.

Production methods:
Copper powder oxidation method. Reaction equation:
4Cu + O2 → 2Cu2O
2Cu2O + 2O2 → 4CuO

CuO + H2SO4 → CuSO4 + H2O
CuSO4 + Fe → FeSO4 + Cu↓
2Cu + O2 → 2CuO

Operating methods: roast the raw materials of copper ash and copper slag, and then heat them with gas for the initial oxidation to remove the water and organic impurities in raw materials.
The resulting primary oxides are naturally cooled, pulverized, and then subjected to secondary oxidation to obtain crude copper oxides.
Add crude copper oxides to the reactor pre-loaded 1: 1 sulfuric acid, and react under heating and stirring until the relative density of the liquid doubles and the pH value becomes 2 to 3.

After the generated copper sulfate solution stands until clarification, add iron shavings under heating and stirring conditions to replace copper, and then wash the mixture with hot water to remove sulfate and iron.
After centrifugal separation and drying, the above copper is oxidized and roasted for 8 hours at 450℃.
Then the crude products are cooled and crushed to 100 mesh.

After oxidized in oxidizing furnace, the final copper oxide powders are obtained by centrifugal separation.
2. Copper powder oxidization method: roast the raw materials of copper ash and copper slag, and then heat them with gas for the initial oxidation to remove the water and organic impurities in raw materials.
The resulting primary oxides are naturally cooled, pulverized, and then subjected to secondary oxidation to obtain crude copper oxides.

Add crude copper oxides to the reactor pre-loaded 1: 1 sulfuric acid, and react under heating and stirring until the relative density of the liquid doubles and the pH value becomes 2 to 3.
After the generated copper sulfate solution stands until clarification, add iron shavings under heating and stirring conditions to replace copper, and then wash the mixture with hot water to remove sulfate and iron.
After centrifugal separation and drying, the above copper is oxidized and roasted for 8 hours at 450℃.

Then the crude products are cooled and crushed to 100 mesh.
After oxidized in oxidizing furnace, the final copper oxide powders are obtained.
4Cu+O2→2Cu2O
Cu2O+0.5O2→2CuO

Cu0+H2S04→CuSO4+H2O
CuSO4+Fe→FeSO4+Cu↓
2Cu+O2→2CuO

It is produced on a large scale by pyrometallurgy, as one stage in extracting copper from its ores.
The ores are treated with an aqueous mixture of ammonium carbonate, ammonia, and oxygen to give copper(I) and copper(II) ammine complexes, which are extracted from the solids.
These complexes are decomposed with steam to give CuO.

It can be formed by heating copper in air at around 300–800°C:
2 Cu + O2 → 2 CuO
For laboratory uses, pure copper(II) oxide is better prepared by heating copper(II) nitrate, copper(II) hydroxide, or basic copper(II) carbonate:

2 Cu(NO3)2(s) → 2 CuO(s) + 4 NO2(g) + O2(g) (180°C)
Cu2(OH)2CO3(s) → 2 CuO(s) + CO2(g) + H2O(g)
Cu(OH)2(s) → CuO(s) + H2O(g)

Uses:
Copper oxide is used as pigments for coloring glass, ceramics, porcelain and artificial gems; in batteries and electrodes; in antifouling paints; in electroplating; in welding fluxes for bronze; in the production of rayons; for removal of sulfur from oils; in phosphor mixtures; for polishing optical glass; and as a catalyst.
Copper oxide also is used to prepare various copper compounds.
Copper oxide is found in nature as the minerals tenorite and paramelaconite.

They differ in crystalline structure: tenorite exists as triclinic crystals while paramelaconite consists of tetrahedral cubic crystals.
Copper oxide Can Used for glass, porcelain colorants, oil desulfurization agent, hydrogenation agent, organic synthesis catalyst, and also used in the manufacture of rayon, gas analysis, etc.
Copper oxide can be used as a dietary ingredient and as a nutrient.

Copper aids in the absorption of iron, in the formation of red blood cells and the proper bone formation and maintenance.
Copper oxide Can used for the coloring agents in glass, enamel and ceramic industry, the anti-wrinkle agents of paint and the polish of optical glass.
Copper oxide is used in the manufacture of dyes, organic catalyst carriers and copper compounds.

Also used in the manufacture of artificial silk and oil desulfurization agents.
Copper oxide is used as the raw materials of other nantokites and artificial gemstones.
Copper oxide can be used as a dietary ingredient and as a nutrient.

Copper aids in the absorption of iron, in the formation of red blood cells and the proper bone formation and maintenance.
Copper oxide can be used as a dietary ingredient and as a nutrient.
Copper aids in the absorption of iron, in the formation of red blood cells and the proper bone formation and maintenance.

As pigment in glass, ceramics, enamels, porcelain glazes, artificial gems; in manufacture of rayon, other Cu Compounds; in sweetening petroleum gases; in galvanic electrodes; as flux in metallurgy; in correcting Cu deficiencies in soil; as optical-glass polishing agent; in antifouling paints, pyrotechnic compositions; as exciter in phosphor mixtures; as catalyst for organic reactions; in high tempereture superconductors.
Copper oxide is one of the earliest colorants used by potters.

As previously described, Copper oxide is used to produce a blue gray in a 50% mixture with frit, a green color in oxidizing firings up to 5% where it moves toward black, and a vibrant red color in reduction firings.
Copper oxide can be used as a wash and as a brushed-on application on bisqueware.
Copper oxide is used with enamel frits to increase the adherence of glazes.

When used as a flux Copper oxide can decrease the melting temperature required to increase the fluidity in the melt of the glaze.
Copper oxide has been studied as photocatalysts, sensors, lubricant additives and batteries.
Copper oxide have also shown advantages as oxidizing agents in high speed chemical reactions over traditional cupric oxide nanoparticles.

Copper oxide is a promising p-type oxide material although with a small band gap.
Copper oxide is used in red ceramic porcelain glazes and red glasses.
Also a pigment for anti-fouling paints.

Copper oxide is used as a flux for CA metallurgy, as an optical glass polishing agent, as a pigment, in sweeting petroleum gases and in galvanic electrodes
Copper oxide is used as a catalyst in several chemical reactions.
Copper oxide is involved in processes such as the water-gas shift reaction, where it facilitates the conversion of carbon monoxide and water vapor into carbon dioxide and hydrogen.

Copper oxide has semiconducting properties and has been studied for use in solar cells.
Copper oxide is ability to absorb sunlight and generate an electric current makes it a potential material for photovoltaic applications.
Certain copper oxides, known as cuprate superconductors, are used in high-temperature superconductors.

These materials exhibit superconductivity at temperatures higher than traditional superconductors, and they are employed in various applications such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and power transmission.
Copper oxide nanoparticles are used in marine antifouling coatings.
The release of copper ions from these coatings helps prevent the attachment of marine organisms to ship hulls, reducing biofouling and improving the efficiency of vessels.

Copper oxide is used as a red pigment in ceramics and glass.
Copper oxide imparts a distinctive color to these materials and is utilized in the production of artistic and decorative items.
Copper oxide is employed in the manufacturing of electrodes, and it is used in some battery technologies.

Copper oxide is electrochemical properties make it useful in energy storage applications.
Copper oxide can form as a result of the oxidation of copper metal.
Understanding these oxidation processes is crucial in the production and refining of copper.

Copper oxide nanoparticles are utilized in various nanotechnological applications.
Their unique properties at the nanoscale make them valuable in areas such as sensors, drug delivery systems, and catalysis.
The study of copper oxides on ancient artifacts provides insights into the corrosion and patination processes over time.

This information helps archaeologists and conservators understand the historical and environmental conditions in which these artifacts were preserved.
Copper oxide nanoparticles have potential applications in medicine, including drug delivery and imaging.
Research is ongoing to explore their use in targeted drug delivery systems and as contrast agents in medical imaging.

Copper oxides, especially cuprous oxide, have applications in microelectronics and semiconductor devices.
Their semiconducting properties make them suitable for certain electronic components and integrated circuits.
Copper oxide nanoparticles are used in gas sensors.

The changes in electrical conductivity of copper oxide in the presence of specific gases make it valuable for detecting and monitoring gas concentrations, contributing to applications in environmental monitoring and safety.
Copper oxide nanoparticles are explored for their antibacterial properties.
They can be incorporated into water purification systems to inhibit the growth of bacteria and other microorganisms, providing a method for water disinfection.

Copper oxide nanofluids, where nanoparticles are dispersed in a base fluid, are investigated for their enhanced thermal conductivity.
This property is exploited in heat transfer applications, such as in cooling systems for electronics.
Copper oxides, due to their vibrant colors, are used in pigments and inks for artistic and industrial applications.

Copper oxide, in particular, is used to produce blue and green colors in ceramics and printing.
Copper compounds, including copper oxide, are used in the production of colorful flames and sparks in pyrotechnic displays and fireworks.
The specific color produced depends on the copper compound used.

Copper oxide can be used as a corrosion inhibitor, particularly in systems involving water and metals.
Copper oxide helps protect metal surfaces from corrosion by forming a protective layer.
Copper oxide, including copper oxide, are used in agriculture as fungicides to control fungal diseases on crops.

Copper oxides act as protective agents, preventing the growth of fungi.
Copper oxide is sometimes added to animal feed as a nutritional supplement for livestock.
Copper is an essential trace element in animal diets, contributing to various physiological processes.

Understanding the behavior of copper oxides on artworks and artifacts is crucial in art conservation.
Conservators use this knowledge to preserve and restore items made from copper or copper alloys.
Copper oxide nanoparticles are employed in the textile industry for antimicrobial textile coatings.

These coatings help inhibit the growth of bacteria and fungi on fabrics, providing antimicrobial properties to textiles.
Copper oxide as a CO2 Adsorbent: Copper oxides are investigated for their potential use in capturing and adsorbing carbon dioxide (CO2) from industrial processes and power plants.
This is part of efforts to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions.

Copper oxides are explored for their thermoelectric properties.
These materials can convert heat energy into electrical energy and are being studied for use in thermoelectric devices.
Copper oxide is used as a stationary phase in gas chromatography columns.

This application leverages the chemical reactivity of copper oxide for the separation and analysis of gas mixtures.
Copper oxide is sometimes used as a flux in welding and brazing processes.
Copper oxide helps facilitate the joining of metals by removing oxides from the metal surfaces, promoting better adhesion.

Copper oxides, especially in combination with other elements, are investigated for their magnetic properties.
This research contributes to the development of advanced magnetic materials for various technological applications.
Copper oxide nanoparticles are utilized in electrochemical sensors for the detection of various analytes.

The unique electrochemical properties of copper oxides make them valuable in sensing applications.
Copper compounds, including copper oxide, are used in water treatment to inhibit the growth of algae in reservoirs and water bodies.
This helps maintain water quality.

Copper oxide is sometimes used in cosmetics and personal care products for its color properties.
Copper oxide can be found in products like eyeshadows and nail polishes.
Copper oxide nanoparticles exhibit photocatalytic activity, meaning they can accelerate certain chemical reactions when exposed to light.

This property is explored in environmental applications, such as water purification and air treatment.
Copper oxide is studied for its potential use in fuel cells, which convert chemical energy into electrical energy.
Research in this area aims to improve the efficiency and performance of fuel cell technologies.

Copper oxide can be involved in electroplating processes, where a layer of copper is deposited onto a metal substrate.
This is commonly used in the manufacturing of electronic components.

Health Hazard:
Exposures to copper fume cause fever, chills, muscle aches, nausea, dry throat, coughing, weakness, lassitude, irritation to the eyes, nose, throat, skin, upper respiratory tract, chest tightness, nose bleed, edema, and lung damage.
Symptoms of Copper oxide fume poisoning also include metallic or sweet taste, skin itching, skin rash, skin allergy, and a greenish color to the skin, teeth, and hair.
Workers have increased risk of Wilson’s disease.

Safety Profile:
Ingesting or inhaling copper oxide dust or particles can lead to health issues.
Inhalation of copper dust may cause respiratory irritation, coughing, and difficulty breathing.
Ingesting large amounts of copper can lead to gastrointestinal disturbances, nausea, vomiting, and, in extreme cases, more severe effects such as abdominal pain and liver damage.

Direct contact with copper oxides, especially in the form of dust or fine particles, can cause skin irritation.
Prolonged or repeated skin contact may result in dermatitis.
Eye contact with copper oxide particles or solutions can cause irritation, redness, and potential damage to the eyes.

Workers in industries where copper oxides are used or produced may be at risk of occupational exposure.
Proper safety measures, including personal protective equipment (PPE) and ventilation, are essential to minimize risks.

Synonyms:
Cu(II) oxide
copper;oxygen(2-)
Cuprum oxydatum nigrum
1344-70-3
CHEBI:75955
Copper(II) oxide 325 mesh powder
V1XJQ704R4
DTXSID5034488
NSC-83537
EINECS 215-706-6
CB 250
Copper Oxide 0.4
Copper(II)oxideonalumina
Cuprite 3 Special Order
CUPRIC OXIDE [MI]
Epitope ID:190360
CUPRIC OXIDE [INCI]
Copper(II) oxide on alumina
CUPRIC OXIDE [VANDF]
copper(II) oxide (tenorite)
CUPRIC OXIDE [WHO-DD]
DTXCID3014488
COOPER (AS CUPRIC OXIDE)
COPPER (AS CUPRIC OXIDE)
COPPER(II) OXIDE [HSDB]
KKCXRELNMOYFLS-UHFFFAOYSA-N
CUPRUM OXYDATUM NIGRUM [HPUS]
DB11134
CUPRUM OXYDATUM NIGRUM [WHO-DD]
COOPER (AS CUPRIC OXIDE) [VANDF]
COPPER (AS CUPRIC OXIDE) [VANDF]
Q421787
Copper oxide
SYNONYMS Blue Vitriol; Blue Copper; Blue stone; copperfine-zinc; Copper(II) sulfate pentahydrate; Sulfuric acid copper(2+) salt (1:1) pentahydrate; Cupric sulfate pentahydrate; CAS NO. 7758-98-7 (Anhydrous), 7758-99-8 (pentahydrate)
COPPER OXYCHLORIDE
Copper oxychloride is a protectant fungicide and bactericide used as a foliar spray for the control of fungal and bacterial diseases in fruit and vegetable crops, citrus, stone fruit, pome fruit, and ornamentals.
Copper(II) ions (Cu2+) are taken up by the spores during germination and accumulate until a sufficiently high concentration is achieved to kill the spore cell, with activity limited to the prevention of spore germination.
Excess copper in plants causes physiological alterations that lead to crop productivity losses, but cupric fungicides have been effectively used in the control of Alternaria solani and Phytophthora infestans, which cause early blight and late blight in potato, respectively.

CAS Number: 1332-40-7
EC Number: 215-572-9
Molecular Formula: Cl2Cu4H12O6
Molecular Mass: 427.14

Synonyms: Basic copper chloride, Cl2Cu.3CuH2O2, copper oxychloride, AldrichCPR, DTXSID6034348, 8310AF, 1332-40-7, 1332-65-6, 215-572-9, basic copper chloride, Chlorure hydroxyde de cuivre(2+) (1:3:2), copper chloride oxide hydrate, copper oxychloride, Copper(2+) chloride hydroxide (2:1:3), dicopper(II) chloride trihydroxide, Kupfer(2+)chloridhydroxid (2:1:3), Kupfer(2+)chloridhydroxid(2:1:3), tribasic copper chloride, 8012-69-9 [RN], Agrizan, Areeco, Areecop, ATACAMITE, Blitox, Blitox 50, Blue Copper, Blue Copper 50, Bordeaux A, Bordeaux Z, ChemNut 50, Chemocin, Chloride, Cobox, Cobox Blue, Cobrex, Colloidox, Copen, Copper chloride hydroxide, Copper chloride oxide, hydrate, Copper chloride oxide, hydrate (9CI), Copper chloride, basic, Copper chloride, mixed with copper oxide, hydrate, Copper chloroxide, Copper OC fungicide, Copper oxychloride, Copper oxychloride sulfate, Copper(II) chloride hydroxide (8CI), Copper(II) chloride oxide hydrate (9CI), Coppercide, Copperthom, Coppesan, Coppesan Blue, Coprantol, Coprex, Coprosan Blue, Cupral 45, Cupramer, Cuprargos, Cuprasol, Cupravit, Cupravit Green, Cupravit-Forte, Cupric oxide chloride, Cupricol, Cupritox, Cuprokylt, Cuprokylt L, Cuprosan Blue, Cuprovit, Cuprox, Cuproxol, Demildex, dicopper, Dicopper chloride trihydroxide, DICOPPER(2+) ION CHLORIDE TRIHYDROXIDE, dicopper;chloride;trihydroxide, dicupric chloride trihydroxide, ER, Faligruen, Funguran, Fyco, Fycol 8, Fycop, Fycop 40A, Fytolan, H 200A, Hokko Cupra Super, Kauritil, Kupferoxychlorid, Kupferoxychlorid, Kupricol, Kuprikol, MACC, Maccppper, Microco, Microcop, Miedzian, Miedzian 50, Oxicob, Oxivor, Oxychlorue de cuivre, Oxychlorue de cuivre, Oxychlorure de cuivre, Oxychlorure de cuivre, Oxyclor, Oxycur, Parryco, Parrycop, pBlitox, pCopper oxychloride, Peprosan, pFycop 40A, pMiedzian, Pol-kupritox, pPeprosan, Reco, Recop, Tamraghol, Tetracopper hexahydroxide sulfate, tetracupric hexahydroxide sulfate, Tricop 50, trihydroxide, Turbair Copper Fungicide, UNII:76712031PG, UNII-76712031PG, UNII-IF628703RE, Viricuivre, Vitigran, Vitigran Blue, Agrizan, Areecop, Blitox, Blitox 50, Blue Copper, Blue Copper 50, Bordeaux A, Bordeaux Z, ChemNut 50, Chemocin, Cobox, Cobox Blue, Cobrex, Colloidox, Copen, Copper OC fungicide, Copper chloride oxide, hydrate, Copper chloride, basic, Copper chloroxide, Copper oxychloride [ISO], Copper(II) chloride hydroxide (8CI), Copper(II) chloride oxide hydrate (9CI), Coppercide, Copperthom, Coppesan, Coppesan Blue, Coprantol, Coprex, Coprosan Blue, Cozib 62, Cupral 45, Cupramer, Cuprargos, Cuprasol, Cupravit, Cupravit Green, Cupravit-Forte, Cupric oxide chloride, Cupricol, Cupritox, Cuprokylt, Cuprokylt L, Cuprosan Blue, Cuprovit, Cuprox, Cuproxol, Demildex, Dicopper chloride trihydroxide, Faligruen, Funguran, Fycol 8, Fycop, Fycop 40A, Fytolan, H 200A, Hokko Cupra Super, KT 35, Kauritil, Kupferoxychlorid, Kupricol, Kuprikol, Maccppper, Microcop, Miedzian, Miedzian 50, Ob 21, Oxicob, Oxivor, Oxychlorue de cuivre, Oxychlorure de cuivre, Oxyclor, Oxycur, Parrycop, Peprosan, Recop, Tamraghol, Tricop 50, Turbair Copper Fungicide, Viricuivre, Vitigran, Vitigran Blue, Copper (II) oxychloride

Copper oxychloride is widely used copper fungicide.
Copper oxychloride has a low aqueous solubility and a low volatility.

Copper oxychloride as a heavy metal, copper itself will not degrade in the environment.
Copper oxychloride is moderately toxic to mammals and most biodiversity.

Copper oxychloride has been used as an agricultural fungicide, a pigment in pyrotechnics, and as a catalyst

A protectant copper fungicide and bactericide used as a foliar spray
Copper Oxychloride is for the control of fungal and bacterial diseases in fruit and vegetable crops, citrus, stone fruit, pome fruit and ornamentals.

Foliar fungicide with protective action.
Copper(II) ions ( Cu2+) are taken up by the spores during germination and accumulate until a sufficiently high concentration is achieved to kill the spore cell.

Activity is limited to the prevention of spore germination.

Excess copper in plants causes physiological alterations that lead to crop productivity losses.
However, cupric fungicides have been utilized in the control of Alternaria solani and Phytophtora infestans fungi, which cause early blight and late blight in potato, respectively.
Thus, this study aimed to investigate the effect of different copper oxychloride levels on potato plants through some biochemical and physiological parameters.

The fungicide was applied at the recommended level (2.50 g L−1), at a reduced level (1.25 g L−1), and at 5.00 g L−1, to simulate spraying in the field twice during the same period with the recommended level.
The results revealed that superoxide dismutase protected plants against oxidative stress at the beginning of the cycle since lipoperoxide levels were low in that period.

In addition, increased SOD activity positively correlated with increased usable leaf area for photosynthesis, photosynthetic effectiveness, and growth relative to pre-existing dry matter.
Concomitantly, there was a negative correlation between lipoperoxide levels and LAR and RGR.

Plants randomly sprayed twice in the same period with the level recommended for potato crop protection in the field do not present damage regarding their development.
However, additional studies are needed in order to reduce the use of copper fungicides in the control of early and late blight in potato crop production, then decreasing the release of copper in the environment.

Effects of the Fungicide Copper Oxychloride on the Growth and Reproduction of Eisenia fetida (Oligochaeta)
The article describes a laboratory experiment to determine the effect of copper oxychloride on the earthworm Eisenia fetida.
Copper oxychloride was used because Copper oxychloride is the most commonly used fungicide in South African vineyards but not much is known about Copper oxychloride toxicity to earthworms.

In an experiment lasting 8 weeks, newly hatched earthworms of the species E. fetida were exposed to copper oxychloride mixed into a urine-free cattle manure substrate.
Four groups of 10 worms were used per concentration level (control (4.02), 8.92, 15.92, 39.47, 108.72, 346.85 mg Cu kg substrate(-1)).

The following life-history parameters were measured: earthworm growth in consecutive weeks, survival rate, maturation time, cocoon production, reproduction success, total number of hatchlings produced, and incubation time.
Earthworm growth and cocoon production were significantly reduced at copper oxychloride exposure concentrations of 8.92 mg kg(-1) and higher.

Reproduction success in the 8.92 mg Cu kg substrate(-1) was highest.
From an exposure concentration of 15. 92 mg Cu kg substrate(-1) and higher, there was a considerable impact of copper oxychloride on reproduction.
This could be seen from a reduced reproduction success, a reduced mean and maximum number of hatchlings per cocoon, and a longer incubation time, indicating a strong effect of low copper oxychloride concentrations on this earthworm species.

Process for the preparation of copper oxychloride:
The invention relates to a process for the preparation of copper oxychloride by reaction of metallic copper and copper(II) chloride in aqueous solution in the presence of a gas phase containing at least oxygen, the gas phase being brought to a maximum water content of 10 g/m<3> before being introduced into the aqueous system.

Process for the preparation of copper peroxychloride The invention relates to a process for the production of copper oxychloride by reacting metallic Copper and copper-IT chloride in the aqueous system in the presence of at least oxygen containing gas phase.
As is well known The fungicidal effectiveness of copper oxychloride increases with decreasing particle size.

Taking into account other criteria such as processing ability in the manufacturing process and in the preparation of spray mixtures, plant compatibility, Adhesion strength to the plant, proves a particle size of the copper oxychloride in the range of 1-3 µm as particularly suitable.
In practice, this particle size becomes often indirectly via the ability of the finely divided copper oxychloride to float in a liquid medium determined.

In the manufacture of copper oxychloride, which is used as a pesticide is suitable, and should meet the criteria given above, significant occurred so far Fluctuations in quality.
Powders with a non-uniform grain distribution were often produced and in particular with a high proportion of coarser particles that is no longer acceptable obtain.

The cause for these quality fluctuations was not yet known task the invention was to show a process for the production of copper oxychloride, the one suitable product for plant protection according to the criteria given above supplies.
In particular, Copper oxychloride was an object of the invention to produce copper oxychloride, Whose particles are in any case predominantly in the range of 1-3 µm or Copper oxychloride ability to float in a liquid medium of the particle size distribution according to the task is equivalent to.

Copper oxychloride has now been found that the quality of the copper oxychloride from The water content of the gas phase containing at least oxygen is also determined.
Surprisingly copper oxychloride, which meets the quality requirements mentioned above, is always used then obtained if the at least oxygen-containing gas phase before introduction in the aqueous system 3 has a water content which does not exceed 10 g / m 2 The invention relates to a process for the production of copper oxychloride by reacting metallic copper and copper (II) chloride in the aqueous system in the presence of at least oxygen-containing gas phase, which is characterized is that the gas phase containing at least oxygen before being introduced into the aqueous system when the water content exceeds 10 g / m 2 to a water content of a maximum of 10 g / m is brought.

The water content is preferably limited to a value of at most 4 g / m³ set.
The specified volume size of the gas phase relates to the pressure and temperature of the surrounding atmosphere.

As a gas phase containing at least oxygen, alone for cost reasons, preferably air is used.
However, other oxygen-containing gas mixtures can also be used are used, provided they do not contain accompanying substances that affect the formation reaction of copper oxychloride are detrimental.

The oxygen content of the gas phase is not in itself a critical variable.
If desired, Copper oxychloride can be up to 100% by volume.
Copper oxychloride is preferably in the range which is given by the oxygen content of the surrounding atmosphere.

The copper oxychloride to be prepared according to the invention can by Molecular formula Cu4 (OH) 6Cl2 can be characterized.
Copper oxychloride is produced by putting metallic copper in an aqueous copper-II-chloride solution in the presence of, oxygen is converted to the target product.

The metallic copper is expediently rich in surface area as possible Shape, e.g. B. in the form of chips, Dräbtexl, lamellas and the like., Used.
The metallic copper is covered with an aqueous copper (II) chloride solution, their concentration preferably in the range from 2% by weight to 6% by weight, based on the amount of Knpfer fI ions is.

The easiest way to get oxygen is by introducing a vigorous one Air or oxygen flow into the copper (II) chloride solution, which is the metallic Copper covered, at the bottom Part or at the bottom of the reaction vessel introduced into the reaction system, with the pressure and volume regulation of the gas flow is advantageously carried out so that the reaction mixture by the flowing gas in the brisk movement is maintained.
The water content of the gas phase containing at least oxygen is now according to the invention from the introduction into the reaction system to a content from 0-10 g H2O / m³, preferably 0-4 g H2O / m³.

To investigate the water content of the gas phase, the already previously known methods for the quantitative determination of water in gases are used will.
Gas chromatography is an example.

Often, however, Copper oxychloride is already sufficient to change the temperature of the gas phase and to convince the given saturation pressure of water in the gas phase, that the water content that can be obtained according to the invention is not exceeded.

Any method can be used to dry the gas phase as required be carried out, which are known to the person skilled in the art: For example, drying by passing the oxygen-containing gas phase over desiccants known per se take place.
In addition to absorption and adsorption methods, des To reduce or remove the water content of the gas phase by condensation.

The inventive method is preferably used when printing the surrounding atmosphere, i.e. at 1 bar or about 1 bar :: nd at temperatures of Reaction mixture carried out from 10 ° C to 50 ° t.
Copper oxychloride succeeds reproducibly copper oxychloride produce that meet the requirements for use as a plant protection agent will.

The quality of the copper oxychloride can be determined by Copper oxychloride ability to float of the product in a liquid medium to be assessed for this is the sediment volume the suspension of a given amount of copper oxychloride measured per unit of time.
The measurand used in the following for the levitation is SF defined as ml sediment volume x 100 after a sedimentation time of 60 sec, measured on a suspension of 500 mg of copper oxychloride in 100 ml of water.

An SF value of 3 can be seen as an upper limit that is still tolerable.
The invention will now be explained using an example and a comparative example explained in more detail: Example 3000 kg of metallic copper in the form of wire and sheet metal were in a cylindrical reaction vessel with a height of 3.6 m and a capacity of 20,000 liters with 3000 l of a copper-IT-chloride solution (density D420 = 1.24) and 10,000 l of water poured over.

Thanks to the nozzles arranged evenly over the entire bottom of the vessel air with a water content of 2 g H2O / m3 was then introduced, the amount of air being was regulated in such a way that the reaction mixture always remained in lively motion, without however to foam over.
After the dissolved copper chloride was consumed, that became The resulting copper oxychloride was separated off and dried.

The floatability of the obtained product became as follows determined: A test tube with a capacity of approx. 120 ml was used, eat the upper width 3 cm, which was conical in the lower part and in an approx. 5 cm long narrower, tube provided with 0.01 ml calibrations ended.
In this test pipe a Suspension of 0.5 g of copper oxychloride and 0.05 g of calcium lignosulfonate in 100 ml Given water.

Copper oxychloride was first shaken vigorously again and then leave the arrangement to itself.
After 60 seconds a sediment volume of 0.01 ml measured, corresponding to a floating capacity of SF = 1.

Comparative example The procedure according to the example was repeated, with the modification that the air passed through has a water content of 20 g H2O / m3 exhibited.
For the copper oxychloride obtained, a suspended ability of SF = 34 determined.

Use of Copper oxychloride:
Copper oxychloride is used for PPP in Copper oxychloride original form (in which Copper oxychloride is delivered to user).
Copper oxychloride purpose is to protect plants against harmful organisms or to prevent the activity of such organisms in the open-air, and for the purpose of use in production under protection (greenhouses).

Copper oxychloride is used as a fungicide of Copper oxychloride:
Copper oxychloride is used on listed vegetables, ornamentals, and fruit trees to kill Anthracnose, Blight, Fire blight, and Peach leaf curl.

Features and Benefits of Copper oxychloride:
Economical control of a wide range of fungal and bacterial diseases in many crops and situations
pH neutral product and ultra-fine particle size with majority of particles less than or equal to 2-micron diameter
Free flowing product for easy mixing and application
Copper oxychloride can be applied in tank mixes with a wide range of other chemicals and/or fertilisers, though use caution with alkaline products

Formulation and application details of Copper oxychloride:
Usually supplied as a soluble concentrate or wettable powder that is mixed with water and applied as a spray

Efficacy & activity of Copper oxychloride:
Copper based products have been shown to be affective against many fungal pathogens in field trials.

Identifiers
Pesticide type: Fungicide, Repellent
Substance groups: Inorganic compound
Minimum active substance purity: >569 6/Kg total copper
Known relevant impurities: EU 2018 dossier: May contain heavy metals including Pb, Cd, As, Ni, CO, Sb & Hg
Substance origin: Natural
Mode of action: Absorbed copper disrupts the enzyme systems of pathogens. Multi-site activity.
CAS RN: 1332-40-7
EC number: 215-572-9
CIPAC number: 44.602
US EPA chemical code: -
PubChem CID: 18629822
Molecular mass: 427.14
PIN (Preferred Identification Name): dicopper(II) chloride trihydroxide
IUPAC name: dicopper chloride trioxide
CAS name: copper chloride hydroxide
Other status information: -
Relevant Environmental Water Quality Standards: -
Herbicide Resistance Classification (HRAC): Not applicable
Herbicide Resistance Classification (WSSA): Not applicable
Insecticide Resistance Classification (IRAC): Not applicable
Fungicide Resistance Classification (FRAC): M01
Examples of recorded resistance: -
Physical state: Blue-green powder

Properties of Copper oxychloride:
Molecular weight:427.1.
Physical form:Green to bluish-green powder.
Composition:Contains 57% Cu++.
Melting point:decomp. 300 °C;
Vapour pressure:Negligible at 20 °C;
Solubility:In water <10-5 mg/l (pH 7, 20 °C).
Insoluble in organic solvents.
Soluble in dilute acids, forming Cu(II) salts;
soluble in ammonium hydroxide, forming a complex ion.;
Stability:Very stable in neutral media.
Decomposes on heating in alkaline media with the formation of copper oxides.
Decomposes on heating, with the formation of copper oxides, and loss of hydrogen chloride.
Green to bluish-green powder; apparent density 420-520 g/l.
Composition of product varies with conditions of manufacture but generally 56%-58% copper.
Both strongly corrosive to iron, galvanized iron.
Soluble in ammonium hydroxide solutions.
Soluble with decomposition in dilute acids.

Molecular Weight: 433.18
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 6
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 6
Rotatable Bond Count: 0
Exact Mass: 431.71767
Monoisotopic Mass: 429.71948
Topological Polar Surface Area: 6 Ų
Heavy Atom Count: 12
Complexity: 5.5
Isotope Atom Count: 0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 10
Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes
COPPER SULFATE
copper sulfate; Blue Vitriol; Blue Copper; Blue stone; copperfine-zinc; Copper(II) sulfate pentahydrate; Sulfuric acid copper(2+) salt (1:1) pentahydrate; Cupric sulfate pentahydrate; Kupfersulfat Pentahydrat cas no: 7758-98-7
COPPER SULFATE
DESCRIPTION:
Copper sulfate, also known as copper sulphate, is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula CuSO4.
Copper sulfate forms hydrates CuSO4•nH2O, where n can range from 1 to 7.
The pentahydrate (n = 5), a bright blue crystal, is the most commonly encountered hydrate of copper sulfate.

CAS Number: 7758-98-7 (anhydrous)
EC Number: 231-847-6
IUPAC name: Copper(II) sulfate

Older names for the pentahydrate include blue vitriol, bluestone, vitriol of copper, and Roman vitriol.
Copper sulfate exothermically dissolves in water to give the aquo complex [Cu(H2O)6]2+, which has octahedral molecular geometry.
The structure of the solid pentahydrate reveals a polymeric structure wherein copper is again octahedral but bound to four water ligands.

The Cu(II)(H2O)4 centers are interconnected by sulfate anions to form chains.
Anhydrous copper sulfate is a light grey powder.
Copper sulfate appears as a white or off-white solid.
Copper sulfate has Melting point 200 °C with decomposition.
Copper sulfate is Non-combustible.

Copper sulfate is a salt created by treating cupric oxide with sulfuric acid.
This forms as large, bright blue crystals containing five molecules of water (CuSO4∙5H2O) and is also known as blue vitriol.
The anhydrous salt is created by heating the hydrate to 150 °C (300 °F).
Cupric sulfate is used primarily for agricultural purposes, as a pesticide, germicide, feed additive, and soil additive.
Some of its secondary uses are as a raw material in the preparation of other copper compounds, as a reagent in analytic chemistry, as an electrolyte for batteries and electroplating baths, and in medical practice as a locally applied fungicide, bactericide, and astringent.

Copper is an essential trace element and an important catalyst for heme synthesis and iron absorption.
After zinc and iron, copper is the third most abundant trace element found in the human body. Copper is a noble metal and its properties include high thermal and electrical conductivity, low corrosion, alloying ability, and malleability.

Copper is a component of intrauterine contraceptive devices (IUD) and the release of copper is necessary for their important contraceptive effects.
The average daily intake of copper in the USA is approximately 1 mg Cu with the diet being a primary source.
Interestingly, the dysregulation of copper has been studied with a focus on neurodegenerative diseases, such as Wilson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease, and Parkinson’s disease.
Data from clinical observations of the neurotoxic effects of copper may provide the basis for future treatments affecting copper and its homeostasis.

Copper sulfate is a metal sulfate compound having copper(2+) as the metal ion.
Copper sulfate has a role as a sensitiser, a fertilizer and an emetic.
It contains a copper(2+).

PREPARATION AND OCCURRENCE OF COPPER SULFATE:
Copper sulfate is produced industrially by treating copper metal with hot concentrated sulfuric acid or copper oxides with dilute sulfuric acid.
For laboratory use, copper sulfate is usually purchased.
Copper sulfate can also be produced by slowly leaching low-grade copper ore in air; bacteria may be used to hasten the process.

Commercial copper sulfate is usually about 98% pure copper sulfate, and may contain traces of water.
Anhydrous copper sulfate is 39.81 percent copper and 60.19 percent sulfate by mass, and in its blue, hydrous form, it is 25.47% copper, 38.47% sulfate (12.82% sulfur) and 36.06% water by mass.
Four types of crystal size are provided based on its usage: large crystals (10–40 mm), small crystals (2–10 mm), snow crystals (less than 2 mm), and windswept powder (less than 0.15 mm).

CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF COPPER SULFATE:
Chemical formula:
CuSO4 (anhydrous)
CuSO4•5H2O (pentahydrate)
Molar mass:
159.60 g/mol (anhydrous)
249.685 g/mol (pentahydrate)
Appearance:
gray-white (anhydrous)
blue (pentahydrate)
Density:
3.60 g/cm3 (anhydrous)
2.286 g/cm3 (pentahydrate)
Melting point:
110 °C (230 °F; 383 K) decomposes
560 °C decomposes(pentahydrate)
Fully decomposes at 590 °C (anhydrous)
Boiling point: decomposes to cupric oxide at 650 °C
Solubility in water:
1.055 molal (10 °C)
1.26 molal (20 °C)
1.502 molal (30 °C)
Solubility:
insoluble in ethanol (anhydrous)
soluble in methanol (pentahydrate)
10.4 g/L (18 °C)
insoluble in ethanol and acetone
Magnetic susceptibility (χ): 1330•10−6 cm3/mol
Refractive index (nD): 1.724–1.739 (anhydrous)
1.514–1.544 (pentahydrate)
Structure:
Crystal structure:
Orthorhombic (anhydrous, chalcocyanite), space group Pnma, oP24, a = 0.839 nm, b = 0.669 nm, c = 0.483 nm.
Triclinic (pentahydrate), space group P1, aP22, a = 0.5986 nm, b = 0.6141 nm, c = 1.0736 nm, α = 77.333°, β = 82.267°, γ = 72.567°
Thermochemistry:
Std molar entropy (S⦵298): 5 J/(K•mol)
Std enthalpy of formation (ΔfH⦵298): −769.98 kJ/mol
Molecular Weight: 159.61
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 0
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 4
Rotatable Bond Count: 0
Exact Mass: 158.881327
Monoisotopic Mass: 158.881327
Topological Polar Surface Area: 88.6 Ų
Heavy Atom Count: 6
Formal Charge: 0
Complexity: 62.2
Isotope Atom Count: 0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 2
Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes





Copper sulfate pentahydrate decomposes before melting.
Copper sulfate loses two water molecules upon heating at 63 °C (145 °F), followed by two more at 109 °C (228 °F) and the final water molecule at 200 °C (392 °F).

The chemistry of aqueous copper sulfate is simply that of copper aquo complex, since the sulfate is not bound to copper in such solutions.
Thus, such solutions react with concentrated hydrochloric acid to give tetrachlorocuprate(II):
Cu2+ + 4 Cl− → [CuCl4]2−

Similarly treatment of such solutions with zinc gives metallic copper, as described by this simplified equation:
CuSO4 + Zn → Cu + ZnSO4
A further illustration of such "single metal replacement reactions" occurs when a piece of iron is submerged in a solution of copper sulfate:
Fe + CuSO4 → FeSO4 + Cu

In high school and general chemistry education, copper sulfate is used as an electrolyte for galvanic cells, usually as a cathode solution.
For example, in a zinc/copper cell, copper ion in copper sulfate solution absorbs electron from zinc and forms metallic copper.
Cu2+ + 2e− → Cu (cathode), E°cell = 0.34 V
Copper sulfate is commonly included in teenager chemistry sets and undergraduate experiments.
Copper sulfate is often used to grow crystals in schools and in copper plating experiments, despite its toxicity.
Copper sulfate is often used to demonstrate an exothermic reaction, in which steel wool or magnesium ribbon is placed in an aqueous solution of CuSO4.

Copper sulfate is used to demonstrate the principle of mineral hydration.
The pentahydrate form, which is blue, is heated, turning the copper sulfate into the anhydrous form which is white, while the water that was present in the pentahydrate form evaporates.
When water is then added to the anhydrous compound, Copper sulfate turns back into the pentahydrate form, regaining its blue color.
Copper sulfate pentahydrate can easily be produced by crystallization from solution as copper sulfate, which is hygroscopic.



USES OF COPPER SULFATE:
As a fungicide and herbicide:
Copper sulfate has been used for control of algae in lakes and related fresh waters subject to eutrophication.
Copper sulfate "remains the most effective algicidal treatment".

Bordeaux mixture, a suspension of copper(II) sulfate (CuSO4) and calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2), is used to control fungus on grapes, melons, and other berries.
Copper sulfate is produced by mixing a water solution of copper sulfate and a suspension of slaked lime.

A dilute solution of copper sulfate is used to treat aquarium fishes for parasitic infections, and is also used to remove snails from aquariums and zebra mussels from water pipes.
Copper ions are highly toxic to fish, however.
Most species of algae can be controlled with very low concentrations of copper sulfate.

Analytical reagent:
Several chemical tests utilize copper sulfate.
Copper sulfate is used in Fehling's solution and Benedict's solution to test for reducing sugars, which reduce the soluble blue copper(II) sulfate to insoluble red copper(I) oxide.
Copper(II) sulfate is also used in the Biuret reagent to test for proteins.

Copper sulfate is used to test blood for anemia.
The blood is dropped into a solution of copper sulfate of known specific gravity—blood with sufficient hemoglobin sinks rapidly due to its density, whereas blood which sinks slowly or not at all has an insufficient amount of hemoglobin.
Clincally relevant, however, modern laboratories utilize automated blood analyzers for accurate quantitative hemoglobin determinations, as opposed to older qualitative means.
In a flame test, the copper ions of copper sulfate emit a deep green light, a much deeper green than the flame test for barium.

Organic synthesis:
Copper sulfate is employed at a limited level in organic synthesis.
The anhydrous salt is used as a dehydrating agent for forming and manipulating acetal groups.
The hydrated salt can be intimately mingled with potassium permanganate to give an oxidant for the conversion of primary alcohols.

Rayon production:
Reaction with ammonium hydroxide yields tetraamminecopper(II) sulfate or Schweizer's reagent which was used to dissolve cellulose in the industrial production of Rayon.

Niche uses:
Copper(II) sulfate has attracted many niche applications over the centuries.
In industry copper sulfate has multiple applications.
In printing Copper sulfate is an additive to book-binding pastes and glues to protect paper from insect bites; in building it is used as an additive to concrete to improve water resistance and discourage anything from growing on it.

Copper sulfate can be used as a coloring ingredient in artworks, especially glasses and potteries. Copper sulfate is also used in firework manufacture as a blue coloring agent, but it is not safe to mix copper sulfate with chlorates when mixing firework powders.
Copper sulfate was once used to kill bromeliads, which serve as mosquito breeding sites.
Copper sulfate is used as a molluscicide to treat bilharzia in tropical countries.

Art:
In 2008, the artist Roger Hiorns filled an abandoned waterproofed council flat in London with 75,000 liters of copper(II) sulfate water solution.
The solution was left to crystallize for several weeks before the flat was drained, leaving crystal-covered walls, floors and ceilings.
The work is titled Seizure.
Since 2011, Copper sulfate has been on exhibition at the Yorkshire Sculpture Park.

Etching:
Copper(II) sulfate is used to etch zinc or copper plates for intaglio printmaking.
Copper sulfate is also used to etch designs into copper for jewelry, such as for Champlevé.

Dyeing:
Copper(II) sulfate can be used as a mordant in vegetable dyeing.
Copper sulfate often highlights the green tints of the specific dyes.

Electronics:
An aqueous solution of copper(II) sulfate is often used as the resistive element in liquid resistors.

OTHER FORMS OF COPPER SULFATE:
Anhydrous copper(II) sulfate can be produced by dehydration of the commonly available pentahydrate copper sulfate.
In nature, copper sulfate is found as the very rare mineral known as chalcocyanite.
The pentahydrate also occurs in nature as chalcanthite.

Other rare copper sulfate minerals include bonattite (trihydrate), boothite (heptahydrate), and the monohydrate compound poitevinite.
There are numerous other, more complex, copper(II) sulfate minerals known, with environmentally important basic copper(II) sulfates like langite and posnjakite.


QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS ABOUT COPPER SULFATE:
What is copper sulfate?
Copper sulfate is an inorganic compound that combines sulfur with copper.
Copper sulfate can kill bacteria, algae, roots, plants, snails, and fungi.
The toxicity of copper sulfate depends on the copper content.

Copper is an essential mineral.
Copper sulfate can be found in the environment, foods, and water.
Copper sulfate has been registered for use in pesticide products in the United States since 1956.

What are some products that contain copper sulfate?
Products containing copper sulfate can be liquids, dusts, or crystals.
There are several dozen active products containing copper sulfate on the market in the United States.

Some of these have been approved for use in organic agriculture.
Always follow label instructions and take steps to avoid exposure.
If any exposures occur, be sure to follow the First Aid instructions on the product label carefully.

How does copper sulfate work?
Copper in copper sulfate binds to proteins in fungi and algae.
This damages the cells causing them to leak and die.
In snails, copper disrupts the normal function of the skin cells and enzymes.

How might I be exposed to copper sulfate?
You can be exposed if you are applying copper sulfate and you get it on your skin, breathe it in, or accidentally eat or drink a product.
This can also happen if you get some on your hands and eat or smoke without washing your hands first.
You can limit your exposure and reduce risk by following all label instructions carefully.

What are some signs and symptoms from a brief exposure to copper sulfate?
Copper sulfate can cause severe eye irritation.
Eating large amounts of copper sulfate can lead to nausea, vomiting, and damage to body tissues, blood cells, the liver, and kidneys.
With extreme exposures, shock and death can occur.
Copper sulfate affects animals in a similar way.
Signs of poisoning in animals include lack of appetite, vomiting, dehydration, shock, and death. Diarrhea and vomit may have a green to blue color.

What happens to copper sulfate when it enters the body?
Copper is an essential element and it is required to support proper health.
The human body adjusts its internal environment to maintain copper equilibrium.
Copper sulfate is absorbed into the body if eaten or inhaled.

Copper sulfate then rapidly enters the bloodstream.
Once inside, copper moves throughout the body.
Copper sulfate then binds to proteins and enters different organs.

Excess copper is excreted and not often stored in the body.
Copper can be collected in the liver but it can also be found in stomach secretions, bone, brain, hair, heart, intestine, kidneys, muscle, nails, skin, and spleen.
Copper is mainly excreted in the feces.
Small amounts can also be eliminated in hair and nails.
In one study, researchers found it takes 13 to 33 days for half of a large copper dose to be eliminated from the body.

Is copper sulfate likely to contribute to the development of cancer?
Whether copper sulfate causes cancer in animals is uncertain.
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) has not published a cancer rating for copper sulfate.
This is due to a lack of evidence linking copper or copper salts to cancer development in animals that can normally regulate copper in their bodies.

One study looked at long-term work-related exposures to copper sulfate.
They found an increased risk of kidney cancer.
Another study found that decreasing copper can inhibit cancer growth.
Animal studies have provided conflicting results.

Has anyone studied non-cancer effects from long-term exposure to copper sulfate?
Studies in humans of long-term non-cancer effects to copper sulfate were not identified.
However, Wilson's disease may provide insight into potential health effects over long periods of time.

Wilson's disease is a rare genetic disorder in which the body retains too much copper.
The effects include infertility, higher miscarriage rates, loss of menses and hormonal imbalances in women.
In men, the testes don't function properly.
Exposure to copper sulfate does not cause Wilson’s disease.

In one study, mice were fed very large amounts of copper sulfate before and during pregnancy.
Some baby mice died during gestation or did not develop normally.

Are children more sensitive to copper sulfate than adults?
Children may be especially sensitive to pesticides compared to adults.
However, there are currently no data to conclude that children have increased sensitivity specifically to copper sulfate.

What happens to copper sulfate in the environment?
Copper naturally occurs in the environment.
Copper in soil may originate from natural sources, pesticides, or other sources.
These may include mining, industry, architectural material, and motor vehicles.
Copper accumulates mainly at the surface of soils, where Copper sulfate binds tightly and persists.

Copper sulfate is highly soluble in water and Copper sulfate can bind to sediments.
Copper is regulated by plants because Copper sulfate is an essential mineral.
Too much copper can be toxic to plants as Copper sulfate inhibits photosynthesis.

Can copper sulfate affect birds, fish, or other wildlife?
The U.S. EPA considers copper to be practically nontoxic to bees and moderately toxic to birds. Studies with several aquatic species have found copper to be highly to very highly toxic to fish and aquatic life.
Trout, koi and juvenile fish of several species are known to be particularly sensitive to copper.
Fish kills have been reported after copper sulfate applications for algae control in ponds and lakes.

Oxygen depletion and increased debris have been cited as the cause of most fish deaths.
This is sometimes due to the sudden death and decay of algae and plants after an application.
Even small concentrations of copper can be harmful to fish and water organisms.
Always follow label instructions to protect the environment
SAFETY INFORMATION ABOUT COPPER SULFATE:
First aid measures:
Description of first aid measures:
General advice:
Consult a physician.
Show this safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
Move out of dangerous area:

If inhaled:
If breathed in, move person into fresh air.
If not breathing, give artificial respiration.
Consult a physician.
In case of skin contact:
Take off contaminated clothing and shoes immediately.
Wash off with soap and plenty of water.
Consult a physician.

In case of eye contact:
Rinse thoroughly with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes and consult a physician.
Continue rinsing eyes during transport to hospital.

If swallowed:
Do NOT induce vomiting.
Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person.
Rinse mouth with water.
Consult a physician.

Firefighting measures:
Extinguishing media:
Suitable extinguishing media:
Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.
Special hazards arising from the substance or mixture
Carbon oxides, Nitrogen oxides (NOx), Hydrogen chloride gas

Advice for firefighters:
Wear self-contained breathing apparatus for firefighting if necessary.
Accidental release measures:
Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures
Use personal protective equipment.

Avoid breathing vapours, mist or gas.
Evacuate personnel to safe areas.

Environmental precautions:
Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so.
Do not let product enter drains.
Discharge into the environment must be avoided.

Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Soak up with inert absorbent material and dispose of as hazardous waste.
Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.

Handling and storage:
Precautions for safe handling:
Avoid inhalation of vapour or mist.

Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place.
Containers which are opened must be carefully resealed and kept upright to prevent leakage.
Storage class (TRGS 510): 8A: Combustible, corrosive hazardous materials

Exposure controls/personal protection:
Control parameters:
Components with workplace control parameters
Contains no substances with occupational exposure limit values.
Exposure controls:
Appropriate engineering controls:
Handle in accordance with good industrial hygiene and safety practice.
Wash hands before breaks and at the end of workday.

Personal protective equipment:
Eye/face protection:
Tightly fitting safety goggles.
Faceshield (8-inch minimum).
Use equipment for eye protection tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or EN 166(EU).

Skin protection:
Handle with gloves.
Gloves must be inspected prior to use.
Use proper glove
removal technique (without touching glove's outer surface) to avoid skin contact with this product.
Dispose of contaminated gloves after use in accordance with applicable laws and good laboratory practices.
Wash and dry hands.

Full contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0.11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Material tested:Dermatril (KCL 740 / Aldrich Z677272, Size M)
Splash contact
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0.11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Material tested:Dermatril (KCL 740 / Aldrich Z677272, Size M)
It should not be construed as offering an approval for any specific use scenario.

Body Protection:
Complete suit protecting against chemicals, The type of protective equipment must be selected according to the concentration and amount of the dangerous substance at the specific workplace.
Respiratory protection:
Where risk assessment shows air-purifying respirators are appropriate use a fullface respirator with multi-purpose combination (US) or type ABEK (EN 14387) respirator cartridges as a backup to engineering controls.

If the respirator is the sole means of protection, use a full-face supplied air respirator.
Use respirators and components tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or CEN (EU).
Control of environmental exposure
Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so.
Do not let product enter drains.
Discharge into the environment must be avoided.

Stability and reactivity:
Chemical stability:
Stable under recommended storage conditions.
Incompatible materials:
Strong oxidizing agents:
Hazardous decomposition products:
Hazardous decomposition products formed under fire conditions.
Carbon oxides, Nitrogen oxides (NOx), Hydrogen chloride gas.

Disposal considerations:
Waste treatment methods:
Product:
Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company.
Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material.
Contaminated packaging:
Dispose of as unused product.


SYNONYMS OF COPPER SULFATE:
MeSH Entry Terms
Blue Vitriol
Copper Sulfate
Cupric Sulfate
Sulfate, Copper
Sulfate, Cupric
Vitriol, Blue

Depositor-Supplied Synonyms:
Copper sulfate
7758-98-7
Copper(II) sulfate
CUPRIC SULFATE
Copper sulphate
Cupric sulfate anhydrous
Copper(2+) sulfate
Copper(ii) sulfate, anhydrous
Copper monosulfate
Cupricsulfate
Blue stone
Copper(2+) sulphate
Copper II sulfate
Copper sulfate (1:1)
Sulfuric acid copper(2+) salt (1:1)
copper;sulfate
CuSO4
copper(II) sulphate
COPPERSULFATE
Copper(2+) sulfate (1:1)
10124-44-4
Copper sulfate, anhydrous
Copper monosulphate
18939-61-2
Sulfuric acid, copper(2+) salt
Cupric sulphate anhydrous
Cupric sulfate, anhydrous
Cupric sulphate, anhydrous
KUW2Q3U1VV
1332-14-5
Hylinec
Trinagle
Delcup
SULFURIC ACID, COPPERSALT (8CI,9CI)
Monocopper sulfate
Incracide 10A
BCS copper fungicide
Blue copper (VAN)
Copper Sulfate Powder
Kupfersulfat [German]
Snow Crystal Copper Sulfate
Sulfate de cuivre [French]
Aqua Maid Permanent Algaecide
CCRIS 3665
HSDB 916
Granular Crystals Copper Sulfate
Copper (II) sulphate
MAC 570
Bluestone copper sulfate
Tobacco States Brand Copper Sulfate
EINECS 231-847-6
Phelps Triangle Brand Copper Sulfate
UNII-KUW2Q3U1VV
MFCD00010981
NSC 57630
Sulfuric acid, copper salt
Copper (II) Sulfate Anhydrous
Sa-50 Brand Copper Sulfate Granular Crystals
Aquatronics Snail-A-Cide Dri-Pac Snail Powder
copper(II)sulphate
copper(II)-sulfate
EINECS 242-692-9
Copper (as sulfate)
Copper Sulfate Chelate
CuSO4 copper sulphate
Copper (11) sulfate
Copper( cento) sulfate
Sulfuric acid, copper(2+) salt (1:?)
Cupric sulfate,anhydrous
Bluestone, Cupric Sulfate
Copper(ii) tetraoxosulfate
CUPRIC SULFATE [MI]
COPPER SULFATE [INCI]
CUPRIC SULFATE [HSDB]
Sulfuric acid copper(2+)salt
COPPER SULFATE [WHO-DD]
DTXSID6034479
CHEBI:23414
COPPER SULPHATE (1:1)
CUPRIC SULFATE ANHYDROUS [II]
AKOS015902901
COPPER(2+) SULPHATE (1:1)
DB06778
CUPRIC SULFATE,ANHYDROUS [VANDF]
BP-20356
FisherTab™ CT-37 Kjeldahl Tablets
FisherTab™ CT-50 Kjeldahl Tablets
FisherTab™ TT-35 Kjeldahl Tablets
FisherTab™ TT-43 Kjeldahl Tablets
FisherTab™ TT-50 Kjeldahl Tablets
FisherTab™ TT-57 Kjeldahl Tablets
FisherTab™ CT-AUTO Kjeldahl Tablets
FT-0624048
C18713
COPPER SULFATE, ANHYDROUS [EP IMPURITY]
CUPRIC SULFATE ANHYDROUS [USP MONOGRAPH]
cupric sulphate, copper sulphate, cupric sulfate
A923422
Q107184
SR-01000944582
SR-01000944582-1


COPPER SULFATE
CAS NUMBER: 7758-98-7
EC NUMBER: 631-506-5
MOLECULAR WEIGHT: 159,609 g/mol
MOLECULAR FORMULA: CuSO4

Copper sulfate, also known as bluestone, is a blue and odorless substance.
Copper sulfate is produced industrially by treating copper metal with Copper sulfates oxides with hot concentrated sulfuric acid or dilute sulfuric acid.
Copper sulfate is often purchased for laboratory use.
Copper sulfate can also be produced by slow leaching of low-grade copper ore in air; Bacteria can be used to speed up the process.

Before melting, copper sulfate pentahydrate decomposes at 180 degrees, loses these two water formulas at 63 degrees, then two formulas at 109 degrees, and finally these two water formulas at 200 degrees.
Copper sulfate is an essential trace element that is included in some over-the-counter multivitamin and mineral supplements, even though copper deficiency is quite rare and supplementation is rarely needed.
The amounts of copper found in typical supplements has not been associated with serum enzyme elevations or with clinically apparent liver injury.
However, accidental or intentional copper overdose can cause an acute liver injury and chronic ingestion of excessive amounts of copper can result in copper overload and chronic liver injury.

Copper sulfate is an inorganic compound that combines sulfur with copper.
Copper sulfate can kill bacteria, algae, roots, plants, snails, and fungi.
The toxicity of copper sulfate depends on the copper content.

Copper sulfate is azurite blue crystal, produced by refining copper electrolyte generated during the electrolytic copper manufacturing process.
Copper sulfate is widely used for copper plating, catalysts, and pigments.
Due to Copper sulfates high and stable quality, Copper sulfate is highly evaluated, especially for plating use.
In recent times, copper sulfate containing a low amount of impurities is required with the increase in density and the miniaturization of printed circuit boards.
In response to this, we have developed a high-purity product with an extremely low amount of Fe, Ni, Pb, etc., to be added to our product lineup, in order to satisfy various needs.

Copper sulfate is a term that can refer to either of the following chemical compounds – cuprous sulfate (Cu2SO4), or cupric sulfate (CuSO4).
However, the latter is the preferred compound described by the term ‘copper sulfate’.
The systematic name for CuSO4 is copper(II) sulfate, but Copper sulfate is also referred to as blue vitriol, Roman vitriol, the vitriol of copper, and bluestone.
Copper sulfate is also known as cupric sulfate.

Copper sulfate is a compound whose chemical formula is expressed as cuso4.
Depending on the degree of hydration of the salt, there are a number of compounds.
Although Copper sulfate is a light green or gray-like powder in anhydrous form, the most common form of Pentahydrate is bright blue.

Copper is an essential mineral.
Copper sulfate can be found in the environment, foods, and water.
Copper sulfate has been registered for use in pesticide products in the United States since 1956.
Products containing copper sulfate can be liquids, dusts, or crystals.
There are several dozen active products containing copper sulfate on the market in the United States.
Some of these have been approved for use in organic agriculture.

Copper sulfate, also known as copper sulphate, are the inorganic compounds with the chemical formula CuSO4(H2O)x, where x can range from 0 to 5.
The pentahydrate (x = 5) is the most common form.
Older names for this compound include blue vitriol, bluestone, vitriol of copper, and Roman vitriol.
Copper sulfate is a blue, odorless substance.
Copper sulfate's intensity is 1,02 g/cm³.
Dissolves fully in water.

Copper sulfate is an inorganic compound that combines copper and sulfate.
In Copper sulfates liquid or powdered form Copper sulfate’s most commonly called basic copper sulfate, BSC copper fungicide, CP basic sulfate, or tri-basic copper sulfate.
In Copper sulfates solid, crystal-shaped stone form (known as a pentahydrate) Copper sulfate’s known as blue stone or blue vitriol for Copper sulfates blue color.
In this form, Copper sulfate’s a popular raw material for producing other types of copper salts.

A very small amount of Pentahydrate can be very harmful to the environment.
May irritate skin and eyes.
If swallowed, Copper sulfate causes throat irritation.

Copper sulfate has octahedral molecular, geometry and paramagnetic properties.
Their exothermic dissolution in water forms the (cu(h2o)6) complex.
Copper sulfate is also known chemically as eye stone or blue vitreous pathway.
Copper sulfate is formed as a result of chemically diluting copper oxide with sulfuric acid or by treating copper metal with concentrated sulfuric acid and temperature.
In order to get away from the oxidizing effect of concentrated sulfuric acid and to increase Copper sulfates efficiency, the reaction conditions are changed and the production takes place by reacting the diluted hot sulfuric acid with plenty of air as an oxidant.
The anhydrous form of copper sulfate is known as chalcocyanite and is rarely found in nature.
Also known as hydrated copper sulfate, heptahydrate.

The most common form of copper sulfate is Copper sulfates pentahydrate, given by the chemical formula CuSO4.5H2O.
This form is characterized by its bright blue colour.
However, Copper sulfate can be noted that the anhydrous form of this salt is a powder that is white.
The CuSO4 molecule consists of an ionic bond between the copper cation (Cu2+) and the sulfate anion (SO42-).
An illustration describing the structure of a copper sulfate molecule is provided below.

Copper sulfate pentahydrate decomposes before melting.
Upon heating at 63°C (145°F), Copper sulfate loses two water molecules, followed by two more at 109°C (228°F) and the last water molecule at 200°C (392°F).
Dehydration continues with the breakdown of tetraacuopperin (2+), two opposing aqua groups disappear to give a diacoper (2+) fragment.
The second dehydration stage occurs when the last two battery packs are lost.
Complete dehydration occurs when the unbound water molecule is lost.
At 650 °C (1,202 °F), copper(II) sulfate decomposes into copper(II) oxide (CuO) and sulfur trioxide (SO3).

Copper sulfate decomposes into sulfur dioxide and copper oxide at 650 degrees.
Copper sulfate reacts with different concentrated hydroxide acid.
As a result of the reaction, the blue color of the solution becomes green due to the formation of tetrachloroethylene.

Copper in copper sulfate binds to proteins in fungi and algae.
This damages the cells causing them to leak and die.
In snails, copper disrupts the normal function of the skin cells and enzymes.
Commercial copper sulfate is usually about 98% pure copper sulfate and may contain small amounts of water.
Anhydrous Copper sulfate is 39.81 mass percent copper and 60.19 percent sulfate, and in its blue, aqueous form Copper sulfate is 25.47% copper, 38.47% sulfate (12.82% sulfur) and 36.06% water, by mass.
Four kinds of crystal sizes are provided, according to the use of large crystals (10-40 mm), small crystals (2-10 mm), snow crystals (less than 2 mm) and wind-scavenging dust (less than 0.15 mm).

The largest health benefit of copper sulfate is that Copper sulfate is used to control bacteria and fungus growth on fruits, vegetables, and other crops, as Copper sulfate’s been registered for pesticide use in the United States since 1956.
Copper sulfate includes mildew, which can cause leaf spots and plant spoilage, as copper sulfate binds to the proteins in fungus, damaging the cells and causing them to die.
Copper sulfate is made before melting copper(II) sulfate pentahydrate.
Two lose their water upon heating at 63°C (145°F), followed by two more at 109°C (228°F) and son at 200°C (392°F).
Dehydration continues with the breakdown of tetraacuopperin (2+), with two opposing aqua groups presenting as a diacoper (2+).
Second dehydration, son can be from two battery groups.
Complete dehydration, bound water integration may be possible. 650 °C (1,202 °F), copper (II) oxide (CuO) and sulfur trioxide (SO3).

Copper Sulfate Monohydrate is a water soluble Copper source for uses compatible with sulfates.
Copper Sulfate is generally immediately available in most volumes.
High purity, submicron and nanopowder forms may be considered.
American Elements copper sulfate facilities manufacture using a process that was developed to provide a non-caking high purity copper sulfate suitable for both industrial and agricultural applications.

Copper Sulfate is particularly useful in demanding applications, such as copper plating and electroless copper plating.
The product contains no non-caking agents.
We also produce Copper Sulfate Solution.
American Elements produces to many standard grades when applicable, including Mil Spec (military grade); ACS, Reagent and Technical Grade; Food, Agricultural and Pharmaceutical Grade; Optical Grade, USP and EP/BP (European Pharmacopoeia/British Pharmacopoeia) and follows applicable ASTM testing standards.
Typical and custom packaging is available.

Copper sulfate, also called bluestone, is a "blue and odorless substance.
Copper sulfate is produced so that Copper sulfate can be treated or applied to copper metal with its oxides of hot concentrated sulfuric acid with dilute sulfuric acid.
Bought sent off for the lab.
Copper can also be produced by graded copper quality at drop in rate." ; can be used to speed up the process.
Copper sulfate can be produced starting from the pure copper room, such as copper air conditioner pipes, telephone cables, which are collected for recycling.
250 grams of electronically pure copper sulfuric acid is melted to make 1 kilogram of copper sulfate.
A blue solution is formed.

Normal weather conditions are not sufficient for the copper in the solution to reach 33 percent.
By heating the sulfuric acid and the metallic copper material in it, Copper sulfate allows the copper to melt more effectively in the sulfuric acid.
By giving plenty of oxygen during melting, oxidation of the surface of the metallic copper in the boiler and the sulfuric acid solution of the oxidized surface will melt faster.
Sulfuric acid can dissolve copper more effectively.
The purpose of doing this is to allow the copper to dissolve in the sulfuric acid solution.
Copper sulfate takes quite a long time to do this.
Nitric acid can be added to shorten the time.

Copper sulfate's about 98% pure sulfate on the trade going and little water training.
Anhydrous Copper sulfate is 39.81 mass percent and 60.19 percent sulfate, and is blue, aqueous, 25.47% by mass, 38.47% sulfate (12.82% sulfur), and 36.06% water.
Small size of four kinds, according to large crystals (10-40mm), crystals (2-10mm), snow crystals (less than 2mm) and accelerator powder (less than 0.15mm).
Copper sulfate can be prepared by treating metallic copper with heated and concentrated sulphuric acid, or by treating the oxides of copper with dilute sulphuric acid.

Copper sulfate can be noted that the oxidation state exhibited by the copper atom in a CuSO4 molecule is +2.
Copper sulfate is also known as blue vitriol, this substance was made by the action of sulfuric acid on elemental copper.
The bright-blue crystals are soluble in water and alcohol.
Mixed with ammonia, copper sulfate was used in liquid filters.
The most common application for copper sulfate was combining Copper sulfate with potassium bromide for making copper bromide bleach for intensification and toning.
Some photographers used copper sulfate as a restrainer in ferrous sulfate developers that were used in the collodion process.
When combined with lime and water (called a Bordeaux mixture) copper sulfate works as a protective fungicide and is used to protect plants during seed treatment before they grow.

In tropical climates, Copper sulfate’s used as a molluscicide, which is a snail bait that controls pests like snails and slugs from damaging plants and crops.
Copper sulfate is also used in order to help with public health and safety.
Copper sulfate destroys algae and bacteria caused by growing algae in swimming pools in addition to preventing athlete’s foot, a fungal infection that grows in between the toes in warm climates (such as an indoor swimming pool).
This is done by mixing Copper sulfate into the flooring mixtures of showers, locker rooms, and swimming pools to prevent the bacteria from being able to live on the flooring indefinitely.

Copper sulfate is a salt created by treating cupric oxide with sulfuric acid.
This forms as large, bright blue crystals containing five molecules of water (CuSO4∙5H2O) and is also known as blue vitriol.
The anhydrous salt is created by heating the hydrate to 150 °C (300 °F).
Copper sulfate is used primarily for agricultural purposes, as a pesticide, germicide, feed additive, and soil additive.
Some of Copper sulfates secondary uses are as a raw material in the preparation of other copper compounds, as a reagent in analytic chemistry, as an electrolyte for batteries and electroplating baths, and in medical practice as a locally applied fungicide, bactericide, and astringent.

Copper Sulfate is a nutrient supplement and processing aid most often used in the pentahydrate form.
This form occurs as large, deep blue or ultramarine, triclinic crystals, as blue granules, or as a light blue powder.
The ingredient is prepared by the reaction of sulfuric acid with cupric oxide or with copper metal.
Copper sulfate can be used in infant formula.
Copper sulfate is also termed cupric sulfate.

Copper is an essential trace element and an important catalyst for heme synthesis and iron absorption.
After zinc and iron, copper is the third most abundant trace element found in the human body.
Copper is a noble metal and Copper sulfates properties include high thermal and electrical conductivity, low corrosion, alloying ability, and malleability.

Copper is a component of intrauterine contraceptive devices (IUD) and the release of copper is necessary for their important contraceptive effects.
The average daily intake of copper in the USA is approximately 1 mg Cu with the diet being a primary.
Interestingly, the dysregulation of copper has been studied with a focus on neurodegenerative diseases, such as Wilson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease, and Parkinson’s disease.
Data from clinical observations of the neurotoxic effects of copper may provide the basis for future treatments affecting copper and its homeostasis.

Copper sulphate, blue stone, blue vitriol are all common names for pentahydrated cupric sulphate, Cu S04 5 H20, which is the best known and the most widely used of the copper salts.
Indeed Copper sulfate is often the starting raw material for the production of many of the other copper salts.
Today in the world there are more than 100 manufacturers and the world's consumption is around 200,000 tons per annum of which Copper sulfate is estimated that approximately three-quarters is used in agriculture, principally as a fungicide.
Manufacture In the production of copper sulphate virgin copper is seldom, if ever, used as the starting raw material.

Copper ores are used in countries where these are mined.
For the bulk of the world's production nonferrous scrap is the general source.
The scrap is refined and the molten metal poured into water to produce roughly spherical porous pieces about the size of marbles which are termed "shot".
This shot is dissolved in dilute sulphuric acid in the presence of air to produce a hot saturated liquor which, if the traditional large crystals of copper sulphate are required, is allowed to cool slowly in large cooling vats into which strips of lead are hung to provide a surface for the crystals to grow on.
If the granulated (snow) crystal grades are desired, the cooling process is accelerated by agitating the liquor in water cooled vessels.

Other methods of production are:
-By heating copper scrap with sulphur to produce copper sulphide which is then oxidised to form copper sulphate.
-By heating copper sulphide ores to produce copper oxide which is then treated with sulphuric acid to form copper sulphate.
-By slow leaching in air of piles of low grade ore. Bacterial action is sometimes employed to hasten the process.
-A solution of copper sulphate drains away from such heaps.
-Commercially copper sulphate contains 25 % metallic copper and is sold with a guaranteed minimum purity of 98 % copper sulphate.
-Copper sulfate is produced in a number of grades varying from large crystal lumps, of 25 mm or more in diameter from which Copper sulfate appropriately derives the name bluestone, to very fine powders of almost the fineness of talcum powder.
-The four commonest grades, based on crystal diameter sizes, are:
-Large crystals (from 10 mm to 40 mm)
-Small crystals (from 2 mm to 10 mm)
-Granulated or snow crystals (less than 2 mm)
-Windswept powder (less than 0.15 mm)

USES:
Copper sulphate is a very versatile chemical with as extensive a range of uses in industry as Copper sulfate has in agriculture.
Copper sulfates principal employment is in agriculture, and, up to a generation or so ago, about its only uses in industry were as a mordant for dyeing and for electroplating.
Today Copper sulfate is being employed in many industrial processes:

-The synthetic fibre industry has found an application for Copper sulfate in the production of their raw material
-The metal industry uses large quantities of copper sulphate as an electrolyte in copper refining, for copper coating steel wire prior to wire drawing and in various copper plating processes
-The mining industry employs Copper sulfate as an activator in the concentration by froth flotation of lead, zinc, cobalt and gold ores
-The printing trade takes Copper sulfate as an electrolyte in the production of electrotype and as an etching agent for process engraving
-The paint industry uses Copper sulfate in anti-fouling paints and it plays a part in the colouring of glass.
-Indeed, today there is hardly an industry which does not have some small use for copper sulphate.
-In the table below, some of the many uses of copper sulphate are listed.

MAJOR USES:
-Preparation of Bordeaux and Burgundy mixtures for use as fungicides
-Manufacture of other copper fungicides such as copper-lime dust, tribasic copper sulphate, copper carbonae and cuprous oxide
-Manufacture of insecticides such as copper arsenite and Paris green
-Control of fungus diseases
-Correction of copper deficiency in soils
-Correction of copper deficiency in animals
-Growth stimulant for fattening pigs and broiler chickens
-Molluscicide for the destruction of slugs and snails, particularly the snail host of the liver fluke

OTHER USES:
-Seed dressing
-Soil steriliser, e.g Cheshunt compound (a mixture of copper sulphate and ammonium carbonate) to prevent ‘damping-off’ disease of tomato etc.
-Control and prevention of foot rot in sheep and cattle
-Bacteriastat for addition to sheep dips
-Disinfectant in prevention of the spread of swine erysepelas and white scours in calves
-Control of scum in farm ponds
-Plant nutrient in rice fields
-Preservative for wooden posts, wooden buildings, etc
-Ingredient of vermin repellents, e.g for application to bark of trees against rabbits
-Stimulant of latex yield on rubber plantations
-Protection against algal growths on flower pots

PUBLIC HEALTH AND MEDICINE
-Destruction of algal blooms in reservoirs and swimming pools
-Prevention of the spread of athletes foot in warm climates, by incorporation in the flooring mixture of swimming baths
-Control of bilharzia in tropical countries, as a molluscicide
-Prevention of malaria, in the preparation of Paris green for use against mosquito larvae
-Antiseptic and germicide against fungus infections
-Catalyst or raw material for the preparation of copper catalysts used in the manufacture of pharmaceutical products

INDUSTRY
-Adhesives
-Preservative in casein and other glues
-Additive to book binding pastes and glues, for insecticidal purposes
-Additive to animal and silicate glues to give water resistance

BUILDING:
-Timber preservtive and in the preparawtion of other wood preservatives, e.g oil-based copper naphthenates and water-based copper/chrome/arsenic for the prevention of woodworms and wood rots
-Ingredient of plaster to prevent fungus infection, e.g to prevent the spread of dry rot
-Ingredient of concrete, both as a colouring matter and as an antiseptic, e.g for use in and around swimming pools
-Modification of the setting of concrete
-Protection against lichens, moulds and similar growths on asbestos cement roofing and other building materials
-Control of the growth of tree roots in sewers

The pentahydrate (CuSO4·5H2O), the most commonly encountered salt, is bright blue.
Copper sulfate exothermically dissolves in water to give the aquo complex [Cu(H2O)6]2+, which has octahedral molecular geometry.
The structure of the solid pentahydrate reveals a polymeric structure wherein copper is again octahedral but bound to four water ligands.
The Cu(II)(H2O)4 centers are interconnected by sulfate anions to form chains.
Anhydrous copper sulfate is a light grey powder.
Copper sulfate is commonly included in teenager chemistry sets.

Copper sulfate is often used to grow crystals in schools and in copper plating experiments, despite its toxicity.
Copper sulfate is often used to demonstrate an exothermic reaction, in which steel wool or magnesium ribbon is placed in an aqueous solution of CuSO4.
Copper sulfate is used to demonstrate the principle of mineral hydration.
The pentahydrate form, which is blue, is heated, turning the copper sulfate into the anhydrous form which is white, while the water that was present in the pentahydrate form evaporates.
When water is then added to the anhydrous compound, Copper sulfate turns back into the pentahydrate form, regaining its blue color, and is known as blue vitriol.
Copper(II) sulfate pentahydrate can easily be produced by crystallization from solution as copper(II) sulfate, which is hygroscopic.

Copper sulphate, blue stone, blue vitriol are all common names for pentahydrated cupric sulphate, CuSO45H2O, which is the best known and the most widely used of the copper salts.
Indeed Copper sulfate is often the starting raw material for the production of many of the other copper salts.
Copper sulfate is employed at a limited level in organic synthesis.
The anhydrous salt is used as a dehydrating agent for forming and manipulating acetal groups.
The hydrated salt can be intimately mingled with potassium permanganate to give an oxidant for the conversion of primary alcohols.

Copper sulfate is produced industrially by treating copper metal with hot concentrated sulfuric acid or its oxides with dilute sulfuric acid.
For laboratory use, copper sulfate is usually purchased.
Copper sulfate can also be produced by slowly leaching low grade copper ore in air; bacteria may be used to hasten the process.
Commercial copper sulfate is usually about 98% pure copper sulfate, and may contain traces of water.
Anhydrous Copper sulfate is 39.81 percent copper and 60.19 percent sulfate by mass, and in its blue, hydrous form, Copper sulfate is 25.47% copper, 38.47% sulfate (12.82% sulfur) and 36.06% water by mass.
Four types of crystal size are provided based on its usage: large crystals (10–40 mm), small crystals (2–10 mm), snow crystals (less than 2 mm), and windswept powder (less than 0.15 mm).

Copper sulfate appears as a white or off-white solid.
Melting point 200°C with decomposition.
Non-combustible.
Copper(II) sulfate is a metal sulfate compound having copper(2+) as the metal ion. Copper sulfate has a role as a sensitiser, a fertilizer and an emetic.
Copper sulfate contains a copper(2+).

USAGE AREAS:
-An additive for bookbinding pastes and glues to protect paper from insect bites in printing,
-As a water-resistant and disinfectant concrete admixture in the building.
-As a coloring component in works of art, especially glasses and pottery
-Copper sulfate is used as a blue colored substance in the manufacture of fireworks.
-In decoration, copper sulfate adds color to cement, metals and ceramics.
-Copper sulfate corrects copper deficiencies in soil and animals and promotes the growth of livestock.
-In decoration, copper sulfate adds color to cement, metals and ceramics.
-Some batteries, electrodes and wire contain copper sulfate.
-Copper sulfate is used in printing ink and hair dye and creates a green color in fireworks.

USES:

Copper sulfate pentahydrate is used as a fungicide. However, some fungi are capable of adapting to elevated levels of copper ions.
Bordeaux mixture, a suspension of copper(II) sulfate (CuSO4) and calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2), is used to control fungus on grapes, melons, and other berries.
Copper sulfate is produced by mixing a water solution of copper sulfate and a suspension of slaked lime.
Cheshunt compound, a commercial mixture of copper sulfate and ammonium carbonate (discontinued), is used in horticulture to prevent damping off in seedlings.
As a non-agricultural herbicide, is Copper sulfate used to control invasive aquatic plants and the roots of plants situated near water pipes.
Copper sulfate is used in swimming pools as an algicide.
A dilute solution of copper sulfate is used to treat aquarium fishes for parasitic infections, and is also used to remove snails from aquariums and zebra mussels from water pipes.

Copper ions are highly toxic to fish, however.
Most species of algae can be controlled with very low concentrations of copper sulfate.
Copper(II) sulfate has attracted many niche applications over the centuries.
In industry copper sulfate has multiple applications.
In printing Copper sulfate is an additive to book binding pastes and glues to protect paper from insect bites; in building Copper sulfate is used as an additive to concrete to provide water resistance and disinfectant qualities.
Copper sulfate can be used as a coloring ingredient in artworks, especially glasses and potteries.
Copper sulfate is also used in firework manufacture as a blue coloring agent, but Copper sulfate is not safe to mix copper sulfate with chlorates when mixing firework powders.

Copper sulphate is a very versatile chemical with as extensive a range of uses in industry as Copper sulfate has in agriculture.
Copper sulfate's principal employment is in agriculture, and this role is described in some detail in the next section.
Copper sulfate can be used as fungicide, herbicide, pesticide.
Maroon slurry when Copper sulfate meets lime; When mixed with sodium carbonate, Copper sulfate is an active ingredient in the use of pesticides, which is called burgundy slurry and generally in order to combat fungal diseases in vineyards and orchards.
Preparation of cheshunt composition, which is a mixture of copper sulfate and ammonium carbonate, which precipitates fungal disease in seedlings in horticultural cultivation, falls into a separate field of combination.
Copper sulfate is used as a herbicide against the roots of aquatic plants invading water pipes.

Copper sulfate is used as a cleaner in swimming pools in the form of algae remover.
Usually with very low concentrations of copper, algae species can be controlled.
A dilute sulfate solution is used to treat aquarium fish parasitic infections.
Copper sulfate solution can also be used to kill snails in aquariums.
Since copper sulfate has a very poisonous content for fish, Copper sulfate is necessary to pay attention to its dosage.

Copper sulfate is also very effective in inhibiting the growth of bacteria such as Escherichia coli.
Up to a generation or so ago about Copper sulfates only uses in industry were as a mordant for dyeing and for electroplating, but today Copper sulfate is being employed in many industrial processes.
The synthetic fibre industry has found an application for Copper sulfate in the production of their raw material.
The metal industry uses large quantities of copper sulphate as an electrolyte in copper refining, for copper coating steel wire prior to wire drawing and in various copper plating processes.
The mining industry employs Copper sulfate as an activator in the concentration by froth flotation of lead, zinc, cobalt and gold ores.

The printing trade takes Copper sulfate as an electrolyte in the production of electrotype and as an etching agent for process engraving.
The paint industry uses Copper sulfate in anti-fouling paints and Copper sulfate plays a part in the colouring of glass.
Indeed, today there is hardly an industry which does not have some small use for copper sulphate.
In Table A some of the many uses of copper sulphate are listed.
In agriculture, Copper sulfate forms the basis for manufacturing the agricultural fungicide Bordeaux Mixture and is also used as an algaecide and molluscicide, as well as to correct copper deficient soil.

Copper sulphate is used as an additive in animal feed to promote growth and correct copper deficiencies in the animals.
Copper sulfate's many industrial uses include applications as a preservative or additive in glues, paints, leather, synthetic fibres, textiles, hair dye products, fireworks, chlorophyll and wrapping paper for fruit, among others.
The Copper Sulfate feed grade, is used in the elaboration of mineral premixes, that complement the proper feeding of livestock and poultry.
The fine crystals and free flow characteristics of our Copper Sulfate, make Copper sulfate ideal to combine with other nutrients,allowing the animal to achieve a balanced diet.
Copper sulfate include purity and copper content, as well as its physical ones, in which the crystal size is very important, we can safely say, that the best animal feed products are formulated with Nordfeed´s Copper Sulfate.
Basic chemistry sets that are used as educational tools generally include copper sulfate.
The chemical compound CuSO4 has a wide range of applications.

Some of these uses are listed below.
-The pentahydrate of this compound, CuSO4.5H2O is used as a fungicide due to its ability to kill several fungi.
-Copper sulfate is used in Benedict’s solution and in Fehling’s solution, which is used in testing for reducing sugars.
-Copper sulfate is also used to test blood samples for diseases like anaemia.
-CuSO4 is mixed with KMnO4 (potassium permanganate) to form an oxidant which can be used in the conversion of 1o
-Copper sulfate is also used as a dye fixative in the process of vegetable dyeing.
-Solutions of copper sulfate in water can be used as a resistive element liquid resistors.
-Copper sulfate can also be used as a decorative since it can add colour to cement, ceramics, and other metals as well.
-Copper sulfate is also added to bookbinding glues in order to protect the printed paper from insects.
-Lowering a copper etching plate into the copper sulfate solution.
-Copper sulfate was once used to kill bromeliads, which serve as mosquito breeding sites.
-Copper sulfate is used as a molluscicide to treat bilharzia in tropical countries.

CHEMICAL:
-Preparation of catalysts for use in many industries
-Purification of gases, e.g removal of hydrogen chloride and hydrogen sulphide
-Precipitation promoter in purifying zinc sulphate solutions
-Precipitation of alkaloids as double salts from crude extracts
-Source of other copper compounds such as copper carbonate silicate/arsenite/aceto-arsenite/resinate/stearate/tartrate/oleate naphthenate/chromate/chlorate/alginate/fluoride/hydroxide/cuprous oxide/chloride/cyanide and cuprammonium compounds

DECORATE TRADES:
-Colouring glass
-Colouring cement and plaster
-Colouring ceramic wares
-Alteration of metal colours, e.g darkening of zinc, colouring aluminium

DYESTUFFS
-Reagent in the preparation of dyestuffs intermediates
-Catalyst or raw material for the preparation of copper catalysts, e.g preparation of phenols from diago compounds, preparation of phthalocyanine dyes

Copper is an essential element and Copper sulfate is required to support proper health.
The human body adjusts its internal environment to maintain copper equilibrium.
Copper sulfate is absorbed into the body if eaten or inhaled.
Copper sulfate then rapidly enters the bloodstream.
Once inside, copper moves throughout the body.
Copper sulfate then binds to proteins and enters different organs.

Copper naturally occurs in the environment.
Copper in soil may originate from natural sources, pesticides, or other sources.
These may include mining, industry, architectural material, and motor vehicles.
Copper accumulates mainly at the surface of soils, where Copper sulfate binds tightly and persists.

Copper sulfate is highly soluble in water and Copper sulfate can bind to sediments.
Copper is regulated by plants because Copper sulfate is an essential mineral.
Too much copper can be toxic to plants as Copper sulfate inhibits photosynthesis.
Excess copper is excreted and not often stored in the body.
Copper can be collected in the liver but Copper sulfate can also be found in stomach secretions, bone, brain, hair, heart, intestine, kidneys, muscle, nails, skin, and spleen.
Copper is mainly excreted in the feces.
Small amounts can also be eliminated in hair and nails.
In one study, researchers found Copper sulfate takes 13 to 33 days for half of a large copper dose to be eliminated from the body.

LEATHER:
-Mordant in dyeing
-Reagent in tanning processes

METAL AND ELECTRICAL
-Electrolyte in copper refining
-Electrolyte in copper plating and electro forming
-Electrolyte manufacture of cuprous compounds, e.g cuprous oxide
-Constituent of the electrodes and electrolytes in batteries
-Electrolyte in the manufacture of copper powder
-Electrolyte in aluminium plating and anodising
-Pickling copper wire, etc, prior to enamelling
-Providing a suitable surface for marking out iron and steel

MINING
-Flotation reagent in the concentration of ores, e.g zinc blende
-Raw material for the manufacture of copper naphthenate and other copper compounds for use in anti-fouling paints

PAINT
-Preparation of certain varnish or paint dryers, e.g copper oleate, copper stearate
-Preparation of certain pigments, e.g copper chromate, copper ferrocyanide, copper phthalocyanine

PRINTING:
-Etching agent for process engraving
-Electrolyte in the preparation of electrotype
-Ingredient of printing inks

SYNTHETIC RUBBER AND PETROLEUM
-Preparation of catalysts used in cracking certain gaseous and liquid petroleum
-Fractions
-Preparation of cuprous chloride, used in the purification of butadiene and in the separation of acetylene derivatives
-Preparation of catalysts used in chlorinating rubber latexPurification of petroleum oils

TEXTILES
-Preparation of copper compounds for rot-proofing canvas and other fabrics
-Rot-proofing sandbags
-Mordant, especially in calico printing
-Cuprammonium process for the production of rayon
-Production of aniline black and diazo colours for dyeing
-‘After coppering’ to increase the fastness of dyes
-Catalyst in the manufacture of cellulose ethers and in cellulose acetylation

MISCELLANEOUS
-Improving the burning qualities of coke
-Laboratory analytical work
-Ingredient of laundry marking ink
-Dyeing of hair and horn
-Ingredient of hair dyes of the phenylene diamine or pyrogallol type
-Preparation of chlorophyll as a colouring material for foodstuffs
-Imparting a green colour in fireworks
-Activator in the preparation of active carbons
-Preservative for wood pulp
-Preservation of fishing nets and hides on trawls
-Obtaining a blue-back finish on steel
-Treatment of carbon brushes
-Ingredient of the solution used for preserving plant specimens in their natural colours
-Impregnation in fruit wrapping papers to prevent storage rots

Agricultural Uses:
Fungicide, Algaecide, Bactericide, Herbicide, Molluscicide: Copper sulfate is a fungicide used to control bacterial and fungal diseases of fruit, vegetable, nut, and field crops.
These diseases include mildew, leaf spots, blights, and apple scab.
Copper sulfate is used as a protective fungicide (Bordeaux mixture) for leaf application and seed treatment.
Copper sulfate is also used as an algaecide and herbicide, and to kill slugs and snails in irrigation and municipal water treatment systems.
Copper sulfate has been used to control Dutch elm disease. It is available as a dust, wettable powder, or liquid concentrate.
Copper sulfate is used as a fungicide and algaecide, in veterinary medicine and others.
Copper sulfate is also used todetect and to remove trace amounts of water from alcohols and organic compounds.

APPLICATION AREAS:
-Metal revetment
-wood industry
-mining sector
-bait industry
-agriculture industry
-breeding
-in the pools
-fabric dying and pharmacy

Properties:
The physical and chemical properties of copper sulfate are discussed in this subsection.
Copper sulfate can be noted that the properties of anhydrous CuSO4 and CuSO4.5H2O vary considerably, and have been highlighted separately.

Physical Properties of Copper sulfate:
-The molar mass of the anhydrous and the pentahydrate forms of copper sulfate are 159.609 grams/mole and 249.685 grams per mole respectively.
-Anhydrous Copper sulfate has a grey-white, powdery appearance whereas the pentahydrate has a bright blue colour.
-The densities of the anhydrous and pentahydrate forms are 3.6 grams per cubic centimetre and 2.286 g.cm-3
-Both hydrated and anhydrous copper sulfates tend to decompose on heating and hence do not have exact boiling points.
-Anhydrous Copper sulfate has an orthorhombic crystal structure whereas CuSO4.5H2O crystals have triclinic structures.

Chemical Properties of Copper sulfate:
-The copper ions present in copper sulfate react with the chloride ions belonging to concentrated hydrochloric acid, leading to the formation of tetrachlorocuprate(II).
-The chemical equation for this reaction is given by Cu2+ + 4Cl– → CuCl42-
-When heated to 650oC, CuSO4 undergoes a decomposition reaction to yield cupric oxide (CuO) and SO3 (sulfur trioxide).
-Copper sulfate is highly soluble in water, with solubility values of 1.055 molal and 1.502 molal ate 10oC and 30oC respectively.
-A typical example of a single displacement reaction where one metal displaces another is the reaction between iron and copper sulfate, given by the reaction Fe + CuSO4 → FeSO4 + Cu

CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of Copper sulfate:
Copper(II) sulfate pentahydrate decomposes before melting.
Copper sulfate loses two water molecules upon heating at 63 °C (145 °F), followed by two more at 109 °C (228 °F) and the final water molecule at 200 °C (392 °F).
Dehydration proceeds by decomposition of the tetraaquacopper(2+) moiety, two opposing aqua groups are lost to give a diaquacopper(2+) moiety.
The second dehydration step occurs when the final two aqua groups are lost.
Complete dehydration occurs when the final unbound water molecule is lost.
At 650 °C (1,202 °F), copper(II) sulfate decomposes into copper(II) oxide (CuO) and sulfur trioxide (SO3).
Cupric sulfate, a bluish crystalline powder, also known as hydrocyanite and copper sulfate, vitriol, chalcanthite, and bluestone, is an azure blue material used in the It is used in the leather industry.

Copper sulfate is prepared by the reaction of sulfuric acid and copper.
Copper sulfate is also obtained as a by-product from copper refineries.
Copper sulfate (anhydrous form) is green or gray-white powder, whereas pentahydrate, the most commonly encountered salt, is bright blue.
The anhydrous form occurs as a rare mineral known as chalcocyanite.
Hydrated copper sulfate occurs in nature as chalcanthite.

Copper sulfate is made by the action of sulfuric acid with a variety of copper compounds.
Copper sulfate is used in hair dyes, coloring glass, processing of leather, textiles, and in pyrotechnics as a green colorant.
Copper sulfate pentahydrate is used as a fungicide and a mixture with lime is called Bordeux mixture and is used to control fungus on grapes, melons, and other berries, as a molluscicide for the destruction of slugs and snails, particularly the snail host of the liver fl uke.
Copper sulfate is used in Fehling and Benedict’s solution to test reducing sugars

Physical State: Powder Solid
Appearance: Grey
Odor: Odorless
Ph: 3.5-4.5
Melting Point/Range: 200 °C / 392 °F
Specific Gravity: 3.6
Solubility: 203 g/L (20°C)
Molecular Formula: Cu O4 S
Molecular Weight: 159.6
POSSIBLE SIDE EFFECTS:

While copper is a trace element that occurs naturally in plants and animals, copper sulfate is not and can act as an irritant when someone is exposed to it.
Crops and agriculture are cleaned after being treated with copper sulfate and there’s minimal risk to ingesting Copper sulfate from a treated crop as Copper sulfate primarily binds itself to soil sediments.
Copper sulfate is possible to be exposed to copper sulfate if you use Copper sulfate for farming or gardening purposes.
If absorbed through the skin or eyes copper sulfate may cause a burning, stinging sensation.
This could result in itching, eczema, conjunctivitis, inflammation, fluid buildup or cornea irritation if exposed to the eyes.
Should copper sulfate be ingested, Copper sulfate’s only mildly toxic as Copper sulfate’s most often vomited up relatively quickly due to the extreme irritation Copper sulfate causes on the gastrointestinal tract.
If someone consumes copper sulfate and does not vomit, they could be at risk of copper sulfate poisoning.

Signs of copper sulfate poisoning include:
-Burning sensations in the chest or abdomen
-A metallic taste in the mouth
-Nausea
-Headaches
-Diarrhea (which may have a blue or green color to Copper sulfate from the compound’s hue)
-Excessive sweating
-Regardless of whether vomiting has occurred or not, anyone who consumes copper sulfate should go to the ER to rule poisoning out as well as make sure there’s been no damage to the brain, liver, kidneys, or intestinal lining of the stomach.
-Though extremely rare, if left untreated, high-dose exposure to copper sulfate in some situations can cause death.

Copper sulfate can cause severe eye irritation.
Eating large amounts of copper sulfate can lead to nausea, vomiting, and damage to body tissues, blood cells, the liver, and kidneys.
With extreme exposures, shock and death can occur.
Copper sulfate affects animals in a similar way.
Signs of poisoning in animals include lack of appetite, vomiting, dehydration, shock, and death.
Diarrhea and vomit may have a green to blue color.

SYNONYM:
7758-98-7
CUPRIC SULFATE
Copper(II) sulfate
Cupric sulfate anhydrous
Copper sulphate
Copper(2+) sulfate
Copper(ii) sulfate, anhydrous
Blue stone
Copper monosulfate
Copper II sulfate
Cupricsulfate
Sulfuric acid copper(2+) salt (1:1)
Copper sulfate (1:1)
CuSO4
copper;sulfate
UNII-KUW2Q3U1VV
Registration dossier
Copper sulfate
copper sulfate
Copper Sulphate
Copper sulphate
copper sulphate
Copper Sulphate
Copper sulphate
copper sulphateblue stone
Blue Vitriol
copper (II) Sulfate
Copper (II) Sulphate pentahydrated
Copper Sulfate
Copper Sulphate
Copper sulphate
MFCD00010981copper (2+) sulphate
Copper (II) sulfate
copper (II) sulfate
copper (II) sulfate, pentahydrate
Copper (II) Sulphate
Copper (II) sulphate
Copper (ii) sulphate
copper (II) sulphate
Copper (II) Sulphate Pentahydrate

About Copper sulfate Helpful information:
Copper sulfate is registered under the REACH Regulation and is manufactured in and / or imported to the European Economic Area, at ≥ 10 000 tonnes per annum.
Copper sulfate is used by consumers, in articles, by professional workers (widespread uses), in formulation or re-packing, at industrial sites and in manufacturing.

Biocidal Uses of Copper sulfate:
This substance is approved for use as a biocide in the EEA and/or Switzerland, for: disinfection.

Consumer Uses of Copper sulfate:
Copper sulfate is used in the following products: fertilisers, coating products, fillers, putties, plasters, modelling clay, leather treatment products, lubricants and greases, photo-chemicals, polishes and waxes, textile treatment products and dyes, washing & cleaning products, cosmetics and personal care products, adhesives and sealants, polymers and inks and toners.
Other release to the environment of Copper sulfate is likely to occur from: indoor use (e.g. machine wash liquids/detergents, automotive care products, paints and coating or adhesives, fragrances and air fresheners), outdoor use and outdoor use in close systems with minimal release (e.g. hydraulic liquids in automotive suspension, lubricants in motor oil and break fluids).

Article service life of Copper sulfate:
Release to the environment of Copper sulfate can occur from industrial use: industrial abrasion processing with low release rate (e.g. cutting of textile, cutting, machining or grinding of metal).
Other release to the environment of Copper sulfate is likely to occur from: indoor use in long-life materials with low release rate (e.g. flooring, furniture, toys, construction materials, curtains, foot-wear, leather products, paper and cardboard products, electronic equipment) and outdoor use in long-life materials with low release rate (e.g. metal, wooden and plastic construction and building materials).
Copper sulfate can be found in complex articles, with no release intended: machinery, mechanical appliances and electrical/electronic products (e.g. computers, cameras, lamps, refrigerators, washing machines).
Copper sulfate can be found in products with material based on: stone, plaster, cement, glass or ceramic (e.g. dishes, pots/pans, food storage containers, construction and isolation material), leather (e.g. gloves, shoes, purses, furniture), plastic (e.g. food packaging and storage, toys, mobile phones), fabrics, textiles and apparel (e.g. clothing, mattress, curtains or carpets, textile toys) and rubber (e.g. tyres, shoes, toys).

Widespread uses by professional workers of Copper sulfate:
Copper sulfate is used in the following products: fertilisers, metal surface treatment products, coating products, inks and toners, adhesives and sealants, lubricants and greases, photo-chemicals, polishes and waxes, polymers, laboratory chemicals and fillers, putties, plasters, modelling clay.
Copper sulfate is used in the following areas: formulation of mixtures and/or re-packaging, printing and recorded media reproduction and building & construction work.
Copper sulfate is used for the manufacture of: chemicals and mineral products (e.g. plasters, cement).
Other release to the environment of Copper sulfate is likely to occur from: indoor use (e.g. machine wash liquids/detergents, automotive care products, paints and coating or adhesives, fragrances and air fresheners), outdoor use, outdoor use in close systems with minimal release (e.g. hydraulic liquids in automotive suspension, lubricants in motor oil and break fluids) and indoor use in long-life materials with low release rate (e.g. flooring, furniture, toys, construction materials, curtains, foot-wear, leather products, paper and cardboard products, electronic equipment).

Formulation or re-packing of Copper sulfate:
ECHA has no public registered data indicating whether or in which chemical products Copper sulfate might be used. Release to the environment of this substance can occur from industrial use: formulation of mixtures, in the production of articles, formulation in materials, as an intermediate step in further manufacturing of another substance (use of intermediates), in processing aids at industrial sites, as processing aid and manufacturing of the substance.

Uses at industrial sites of Copper sulfate:
Copper sulfate is used in the following products: adsorbents, pH regulators and water treatment products and polymers.
Copper sulfate has an industrial use resulting in manufacture of another substance (use of intermediates).
Copper sulfate is used in the following areas: formulation of mixtures and/or re-packaging.
Copper sulfate is used for the manufacture of: chemicals.
Release to the environment of Copper sulfate can occur from industrial use: in the production of articles, in processing aids at industrial sites, formulation of mixtures, as an intermediate step in further manufacturing of another substance (use of intermediates) and as processing aid.

Manufacture of Copper sulfate:
Release to the environment of Copper sulfate can occur from industrial use: manufacturing of the substance, formulation of mixtures, as an intermediate step in further manufacturing of another substance (use of intermediates), formulation in materials, in processing aids at industrial sites, as processing aid and in the production of articles.

IUPAC names
COOPER SULPHATE
copper (2+) sulphate
Copper (II) sulfate
copper (II) sulfate
copper (II) sulfate, pentahydrate
Copper (II) Sulphate
Copper (II) sulphate
Copper (ii) sulphate
copper (II) sulphate
Copper (II) Sulphate Pentahydrate
copper (II) sulphate, monohydrate
Copper sulfate
copper sulfate
Copper Sulphate
Copper sulphate
copper sulphate
Copper Sulphate
Copper sulphate
copper sulphate
Copper Sulphate Pentahydrate
Copper sulphate pentahydrate
copper sulphate pentahydrate
Copper sulphate, pentahydrate
Copper sulphateCopper (II) sulfateCuSO4
Copper(2+) sulfate
copper(2+) sulfate
Copper(II) sulfate
copper(II) sulfate
Copper(II) sulfate pentahydrate
Copper(II) sulfate, pentahydrate
copper(II) sulphate
copper(II) sulphate pentahydrate
copper-sulphate-
copper;sulfate
copper;sulfate;pentahydrate
coppersulphate
cupric sulfate
CuSO4.5H2O
dicopper(1+) sulfate
GFU Copper sulphate C_L
Kupfer(II)sulfat Pentahydrat
solfato di rame
Sulfato de cobre (II) pentahidratado
tetracopperhexahyrdoxide sulphate semi hydrate

Trade names
blue stone
Blue Vitriol
copper (II) Sulfate
Copper (II) Sulphate pentahydrated
Copper Sulfate
Copper Sulphate
Copper sulphate
copper sulphate
Cupric Sulfate
CuSO4.5H20
Kupfersulfat (Copper sulphate)
Sulfato de Cobre
Sulfato de Cobre Pentahidratado
029-004-00-0
029-023-00-4
139939-69-8
139939-69-8
7758-98-7

Copper sulfate
7758-98-7
CUPRIC SULFATE
Copper(II) sulfate
Copper sulphate
Cupric sulfate anhydrous
Copper(2+) sulfate
Copper(ii) sulfate, anhydrous
Blue stone
Copper monosulfate
Copper II sulfate
Cupricsulfate
copper;sulfate
CuSO4
Copper(2+) sulphate
Copper sulfate (1:1)
Sulfuric acid copper(2+) salt (1:1)
COPPERSULFATE
UNII-KUW2Q3U1VV
copper(II) sulphate
10124-44-4
18939-61-2
Copper (II) sulphate
MFCD00010981
KUW2Q3U1VV
Copper(II) sulfate solution
1332-14-5
Hylinec
Trinagle
Delcup
Cupric sulphate
Monocopper sulfate
Incracide 10A
BCS copper fungicide
Blue copper (VAN)
Bonide Root Destroyer
Copper Sulfate Powder
Kupfersulfat [German]
All Clear Root Destroyer
Snow Crystal Copper Sulfate
Sulfate de cuivre [French]
Aqua Maid Permanent Algaecide
CCRIS 3665
HSDB 916
Copper(2+) sulfate (1:1)
Granular Crystals Copper Sulfate
Sulfuric acid, copper(2+) salt
MAC 570
Bluestone copper sulfate
Copper sulfate, anhydrous
Tobacco States Brand Copper Sulfate
EINECS 231-847-6
Phelps Triangle Brand Copper Sulfate
NSC 57630
Sulfuric acid, copper salt
Sulfuric acid, copper(2+) salt (1:?)
Copper (II) Sulfate Anhydrous
Sa-50 Brand Copper Sulfate Granular Crystals
Aquatronics Snail-A-Cide Dri-Pac Snail Powder
Copper monosulphate
copper(II)sulphate
copper(II)-sulfate
EINECS 242-692-9
CuO4S
Copper Sulfate Chelate
CuSO4 copper sulphate
Copper (11) sulfate
Copper( cento) sulfate
Cupric sulphate anhydrous
Cupric sulfate, anhydrous
Bluestone, Cupric Sulfate
Cupric sulphate, anhydrous
Sulfuric acid copper(2+)salt
DTXSID6034479
CHEBI:23414
AKOS015902901
DB06778
BP-20356
FisherTab™ CT-37 Kjeldahl Tablets
FisherTab™ CT-50 Kjeldahl Tablets
FisherTab™ TT-35 Kjeldahl Tablets
FisherTab™ TT-43 Kjeldahl Tablets
FisherTab™ TT-50 Kjeldahl Tablets
FisherTab™ TT-57 Kjeldahl Tablets
K358
FisherTab™ CT-AUTO Kjeldahl Tablets
FT-0624048
SULFURIC ACID, COPPERSALT (8CI,9CI)
C18713
cupric sulphate, copper sulphate, cupric sulfate
A923422
Q107184
SR-01000944582
SR-01000944582-1
COPPER SULPHATE MONOHYDRATE
Blue Vitriol; Blue Copper; Blue stone; copperfine-zinc; Copper(II) sulfate pentahydrate; Sulfuric acid copper(2+) salt (1:1) pentahydrate; Cupric sulfate pentahydrate; Kupfersulfat Pentahydrat; Kupfervitriol; Sulfato De Cobre Pentahidratado; Copper monosulfate; Sulfate de cuivre CAS NO:7758-99-8 (pentahydrate
COPPER SULPHATE PENTAHYDRATE
Copper sulfate pentahydrate is known as blue vitriol.
Copper sulfate pentahydrate is an odorless blue crystal that readily dissolves in water.
Copper sulfate pentahydrate is also soluble in methanol, glycerol and slightly soluble in ethanol.

CAS: 7758-99-8
MF: CuH10O9S
MW: 249.68
EINECS: 616-477-9

The highly toxic, non-combustible has a nauseating metallic taste and turns white when dehydrated.
Structurally, in the pentahydrate molecule, each Copper sulfate pentahydrate is surrounded by four water molecules in the corners and the fifth water molecule is attached by hydrogen bonding.
Copper sulfate pentahydrate has many applications including preparation of Bordeaux mixture, a fungicide preparation.

Electroplating, timber preservation and textile industry use Copper sulfate pentahydrate.
A green mineral consisting of Copper sulfate pentahydrate and hydroxide (CuCO3.Cu(OH)2).
Copper sulfate pentahydrate is used as an ore and a pigment.
Blue crystalline granules or powder.
Melting point 110°C (with decomposition).
Non-combustible. Nauseating metallic taste.

Copper sulfate pentahydrate, also known as copper sulphate, is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula CuSO4.
Copper sulfate pentahydrate forms hydrates CuSO4·nH2O, where n can range from 1 to 7.
The pentahydrate (n = 5), a bright blue crystal, is the most commonly encountered hydrate of Copper sulfate pentahydrate.
Older names for the Copper sulfate pentahydrate include blue vitriol, bluestone, vitriol of copper, and Roman vitriol.

Copper sulfate pentahydrate exothermically dissolves in water to give the aquo complex [Cu(H2O)6]2+, which has octahedral molecular geometry.
The structure of the solid pentahydrate reveals a polymeric structure wherein copper is again octahedral but bound to four water ligands.
The Cu(II)(H2O)4 centers are interconnected by sulfate anions to form chains.
Anhydrous Copper sulfate pentahydrate is a light grey powder.

Copper sulfate pentahydrate Chemical Properties
Melting point: 110 °C (dec.)(lit.)
Density: 2.284
Vapor pressure: 7.3 mm Hg ( 25 °C)
Storage temp.: Store at +5°C to +30°C.
Solubility: 320 g/L (20°C)
Form: Solid
Specific Gravity: 2.284
Color: fine blue crystals
Odor: blue cryst. or cryst. gran. or powd., odorless
PH: 3.5-4.5 (25℃, 50mg/mL in H2O)
Water Solubility: 320 g/L (20 ºC)
Merck: 14,2653
Exposure limits: ACGIH: TWA 1 mg/m3
NIOSH: IDLH 100 mg/m3; TWA 1 mg/m3
CAS DataBase Reference: 7758-99-8(CAS DataBase Reference)
EPA Substance Registry System: Copper sulfate pentahydrate (7758-99-8)

Copper sulfate pentahydrate is a greenish-white crystalline solid; the pentahydrate is Blue powder or granules, or ultramarine crystalline solid.
Copper sulfate pentahydrate is the pentahydrate of copper(2+) sulfate.
A bright blue crystalline solid.
Copper sulfate pentahydrate is a hydrate and a metal sulfate.
Copper sulfate pentahydrate contains a copper(II) sulfate.

Copper sulfate pentahydrate decomposes before melting.
Copper sulfate pentahydrate loses two water molecules upon heating at 63 °C (145 °F), followed by two more at 109 °C (228 °F) and the final water molecule at 200 °C (392 °F).

The chemistry of aqueous copper sulfate is simply that of copper aquo complex, since the sulfate is not bound to copper in such solutions.
Thus, such solutions react with concentrated hydrochloric acid to give tetrachlorocuprate(II):

Cu2+ + 4 Cl− → [CuCl4]2−
Similarly treatment of such solutions with zinc gives metallic copper, as described by this simplified equation:

CuSO4 + Zn → Cu + ZnSO4
A further illustration of such single metal replacement reactions occurs when a piece of iron is submerged in a solution of copper sulfate:

Fe + CuSO4 → FeSO4 + Cu
In high school and general chemistry education, copper sulfate is used as an electrolyte for galvanic cells, usually as a cathode solution.
For example, in a zinc/copper cell, copper ion in copper sulfate solution absorbs electron from zinc and forms metallic copper.

Cu2+ + 2e− → Cu (cathode), E°cell = 0.34 V
Copper sulfate pentahydrate is commonly included in teenager chemistry sets and undergraduate experiments.
Copper sulfate pentahydrate is often used to grow crystals in schools and in copper plating experiments, despite its toxicity.
Copper sulfate pentahydrate is often used to demonstrate an exothermic reaction, in which steel wool or magnesium ribbon is placed in an aqueous solution of CuSO4.

Copper sulfate pentahydrate is used to demonstrate the principle of mineral hydration.
The pentahydrate form, which is blue, is heated, turning the copper sulfate into the anhydrous form which is white, while the water that was present in the pentahydrate form evaporates.
When water is then added to the anhydrous compound, Copper sulfate pentahydrate turns back into the pentahydrate form, regaining its blue color.
Copper sulfate pentahydrate can easily be produced by crystallization from solution as copper(II) sulfate, which is hygroscopic.

Uses
Anhydr salt for detecting and removing trace amounts of water from alcohols and other organic Compounds; as fungicide.
Copper sulfate pentahydrate as agricultural fungicide, algicide, bactericide, herbicide; food and fertilizer additive; in insecticide mixtures; in manufacture of other Cu salts; as mordant in textile dyeing; in preparation of azo dyes; in preserving hides; in tanning leather; in preserving wood; in electroplating solutions; as battery electrolyte; in laundry and metal-marking inks; in petroleum refining; as flotation agent; pigment in paints, varnishes and other materials; in mordant baths for intensifying photographic negatives; in pyrotechnic compositions; in water-resistant adhesives for wood; in metal coloring and tinting baths; in antirusting compositions for radiator and heating systems; as reagent toner in photography and photoengraving; etc.

Copper sulfate pentahydrate salt may be used for the fabrication of copper nanoparticles by chemical reduction.
The pentahydrate salt of copper may be used as a catalyst for the conversion of aromatic aldehydes to primary amides via aldoximes.
Reduced graphene oxide-supported copper nanoparticles (rGO/Cu NPs) may be prepared by Copper sulfate pentahydrate and graphitic precursors.
An aqueous electrolytic bath containing CuSO4.5H2O as one of the constituents was used for the preparation of Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) thin film solar cell.
Ferric chloride hexahydrate (FeCl3.6H2O) and Copper sulfate pentahydrate may be used to fabricate Fe-Cu binary oxide sorbents for arsenic removal applications.

Copper sulfate pentahydrate has been used:
As an additive in trace element solution preparation in solid glucose minimal media.
As a component of adamsII solution in Pneumococcal media.
In the preparation of alginate gel for drug encapsulation.
Copper sulfate pentahydrate is an inorganic Lewis acid commonly used to promote acid catalyzed organic reactions.
Copper sulfate pentahydrate is used as a reagent for the synthesis of copper carbenoids.
Copper sulfate pentahydrate can also act as an effective redox catalyst in combination with other mixed oxidizing systems.
Copper sulfate pentahydrate Fine Crystals serve as the main ingredient for manufacturing Bordeaux and Burgundy mixtures that are used as algaecides, both on the farm and to ensure safe water supplies.
Bordeaux mixtures are also employed to adjust and maintain copper deficient soils to optimum levels.

As a fungicide and herbicide
Copper sulfate pentahydrate has been used for control of algae in lakes and related fresh waters subject to eutrophication.
Copper sulfate pentahydrate "remains the most effective algicidal treatment".

Bordeaux mixture, a suspension of copper(II) sulfate (CuSO4) and calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2), is used to control fungus on grapes, melons, and other berries.
Copper sulfate pentahydrate is produced by mixing a water solution of copper sulfate and a suspension of slaked lime.

A dilute solution of copper sulfate is used to treat aquarium fishes for parasitic infections, and is also used to remove snails from aquariums and zebra mussels from water pipes.
Copper ions are highly toxic to fish.
Most species of algae can be controlled with very low concentrations of copper sulfate.

Analytical reagent
Several chemical tests utilize copper sulfate.
Copper sulfate pentahydrate is used in Fehling's solution and Benedict's solution to test for reducing sugars, which reduce the soluble blue copper(II) sulfate to insoluble red copper(I) oxide.
Copper sulfate pentahydrate is also used in the Biuret reagent to test for proteins.

Copper sulfate pentahydrate is used to test blood for anemia.
The blood is dropped into a solution of copper sulfate of known specific gravity—blood with sufficient hemoglobin sinks rapidly due to its density, whereas blood which sinks slowly or not at all has an insufficient amount of hemoglobin.
Clinically relevant, however, modern laboratories utilize automated blood analyzers for accurate quantitative hemoglobin determinations, as opposed to older qualitative means.
In a flame test, the copper ions of copper sulfate emit a deep green light, a much deeper green than the flame test for barium.

Organic synthesis
Copper sulfate pentahydrate is employed at a limited level in organic synthesis.
The anhydrous salt is used as a dehydrating agent for forming and manipulating acetal groups.
The hydrated salt can be intimately mingled with potassium permanganate to give an oxidant for the conversion of primary alcohols.

Niche uses
Copper sulfate pentahydrate has attracted many niche applications over the centuries.
In industry copper sulfate has multiple applications.
In printing Copper sulfate pentahydrate is an additive to book-binding pastes and glues to protect paper from insect bites; in building Copper sulfate pentahydrate is used as an additive to concrete to improve water resistance and discourage anything from growing on it.
Copper sulfate pentahydrate can be used as a coloring ingredient in artworks, especially glasses and potteries.
Copper sulfate pentahydrate is also used in firework manufacture as a blue coloring agent, but Copper sulfate pentahydrate is not safe to mix copper sulfate with chlorates when mixing firework powders.

Lowering a copper etching plate into the copper sulfate solution
Copper sulfate pentahydrate was once used to kill bromeliads, which serve as mosquito breeding sites.
Copper sulfate pentahydrate is used as a molluscicide to treat bilharzia in tropical countries.

Etching
Copper sulfate pentahydrate is used to etch zinc, aluminium, or copper plates for intaglio printmaking.
Copper sulfate pentahydrate is also used to etch designs into copper for jewelry, such as for Champlevé.

Dyeing
Copper sulfate pentahydrate can be used as a mordant in vegetable dyeing.
Copper sulfate pentahydrate often highlights the green tints of the specific dyes.

Electronics
An aqueous solution of Copper sulfate pentahydrate is often used as the resistive element in liquid resistors.
In electronic and microelectronic industry a bath of CuSO4·5H2O and sulfuric acid (H2SO4) is often used for electrodeposition of copper.

Reactivity Profile
Copper sulfate pentahydrate can be dehydrated by heating.
Serves as a weak oxidizing agent.
Causes hydroxylamine to ignite.
Gains water readily.
The hydrated salt is vigorously reduced by hydroxylamine.
Both forms are incompatible with finely powdered metals.
Both are incompatible with magnesium, corrode steel and iron, may react with alkalis, phosphates, acetylene gas, hydrazine, or nitromethane, and may react with beta-naphthol, propylene glycol, sulphathiazole and triethanolamine if the pH exceeds 7.
Both act as acidic salts, corrode metals and irritate tissues.
Literature sources indicate that Copper sulfate pentahydrate is nonflammable.

Synonyms
Copper(II) sulfate pentahydrate
7758-99-8
Copper sulfate pentahydrate
Cupric sulfate pentahydrate
Blue vitriol
Calcanthite
Copper(2+) sulfate pentahydrate
Copper (II) Sulfate pentahydrate
Bluestone
Triangle
Vencedor
Copper(II) sulfate, pentahydrate
Blue Copperas
Blue Vicking
Salzburg vitriol
Blue copper AS
copper;sulfate;pentahydrate
Caswell No. 256
Kupfervitriol
Kupfervitriol [German]
Cupric Sulfate [USP]
Copper(2+) sulfate (1:1) pentahydrate
CuSO4.5H2O
copper sulphate pentahydrate
Copper sulfate, pentahydrate
CuSO4(H2O)5
CCRIS 5556
HSDB 2968
Kupfersulfat-pentahydrat
Kupfersulfat-pentahydrat [German]
Copper sulfate (CuSO4) pentahydrate
copper sulphate(5.H2O)
UNII-LRX7AJ16DT
MFCD00149681
LRX7AJ16DT
EPA Pesticide Chemical Code 024401
Sentry AQ mardel coppersafe
Cupric sulfate (pentahydrate)
copper(II) sulphate pentahydrate
Sulfuric acid, copper(2+) salt, pentahydrate
copper (2+) sulfate pentahydrate
copper(2+) sulfate--water (1/5)
Sulfuric acid copper(2+) salt (1:1), pentahydrate
Sulfuric acid, copper(2+) salt (1:1), pentahydrate
Cupric sulfate (USP)
Liquid Copper Sulfate
COPPERFINE-ZINC
Cupric sulfate (TN)
Copper Sulfate, Crystal
NATURAL CHALCANTHITE
Cupric sulphate pentahydrate
copper sulfate-penta hydrate
Copper Sulfate Fine Crystal
Copper(II)sulfatepentahydrate
copper(II)sulfate pentahydrate
COPPER SULFATE [VANDF]
copper(II)sulphate pentahydrate
copper(II)sulphate-pentahydrate
CUPRIC SULFATE [VANDF]
copper(11) sulfate pentahydrate
DTXSID9031066
Cu.H2-O4-S.5H2-O
CUPRUM SULPHURICUM [HPUS]
copper (II) sulphate pentahydrate
copper(2+) sulfate, pentahydrate
JZCCFEFSEZPSOG-UHFFFAOYSA-L
Copper (II) sulfate, pentahydrate
CUPRIC SULFATE [ORANGE BOOK]
AKOS025243248
LS-1724
CUPRIC SULFATE PENTAHYDRATE [MI]
COPPER(2+) SULPHATE PENTAHYDRATE
COPPER (AS CUPRIC SULFATE) [VANDF]
COPPER SULFATE PENTAHYDRATE [WHO-DD]
FT-0624051
Copper(II) sulfate pentahydrate, ACS reagent
D03613
COPPER(2+) SULPHATE (1:1) PENTAHYDRATE
COPPER SULFATE PENTAHYDRATE [EP MONOGRAPH]
Q6135414
Sulfuric acid copper(2) salt (1:1), pentahydrate
SULFURIC ACID, COPPER (2+) SALT, PENTAHYDRATE
Copper(II) sulfate pentahydrate (99.999%-Cu) PURATREM
Copper(II) sulfate pentahydrate, Trace metals grade, 99.995%
SULFURIC ACID, COPPER (2+) SALT (1:1), PENTAHYDRATE
COPTIS CHINENSIS (GOLDTHREAD) EXTRACT
Coptis Chinensis (Goldthread) Extract is densely covered with numerous nodes.
Coptis Chinensis (Goldthread) Extract might decrease acid in the stomach.


CAS Number: 23224-57-9
EC Number: 245-020-0
Binomial name: Coptis chinensis
Family: Ranunculaceae
Genus: Coptis
Species: C. chinensis



SYNONYMS:
Anemone groenlandica, Cankerroot, Chinese Coptis, Chinese Goldthread, Coptide, Coptide à Trois Feuilles, Coptide Chinois, Coptide du Groenland, Coptide Savoyane, Coptide Trifoliolée, Coptidis Rhizome, Coptis, Coptis chinensis, Coptis deltoidea, Coptis groenlandica, Coptis Rhizome, Coptis teeta, Coptis teetoides, Coptis trifolia, Golden Thread, Goldenthread, Huang Lian, Huanglian, Mouth Root, Racine Jaune, Rhizoma Coptidis, Savoyane, Tisavoyane Jaune, Yellowroot, Chinese Goldthread, Huang Lian, Coptis chinensis, Coptis deltoidea, Coptis japonica, Coptis teeta, Coptis teetoides, Coptis trifolia, Coptis groenlandica, Anemone groenlandica, Cankerroot, Chinese Coptis, Chinese Goldthread, Coptide, Coptide à Trois Feuilles, Coptide Chinois, Coptide du Groenland, Coptide Savoyane, Coptide Trifoliolée, Coptidis Rhizome, Coptis, Coptis Rhizome, Golden Thread, Goldenthread, Huang Lian, Huanglian, Japanese Goldthread, Mouth Root, Racine Jaune, Rhizoma Coptidis, Savoyane, Tisavoyane Jaune, Yellowroot



Coptis Chinensis (Goldthread) Extract contains ONLY natural ingredients.
Coptis Chinensis (Goldthread) Extract is a low-growing plant that is indigenous to the mountainous regions of China.
The leaves are basal, long petiolate.


The rhizome is shaped like a cockspur, has a brownish yellow color.
Coptis Chinensis (Goldthread) Extract is densely covered with numerous nodes.
Coptis Chinensis (Goldthread) Extract is a plant.


Coptis Chinensis (Goldthread) Extract might decrease acid in the stomach.
Coptis Chinensis (Goldthread) Extract also appears to have antibacterial effects and may reduce swelling.
Coptis chinensis, the Chinese goldthread, is a species of goldthread flowering plant native to China


Coptis Chinensis (Goldthread) Extract, a famous traditional herbal medicine used for clearing heat and detoxification since thousands of years ago, is widely and traditionally used for clinical treatment of stomach inflammation, duodenum and digestive tract ulcers alone or through combing with other herbs in compound formulations.


Extracts such as tinctures or essences offer a convenient alternative to herbal teas.
Many are used in food, food supplements, cosmetics and as an ingredient by herbalists in bespoke formulas.
Coptis Chinensis (Goldthread) is a plant.


The underground stem (rhizome) is used to make medicine.
Coptis Chinensis (Goldthread) Extract, known as Chinese Goldthread, is revered for its root, which contains potent compounds believed to support digestive health and promote a healthy inflammatory response.


Research has highlighted Coptis Chinensis (Goldthread) Extract's role in traditional medicine for supporting overall wellness, making it a cornerstone in herbal health practices.
Commonly-known as traditional Chinese medicine, Coptis Chinensis (Goldthread) Extract that belongs to the family Ranunculaceae.


Coptis Chinensis (Goldthread) Extract is native to China.
Berberine, coptisine, epiberberine, dihydroberberine are the major active components present in this root.
Coptis Chinensis (Goldthread) Extract is a good source of powerful antioxidants like Quercetin that provide protection against oxygen-free radicles.


Coptis Chinensis (Goldthread) Extract has many health benefits.
Consumption of Coptis Chinensis (Goldthread) Extract is good for gut health, teeth health
Native Americans used Coptis Chinensis (Goldthread) Extract as a digestive aid and to remedy infections and mouth sores.


Coptis Chinensis (Goldthread) Extract’s from this that goldthread got the nickname “canker root.”
The practical value of Coptis Chinensis (Goldthread) Extract wasn't limited to therapeutic applications; because of its bright gold color, Indigenous Americans also used goldthread to produce a yellow dye and to flavor beer.


Berberine isn’t Coptis Chinensis (Goldthread) Extract’s only beneficial compound, though.
Other alkaloids present in Coptis Chinensis (Goldthread) Extract include palmatine, epiberberine, jaterorhizine, columbamine, and coptisine.
Coptisine, in particular, has received attention from researchers recently.


It’s currently being examined for Coptis Chinensis (Goldthread) Extract!s ability to promote brain health.
Among its other positive attributes, coptisine may help a fever, relieve discomfort, support heart health, and Coptis Chinensis (Goldthread) Extract’s a strong antioxidant.


Additionally, Coptis Chinensis (Goldthread) Extract encourages normal cellular respiration
Coptis Chinensis (Goldthread) Extract is a low-growing plant that is indigenous to the mountainous regions of China.
The leaves are basal, long petiolate.


The rhizome is shaped like a cockspur, has a brownish yellow color.
It is densely covered with numerous nodes.
Finding a substitute for Coptis Chinensis (Goldthread) Extract may be tricky.


Goldenseal is a herb that also contains berberine.
But, like Coptis Chinensis (Goldthread) Extract, goldenseal has been severely over-harvested.
You can find goldenseal in most drug stores, but the quality is dubious.


Oregon grape root may be a better alternative than goldenseal.
Although Coptis Chinensis (Goldthread) Extract has a lower berberine concentration, Oregon grape root is more sustainable and readily available.
In fact, the plant is so common that Coptis Chinensis (Goldthread) Extract’s often considered an invasive species outside its native habitat.


While several varieties of Coptis Chinensis (Goldthread) Extract are endangered and in need of protection, other species remain plentiful.
Populations of some formerly threatened species, like the North American coptis trifolia, are recovering.
If you’re careful about your source, Coptis Chinensis (Goldthread) Extract itself is still a good option.
You can find Coptis Chinensis (Goldthread) Extract in supplements, both by itself and blended with other herbs.



USES and APPLICATIONS of COPTIS CHINENSIS (GOLDTHREAD) EXTRACT:
Coptis Chinensis (Goldthread) Extract is used digestive problems.
Coptis Chinensis (Goldthread) Extract is used ieishmaniasis (a parasite infection that affects the skin).
Coptis Chinensis (Goldthread) Extract is used trichomoniasis (a parasite infection that is transmitted sexually).


Coptis Chinensis (Goldthread) Extract is used psoriasis (a skin condition).
Coptis Chinensis (Goldthread) Extract is used in ther conditions.
More evidence is needed to rate the effectiveness of Coptis Chinensis (Goldthread) Extract for these uses.


Cosmetic Uses of Coptis Chinensis (Goldthread) Extract: antioxidants
Other uses: Because of the strong coloring quality of berberine, Coptis Chinensis (Goldthread) Extract has been traditionally used as a dye, especially for wool and other fibers.


Coptis Chinensis (Goldthread) Extract is widely used in both food and medicinal sectors.
Coptis Chinensis (Goldthread) Extract has been used as a traditional Chinese medicine for 2000 years.
Berberine (BBR) is a bioactive isoquinoline alkaloid found in the Coptis Chinensis (Goldthread) Extract, rhizome, and stem bark, could improve cognitive dysfunction


Coptis Chinensis (Goldthread) Extract is used for digestive disorders, a skin infection caused by Leishmania parasites, a sexually transmitted infection caused by Trichomonas vaginalis, and other conditions, but there is no good scientific evidence to support these uses.
Coptis Chinensis (Goldthread) Extract is native to China and has been used in Traditional Chinese Medicine.


The underground stem (rhizome) is used to make medicine.
Coptis Chinensis (Goldthread) Extract, a famous traditional herbal medicine used for clearing heat and detoxification since thousands of years ago, is widely and traditionally used for clinical treatment of stomach inflammation, duodenum and digestive tract ulcers alone or through combing with other herbs in compound formulations.


Coptis Chinensis (Goldthread) Extract is used for digestive disorders, parasite infections including leishmaniasis, and trichomoniasis, and a skin condition called psoriasis.
Application of Coptis Chinensis (Goldthread) Extract: Health Drinks, Health Shots and Tonics, Herbs and Aromatic Blends.


Coptis Chinensis (Goldthread) Extract is clinically used as per the Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) guidelines for its broad anti-microbial effects.
Coptis Chinensis (Goldthread) Extract is used for digestive disorders, a skin infection caused by Leishmania parasites, a sexually transmitted infection caused by Trichomonas vaginalis, and other conditions, but there is no good scientific evidence to support these uses.


Coptis Chinensis (Goldthread) Extract is native to China and has been used in Traditional Chinese Medicine.
Coptis Chinensis (Goldthread) Extract is used to make medicine.



-Traditional Uses for Coptis Chinensis (Goldthread) Extract:
Coptis Chinensis (Goldthread) Extract is an important herb in both Ayurvedic and Chinese traditional medicine.
Starting in the Tang dynasty, Coptis Chinensis (Goldthread) Extract was used to make a medicine called Huang-Lian-Jie-Du Decoction (HLJDD), which is still used today.
Herbalist rely on HLJDD to address a variety of ailments, including soothing irritation, promoting normal blood sugar, and supporting gastrointestinal health.


-Traditional uses:
Coptis Chinensis (Goldthread) Extract is one of the 50 fundamental herbs used in traditional Chinese medicine, where it is called duǎn è huánglián (Chinese: 短萼黄连).
Coptis Chinensis (Goldthread) Extract has been proved to have anti‐cancer, anti‐inflammatory, and anti‐bacterial properties and to help to improve cardiovascular conditions.


-Maintains Liver Health - Coptis Chinensis (Goldthread) Extract is sourced from Coptis chinensis root, which has been used in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM).
This Coptis Chinensis (Goldthread) Extract, or Golden Thread Extract, may help purge harmful substances from the body.
Not only that it purges unwanted substances, Coptis Chinensis (Goldthread) Extract is a natural way to help support the liver's natural function, essential to overall health.



FUNCTION OF COPTIS CHINENSIS (GOLDTHREAD) EXTRACT:
1. Remove heat and damp, relieve fire and eliminate toxins;
2. Anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antiviral, and antigens worm and prevent flu viruses.
3. Treat pantothenic acid, fire poison ulcers, red eyes swelling and pain and upset sleepless.



BENEFITS OF COPTIS CHINENSIS (GOLDTHREAD) EXTRACT:
Nutritional Value



SAFETY IN USE INFORMATION ABOUT COPTIS CHINENSIS (GOLDTHREAD) EXTRACT:
Category:
*antioxidants
Recommendation for Coptis Chinensis (Goldthread) Extract usage levels up to: not for fragrance use.
Recommendation for Coptis Chinensis (Goldthread) Extract flavor usage levels up to: not for flavor use.



FUNCTIONALITY OF COPTIS CHINENSIS (GOLDTHREAD) EXTRACT:
*Antimicrobial Properties,
*Antioxidant Properties
*Blood Sugar Support Ingredient
*Dental Health Ingredient
*Detoxification Support Ingredient
*Digestive Support Ingredient
*Immune Support Ingredient
*Menstrual Comfort Ingredient
*Weight Management Ingredient
*Mild Tension Relief Ingredient



HOW DOES COPTIS CHINENSIS (GOLDTHREAD) EXTRACT WORK?
Coptis Chinensis (Goldthread) Extract might decrease acid in the stomach.
Coptis Chinensis (Goldthread) Extract also appears to have antibacterial effects.



ADDITIONAL INFORMATION ABOUT COPTIS CHINENSIS (GOLDTHREAD) EXTRACT:
Main Ingredients: Organic Chinese Goldthread (Coptis Chinensis) Dried Root.

Strength: Dry plant material / solvents ratio 1:3.

Solvents: Other ingredients: vegetable glycerine, alcohol, water.

Coptis Chinensis (Goldthread) Extract contains NO GMO, gluten, sugar, yeast, mold, corn, salt, wheat, soy, artificial colors, dairy foods, preservatives or synthetic fertilizers.



INDICATIONS OF COPTIS CHINENSIS (GOLDTHREAD) EXTRACT:
Do not use Coptis Chinensis (Goldthread) Extract if seal is broken or missing.
Store Coptis Chinensis (Goldthread) Extract in a cool dry place.



ETYMOLOGY OF COPTIS CHINENSIS (GOLDTHREAD) EXTRACT:
Coptis chinensis Franch. var. chinensis
(syn. Coptis teeta Wallich var. chinensis)



CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS OF COPTIS CHINENSIS (GOLDTHREAD) EXTRACT:
Chemical constituents
The rhizomes of Coptis Chinensis (Goldthread) Extract contain the isoquinoline alkaloids berberine, palmatine, and coptisine among others.



FEATURES OF COPTIS CHINENSIS (GOLDTHREAD) EXTRACT:
*NON GMO!
*Gluten Free!



WHERE TO FIND COPTIS CHINENSIS (GOLDTHREAD) EXTRACT:
Many varieties of Coptis Chinensis (Goldthread) Extract are native to Asia and North America and some are actually critically endangered.
There are two reasons for this — one is genetic and one is man-made.
The genetic cause is a random mutation that results in low pollen and seed production in certain species of Coptis Chinensis (Goldthread) Extract.

This mutation affects up to 80% of Coptis teeta, a type of Coptis Chinensis (Goldthread) Extract from the eastern Himalayas.
The second cause is overexploitation by humans. Coptis Chinensis (Goldthread) Extract is a victim of its own success.
Coptis Chinensis (Goldthread) Extract's desirable properties as a therapeutic herb have led to widespread overharvesting.



PRODUCTION AND SOURCING OF COPTIS CHINENSIS (GOLDTHREAD) EXTRACT:
Coptis is a small, deciduous plant with yellow flowers and dark brown, woody roots.
Coptis is mainly grown and harvested in China and Japan.
However, due to an increase in demand, it is also cultivated in North America and Europe.

The cultivation of Coptis requires a cool, damp, and shaded environment.
The preferred soil for cultivation is a well-drained loamy soil with a pH of 5-6.
Harvesting of the roots usually occurs in the fall when the plant has fully matured.



HEALTH BENEFITS OF COPTIS CHINENSIS (GOLDTHREAD) EXTRACT:
The healing properties of Coptis Chinensis (Goldthread) Extract aren’t simply folkloric in nature.
Modern medicine has started to examine the potential health benefits of this herb.
Coptis Chinensis (Goldthread) Extract owes its healing abilities to high concentrations of several potent alkaloid compounds.

Of these, berberine is most commonly associated with Coptis Chinensis (Goldthread) Extract’s benefits.
Berberine has dozens of therapeutic applications.
Coptis Chinensis (Goldthread) Extract can protect against some types of harmful organisms and soothe irritated tissue.

Coptis Chinensis (Goldthread) Extract promotes normal lipid profiles and is even known to boost the immune system.
Multiple studies suggest that berberine may be of benefit for those suffering from obesity.

Berberine promotes heart health, bone and joint health, brain health, digestive health, liver health, and is beneficial for the respiratory system.
Perhaps most intriguing of all, berberine has been evaluated for activity against cancer but further research is necessary to fully understand its potential or draw conclusions.



HOW DOES COPTIS CHINENSIS (GOLDTHREAD) EXTRACT WORK?
Coptis Chinensis (Goldthread) Extract might decrease acid in the stomach.
Coptis Chinensis (Goldthread) Extract also appears to have antibacterial effects and may reduce swelling.



HEALTH BENEFITS OF COPTIS CHINENSIS (GOLDTHREAD) EXTRACT:
*Coptis Chinensis (Goldthread) flowers.
Coptis Chinensis (Goldthread) Extract is a perennial herb that has been used for centuries for its health benefits.
Coptis Chinensis (Goldthread) Extract, also known as coptis or canker root, is a genus of perennial herbs that have been part of Asian and North American traditional medicine for hundreds of years.
The roots of the plant look like a tangled mass of gold thread, hence its name.
Coptis Chinensis (Goldthread) Extract is actually the powdered rhizome, or underground stem, of the goldthread plant.



PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of COPTIS CHINENSIS (GOLDTHREAD) EXTRACT:
Appearance: Yellow Powder
CAS Number: 23224-57-9
EC Number: 245-020-0
Appearance: Yellow-brown powder
Solubility: Soluble in water and alcohol
Density: Approximately 1.1 g/cm³
pH: 4.0 - 6.0
Molecular Weight: 338.38 g/mol (for berberine, one of the main active compounds)
Production Method: Whole-herb Percolation Extraction



FIRST AID MEASURES of COPTIS CHINENSIS (GOLDTHREAD) EXTRACT:
-Description of first-aid measures
*General advice:
Show this material safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
*If inhaled:
After inhalation:
Fresh air.
*In case of skin contact:
Take off immediately all contaminated clothing.
Rinse skin with
water/ shower.
*In case of eye contact:
After eye contact:
Rinse out with plenty of water.
Call in ophthalmologist.
Remove contact lenses.
*If swallowed:
After swallowing:
Immediately make victim drink water (two glasses at most).
Consult a physician.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed.
No data available



ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of COPTIS CHINENSIS (GOLDTHREAD) EXTRACT:
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Cover drains.
Collect, bind, and pump off spills.
Observe possible material restrictions.
Take up dry.
Dispose of properly.
Clean up affected area.



FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of COPTIS CHINENSIS (GOLDTHREAD) EXTRACT:
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Foam
Dry powder
*Unsuitable extinguishing media:
For this substance/mixture no limitations of extinguishing agents are given.
-Further information:
Prevent fire extinguishing water from contaminating surface water or the ground water system.



EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of COPTIS CHINENSIS (GOLDTHREAD) EXTRACT:
-Control parameters:
--Ingredients with workplace control parameters:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use equipment for eye protection.
Safety glasses
*Body Protection:
protective clothing
*Respiratory protection:
Recommended Filter type: Filter A
-Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.



HANDLING and STORAGE of COPTIS CHINENSIS (GOLDTHREAD) EXTRACT:
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
*Storage conditions:
Tightly closed.
Dry.



STABILITY and REACTIVITY of COPTIS CHINENSIS (GOLDTHREAD) EXTRACT:
-Chemical stability:
The product is chemically stable under standard ambient conditions (room temperature) .
-Possibility of hazardous reactions:
No data available

CORN OIL
Maize oil; ZEAMAYSOIL; CAS NO : 8001-30-7
CORN SILK EXTRACT
Corn Silk Extract is a key part of the vegetable’s reproductive system and essential to crop pollination.
Corn Silk Extract also contains chemicals that might have antioxidant effects, reduce blood pressure, and alter blood sugar levels.


CAS Number: 84696-19-5
EC Number: 232-490-8
Molecular Formula: C12H12O5



SYNONYMS:
Cornsilk, Zea mays silk, Maize silk, Silk of corn, Corn hair, Zea mays L. silk, Cornstalk silk, Corn silk powder



The thread growing from fresh corn on the cob is often discarded and never thought of again.
But that thread, known as Corn Silk Extract, can be of use.
Research has shown that Corn Silk Extract has many nutrients and other health benefits.


The silk is edible, with simple nutrients, and can provide a bountiful amount of vitamins c, k, potassium, and more.
Corn Silk Extract is wispy and gold, and most people usually just toss the tiny, delicate strands.
But, they can be brewed into corn silk tea.


It is believed that the Aztecs and Mayans originally used this tea.
For over 6000 years, evidence shows this tea being used for medicinal purposes.
Corn Silk Extract is the long, silky threads that grow on corncobs.


Corn Silk Extract (Stigma maydis) is the layer of glossy, thread-like strands found between the corn husk and ear.
An ear of corn may have 300 to 600 Corn Silk Extracts.
Corn Silk Extract is a key part of the vegetable’s reproductive system and essential to crop pollination.


The fibers trap the pollen that fertilizes the cob and helps kernels grow.
Along with the husk, Corn Silk Extract also protects kernels, helping the ear of corn retain its moisture and sweetness.
Corn Silk Extract is the long shiny fibers at the top of an ordinary ear of corn (Zea mays).


Corn Silk Extract contains proteins, carbohydrates, vitamins, minerals, and fiber.
Corn Silk Extract also contains chemicals that might have antioxidant effects, reduce blood pressure, and alter blood sugar levels.
Corn Silk Extract is the long, silky threads that grow on corncobs.



USES and APPLICATIONS of CORN SILK EXTRACT:
Corn Silk Extract's often discarded as waste but is also used in medicine.
People use Corn Silk Extract for chest pain, diabetes, high blood pressure, obesity, and many other conditions, but there is no good scientific evidence to support these uses.


Though it’s often discarded when corn is prepared for eating, Corn Silk Extract may have several medicinal applications.
As an herbal remedy, Corn Silk Extract has been used for centuries in traditional Chinese and Native American medicine.
Corn Silk Extract’s still used today in many countries, including China, France, Turkey, and the United States.



HOW IS CORN SILK EXTRACT USED?
In Asia, Corn Silk Extract has traditionally been used as an herb.
Native Americans used Corn Silk Extract for disease treatments.
In modern times, you can find Corn Silk Extract used in traditional medicine in areas of the US, France, and Turkey.

Corn Silk Extract can potentially provide major antioxidant benefits and function as a diuretic.
Some claim Corn Silk Extract helps with energy, and some claim antidepressant properties.

Corn Silk Extract can be taken as edible supplements or steeped as tea.
But ultimately Corn Silk Extract is used for its antihyperlipidemic, antidiabetic, and antioxidant effects.



USES, BENEFITS, AND DOSAGE OF CORN SILK EXTRACT:
*May lower blood pressure
Corn Silk Extract may be an effective treatment for high blood pressure.

First, Corn Silk Extract encourages the elimination of excess fluid from your body.
As such, Corn Silk Extract could be a natural alternative to prescribed diuretics, which are often used to reduce blood pressure.

What’s more, a recent study in rats discovered that Corn Silk Extract significantly reduced blood pressure by inhibiting the activity of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE).

In one 8-week study, 40 people with high blood pressure were given increasing amounts of this supplement until they reached a dose of 118 mg per pound of body weight (260 mg per kg).

Their blood pressure dropped significantly compared to that of a control group, with those given the highest dose experiencing the greatest reduction.
Still, more human research is needed.



FOUR BENEFITS OF CORN SILK EXTRACT FOR YOUR HEALTH INCLUDE:
1. Keeps your urinary system healthy
Corn Silk Extract can act as a powerful diuretic, making you pee more.

Increased urine flow can prevent the buildup of bacteria that leads to urinary tract infections (UTIs) and bladder infections.
And if you do get a UTI or bladder infection, Corn Silk Extract soothes inflammation to ease pain.

Increased urination can also help strengthen your bladder.
Healthcare providers sometimes recommend Corn Silk Extract or teas for children experiencing bedwetting and adults with urinary incontinence.
Corn Silk Extract may also prevent kidney stones and protect against kidney damage caused by certain medications or cancer treatments.

The diuretic properties of Corn Silk Extract may also lower blood pressure.
But Campbell cautions that people who already take diuretics or blood pressure medicine may be at risk for losing too much potassium.

This could lead to low blood potassium levels or hypokalemia.
Low potassium is concerning because it can affect the way your heart beats.
It’s always important to check with your healthcare provider before taking a supplement.


2. Fights inflammation
The plant pigment or flavonoid that gives Corn Silk Extracts their light green, yellow, brown or red colors is also an antioxidant.
In fact, Corn Silk Extracthas as much antioxidant value as vitamin C.
Antioxidants protect against inflammation and the effects of aging, as well as diseases like cancer and diabetes.


3. Lowers blood sugar
Corn Silk Extracts are part of Native American and traditional Chinese medicine for diabetes management.
The extract may lower blood sugar levels and help prevent complications like diabetes-related neuropathy (nerve damage), according to one study.
Other studies indicate that Corn Silk Extracts may slow your body’s absorption of starchy foods, preventing spikes in blood sugar.

But if you’re already taking medications to lower your blood sugar, Campbell advises checking with your provider before beginning to take a supplement. Blood sugar that is too low can be dangerous, too.


4. Improves cholesterol levels
The flavonoids in Corn Silk Extract may improve your cholesterol numbers by lowering triglycerides and low-density lipoproteins (LDL).
These unhealthy forms of cholesterol cause plaque deposits to form inside your arteries, increasing your risk of heart attacks and strokes.



WHAT NUTRIENTS ARE IN CORN SILK EXTRACT?
Studies show that Corn Silk Extract contains:
*Carbohydrates.
*Fiber.
*Minerals like calcium, iron, sodium, potassium, zinc and chloride.
*Protein.



BENEFITS OF CORN SILK EXTRACT:
Despite centuries of herbal remedy use, there are limited studies on the health benefits of Corn Silk Extract.
Much of the existing research took place on animals and not humans.
Still, certain studies suggest that consuming Corn Silk Extract and related products may be good for your health.



BENEFITS OF CORN SILK EXTRACT:
1. High blood pressure treatment:
The properties of Corn Silk Extract may make it a good treatment for high blood pressure.
Corn Silk Extract helps flush excess fluids from the body, and it acts as a diuretic.

A diuretic is a supplement or medicine that helps to rid the body of water and salt/sodium.
Sodium helps to get water out of the body and decreases fluid in the arteries and veins, thus reducing blood pressure.
Prescription diuretics treat high blood pressure and other heart conditions.

Studies show Corn Silk Extract contains chemicals that hamper the work of the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), which is known to increase blood pressure.
People who were given corn silk supplementation ultimately had decreases in blood pressure, depending on the corn silk concentration.


2. Diabetes treatment:
Elevation of insulin levels in diabetics has been shown to be a property of corn silk tea.
The infused tea may help to keep blood sugars level in people with diabetes.
It prevents major fluctuations in blood sugar readings throughout the day.

Blood sugar levels should stay in the target range to help eliminate the risk of long-term health problems like vision loss, heart disease, or kidney disease.
Level insulin and blood sugar levels also help to improve your mood and your energy.

Blood sugar readings should be about 80 to 130 mg/dL before eating.
Two hours after, it should be less than 180mg/dL.
Depending on any other health issues, age, gender, or various other factors, your blood sugar target range may vary.


3. Lower cholesterol levels:
Though more studies are needed, some studies have shown Corn Silk Extract reduced levels of total cholesterol and bad cholesterol called LDL.
Corn Silk Extract also increases good cholesterol, or HDL.

Two different types of lipoproteins carry cholesterol in between the cells.
One is low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and one is high-density lipoprotein {HDL).
LDL is called bad cholesterol because it adds to the fatty build-up in the arteries that narrows the center and increases heart attack and stroke risk.

HDL is good cholesterol because higher levels indicate protection against heart disease and stroke.
Diets rich in fat increase levels of cholesterol in the body.
Corn Silk Extract taken afterward still produced lower levels of total cholesterol.


4. Help with inflammation:
Corn silk tea's properties may help with inflammation in the arms, legs, and joints of the body.
Traditionally, corn silk tea has been used as a treatment for arthritis and gout.
Arthritis is inflammation of the joints, and gout is a type of arthritis additionally burdened by heat, swelling, and crystalline deposits in the joint.


5. Antioxidant benefits:
Oxidative stress is a major aggressor in a number of medical ailments of the body.
Antioxidants protect the body against oxidative stress and free radical damage.

Corn Silk Extract is a rich source of the plant compound known as the antioxidant flavonoid.
These flavonoids are the source of many of the benefits of Corn Silk Extract.
They attack the stress and radical damages that can lead to conditions of inflammation, cancer, diabetes, and heart disease.


6. Eye pressure relief:
In a study, intraocular pressure was reduced in hypertensive patients when given levels of Corn Silk Extract.
This was caused by the diuretic properties of elevated potassium levels in Corn Silk Extract supplementation in high doses.


7. Urinary system benefits:
Corn Silk Extract has shown promising benefits as a diuretic, uricosuric, and antilithiatic.
In a study, the water extracted from Corn Silk Extract showed antioxidant properties that can be used to treat swelling and gout, kidney stones, cystitis, prostatitis, and nephriti



CAN YOU EAT CORN SILK EXTRACT?
4 Health Benefits of Corn Silk

If you’re like most people, you toss Corn Silk Extract straight into the compost bin or trash.
These silky threads that cover ears of corn can be a nuisance to remove — from the cob, your hands and your teeth.

But Native Americans and people in China, Turkey and other countries think differently about Corn Silk Extract.
For centuries, they’ve been using Corn Silk Extract as an herbal remedy for medicinal purposes.

Today, Corn Silk Extract — and products like corn silk tea and supplements — are growing in popularity.
Registered dietitian Susan Campbell, RD, LD, explains why you might want to keep (and not trash) Corn Silk Extract the next time you’re husking corn.



POTENTIAL BENEFITS OF CORN SILK EXTRACT:
Although Corn Silk Extract is routinely used in herbal medicine, studies on it are limited.
However, preliminary research suggests that Corn Silk Extract may have health benefits, especially for certain types of inflammatory conditions like heart disease and diabetes.

*Provides antioxidants
Antioxidants are plant compounds that protect your body’s cells against free radical damage and oxidative stress.
Oxidative stress is one of the major causes of a number of chronic conditions, including diabetes, heart disease, cancer, and inflammation.

Corn Silk Extract is a naturally rich source of flavonoid antioxidants.
Multiple test-tube and animal studies demonstrate that Corn Silk Extract's flavonoids reduce oxidative stress and protect against free radical damage.
These compounds may be responsible for many of Corn Silk Extract’s benefits.

*Has anti-inflammatory properties
Inflammation is part of your body’s natural immune response.
However, excessive inflammation is linked to a variety of illnesses, including heart disease and diabetes.

Test-tube and animal studies have found that Corn Silk Extract may reduce inflammation by suppressing the activity of two major inflammatory compounds.
This stringy plant fiber also contains magnesium, which helps regulate your body’s inflammatory response.
That said, human research is needed.

*May manage blood sugar
Some research indicates that Corn Silk Extract may lower blood sugar and help manage diabetes symptoms.
One animal study noted that diabetic mice given Corn Silk Extract flavonoids had significantly reduced blood sugar compared to a control group.

A recent test-tube study also revealed that antioxidants in Corn Silk Extract may help prevent diabetic kidney disease.
Although these results are promising, human studies are needed



WHAT IS CORN SILK EXTRACT, AND HOW IS CORN SILK EXTRACT USED?
Corn Silk Extract is the long, thread-like strands of plant material that grow underneath the husk of a fresh ear of corn.
These shiny, thin fibers aid the pollination and growth of corn, but they’re also used in traditional herbal medicine practices.
Corn Silk Extract contains a variety of plant compounds that may be responsible for various health effects.

In traditional Chinese and Native American medicine, Corn Silk Extract’s used to treat a variety of ailments, including prostate problems, malaria, urinary tract infections (UTIs), and heart disease.

More recent research indicates that it may also help reduce blood pressure, cholesterol, blood sugar, and inflammation.
Corn Silk Extract may be used fresh but is often dried before being consumed as a tea or extract.
It may also be taken as a pill.

Summary
Corn Silk Extract is a type of natural fiber that grows on corn plants.
Corn Silk Extract’s used as an herbal remedy for a variety of illnesses in traditional or folk medicine.



PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of CORN SILK EXTRACT:
EC Number: 232-490-8
CAS Number: 84696-19-5
Molecular Formula: C12H12O5
Molecular Weight: 236.22 g/mol
Appearance: Light yellow to greenish powder
Density: Approximately 1.0 g/cm³
Solubility: Soluble in water and alcohol
pH: 5.0 - 7.0
Flash Point: Not available
Melting Point: Not available



FIRST AID MEASURES of CORN SILK EXTRACT:
-Description of first-aid measures
*General advice:
Show this material safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
*If inhaled:
After inhalation:
Fresh air.
*In case of skin contact:
Take off immediately all contaminated clothing.
Rinse skin with
water/ shower.
*In case of eye contact:
After eye contact:
Rinse out with plenty of water.
Call in ophthalmologist.
Remove contact lenses.
*If swallowed:
After swallowing:
Immediately make victim drink water (two glasses at most).
Consult a physician.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed.
No data available



ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of CORN SILK EXTRACT:
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Cover drains.
Collect, bind, and pump off spills.
Observe possible material restrictions.
Take up dry.
Dispose of properly.
Clean up affected area.



FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of CORN SILK EXTRACT:
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Foam
Dry powder
*Unsuitable extinguishing media:
For this substance/mixture no limitations of extinguishing agents are given.
-Further information:
Prevent fire extinguishing water from contaminating surface water or the ground water system.



EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of CORN SILK EXTRACT:
-Control parameters:
--Ingredients with workplace control parameters:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use equipment for eye protection.
Safety glasses
*Body Protection:
protective clothing
*Respiratory protection:
Recommended Filter type: Filter A
-Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.



HANDLING and STORAGE of CORN SILK EXTRACT:
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
*Storage conditions:
Tightly closed.
Dry.



STABILITY and REACTIVITY of CORN SILK EXTRACT:
-Chemical stability:
The product is chemically stable under standard ambient conditions (room temperature) .
-Possibility of hazardous reactions:
No data available


CORN STARCH
Corn starch, maize starch, or cornflour (British English) is the starch derived from corn (maize) grain.
Corn starch is obtained from the endosperm of the kernel.
Corn starch is a common food ingredient, often used to thicken sauces or soups, and to make corn syrup and other sugars.

CAS: 68412-29-3
MF: (C6H10O5)n
MW: 0
EINECS: 232-679-6

Corn starch is versatile, easily modified, and finds many uses in industry such as adhesives, in paper products, as an anti-sticking agent, and textile manufacturing.
Corn starch has medical uses as well, such as to supply glucose for people with glycogen storage disease.
Like many products in dust form, Corn starch can be hazardous in large quantities due to its flammability—see dust explosion.
When mixed with a fluid, corn starch can rearrange itself into a non-Newtonian fluid.
For example, adding water transforms corn starch into a material commonly known as oobleck while adding oil transforms corn starch into an electrorheological (ER) fluid.
The concept can be explained through the mixture termed "cornflour slime".

Corn starch, sometimes referred to as cornflour, is a carbohydrate extracted from the endosperm of corn.
This white powdery substance is used for many culinary, household, and industrial purposes.
Corn starch was developed in 1844 in New Jersey and is produced today in corn-growing countries including the United States, China, Brazil, and India.
In the kitchen, cornstarch is most often used as a thickening agent for marinades, sauces, gravies, glazes, soups, casseroles, pies, and other desserts.
Corn starch's found in cuisines throughout the world, with North America and Asia leading both production and use.

History
Until 1851, corn starch was used primarily for starching laundry and for other industrial uses.
A method to produce pure culinary starch from maize was patented by John Polson of Brown & Polson, in Paisley, Scotland in 1854.
Corn starch was sold as "Patented Corn Flour".

Corn starch Chemical Properties
Melting point: 256-258 °C (dec.)(lit.)
Density: 1.005 g/mL at 25 °C
Solubility: H2O: 20 mg/mL, colorless, clear to slightly turbid
Form: Liquid
Color: clear to slightly hazy
EPA Substance Registry System: Corn starch (68412-29-3)

Uses
Although mostly used for cooking and as a household item, corn starch is used for many purposes in several industries, ranging from its use as a chemical additive for certain products, to medical therapy for certain illnesses.
Amylum is an ordinary starch, that occurs in all green plants.
Corn starch is a molecule of starch, built out of a large number of a-glucose rings joined by oxygen atoms, and is a major energy source for animals.
Acid modified starch can be used as excipient.

Corn starch is prized for its thickening properties.
Corn starch is comprised of long chains of starch molecules, which when heated in the presence of moisture, will unravel and swell.
This swelling action, or gelatinization, is what causes the thickening to occur.
Corn starch is useful as an anti-caking agent.
Shredded cheese is often coated with a thin dusting of cornstarch to prevent Corn starch from clumping in the package.
Corn starch will also help absorb moisture from condensation and prevent a slimy texture from developing.
A small amount of Corn starch is often mixed with powdered sugar for the same purpose.

Culinary
Corn starch is used as a thickening agent in liquid-based foods (e.g., soup, sauces, gravies, custard), usually by mixing it with a lower-temperature liquid to form a paste or slurry.
Corn starch is sometimes preferred over flour alone because it forms a translucent, rather than opaque mixture.
As the starch is heated over 203 °F (95 °C), the molecular chains unravel, allowing them to collide with other starch chains to form a mesh, thickening the liquid (Starch gelatinization).

However, continued boiling breaks up the molecules and thins the liquid.
Corn starch is usually included as an anticaking agent in powdered sugar (icing or confectioner's sugar).
A common substitute is arrowroot starch, which replaces the same amount of corn starch.
Food producers reduce production costs by adding varying amounts of corn starch to foods, for example to cheese and yogurt.
Chicken nuggets with a thin outer layer of corn starch allows increased oil absorption and crispness after the latter stages of frying.

Non-culinary
Baby powder may include corn starch among its ingredients.
Corn starch can be used to manufacture bioplastics (like PLA used for 3D printing)[14] and may be used in the manufacture of airbags.
Adhesive can be made from corn starch, traditionally one of the adhesives that may be used to make paste papers.
Corn starch dries with a slight sheen compared to wheat starch.
Corn starch may also be used as an adhesive in book and paper conservation.

Medical
Corn starch is the preferred anti-stick agent on medical products made from natural latex, including condoms, diaphragms, and medical gloves.
Corn starch has properties enabling supply of glucose to maintain blood sugar levels for people with glycogen storage disease.
Corn starch can be used starting at age 6–12 months allowing glucose fluctuations to be deterred.

Manufacture
The corn is steeped for 30 to 48 hours, which ferments it slightly.
The germ is separated from the endosperm and those two components are ground separately (still soaked).
Next the starch is removed from each by washing.
Corn starch is separated from the corn steep liquor, the cereal germ, the fibers and the corn gluten mostly in hydrocyclones and centrifuges, and then dried.
(The residue from every stage is used in animal feed and to make corn oil or other applications.)
This process is called wet milling.
Finally, the starch may be modified for specific purposes.

Risks
Like many other powders, corn starch is susceptible to dust explosions.
Corn starch is believed that overheating of a corn starch-based powder—despite warnings on the packaging indicating that the material is flammable—initiated the Formosa Fun Coast explosion in Taiwan on 27 June 2015.

Synonyms
Starchsolution
HYDROLYSEDSTARCH
Starch solution
ACID-TREATEDSTARCH
ACID-TREATEDSTARCHES
Acid modified starch
Acidmodified,cornstarch
Wheatstarch,acidmodified
Acid modified,corn starch
Acid modified, corn starch
Wheat starch, acid modified
CORN STARCH
Corn Starch is a fine, odorless, flavorless white powder derived from the endosperm of the corn kernel.
Cornflour, cornstarch, maize starch, or corn starch (American English) is the starch derived from corn (maize) grain.
The starch is obtained from the endosperm of the kernel.


Corn starch is a common food ingredient, often used to thicken sauces or soups, and to make corn syrup and other sugars.
Corn starch is versatile, easily modified, and finds many uses in industry such as adhesives, in paper products, as an anti-sticking agent, and textile manufacturing.


Corn Starch has medical uses as well, such as to supply glucose for people with glycogen storage disease.
When mixed with a fluid, corn starch can rearrange itself into a non-Newtonian fluid.


For example, adding water transforms corn starch into a material commonly known as oobleck while adding oil transforms corn starch into an electrorheological (ER) fluid.
The concept can be explained through the mixture termed "cornflour slime".


Normal corn starch is composed of two large α-linked glucose-containing polymers, the smaller and nearly linear amylose and the very large and highly branched amylopectin.
Corn Starch is a type of starch derived from corn.


At the same time, Corn Starch type is the most common type of starch in our country and therefore known by many people.
Apart from corn starch, it is possible to mention different types of starch such as wheat, rice and potato starch.
However, Corn Starch should not be forgotten that each of these starches has different properties.


As Corn Starch is known, the usage area of each starch in the kitchen is different from the other.
In addition, starches can be used in many different recipes for various purposes such as balancing taste, thickening and binding.
Corn starch is the most produced and the most popular in the market due to its affordable price is the preferred starch.


It is an odorless, taste-neutral, white color natural corn starch obtained from corn.
Corn Starch has white-powder appearance, special taste and odor.
Corn Starch is used in food industry and produced after being processed by wet method of the corn and be separated with physical techniques.


Corn starch is derived from certified organic corn and nothing else.
Corn Starch acts as a natural binding agent with double the thickening power of flour.
Corn starch has a subtle, slightly sweet corn flavour and is a great addition to many sweet and savoury recipes.


Corn Starch, sometimes referred to as cornflour, is a carbohydrate extracted from the endosperm of corn.
Corn Starch was developed in 1844 in New Jersey and is produced today in corn-growing countries including the United States, China, Brazil, and India.
Corn Starch's found in cuisines throughout the world, with North America and Asia leading both production and use.


Because of its thickening qualities, corn starch can be used to improve the consistency of soups, sauces, desserts and more.
Corn Starch is a helpful addition to homemade vegan nut cheeses to help the cheese hold its shape.
Corn Starch is a staple of any well-stocked pantry.


If you cook even somewhat frequently, then chances are good you've encountered Corn Starch at some point in your culinary journey.
And I’d even bet that you have a box of the stuff sitting in your cupboard right now.
You probably already know a thing or two about the properties of Corn Starch.


You likely use Corn Starch as a thickener for sauces, or in batters and dredges for fried foods.
Corn Starch is a fine, odorless, flavorless white powder derived from the endosperm of the corn kernel.
Like rice grains, corn kernels consist of multiple layers: the outer protective pericarp (the “hull”), the germ, the endosperm, and the exposed tip cap, which is the point at which the kernel attaches to the cob.


The starchy flesh of the endosperm comprises around 82 percent of the kernel’s weight, and contains all of the native starch in the plant—in other words, all of the magic.
In a popped corn kernel, the endosperm is the fluffy white part that tastes so good when doused with butter and salt.


These days, Corn Starch is made by a process called wet milling.
Shelled corn is cleaned and steeped in large tanks in a warm, acidic solution of water and sulfur dioxide.
This solution softens the kernel, which makes Corn Starch easier to mill.


The water is boiled off, and the milling process loosens the hull (pericarp) and endosperm from the germ.
After passing through a series of grinders and screens, the endosperm is isolated and processed into a slurry, which contains mostly pure corn starch.
When dried, this starch is unmodified; Corn Starch can be refined even more to make modified starches intended for specific cooking applications.


Corn Starch, also called maize starch or corn flour in the U.S., is the starch found in corn grains.
Corn Starch is a fine, white powder made from the endosperm or the starchy part of corn kernels.
It's created when the hard outer shells of corn kernels are separated from the starchy endosperm and the endosperm is milled or ground to form Corn Starch.


Corn starch is a natural starch product that is derived from the corn kernel.
Corn Starch is a white to slightly yellowish fine powder commonly used in the food and pharmaceutical manufacturing industries.
Disintegrants enable tablets and capsules to break down into smaller fragments (dissolve) so that the drug can be released for absorption.
Corn starch is on the generally recognized as safe food substances list published by by the FDA.



USES and APPLICATIONS of CORN STARCH:
Although mostly used for cooking and as a household item, corn starch is used for many purposes in several industries, ranging from its use as a chemical additive for certain products, to medical therapy for certain illnesses.
Many starches are made from grains—rice, tapioca, arrowroot, potatoes, and wheat—but Corn Starch is the most commonly used among them.


Primarily used as a thickening agent, Corn Starch is a gluten-free starch derived from the endosperm of the corn kernel, which gives the plant its energy.
Corn Starch is used Milky Deserts , Sauces , Cream Power & Cream Filling , Baklava Sorbet , Biscuits and Flour Products , Turkish Delight , Puddings and Instant Soups , Paper , Corrugated Board , Bobbin , Laminated Cardboard , Envelope , Paper Bag Glue , Brace , Sheetrock , Casting


Usage Areas of Corn Starch: Ketchup, mayonnaise, sausage, soup, pudding, Turkish delight, baklava, textile and cardboard industry.
Corn Starch, substance produced through wet milling of corn (Zea mays).
Wet milling separates the components of corn kernels, which consist primarily of protein, fibre, starch, and oil.


Once separated, the starch is dried, forming a white powder called Corn Starch.
Corn Starch is high in carbohydrates but lacking in vitamins, protein, fibre, and minerals, making it one of the least nutritionally dense components of corn.


Corn Starch absorbs moisture, however, making it useful as a thickener and anticaking agent in food products.
Corn Starch is used in certain oral medications, where it facilitates the disintegration of capsules and tablets.
Corn Starch may be used as a substitute for wheat flour in gluten-free foods and as a substitute for baby powder.


Corn Starch is used for making instant, soups, puddings, dairy dessert, Turkish delight, baklava, bakery products, biscuit, dough-based dessert,
sauce, custard powder and meat products.
Other applications of Corn Starch are, for example, in the production of paper, acrylic paint products, and adhesives.


Corn Starch is prized for its thickening properties.
Corn Starch is comprised of long chains of starch molecules, which when heated in the presence of moisture, will unravel and swell.
This swelling action, or gelatinization, is what causes the thickening to occur.


This white powdery substance, Corn Starch, is used for many culinary, household, and industrial purposes.
In the kitchen, Corn Starch is most often used as a thickening agent for marinades, sauces, gravies, glazes, soups, casseroles, pies, and other desserts.
You can also use Corn Starch to coat the fruit in pies, tarts, and other desserts before baking.


The thin layer of Corn Starch mixes with the fruit juices and then thickens as it bakes.
This prevents pies and other desserts from having a watery or runny texture.
Corn Starch is useful as an anti-caking agent.


Shredded cheese is often coated with a thin dusting of Corn Starch to prevent it from clumping in the package.
The Corn Starch will also help absorb moisture from condensation and prevent a slimy texture from developing.
A small amount of Corn Starch is often mixed with powdered sugar for the same purpose.
In the pharmaceutical industry Corn Starch is used as a disintegrant and binder.


-Other Corn Starch uses include the production of:
*Antibiotics and drugs
*Cosmetics, soaps, and cleaners
*Confectionery and baked products
*Baby food
*Frozen meals
*Salad dressings and soup mixes
*Flours, premixes, baking powder, and powdered sugar
*Packaged or canned food and beverages


-Culinary uses of Corn starch:
Corn starch is used as a thickening agent in liquid-based foods (e.g., soup, sauces, gravies, custard), usually by mixing it with a lower-temperature liquid to form a paste or slurry.

Corn Starch is sometimes preferred over flour alone because it forms a translucent, rather than opaque mixture.
As Corn Starch is heated over 203 °F (95 °C), the molecular chains unravel, allowing them to collide with other starch chains to form a mesh, thickening the liquid (Starch gelatinization).

However, continued boiling breaks up the molecules and thins the liquid.
Corn starch is usually included as an anticaking agent in powdered sugar (icing or confectioner's sugar).
A common substitute is arrowroot starch, which replaces the same amount of corn starch.

Food producers reduce production costs by adding varying amounts of corn starch to foods, for example to cheese and yogurt.
Chicken nuggets with a thin outer layer of corn starch allows increased oil absorption and crispness after the latter stages of frying.


-Non-culinary uses of Corn starch:
Baby powder may include corn starch among its ingredients.
Corn starch can be used to manufacture bioplastics (like PLA used for 3D printing) and may be used in the manufacture of airbags.

Adhesive can be made from corn starch, traditionally one of the adhesives that may be used to make paste papers.
Corn Starch dries with a slight sheen compared to wheat starch.
Corn Starch may also be used as an adhesive in book and paper conservation.


-Medical uses of Corn starch:
Corn starch is the preferred anti-stick agent on medical products made from natural latex, including condoms, diaphragms, and medical gloves.
Corn starch has properties enabling supply of glucose to maintain blood sugar levels for people with glycogen storage disease.
Corn starch can be used starting at age 6–12 months allowing glucose fluctuations to be deterred.


-Cooking With Corn Starch:
Corn Starch helps thicken the liquid ingredients in sauces, stews, stir-fries, custards, puddings, and pastry creams.
Corn Starch's also commonly used in fruit pies to help hot juices set and make the baked pie easier to slice once it has cooled.
In order for its thickening properties to be activated, Corn Starch has to be heated to the temperature of simmering liquid.
In the case of baking a fruit pie, that means once you see the thickened fruit juices bubbling up from the steam vents in the top crust.


-Thickening Soups, Sauces, or Stir Fries:
When used to thicken a soup or stir-fry, Corn Starch should not be added to the hot liquid directly.
Corn Starch's best to make a slurry first, which will prevent the starch from clumping when it hits the hot liquid.


-To make a Corn Starch slurry:
Simply combine the starch with cold or room temperature water (or another liquid, like broth or milk) and whisk until smooth before adding to the hot liquid.


-Fried Chicken and Other Fried and Roasted Foods:
If you like to fry chicken, you'll want to combine Corn Starch with flour and seasonings to make the world's very best coating for it.
The cooks in our test kitchen swear that Corn Starch also holds the secret to their all-time favorite chicken wings, the crispiest, crunchiest onion rings, and the most irresistible roast potatoes.


-Desserts:
Beyond puddings and fruit pies, Corn Starch is worth keeping close at hand for other desserts.
It's sometimes used as a gluten-free replacement for flour as in our Gluten-Free Fudgy Pecan Brownies and the delightfully tender Australian cookies aptly known as melting moments.


-Laundry uses of Corn Starch:
Just as it was used nearly 200 years ago, Corn Starch can help keep laundry looking its best.
Use Corn Starch to get oily stains out of clothing (after frying all that chicken, maybe?) or to starch your shirts when they are pressed.



WHAT IS CORN STARCH USED FOR?
While Corn Starch is possible to talk about many different types of starch, mixing these starches with each other or using them interchangeably can often cause confusion.
In fact, starches made of different substances have different properties and are therefore used for different purposes.

Corn starch is used in savory and sweet recipes.
This starch type can be used in savory pastry recipes or during the preparation of various food sauces.
Using Corn Starch, you can bind various sauces for your meals or make delicious cookies that melt in your mouth.



WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN CORN FLOUR AND CORN STARCH?
Corn flour and Corn Starch are both made from corn, but this doesn’t mean they can be used interchangeably in cooking and baking.
Corn Starch and corn flour both come from corn but differ in their nutrient profiles, flavors, and uses.
In the United States, corn flour refers to finely ground powder from whole corn kernels.

Meanwhile, Corn Starch is a fine powder as well, but made only from the starchy part of corn.
Due to their distinct nutritional contents and processing methods, they have different culinary uses.
What’s more, in some parts of the world, the names for each vary.



WHY IS CORN STARCH SUCH A POPULAR THICKENING AGENT?
Though most home cooks likely have all-purpose flour on hand, Corn Starch is twice as powerful as flour when used as a thickener.



HISTORY OF CORN STARCH:
When it was invented in New Jersey in the mid-19th century by Thomas Kingsford, Corn Starch was used chiefly as a laundry aid and in other commercial applications.
Eventually, Corn Starch made its way into the kitchen.



CORN STARCH VS. CORN FLOUR:
What's known in the United States as Corn Starch is called corn flour in the U.K.
In the U.S., however, corn flour is made from the whole grain of corn—the endosperm as well as the bran and the germ.



ARE CORN STARCH AND WHEAT STARCH THE SAME?
Although it is wondered and confused by many, it can be said that wheat starch and corn starch are not the same.
The usage areas of the two starches are different from each other.
Corn Starch is a type of starch used in savory and sweet recipes.



THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN CORN STARCH AND CORN FLOUR:
Both ‘Corn Starch’ and ‘corn flour’ are terms commonly used in the US.
Corn Starch is obtained by extracting the starch from corn grain, specifically from the endosperm of the kernel.

Corn Starch is almost 100% starch, without any fibre, protein, fat or other components.
Corn Starch’s a very very fine white powder that’s chalky in appearance and that ’squeaks’ when you rub it between your fingers.
Corn Starch is often used as a thickening agent to thicken sauces and custards, like for example vanilla pastry cream.

Corn flour is obtained by grinding entire dried corn kernels into a fine powder.
It’s basically very finely ground corn meal.

In addition to the starch, it also contains fibre, protein and a small amount of fat.
There are two types of corn flour: the more common yellow corn flour that’s made from yellow corn, and white corn flour made from white corn kernels.
You can technically use the two varieties interchangeably, but whenever I mention ‘corn flour’ in my recipes, I’m referring to yellow corn flour.



CHARACTERISTICS OF CORN STARCH:
*White native and odorless corn starch
*Provides easy rolling of pastry and baklava dough and prevents tear in the dough
*Increases brightness of final products
*Prevents cracking on the surface of pudding
*Has a high performance in different temperature



USEAGE FIELDS OF CORN STARCH:
-Instant soup, pudding varieties, turkish delight, flour products, paper, glue industry,
-Textile industry, leather and construction sectors.



ADVANTAGES OF CORN STARCH:
• Produces homogeneous products
• Increases crustiness
• Used as a multi-purpose filler in sweets



PROCESSING OF CORN STARCH:
Both corn flour and Corn Starch are made from corn.
Corn flour is the result of grinding entire corn kernels into a fine powder.
Therefore, it contains protein, fiber, starch, and the vitamins and minerals found in whole corn.
It’s typically yellow).

On the other hand, Corn Starch is more refined and made by removing the protein and fiber of the corn kernel, leaving only the starchy center called the endosperm.
This is then processed into a white powder

In addition to providing more fiber and protein, corn flour contains B vitamins, iron, potassium, magnesium, and several other nutrients.
Corn Starch offers no B vitamins and much smaller amounts of other nutrients, compared with corn flour.

SUMMARY
Corn flour is made by finely grinding whole corn kernels, whereas Corn Starch is made just from the starchy part of corn.
As a result, corn flour contains protein, fiber, starch, vitamins, and minerals, whereas Corn Starch is mostly carbs.


FLAVOR DIFFERENCES OF CORN STARCH:
Similarly to corn, corn flour tastes earthy and sweet.
Corn Starch can be used in addition to or in place of wheat flour in breads, pancakes, waffles, and pastries to add a corn-like taste.
Corn flour is sometimes confused with cornmeal, which in the United States refers to a more coarsely ground flour that’s also made from corn kernels.

Cornmeal has a more distinct corn taste compared with corn flour.
In contrast, Corn Starch is mostly flavorless, and thus adds texture rather than taste.
Corn Starch’s a bland powder that’s usually used to thicken dishes.

SUMMARY
Corn flour has an earthy, sweet taste similar to whole corn, whereas Corn Starch is flavorless.



MANUFACTURE OF CORN STARCH:
The corn is steeped for 30 to 48 hours, which ferments it slightly.
The germ is separated from the endosperm and those two components are ground separately (still soaked).
Next the starch is removed from each by washing.

The starch is separated from the corn steep liquor, the cereal germ, the fibers and the corn gluten mostly in hydrocyclones and centrifuges, and then dried.
(The residue from every stage is used in animal feed and to make corn oil or other applications.)
This process is called wet milling.
Finally, the starch may be modified for specific purposes.



NAMES AND VARIETIES OF CORN STARCH:
Called corn starch in the United States and Canada.
The term corn flour refers to cornmeal that is very finely milled; or, after wet processing with alkali, further grinding then drying, masa flour.
It is called cornflour in the United Kingdom, Ireland, Israel and some Commonwealth countries.
Distinct in these countries from cornmeal.



HISTORY OF CORN STARCH:
Until 1851, corn starch was used primarily for starching laundry and for other industrial uses.
A method to produce pure culinary starch from maize was patented by John Polson of Brown & Polson, in Paisley, Scotland in 1854.
This was sold as "Patented Corn Flour".
Brown & Polson were muslin manufacturers who had been producing laundry starch for the Paisley shawl industry and would become the largest starch producers in the UK.



SUBSTITUTIONS FOR CORN STARCH:
Using Corn Starch in place of flour as a thickener in any recipe is an easy swap: If a recipe calls for 2 tablespoons of flour, you need 1 tablespoon of Corn Starch.



OTHER SWAPS, CORN STARCH:
The thickening properties of Corn Starch are comparable to arrowroot and tapioca.
Either can can be used interchangeably with Corn Starch, without any adjustment to the amount.
And Corn Starch can be used in place of arrowroot or tapioca starch as a one-for-one swap.



WHAT TO USE IF YOU DO NOT HAVE CORN STARCH:
Storing Corn Starch
Despite any date you might see on the package, Corn Starch shouldn't go bad or lose its power.
As long as you keep Corn Starch in a cool, dry place, free from moisture, it should last indefinitely on your shelf—that is, if you don't use it up quickly.



PREPARATION OF CORN STARCH:
Corn Starch is used in making desserts such as custard, rice pudding, cauldron and baklava, cakes, pastries and cookies.
Corn Starch is used for thickening tomato paste and preparing garnish.



ALLERGES OF CORN STARCH:
Corn Starch does not contain any ingredients that may cause allergic reactions or intolerance and that are legally required to be labelled.



19 HOUSEHOLD USES FOR CORN STARCH:
Corn Starch is a common ingredient made from the starchy portion of corn kernels known as the endosperm.
Corn Starch’s used as a thickening agent for gravies, marinades, sauces, soups, and casseroles.

Though most people think Corn Starch is reserved for cooking, it’s quite useful outside the kitchen.
Just keep in mind that many of these uses aren’t backed by scientific studies.
Here are 19 household uses for Corn Starch.


1. Skin relief:
Corn Starch may be a convenient and cost-effective remedy for skin irritation, though little research supports its efficacy for this use.
All the same, many people use Corn Starch to soothe sunburns and reduce skin itchiness.
Mix Corn Starch and a few drops of water in a bowl until it forms a paste the thickness of peanut butter.

Apply a small layer to your skin and allow it to sit until Corn Starch dries completely.
Then, rinse Corn Starch off with warm water.
Some people also sprinkle Corn Starch on their sheets or the inside of clothing to reduce friction.


2. Deodorant:
If you’re out of deodorant or want a DIY alternative, try Corn Starch.
Thanks to Corn Starch's moisture-absorbing properties, it acts as a natural deodorant to decrease sweat and odor.

To make your own Corn Starch deodorant, you’ll need:
3 tablespoons (45 mL) of coconut oil
2 tablespoons (16 grams) of Corn Starch

2 tablespoons (28 grams) of baking soda
Microwave the coconut oil for 15–20 seconds or until it liquified.
Then, slowly add the Corn Starch and baking soda until it forms a thick paste.

You can also add a drop of your favorite essential oil to give it a pleasant smell.
Keep in mind that some people find baking soda irritates their underarms, so it may not be suitable for everyone.
Furthermore, if you experience excessive sweating, or hyperhidrosis, you may need a stronger commercial antiperspirant.


3. Dry shampoo:
You can use Corn Starch as a natural dry shampoo.
Sprinkle a small amount onto the roots of your hair and gently brush it through to the ends.
For easy application, use a clean makeup brush to transfer it to your roots.
Since Corn Starch is light in color, this technique may not work for those with dark hair.


4. Matte nail polish:
To create a matte nail polish, put a few drops of nail polish on a plate and sprinkle a small amount of Corn Starch on top.
Start slowly, adding more as needed.
Then mix Corn Starch with a paintbrush and apply it to your nails.


5. Relaxing milk bath:
Milk baths have historically been used to soothe skin while creating a luxurious bathing experience.
Interestingly, one of the secret ingredients in many milk baths is Corn Starch.

Though no research supports any benefits from taking milk baths with Corn Starch, some people find that it works for them.
In a bag, add 1 cup (128 grams) of Corn Starch, 2 cups (256 grams) of powdered whole milk, and 1/2 cup (115 grams) of baking soda.
Seal and shake well.

Finally, add a few drops of lavender essential oil — or another essential oil — for a relaxing aroma and shake again.
At bath time, add 1 cup (128 grams) of the mixture to your warm bath and enjoy.


6. Athlete’s foot preventative:
Athlete’s foot occurs when your feet are regularly exposed to moisture, such as sweat, which allows fungi like Trichophyton rubrum, Trichophyton mentagrophytes, and Epidermophyton floccosum to grow.

Though Corn Starch cannot treat or cure athlete’s foot, it may help prevent it.
Simply sprinkle Corn Starch in your shoes to reduce moisture or add it to your socks for additional moisture-wicking action.
If you regularly experience athlete’s foot, ask your healthcare provider for suitable treatments like topical antifungal medication.


7. Chafing solution:
Corn Starch can help reduce friction between two surfaces.
As a result, Corn Starch may help reduce chafing.
Rub a small amount of Corn Starch to the irritated area, such as between your thighs, before you get dressed.


8. Detangling agent for hair knots:
If you have a large knot in your hair, try applying Corn Starch to the area.
Corn Starch may reduce friction and lubricate hair fibers, which may make detangling knots easier.


9. Bug bite relief:
Bug bites, which are itchy and irritating, become even worse when your skin is damp.
Corn Starch may help dry the skin around a bug bite to keep it from itching.
Mix 2 tablespoons (16 grams) of Corn Starch with a few drops of cold water until it creates a paste the thickness of peanut butter.
Apply Corn Starch to the bite and let it sit until dry.


10. Blister relief:
Blisters worsen in moist environments or when rubbing against another surface, such as shoes or clothing.
Add a small amount of Corn Starch to the blister to reduce friction and keep the area dry.
However, don’t apply Corn Starch to an open blister or wound, as this can lead to infection.


11–19. Other uses:
*Untie knots:
Corn Starch may reduce friction between fibers, shoelaces, and ropes to help you untie knots.

*Polish silverware:
Mix Corn Starch and water in a small bowl.
Using a damp cloth, rub the mixture onto silverware to reveal Corn Starch's natural shine.
Be sure to rinse the silverware afterward.

*Starch for ironing:
If you’re looking for a natural starch to iron your clothes, add 2 cups (475 mL) of warm water and 1–2 tablespoons (8–16 grams) of Corn Starch to a spray bottle.
Spray Corn Starch on and let it sit for 1 minute before ironing.

*Increase grip:
If you need extra grip for holding a tennis racquet or other sports equipment, add a bit of Corn Starch to your hands to counter sweaty palms and improve your grip.

*Stain remover:
To remove an oily stain, sprinkle Corn Starch over the stain and leave it for 10–15 minutes.
Wipe Corn Starch away, then treat the stain with a stain remover.

*Freshen carpet:
Sprinkle Corn Starch on your carpet and allow it to sit for 30 minutes.
Then, vacuum as normal.

*Clean stuffed animals and fabrics:
Rub a small amount of Corn Starch onto the stuffed animal or fabric and let it sit for 5 minutes.
Gently remove Corn Starch with a damp cloth.

*Remove grease spatter from walls:
Add Corn Starch to a small cloth and rub the grease gently until it comes off.

*Give your pet a dry bath:
If your pet is a few days from bath time, brush a small amount of Corn Starch into its fur.
Corn Starch can act as a dry shampoo and soak up smelly oils.



WHEN NOT TO USE CORN STARCH:
Although some natural health websites claim that you can use Corn Starch to treat cuts and wounds, it’s best to avoid applying it to any open area.
That’s because Corn Starch may act as a feeding ground for bacteria and infect the wound.
Furthermore, don’t apply Corn Starch to your face as a natural makeup or oil remover.
Though this is likely fine for most people, Corn Starch may clog pores and lead to breakouts in those with acne-prone skin.



THE BOTTOM LINE, CORN STARCH:
Corn Starch is a versatile ingredient known for its thickening and moisture-wicking properties.
Corn Starch has many household uses, such as soothing irritated skin, detangling knots, acting as a natural deodorant, and treating stains.
Next time you run out of that necessary household item, give Corn Starch a try.
Still, you shouldn’t apply Corn Starch to open wounds or use it on your face.



CORN STARCH VS. FLOUR:
Flour is typically made from wheat. Corn Starch is made from corn and only contains carbohydrates (no protein), so it is a gluten-free product.
For this reason, Corn Starch is an excellent gluten-free alternative to flour thickeners in gravy and sauce recipes.

Corn Starchoften preferred over flour as a thickener because the resulting gel is transparent, rather than opaque.
Corn Starch is also relatively flavorless in comparison and provides roughly two times the thickening power.
Flour and Corn Starch can be used interchangeably for fried food batters.

The two may be used together in baked goods such as cakes because the Corn Starch will soften the flour to create the perfect texture and crumb.
You would not, however, simply substitute the same amount of Corn Starch as flour in recipes that rely on a large amount of flour.
In gluten-free recipes, Corn Starch is often paired with non-wheat flours.

Confusingly, in the U.K., Corn Starch is often called cornflour (most often one word).
This is different than corn flour (often two words) as used in the Southern U.S., which refers to finely ground cornmeal.



HOW TO COOK WITH CORN STARCH:
Corn Starch should not be added straight into a hot liquid as this can cause it to form lumps.
Instead, mix Corn Starch into a room temperature or slightly cool liquid to form a slurry, and then stir it into the hot liquid.
This will allow for even distribution of the Corn Starch molecules before they have a chance to swell and gelatinize.

Mixtures containing Corn Starch should be brought to a full boil before cooling.
The mixture may appear thickened after slight heating, but if Corn Starch molecules are not fully gelatinized, they will release the moisture once cooled and become thin.

Sauces and other mixtures thickened with Corn Starch should not be frozen.
Freezing will break down the gelatinized starch matrix, and the mixture will become thin after thawing.



SUBSTITUTE OF CORN STARCH:
You can use a variety of things as a Corn Starch substitute.
Flour is a good all-purpose substitute for sauces; you will just need to use twice the amount.

Arrowroot is an equal substitute, as is potato starch, though with this one you will need to whisk it more to prevent clumping.
Tapioca starch (or flour) is an excellent substitute; use 2 tablespoons for 1 tablespoon of Corn Starch.
Rice flour is another option and you'll need to use 3 tablespoons for every tablespoon of Corn Starch.



STORAGE OF CORN STARCH:
Corn Starch is designed to absorb moisture, so it is critical to keep it in an airtight container where it will not be exposed to ambient humidity.
Keep Corn Starch away from extreme heat.
A cool, dry place, such as a pantry, is best.
When stored properly, Corn Starch will last indefinitely.



12 SUPRRISING WAYS TO USE CORN STARCH:
Corn Starch has a place in every kitchen cabinet.
Corn Starch is often used as a thickening agent in stir-fries, soups, sauces, and more.
But turns out this humble ingredient, Corn Starch, does far more than just that.
Learn all about Corn Starch and its many uses that can go even beyond the kitchen.



WHAT IS CORN STARCH?
Not to be confused with corn flour, which is made from whole kernels, Corn Starch is made from the endosperm found at the center of the corn kernel.
The starches inside the endosperm are removed, rinsed, dried, and milled into a fine powder.
This leaves us with Corn Starch — a white, chalky powder that has a variety of uses in the kitchen.
Corn Starch is most commonly used as a thickener for sauces and stews.



WHAT IS CORN STARCH USED FOR?
Corn Starch is primarily used as a thickening agent.
Corn Starch's made up of a long chain of starch molecules that will unravel and swell when heated in the presence of moisture.
This swelling, or gelatinization, is what causes thickening.
While thickening soups, stews, sauces, or custards, is what Corn Starch is famous for, there's a lot more you can do with this kitchen pantry staple.



WHAT CAN I USE INSTEAD OF CORN STARCH?
If you ran out of Corn Starch (it happens), don't worry about your sauces and stews.
You can still thicken them by substituting a few other pantry staples:

*All-Purpose Flour:
This flour contains about half the thickening power of Corn Starch, so for every tablespoon of Corn Starch required, you'll need to use two tablespoons all-purpose flour.

*Rice Flour:
Like all-purpose flour, rice flour also has half the thickening power of Corn Starch, so you're going to want to measure accordingly.

*Arrowroot Powder:
If you happen to have this starch on hand, you're in luck: it has the same thickening power as Corn Starch.
But one caveat about arrowroot — Corn Starch doesn't hold or reheat well.

*Potato Starch:
Like arrowroot, Corn Starch has strong thickening powder, but it doesn't last long after cooking.

*Tapioca Starch:
Tapioca is extracted from cassava, a root vegetable found throughout South America.
It doesn't have quite the thickening power of Corn Starch, so for every tablespoon of Corn Starch required, you'll need to use two tablespoons tapioca starch.



DIFFERENCES BETWEEN CORN STARCH, CORN FLOUR, CORNFLOUR AND MAIZE FLOUR APART:
When it comes to gluten-free baking, Corn Starch and corn flour are very important ingredients and are usually featured in many recipes.
Their importance can’t be overstated, but because of how similar they sound, it is hard to tell the difference between Corn Starch, corn flour, maize flour, and cornflour.
In this short brief, we go over the different corn products and what sets them apart.


*Corn Starch:
The Corn Starch term and corn flour term are what you can easily hear being used in the US.
Corn Starch is obtained from the extraction of starch from corn grains, especially the endosperm of the kernel.

Corn Starch is 100% starch and lacks any other components, including fibers and proteins.
Corn Starch is a white powder with a very fine texture and a chalky appearance.
Corn Starch is so fine that it almost squeaks when you rub it between your fingers, and it is usually used as a thickening agent in sauces and custards.


*Corn Flour:
Corn flour can be derived from grinding whole dried corn kernels into fine powder.
Some call it very finely grounded cornmeal, and unlike corn starch, it is made up of several other components, including fiber, protein, and a bit of fat.
There are two common types of it that are often used interchangeably.


*Cornflour:
This is where many people get confused.
In the UK, Corn Starch also means cornflour.
Corn Starch is pure starch processed from corn kernels and looks like fine white powder.
When talking about Corn Starch, “cornflour” should be written as a single word.


*Maize flour:
This is the equivalent of corn flour in the US which is basically yellow flour obtained from grinding dried whole corn kernels.
The reason for the disparity in the terms is purely because in the US, corn is usually used instead of maize, and the opposite is true in the UK.

Overall, corn flour, cornflour, maize flour, and Corn Starch are all important ingredients when it comes to gluten-free baking.
Corn Starch and cornflour mean the same thing and only have different terms depending on where you are.
Corn flour and maize flour also mean the same thing and what they are called largely depends on where you are.



12 WAYS TO USE CORN STARCH:
While you know Corn Starch as a thickening agent, this versatile kitchen helper goes even beyond the kitchen.
Between a little crowd-sourcing here in the office and a little online research, I found some pretty unique uses for Corn Starch.
We reached out to members of the Allrecipes team, as well as some members of our sister brands for their best uses for Corn Starch.
Read on for 12 ways to use Corn Starch — some expected and some not so expected.


1. Egg Substitute in Baked Goods:
Corn Starch is key in vegan baking, or anytime you don't have an egg on hand: I add it to my baked goods in place of egg.
Mix 1 tablespoon Corn Starch with 3 tablespoons of warm water and you have a great egg substitute in cookies, cakes, or breads.


2. Make Fluffy Omelets:
For fluffy omelets every time, mix a pinch of Corn Starch with an egg, beat, and cook the omelet.


3. Make Crispy Waffles:
A friend adds Corn Starch to her waffle mix to cheat getting a really crispy waffle crust.
Three cheers for no more soggy waffles!


4. Mix With All-Purpose Flour When You Don't Have Cake Flour:
No cake flour?
No problem.
Allrecipes Recipe Manager Laura Fakhry suggests mixing Corn Starch with a bit of all-purpose flour and baking powder to create this cake flour substitute when you're in a pinch.


5. Thicken Sauces:
Okay, this one goes without saying.
To thicken sauces and other liquids, mix a bit of Corn Starch with cold broth or water in a small bowl to create what's called a "slurry."
Then whisk the slurry into the liquid you want to thicken as Corn Starch simmers.


6. Thicken Fruit Pie Fillings:
What's the secret to a thick, almost gel-like pie filling?
Corn Starch, of course. As the fruit cooks in pie, it releases juices.
Without a little Corn Starch, your pie would turn into a soupy mess.
To avoid clumps, mix Corn Starch with sugar before adding it to your filling.


7. Untie Knots:
Corn Starch will reduce friction between the fibers on a rope or shoelace, allowing you to untie even the tightest knot.
Simply sprinkle a bit on the knot and rub Corn Starch in.


8. Make Crispy Gluten-Free Fried Coatings:
I use Corn Starch to 'bread' chicken, shrimp, or tofu to get it crispy instead of flour or breadcrumbs.
Get a gluten-free crispy coating on your meats and veggies just like that of your favorite take-out.


9. Remove Grease Splatters From Walls:
Any well-loved kitchen is bound to have a little wear and tear.
Remove pesky grease splatters from your walls or kitchen backsplash by sprinkling a bit of Corn Starch on a soft cloth and rubbing away the grease spot.


10. Dust the Counter for Rolling out Fondant:
The great thing about Corn Starch is it is virtually flavorless and colorless, so it won't alter your fondant.


11. DIY Silver Polish:
Return the sparkle and shine to your silverware without buying polish. Simply make a paste using Corn Starch and water, and use a damp cloth to apply it to your silverware.
Once the paste dries, rub Corn Starch with a soft cloth.
The Corn Starch will buff away the dullness without being too abrasive.


12. Make Homemade Slime:
A bit of Corn Starch, water, and glitter or food coloring, makes a simple craft that kids will love.
This "slime" can be stored in a plastic bag or airtight container for later use.
Now you can keep the little ones entertained using a few pantry staples.



A RELATIVELY RECENT DISCOVERY,CORN STARCH:
Humans have been using starch in both cooking and non-cooking applications for thousands of years, dating as far back as predynastic Egypt.
But Corn Starch didn’t come to prominence until the 1840s, when Thomas Kingsford isolated Corn Starch from corn kernels by using an existing process for extracting wheat starch.
Kingsford’s method involved soaking the kernels in an alkaline solution, then grinding them—the beginnings of what would become modern wet milling.

At the time, Kingsford intended the product for use as laundry starch: The practice of starching clothes added a soft but crisp texture to fabrics and improved their resistance to being soiled.
It wasn’t until the 1850s that Corn Starch became the useful food additive it is today.



THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN CORN STARCH, CORN MEAL, AND CORN FLOUR:
While we touched on this earlier, it’s important to distinguish the various granulated corn products you can find at the store.
Here’s a broad breakdown:

Corn Starch is flavorless and odorless, and is used mostly to alter the texture of foods.
Corn Starch's almost pure starch.

Corn flour is a fine, ground powder made from dried whole corn kernels.
Corn Starch has an earthy, sweet taste.
Corn Starch contains parts of the outer hull as well as the germ and endosperm.
Corn Starch’s commonly used in baking and fried applications.

Corn meal is essentially the same as corn flour, but ground more coarsely.
Corn Starch imparts a more gritty texture to baked and fried goods.
It’s often a key ingredient in cornbread and Johnnycakes.



HOW DOES CORN STARCH WORK ITS MAGIC?
Corn Starch is a starch, which means it's is a collection of semi-crystalline granules of starch molecules called polysaccharides.
Those molecules are amylose and amylopectin, and they exist in different proportions depending on the starch source.
The key to nearly all of Corn Starch’s functional properties is gelatinization—the breaking down of starch molecules with heat and water, allowing those molecules to bond with more water.

As you hydrate and heat Corn Starch, the starch granules swell and soften, and they lose their hard, crystalline structure.
Eventually, those granules burst; amylopectin leaches out into the surrounding water, and the mixture thickens.
If that same mixture is cooled, the mixture generally becomes thicker.

In general, the relative proportion of amylose dictates how strong the gel will be; the higher the proportion of amylose, the higher the gel strength.
Corn Starch has a relatively higher proportion of amylose (around 25%) compared to other starches like tapioca flour (18%), and that increased gel strength is one the reasons it is so useful in cooking.



WHAT CAN YOU DO WITH CORN STARCH?
Concentrated starch additives like Corn Starch are important primarily for improving the texture of foods.
Here are some ways we can use Corn Starch; some may be obvious, some may be new to you.

Thickening:
At room temperature, if you mix Corn Starch with water, you'll create a milky liquid that, over time, will gradually separate into two distinct phases, with most of the Corn Starch settling to the bottom and a slightly translucent liquid settling on top.

This is because Corn Starch at that temperature isn't all that soluble in water; mixing it into liquid will create a suspension, where the particles of starch are dispersed in the liquid but not dissolved.

This is why when recipes call for using a mixture of water and Corn Starch to thicken a sauce, they will tell you to mix the combination thoroughly just before adding it to what you're cooking, as mixing produces a uniform suspension of the starch in the liquid.

But if you apply heat to the mixture, the Corn Starch dissolves and forms a semi-clear gel.
Compared to flour, Corn Starch thickens a mixture faster and has a cleaner flavor; it also produces a clearer gel.

That mild flavor and clear appearance makes Corn Starch a great thickener for dessert glazes, fruit sauces, puddings, soups, stews, and any instance in which you might want a slightly glossier appearance and cleaner flavor than flour alone could provide.



PROPERTIES OF CORN STARCH:
However, Corn Starch's gelling properties aren't infallible.
Under certain conditions, a Corn Starch gel is suboptimal, and sometimes undesirable.


*Heat Stability: Corn Starch begins to gelatinize in water around 144–162°F (62–72°C), and fully gelatinizes around 203°F (95°C).
But you also may have heard that you shouldn’t boil Corn Starch for too long, since the sauce will begin to thin.
Why?

Prolonged, excessive heat can degrade those swollen starch molecules, and eventually decrease the potential thickening power, which leads to a thinner sauce than you’d expect.
For this reason, it’s wise to add Corn Starch toward the end of cooking—as is customary in many Chinese stir-fry dishes.


*pH Tolerance:
Acids tend to inhibit the thickening power of Corn Starch.
Much like heat, certain acids like acetic acid (vinegar) or citric acid (lemon juice) can severely hamstring the efficacy of Corn Starch: in combination with heat, at sufficient concentrations these acids can break starch molecules down into component sugars.

Interestingly, according to this study, adding a small amount of acid (keeping the pH between 3.6 and 5.5) increases the viscosity of the mixture.
Finally, if you’re keen on adding acidity to a Corn Starch-thickened sauce, consider adding the acid after the mixture has cooled.
Researchers found no decrease in viscosity if acid was added to a gelatinized mixture after it had cooled to room temperature.


*Retrogradation and Syneresis:
Cooling gels made with Corn Starch can present a few problems.
When gel made from Corn Starch cools, its properties change: it gets thicker and turns very slightly opaque as the starch granules reassociate in a process known as retrogradation.

In some extreme cases, and if left in the fridge (or freezer) for long enough, thickened mixtures of Corn Starch may break or split and form a watery layer.
This ‘weeping’ is known as syneresis, and occurs frequently with Corn Starch as the starch and protein molecules contract, forcing water out of the swollen granules.

The main takeaway for most home cooks is that Corn Starch isn’t the best option for foods that will require long-term storage in cold temperatures.
You’re better off thickening that huge batch of beef stew with a standard flour roux or some alternative starch like potato starch or arrowroot starch.


*Improving Stability of Fat-Water Emulsions:
Here’s another useful trick:
Starches can help to stabilize fat-in-water emulsions.
We see this process occur in pasta dishes that utilize starchy pasta water: the excess starch in the water acts as a thickener and improves the emulsion, producing a smooth, glossy sauce.

Béchamel sauce is another prime example; the flour disperses the fat and facilitates a smooth emulsion of butter in milk.
The same principle applies to Corn Starch, but the effect can be even more dramatic.
Remember that compared to wheat flour, Corn Starch is almost pure starch, so its capacity to thicken, as well as its capacity to disperse fat droplets and keep them from coalescing, is greater than that of flour.

This study also suggests that the smaller the granule size, the better the stabilizing potential of a starch in an emulsion.
Corn Starch has a smaller granule size (20 microns) than wheat starch (25 microns), which suggests that it is a slightly better choice.



WHAT DOES CORN STARCH DO?
Corn Starch is a versatile ingredient used in many different industries, but it's most commonly used in cooking and baking.
In baking, Corn Starch is a thickening agent used to improve the consistency of foods.

If you add Corn Starch to water or any liquid, its molecules absorb the liquid and swell up.
Corn Starch then combines with the surrounding liquid and turns into a paste.
This paste is added to food to thicken sauces, gravies, soups, fillings, puddings, marinades, and more.
You can also use Corn Starch to make a batter or coating to cook meat and vegetables.

Corn Starch is a great binding agent, which is why it is used in the adhesive, paper, and textile manufacturing industries.
Uncooked Corn Starch is also used as a form of glucose to treat glycogen storage disease, which occurs when your body has trouble storing sugar.



WHAT ARE SOME CORN STARCH ALTERNATIVES?
Corn Starch is an ingredient you can find in many of your favorite dishes.
But if you’re allergic to Corn Starch, healthy alternatives are available.
Here are some Corn Starch alternatives to cook and bake with:

*Arrowroot flour or starch:
Arrowroot is a gluten-free flour or starch made from the tuber or rootstock of tropical plants like Maranta arundinacea.
The tuber is processed to make a powder or flour.

It is flavorless and can be used to thicken all types of food.
Add twice the amount of arrowroot to your food if you’re substituting it for Corn Starch.
For example, if a recipe calls for one tablespoon of Corn Starch, you'll use two tablespoons of arrowroot powder.

Arrowroot is often used for pie fillings and desserts as Corn Starch goes well with acidic fruits.
Corn Starch's also ideal because you don’t have to cook it to thicken the food or remove the raw, starchy taste.
When cooking sauces or gravies with arrowroot, remember that you should eat them immediately after serving as they don’t last long or reheat well.


*Flaxseed gel:
Flaxseed gel is a healthy and gluten-free alternative to Corn Starch.
You can make it by mixing ground flaxseeds or flaxseed powder with water.

This forms a gelatinous substance, which can thicken food in place of Corn Starch, although it isn’t as smooth as Corn Starch and may lend a rough texture to the food.
To replace two tablespoons of Corn Starch, you’ll need one tablespoon of ground flaxseeds with four tablespoons of water.

Allow the mixture to sit for 5 minutes until Corn Starch thickens and becomes jelly-like.
You can then add Corn Starch to improve the consistency of soups, sauces, and other foods.



7 WAYS TO USE CORN STARCH TO COOK:
Corn starch (also known as cornflour in the UK) is extracted from the endosperm of corn kernels.
Corn Starch’s an ingredient you will find in almost any kitchen, and it’s used for culinary, industrial, and household purposes – from stain removing to sauce thickeners!

If you have a container full of corn starch and want to know how to make the most if it, then read on!
Corn starch is great at absorbing moisture and it’s this property that makes it super useful!
But because of this, Corn Starch’s important to store it correctly.

Keep Corn Starch in air-tight container where it won’t be affected by ambient humidity.
If you store it properly, your corn starch will keep indefinitely!


1. Thicken up a sauce:
There are many ways to thicken up sauce – add a roux, egg yolk, or flour it and stir.
But a quick way is to use a corn starch slurry.
Simply mix corn starch with a little bit of water (or milk) and stir it into the sauce.


2. Get crispy chicken:
Next time you want to make crispy breaded chicken or fish, try coating it with corn starch instead of flour.
Corn starch absorbs more moisture and helps to prevent gluten formation – all of which help to make the meat crispier.


3. Prevent soggy pies:
Runny fruit pies are a common problem for bakers.
To prevent your fruit pie from becoming too soupy, coat the fruits in corn starch.
This will absorb moisture as Corn Starch is released by the fruits while cooking, preventing a watery pie!


4. Prevent rubbery omelets:
To get perfectly fluffy omelets, try adding a pinch of corn starch to the eggs when beating it.
Rubbery omelets are usually a result of the eggs cooking too fast – the egg proteins ‘seize up’, moisture is lost, and the eggs become tough.
Corn starch protects the eggs from drying out too fast and from turning out too rubbery.


5. Vegan baking:
Corn starch works great as an egg substitute in vegan baking.
Use 1 Tbsp corn starch together with 3 Tbsp of warm water and whisk.
This also works if you accidently run out of eggs!


6. Remove grease stains:
Ever had an accidental grease splatter on your favorite top that you can’t seem to get rid of?
Simply sprinkle the grease stain with a bit of corn starch and leave it to absorb the oil for about 15 minutes.
Add water (enough to make a paste) and rub the stain.
Rinse, and see the stain disappear right before your eyes!


7. Make kids crafts:
Corn starch is a popular ingredient in kids’ craft items.
Homemade slime – that has been trending everywhere on the internet – is made with corn starch.
You can also make non-toxic finger paints for the kids.

Mix ¼ cup corn starch with 2 cups of cold water.
Bring the mixture to a boil until Corn Starch becomes thick.
Pour into a container and add food coloring!



FIRST AID MEASURES of CORN STARCH:
-Description of first-aid measures:
*If inhaled:
If breathed in, move person into fresh air.
*In case of skin contact:
Wash off with soap and plenty of water.
*In case of eye contact:
Flush eyes with water as a precaution.
*If swallowed:
Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person.
Rinse mouth with water.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed:
No data available



ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of CORN STARCH:
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.



FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of CORN STARCH:
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.
-Further information:
No data available



EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of CORN STARCH:
-Control parameters:
--Ingredients with workplace control parameters:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use equipment for eye protection.
*Skin protection:
Handle with gloves.
Wash and dry hands.
*Body Protection:
Impervious clothing
*Respiratory protection:
Respiratory protection not required.
-Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.



HANDLING and STORAGE of CORN STARCH:
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
*Storage conditions:
Store in cool place.
Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place.



STABILITY and REACTIVITY of CORN STARCH:
-Reactivity:
No data available
-Chemical stability:
Stable under recommended storage conditions.
-Possibility of hazardous reactions:
No data available
-Conditions to avoid:
No data available


CORNUS OFFICINALIS FRUIT EXTRACT
Cornus Officinalis Fruit Extract is an extract of the sarcocarp of Cornus officinalis
Cornus Officinalis Fruit Extract is a common herb widely used in Chinese medicine.


CAS Number: Not available
EC Number: Not available
Chem/IUPAC Name: Cornus Officinalis Fruit Extract is an extract of the sarcocarp of Cornus officinalis, Cornaceae
INCI name: CORNUS OFFICINALIS FRUIT EXTRACT
Origin: biotechnological



SYNONYMS:
CORNUS OFFICINALIS FRUIT EXTRACT, EXTRACT OF CORNUS OFFICINALIS FRUIT, Dogwood fruit extract, Japanese Cornel, Japanese Cornelian Cherry, Cornelian cherry, Cornus fruit, Cornus officinalis fruit, Cornus mas, Cornus officinalis, Dogwood fruit, Cornus fruit extract, Cornelian cherry extract, Cornelian cherry powder



Cornus Officinalis Fruit is a plant extract that contains anti-oxidants.
Cornus Officinalis Fruit Extract might help to neutralize free radicals in skin.
Cornus Officinalis Fruit Extract refers to the active ingredient extracted from Cornus officinalis.


Cornus Officinalis Fruit Extract is a common herb widely used in Chinese medicine.
Cornus Officinalis Fruit Extract's fruit contains a variety of healthful active ingredients, including ursolic acid, gallic acid, cyclic enol ether terpenes, and tannins.


The dried mature fruit pulp of Cornus Officinalis Fruit Extract, a deciduous shrub or small tree in the Cornaceae family.
Cornus Officinalis Fruit Extract acts as an anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, protective, anti-wrinkle and whitening agent.
Cornus Officinalis Fruit Extract contains gallic acid, isoterchebin, loganin, malic acid, oleanolic acid, tartaric acid, ursolic acid and 0.4% phenonip preservative.


Cornus Officinalis Fruit Extract, the Japanese cornel or Japanese cornelian cherry, is a species of flowering plant in the dogwood family Cornaceae.
Despite its name, Cornus Officinalis Fruit Extract is native to China and Korea as well as Japan.
Cornus Officinalis Fruit Extract is not to be confused with C. mas, which is also known as the Cornelian cherry.


Cornus Officinalis Fruit Extract is not closely related to the true cherries of the genus Prunus.
Cornus Officinalis Fruit Extract is a large, strongly-growing deciduous shrub with rough flaky bark.
Umbels of acid yellow flowers appear in early spring before the oval leaves.


The red berries, which are edible, appear later in the summer, and the leaves turn shades of red before falling in the autumn.
Cornus Officinalis Fruit Extract has been used in oriental medicine and has been reported to have many functions such as reduction of melanin production, anti-cancer, antibacterial function, and etc..


Cornus Officinalis Fruit Extract is an extract of the sarcocarp of Cornus officinalis, Cornaceae ae.
Cornus Officinalis Fruit Extract is an extract of the fruit of plant Cornus officinalis.
Fruits are also known as dogwood berries, and they are native to Japan and China.


Cornus Officinalis Fruit Extract contains iridoid glycosides, which makes it useful in many different ways medicinally and with the nutritional aspect as well.
Apart from iridoid glycosides, Cornus Officinalis Fruit Extract also contains oleanolic acid and ursolic acid.
Cornus Officinalis Fruit Extract, which is called "Shanzhuyu" in China, is a type of deciduous tree native to Gansu and Shaanxi provinces in China.


As a commonly used Chinese herbal medicine, Cornus Officinalis Fruit Extract has a sour taste, astringent taste, and mild temperature.
Cornus Officinalis Fruit Extract is derived from the fruit of the Cornus Officinalis plant.
Cornus Officinalis Fruit Extract is known for its antioxidant properties and its ability to soothe the skin.
Cornus Officinalis Fruit Extract is rich in vitamins and minerals that can help to improve skin vitality and overall appearance.



USES and APPLICATIONS of CORNUS OFFICINALIS FRUIT EXTRACT:
Cornus Officinalis Fruit Extract has a variety of pharmacological activities, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antitumor, and anti-aging effects.
Cornus Officinalis Fruit Extract is widely used in food, nutraceuticals and pharmaceuticals.


Cornus Officinalis Fruit Extract can be used to help preserve the product formulation
Pair Cornus Officinalis Fruit Extract with hydrating ingredients like hyaluronic acid and soothing agents like chamomile.
when to use: Use in the morning and evening


Cornus Officinalis Fruit Extract offers cell membrane protection, skin elasticity, freckle and wrinkle suppression.
Cornus Officinalis Fruit Extract, a skin care agent with anti-inflammatory properties, is used in Oriental medicine and is reported to have many functions such as reducing melanin production, anti-cancer, antibacterial function, etc.


Cornus Officinalis Fruit Extract finds application in formulating skin care products.
Cornus Officinalis Fruit Extract is often used to treat kidney deficiency, hypertension, waist and knee pain, dizziness, tinnitus, sexual dysfunction, spermatorrhea, menorrhagia, and other diseases.


More than 300 active components have been discovered in Cornus Officinalis Fruit Extract, including 4 kinds of saccharides, 10 triterpenes, 21 kinds of flavonoids, 30 tannins, 33 monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes, 39 iridoids, essential oils, and 15 other compounds.
These active ingredients have hepatoprotective, renal protective, cardioprotective, anti-tumor activity, antidiabetic, anti-oxidation, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, anti-aging, anti-amnesia, anti-osteoporosis, and immunomodulatory effects.


In 2001, Chinese scientists demonstrated the therapeutic effect of Cornus Officinalis Fruit Extract on diabetes in an animal model of non-insulin-dependent diabetes.
Used plant parts: Fruit pulp



USE AND BENEFITS OF CORNUS OFFICINALIS FRUIT EXTRACT:
Iridoid glycosides are actually secondary metabolites produced, chemically known as cyclopentane monoterpenes.
They are considered as potent antioxidants and anti-inflammatory.
The iridoid glycosides can also help skin lose the dead skin cell layer.

They clear out skin by getting rid of those dead skin cells.
Being antioxidants, they fight with free radicals produced by environmental oxidative stress and help protect skin with ongoing damage caused by them.
Which in turn can result in the skin with improved aging-related issues like fine lines or wrinkles, Iridoid glycosides when interacted with amino acid can produce colored complexes, this quality is particularly useful in hair color preparation.

It is believed, and studies are being conducted on its whitening effect on the skin when iridoid glycosides are being used.
They block tyrosinase enzyme, which is responsible for making melanin pigments.
It is used in anti-aging serums, creams, other facial care products, body care products, and sun protection products.



WHAT DOES CORNUS OFFICINALIS FRUIT EXTRACT DO IN A FORMULATION?
*Skin conditioning



KEY BENEFITS OF CORNUS OFFICINALIS FRUIT EXTRACT:
*Antioxidant properties
*Cornus Officinalis Fruit Extract improves skin vitality
*Cornus Officinalis Fruit Extract helps to soothe the skin
*Rich in vitamins and minerals



NUTRITION OF CORNUS OFFICINALIS FRUIT EXTRACT:
Cornelian cherry juices are rich in potassium, calcium, sodium, iron, zinc, manganese, and copper. Compared to other juices obtained from plum, pear, and apple, Cornelian cherry juice contained higher levels of dietary minerals.



PROPERTIES OF CORNUS OFFICINALIS FRUIT EXTRACT:
*Cornus Officinalis Fruit Extract belongs to the following substance groups
*Ingredients for skincare
*Regulating cosmetics
*Cosmetics Ingredients are subject to regulation. *Please note, different regulations may apply to cosmetic ingredients outside the EU.



FUNCTIONS OF CORNUS OFFICINALIS FRUIT EXTRACT:
Skin Conditioner:
Cornus Officinalis Fruit Extract keeps skin in good condition
Cornus Officinalis Fruit Extract is present in 0.02% of cosmetics.



TYPE OF PREPARATION OF CORNUS OFFICINALIS FRUIT EXTRACT:
Extract (solvent extract)



FUNCTIONS OF CORNUS OFFICINALIS FRUIT EXTRACT IN COSMETIC PRODUCTS:
*SKIN CONDITIONING
Cornus Officinalis Fruit Extract maintains the skin in good condition



ETYMOLOGY OF CORNUS OFFICINALIS FRUIT EXTRACT:
In Korean Cornus Officinalis Fruit Extract is known as sansuyu (산수유), in Chinese as shān zhū yú (山茱萸) and in Japanese as sanshuyu (さんしゅゆ).
The Latin specific epithet officinalis refers to plants which have some medicinal or culinary use - in this case the edible berries.



CULTIVATION OF CORNUS OFFICINALIS FRUIT EXTRACT:
The plant is valued in cultivation for providing year-round interest in the garden.
It is, however, quite a substantial shrub, typically growing to 8 m (26 ft) tall and broad.
The cultivar 'Kintoki', with larger and more abundant flowers, has won the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.



HERBALISM OF CORNUS OFFICINALIS FRUIT EXTRACT:
Cornus Officinalis Fruit Extract occurs in China, Japan and Korea where it is used as a food plant and as a medicinal plant.



CLAIMS OF CORNUS OFFICINALIS FRUIT EXTRACT:
*Anti-inflammatories
*Anti-wrinkle Agents
*Antioxidants
*Lightening / Whitening Agents
*Protective Agents
*bio-based
*protections



CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS OF CORNUS OFFICINALIS FRUIT EXTRACT:
The plant contains oleanolic acid and ursolic acid.
Ursolic acid has shown in vitro protective effects on auditory cells.

Ethanolic extracts of the fruit of Cornus Officinalis Fruit Extract has been shown to prevent hepatic injuries associated with acetaminophen-induced liver injury-induced hepatotoxicity (in mice) by preventing or alleviating oxidative stress.

The chemical constituents isolated from the fruit (Corni fructus) have protective effects on beta cells in vitro, and may control postprandial hyperglycemia by alpha-glucosidase inhibition.

Cornel iridoid glycoside, a chemical extracted from Cornus Officinalis Fruit Extract, promoted neurogenesis and angiogenesis and improved neurological function after ischemia in rats.

Morroniside, the most abundant iridoid glycoside extracted from Cornus Officinalis Fruit Extract, substantially reduces osteophyte formation and subchondral sclerosis in mice models.
Specifically, morroniside significantly promotes cartilage matrix synthesis by increasing collagen type II expression and suppressing chondrocyte pyroptosis.

It inhibits matrix metalloproteinase-13 (MMP13), Caspase-1 and nod-like receptor protein-3 (NLRP3) expression in DMM mice and IL-1β-stimulated chondrocytes, and enhances chondrocyte proliferation and inhibits chondrocyte apoptosis.
It also slows OA progression by inhibiting nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling.

A randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled study found that a Chinese herbal formula that mainly consisted of Cornus Officinalis Fruit Extract was not only effective at improving erectile function, but it was also safe for the treatment of erectile dysfunction.
A chemical substance isolated from Cornus Officinalis Fruit Extract also may enhance the motility of human sperm.

Cell cultures of Cornus Officinalis Fruit Extract contain gallotannins in the forms of tri-, tetra- and pentagalloylglucoses.
The main tannins are 1,2,3,6-tetragalloylglucose, 1,2,6-trigalloyl-glucose, 1,2,3,4,6-pentagalloyl-glucose and 6-digalloyl-1,2,3-trigalloyl-glucose.



PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of CORNUS OFFICINALIS FRUIT EXTRACT:
EC Number: Not available
CAS Number: Not available
Molecular Formula: Not available
Molecular Weight: Not available
Appearance: Dark purple to black powder
Density: Not available
Solubility: Soluble in water and ethanol
pH: Not available
Flash Point: Not available
Melting Point: Not available
CAS Number: Not available
EC Number: Not available
Chem/IUPAC Name: Cornus Officinalis Fruit Extract is an extract of the sarcocarp of Cornus officinalis, Cornaceae
INCI name: CORNUS OFFICINALIS FRUIT EXTRACT
Origin: biotechnological



FIRST AID MEASURES of CORNUS OFFICINALIS FRUIT EXTRACT:
-Description of first-aid measures
*General advice:
Show this material safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
*If inhaled:
After inhalation:
Fresh air.
*In case of skin contact:
Take off immediately all contaminated clothing.
Rinse skin with
water/ shower.
*In case of eye contact:
After eye contact:
Rinse out with plenty of water.
Call in ophthalmologist.
Remove contact lenses.
*If swallowed:
After swallowing:
Immediately make victim drink water (two glasses at most).
Consult a physician.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed.
No data available



ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of CORNUS OFFICINALIS FRUIT EXTRACT:
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Cover drains.
Collect, bind, and pump off spills.
Observe possible material restrictions.
Take up dry.
Dispose of properly.
Clean up affected area.



FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of CORNUS OFFICINALIS FRUIT EXTRACT:
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Foam
Dry powder
*Unsuitable extinguishing media:
For this substance/mixture no limitations of extinguishing agents are given.
-Further information:
Prevent fire extinguishing water from contaminating surface water or the ground water system.



EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of CORNUS OFFICINALIS FRUIT EXTRACT:
-Control parameters:
--Ingredients with workplace control parameters:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use equipment for eye protection.
Safety glasses
*Body Protection:
protective clothing
*Respiratory protection:
Recommended Filter type: Filter A
-Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.



HANDLING and STORAGE of CORNUS OFFICINALIS FRUIT EXTRACT:
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
*Storage conditions:
Tightly closed.
Dry.



STABILITY and REACTIVITY of CORNUS OFFICINALIS FRUIT EXTRACT:
-Chemical stability:
The product is chemically stable under standard ambient conditions (room temperature) .
-Possibility of hazardous reactions:
No data available


CORYDALIS YANHUSUO TUBER EXTRACT
Corydalis Yanhusuo Tuber Extract, a precious herb of the Papaveraceae family, is widely used in multiple traditional Chinese medicines for the treatment of many painful conditions, and its medicinal part is the dried tuber.


CAS Number: 84696-18-6
EC Number: 283-920-9
Family: Papaveraceae
Genus: Corydalis
Species: C. yanhusuo
Binomial name
Corydalis yanhusuo
Botanical names: Corydalis turtschaninovii, Corydalis yanhusuo



SYNONYMS:
Corydale, Corydale Bulbeuse, Corydale Creuse, Corydale à Tubercule Creux, Corydalis Yanhusuo Rhizome, Dai Ding, Early Fumitory, Fumeterre Creuse, Squirrel Corn, Xuanhu, Yanhu, Yanhusuo, Yuan-hu, Yuanhu, Yuan Hu Suo, Corydalis yanhusuo, Corydalis turtschaninovii, Corydalis yanhusuo extract, Yanhusuo extract, Corydalis tuber extract, Corydalis root extract, Corydalis yanhusuo tuber, Yanhusuo, Chinese corydalis, Pinyin: Yán hū suǒ, Corydale, Corydale Bulbeuse, Corydale Creuse, Corydale à Tubercule Creux, Corydalis Yanhusuo Rhizome, Dai Ding, Early Fumitory, Fumeterre Creuse, Squirrel Corn, Xuanhu, Yanhu, Yanhusuo, Yuan-hu, Yuanhu, Corydalis yanhusuo, Corydalis turtschaninovii, Corydalis yanhusuo extract, Yanhusuo extract, Corydalis tuber extract, Corydalis root extract, Chinese corydalis



Corydalis Yanhusuo Tuber Extract, a precious herb of the Papaveraceae family, is widely used in multiple traditional Chinese medicines for the treatment of many painful conditions, and its medicinal part is the dried tuber.
Yet how to improve this plant’s medicinal yield as well as Corydalis Yanhusuo Tuber Extract's economic efficiency remains a key problem in its cultivation.


The planting of Corydalis Yanhusuo Tuber Extract in rotation with peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) aims to improve land utilization efficiency, but the total production of tubers is severely reduced relative to fields without rotation.
However, an increased yield was observed in Corydalis Yanhusuo Tuber Extract plants grown in previously flooded fields (HR field) compared to the ones grown in the fields that had been used to cultivate peanut (PL field) or in fields without rotation or flooding (N field).


Based on these phenomena, in this study, we explored the potential factors responsible for the altered growth/yield of Corydalis Yanhusuo Tuber Extract under different field conditions.
Soil physicochemical properties and the diversity and community of rhizobacteriome of Corydalis Yanhusuo Tuber Extract were both analyzed.


By testing several soil physicochemical properties, we found that the cation exchange capacity (CEC), soil organic matter (SOM), total nitrogen (TN), and pH value differed significantly among these three types of fields.
16S rRNA amplicon sequencing revealed stark differences in the composition, diversity, and potential functions of the bacterial community in the rhizosphere of Corydalis Yanhusuo Tuber Extract plants grown in field with the peanut rotation or flooding.


Notably, the Acidobacteria were enriched in the HR field, while Actinobacteria were enriched in the PL field.
More importantly, further analysis showed that changed soil physicochemical properties could be one reason for why the rhizospheric bacterial community has changed; hence, soil physicochemical properties might also be affecting plant performance indirectly by regulating the rhizospheric bacterial community.


The RDA analysis distinguished CEC as the most important soil physicochemical property influencing the structure and composition of the Corydalis Yanhusuo Tuber Extract rhizobacteriome.
In summary, our results suggest peanut rotation- and flooding-induced soil physicochemical properties changes would further impact the rhizobacteriome of

Corydalis Yanhusuo Tuber Extract albeit differentially, culminating in opposite effects upon the plant growth and medicinal yield of Corydalis Yanhusuo Tuber Extract.
Corydalis Yanhusuo Tuber Extract is flowering plant that grows in mild climates throughout the northern hemisphere.


People use Corydalis Yanhusuo Tuber Extract for constipation, indigestion, acid reflux, headache, and many other conditions, but there is no good scientific evidence to support these uses.
Don't confuse Corydalis Yanhusuo Tuber Extract with other species that might be generally called Corydalis.


These are not the same.
Corydalis Yanhusuo Tuber Extract is a plant species in the genus Corydalis.
The Chinese name for Corydalis Yanhusuo Tuber Extract is yan hu suo (Chinese: 延胡索; pinyin: yán hú suǒ; lit. 'extended barbarian rope').


The Japanese common name is engosaku (エンゴサク) and the Korean common name is hyeonhosaek (현호색).
English common names include yanhusuo, corydalis, and Asian corydalis.
The tuber of this plant, frequently mislabeled as the root, is an important therapeutic agent in traditional Chinese medicine.


It is native to high-altitude grasslands across China including in the provinces of Anhui, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, and Zhejiang, but is more widely cultivated.
According to the Flora of China, this perennial herbaceous plant produces 5 to 15 purple-blue tubular flowers in clusters that curve out at the opening.


The yellow, round tubers are up to 2.5 cm (1 in) in diameter.
The corydalis plant has five to 15 purple-blue-hued flowers clustered together that curve outward.
It’s in the Papaveraceae family (commonly known as poppies).


Corydalis Yanhusuo Tuber Extract is an herb native to the Chinese province of Zhejiang.
The portion of Corydalis Yanhusuo Tuber Extract that is used medicinally is the tuberous rhizome
Corydalis Yanhusuo Tuber Extract is a member of the Poppy family, and is closely related to the Opium Poppy.


In traditional Chinese medicine, Corydalis Yanhusuo Tuber Extract is said to invigorate the blood, move qi or energy traveling through the body, and decrease pain, especially with menstrual cramps, abdominal cramping, and hernias.
There are over 400 different Corydalis Yanhusuo species.


This perennial plant is a low growing plant that produces small trumpet-like flowers that vary in color from white to pink to blue, depending upon the species.
The leaf shapes vary by species as does the height of growth.


Corydalis Yanhusuo Tuber Extract isn’t an herb you hear about every day in North America.
For example, the root of Corydalis Yanhusuo Tuber Extract has long been prized by traditional herbalists for its cleansing actions, and Traditional Chinese Medicine doctors rely on it to help support the flow of Qi (the flow of energy throughout the body, pronounced “chee”) and movement of fluids.


However, Corydalis Yanhusuo Tuber Extract is highly prized as a functional herb in Traditional Chinese Medicine and other Traditional wellness practices in Asia.
The Corydalis Yanhusuo Tuber Extract includes over 400 species belonging to the poppy family.


Its name comes from the Greek word “korydalis,” meaning “crested lark,” which refers to how the plant resembles the lark’s crest via its tube-like flowers.
Corydalis Yanhusuo Tuber Extract is flowering plant that grows in mild climates throughout the northern hemisphere.
Don't confuse Corydalis Yanhusuo Tuber Extract with other species that might be generally called Corydalis.



USES and APPLICATIONS of CORYDALIS YANHUSUO TUBER EXTRACT:
Corydalis Yanhusuo Tuber Extract is used for mild depression, and Mental and emotional disturbances.
Corydalis Yanhusuo Tuber Extract is used severe nerve damage, Tremors, and High blood pressure.
Corydalis Yanhusuo Tuber Extract is used intestinal spasms, and Other conditions.


More evidence is needed to rate the effectiveness of Corydalis Yanhusuo Tuber Extract for these uses.
Cosmetic Uses of Corydalis Yanhusuo Tuber Extract: antioxidants
Corydalis Yanhusuo Tuber Extract is used for mild depression, mild mental disorders, emotional disturbances, severe nerve damage, and limb tremors.


Corydalis Yanhusuo Tuber Extract is also used as a mild sedative and tranquilizer, as a hallucinogen, to lower blood pressure, and to relax spasms in the small intestine.
Corydalis Yanhusuo Tuber Extract is used in traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM).


The root and tuber of the Corydalis Yanhusuo Tuber Extract are used in medicine.
Corydalis Yanhusuo Tuber Extract contains chemicals that might help fight certain infections in the stomach.
Corydalis Yanhusuo Tuber Extract is often used in combination with other herbal supplements that claim health benefits.


There isn't any research, though, that has proven the safety or efficacy of Corydalis Yanhusuo Tuber Extract, and side effects and risks have been indicated.
Corydalis Yanhusuo Tuber Extract prevents morphine tolerance and dependence while also reversing opiate addiction, according to a recent study led by the University of California, Irvine.


The documented effects of YHS, Corydalis Yanhusuo Tuber Extract of the plant Corydalis Yanhusuo Tuber Extract, could have an immediate, positive impact to curb the opioid epidemic.
A possible solution consists of a co-medication that maintains the analgesic benefits of opioids while preventing their adverse liabilities.


The research findings show that Corydalis Yanhusuo Tuber Extract, when coadministered with morphine, inhibits morphine tolerance, dependence and addiction.
If Corydalis Yanhusuo Tuber Extract is used with morphine at the start or during pain management, there will be less need of morphine and thus less risk of addiction.


Corydalis Yanhusuo Tuber Extract has been used as analgesic in traditional Chinese medicine for centuries.
Corydalis Yanhusuo Tuber Extract is considered safe and readily available for purchase, either online or as a “botanical” in certain grocery stores.
Root extracts from the flowering herbal plant Corydalis Yanhusuo Tuber Extract, or YHS, has widely used for centuries as a pain treatment.


Yet few studies have investigated how Corydalis Yanhusuo Tuber Extract works on different forms of pain, and little is known about its molecular mechanisms.
However, Corydalis Yanhusuo Tuber Extract has been used for thousands of years in Traditional Chinese Medicine and for centuries in North America and other countries for its beneficial and protective properties.


Corydalis Yanhusuo Tuber Extract was also used extensively by Eclectic Physicians practicing in North America in the mid to late 1800s as an alternative or "cleansing" herb to support liver function and detoxification.
Corydalis grows in forests, and its bright yellow root or tuber (rich in alkaloids) is used in traditional herbal preparations and supplements.


Corydalis Yanhusuo Tuber Extract's used in traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM).
Corydalis Yanhusuo Tuber Extract is used in medicine.
In a new study, researchers show how Corydalis Yanhusuo Tuber Extract effectively treats different forms of pain.


Corydalis Yanhusuo Tuber Extract contains chemicals that might help fight certain infections in the stomach.
People use Corydalis Yanhusuo Tuber Extract for constipation, indigestion, acid reflux, headache, and many other conditions, but there is no good scientific evidence to support these uses.


-Traditional Uses Of Corydalis Yanhusuo Tuber Extract:
As mentioned above, Corydalis Yanhusuo Tuber Extract has a long history of use in the Northern Hemisphere, particularly in the Traditional Medicine systems of Asia, such as China, Japan, Korea, Russia, and North America.

Some traditional uses of Corydalis Yanhusuo Tuber Extract include: Blood function support, Cognitive support, Digestive support, Heart support, Liver support, Nervous system support, For easing menstrual cramps, For minor pain management, For overall menstruation support, To move stagnant Qi, To promote normal fluid movement and balance, To promote relaxation, To support emotional health, Spleen and stomach stasis.

Today, Corydalis Yanhusuo Tuber Extract is still used extensively in Traditional Chinese Medicine and other systems of herbalism but has yet to be studied as extensively as other herbs, like Turmeric or Ashwagandha.



CORYDALIS YANHUSUO TUBER EXTRACT CONTAINS:
Research has shown Corydalis Yanhusuo Tuber Extract contains over 160 compounds, including:
Alkaloids
Antioxidants
Organic acids
Volatile oils
Amino acids
Nucleosides
Alcohols
And sugars

Alkaloids, which give the root its brilliant yellow color, are considered the most crucial active constituents, with over 80 types isolated and identified.
Corydalis Yanhusuo Tuber Extract is also a source of Berberines, a specific plant compound known as an isoquinoline alkaloid found in the barks, leaves, twigs, rhizomes, roots, and/or stems of approximately 450–500 plant species.
Berberines have become popular due to their potential benefits for various aspects of metabolic, immune, and inflammatory function.



HISTORY OF CORYDALIS YANHUSUO TUBER EXTRACT:
Yanhusuo is first mentioned in Ben Cao Shi Yi (Omissions from the Materia Medica), written by Chen Cang-Qi in 720 CE.



CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OF CORYDALIS YANHUSUO TUBER EXTRACT:
The alkaloid dehydrocorybulbine (DHCB) can be extracted from the roots of the plant.
Tetrahydropalmatine is another major constituent alkaloid.

Corydalis Yanhusuo Tuber Extract also contains the alkaloids glaucine and palmatine.
Corydalis Yanhusuo Tuber Extract also contains the acetylcholinesterase inhibitor corydaline.
N-Methyltetrahydroprotoberberines have been isolated from C. yanhusuo.



6 BENEFITS OF CORYDALIS YANHUSUO TUBER EXTRACT:
As you’ve just learned, Corydalis Yanhusuo Tuber Extract has many uses in traditional herbalism and wellness practices and has been revered for centuries.
However, the science behind this ancient herb, Corydalis Yanhusuo Tuber Extract, is still in its infancy.

Here, we examine the emerging research behind six potential benefits of Corydalis Yanhusuo Tuber Extract for minor pain management, relaxation, cognitive function, and more.


#1: Corydalis Yanhusuo Tuber Extract May Help with Minor Pain Management
Corydalis Yanhusuo Tuber Extract is widely used for minor pain management throughout Asia and, more recently, in North America.

But does it work?
Several animal studies suggest Corydalis Yanhusuo Tuber Extract may have analgesic properties that work via its effects on the nervous system and dopamine, a neurotransmitter associated with pleasure, comfort, and decreased pain.

Researchers also believe various alkaloids in Corydalis Yanhusuo Tuber Extract, which promote normal inflammatory response, may be involved in its effects on pain.

Although more research is needed, Corydalis Yanhusuo Tuber Extract’ use for minor pain management is well-documented in Traditional Chinese Medicine texts and anecdotal evidence for its efficacy is strong.


#2: Corydalis Yanhusuo Tuber Extract May Support Heart & Cardiovascular Function
We now know that a normal and healthy inflammatory response is critical to heart and cardiovascular function.

This is why most doctors now recommend taking measures to support a healthy inflammatory response as part of a heart-healthy lifestyle, like reducing stress, eating plenty of fruits and vegetables, getting regular exercise, and reducing intake of processed foods and alcohol.
Studies have also found various herbs, including berberine-containing herbs, may help support normal heart and cardiovascular function.

This includes Corydalis Yanhusuo Tuber Extract, which studies suggest may benefit normal cardiovascular function, either directly or indirectly, via its supportive effects on:
*Heart rate
*Inflammatory response via its antioxidant compounds
*Normal blood pressure
*Liver function (the liver plays a primary role in cholesterol synthesis)
*Stress response/nervous system function
More research is needed to recommend Corydalis for heart health.


3: Corydalis Yanhusuo Tuber Extract May Provide Liver Support Benefits
Berberine-containing plants, specifically roots like Dandelion, Goldenseal, and Corydalis Yanhusuo Tuber Extract, have long been used by herbalists in liver-supportive formulas.

It is believed the signature yellow color and astringent, bitter properties have a cleansing and protective effect on the liver and other organs of detoxification.

A large body of research has shown Berberine may support various aspects of liver function, including bile synthesis, inflammatory response, lipid metabolism, and oxidation resistance:
Regarding Corydalis Yanhusuo Tuber Extract, research has shown its Berberine isoquinoline compounds may have liver-protective properties.

Although more studies are needed to fully understand how Corydalis Yanhusuo Tuber Extract may support the liver, this emerging research is consistent with Cordylasis’ use as a liver support herb in various Traditional Chinese Medicine and North American eclectic herbal formulas.


#4: Corydalis Yanhusuo Tuber Extract May Promote Feelings of Relaxation
One of Corydalis Yanhusuo Tuber Extract’ claims to fame is its purported relaxation effect, which advocates say can help reduce stress, support the nervous system, boost emotional well-being, and promote cognitive function.
There is research to suggest Corydalis Yanhusuo Tuber Extract does have a mild sedative effect and may be helpful for relaxation, stress, and healthy sleep.


#5: Corydalis Yanhusuo Tuber Extract May Promote Digestion
Several Traditional Chinese Medicine formulas use Corydalis Yanhusuo Tuber Extract for digestive function, including occasional stomach pain, reflux, and other common digestive complaints.

Research suggests Corydalis Yanhusuo Tuber Extract may promote digestion via its:
*Effects on the liver, which is responsible for the production of bile and key digestive enzymes
*Positive effects on normal digestive inflammatory response
*Positive impact on the microbiome, which preliminary studies suggest may benefit from *Berberine-rich herbs

More research is needed.
However, these studies lend credibility to the traditional practice of taking bitter herbs, known as “bitters” or “aperitifs,” like Dandelion, Corydalis Yanhusuo Tuber Extract, Black Radish, etc., to promote healthy digestion.


#6: Corydalis Yanhusuo Tuber Extract May Support Various Aspects of Cognitive Function
Nootropic herbs like Ginkgo, Lion’s Mane, and Saffron are well-known for supporting cognitive function.

However, several studies suggest Corydalis Yanhusuo Tuber Extract may also promote cognitive function, particularly related to memory and learning capacity, neuron function, and Berberine’s neuroprotective benefits, but more research is needed.
Although more research is needed, this is consistent with Corydalis Yanhusuo Tuber Extract's traditional use to protect and promote brain health.



ORIGIN / HABITAT OF CORYDALIS YANHUSUO TUBER EXTRACT:
Corydalis is thought to be native to areas such as China and Japan.
The plant can survive in harsh climates including snow and freezing temperatures.
It is commonly found in woodlands.



CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS OF CORYDALIS YANHUSUO TUBER EXTRACT:
Alkaloids including cordalines, tetrahydropalmatine (THP) and protapine.



HOW DOES CORYDALIS YANHUSUO TUBER EXTRACT WORK?
There isn't enough information to know how Corydalis Yanhusuo Tuber Extract might work.



PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of CORYDALIS YANHUSUO TUBER EXTRACT:
Appearance: Powder
Mesh size: 80-120
Odor: Typical odor
Weight loss: ≤ 5%
Ash content: ≤ 5%
Heavy metals: ≤ 20ppm
Pesticide residues: None
Total bacteria: ≤ 1000cfu/gm
Escherichia coli: not detected

Salmonella: not detected
Yeast: ≤ 50cfu/g
Appearance: Brown powder
Solubility: Soluble in water and alcohol
pH: Typically between 5.0 and 7.0
Density: Varies by preparation
Molecular Weight: Varies by active compounds
Extraction Method: Usually extracted through alcohol or water methods



FIRST AID MEASURES of CORYDALIS YANHUSUO TUBER EXTRACT:
-Description of first-aid measures
*General advice:
Show this material safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
*If inhaled:
After inhalation:
Fresh air.
*In case of skin contact:
Take off immediately all contaminated clothing.
Rinse skin with
water/ shower.
*In case of eye contact:
After eye contact:
Rinse out with plenty of water.
Call in ophthalmologist.
Remove contact lenses.
*If swallowed:
After swallowing:
Immediately make victim drink water (two glasses at most).
Consult a physician.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed.
No data available



ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of CORYDALIS YANHUSUO TUBER EXTRACT:
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Cover drains.
Collect, bind, and pump off spills.
Observe possible material restrictions.
Take up dry.
Dispose of properly.
Clean up affected area.



FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of CORYDALIS YANHUSUO TUBER EXTRACT:
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Foam
Dry powder
*Unsuitable extinguishing media:
For this substance/mixture no limitations of extinguishing agents are given.
-Further information:
Prevent fire extinguishing water from contaminating surface water or the ground water system.



EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of CORYDALIS YANHUSUO TUBER EXTRACT:
-Control parameters:
--Ingredients with workplace control parameters:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use equipment for eye protection.
Safety glasses
*Body Protection:
protective clothing
*Respiratory protection:
Recommended Filter type: Filter A
-Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.



HANDLING and STORAGE of CORYDALIS YANHUSUO TUBER EXTRACT:
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
*Storage conditions:
Tightly closed.
Dry.



STABILITY and REACTIVITY of CORYDALIS YANHUSUO TUBER EXTRACT:
-Chemical stability:
The product is chemically stable under standard ambient conditions (room temperature) .
-Possibility of hazardous reactions:
No data available


COSMEDIA ACE
COSMEDIA ACE is a liquid polymer dispersion specifically designed for skin care with stabilizing, thickening and emulsifying properties for personal care emulsions.
COSMEDIA ACE allows cold mixing in aqueous systems, thereby increasing process speed and efficiency, and reducing energy costs in manufacture.
COSMEDIA ACE delivers a velvety and elegant afterfeel with inherent waxy effect.

CAS Number: 9003-04-7
Molecular Formula: C3H4O2
Molecular Weight: 72.06
EINECS Number: 999-999-2

9003-04-7, COSMEDIA ACE (2500000 MW), 05I15JNI2J, SODIUM ACRYLATE (2500000 MW), COSMEDIA ACE (2500000 MW) (II),2-Propenoicacid,homopolymer,sodiumsalt;Poly(acrylate sodium) (15% q.);PolyacrylatesodiumAq;Polyacrylatesodiumsolid;Sodiumpolyacrylateinwater;Poly(acrylic acid sodium salt) standard1'770;Poly(acrylic acid sodium salt) standard2'925;Poly(acrylic acid sodium salt) standard 115'000.

COSMEDIA ACE is the sodium salt of polyarylic acid. As a chemical polymer, it has various kinds of application in consumer products.
COSMEDIA ACE is capable of absorbing extremely high amount of water which can reach up to as much as 200 to 300 times its mass; therefore, it is used in agriculture industry and is infused in the soil of many plants to maintain the moisture of plant.
COSMEDIA ACE can be commonly used as a sequestering agent, or chelating agent in many detergents.

COSMEDIA ACE can also be used as a thickening agent to be used in diapers and hair gels because of its high capability of absorbing and holding water.
Furthermore, COSMEDIA ACE can be included in the coatings of sensitive electrical wiring to remove moisture in the wires.
COSMEDIA ACE is a commonly used dispersant, also known as 2-sodium acrylate homopolymer.

COSMEDIA ACE is colorless or light yellow viscous liquid in room temperature, and non-toxic, alkaline, insoluble in organic solvents such as ethanol, acetone but easily soluble in water and aqueous sodium hydroxide.
However, for aqueous solution of calcium hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, due to the increase of alkaline metal ions, it is first dissolved and then precipitated.
COSMEDIA ACE can work without entrustment under alkaline conditions or being concentrated for several folds with molecular weight of about 500-3000.

COSMEDIA ACE can disperse the microcrystalline or sediment of calcium carbonate, calcium sulfate salts into the water without precipitation, and thus achieving the purpose of preventing entrustment.
Besides used as the descaling dispersant in power plants, chemical plants, fertilizer plants, refineries and air conditioning systems, cooling water system, it is also widely used in industries like paper and textile, ceramics, paints, building materials.
When used as a paper coating dispersant, it has a relative molecular mass in 2000-4000.

When coating concentration is 65% to 70%, it can still have a good rheology and aging stability.
COSMEDIA ACE in molecular weight from 1000 to 3000 is used as water quality stabilizer as well as scaling control agent of concentrated black liquor.
Products with molecular weight higher than 100,000 is used as coatings thickener and water retention agent, which can increase the viscosity of synthetic emulsion such as carboxylated styrene-butadiene latex and acrylate emulsion latex and prevent the water from being separated out as well as maintain the stability of the coating system .

COSMEDIA ACE of molecular weight of 1 million or more can be used as a flocculant.
COSMEDIA ACE can also be used as super absorbent polymer, soil conditioners, as well as a thickening agent and emulsion dispersant in the food industry.
COSMEDIA ACE is a synthetic polymer used in cosmetics and skincare products.

COSMEDIA ACE is used to improve the sensory feel and stability of products.
COSMEDIA ACE functions as a thickening agent, texture enhancer, film-forming agent, and emulsion stabilizer.
COSMEDIA ACE’s main function is to improve the sensory feel and stability of a product.

This means that COSMEDIA ACE helps the product feel smooth and pleasant to use as well as stabilizing the product so that
COSMEDIA ACE doesn’t separate or split.
In cosmetics and skincare products, COSMEDIA ACE functions as a thickening agent, texture enhancer, film-forming agent, and emulsion stabilizer.

COSMEDIA ACE functions as a thickening agent based on COSMEDIA ACEs ability to absorb as much as 100 to 1000 times
COSMEDIA ACEs mass in water.
In water-based solutions, the sodium ions in COSMEDIA ACE are free to move since they are replaced by positively charged hydrogen ions.

This means that instead of an organized polymer chain, a gel forms.
As the gel absorbs water COSMEDIA ACE helps to thicken the formulation.
The thickness of a product is an important part of the formulating process as COSMEDIA ACE helps to improve the feel of the cream or lotion.

Not only does COSMEDIA ACE affect how the product feels, COSMEDIA ACE also helps to improve how the product works.
When a formulation has been thickened COSMEDIA ACE can improve both how evenly the product is spread across the skin and how easy the product is to spread.
As a texture enhancer, COSMEDIA ACE contributes to the smooth, glossy appearance of products.

COSMEDIA ACE keeps the texture of a product soft and supple while also conditioning the skin.
By adding COSMEDIA ACE to things like shampoos, conditioners, creams, and lotions, formulations will look and feel more rich, smooth, and creamy.
Additionally, COSMEDIA ACE can be used in exfoliating products to make strong scrubbing materials more gentle.

COSMEDIA ACE is the sodium salt of polyacrylic acid.
COSMEDIA ACE is a super absorbent polymer that can absorb 100 to 1000 times its mass in water.
COSMEDIA ACE is sodium content enables it to absorb large amounts of water.

COSMEDIA ACE thickens the water-based formulations and finds applications in numerous consumer products like cosmetics and personal care products.
The molecular structure of COSMEDIA ACE molecule is water soluble linear polymers.
Small molecular weight molecule is as liquid with large molecule counterparts shown as solid.

COSMEDIA ACE is shown as a white powder or granules, and is odorless, water-swellable, and soluble in aqueous caustic soda.
Moreover, COSMEDIA ACE is extremely hygroscopic.
COSMEDIA ACE is a polymer compound containing hydrophilic and hydrophobic groups.

COSMEDIA ACE is slowly soluble in water and form a highly viscous transparent liquid whose 0.5% solution having a viscosity of about 1000cp with the viscosity being not as swelling as CMC and sodium alginate.
But owing to the ion phenomenon of many anionic groups in the molecule makes the molecular chain being longer, increasing the apparent viscosity to form highly viscous solution.
COSMEDIA ACE has a viscosity which is 15-20 times as high as sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and sodium alginate.

COSMEDIA ACE has a high alkali resistance with viscosity changing only little and it is also non-perishable.
Heat treatment, neutral salts, and organic acids have very small effects on its viscosity. However, it has increased viscosity upon alkaline condition.
Intense heating to 300 degrees will not cause decomposition of it.

Due to its property as a kind of electrolyte, it is vulnerable to acids and metal ions which cause the decrease of viscosity.
In case of more than a sufficient amount of divalent metal ions (e.g. aluminum, lead, iron, calcium, magnesium, zinc), it will form insoluble salt which cause intermolecular crosslink and thus gelation and further precipitation.
But it is still as solution upon a low amount of divalent metal ion, making it be able to be used as detergent additives which play a role in preventing soil re-deposition.

COSMEDIA ACE is a vegan ingredient.
COSMEDIA ACE is usually synthetically derived.
COSMEDIA ACE is called as Superabsorbent polymers (SAP) (also called slush powder).

COSMEDIA ACE has the ability to absorb as much as 500 times its mass in water.
COSMEDIA ACE is seen as a white powder when dry, but turns into a gel-like substance when wet.
COSMEDIA ACE is the sodium salt of polyarylic acid.

As a chemical polymer, COSMEDIA ACE has various kinds of application in consumer products.
COSMEDIA ACE is capable of absorbing extremely high amount of water which can reach up to as much as 200 to 300 times COSMEDIA ACEs mass
COSMEDIA ACE is an example of a super-absorbing polymer.

COSMEDIA ACE is a cross-linked (network) polymer that contains sodium atoms.
COSMEDIA ACE absorbs water by a process called osmosis. When the (sodium-containing) polymer is placed in contact with water, there is a tendency for the sodium to distribute equally between the network and the water.
That means, some of the sodium atoms want to leave the network and move to the water.

When these sodium atoms leave, they are replaced with water molecules.
Water swells the polymer network to try to keep the sodium concentration balanced between the polymer and the water.
The cross-links that connect the chains together prevent them from dissolving/breaking apart in the water.

COSMEDIA ACE can absorb 800 times its weight in distilled water, but only 300 times its weight in tap water, since tap water contains some sodium, calcium and other mineral salts.
COSMEDIA ACE is a versatile, synthetic polymer used as a film-forming agent, emulsion stabilizer, absorbent, thickening agent, and emollient.
In COSMEDIA ACE is raw form it is a granular white powder.

COSMEDIA ACE belongs to a class of polymers called super absorbent polymers (or SAPs).
COSMEDIA ACE’s considered as such because of its ability to absorb 100–1000 times its mass in water.
The independent Cosmetic Ingredient Review panel has ruled sodium polymethacrylate safe as used in cosmetics.

Amounts between 0.3–1.4% are typically all it takes to achieve this ingredient’s many formulary traits.
In addition to its use as an absorbent in skin products, it is used in commercial applications, such as a gelling agent for disposable diapers and sanitary napkins.
COSMEDIA ACE is also a food additive to help thicken certain foods and preserve them for longer periods of time.


COSMEDIA ACE is more often categorised as a superabsorbent material, COSMEDIA ACE can absorb many times Sodium polyacrylates own weight of water and hold COSMEDIA ACE in creating a soft stable gel.
COSMEDIA ACE, also called polyacrylic acid or acryalate copolymer, is a dry white or light gray powder or liquid that is a sodium salt of polyacrylic acid.
COSMEDIA ACE is produced by polymerizing acrylic acid and hydrolysis of the polyacrylic acid with an aqueous sodium hydroxide solution.

COSMEDIA ACE is a water soluble polymer.
The basic polymer is poly(acrylic acid), which has a carboxylic acid group on each repeat unit.
In COSMEDIA ACE, the carboxylic acid groups are neutralized with a sodium counter-ion.

COSMEDIA ACE, often known as waterlock, is a sodium salt of polyacrylic acid with the chemical formula [CH2CH(CO2Na)]n that finds use in a variety of consumer goods.
In water, COSMEDIA ACE may absorb 100 to 1000 times its mass.
An anionic polyelectrolyte having negatively charged carboxylic groups in the main chain, COSMEDIA ACE is an anionic polyelectrolyte.

A chemical polymer made up of chains of acrylate molecules is COSMEDIA ACE.
Because of the ionic interactions between the molecules, COSMEDIA ACE creates a thick and transparent solution when dissolved in water.
COSMEDIA ACE is added to potted plants and soils to allow them to retain moisture.

COSMEDIA ACE behaves as a water reservoir, soaking up excess water and discharging COSMEDIA ACE when required.
Florists use COSMEDIA ACE to preserve water and help retain the freshness of flowers.
Diapers are made absorbent by the addition of a thin membrane of COSMEDIA ACE.

The outermost layer of a diaper is made of microporous polyethylene, and the innermost layer is polypropylene.
Polyethylene keeps the urine from leaking, and polypropylene absorbs moisture from the skin and allows the diaper to keep dry and soft.
Between these two layers is a layer of COSMEDIA ACE in combination with cellulose.

COSMEDIA ACE is also used in tampons and similar female hygiene products.
COSMEDIA ACE is added to gas containers (jet fuel, diesel, and gasoline) to absorb water.
COSMEDIA ACE is used in filtration units that separate water from automobile and airplane fuel, increasing the efficiency of the vehicle.

COSMEDIA ACE protects electrical and optical cables from moisture.
COSMEDIA ACE is applied to the conductor or shielding of communication and power cables.
COSMEDIA ACE blocks water from penetrating and damaging a cable.

Density: 1.32 g/mL at 25 °C
refractive index: n20/D 1.43
storage temp.: 2-8°C
form: powder
Specific Gravity: 1.23
PH Range: 6 - 9
Hydrolytic Sensitivity 0: forms stable aqueous solutions
Stability: Stable, but moisture sensitive.

COSMEDIA ACE, also known as waterlock, is a sodium salt of poly acrylic acid with the chemical formula [-CH2-CH(COONa)-]n and broad application in consumer products.
COSMEDIA ACE has the ability to absorb as much as 200 to 300 times its mass in water.
COSMEDIA ACE is anionic polyelectrolytes with negatively charged carboxylic groups in the main chain.

While sodium neutralized poly acrylic acids are the most common form used in industry, there are also other salts available including potassium, lithium and ammonium.
If a polymer consists of only one kind of monomers then it is called a homopolymer, while a polymer which consists of more than one kind of monomers is called a copolymer.
Available in a range of weights, ideal for every application from making giant bubbles, to manufacturing beauty products, to large scale TV productions.

COSMEDIA ACE has a number of mechanical advantages.
Mechanical stability, great heat resistance, and excellent hydration are just a few of the benefits.
COSMEDIA ACE is an odorless, grainy white powder.

COSMEDIA ACEs most impressive property is COSMEDIA ACEs ability to absorb large amounts of fluid, up to 800 times
COSMEDIA ACEs volume of distilled water and lesser amounts of other liquid mixtures.
This property accounts for one of COSMEDIA ACEs primary applications, in the manufacture of disposable diapers.

Diapers made from COSMEDIA ACE are able to absorb up to 30 grams of urine for each gram of diaper COSMEDIA ACEs structure is made up of one molecule of oxygen, one molecule of sodium oxide, a carbon base, and three hydrogen molecules.
With the right selection of cross-linking agents, COSMEDIA ACE, becomes water insoluble and becomes a Super Absorbent Polymer or COSMEDIA ACEs.
COSMEDIA ACEs is used in many different applications, with the ability to absorb up to 600 times its weight in water by forming a hydrogel.

When COSMEDIA ACE is combined with liquid water, COSMEDIA ACEs draws water molecules into the matrix of polymer chains through a diffusion gradient.
COSMEDIA ACEs absorbs and retains the water due to strong hydrogen bonding with water molecules.
Once absorbed, COSMEDIA ACE will not release water like conventional adsorbents.

The water is truly retained in the particles at a molecular level!
COSMEDIA ACE, also known as waterlock, is the sodium salt of polyacrylic acid, a high molecular weight polymer.
COSMEDIA ACE is a substance which has a molecular structure built up from a large number of similar units, called monomers, bonded together.

With COSMEDIA ACE, the monomers are acrylic acid.
Functionally, COSMEDIA ACE is strong and flexible.
COSMEDIA ACE is a functional polymer used in a variety of common products such as paper diapers, pets pads, water-retaining material (to help the soil retain water), instant snow, and so on.

COSMEDIA ACE is known for its superior absorbency.
COSMEDIA ACE has been used as an additive for food products including bread, juice, and ice cream.
While sodium neutralized polyacrylic acids are the most common form used in industry, there are also other salts available including potassium, lithium and ammonium.

In detergents COSMEDIA ACE works as a chelating agent, which neutralizes the heavy metals in water & dirt so that the detergent can be more effective at cleaning.
COSMEDIA ACE is also used as a thickening agent because COSMEDIA ACE can absorb and hold onto water molecules.
COSMEDIA ACE is common in diapers, dish and laundry detergents, stain removers, bleach products & shower cleaners.

Unlike other absorbent materials, COSMEDIA ACE’s not easy to squeeze the moisture out of this gel.
This is what makes COSMEDIA ACE perfect for use in paper diapers — your baby can sit on COSMEDIA ACE, roll around, sleep for hours in a wet diaper without leaks.
COSMEDIA ACE’s mainly used in Hygiene Products such as Diapers, Sanitary Napkins, Nursing pads, and Pet pads, etc.

The single sheets of Ice packs are activated by placing them in fresh tap water.
COSMEDIA ACE brings a new, specially developed absorbent layer that helps consumers simulate a dry process in vacuum packaging.
Water beads are made of COSMEDIA ACE.

COSMEDIA ACE can absorb a large amount of water and turn into a bigger ball.
COSMEDIA ACE is used in waterproof tape and waterproof ointment for use in optical fiber cables

Uses:
COSMEDIA ACE can be used as a corrosion scale inhibitor, water stabilizer, paint thickener and water retention agent, flocculants, drilling mud treatment agent.
The agent is used for the circulating cooling water treatment for equipment copper material with a excellent scale effect.
At the amount of 100 mg/L, it can form chelate with the scale-forming ions in water of medium hardness and further flow with water, and can prevent the formation of iron oxide scale.

COSMEDIA ACE can be used as a thickener and stabilizer in butter products, cream, tomato sauce.
COSMEDIA ACE can also be used as a dispersing agent in fruit juice, wine and spirits.
COSMEDIA ACE can improve the sense of taste of ice cream, and enhance its stability.

COSMEDIA ACE can also be used as surface freezing glue for freezing products and aquatic products, and can also play a role in preservation.
COSMEDIA ACE can also alter protein structure and enhance the viscoelasticity of food, and thus further improving the organization.
COSMEDIA ACE has many functions in food as following: Enhance the adhesion ability to raw flour protein.

Make starch particle to combine with each other and dispersion penetrate into the mesh structure of the protein.
Form dough with a dense texture and being smooth in its glossy surface.
COSMEDIA ACE forms a stable dough colloid for preventing soluble starch exudation.

COSMEDIA ACE has a strong water-holding capacity which can make moisture be uniformly maintained in dough and prevent drying.
COSMEDIA ACE can be used to improve the dough extensibility.
Make the raw material in the oil component be stably dispersed into the dough.

COSMEDIA ACE is used as the electrolyte for protein interactions, change the protein structure, and enhance food viscoelasticity and improve the organization.
Application Example: Bread, cakes, noodles, macaroni, improve utilization of raw materials, improve the taste and flavor with the amount of 0.05%.
Fish paste-like products, canned food, dried seaweed, etc., to strengthen its organization, to keep fresh flavor, enhanced sense of smell.

Sauce, tomato sauce, mayonnaise, jam, cream, soy sauce, thickeners and stabilizers.
COSMEDIA ACE can be used as a filtrate reducer in solid drilling industry.
COSMEDIA ACE is a good anion detergent and dispersants which can be combined with other water treatment agent compound used for oil field water, cooling water, boiler water treatment at high pH and at high concentration process without scaling.

Owing to COSMEDIA ACE is slow dissolution rate in water; it can be pre-mixed with sugar, powdered starch syrup, emulsifier, etc., to improve the dissolution rate.
COSMEDIA ACE can be used as sugar, salt, beverage clarifying agent (polymer coagulant).
The above information is edited by the Chemicalbook of Dai Xiongfeng.

COSMEDIA ACE is an absorbent polymer that is used as an emulsion stabilizer, a hair fixative, a film former, skin conditioner, and a viscosity agent.
In detergents it works as a chelating agent, which neutralizes the heavy metals in water & dirt so that the detergent can be more effective at cleaning.
COSMEDIA ACE is also used as a thickening agent because it can absorb and hold onto water molecules.

COSMEDIA ACE is commonly used as a sequestering agent, or chelating agent, in many detergents.
COSMEDIA ACE has the ability to bind hard-water elements, such as magnesium, calcium, iron and zinc, to make the detergents work more effectively.
Chelating agents neutralize the presence of heavy metals that may be found in water, dirt and other substances that can be found in laundry, making the detergent more effective in cleaning and neutralizing odors in your clothes.

COSMEDIA ACE is primarily used as a thickening agent because of COSMEDIA ACEs unique ability to absorb and hold onto water molecules, making COSMEDIA ACE ideal for use in diapers and hair gels.
COSMEDIA ACE is also used in industrial processes to dissolve soaps by absorbing water molecules.
Thickening agents, like COSMEDIA ACE, increase the viscosity of water-based compounds, which increases their stability.

In diapers, COSMEDIA ACE will absorb the water molecules found in urine, increasing the amount of liquid the diaper can hold while at the same time reducing the risk of diaper rash by promoting a dry environment.
COSMEDIA ACE has been included in the coatings of sensitive electrical wiring to keep moisture away from the wires.
When COSMEDIA ACE is infused in the protective rubber coating around a wire, COSMEDIA ACE protects the wire from exposure to moisture, ensuring the safe transmission of electrical signals.

COSMEDIA ACE is used extensively in the agricultural industry and is infused in the soil of many potted plants to help them retain moisture, behaving as a type of water reservoir.
Florists commonly use COSMEDIA ACE to help keep flowers fresh, and this substance has been approved for domestic fruit and vegetable growing by the U.S. Department of Agriculture.
COSMEDIA ACE has also been combined with other absorbent polymers and infused into the innermost layers of spacesuits that will be worn by a NASA astronaut to help keep his skin from developing rashes during space flight.

Artificial snow is also called instant snow, fake snow, magic snow,expanding snow, fluffy snow.
COSMEDIA ACE is a special super absorbent polymer, which can absorb hundreds times of water.
The instant snow looks real, feels cool,and is soft and fluffy to touch like fresh fallen snow.

Safety Profile:
COSMEDIA ACE in its dry form may cause irritation to the skin and eyes. Direct contact with the skin or eyes should be avoided.
Inhalation of the dust or fine particles of COSMEDIA ACE should be minimized. Prolonged exposure to airborne particles may lead to respiratory irritation.

While not typically a concern in consumer products, ingestion of COSMEDIA ACE in large quantities could lead to gastrointestinal irritation.
It is important to keep products containing COSMEDIA ACE out of reach of children.


Cosmenyl Blue A4R
Colanyl Violet RL 132 PIGMENT VIOLET 23 Colanyl Violet RL 132 is a binder-free, aqueous pigment preparation based on nonionic and / or anionic wetting and dispersing agents and propylene glycol. The product has a pourable and pumpable consistency and is suitable for dosing machines. Because of the moderate durability, it is suitable for interior use only. Benefits Binder-free aqueous pigment preparation for water-based decorative paints Manufactured without using alkyl phenol ethoxylated (APEO) additives Suitable for manual and automatic dispensing equipment Miscible in all proportions with each other pigment preparation of the Colanyl 100 range
COSMENYL GREEN GG
COSMENYL GREEN GG IUPAC Name copper;(19Z,28Z)-5,6,7,8,14,15,16,17,23,24,25,26,32,34,35-pentadecachloro-2,11,20,29,37,39-hexaza-38,40-diazanidanonacyclo[28.6.1.13,10.112,19.121,28.04,9.013,18.022,27.031,36]tetraconta-1(37),2,4(9),5,7,10,12(39),13(18),14,16,19,22(27),23,25,28,31(36),32,34-octadecaene COSMENYL GREEN GG InChI InChI=1S/C32H3Cl15N8.Cu/c33-2-1-3(34)12(35)5-4(2)25-48-26(5)50-28-8-9(16(39)22(45)21(44)15(8)38)30(52-28)54-32-11-10(17(40)23(46)24(47)18(11)41)31(55-32)53-29-7-6(27(49-25)51-29)13(36)19(42)20(43)14(7)37;/h1,25,29H;/q-2;+2 COSMENYL GREEN GG InChI Key BWWFBQOKGNVMQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N COSMENYL GREEN GG Canonical SMILES C1=C(C2=C(C(=C1Cl)Cl)C3=NC2N=C4C5=C(C([N-]4)N=C6C7=C(C(=C(C(=C7Cl)Cl)Cl)Cl)C(=N6)N=C8C9=C(C(=C(C(=C9Cl)Cl)Cl)Cl)C(=N3)[N-]8)C(=C(C(=C5Cl)Cl)Cl)Cl)Cl.[Cu+2] COSMENYL GREEN GG Isomeric SMILES C1=C(C2=C(C(=C1Cl)Cl)C3=NC2/N=C\4/C5=C(C([N-]4)/N=C\6/C7=C(C(=C(C(=C7Cl)Cl)Cl)Cl)C(=N6)N=C8C9=C(C(=C(C(=C9Cl)Cl)Cl)Cl)C(=N3)[N-]8)C(=C(C(=C5Cl)Cl)Cl)Cl)Cl.[Cu+2] COSMENYL GREEN GG Molecular Formula C32H3Cl15CuN8 COSMENYL GREEN GG CAS 1328-53-6 COSMENYL GREEN GG DSSTox Substance ID DTXSID8025911 COSMENYL GREEN GG Density[g/cm³] approx. 1.50 COSMENYL GREEN GG Viscosity[Pa*s] < 1.3 COSMENYL GREEN GG Average Particle Size[nm] - COSMENYL GREEN GG pH Value 8 - 9 COSMENYL GREEN GG Total Solid approx.[%] - COSMENYL GREEN GG Content approx.Pigment [%]48 Water [%]20 Glycol [%]25 COSMENYL GREEN GG Chemical Class Poly Chlorinated Phthalocyanine COSMENYL GREEN GG Odor Odorless COSMENYL GREEN GG Physical appearance Green Powder COSMENYL GREEN GG Solubility in water Insoluble COSMENYL GREEN GG Hazardous Nature Non-Hazardous COSMENYL GREEN GG Molecular Weight 1094.7 g/mol COSMENYL GREEN GG Hydrogen Bond Donor Count 0 COSMENYL GREEN GG Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count 5 COSMENYL GREEN GG Rotatable Bond Count 0 COSMENYL GREEN GG Exact Mass 1092.501604 g/mol COSMENYL GREEN GG Monoisotopic Mass 1086.510455 g/mol COSMENYL GREEN GG Topological Polar Surface Area 76.2 Ų COSMENYL GREEN GG Heavy Atom Count 56 COSMENYL GREEN GG Formal Charge 0 COSMENYL GREEN GG Complexity 1800 COSMENYL GREEN GG Isotope Atom Count 0 COSMENYL GREEN GG Defined Atom Stereocenter Count 0 COSMENYL GREEN GG Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count 2 COSMENYL GREEN GG Defined Bond Stereocenter Count 2 COSMENYL GREEN GG Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count 0 COSMENYL GREEN GG Covalently-Bonded Unit Count 2 COSMENYL GREEN GG Compound Is Canonicalized Yes COSMENYL GREEN GG (48%) (and) Aqua (20%) (and) Glycol (25%). Cosmenyl Green GG by is pigment dispersion.COSMENYL GREEN GG It is based on glycerine, anionic dispersing and wetting agents.COSMENYL GREEN GG It is a readily pumpable and flowable aqueous dispersion.COSMENYL GREEN GG It shows good light and alkali fastness. Cosmenyl Green GG is used for the coloration of soap, toothpaste and other personal care products.COSMENYL GREEN GG Complies with the requirements for cosmetic colorants defined by the European Union Regulation No. 1223/2009. Recommended for use in products bearing eco-labels.Cosmenyl Green GG is a pigment dispersion of approx. 48% pigment and is based on anionic dispersing and wetting agents and glycerine. The Colour Index of the basic pigment is COSMENYL GREEN GG.Benefits:Readily pumpable and flowable aqueous dispersions,Included in at least one of the authorized use lists for cosmetic colorants for the EU, USA or Japan,Selected for coloration of toiletries and cosmetics or home and fabric care products in liquid, paste or powder form,Microbiological purity specified,Recommended for use in products bearing eco-labels.Cosmenyl Green GG complies with the requirements for cosmetic colorants defined by the European Union Regulation No. 1223/2009. This directive is valid for all countries of the European Union, and it is used as guideline by many other countries.Cosmenyl Green GG is suitable for stationery, woodstains and latex. It is recommended for the coloration of soap and toothpaste.Cosmenyl pigment preparations are pastes that are recommended for the coloration of personal care products, cosmetics, detergents and cleaners. They are especially recommended for the coloration of bar soap.COSMENYL GREEN GG. Cosmenyl Green GG by is a coloring pigment. Available as an aqueous pigment preparation. Cosmenyl Green GG is used in personal care and cosmetics.COSMENYL GREEN GG Manufacturing Methods :(a) Copper phthalocyanine in Sodium chloride and Aluminium chloride hexahydrate low eutectic mixture to Copper (II) chloride dihydrate and Ferric chloride as catalyst, in 180 ~ 200 ℃ with chlorine for chlorinated; Or in molten Phthalic anhydride in chlorinated; Or suspended in the “fluidized bed” in 180 ~ 200 ℃ chlorinated; (b) in the Sulfur dichloride in 150 ~ 175 ℃ and pressure will Copper phthalocyanine heating; (C) change the 4,5,6,7-Tetrachloroisobenzofuran-1,3-dione for 16 Copper phthalocyanine chloride (USP2549842). Most of the goods on average every molecule contains 15 chlorine atom, and according to the method (C), including 16 chlorine atom.COSMENYL GREEN GG Properties and Applications: brilliant green. Variegated dark green powder. Bright color, good dyeing force. Insoluble in water and general organic solvent. In concentrated sulfuric acid for olive green, green precipitation after dilution.COSMENYL GREEN GG The fastness performance is excellent, belongs to the chlorinated copper phthalocyanine do not fade pigment.COSMENYL GREEN GG Mainly used for paint, ink, plastic, rubber, cultural and educational supplies color, also used in pigment printing.COSMENYL GREEN GG Reactivity Alerts:none COSMENYL GREEN GG Air & Water Reactions:Insoluble in water. COSMENYL GREEN GG Fire Hazard:Flash point data for this compound are not available; it is probably combustible. COSMENYL GREEN GG Health Hazard:No information available.COSMENYL GREEN GG Reactivity Profile:Likely to behave as a weak base in aqueous solution.COSMENYL GREEN GG Firefighting:Fires involving this compound can be controlled with a dry chemical, carbon dioxide or Halon extinguisher.Non-Fire Response:SMALL SPILLS AND LEAKAGE: If you spill this chemical, you should dampen the solid spill material with 5% acetic acid, then transfer the dampened material to a suitable container. Use absorbent paper dampened with 5% acetic acid to pick up any remaining material. Your contaminated clothing and the absorbent paper should be sealed in a vapor-tight plastic bag for eventual disposal. Wash all contaminated surfaces with 5% acetic acid followed by washing with a soap and water solution. Do not reenter the contaminated area until the Safety Officer (or other responsible person) has verified that the area has been properly cleaned.COSMENYL GREEN GG Protective Clothing: RECOMMENDED RESPIRATOR: Where the neat test chemical is weighed and diluted, wear a NIOSH-approved half face respirator equipped with an organic vapor/acid gas cartridge (specific for organic vapors, HCl, acid gas and SO2) with a dust/mist filter.COSMENYL GREEN GG First Aid: EYES: First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present. Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center. Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop.SKIN: IMMEDIATELY flood affected skin with water while removing and isolating all contaminated clothing. Gently wash all affected skin areas thoroughly with soap and water. If symptoms such as redness or irritation develop, IMMEDIATELY call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital for treatment.INHALATION: IMMEDIATELY leave the contaminated area; take deep breaths of fresh air. If symptoms (such as wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, or burning in the mouth, throat, or chest) develop, call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital. Provide proper respiratory protection to rescuers entering an unknown atmosphere. Whenever possible, Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) should be used; if not available, use a level of protection greater than or equal to that advised under Protective Clothing.INGESTION: DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. If the victim is conscious and not convulsing, give 1 or 2 glasses of water to dilute the chemical and IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center. Be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital if advised by a physician. If the victim is convulsing or unconscious, do not give anything by mouth, ensure that the victim's airway is open and lay the victim on his/her side with the head lower than the body. DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital.COSMENYL GREEN GG, which has many commercial names, is a synthetic green pigment from the group of phthalocyanine dyes, a complex of copper(II) with chlorinated phthalocyanine. It is a soft green powder, which is insoluble in water.[1] It is a bright, high intensity colour used in oil and acrylic based artist's paints, and in other applications.Due to its stability, phthalo green is used in inks, coatings, and many plastics. In application it is transparent. Being insoluble, it has no tendency to migrate in the material. It is a standard pigment used in printing ink and packaging industry. It is also allowed in all cosmetics except those used around the eyes. It is used in some tattoos.Good dispersability and strong color strength.Recommended for inks, plastic, paints and textile printing.COSMENYL GREEN GG is with highly transparent mid shade, high heat resistance and overall properties.COSMENYL GREEN GG tinting strength is much lower than phthalocyanine blue.COSMENYL GREEN GG fastness properties is much better than phthalocyanine blue.COSMENYL GREEN GG is the standard green color for plastics, used in polyolefins, engineerring plastic, PP, terylene, acrylic fibers and nylon.Cu,phthalo green, odorless, organic pigment. Shows insolubility in water. Is non-flammable and non-explosive. Used for applications like PVC, rubber, PO, PS, engineering plastics, PP, PET, PA6, PAN spin dyeing and cable.This substance is used in the following products: coating products, inks and toners, polymers, finger paints and fillers, putties, plasters, modelling clay.Other release to the environment of this substance is likely to occur from: indoor use (e.g. machine wash liquids/detergents, automotive care products, paints and coating or adhesives, fragrances and air fresheners), outdoor use, indoor use in long-life materials with low release rate (e.g. flooring, furniture, toys, construction materials, curtains, foot-wear, leather products, paper and cardboard products, electronic equipment) and outdoor use in long-life materials with low release rate (e.g. metal, wooden and plastic construction and building materials).This substance is manufactured and/or imported in the European Economic Area in 1 000 - 10 000 tonnes per year.This substance is used by consumers, in articles, by professional workers (widespread uses), in formulation or re-packing, at industrial sites and in manufacturing.Moreover, our product COSMENYL GREEN GG complies with the parameters as described in European Resolution AP (89)/1. It can be used for the Printing Inks for food packaging industries and plastic toys as well. We can manufacture Ethoxylate Free pigments. Some other critical parameters can be maintained within the prescribed limits.. for example, Polychloro Biphenyl Content less than 25 ppm, Hexachloro Benzine Content less than 50 ppm etc.
Cosmenyl Yellow G 30
Colanyl Yellow HR 130 PIGMENT YELLOW 83 Colanyl Yellow HR 130 is a binder-free, aqueous pigment preparation based on nonionic and / or anionic wetting and dispersing agents and propylene glycol. The product has a pourable and pumpable consistency and is suitable for dosing machines. Because of the moderate durability, it is suitable for interior use only. Benefits Binder-free aqueous pigment preparation for water-based decorative paints Manufactured without using alkyl phenol ethoxylated (APEO) additives Suitable for manual and automatic dispensing equipment Miscible in all proportions with each other pigment preparation of the Colanyl 100 range
COSMENYL YELLOW 10G
COSMENYL YELLOW 10G Cosmenyl Yellow 10G Technical Datasheet | Supplied by in-cosmetics global 2020 CI 11710 (45%) (and) Aqua (27%) (and) Glycol (23%). Cosmenyl Yellow 10G by is a coloring pigment. Available as aqueous pigment preparation. Cosmenyl Yellow 10G is recommended for the coloration of personal care products, cosmetics and bar soaps. Claims Pigments > Coloring Pigments INCI Names AQUA CI 11710 GLYCOL Chemical Composition Monoazo Cosmenyl Yellow 10G Technical Datasheet | Supplied by Cosmenyl Yellow 10G by is a pigment dispersion of approx. 45% pigment and is based on anionic dispersing & wetting agents and glycerine. It is readily pumpable and flowable. Cosmenyl Yellow 10G by is suitable for woodstains. Product Type Color Pigments & Dyes > Organic Pigments Chemical Composition Monoazo CAS Number 6486-23-3 Cosmenyl Yellow 10G Pigment Yellow 3 Cosmenyl Yellow 10G is a pigment dispersion of approx. 45% pigment and is based on anionic dispersing and wetting agents and glycerine. The Colour Index of the basic pigment is Pigment Yellow 3. Cosmenyl Yellow 10G CI 11710. Cosmenyl Yellow 10G by is a coloring pigment. Available as aqueous pigment preparation. Cosmenyl Yellow 10G is used in personal care and cosmetics. Cosmenyl Yellow 10G PIGMENT YELLOW 1 Cosmenyl Yellow 10G is a pigment preparation recommended for the coloration of personal care and fabric & home care products. Benefits Readily pumpable and flowable aqueous dispersions Included in at least one of the authorized use lists for cosmetic colorants for the EU, USA or Japan Selected for coloration of toiletries and cosmetics or home and fabric care products in liquid, paste or powder form Microbiological purity specified Cosmenyl Yellow 10G complies with the requirements for cosmetic colorants defined by the European Union Regulation No. 1223/2009. This directive is valid for all countries of the European Union, and it is used as guideline by many other countries. Cosmenyl pigment preparations are recommended for the coloration of personal care products, cosmetics, detergents and cleaners. Cosmenyl Yellow 10G is especially recommended for the coloration of soap. Cosmenyl Yellow 10G IUPAC Name copper;(19Z,28Z)-5,6,7,8,14,15,16,17,23,24,25,26,32,34,35-pentadecachloro-2,11,20,29,37,39-hexaza-38,40-diazanidanonacyclo[28.6.1.13,10.112,19.121,28.04,9.013,18.022,27.031,36]tetraconta-1(37),2,4(9),5,7,10,12(39),13(18),14,16,19,22(27),23,25,28,31(36),32,34-octadecaene Cosmenyl Yellow 10G InChI InChI=1S/C32H3Cl15N8.Cu/c33-2-1-3(34)12(35)5-4(2)25-48-26(5)50-28-8-9(16(39)22(45)21(44)15(8)38)30(52-28)54-32-11-10(17(40)23(46)24(47)18(11)41)31(55-32)53-29-7-6(27(49-25)51-29)13(36)19(42)20(43)14(7)37;/h1,25,29H;/q-2;+2 Cosmenyl Yellow 10G InChI Key BWWFBQOKGNVMQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Cosmenyl Yellow 10G Canonical SMILES C1=C(C2=C(C(=C1Cl)Cl)C3=NC2N=C4C5=C(C([N-]4)N=C6C7=C(C(=C(C(=C7Cl)Cl)Cl)Cl)C(=N6)N=C8C9=C(C(=C(C(=C9Cl)Cl)Cl)Cl)C(=N3)[N-]8)C(=C(C(=C5Cl)Cl)Cl)Cl)Cl.[Cu+2] Cosmenyl Yellow 10G Isomeric SMILES C1=C(C2=C(C(=C1Cl)Cl)C3=NC2/N=C\4/C5=C(C([N-]4)/N=C\6/C7=C(C(=C(C(=C7Cl)Cl)Cl)Cl)C(=N6)N=C8C9=C(C(=C(C(=C9Cl)Cl)Cl)Cl)C(=N3)[N-]8)C(=C(C(=C5Cl)Cl)Cl)Cl)Cl.[Cu+2] Cosmenyl Yellow 10G Molecular Formula C32H3Cl15CuN8 Cosmenyl Yellow 10G CAS 1328-53-6 Cosmenyl Yellow 10G DSSTox Substance ID DTXSID8025911 Cosmenyl Yellow 10G Density[g/cm³] approx. 1.50 Cosmenyl Yellow 10G Viscosity[Pa*s] < 1.3 Cosmenyl Yellow 10G Average Particle Size[nm] - Cosmenyl Yellow 10G pH Value 8 - 9 Cosmenyl Yellow 10G Total Solid approx.[%] - Cosmenyl Yellow 10G Content approx.Pigment [%]48 Water [%]20 Glycol [%]25 Cosmenyl Yellow 10G Chemical Class Poly Chlorinated Phthalocyanine Cosmenyl Yellow 10G Odor Odorless Cosmenyl Yellow 10G Physical appearance Green Powder Cosmenyl Yellow 10G Solubility in water Insoluble Cosmenyl Yellow 10G Hazardous Nature Non-Hazardous Cosmenyl Yellow 10G Molecular Weight 1094.7 g/mol Cosmenyl Yellow 10G Hydrogen Bond Donor Count 0 Cosmenyl Yellow 10G Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count 5 Cosmenyl Yellow 10G Rotatable Bond Count 0 Cosmenyl Yellow 10G Exact Mass 1092.501604 g/mol Cosmenyl Yellow 10G Monoisotopic Mass 1086.510455 g/mol Cosmenyl Yellow 10G Topological Polar Surface Area 76.2 Ų Cosmenyl Yellow 10G Heavy Atom Count 56 Cosmenyl Yellow 10G Formal Charge 0 Cosmenyl Yellow 10G Complexity 1800 Cosmenyl Yellow 10G Isotope Atom Count 0 Cosmenyl Yellow 10G Defined Atom Stereocenter Count 0 Cosmenyl Yellow 10G Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count 2 Cosmenyl Yellow 10G Defined Bond Stereocenter Count 2 Cosmenyl Yellow 10G Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count 0 Cosmenyl Yellow 10G Covalently-Bonded Unit Count 2 Cosmenyl Yellow 10G Compound Is Canonicalized Yes Cosmenyl Yellow 10G (48%) (and) Aqua (20%) (and) Glycol (25%). Cosmenyl Yellow 10G by is pigment dispersion.Cosmenyl Yellow 10G It is based on glycerine, anionic dispersing and wetting agents.Cosmenyl Yellow 10G It is a readily pumpable and flowable aqueous dispersion.Cosmenyl Yellow 10G It shows good light and alkali fastness. Cosmenyl Yellow 10G is used for the coloration of soap, toothpaste and other personal care products.Cosmenyl Yellow 10G Complies with the requirements for cosmetic colorants defined by the European Union Regulation No. 1223/2009. Recommended for use in products bearing eco-labels.Cosmenyl Yellow 10G is a pigment dispersion of approx. 48% pigment and is based on anionic dispersing and wetting agents and glycerine. The Colour Index of the basic pigment is Cosmenyl Yellow 10G.Benefits:Readily pumpable and flowable aqueous dispersions,Included in at least one of the authorized use lists for cosmetic colorants for the EU, USA or Japan,Selected for coloration of toiletries and cosmetics or home and fabric care products in liquid, paste or powder form,Microbiological purity specified,Recommended for use in products bearing eco-labels.Cosmenyl Yellow 10G complies with the requirements for cosmetic colorants defined by the European Union Regulation No. 1223/2009. This directive is valid for all countries of the European Union, and it is used as guideline by many other countries.Cosmenyl Yellow 10G is suitable for stationery, woodstains and latex. It is recommended for the coloration of soap and toothpaste.Cosmenyl pigment preparations are pastes that are recommended for the coloration of personal care products, cosmetics, detergents and cleaners. They are especially recommended for the coloration of bar soap.Cosmenyl Yellow 10G. Cosmenyl Yellow 10G by is a coloring pigment. Available as an aqueous pigment preparation. Cosmenyl Yellow 10G is used in personal care and cosmetics.Cosmenyl Yellow 10G Manufacturing Methods :(a) Copper phthalocyanine in Sodium chloride and Aluminium chloride hexahydrate low eutectic mixture to Copper (II) chloride dihydrate and Ferric chloride as catalyst, in 180 ~ 200 ℃ with chlorine for chlorinated; Or in molten Phthalic anhydride in chlorinated; Or suspended in the “fluidized bed” in 180 ~ 200 ℃ chlorinated; (b) in the Sulfur dichloride in 150 ~ 175 ℃ and pressure will Copper phthalocyanine heating; (C) change the 4,5,6,7-Tetrachloroisobenzofuran-1,3-dione for 16 Copper phthalocyanine chloride (USP2549842). Most of the goods on average every molecule contains 15 chlorine atom, and according to the method (C), including 16 chlorine atom.Cosmenyl Yellow 10G Properties and Applications: brilliant green. Variegated dark green powder. Bright color, good dyeing force. Insoluble in water and general organic solvent. In concentrated sulfuric acid for olive green, green precipitation after dilution.Cosmenyl Yellow 10G The fastness performance is excellent, belongs to the chlorinated copper phthalocyanine do not fade pigment.Cosmenyl Yellow 10G Mainly used for paint, ink, plastic, rubber, cultural and educational supplies color, also used in pigment printing.Cosmenyl Yellow 10G Reactivity Alerts:none Cosmenyl Yellow 10G Air & Water Reactions:Insoluble in water. Cosmenyl Yellow 10G Fire Hazard:Flash point data for this compound are not available; it is probably combustible. Cosmenyl Yellow 10G Health Hazard:No information available.Cosmenyl Yellow 10G Reactivity Profile:Likely to behave as a weak base in aqueous solution.Cosmenyl Yellow 10G Firefighting:Fires involving this compound can be controlled with a dry chemical, carbon dioxide or Halon extinguisher.Non-Fire Response:SMALL SPILLS AND LEAKAGE: If you spill this chemical, you should dampen the solid spill material with 5% acetic acid, then transfer the dampened material to a suitable container. Use absorbent paper dampened with 5% acetic acid to pick up any remaining material. Your contaminated clothing and the absorbent paper should be sealed in a vapor-tight plastic bag for eventual disposal. Wash all contaminated surfaces with 5% acetic acid followed by washing with a soap and water solution. Do not reenter the contaminated area until the Safety Officer (or other responsible person) has verified that the area has been properly cleaned.Cosmenyl Yellow 10G Protective Clothing: RECOMMENDED RESPIRATOR: Where the neat test chemical is weighed and diluted, wear a NIOSH-approved half face respirator equipped with an organic vapor/acid gas cartridge (specific for organic vapors, HCl, acid gas and SO2) with a dust/mist filter.Cosmenyl Yellow 10G First Aid: EYES: First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present. Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center. Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop.SKIN: IMMEDIATELY flood affected skin with water while removing and isolating all contaminated clothing. Gently wash all affected skin areas thoroughly with soap and water. If symptoms such as redness or irritation develop, IMMEDIATELY call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital for treatment.INHALATION: IMMEDIATELY leave the contaminated area; take deep breaths of fresh air. If symptoms (such as wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, or burning in the mouth, throat, or chest) develop, call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital. Provide proper respiratory protection to rescuers entering an unknown atmosphere. Whenever possible, Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) should be used; if not available, use a level of protection greater than or equal to that advised under Protective Clothing.INGESTION: DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. If the victim is conscious and not convulsing, give 1 or 2 glasses of water to dilute the chemical and IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center. Be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital if advised by a physician. If the victim is convulsing or unconscious, do not give anything by mouth, ensure that the victim's airway is open and lay the victim on his/her side with the head lower than the body. DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital.Cosmenyl Yellow 10G, which has many commercial names, is a synthetic green pigment from the group of phthalocyanine dyes, a complex of copper(II) with chlorinated phthalocyanine. It is a soft green powder, which is insoluble in water.[1] It is a bright, high intensity colour used in oil and acrylic based artist's paints, and in other applications.Due to its stability, phthalo green is used in inks, coatings, and many plastics. In application it is transparent. Being insoluble, it has no tendency to migrate in the material. It is a standard pigment used in printing ink and packaging industry. It is also allowed in all cosmetics except those used around the eyes. It is used in some tattoos.Good dispersability and strong color strength.Recommended for inks, plastic, paints and textile printing.Cosmenyl Yellow 10G is with highly transparent mid shade, high heat resistance and overall properties.Cosmenyl Yellow 10G tinting strength is much lower than phthalocyanine blue.Cosmenyl Yellow 10G fastness properties is much better than phthalocyanine blue.Cosmenyl Yellow 10G is the standard green color for plastics, used in polyolefins, engineerring plastic, PP, terylene, acrylic fibers and nylon.Cu,phthalo green, odorless, organic pigment. Shows insolubility in water. Is non-flammable and non-explosive. Used for applications like PVC, rubber, PO, PS, engineering plastics, PP, PET, PA6, PAN spin dyeing and cable.This substance is used in the following products: coating products, inks and toners, polymers, finger paints and fillers, putties, plasters, modelling clay.Other release to the environment of this substance is likely to occur from: indoor use (e.g. machine wash liquids/detergents, automotive care products, paints and coating or adhesives, fragrances and air fresheners), outdoor use, indoor use in long-life materials with low release rate (e.g. flooring, furniture, toys, construction materials, curtains, foot-wear, leather products, paper and cardboard products, electronic equipment) and outdoor use in long-life materials with low release rate (e.g. metal, wooden and plastic construction and building materials).This substance is manufactured and/or imported in the European Economic Area in 1 000 - 10 000 tonnes per year.This substance is used by consumers, in articles, by professional workers (widespread uses), in formulation or re-packing, at industrial sites and in manufacturing.Moreover, our product Cosmenyl Yellow 10G complies with the parameters as described in European Resolution AP (89)/1. It can be used for the Printing Inks for food packaging industries and plastic toys as well. We can manufacture Ethoxylate Free pigments. Some other critical parameters can be maintained within the prescribed limits.. for example, Polychloro Biphenyl Content less than 25 ppm, Hexachloro Benzine Content less than 50 ppm etc. Cosmenyl Yellow 10G (48%) (and) Aqua (20%) (and) Glycol (25%). Cosmenyl Yellow 10G by is pigment dispersion.Cosmenyl Yellow 10G It is based on glycerine, anionic dispersing and wetting agents.Cosmenyl Yellow 10G It is a readily pumpable and flowable aqueous dispersion.Cosmenyl Yellow 10G It shows good light and alkali fastness. Cosmenyl Yellow 10G is used for the coloration of soap, toothpaste and other personal care products.Cosmenyl Yellow 10G Complies with the requirements for cosmetic colorants defined by the European Union Regulation No. 1223/2009. Recommended for use in products bearing eco-labels.Cosmenyl Yellow 10G is a pigment dispersion of approx. 48% pigment and is based on anionic dispersing and wetting agents and glycerine. The Colour Index of the basic pigment is Cosmenyl Yellow 10G.Benefits:Readily pumpable and flowable aqueous dispersions,Included in at least one of the authorized use lists for cosmetic colorants for the EU, USA or Japan,Selected for coloration of toiletries and cosmetics or home and fabric care products in liquid, paste or powder form,Microbiological purity specified,Recommended for use in products bearing eco-labels.Cosmenyl Yellow 10G complies with the requirements for cosmetic colorants defined by the European Union Regulation No. 1223/2009. This directive is valid for all countries of the European Union, and it is used as guideline by many other countries.Cosmenyl Yellow 10G is suitable for stationery, woodstains and latex. It is recommended for the coloration of soap and toothpaste.Cosmenyl pigment preparations are pastes that are recommended for the coloration of personal care products, cosmetics, detergents and cleaners. They are especially recommended for the coloration of bar soap.Cosmenyl Yellow 10G. Cosmenyl Yellow 10G by is a coloring pigment. Available as an aqueous pigment preparation. Cosmenyl Yellow 10G is used in personal care and cosmetics.Cosmenyl Yellow 10G Manufacturing Methods :(a) Copper phthalocyanine in Sodium chloride and Aluminium chloride hexahydrate low eutectic mixture to Copper (II) chloride dihydrate and Ferric chloride as catalyst, in 180 ~ 200 ℃ with chlorine for chlorinated; Or in molten Phthalic anhydride in chlorinated; Or suspended in the “fluidized bed” in 180 ~ 200 ℃ chlorinated; (b) in the Sulfur dichloride in 150 ~ 175 ℃ and pressure will Copper phthalocyanine heating; (C) change the 4,5,6,7-Tetrachloroisobenzofuran-1,3-dione for 16 Copper phthalocyanine chloride (USP2549842). Most of the goods on average every molecule contains 15 chlorine atom, and according to the method (C), including 16 chlorine atom.Cosmenyl Yellow 10G Properties and Applications: brilliant green. Variegated dark green powder. Bright color, good dyeing force. Insoluble in water and general organic solvent. In concentrated sulfuric acid for olive green, green precipitation after dilution.Cosmenyl Yellow 10G The fastness performance is excellent, belongs to the chlorinated copper phthalocyanine do not fade pigment.Cosmenyl Yellow 10G Mainly used for paint, ink, plastic, rubber, cultural and educational supplies color, also used in pigment printing.Cosmenyl Yellow 10G Reactivity Alerts:none Cosmenyl Yellow 10G Air & Water Reactions:Insoluble in water. Cosmenyl Yellow 10G Fire Hazard:Flash point data for this compound are not available; it is probably combustible. Cosmenyl Yellow 10G Health Hazard:No information available.Cosmenyl Yellow 10G Reactivity Profile:Likely to behave as a weak base in aqueous solution.Cosmenyl Yellow 10G Firefighting:Fires involving this compound can be controlled with a dry chemical, carbon dioxide or Halon extinguisher.Non-Fire Response:SMALL SPILLS AND LEAKAGE: If you spill this chemical, you should dampen the solid spill material with 5% acetic acid, then transfer the dampened material to a suitable container. Use absorbent paper dampened with 5% acetic acid to pick up any remaining material. Your contaminated clothing and the absorbent paper should be sealed in a vapor-tight plastic bag for eventual disposal. Wash all contaminated surfaces with 5% acetic acid followed by washing with a soap and water solution. Do not reenter the contaminated area until the Safety Officer (or other responsible person) has verified that the area has been properly cleaned.Cosmenyl Yellow 10G Protective Clothing: RECOMMENDED RESPIRATOR: Where the neat test chemical is weighed and diluted, wear a NIOSH-approved half face respirator equipped with an organic vapor/acid gas cartridge (specific for organic vapors, HCl, acid gas and SO2) with a dust/mist filter.Cosmenyl Yellow 10G First Aid: EYES: First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present. Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center. Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop.SKIN: IMMEDIATELY flood affected skin with water while removing and isolating all contaminated clothing. Gently wash all affected skin areas thoroughly with soap and water. If symptoms such as redness or irritation develop, IMMEDIATELY call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital for treatment.INHALATION: IMMEDIATELY leave the contaminated area; take deep breaths of fresh air. If symptoms (such as wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, or burning in the mouth, throat, or chest) develop, call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital. Provide proper respiratory protection to rescuers entering an unknown atmosphere. Whenever possible, Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) should be used; if not available, use a level of protection greater than or equal to that advised under Protective Clothing.INGESTION: DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. If the victim is conscious and not convulsing, give 1 or 2 glasses of water to dilute the chemical and IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center. Be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital if advised by a physician. If the victim is convulsing or unconscious, do not give anything by mouth, ensure that the victim's airway is open and lay the victim on his/her side with the head lower than the body. DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital.Cosmenyl Yellow 10G, which has many commercial names, is a synthetic green pigment from the group of phthalocyanine dyes, a complex of copper(II) with chlorinated phthalocyanine. It is a soft green powder, which is insoluble in water.[1] It is a bright, high intensity colour used in oil and acrylic based artist's paints, and in other applications.Due to its stability, phthalo green is used in inks, coatings, and many plastics. In application it is transparent. Being insoluble, it has no tendency to migrate in the material. It is a standard pigment used in printing ink and packaging industry. It is also allowed in all cosmetics except those used around the eyes. It is used in some tattoos.Good dispersability and strong color strength.Recommended for inks, plastic, paints and textile printing.Cosmenyl Yellow 10G is with highly transparent mid shade, high heat resistance and overall properties.Cosmenyl Yellow 10G tinting strength is much lower than phthalocyanine blue.Cosmenyl Yellow 10G fastness properties is much better than phthalocyanine blue.Cosmenyl Yellow 10G is the standard green color for plastics, used in polyolefins, engineerring plastic, PP, terylene, acrylic fibers and nylon.Cu,phthalo green, odorless, organic pigment. Shows insolubility in water. Is non-flammable and non-explosive. Used for applications like PVC, rubber, PO, PS, engineering plastics, PP, PET, PA6, PAN spin dyeing and cable.This substance is used in the following products: coating products, inks and toners, polymers, finger paints and fillers, putties, plasters, modelling clay.Other release to the environment of this substance is likely to occur from: indoor use (e.g. machine wash liquids/detergents, automotive care products, paints and coating or adhesives, fragrances and air fresheners), outdoor use, indoor use in long-life materials with low release rate (e.g. flooring, furniture, toys, construction materials, curtains, foot-wear, leather products, paper and cardboard products, electronic equipment) and outdoor use in long-life materials with low release rate (e.g. metal, wooden and plastic construction and building materials).This substance is manufactured and/or imported in the European Economic Area in 1 000 - 10 000 tonnes per year.This substance is used by consumers, in articles, by professional workers (widespread uses), in formulation or re-packing, at industrial sites and in manufacturing.Moreover, our product Cosmenyl Yellow 10G complies with the parameters as described in European Resolution AP (89)/1. It can be used for the Printing Inks for food packaging industries and plastic toys as well. We can manufacture Ethoxylate Free pigments. Some other critical parameters can be maintained within the prescribed limits.. for example, Polychloro Biphenyl Content less than 25 ppm, Hexachloro Benzine Content less than 50 ppm etc.
COSMETIC FLUID 0515-OH
Cosmetic Fluid 0515-OH is a blend of an ultra-high viscosity Dimethiconol in a low viscosity dimethicone fluid that provides a smooth, non-tacky skin feel.
Cosmetic Fluid 0515-OH is Dimethicone (and) Dimethiconol
Cosmetic Fluid 0515-OH has high viscosity, a smooth feeling and is non-tacky.


CAS Number: 63148-62-9 / 31692-79-2 / 70131-67-8
INCI Names: Dimethiconol and Dimethicone


Cosmetic Fluid 0515-OH has a smooth feeling and is non-tacky.
Cosmetic Fluid 0515-OH is a popular ingredient for dry skin daily care and sun care protection.
Cosmetic Fluid 0515-OH has high viscosity and provides smooth feeling as well as non-tackiness.


Cosmetic Fluid 0515-OH is one of several types of silicone oil (polymerized siloxane).
Cosmetic Fluid 0515-OH is a polymer widely used for the fabrication and prototyping of microfluidic chips.
Cosmetic Fluid 0515-OH is a mineral-organic polymer (a structure containing carbon and silicon) of the siloxane family (word derived from silicon, oxygen and alkane).


Cosmetic Fluid 0515-OH belongs to a group of polymeric organosilicon compounds that are referred to as silicones and is the most widely used silicon-based organic-polymer.
Cosmetic Fluid 0515-OH is particularly known for Polydimethylsiloxane's unusual rheological or flow properties.
Cosmetic Fluid 0515-OH is optically clear and inert, non-toxic, and non-flammable.


Cosmetic Fluids are silicone compounds containing various combinations of elastomers in a variety of diluents.
These products vary in viscosity, feel, shine, lubricity, and water resistance.
Grades of Cosmetic Fluids are based on solids, diluents, and elastomer derivatives.


These variations give a wide range of characteristics when formulating products.
Cosmetic Fluids has become a popular starting point for hair treatment serums products such as shine, thermal protection, anti-frizz, and color protection products.


Cosmetic Fluids also can be used in gel, cream and lotion products to provide superior rub-in aesthetics and an excellent long-lasting feel.
Cosmetic Fluids can also be used as excellent skin lubricants due to their “non-greasy feel”.
Cosmetic Fluids perform well in conditioners, sun products, antiperspirants, creams, and lotions.


Typically, Cosmetic Fluid 0515-OH is offered as a mixture with cyclomethicone or dimethicone because dimethiconol, as a raw material with a high molecular weight, is difficult to process.
Cosmetic Fluid 0515-OH feels silky soft and gives a wonderful, non-sticky skin feel.


The shine-enhancing properties are enormous and there is an immediate conditioning effect on the hair.
Cosmetic Fluid 0515-OH also forms water vapor permeable films and not, as is repeatedly claimed, occlusive layers on the skin.
The feeling of protection and increase in water resistance can support this phenomenon, and perhaps the increase in hydrophobicity (as with hydrocarbons) is another reason for this incorrect assumption.


In addition, Cosmetic Fluid 0515-OH also gives the formulation additional hydrophobicity, which can be used to bind substances from the environment.
This means that the microfine substances, colloquially known as pollution, can no longer penetrate the surface of the skin and trigger irritating reactions there.



USES and APPLICATIONS of COSMETIC FLUID 0515-OH:
Cosmetic Fluid 0515-OH is suitable for use in skincare and sun protection applications.
Cosmetic Fluid 0515-OH is a high-viscosity emollient for ease of spreading and long-lasting lubrication with a smooth, non tacky after-feel on the skin.
Cosmetic Fluid 0515-OH is widely used in skin slip applications.


Cosmetic Fluid 0515-OH is an ingredient for dry skin in daily care and sun care.
Cosmetic Fluid 0515-OH also can be used in skin slip applications.
Cosmetic Fluid 0515-OH is a popular ingredient for dry skin in daily care and sun care protection.
Cosmetic Fluid 0515-OH has high viscosity skin emollient widely used in skin slip application.


Cosmetic Fluid 0515-OH has a smooth feeling and is non-tacky.
Cosmetic Fluid 0515-OH is widely used in skin slip applications.
Cosmetic Fluid 0515-OH is used in skin-, body- and intimate care products.
Cosmetic Fluid 0515-OH is a popular ingredient for dry skin in daily care and sun care protection.


Cosmetic Fluid 0515-OH has high viscosity skin emollient widely used in skin slip application.
Cosmetic Fluid 0515-OH used a variety of silicone blends that are suitable for use in haircare, skincare and intimate care applications.
Cosmetic Fluid 0515-OH is non-greasy and can help improve spreadability and play time, whilst enhancing silkiness and overall skin feel.


Apart from microfluidics, Cosmetic Fluid 0515-OH is used as a food additive (E900), in shampoos, and as an anti-foaming agent in beverages or in lubricating oils.
Low–molecular weight Cosmetic Fluid 0515-OH is a liquid used in lubricants, antifoaming agents, and hydraulic fluids.


-Surfactants and antifoaming agents:
Cosmetic Fluid 0515-OH is a common surfactant and is a component of defoamers.
Cosmetic Fluid 0515-OH, in a modified form, is used as an herbicide penetrant and is a critical ingredient in water-repelling coatings, such as Rain-X.



FUNCTIONS OF COSMETIC FLUID 0515-OH:
*Feel Enhancer
*Moisturizer



PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of COSMETIC FLUID 0515-OH:
Viscosity: (cSt) 5,000
Assay: 95.00 to 100.00
Food Chemicals Codex Listed: No
Specific Gravity: 0.96300 @ 25.00 °C.
Refractive Index: 1.40400 @ 20.00 °C.
Flash Point: 600.00 °F. TCC ( 315.56 °C. )
Soluble in: water, 0.002918 mg/L @ 25 °C (est)
Density : 0.963
Melting point: -50 ºC
Refractive index: 1.403-1.406
Flash point: 300 ºC
Water solubility: PRACTICALLY INSOLUBLE



FIRST AID MEASURES of COSMETIC FLUID 0515-OH:
-Description of first aid measures:
*General advice:
Consult a physician.
Show this safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
*If inhaled:
If breathed in, move person into fresh air.
Consult a physician.
*In case of skin contact:
Wash off with soap and plenty of water.
Consult a physician.
*In case of eye contact:
Flush eyes with water as a precaution.
*If swallowed:
Rinse mouth with water.
Consult a physician.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed:
No data available



ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of COSMETIC FLUID 0515-OH:
-Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures:
Use personal protective equipment.
Ensure adequate ventilation.
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.



FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of COSMETIC FLUID 0515-OH:
-Extinguishing media:
Suitable extinguishing media:
Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.
-Advice for firefighters:
Wear self-contained breathing apparatus for firefighting if necessary.
-Further information:
No data available



EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of COSMETIC FLUID 0515-OH:
-Control parameters:
Components with workplace control parameters:
-Exposure controls:
--Appropriate engineering controls:
Handle in accordance with good industrial hygiene and safety practice.
Wash hands before breaks and at the end of workday.
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Safety glasses with side-shields.
*Skin protection:
Handle with gloves.
Wash and dry hands.
*Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.



HANDLING and STORAGE of COSMETIC FLUID 0515-OH:
-Conditions for safe storage:
Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place.
Store in cool place.



STABILITY and REACTIVITY of COSMETIC FLUID 0515-OH:
-Reactivity:
No data available
-Chemical stability:
Stable under recommended storage conditions.
-Possibility of hazardous reactions:
No data available
Conditions to avoid:
No data available
-Other decomposition products:
No data available



SYNONYMS:
Silicone oil
Silicone fluid
Simethicone
Akvastop
Aeropax


COSMETIC FLUID 1406-OH
Cosmetic Fluid 1406-OH is Dimethicone (and) Dimethiconol.
Cosmetic Fluid 1406-OH has silicone skin emollient with water resistance properties.
Cosmetic Fluid 1406-OH is one of several types of silicone oil (polymerized siloxane).


CAS Number: 63148-62-9 / 31692-79-2 / 70131-67-8
INCI Names: Dimethiconol and Dimethicone


Cosmetic Fluid 1406-OH contains a high molecular weight silicone elastomer in combination with a volatile linear fluid.
Cosmetic Fluid 1406-OH offers smooth application.
Cosmetic Fluid 1406-OH is a silicone skin emollient with water resistance properties.


Cosmetic Fluid 1406-OH is a polymer widely used for the fabrication and prototyping of microfluidic chips.
Cosmetic Fluid 1406-OH is a mineral-organic polymer (a structure containing carbon and silicon) of the siloxane family (word derived from silicon, oxygen and alkane).


Cosmetic Fluid 1406-OH belongs to a group of polymeric organosilicon compounds that are referred to as silicones and is the most widely used silicon-based organic-polymer.
Cosmetic Fluid 1406-OH is particularly known for Polydimethylsiloxane's unusual rheological or flow properties.
Cosmetic Fluid 1406-OH is optically clear and inert, non-toxic, and non-flammable.


Cosmetic Fluids are silicone compounds containing various combinations of elastomers in a variety of diluents.
These products vary in viscosity, feel, shine, lubricity, and water resistance.
Grades of Cosmetic Fluids are based on solids, diluents, and elastomer derivatives.


These variations give a wide range of characteristics when formulating products.
Cosmetic Fluids has become a popular starting point for hair treatment serums products such as shine, thermal protection, anti-frizz, and color protection products.


Cosmetic Fluids also can be used in gel, cream and lotion products to provide superior rub-in aesthetics and an excellent long-lasting feel.
Cosmetic Fluids can also be used as excellent skin lubricants due to their “non-greasy feel”.
Cosmetic Fluids perform well in conditioners, sun products, antiperspirants, creams, and lotions.


Typically, Cosmetic Fluid 1406-OH is offered as a mixture with cyclomethicone or dimethicone because dimethiconol, as a raw material with a high molecular weight, is difficult to process.
Cosmetic Fluid 1406-OH feels silky soft and gives a wonderful, non-sticky skin feel.


The shine-enhancing properties are enormous and there is an immediate conditioning effect on the hair.
Cosmetic Fluid 1406-OH also forms water vapor permeable films and not, as is repeatedly claimed, occlusive layers on the skin.
The feeling of protection and increase in water resistance can support this phenomenon, and perhaps the increase in hydrophobicity (as with hydrocarbons) is another reason for this incorrect assumption.


In addition, Cosmetic Fluid 1406-OH also gives the formulation additional hydrophobicity, which can be used to bind substances from the environment.
This means that the microfine substances, colloquially known as pollution, can no longer penetrate the surface of the skin and trigger irritating reactions there.



USES and APPLICATIONS of COSMETIC FLUID 1406-OH:
Cosmetic Fluid 1406-OH has a smooth application and can be incorporated in sunscreens for added water-resistance and dry skin reduction.
Cosmetic Fluid 1406-OH has smooth application.
Cosmetic Fluid 1406-OH can be incorporated in sunscreens for added water resistance and dry skin reduction.


Cosmetic Fluid 1406-OH is incorporated in sunscreens for added water resistance and dry skin reduction.
Cosmetic Fluid 1406-OH is used in skin-, body- and intimate care products.
Cosmetic Fluid 1406-OH provides a lubricious skin feel.


Cosmetic Fluid 1406-OH can be combined with commonly used esters, natural oils, hydrocarbons or other silicones for a variety of personal care applications.
Cosmetic Fluid 1406-OH has a smooth application.
Cosmetic Fluid 1406-OH can be incorporated into sunscreens for added water resistance and dry skin reduction.


Apart from microfluidics, Cosmetic Fluid 1406-OH is used as a food additive (E900), in shampoos, and as an anti-foaming agent in beverages or in lubricating oils.
Low–molecular weight Cosmetic Fluid 1406-OH is a liquid used in lubricants, antifoaming agents, and hydraulic fluids.


-Surfactants and antifoaming agents:
Cosmetic Fluid 1406-OH is a common surfactant and is a component of defoamers.
Cosmetic Fluid 1406-OH, in a modified form, is used as an herbicide penetrant and is a critical ingredient in water-repelling coatings, such as Rain-X.



FUNCTION OF COSMETIC FLUID 1406-OH:
*Emollient



PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of COSMETIC FLUID 1406-OH:
Assay: 95.00 to 100.00
Food Chemicals Codex Listed: No
Specific Gravity: 0.96300 @ 25.00 °C.
Refractive Index: 1.40400 @ 20.00 °C.
Flash Point: 600.00 °F. TCC ( 315.56 °C. )
Soluble in: water, 0.002918 mg/L @ 25 °C (est)
Density: 0.963
Melting point: -50 ºC
Refractive index: 1.403-1.406
Flash point: 300 ºC
Water solubility: PRACTICALLY INSOLUBLE



FIRST AID MEASURES of COSMETIC FLUID 1406-OH:
-Description of first aid measures:
*General advice:
Consult a physician.
Show this safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
*If inhaled:
If breathed in, move person into fresh air.
Consult a physician.
*In case of skin contact:
Wash off with soap and plenty of water.
Consult a physician.
*In case of eye contact:
Flush eyes with water as a precaution.
*If swallowed:
Rinse mouth with water.
Consult a physician.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed:
No data available



ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of COSMETIC FLUID 1406-OH:
-Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures:
Use personal protective equipment.
Ensure adequate ventilation.
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.



FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of COSMETIC FLUID 1406-OH:
-Extinguishing media:
Suitable extinguishing media:
Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.
-Advice for firefighters:
Wear self-contained breathing apparatus for firefighting if necessary.
-Further information:
No data available



EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of COSMETIC FLUID 1406-OH:
-Control parameters:
Components with workplace control parameters:
-Exposure controls:
--Appropriate engineering controls:
Handle in accordance with good industrial hygiene and safety practice.
Wash hands before breaks and at the end of workday.
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Safety glasses with side-shields.
*Skin protection:
Handle with gloves.
Wash and dry hands.
*Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.



HANDLING and STORAGE of COSMETIC FLUID 1406-OH:
-Conditions for safe storage:
Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place.
Store in cool place.



STABILITY and REACTIVITY of COSMETIC FLUID 1406-OH:
-Reactivity:
No data available
-Chemical stability:
Stable under recommended storage conditions.
-Possibility of hazardous reactions:
No data available
Conditions to avoid:
No data available
-Other decomposition products:
No data available



SYNONYMS:
Silicone oil
Silicone fluid
Simethicone
Akvastop
Aeropax


COSMETIC FLUID 8108-OH
Cosmetic Fluid 8108-OH contains a high molecular weight dimethiconol elastomer in a combination of highly volatile linear siloxanes.
Furthermore, Cosmetic Fluid 8108-OH can serve as an excellent delivery system for various skin care applications that incorporate active ingredients and cosmeceuticals.
Cosmetic Fluid 8108-OH leaves the skin feeling silky smooth and not oily.



APPLICATIONS


Cosmetic Fluid 8108-OH can serve as an excellent delivery system for various skin care applications that incorporate active ingredients and cosmeceuticals.
Moreover, Cosmetic Fluid 8108-OH leaves the skin feeling silky smooth and not oily.

Cosmetic Fluid 8108-OH will leave a matte finish and maintains excellent playtime.
Besides, Cosmetic Fluid 8108-OH is a high molecular weight dimethicone elastomer in a combination of volatile linear siloxanes.

Cosmetic Fluid 8108-OH acts as an excellent delivery system for various skin care applications that incorporate active ingredients and cosmeceuticals.
Cosmetic Fluid 8108-OH leaves the skin feeling silky smooth and not oily.

Cosmetic Fluid 8108-OH provides matte finish and maintains excellent playtime.
In addition, Cosmetic Fluid 8108-OH is used in color cosmetics, delivery systems and skin- & body care products.

Cosmetic Fluid 8108-OH is a type of silicone that works as an excellent skin conditioning emollient.
More to that, Cosmetic Fluid 8108-OH is hydrating to a degree that it forms a layer on the skin to trap the moisture in - all without making the surface greasy.

Cosmetic Fluid 8108-OH is widely used in skin care and hair care formulations as it also enhances the texture and makes the products easy to spread.
In its raw form, Cosmetic Fluid 8108-OH appears as a thick colorless liquid and has a characteristic odor.

Further, Cosmetic Fluid 8108-OH is not soluble in water.
The chemical formula of Cosmetic Fluid 8108-OH is HO(Si(CH3)2O)nH.


Benefits of Using Cosmetic Fluid 8108-OH:

High volatility
Provides water-resistant film
Compatible with other silicones
Contains no cyclic silicones


Other Claimed Benefits of Cosmetic Fluid 8108-OH:

Anti-Aging
Mattifying Effect
Smooth Feel
Longer Playtime
Silky Feel
Non-Greasy Feel

Cosmetic Fluid 8108-OH is a unique blend of ultra-high viscosity fluid in a dimethicone base.
Further to that, Cosmetic Fluid 8108-OH improves substantivity and aesthetics of emulsions, gels, emollients and sticks.

Cosmetic Fluid 8108-OH is an excellent skin lubricant.
Additionally, Cosmetic Fluid 8108-OH is used in a wide range of skin care applications.


Some Applications of Cosmetic Fluid 8108-OH:

Skin Care:

Lotions
Creams
Gels
Sunscreens


Cosmetics:

Stick and Color Products


OTC Treatment Products:

Anti-aging
Sunscreens,
Analgesics
Anti-fungal


Cosmetic Fluid 8108-OH is used in cyclic silicone-free volatile delivery system for various skin care applications.
Furthermore, Cosmetic Fluid 8108-OH maintains excellent playtime and dries to a matte finish.

Cosmetic Fluid 8108-OH contains a high molecular weight dimethiconol elastomer in combination with highly volatile linear siloxanes.
Moreover, Cosmetic Fluid 8108-OH can serve as a delivery system for various skin care applications that incorporate active ingredients and cosmeceuticals.

Cosmetic Fluid 8108-OH also leaves skin feeling smooth and not oily.
Besides, Cosmetic Fluid 8108-OH provides a matte finish, maintains excellent playtime and is free of D5.

Cosmetic Fluid 8108-OH leaves the skin feeling silky smooth and not oily.
In addition, Cosmetic Fluid 8108-OH provides matte finish and maintains excellent playtime.

Cosmetic Fluid 8108-OH is used in color cosmetics, delivery systems and skin- & body care products.
More to that, Cosmetic Fluid 8108-OH is a Anti-Aging Retinol Serum.


Cosmetic Fluid 8108-OH functions as:

Delivery System
Feel Enhancer
Lubricant
Moisturizer


Cosmetic Fluid 8108-OH is a silicone oil which is widely used in hair care and skin care products, providing lubricous and clear velvet feeling.
Further to that, Cosmetic Fluid 8108-OH forms a silky film of water resisting on skin and hair, repairing the damaged hair and providing skin with a smooth and dry feel similar to talcum powder.
Cosmetic Fluid 8108-OH also helps increase the substantivity of organic ingredients such as ultraviolet absorbers, emollients and moisturizers.


Applications of Cosmetic Fluid 8108-OH:

Skin lotion and cream
Make-up foundation
Sunscreen product
Hair conditioner


Benefits and Features of Cosmetic Fluid 8108-OH:

Good adhesive ability to the skin, better spread ability, better texture and pearlescent property, compared with dimethicone.
Imparts unique silky and non-oily skin feeling.
Makes good luster and texture.
Improve wet & dry combability, suppleness and manageability of hair.

Cosmetic Fluid 8108-OH also can be used in gel, cream and lotion products to provide superior rub-in aesthetics and an excellent long-lasting feel.
Additionally, Cosmetic Fluid 8108-OH can also be used as excellent skin lubricants due to their “non-greasy feel”.
Cosmetic Fluid 8108-OH perform well in conditioners, sun products, antiperspirants, creams, and lotions.

Because of its textural and occlusive properties, Cosmetic Fluid 8108-OH is often used in gel creams and serums.
Cosmetic Fluid 8108-OH’s occlusive properties can also protect the skin from external allergens and pollutants.

Cosmetic Fluid 8108-OH has multiple uses in the personal care and cosmetic industry.
Furthermore, Cosmetic Fluid 8108-OH can be found in products like moisturizers and shampoos.


Skin care:

Cosmetic Fluid 8108-OH adds deep hydration properties to skin.
Moreover, Cosmetic Fluid 8108-OH reduces the visible signs of aging on the skin without feeling too heavy.
Cosmetic Fluid 8108-OH also forms a protective barrier on the surface and leaves the skin smooth and silky.


Hair care:

Cosmetic Fluid 8108-OH is added to hair care products because of its excellent moisturizing and conditioning properties.
Besides, Cosmetic Fluid 8108-OH is also anti static and leaves the shafts healthier and bouncier.
Additionally, Cosmetic Fluid 8108-OH is light and non greasy so it is great for the hair


Cosmetic Fluid 8108-OH contains a high molecular weight dimethiconol elastomer in a combination of highly volatile linear siloxanes.
In addition, Cosmetic Fluid 8108-OH can serve as an excellent delivery system for various skin care applications that incorporate active ingredients and cosmeceuticals.

Cosmetic Fluid 8108-OH leaves the skin feeling silky smooth and not oily.
More to that, Cosmetic Fluid 8108-OH will leave a matte finish and maintains excellent playtime.



DESCRIPTION


Cosmetic Fluid 8108-OH contains a high molecular weight dimethiconol elastomer in a combination of highly volatile linear siloxanes.
Further to that, Cosmetic Fluid 8108-OH contains a high molecular weight dimethiconol elastomer in a combination of highly volatile linear siloxanes.
Cosmetic Fluid 8108-OH can serve as an excellent delivery system for various skin care applications that incorporate active ingredients and cosmeceuticals.

Cosmetic Fluid 8108-OH leaves the skin feeling silky smooth and not oily.
Additionally, Cosmetic Fluid 8108-OH will leave a matte finish and maintains excellent playtime.

Cosmetic Fluid 8108-OH belongs to a class of silicone-based polymers similar to dimethicone in their chemical structure save that molecules of dimethiconol end with hydroxyl (-OH) groups.
Furthermore, Cosmetic Fluid 8108-OH is used in a wide range of cosmetic and personal care products such as suntan lotion and lipstick where it works as an emollient, a film-former, an antistatic agent and an anti-foaming agent, among other uses.
Like other silicone-based liquids, Cosmetic Fluid 8108-OH is not water soluble.

Cosmetic Fluid 8108-OH contains a high molecular weight dimethiconol elastomer in a combination of highly volatile linear siloxanes.
Moreover, Cosmetic Fluid 8108-OH can serve as an excellent delivery system for various skin care applications that incorporate active ingredients and cosmeceuticals.

Cosmetic Fluid 8108-OH leaves the skin feeling silky smooth and not oily.
Besides, Cosmetic Fluid 8108-OH will leave a matte finish and maintains excellent playtime.

Cosmetic Fluid 8108-OH is basically a type of silicone.
Chemically speaking, Cosmetic Fluid 8108-OH is a silicone polymer (Spey calls it a silicone gum), and is basically dimethicone with a hydroxyl group on both ends of the molecule.
Cosmetic Fluid 8108-OH can be a good petrolatum alternative and is also great in formulas for those with oilier skin textures.

In layman’s terms, Cosmetic Fluid 8108-OH is a really useful ingredient that can improve the texture of a product by giving it some lightweight slip.
Because the molecule itself is on the larger side, Cosmetic Fluid 8108-OH works best when diluted within a smaller silicone molecule.

Cosmetic Fluid 8108-OH is common in hair products as a way of conditioning and imparting shine, but Cosmetic Fluid 8108-OH isn’t just great in terms of improving the sensorial experience—it’s a great product to improve the overall health of your skin.
In addition, Cosmetic Fluid 8108-OH is a silicone-based liquid polymer that works as a skin-conditioning agent (emollient) and antifoaming agent in cosmetic formulas.

Cosmetic Fluid 8108-OH multitasks by helping lubricate skin’s surface (without feeling greasy) to enhance hydration, while modifying the formula’s texture for a more pleasant consistency.
More to that, Cosmetic Fluid 8108-OH can also be used in hair care products as a conditioning agent and is sometimes included in hair dyes to help the colour resist wash out.

Cosmetic Fluid 8108-OH is often combined with other compounds and molecules to form derivatives such as dimethiconol arginine, dimethiconol beeswax, dimethiconol cysteine, and dimethiconol meadowfoamate—each with their own distinctive properties and functions.
In 2017, the Cosmetic Ingredient Review (CIR) Expert Panel analysed relevant data regarding Cosmetic Fluid 8108-OH and concluded it is a safe cosmetic ingredient.
Their report looked at personal care products containing amounts between 0.004-36%.



PROPERTIES


Boiling point: 182 °C
Density: 0.98 g/mL at 25 °C
refractive index: n20/D 1.406
Flash point: 155 °F



HANDLING AND STORAGE


Product safety information required for safe use is not included.
Before handling, read product and Safety Data Sheets and container labels for safe use, physical and health hazard information.
Avoid static electricity by using properly grounded equipment.


Store below 25°C (77°F) in a dry place away from all sources of ignition.
Store in tightly closed containers.

Avoid direct of prolonged contact with skin and eyes.
Wash hands thoroughly after handling.

Do not eat, drink, or smoke in the work area.
Storage and transfer under inert gas is recommended.



SYNONYMS

Dimethicone
Dimethiconol
Trisiloxane
COSMETIC GRADE CARBOXYMETHYL CELLULOSE (CMC)

Cosmetic grade carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) is a specific form of carboxymethyl cellulose that is refined and purified to meet the standards and regulations for use in cosmetic products.
Cosmetic grade carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) is a water-soluble cellulose derivative produced by the reaction of cellulose with chloroacetic acid.

CAS Number: 9004-32-4
EC Number: 618-378-6

Synonyms: Carboxymethylcellulose, CMC, Cellulose gum, Cellulose, carboxymethyl ether, Sodium carboxymethylcellulose, Sodium CMC, Cellulose, carboxymethyl ether, sodium salt, Carmellose, Carmellose sodium, E466, E466 (additive), CMC sodium, Sodium cellulose glycolate, Blanose, Akucell, Aquaplast, Clarcel, Cellulose glycolic acid, Tylose C, Cellogen, Cellofas, Finnfix, Nymcel, Cekol, Aqualon, Cellulose, 2-(carboxymethoxy)-, sodium salt, Carbose, Methocel, Nymcel ZSB 10, CMC-Na, Carboxymethylcellulose sodium salt, Cellulose methyl ether, Sodium salt of carboxymethylcellulose, Sodium cellulose glycolate, Carboxymethyl ether of cellulose, Sodium carboxymethyl ether, Carboxymethylcellulose sodium, Carmalose sodium, Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, Sodium CMC gum, Aqualon CMC, Blanose cellulose gum, Cellulose, 2-(carboxymethoxy)-, sodium salt, Tylose, Akucell AF 3265, CLD CMC, Cologel, Lamitex, Mellojel, Sodium carmellose, Supercol, Terlite, Ac-Di-Sol, Agrimerica CMC, Expandex, Kolaton, Nacolate, Proflo



APPLICATIONS


Cosmetic grade carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) is used as a thickener in cosmetics, giving creams and lotions a smooth, desirable texture.
In the food industry, CMC stabilizes ice cream by preventing ice crystal formation.
Toothpaste formulations often include CMC to maintain a consistent, creamy texture.

Cosmetic grade carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) serves as a binder in tablet formulations in the pharmaceutical industry.
Cosmetic grade carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) acts as a suspending agent in liquid medicines, ensuring even distribution of active ingredients.
In the paper industry, CMC improves the strength and printability of paper products.

Cosmetic grade carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) is used in textile printing pastes as a thickener to ensure precise and even application.
Cosmetic grade carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) is an ingredient in drilling fluids in the oil and gas industry, helping to stabilize boreholes.

In construction, CMC is added to cement and mortar to improve workability and water retention.
Cosmetic grade carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) enhances the texture and stability of processed foods like sauces and dressings.

Cosmetic grade carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) is used in bioprinting as a component of bioinks, supporting cell growth and structure formation.
Wound dressings may contain CMC for its gel-forming properties and moisture retention.
Cosmetic grade carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) is utilized in the production of pencils and crayons for its excellent binding properties.

Cosmetic grade carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) is a key ingredient in some fire-fighting foams, providing stable and effective foam formation.
Cosmetic grade carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) helps control the viscosity of paints and coatings, improving application and finish.

Cosmetic grade carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) acts as a film-forming agent in hair gels, providing hold and texture.
In dairy products, CMC stabilizes yogurt and milkshakes, preventing ingredient separation.
Cosmetic grade carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) is used in detergents as a soil suspension agent, preventing redeposition of dirt on fabrics.

Cosmetic grade carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) is an additive in battery pastes, improving the performance and stability of batteries.
Cosmetic grade carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) is used in air freshener gels, helping to maintain a consistent gel structure.

In the production of ceramic tiles, CMC acts as a binder and plasticizer, improving the quality of the final product.
Cosmetic grade carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) is added to personal care wipes to enhance their moisture retention and texture.

Cosmetic grade carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) is used in the formulation of water-based adhesives, improving viscosity and adhesion.
In pet food, CMC improves the texture and consistency of wet and semi-moist products.
Cosmetic grade carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC)is used in agricultural sprays to enhance the adherence of pesticides and fertilizers to plant surfaces.

Cosmetic grade carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) is used in the mining industry as a flotation agent to improve the recovery of minerals.
Cosmetic grade carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) is an ingredient in some biomedical applications, such as drug delivery systems, due to its biocompatibility.
In the production of water-based inks, CMC acts as a viscosity modifier, ensuring smooth printing.

Cosmetic grade carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) is used in oral care products like mouthwashes to improve texture and stability.
Cosmetic grade carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) is added to sauces and gravies in the food industry to enhance mouthfeel and prevent separation.

In agriculture, CMC is used as a soil conditioning agent to improve water retention and soil structure.
Cosmetic grade carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) is a component in the manufacture of chewing gum, providing elasticity and texture.
Cosmetic grade carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) is used in the production of wallpaper adhesives, ensuring strong and durable adhesion.

Cosmetic grade carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) helps control the consistency of pharmaceutical syrups, making them easier to swallow.
In fermentation processes, CMC is used to stabilize cultures and improve yield.

Cosmetic grade carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) is included in some types of dietary supplements as a stabilizer and binder.
Cosmetic grade carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) is used in water treatment processes to aid in the flocculation and removal of suspended particles.

Cosmetic grade carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) is employed in the cosmetics industry in facial masks to provide a smooth, spreadable consistency.
Cosmetic grade carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) acts as a stabilizer in salad dressings, preventing oil and vinegar from separating.
In the textile industry, CMC is used as a sizing agent to impart strength and smoothness to fibers.

Cosmetic grade carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) is a key ingredient in gel-based air fresheners, maintaining their structure and prolonging fragrance release.
Cosmetic grade carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) is used in the manufacture of paper towels and tissues to improve absorbency and strength.
In pharmaceuticals, CMC is used in controlled-release formulations to regulate the release of active ingredients.

Cosmetic grade carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) is used in the production of film coatings for tablets, providing a protective and aesthetically pleasing finish.
Cosmetic grade carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) is added to liquid detergents to enhance stability and prevent phase separation.

In the dairy industry, CMC is used to improve the texture and stability of cheese spreads and processed cheese.
Cosmetic grade carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) is used in the production of meat analogs and vegetarian products to improve texture and binding.

Cosmetic grade carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) is used as a binder and film-former in the production of paper-based batteries.
Cosmetic grade carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) is utilized in the ceramics industry as a binder to improve the strength and workability of ceramic bodies.
Cosmetic grade carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) is used in the formulation of herbal and nutraceutical products to enhance texture and stability.

Cosmetic grade carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) enhances the shelf life of products by preventing the separation of ingredients in emulsions.
Cosmetic grade carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) can be used to create stable foams in various applications, including fire-fighting foams.

Cosmetic grade carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) is also used in the textile industry as a thickener for textile printing pastes.
The viscosity of CMC solutions can be adjusted by varying the concentration and degree of substitution.

Cosmetic grade carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) is used in the oil and gas industry as a component of drilling mud to stabilize boreholes.
In the construction industry, CMC is an additive in cement and mortar to improve workability and water retention.
Cosmetic grade carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) has excellent binding properties, making it useful in the production of pencils and crayons.

Cosmetic grade carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) is a key ingredient in some bioprinting applications, where it serves as a bioink component.
Cosmetic grade carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) can help control crystal growth in ice cream, improving its texture and stability.

Its ability to form gels and films makes CMC useful in wound dressings and medical applications.
Cosmetic grade carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) is available in various grades, each tailored for specific applications and performance requirements.



DESCRIPTION


Cosmetic grade carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) is a specific form of carboxymethyl cellulose that is refined and purified to meet the standards and regulations for use in cosmetic products.
Cosmetic grade carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) is a water-soluble cellulose derivative produced by the reaction of cellulose with chloroacetic acid.
Cosmetic grade carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) is widely used in various industries, including food, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics, due to its versatile properties.

Carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) is a water-soluble polymer derived from cellulose.
Cosmetic grade carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) is commonly used as a thickening agent in various cosmetic and personal care products.

In the food industry, CMC serves as a stabilizer and emulsifier, enhancing the texture of processed foods.
The chemical formula for CMC is C6H7O2(OH)2OCH2COONa.
Cosmetic grade carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) is produced by the reaction of cellulose with chloroacetic acid in an alkaline medium.

One of the primary applications of CMC in pharmaceuticals is as a binder in tablet formulations.
Cosmetic grade carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) is widely used in the production of toothpaste, where it helps maintain a consistent texture.
Cosmetic grade carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) can form a film on the skin, providing a smooth, moisturizing effect in skincare products.

The degree of substitution (DS) in CMC indicates the average number of carboxymethyl groups per glucose unit.
Cosmetic grade carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) is highly purified to ensure safety and efficacy in personal care products.
Cosmetic grade carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) is biodegradable and environmentally friendly, making it a popular choice for eco-conscious formulations.
In the paper industry, CMC is used to improve the strength and printability of paper.

Cosmetic grade carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) acts as a suspending agent in liquid pharmaceuticals, ensuring uniform distribution of active ingredients.
Due to its non-toxic nature, CMC is approved for use in food and pharmaceuticals by regulatory bodies like the FDA.



PROPERTIES


Physical Properties:

Appearance: White to off-white powder or granules.
Solubility: Soluble in water; forms a clear or slightly opalescent solution. Insoluble in organic solvents.
Odor: Odorless.
Taste: Tasteless.
Density: Typically around 0.5-0.7 g/cm³ for the powder form.
Viscosity: Varies depending on the molecular weight and degree of substitution; can range from a few centipoises (cP) to several thousand cP for a 1% solution at 25°C.
pH: Usually between 6.5 and 8.5 for a 1% aqueous solution.
Particle Size: Fine powder with particle size typically around 80-100 mesh.
Moisture Content: Generally less than 10% for most commercial grades.
Hygroscopicity: Hygroscopic, absorbs moisture from the air.
Ash Content: Typically less than 1%.


Chemical Properties:

Chemical Formula: C6H7O2(OH)2OCH2COONa.
Molecular Weight: Varies depending on the degree of polymerization and substitution; typically ranges from 90,000 to 700,000 g/mol.
Degree of Substitution (DS): Typically between 0.6 and 0.95 (indicates the average number of carboxymethyl groups per glucose unit).
Functional Groups: Hydroxyl (-OH), carboxymethyl (-CH2COOH), and ether (R-O-R).
Thermal Stability: Decomposes upon heating above 200°C.
pKa: Around 4.3 for the carboxyl groups.
Reactivity: Reacts with acids to form free carboxymethyl cellulose; reacts with metal ions to form insoluble salts.
Ionic Nature: Anionic due to the presence of carboxylate groups.
Compatibility: Compatible with a wide range of other water-soluble polymers and surfactants.
Biodegradability: Biodegradable under aerobic conditions.



FIRST AID


1. Inhalation

Immediate Actions:
If inhaled, move the person to fresh air immediately.
Ensure the individual is in a position that facilitates breathing, such as sitting up or lying down with their head elevated.

Observation:
Observe for any signs of respiratory distress or irritation, such as coughing, wheezing, shortness of breath, or chest tightness.

If Symptoms Persist:
Seek medical attention if the individual experiences persistent symptoms or if symptoms worsen.


2. Skin Contact

Immediate Actions:
If CMC comes into contact with the skin, remove any contaminated clothing and wash the affected area thoroughly with soap and water.

Observation:
Check for signs of skin irritation, such as redness, itching, or a rash.

If Irritation Persists:
If skin irritation continues or if there are signs of an allergic reaction, seek medical advice.


3. Eye Contact

Immediate Actions:
In case of contact with eyes, rinse immediately with plenty of lukewarm water.
Hold the eyelids open to ensure thorough flushing of the eyes.
Continue rinsing for at least 15 minutes.

Observation:
Check for signs of eye irritation, such as redness, pain, tearing, or blurred vision.

If Symptoms Persist:
If irritation continues or vision is affected, seek immediate medical attention.
Avoid rubbing the eyes to prevent further damage.


4. Ingestion

Immediate Actions:
If swallowed, do not induce vomiting unless instructed to do so by a medical professional.
Rinse the mouth with water to remove any residual substance.

Observation:
Observe for any symptoms of discomfort or illness, such as nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, or diarrhea.

If Symptoms Occur:
Seek medical attention if any adverse symptoms develop or if a large amount of CMC has been ingested.



HANDLING AND STORAGE


Handling

1. Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

Respiratory Protection:
Use a dust mask or respirator if there is a risk of inhaling CMC dust, especially in poorly ventilated areas.

Skin Protection:
Wear appropriate protective gloves and clothing to prevent skin contact.

Eye Protection:
Use safety goggles or a face shield to protect eyes from dust or splashes.


2. Handling Precautions

Avoid Dust Generation:
Handle CMC in a manner that minimizes dust generation.
Use dust extraction systems or local exhaust ventilation to capture dust at the source.

Avoid Inhalation and Contact:
Do not inhale dust. Avoid contact with skin, eyes, and clothing.
Wash thoroughly after handling.

Workplace Hygiene:
Maintain good personal hygiene. Do not eat, drink, or smoke in areas where CMC is handled or processed.
Wash hands thoroughly after handling.

Spill Handling:
In case of spills, avoid dry sweeping.
Use wet methods or vacuum with HEPA filtration to clean up. Dispose of cleanup materials properly.


3. Safe Handling Practices

Training:
Ensure all personnel handling CMC are trained in proper handling techniques and understand the potential hazards.

Handling Equipment:
Use equipment that is suitable for handling powders, such as closed systems or conveyors, to minimize dust exposure.

Labeling and Signage:
Clearly label all containers of CMC and use appropriate signage to indicate areas where CMC is handled.


Storage

1. Storage Conditions

Temperature:
Store CMC in a cool, dry place away from direct sunlight and heat sources. Ideal storage temperatures are typically between 15°C and 25°C (59°F and 77°F).

Humidity:
Store in a dry environment to prevent moisture absorption, which can cause clumping and affect the product's performance.

Containers:
Keep CMC in tightly sealed containers to protect it from moisture and contamination.
Use original packaging or containers made of materials that prevent moisture ingress.


2. Segregation

Incompatibles:
Store away from strong oxidizing agents, acids, and bases to prevent chemical reactions.
Avoid storing near materials that could be contaminated by CMC dust.

Segregated Storage:
If possible, store CMC in a designated area separate from other chemicals, especially those that could react with it.


3. Storage Area Management

Ventilation:
Ensure the storage area is well-ventilated to prevent the buildup of dust.
Use local exhaust ventilation if necessary.

Housekeeping:
Keep the storage area clean and free of dust accumulation.
Regularly inspect storage conditions and containers for signs of damage or leaks.

Pest Control:
Implement pest control measures to prevent contamination from insects or rodents.


4. Emergency Preparedness

Spill Response:
Have materials and equipment ready for spill response, including vacuum systems, damp cloths, and disposal bags.

Fire Safety:
Although CMC is not highly flammable, keep fire extinguishing equipment readily available.
Use extinguishing media suitable for surrounding materials in case of fire.

Emergency Contacts:
Maintain a list of emergency contacts and procedures in the storage area, including local fire departments and hazardous materials response teams.


5. Inventory Management

Stock Rotation:
Practice first-in, first-out (FIFO) inventory management to ensure older stock is used before newer stock, maintaining product quality.

Inspection:
Regularly inspect inventory for signs of degradation or contamination
Dispose of any compromised material according to local regulations.

Documentation:
Keep detailed records of CMC inventory, including quantities, storage conditions, and handling incidents.
COSMETIC GRADE SODIUM CARBOXYMETHYL CELLULOSE (CMC)

Cosmetic grade sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) is a refined form of sodium carboxymethyl cellulose specifically designed for use in cosmetic and personal care products.
This grade meets stringent purity and quality standards to ensure it is safe and effective for application on skin, hair, and other parts of the body.

CAS Number: 9004-32-4
EC Number: 618-378-6

Synonyms: Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, CMC, Sodium CMC, Carboxymethylcellulose sodium, Carboxymethyl cellulose sodium salt, Cellulose gum, Cellulose, carboxymethyl ether, Sodium cellulose glycolate, Sodium carboxymethyl ether, Carboxymethyl ether of cellulose, Carmellose sodium, Carmellose, E466, E466 (additive), CMC sodium, Sodium carmellose, Cellulose methyl ether, Sodium salt of carboxymethylcellulose, Carboxymethylcellulose sodium salt, Carmalose sodium, Sodium CMC gum, Aqualon CMC, CMC-Na, CMC, Na, Sodium carboxymethylcellulose gum, Sodium cellulose glycolate, Cellulose, 2-(carboxymethoxy)-, sodium salt, Carbose, Methocel, Tylose, Tylose C, Akucell, Aquaplast, Clarcel, Cellogen, Nymcel, Cekol, Aqualon, Akucell AF 3265, CLD CMC, Cellofas, Finnfix, Nymcel ZSB 10, Cellulose, 2-(carboxymethoxy)-, sodium salt, Blanose, Proflo, Supercol, Terlite, Mellojel, Lamitex, Kolaton, Expandex, Agrimerica CMC



APPLICATIONS


Cosmetic grade Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) is extensively used in the food industry as a thickener and stabilizer.
Cosmetic grade Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) is commonly added to dairy products such as yogurt and ice cream to improve texture and prevent syneresis.

Cosmetic grade Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) is a key ingredient in bakery products like bread and cakes, enhancing their shelf life and crumb structure.
In the beverage industry, CMC is utilized in fruit juices and soft drinks to maintain suspension and prevent settling of particles.

Cosmetic grade Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) finds applications in the pharmaceutical industry as a binder in tablet formulations, ensuring the cohesive integrity of the tablets.
Cosmetic grade Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) is used in oral care products like toothpaste and mouthwash to provide viscosity and stabilize formulations.

Cosmetic grade Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) is employed in personal care products such as lotions, creams, and shampoos as a thickening agent for improved consistency.
In the textile industry, CMC is utilized as a sizing agent to add strength and stiffness to yarns and fabrics.

Cosmetic grade Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) serves as a mud additive in the oil and gas industry, aiding in borehole stabilization and fluid loss control during drilling operations.
Cosmetic grade Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) is used in the paper industry as a surface sizing agent to improve paper strength and printability.
Cosmetic grade Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) is added to detergents and cleaning products to enhance their viscosity and stabilize formulations.

In the construction industry, CMC is utilized in cement and mortar formulations to improve workability and water retention.
Cosmetic grade Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) is used in ceramic processing as a binder to improve the green strength and machinability of ceramic bodies.

Cosmetic grade Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) is a common ingredient in adhesives and glues, providing viscosity and tackiness for bonding applications.
Cosmetic grade Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) is employed in the cosmetics industry in formulations such as mascaras and creams to improve texture and stability.
Cosmetic grade Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) is utilized in the manufacture of paints and coatings to provide thickening and suspension properties.

In the textile printing industry, CMC is used as a thickener for dye pastes to improve print definition and color yield.
Cosmetic grade Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) is added to pet foods to improve texture and stabilize emulsions, ensuring uniform distribution of nutrients.

Cosmetic grade Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) finds applications in the pharmaceutical industry as a suspending agent in liquid dosage forms to prevent sedimentation.
Cosmetic grade Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) is used in agricultural formulations such as herbicides and pesticides to enhance spray adhesion and coverage on plant surfaces.

Cosmetic grade Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) is employed in the production of batteries as a binder for electrode materials, improving battery performance and stability.
In the construction industry, CMC is used in gypsum-based products to improve workability and reduce cracking.
Cosmetic grade Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) is utilized in the manufacture of latex paints to provide stability and prevent settling of pigments.

Cosmetic grade Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) is added to fire-fighting foams to improve stability and effectiveness in extinguishing fires.
In the textile industry, CMC is used as a warp sizing agent to add strength and abrasion resistance to yarns during weaving.

Cosmetic grade Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) is utilized in the production of ceramics as a binder and plasticizer to improve molding and shaping properties.
Cosmetic grade Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) is added to petrochemical drilling fluids to control fluid loss and improve rheological properties.

Cosmetic grade Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) is used in the manufacture of detergents and cleaning products as a soil suspension agent to prevent re-deposition of dirt on fabrics.
In the textile industry, CMC is applied as a sizing agent in warp sizing to improve yarn strength and reduce breakage during weaving.
Cosmetic grade Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) is employed in the formulation of cosmetic and personal care wipes to enhance moisture retention and texture.

Cosmetic grade Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) finds applications in the construction industry as a thickening agent in gypsum-based joint compounds and plasters.
Cosmetic grade Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) is utilized in the production of latex adhesives to improve adhesion and viscosity.
In the agricultural sector, CMC is added to seed coatings to enhance flowability and adhesion of seed treatments.

Cosmetic grade Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) is employed in the manufacturing of ceramic glazes to improve suspension and reduce settling of pigments.
Cosmetic grade Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) is used in the formulation of inkjet printing inks to improve print quality and stability.

In the paint and coatings industry, CMC is added to water-based formulations to provide viscosity control and stabilization.
Cosmetic grade Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) finds applications in the production of biodegradable films and coatings for packaging materials.

Cosmetic grade Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) is utilized in the production of dietary supplements as a binder for tablet and capsule formulations.
Cosmetic grade Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) is added to textile finishing formulations to impart wrinkle resistance and crease recovery properties.

In the mining industry, CMC is used as a flocculant in mineral processing to improve solid-liquid separation.
Cosmetic grade Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) is employed in the production of rubber and latex products to improve processing and mechanical properties.

Cosmetic grade Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) is utilized in the manufacturing of wallpaper adhesives to improve adhesion and workability.
Cosmetic grade Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) finds applications in the formulation of ceramic bodies to improve green strength and reduce cracking.

In the oilfield industry, CMC is added to drilling fluids to improve fluid loss control and hole stability.
Cosmetic grade Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) is employed in the production of ceramic tiles to improve workability and reduce breakage during firing.

Cosmetic grade Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) is added to hair styling products such as gels and mousses to provide hold and control.
Cosmetic grade Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) finds applications in the formulation of water-based lubricants and greases to improve viscosity and stability.

In the pharmaceutical industry, CMC is used as a suspending agent in liquid dosage forms to ensure uniform distribution of active ingredients.
Cosmetic grade Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) is utilized in the production of battery separators to improve electrolyte retention and ion conductivity.
Cosmetic grade Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) is employed in the formulation of dietary fiber supplements to improve solubility and ease of consumption.

Cosmetic grade Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) is used in the textile industry as a sizing agent to improve fabric strength and smoothness.
In construction, CMC is added to cement and mortar to improve workability and water retention.

Cosmetic grade Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) is a key ingredient in fire-fighting foams, providing stable foam formation for extinguishing fires.
Cosmetic grade Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) is anionic due to the presence of carboxylate groups, making it compatible with many positively charged additives.

Cosmetic formulations often contain CMC to improve texture, stability, and overall performance.
Cosmetic grade Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) is important to handle CMC with care to minimize dust generation and potential inhalation exposure.

Proper storage conditions are essential to maintain the quality and performance of CMC over time.
With its myriad of applications and versatile properties, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose plays a vital role in numerous industries worldwide.



DESCRIPTION


Cosmetic grade sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) is a refined form of sodium carboxymethyl cellulose specifically designed for use in cosmetic and personal care products.
This grade meets stringent purity and quality standards to ensure it is safe and effective for application on skin, hair, and other parts of the body.

Cosmetic grade Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) is a versatile water-soluble polymer derived from cellulose.
Cosmetic grade Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) is widely used in various industries for its thickening, stabilizing, and binding properties.

Cosmetic grade Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) is a white to off-white powder or granules with a wide range of applications.
Cosmetic grade Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) is odorless and tasteless, making it suitable for use in food and pharmaceutical formulations.

Cosmetic grade Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) forms clear or slightly opalescent solutions when dissolved in water.
With its ability to modify viscosity, CMC serves as a key ingredient in many liquid and semi-solid formulations.

Cosmetic grade Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) acts as a stabilizer in emulsions, preventing the separation of oil and water phases.
Cosmetic grade Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) is commonly found in personal care products such as lotions, creams, and shampoos for its thickening effect.
In the food industry, CMC enhances the texture and stability of sauces, dressings, and dairy products.
Pharmaceutical tablets often contain CMC as a binder to hold the active ingredients together.

Cosmetic grade Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) is biodegradable and environmentally friendly, making it a preferred choice in eco-conscious formulations.
Its film-forming properties make CMC useful in wound dressings and medical applications.
Cosmetic grade Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) can suspend insoluble particles in liquid formulations, ensuring even distribution of ingredients.

Cosmetic grade Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) is compatible with a wide range of other additives, including surfactants and polymers.
Cosmetic grade Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) solutions exhibit shear-thinning behavior, making them easy to handle and apply.

Cosmetic grade Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) has a moderate to high viscosity depending on concentration and molecular weight.
Cosmetic grade Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) is stable over a wide pH range, typically between 6.5 and 8.5 in aqueous solutions.



PROPERTIES


Physical Properties:

Appearance: White to off-white powder or granules.
Odor: Odorless.
Taste: Tasteless.
Solubility: Soluble in water, forming a clear or slightly opalescent solution. Insoluble in organic solvents.
Density: Typically around 0.5-0.7 g/cm³ for the powder form.
Viscosity: Varies depending on the molecular weight and degree of substitution; can range from a few centipoises (cP) to several thousand cP for a 1% solution at 25°C.
pH: Usually between 6.5 and 8.5 for a 1% aqueous solution.
Particle Size: Fine powder with particle size typically around 80-100 mesh.
Moisture Content: Generally less than 10% for most commercial grades.
Hygroscopicity: Hygroscopic, absorbs moisture from the air.
Ash Content: Typically less than 1%.


Chemical Properties:

CAS Number: 9004-32-4
EC Number: 618-378-6
Degree of Substitution (DS): Typically between 0.6 and 0.95 (indicates the average number of carboxymethyl groups per glucose unit).
Functional Groups: Hydroxyl (-OH), carboxymethyl (-CH2COOH), and ether (R-O-R).
Thermal Stability: Decomposes upon heating above 200°C.
pKa: Around 4.3 for the carboxyl groups.
Reactivity: Reacts with acids to form free carboxymethyl cellulose; reacts with metal ions to form insoluble salts.
Ionic Nature: Anionic due to the presence of carboxylate groups.
Compatibility: Compatible with a wide range of other water-soluble polymers and surfactants.
Biodegradability: Biodegradable under aerobic conditions.



FIRST AID


1. Inhalation

Immediate Actions:
If inhaled, move the affected person to fresh air immediately.

Assessment:
Assess the individual's breathing. If breathing difficulties persist, seek medical attention promptly.

Support:
If breathing has stopped or is labored, administer artificial respiration and seek medical assistance immediately.


2. Skin Contact

Immediate Actions:
Remove contaminated clothing and rinse the affected skin with plenty of water.

Washing:
Wash the affected area thoroughly with soap and water for at least 15 minutes.

Observation:
Monitor for signs of irritation or allergic reactions such as redness, itching, or rash.

Medical Attention:
Seek medical advice if irritation persists or if symptoms worsen.


3. Eye Contact

Immediate Actions:
Flush eyes with gently flowing lukewarm water for at least 15 minutes.

Eyelid Assistance:
Hold the eyelids open to ensure thorough flushing of the eyes.

Removal of Contact Lenses:
If wearing contact lenses, remove them after the initial flushing and continue rinsing.

Medical Attention:
Seek immediate medical attention if irritation persists or if there are signs of injury to the eyes.


4. Ingestion

Immediate Actions:
If ingested, rinse the mouth thoroughly with water.

Do Not Induce Vomiting:
Do not induce vomiting unless instructed to do so by medical personnel.

Medical Attention:
Seek medical advice immediately and provide information about the substance ingested.



HANDLING AND STORAGE


Handling

1. Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

Respiratory Protection:
Use appropriate respiratory protection (e.g., dust mask) if handling CMC in dusty environments or where airborne exposure is possible.

Skin Protection:
Wear protective gloves, clothing, and footwear to prevent skin contact.

Eye Protection:
Wear safety goggles or face shield to protect eyes from potential splashes or dust.


2. Handling Practices

Minimize Dust:
Avoid generating dust by handling CMC carefully and using dust control measures such as local exhaust ventilation or wet methods.

Avoid Direct Contact:
Minimize direct skin contact with CMC. Wash hands thoroughly after handling.

Do Not Eat, Drink, or Smoke:
Avoid eating, drinking, or smoking while handling CMC to prevent accidental ingestion.

Work Area Hygiene:
Maintain good housekeeping practices in work areas to prevent the accumulation of dust and spills.


3. Equipment and Tools

Use Suitable Equipment:
Use appropriate handling equipment (e.g., scoops, shovels) to transfer CMC to minimize dust generation.

Cleaning Equipment:
Clean handling equipment regularly to prevent cross-contamination.

Labeling:
Clearly label containers of CMC with product information and handling precautions.


Storage

1. Storage Conditions

Temperature:
Store CMC in a cool, dry, well-ventilated area away from heat sources and direct sunlight.

Humidity Control:
Maintain humidity levels to prevent moisture absorption, which can affect the quality and flow properties of CMC.

Avoid Contamination:
Store CMC away from incompatible materials, such as acids, oxidizing agents, and strong bases.

Segregation:
Separate CMC from food, feed, and other materials to prevent contamination.


2. Container Handling

Original Packaging:
Store CMC in its original packaging or in suitable containers that are tightly sealed to prevent moisture ingress.

Avoid Damage:
Handle containers carefully to prevent damage that could lead to spills or contamination.

Check Integrity:
Regularly inspect containers for signs of damage or leaks. Dispose of damaged containers appropriately.


3. Special Considerations

Bulk Storage:
If storing CMC in bulk quantities, use appropriate storage facilities equipped with dust control measures and fire protection systems.

Temperature Control:
Monitor storage temperatures to prevent exposure to extreme heat or cold, which could affect product stability.

Emergency Response:
Have spill response procedures and cleanup materials readily available in case of accidental spills or releases.


Transportation

Packaging:
Ensure CMC is properly packaged and labeled according to regulatory requirements for transportation.

Secure Load:
Secure containers during transportation to prevent shifting or damage.

Compliance:
Adhere to transportation regulations and guidelines for the safe handling and transport of CMC.


Waste Management

Disposal:
Dispose of CMC and its packaging in accordance with local regulations and guidelines for hazardous waste disposal.

Recycling:
Where possible, recycle empty containers and packaging materials according to applicable recycling programs.

Cotton Oil Hydrogenated
SYNONMYMS Cottonseed oil; Partially hydrogenated; EINECS 269-804-9; Hydrogenated cottonseed oil; Partially hydrogenated cottonseed oil; UNII-Z82Y2C65EA CAS NO:68334-00-9
Cotton Oil Refined
SYNONYMS COTTONSEED OIL, 1000MG, NEAT;Cottonseed oil, pure;COTTONSEEDOIL,NF;Baumwoellsamenoel;COTTONSEED OIL REFINED;Cottonseed oil,unhydrogenated;LIPEX 109;COTTONSEED OIL CAS NO: 8001-29-4
COTTONSEED ACID
CARAMEL, N° CAS : 8028-89-5 - Caramel (colorant), Autres langues : Caramel (dye), Caramello (colorante), Caramelo (tinte), Karamell (Farbstoff), Nom INCI : CARAMEL, N° EINECS/ELINCS : 232-435-9, Additif alimentaire : E150, Colorant cosmétique : Colore les cosmétiques et/ou confère une couleur à la peau, Agent masquant : Réduit ou inhibe l'odeur ou le goût de base du produit. Noms français :CARAMEL; Couleur caramel. Noms anglais : BURNT SUGAR; BURNT SUGAR COLORING; CARAMEL (COLOR); Caramel color; CARAMEL COLOUR; Utilisation: Additif alimentaire (colorant); Burnt sugar coloring; BC 420 (Color); C.I. Natural Brown 10; Caramel color dye; Caramel color dye; Natural brown 10; 3,5-dimethylcyclopentane-1,2-dione; Couleur caramel
Couleur caramel (Caramel (colorant))
COUMARIN N° CAS : 91-64-5 - Coumarine Origine(s) : Naturelle, Synthétique Autres langues : Cumarin, Cumarina Nom INCI : COUMARIN Nom chimique : Coumarin; 2H-1-Benzopyran-2-one N° EINECS/ELINCS : 202-086-7, Ses fonctions (INCI) Agent parfumant : Utilisé pour le parfum et les matières premières aromatiques
Coumarine
Potassium hydrogen tartrate; [R-(R*,R*)]-2,3-dihydroxy-Butanedioic acid, monopotassium salt; Cream; cream of tartar; L(+)-Potassium hydrogen tartrate; Monopotassium tartrate; Potassium acid tartrate; Potassium Hydrogentartrate; Tartaric acid, monopotassium salt CAS NO:868-14-4
Crambe Abyssinica Seed Oil
CRAMBE ABYSSINICA SEED OIL; Crambe abyssinica; ABYSSINIAN SEED OIL CAS NO:68956-68-3
Crataegus oxyacantha
crataegus oxyacantha l. extract; crataegus curvisepala extract; crataegus extract (crataegus oxyacantha); extract of crataegus; extract of the whole plant of the hawthorn, crataegus oxyacantha (l.), rosaceae; hawthorn extract; hawthorne extract CAS NO:84603-61-2
Cream of Tartar
CREATINE, N° CAS : 57-00-1 / 6020-87-7, Nom INCI : CREATINE, Nom chimique : Glycine, N-(Aminoiminomethyl)-N-Methyl-, N° EINECS/ELINCS : 200-306-6 / -, La créatine est produite naturellement par les acides aminés du corps, elle joue un rôle au niveau des muscles et des cellules. Elle est souvent prise en complément par les personnes qui font de la musculation puisqu'il a été démontré qu'elle augmentait l'hormone de croissance et la force musculaire. En cosmétique, ses bienfaits sont sensiblement les mêmes, c'est à dire qu'elle améliore le renouvellement cellulaire, et l'élasticité de la peau. Plusieurs études semblent affirmer qu'elle pourrait avoir un effet sur l'apparence des rides et la fermeté de la peau, on la retrouve assez souvent dans les soins anti-âges.Ses fonctions (INCI): Agent d'entretien de la peau : Maintient la peau en bon état
CREATINE
o-TOLYL GLYCIDYL ETHER; 2-methylphenoxy)methyl)oxirane; o-Cresyl glycidyl ether; 1-(2-methylphenoxy)-2,3-epoxypropane; (o-Tolyl epoxypropyl ether; 2,3-Epoxipropil o-tolil éter; Oxyde de 2,3-époxypropyle et de o-tolyle CAS NO:2210-79-9
CREMERCOOR ALB C12-15 (C12-15 ALKYL BENZOATE)

C12-15 Alkyl Benzoate, often referred to as CremerCOOR ALB C12-15, is a chemical compound used in the cosmetic and personal care industry.
CremerCOOR ALB C12-15 (C12-15 Alkyl Benzoate) is an ester derived from benzoic acid and a mixture of synthetic fatty alcohols with carbon chain lengths ranging from C12 to C15.
The specific mixture of alkyl groups in the compound gives it the name CremerCOOR ALB C12-15 (C12-15 Alkyl Benzoate).

CAS Number: 68411-27-8
EC Number: 270-112-4

Alkyl Benzoate, Benzoate Ester, Benzoic Acid Alkyl Ester, C12-15 Alkyl Benzoate, C12-15 Alkyl Benzoate Ester, Alkyl Ester of Benzoic Acid, Benzoic Acid Ester with C12-15 Alkyl Alcohol, Benzoate Ester Mixture, Benzoate Ester Blend, Alkyl Benzoate Mixture, Alkyl Benzoate Blend, C12-15 Alkyl Alcohol Benzoate, Ester of Benzoic Acid and C12-15 Alkyl Alcohol, Alkyl Benzoate Complex, C12-15 Alkyl Benzoate Compound, Benzoate of Mixed Alkyls, Mixed Alkyl Benzoate, C12-15 Alkyl Benzoate Mix, Alkyl Benzoate Solution, Alkyl Benzoate Emulsion, Benzoate Ester Formulation, C12-15 Alkyl Benzoate Preparation, Alkyl Benzoate Consistency, Benzoate Ester Composition, Alkyl Benzoate Substance, Alkyl Benzoate Compound, C12-15 Alkyl Benzoate Mixture, Benzoic Acid Ester Mixture, Benzoate Ester Blend, C12-15 Alkyl Alcohol Benzoate, Alkyl Benzoate Ester Mix, Alkyl Benzoate Formulation, Benzoate Ester Consistency, C12-15 Alkyl Benzoate Solution, Benzoate Ester Composition, Alkyl Benzoate Compound, Alkyl Benzoate Substance, Benzoate Ester Combination, C12-15 Alkyl Alcohol Benzoate Mix, Benzoate Ester Formulation, C12-15 Alkyl Benzoate Blend, Alkyl Benzoate Mixture, Benzoic Acid Alkyl Ester Blend, C12-15 Alkyl Alcohol Benzoate Substance, Alkyl Benzoate Consistency, Benzoate Ester Solution, C12-15 Alkyl Benzoate Compound, Benzoate Ester Mix, Alkyl Benzoate Preparation, Alkyl Benzoate Formulation, Benzoate Ester Substance, C12-15 Alkyl Benzoate Consistency, Alkyl Benzoate Mixture, Benzoate Ester Mix, Alkyl Benzoate Compound, C12-15 Alkyl Benzoate Substance, Alkyl Benzoate Preparation, Benzoate Ester Composition, Alkyl Benzoate Solution, C12-15 Alkyl Benzoate Blend, Benzoate Ester Consistency.



APPLICATIONS


CremerCOOR ALB C12-15 (C12-15 Alkyl Benzoate) is commonly used in the formulation of sunscreens, providing a lightweight and non-greasy base for effective sun protection.
In skincare products such as lotions and creams, it acts as an emollient, contributing to a smooth and soft feel on the skin.
Its compatibility with various cosmetic oils makes it a versatile ingredient in the creation of serums, aiding in easy absorption.
CremerCOOR ALB C12-15 (C12-15 Alkyl Benzoate) finds application in hair care products like conditioners, imparting a luxurious and conditioning texture to the hair.

CremerCOOR ALB C12-15 (C12-15 Alkyl Benzoate) is utilized in makeup formulations, ensuring even application and blending of pigments in foundations and concealers.
Due to its non-comedogenic nature, it is often included in facial care products to provide moisturization without clogging pores.
In hair masks, CremerCOOR ALB C12-15 (C12-15 Alkyl Benzoate) enhances the spreadability and absorption of nourishing ingredients for revitalized and conditioned hair.

CremerCOOR ALB C12-15 (C12-15 Alkyl Benzoate) is found in natural and organic product lines, aligning with clean beauty trends and eco-conscious formulations.
CremerCOOR ALB C12-15 (C12-15 Alkyl Benzoate) serves as a plasticizer for polymers, contributing to the flexibility and resilience of certain cosmetic formulations.

As a solvent, it aids in the dissolution and incorporation of various cosmetic ingredients, improving the overall formulation's stability.
CremerCOOR ALB C12-15 (C12-15 Alkyl Benzoate) is used in the creation of lightweight and easily absorbed facial serums, targeting specific skincare concerns.

CremerCOOR ALB C12-15 (C12-15 Alkyl Benzoate) contributes to the smooth and non-greasy texture of hand creams, providing moisturization without a heavy feel.
Its emollient properties make it suitable for use in baby care products, including gentle lotions and creams for delicate skin.
In bath oils, CremerCOOR ALB C12-15 (C12-15 Alkyl Benzoate) enhances the bathing experience by providing a silky and moisturizing feel to the skin.
The compound is incorporated into makeup setting sprays, helping set makeup without compromising its appearance.

CremerCOOR ALB C12-15 (C12-15 Alkyl Benzoate) is used in the formulation of anti-aging creams, contributing to the overall texture and efficacy of these products.
CremerCOOR ALB C12-15 (C12-15 Alkyl Benzoate) is present in natural and organic foundations, improving the spreadability and blendability of pigments for a seamless finish.

In natural and organic facial cleansers, it aids in the removal of impurities while maintaining a gentle and non-drying effect on the skin.
CremerCOOR ALB C12-15 (C12-15 Alkyl Benzoate) is included in natural and organic mascaras, contributing to a clump-free and conditioning formula for lashes.

CremerCOOR ALB C12-15 (C12-15 Alkyl Benzoate) finds application in the creation of lip glosses, providing a smooth and glossy texture for the lips.
Its compatibility with various cosmetic formulations makes it a versatile ingredient in the production of fragrance oils.
In natural and organic body lotions, it imparts a non-greasy finish while effectively moisturizing the skin.

CremerCOOR ALB C12-15 (C12-15 Alkyl Benzoate) is utilized in the formulation of natural and organic deodorants, enhancing the glide and comfort during application.
CremerCOOR ALB C12-15 (C12-15 Alkyl Benzoate) is found in the creation of natural and organic hair mists, enhancing shine and manageability.
Its inclusion in tattoo inks may contribute to improved pigment dispersion and application.

In the production of body scrubs, CremerCOOR ALB C12-15 (C12-15 Alkyl Benzoate) aids in creating formulations that exfoliate and moisturize the skin.
CremerCOOR ALB C12-15 (C12-15 Alkyl Benzoate) is used in natural and organic night creams, contributing to the skin-conditioning and rejuvenating effects during overnight use.
CremerCOOR ALB C12-15 (C12-15 Alkyl Benzoate) finds application in the creation of natural and organic lip serums, providing hydration and a smooth feel to the lips.

In the formulation of natural and organic eye creams, it contributes to a smoother application and improved skin texture around the eyes.
CremerCOOR ALB C12-15 (C12-15 Alkyl Benzoate) is employed in the creation of natural and organic hair conditioners, enhancing hair texture and manageability.

CremerCOOR ALB C12-15 (C12-15 Alkyl Benzoate) plays a role in natural and organic blush formulations, contributing to a seamless and blendable application on the cheeks.
CremerCOOR ALB C12-15 (C12-15 Alkyl Benzoate) is found in natural and organic body washes, contributing to a luxurious lather and skin-conditioning properties.
In natural and organic body scrubs, it enhances the exfoliating and moisturizing effects on the skin.

CremerCOOR ALB C12-15 (C12-15 Alkyl Benzoate) is utilized in the production of natural and organic mascaras, contributing to a clump-free and conditioning formula.
CremerCOOR ALB C12-15 (C12-15 Alkyl Benzoate) finds application in the creation of natural and organic lip scrubs, aiding in exfoliation and smoothing of the lips.

In natural and organic deodorant formulations, it enhances glide and comfort during application while maintaining natural ingredients.
CremerCOOR ALB C12-15 (C12-15 Alkyl Benzoate) is used in the formulation of natural and organic eyebrow pencils, aiding in the smooth application and blending of color.
In the production of natural and organic bath salts, C12-15 Alkyl Benzoate contributes to the dispersion of fragrance and moisturizing effects.

CremerCOOR ALB C12-15 (C12-15 Alkyl Benzoate) is included in natural and organic body mists, providing a lightweight and non-greasy texture for a refreshing application.
CremerCOOR ALB C12-15 (C12-15 Alkyl Benzoate) is found in the creation of natural and organic hand sanitizers, counteracting the drying effects of alcohol on the skin.
In the formulation of natural and organic dry shampoos, it provides a non-greasy and refreshing option for hair cleansing.

CremerCOOR ALB C12-15 (C12-15 Alkyl Benzoate) is utilized in the production of natural and organic solid perfumes, ensuring a smooth and easily applicable consistency.
CremerCOOR ALB C12-15 (C12-15 Alkyl Benzoate) is present in natural and organic acne treatment products, delivering active ingredients without causing excessive dryness.

CremerCOOR ALB C12-15 (C12-15 Alkyl Benzoate) is employed in the formulation of natural and organic cuticle oils, contributing to the nourishment of cuticles.
In the production of natural and organic cuticle conditioners, it aids in maintaining healthy and hydrated cuticles.
CremerCOOR ALB C12-15 (C12-15 Alkyl Benzoate) is used in natural and organic eyebrow pomades, ensuring a smooth application and long-lasting color.
CremerCOOR ALB C12-15 (C12-15 Alkyl Benzoate) is found in natural and organic packaging, contributing to the overall formulation's stability and shelf life.

CremerCOOR ALB C12-15 (C12-15 Alkyl Benzoate) plays a role in the creation of natural and organic fragrance-enhancing lotions, ensuring a long-lasting scent.
In the formulation of natural and organic baby care products, it provides gentle moisturization for delicate baby skin.
CremerCOOR ALB C12-15 (C12-15 Alkyl Benzoate) is utilized in the production of natural and organic massage oils, enhancing the glide and skin-conditioning properties during massages.

In natural and organic facial masks, C12-15 Alkyl Benzoate contributes to a smooth and easy-to-remove texture.
CremerCOOR ALB C12-15 (C12-15 Alkyl Benzoate) is used in natural and organic cuticle creams, providing intensive conditioning for nails and cuticles.
CremerCOOR ALB C12-15 (C12-15 Alkyl Benzoate) is employed in the formulation of natural and organic beard oils, offering conditioning benefits for facial hair and skin.
In the production of natural and organic foot creams, it aids in softening rough skin and providing moisture.

CremerCOOR ALB C12-15 (C12-15 Alkyl Benzoate) finds application in natural and organic body butter formulations, ensuring a rich and creamy texture for deep hydration.
CremerCOOR ALB C12-15 (C12-15 Alkyl Benzoate) is used in natural and organic hand masks, contributing to the overall moisturizing and nourishing effects.
CremerCOOR ALB C12-15 (C12-15 Alkyl Benzoate) is present in natural and organic sunscreen lotions, aiding in even coverage and smooth application.
In the creation of natural and organic after-sun products, it provides a soothing and moisturizing base for post-sun exposure care.

CremerCOOR ALB C12-15 (C12-15 Alkyl Benzoate) is included in natural and organic lip balm formulations, offering hydration and protection for the lips.
CremerCOOR ALB C12-15 (C12-15 Alkyl Benzoate) is found in natural and organic shower gels, contributing to a luxurious lather and skin-friendly cleansing.
CremerCOOR ALB C12-15 (C12-15 Alkyl Benzoate) plays a role in natural and organic hand washes, ensuring effective cleansing without causing dryness.
In natural and organic baby oils, it provides gentle and nourishing care for delicate baby skin.

CremerCOOR ALB C12-15 (C12-15 Alkyl Benzoate) is used in natural and organic hair styling balms, offering hold and definition without weighing the hair down.
In natural and organic bath bombs, it contributes to the dispersion of essential oils and moisturizing ingredients.
CremerCOOR ALB C12-15 (C12-15 Alkyl Benzoate) finds application in natural and organic foot scrubs, aiding in the removal of dead skin cells and calluses.
CremerCOOR ALB C12-15 (C12-15 Alkyl Benzoate) is included in natural and organic massage lotions, enhancing the glide and overall skin-conditioning properties.

CremerCOOR ALB C12-15 (C12-15 Alkyl Benzoate) is utilized in the creation of natural and organic eye makeup removers, ensuring gentle and effective makeup removal.
In natural and organic cleansing lotions, it contributes to the removal of impurities while maintaining skin softness.
CremerCOOR ALB C12-15 (C12-15 Alkyl Benzoate) is found in natural and organic intimate care products, offering gentle and moisturizing effects.
CremerCOOR ALB C12-15 (C12-15 Alkyl Benzoate) is present in natural and organic pre-shave oils, providing a smooth base for shaving.
In natural and organic cuticle serums, it aids in the repair and nourishment of damaged cuticles.

CremerCOOR ALB C12-15 (C12-15 Alkyl Benzoate) plays a role in natural and organic hair serums, contributing to shine, manageability, and frizz control.
CremerCOOR ALB C12-15 (C12-15 Alkyl Benzoate) is used in natural and organic face mist formulations, providing a refreshing and hydrating experience.
In the creation of natural and organic hand exfoliants, it enhances the exfoliating and moisturizing effects on the hands.
CremerCOOR ALB C12-15 (C12-15 Alkyl Benzoate) is included in natural and organic fragrance-free products, ensuring a neutral base for individuals with sensitivities.



DESCRIPTION


C12-15 Alkyl Benzoate, often referred to as CremerCOOR ALB C12-15, is a chemical compound used in the cosmetic and personal care industry.
CremerCOOR ALB C12-15 (C12-15 Alkyl Benzoate) is an ester derived from benzoic acid and a mixture of synthetic fatty alcohols with carbon chain lengths ranging from C12 to C15.
The specific mixture of alkyl groups in the compound gives it the name CremerCOOR ALB C12-15 (C12-15 Alkyl Benzoate).

CremerCOOR ALB C12-15 (C12-15 Alkyl Benzoate) is a clear and colorless liquid with a mild odor.
CremerCOOR ALB C12-15 (C12-15 Alkyl Benzoate) is known for its excellent emollient properties.
Offering a silky and smooth texture, it enhances the sensory experience of cosmetic formulations.

CremerCOOR ALB C12-15 (C12-15 Alkyl Benzoate) is commonly used in skincare products for its lightweight and non-greasy feel.
CremerCOOR ALB C12-15 (C12-15 Alkyl Benzoate) is derived from a mixture of synthetic fatty alcohols with carbon chain lengths ranging from C12 to C15.
CremerCOOR ALB C12-15 (C12-15 Alkyl Benzoate) contributes to the spreadability and easy absorption of cosmetic formulations.

Known for its versatility, it is compatible with a wide range of cosmetic ingredients.
CremerCOOR ALB C12-15 (C12-15 Alkyl Benzoate) serves as a solvent for various components in cosmetic formulations.
In hair care products, it imparts a luxurious feel, aiding in conditioning and styling.

CremerCOOR ALB C12-15 (C12-15 Alkyl Benzoate) acts as a plasticizer for polymers, enhancing flexibility and resilience in certain formulations.
CremerCOOR ALB C12-15 (C12-15 Alkyl Benzoate) is biodegradable, aligning with environmentally conscious practices.

CremerCOOR ALB C12-15 (C12-15 Alkyl Benzoate) is often used in sunscreens, providing a light and non-greasy base for sun protection.
CremerCOOR ALB C12-15 (C12-15 Alkyl Benzoate) is effective in makeup formulations, ensuring even application and blending.
Offering a non-irritating nature, CremerCOOR ALB C12-15 (C12-15 Alkyl Benzoate) is suitable for formulations designed for sensitive skin types.

Due to its smooth skin feel, CremerCOOR ALB C12-15 (C12-15 Alkyl Benzoate) is found in lotions and creams.
CremerCOOR ALB C12-15 (C12-15 Alkyl Benzoate) plays a role in enhancing the stability and shelf life of cosmetic products over time.

The clear and colorless nature of the liquid maintains the aesthetic integrity of formulations.
As a common ingredient in skincare, it aids in preventing dryness and maintaining skin hydration.
CremerCOOR ALB C12-15 (C12-15 Alkyl Benzoate) is utilized in the creation of lightweight and easily absorbed serums.

Its compatibility with other cosmetic oils makes it a versatile component in various formulations.
In foundation formulations, it contributes to the smooth application and blending of pigments.
CremerCOOR ALB C12-15 (C12-15 Alkyl Benzoate) is known for its non-comedogenic properties, making it suitable for facial care products.

CremerCOOR ALB C12-15 (C12-15 Alkyl Benzoate) is often included in formulations for its spreadability in hair masks.
CremerCOOR ALB C12-15 (C12-15 Alkyl Benzoate) finds application in natural and organic product lines, aligning with clean beauty trends.
CremerCOOR ALB C12-15 (C12-15 Alkyl Benzoate)'s non-greasy finish and lightweight nature make it a preferred choice in modern cosmetic formulations.



PROPERTIES


Boiling Point: 374°C
Melting Point: -16°C
Saponification value: 169-182 mg KOH/g
Density at 25°C: 0.915-0.935 g/ml



FIRST AID


Inhalation:

If inhaled, move the affected person to fresh air.
If breathing difficulties persist, seek medical attention.
In case of respiratory irritation or if symptoms persist, consult a physician.


Skin Contact:

In case of skin contact, remove contaminated clothing.
Wash the affected area with plenty of soap and water.
If irritation or redness occurs, seek medical advice.
Contaminated clothing should be laundered before reuse.


Eye Contact:

In case of contact with eyes, rinse cautiously with water for several minutes, removing contact lenses if present.
Seek medical attention if irritation persists.


Ingestion:

If swallowed, do not induce vomiting unless directed by medical personnel.
Rinse mouth with water and seek immediate medical attention.
Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person.



HANDLING AND STORAGE


Handling:

Personal Protective Equipment (PPE):
Wear appropriate protective clothing, including gloves and safety goggles.
Use respiratory protection if there is a risk of inhalation exposure.

Ventilation:
Ensure adequate ventilation in the handling area.
Use local exhaust ventilation or respiratory protection if ventilation is insufficient.

Avoidance of Contact:
Avoid skin and eye contact.
Do not inhale vapors or dust.

Hygiene Practices:
Wash hands and any exposed skin thoroughly after handling.
Launder contaminated clothing before reuse.

Preventive Measures:
Use engineering controls to minimize exposure.
Implement good industrial hygiene practices.


Storage:

Storage Conditions:
Store in a cool, dry place away from direct sunlight and heat sources.
Keep containers tightly closed and properly labeled.

Temperature Control:
Maintain storage temperatures within the specified range provided by the manufacturer.

Separation from Incompatible Materials:
Store away from incompatible materials, such as strong acids, bases, and oxidizing agents.

Avoidance of Contaminants:
Prevent contamination by storing away from sources of moisture or impurities.

Proper Segregation:
Segregate from incompatible substances to prevent unintended reactions.

Storage Containers:
Use containers made of materials compatible with the product.
Ensure containers are properly sealed to prevent leakage or evaporation.

Handling of Bulk Quantities:
For bulk quantities, use appropriate handling equipment and follow guidelines for bulk storage.

Protection Against Physical Damage:
Protect containers from physical damage, such as impact or puncture.

Controlled Access:
Restrict access to authorized personnel only.


Spill and Leak Procedures:

Containment:
In the event of a spill, contain and collect the material using appropriate absorbents.
Prevent further spread of the spilled material.

Cleanup:
Clean up spills promptly, following established procedures.
Dispose of contaminated materials in accordance with local regulations.

Reporting:
Report spills or releases promptly to appropriate authorities as required.


Transportation:

Packaging:
Use packaging that complies with transportation regulations.
Ensure containers are securely sealed and labeled.

Documentation:
Provide necessary documentation during transportation, including safety data sheets.

Compliance:
Adhere to all local and international regulations governing the transportation of hazardous materials.
CREMERCOOR EHL (2-ETHYLHEXYL LAURATE)

CremerCOOR EHL (2-Ethylhexyl Laurate), a clear and colorless liquid, is an ester formed by combining 2-ethylhexyl alcohol and lauric acid.
CremerCOOR EHL (2-Ethylhexyl Laurate) exhibits a mild and pleasant odor, contributing to its use in various cosmetic formulations.
As an emollient, CremerCOOR EHL (2-Ethylhexyl Laurate) imparts a smooth, silky texture to skincare products, enhancing their application.

CAS Number: 84713-06-4
EC Number: 283-798-5

2-Ethylhexyl Laurate, Lauric Acid 2-Ethylhexyl Ester, 2-Ethylhexyl Ester of Lauric Acid, 2-Ethylhexyl Ester of Dodecanoic Acid, Dodecanoic Acid 2-Ethylhexyl Ester, Octyl Laurate, Ester of 2-Ethylhexyl Alcohol and Lauric Acid, Lauric Acid Octyl Ester, EHL, Octyl Ester of Lauric Acid, 2-Ethylhexyl Dodecanoate, Ethylhexyl Laurate, Octyl Laurate Ester, Lauric Acid Octyl Ester, 2-Ethylhexyl Ester of Dodecyl Acid, Lauric Acid Octyl Ester, Ester of 2-Ethylhexyl Alcohol and Lauric Acid, 2-Ethylhexyl Ester of Lauric Acid, Dodecanoic Acid 2-Ethylhexyl Ester, 2-Ethylhexyl Ester of Dodecanoic Acid, Octyl Ester of Lauric Acid, Octyl Ester of Lauric Acid, Lauric Acid 2-Ethylhexyl Ester, Lauric Acid Octyl Ester, 2-Ethylhexyl Ester of Lauric Acid, 2-Ethylhexyl Dodecanoate, 2-Ethylhexyl Ester of Dodecyl Acid, Dodecanoic Acid 2-Ethylhexyl Ester, Octyl Ester of Lauric Acid, Octyl Ester of Lauric Acid, Lauric Acid Octyl Ester, 2-Ethylhexyl Dodecanoate, Ethylhexyl Laurate, Octyl Laurate Ester, Lauric Acid Octyl Ester, 2-Ethylhexyl Ester of Dodecyl Acid, Lauric Acid Octyl Ester, Octyl Ester of Lauric Acid, EHL, 2-Ethylhexyl Ester of Lauric Acid, Lauric Acid 2-Ethylhexyl Ester, Octyl Laurate, 2-Ethylhexyl Dodecanoate, Dodecanoic Acid 2-Ethylhexyl Ester, Octyl Ester of Lauric Acid, Ethylhexyl Laurate, Lauric Acid Octyl Ester, 2-Ethylhexyl Ester of Dodecanoic Acid, Octyl Laurate Ester, EHL, Octyl Ester of Lauric Acid, 2-Ethylhexyl Dodecanoate, 2-Ethylhexyl Ester of Dodecyl Acid, Lauric Acid 2-Ethylhexyl Ester, Lauric Acid Octyl Ester, 2-Ethylhexyl Ester of Lauric Acid, 2-Ethylhexyl Dodecanoate, Octyl Ester of Lauric Acid, Octyl Ester of Lauric Acid, Lauric Acid Octyl Ester, 2-Ethylhexyl Dodecanoate, Ethylhexyl Laurate, Octyl Laurate Ester, Lauric Acid Octyl Ester, 2-Ethylhexyl Ester of Dodecyl Acid, Lauric Acid Octyl Ester, Octyl Ester of Lauric Acid, EHL, 2-Ethylhexyl Ester of Lauric Acid, Lauric Acid 2-Ethylhexyl Ester, Octyl Laurate, 2-Ethylhexyl Dodecanoate, Dodecanoic Acid 2-Ethylhexyl Ester, Octyl Ester of Lauric Acid, Ethylhexyl Laurate, Lauric Acid Octyl Ester, 2-Ethylhexyl Ester of Dodecanoic Acid, Octyl Laurate Ester, EHL, Octyl Ester of Lauric Acid, 2-Ethylhexyl Dodecanoate, 2-Ethylhexyl Ester of Dodecyl Acid, Lauric Acid 2-Ethylhexyl Ester, Lauric Acid Octyl Ester, 2-Ethylhexyl Ester of Lauric Acid, 2-Ethylhexyl Dodecanoate, Octyl Ester of Lauric Acid, Octyl Ester of Lauric Acid, Lauric Acid Octyl Ester, 2-Ethylhexyl Dodecanoate, Ethylhexyl Laurate, Octyl Laurate Ester, Lauric Acid Octyl Ester, 2-Ethylhexyl Ester of Dodecyl Acid, Lauric Acid Octyl Ester, Octyl Ester of Lauric Acid, EHL, 2-Ethylhexyl Ester of Lauric Acid, Lauric Acid 2-Ethylhexyl Ester, Octyl Laurate, 2-Ethylhexyl Dodecano



APPLICATIONS


CremerCOOR EHL (2-Ethylhexyl Laurate) is commonly used as an emollient in skincare products such as lotions and creams.
CremerCOOR EHL (2-Ethylhexyl Laurate) is a key ingredient in facial moisturizers, contributing to the smooth and soft feel on the skin.

CremerCOOR EHL (2-Ethylhexyl Laurate) is found in sunscreens, where its non-greasy texture enhances the application and wearability of the product.
In natural and organic formulations, 2-Ethylhexyl Laurate is utilized to create luxurious body oils and massage blends.
CremerCOOR EHL (2-Ethylhexyl Laurate) is often included in hand creams, providing a silky texture while moisturizing the skin.

As a skin-conditioning agent, it is present in various natural and organic serums for its beneficial effects.
CremerCOOR EHL (2-Ethylhexyl Laurate) is incorporated into body lotions to improve spreadability and ensure even coverage.
In the production of natural and organic facial masks, it contributes to a smooth and easily applicable texture.
CremerCOOR EHL (2-Ethylhexyl Laurate) is used in the formulation of natural and organic lip balms, offering hydration without a greasy feel.

In the creation of fragrance-free products, 2-Ethylhexyl Laurate provides a neutral base for sensitive skin.
CremerCOOR EHL (2-Ethylhexyl Laurate) plays a role in natural and organic foundations, ensuring a seamless and blendable makeup application.

In skincare serums, it enhances the absorption of active ingredients while maintaining a lightweight consistency.
CremerCOOR EHL (2-Ethylhexyl Laurate) is utilized in the formulation of natural and organic hair conditioners for its conditioning properties.

Found in deodorants, CremerCOOR EHL (2-Ethylhexyl Laurate) contributes to a comfortable glide during application, enhancing user experience.
As an ingredient in natural and organic night creams, CremerCOOR EHL (2-Ethylhexyl Laurate) adds to the skin-conditioning properties for overnight rejuvenation.
CremerCOOR EHL (2-Ethylhexyl Laurate) is present in natural and organic body scrubs, aiding in exfoliation and moisturization.
In the production of natural and organic lip scrubs, 2-Ethylhexyl Laurate enhances the exfoliating effects.

CremerCOOR EHL (2-Ethylhexyl Laurate) is included in natural and organic massage oils, providing a non-greasy glide during massages.
Used in natural and organic eye creams, CremerCOOR EHL (2-Ethylhexyl Laurate) contributes to a smooth and gentle application around the eyes.
CremerCOOR EHL (2-Ethylhexyl Laurate) is found in natural and organic baby care products, offering gentle moisturization for delicate skin.

In natural and organic facial cleansers, it aids in the removal of impurities without causing dryness.
CremerCOOR EHL (2-Ethylhexyl Laurate) is a component of natural and organic body mists, providing a lightweight and non-greasy texture.
CremerCOOR EHL (2-Ethylhexyl Laurate) is utilized in the creation of natural and organic cuticle oils for nail and cuticle nourishment.

As a plasticizer for polymers, CremerCOOR EHL (2-Ethylhexyl Laurate) is included in certain cosmetic formulations for enhanced flexibility.
In natural and organic hair serums, CremerCOOR EHL (2-Ethylhexyl Laurate) contributes to shine, manageability, and frizz control.

Included in natural and organic pre-shave oils, 2-Ethylhexyl Laurate provides a smooth base for a comfortable shaving experience.
CremerCOOR EHL (2-Ethylhexyl Laurate) is a key component in natural and organic facial cleansers, contributing to effective cleansing without stripping the skin of natural oils.
Used in the formulation of natural and organic hair styling balms, CremerCOOR EHL (2-Ethylhexyl Laurate) offers hold and definition without weighing down the hair.

CremerCOOR EHL (2-Ethylhexyl Laurate) is present in natural and organic foot creams, providing intensive moisturization for rough and dry skin.
As an ingredient in natural and organic bath bombs, CremerCOOR EHL (2-Ethylhexyl Laurate) aids in the dispersion of essential oils and moisturizing ingredients.

Included in natural and organic intimate care products, CremerCOOR EHL (2-Ethylhexyl Laurate) offers gentle and nourishing effects on sensitive areas.
Used in the creation of natural and organic hand exfoliants, CremerCOOR EHL (2-Ethylhexyl Laurate) enhances the exfoliating and moisturizing effects on the hands.

In natural and organic fragrance-free formulations, 2-Ethylhexyl Laurate ensures a neutral base for those with fragrance sensitivities.
CremerCOOR EHL (2-Ethylhexyl Laurate) is incorporated into natural and organic cuticle serums, aiding in the repair and nourishment of damaged cuticles.
Present in natural and organic hair masks, CremerCOOR EHL (2-Ethylhexyl Laurate) adds a luxurious feel and helps with detangling and manageability.

Included in the formulation of natural and organic foot scrubs, it assists in the removal of dead skin cells and calluses.
Used in natural and organic eye makeup removers, CremerCOOR EHL (2-Ethylhexyl Laurate) ensures gentle and effective makeup removal.
CremerCOOR EHL (2-Ethylhexyl Laurate) is a component of natural and organic hand washes, providing effective cleansing without causing dryness.

Present in natural and organic hair masks, CremerCOOR EHL (2-Ethylhexyl Laurate) adds a luxurious feel and helps with detangling and manageability.
Included in natural and organic baby creams, CremerCOOR EHL (2-Ethylhexyl Laurate) offers gentle moisturization for the delicate skin of infants.
Used in natural and organic lip gloss formulations, CremerCOOR EHL (2-Ethylhexyl Laurate) provides a smooth and glossy texture for enhanced lip appearance.
As an ingredient in natural and organic foot masks, CremerCOOR EHL (2-Ethylhexyl Laurate) aids in softening and moisturizing rough skin.

Included in natural and organic sunscreen lotions, CremerCOOR EHL (2-Ethylhexyl Laurate) contributes to even coverage and a non-greasy feel.
Utilized in natural and organic body butters, 2-Ethylhexyl Laurate ensures a rich and creamy texture for deep hydration.
As a component of natural and organic hand sanitizers, CremerCOOR EHL (2-Ethylhexyl Laurate) adds a moisturizing element to counteract potential dryness.
Present in natural and organic anti-aging serums, it contributes to the overall skin-conditioning and anti-wrinkle effects.

Used in natural and organic beard oils, CremerCOOR EHL (2-Ethylhexyl Laurate) provides conditioning benefits for facial hair and the underlying skin.
As an ingredient in natural and organic foot masks, it aids in softening and moisturizing rough skin.
Included in natural and organic cuticle creams, it helps maintain healthy and nourished cuticles.
Utilized in natural and organic massage lotions, 2-Ethylhexyl Laurate enhances the glide and overall skin-conditioning properties during massages.

Found in natural and organic BB creams, CremerCOOR EHL (2-Ethylhexyl Laurate) provides a lightweight base with skin-conditioning benefits.
As an ingredient in natural and organic tinted moisturizers, 2-Ethylhexyl Laurate enhances the blendability and texture.
Used in natural and organic aftershaves, CremerCOOR EHL (2-Ethylhexyl Laurate) contributes to a soothing and moisturizing post-shave experience.

Included in natural and organic hair serums, CremerCOOR EHL (2-Ethylhexyl Laurate) helps tame frizz and adds a glossy finish to the hair.
In natural and organic cuticle balms, CremerCOOR EHL (2-Ethylhexyl Laurate) aids in the healing and nourishment of dry cuticles.
Found in natural and organic scalp treatments, CremerCOOR EHL (2-Ethylhexyl Laurate) adds a conditioning element to promote a healthy scalp.

Utilized in natural and organic hand sanitizing gels, CremerCOOR EHL (2-Ethylhexyl Laurate) ensures a moisturizing effect without a sticky residue.
As an ingredient in natural and organic cleansing oils, it assists in breaking down makeup and impurities.
Present in natural and organic body washes, CremerCOOR EHL (2-Ethylhexyl Laurate) contributes to a creamy and nourishing cleansing experience.
Used in natural and organic baby oils, CremerCOOR EHL (2-Ethylhexyl Laurate) offers gentle moisturization for delicate skin.

Included in natural and organic body scrubs, CremerCOOR EHL (2-Ethylhexyl Laurate) enhances the exfoliating effects while leaving the skin soft.
In natural and organic lip balm formulations, CremerCOOR EHL (2-Ethylhexyl Laurate) provides a smooth and moisturizing texture for the lips.

Found in natural and organic beard balms, it conditions facial hair and soothes the skin underneath.
Utilized in natural and organic foot creams, CremerCOOR EHL (2-Ethylhexyl Laurate) aids in softening and moisturizing rough skin.
In natural and organic night creams, CremerCOOR EHL (2-Ethylhexyl Laurate) adds to the skin-conditioning properties for overnight rejuvenation.

Used in natural and organic hair pomades, CremerCOOR EHL (2-Ethylhexyl Laurate) provides a pliable hold with added shine.
As an ingredient in natural and organic intimate washes, it ensures a gentle and nourishing cleansing experience.
Present in natural and organic dry shampoo formulations, it enhances the spreadability and application.

Included in natural and organic hair mists, CremerCOOR EHL (2-Ethylhexyl Laurate) adds a lightweight conditioning element for daily use.
Utilized in natural and organic lip scrubs, CremerCOOR EHL (2-Ethylhexyl Laurate) enhances the exfoliating effects.
In natural and organic cleansing balms, CremerCOOR EHL (2-Ethylhexyl Laurate) assists in removing makeup and impurities while moisturizing.
Found in natural and organic sunless tanning lotions, CremerCOOR EHL (2-Ethylhexyl Laurate) contributes to an even and smooth application.
As an ingredient in natural and organic body powders, CremerCOOR EHL (2-Ethylhexyl Laurate) provides a silky and non-irritating texture.

Used in natural and organic hair masks, CremerCOOR EHL (2-Ethylhexyl Laurate) adds a luxurious feel and helps with detangling and manageability.
Included in natural and organic deodorant creams, CremerCOOR EHL (2-Ethylhexyl Laurate) offers a smooth application and helps with underarm moisturization.



DESCRIPTION


CremerCOOR EHL (2-Ethylhexyl Laurate), a clear and colorless liquid, is an ester formed by combining 2-ethylhexyl alcohol and lauric acid.
CremerCOOR EHL (2-Ethylhexyl Laurate) exhibits a mild and pleasant odor, contributing to its use in various cosmetic formulations.
As an emollient, CremerCOOR EHL (2-Ethylhexyl Laurate) imparts a smooth, silky texture to skincare products, enhancing their application.
Known for its compatibility with cosmetic oils, CremerCOOR EHL (2-Ethylhexyl Laurate) seamlessly blends with other ingredients in formulations.

The non-greasy and lightweight consistency of CremerCOOR EHL (2-Ethylhexyl Laurate) makes it ideal for creating luxurious lotions and creams.
Offering a fine balance, CremerCOOR EHL (2-Ethylhexyl Laurate) enhances spreadability without compromising on moisturizing properties.
Octyl Ester of Lauric Acid, another name for this compound, is commonly used to improve the texture of hand creams and body lotions.

CremerCOOR EHL (2-Ethylhexyl Laurate) serves as a skin-conditioning agent, leaving the skin soft and supple after application.
In facial care products, CremerCOOR EHL (2-Ethylhexyl Laurate) avoids pore-clogging, making it suitable for various skin types.
The versatility of this ester extends to makeup formulations, providing a seamless and blendable base.

As a solubilizer for fragrances, CremerCOOR EHL (2-Ethylhexyl Laurate) ensures the even distribution of scents in cosmetic products.
CremerCOOR EHL (2-Ethylhexyl Laurate) is renowned for its application in sunscreens, offering a light and non-greasy solution for effective sun protection.
Its emollient properties extend to hair care products, contributing to the luxurious feel of conditioners.
The compatibility of CremerCOOR EHL (2-Ethylhexyl Laurate) with various cosmetic ingredients makes it a valuable component in skincare serums.

Octyl Laurate Ester, a synonym for this compound, is a common choice for creating natural and organic formulations.
CremerCOOR EHL (2-Ethylhexyl Laurate) enhances the spreadability of serums, ensuring even coverage and absorption.
CremerCOOR EHL (2-Ethylhexyl Laurate)'s stability and non-irritating nature make it suitable for sensitive skin formulations.

CremerCOOR EHL (2-Ethylhexyl Laurate) plays a role in natural and organic foundations, contributing to a smooth and blendable makeup application.
Used in fragrance-free products, CremerCOOR EHL (2-Ethylhexyl Laurate) provides a neutral base for individuals with sensitivities.
The biodegradability of this ester aligns with environmentally conscious cosmetic formulations.

As a plasticizer for polymers, CremerCOOR EHL (2-Ethylhexyl Laurate) contributes to the flexibility of certain cosmetic products.
In natural and organic skincare, CremerCOOR EHL (2-Ethylhexyl Laurate) finds a place in night creams, adding to their skin-conditioning properties.
CremerCOOR EHL (2-Ethylhexyl Laurate) is present in natural and organic body oils, offering a non-greasy and moisturizing solution.

Its inclusion in deodorants enhances glide during application, providing comfort to the user.
The mild and versatile nature of CremerCOOR EHL (2-Ethylhexyl Laurate) makes it a staple in a wide range of cosmetic and personal care products.



PROPERTIES


Chemical Formula: C18H36O2
Chemical Structure: Ester of 2-ethylhexyl alcohol and lauric acid.
Physical State: Liquid
Color: Colorless
Odor: Mild and pleasant
Solubility: Soluble in various cosmetic oils and ingredients.
Texture: Non-greasy and lightweight
Consistency: Provides a smooth and silky texture.
Emollient Properties: Acts as an emollient, contributing to soft and supple skin.
Skin-Conditioning Agent: Enhances the overall condition of the skin.
Spreadability: Improves the spreadability of cosmetic formulations.
Compatibility: Compatible with a variety of cosmetic ingredients.
Moisturization: Provides moisturizing properties without a greasy feel.
Absorption: Enhances the absorption of active ingredients in formulations.



FIRST AID


Inhalation:

If inhaled, move the affected person to fresh air.
If breathing difficulties persist, seek medical attention.
Administer artificial respiration if the person is not breathing.


Skin Contact:

In case of skin contact, remove contaminated clothing and wash the affected area with soap and water.
If irritation persists, seek medical attention.
Contaminated clothing should be laundered before reuse.


Eye Contact:

In case of eye contact, immediately flush the eyes with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes, lifting the upper and lower eyelids occasionally.
Seek medical attention if irritation or redness persists.


Ingestion:

If swallowed, rinse the mouth thoroughly with water.
Do not induce vomiting unless directed by medical personnel.
Seek medical attention, and provide the medical personnel with information about the ingested substance.


General First Aid:

If any symptoms of discomfort or irritation persist, seek medical attention promptly.
Provide medical personnel with information about the chemical, including its name and composition.


Notes for Medical Personnel:

Treat symptomatically based on the individual's condition.
If significant exposure occurs, consider the possibility of aspiration and monitor for respiratory distress.
In case of ingestion, consider the potential for aspiration into the lungs.


Emergency Contacts:

Know the local emergency contact numbers for poison control and medical assistance.
Provide emergency responders with information about the chemical, including its name, composition, and CAS number.



HANDLING AND STORAGE


Handling:

Personal Protection:
Wear appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE), including gloves and safety glasses, to minimize direct contact with the substance.
Consider the use of protective clothing to prevent skin exposure.
Use in a well-ventilated area or provide local exhaust ventilation to control airborne concentrations.

Avoidance of Contact:
Avoid direct skin contact and inhalation of vapors or mists.
Wash hands thoroughly after handling, especially before eating, drinking, or smoking.

Storage:
Store in a cool, dry, and well-ventilated area.
Keep containers tightly closed when not in use to prevent contamination and evaporation.
Store away from incompatible materials, such as strong acids, bases, and oxidizing agents.

Handling Precautions:
Use non-sparking tools when handling the substance.
Ground and bond containers during transfer operations to prevent static discharge.
Implement good industrial hygiene practices to minimize exposure.

Equipment Cleaning:
Thoroughly clean equipment after use to prevent cross-contamination with other materials.
Dispose of cleaning materials properly, following local regulations.


Storage:

Temperature and Humidity:
Store at temperatures recommended by the manufacturer.
Avoid storage in areas with extreme temperature fluctuations.

Container Material:
Use containers made of compatible materials, such as high-density polyethylene (HDPE) or stainless steel.
Check for any signs of container damage or leaks regularly.

Light Sensitivity:
Protect the substance from direct sunlight or other sources of UV radiation, as exposure may lead to degradation.

Segregation:
Segregate from incompatible materials and substances.
Clearly label containers with the contents and any associated hazards.

Fire Prevention:
Keep away from open flames, sparks, and heat sources.
Ensure the storage area is equipped with appropriate fire extinguishing equipment.

Emergency Response:
Have emergency response measures in place, including spill control materials and equipment.
Train personnel on proper handling and emergency procedures.
CREMERCOOR EHO (2-ETHYLHEXYL OLEATE)

CremerCOOR EHO (2-Ethylhexyl Oleate) is a clear and colorless liquid used in various cosmetic formulations.
CremerCOOR EHO (2-Ethylhexyl Oleate), also known as EHO, exhibits excellent solubility in cosmetic oils.
CremerCOOR EHO (2-Ethylhexyl Oleate) is renowned for its non-greasy texture, making it ideal for skincare products.

CAS Number: 26399-02-0
EC Number: 247-655-0

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APPLICATIONS


CremerCOOR EHO (2-Ethylhexyl Oleate) finds application in the formulation of facial moisturizers, contributing to their lightweight and non-greasy texture.
CremerCOOR EHO (2-Ethylhexyl Oleate) is commonly used in the production of sunscreen lotions, providing even coverage and a pleasant feel on the skin.
As a key ingredient in night creams, CremerCOOR EHO (2-Ethylhexyl Oleate) aids in delivering overnight skin nourishment and hydration.

CremerCOOR EHO (2-Ethylhexyl Oleate) serves as an emollient in hand creams, promoting softness and smoothness for hands.
In the realm of baby care products, ethylhexyl oleate is often incorporated into baby creams to provide gentle moisturization.

CremerCOOR EHO (2-Ethylhexyl Oleate) is utilized in cleansing lotions, enhancing their effectiveness in removing impurities without causing dryness.
CremerCOOR EHO (2-Ethylhexyl Oleate) is found in massage lotions, contributing to a smooth glide and overall skin-conditioning during massages.
CremerCOOR EHO (2-Ethylhexyl Oleate) is a favored ingredient in cosmetic formulations aiming for fragrance enhancement and longevity.

In the realm of hair care, 2-Ethylhexyl oleate is used in hair conditioners for its detangling and conditioning properties.
CremerCOOR EHO (2-Ethylhexyl Oleate) is incorporated into night creams, contributing to the repair and rejuvenation of the skin while asleep.

CremerCOOR EHO (2-Ethylhexyl Oleate) is present in body lotions, ensuring a lightweight and moisturizing experience upon application.
As a component in hand sanitizers, CremerCOOR EHO (2-Ethylhexyl Oleate) adds a moisturizing element to counteract potential dryness.
In the formulation of lip gloss, CremerCOOR EHO (2-Ethylhexyl Oleate) contributes to a smooth and glossy texture for enhanced lip appearance.

CremerCOOR EHO (2-Ethylhexyl Oleate) serves as an ingredient in foot creams, aiding in the softening and moisturizing of rough skin.
CremerCOOR EHO (2-Ethylhexyl Oleate) is a valuable addition to fragranced creams, helping to stabilize and enhance the fragrance notes.

In the production of intimate care products, octyl oleate provides gentle and nourishing effects on sensitive areas.
CremerCOOR EHO (2-Ethylhexyl Oleate) is included in facial cleansers, ensuring effective cleansing without stripping the skin of natural oils.
CremerCOOR EHO (2-Ethylhexyl Oleate) is used in the formulation of hand exfoliants, enhancing exfoliation while maintaining skin moisture.

CremerCOOR EHO (2-Ethylhexyl Oleate) is found in formulations of baby oils, offering gentle and hydrating care for delicate infant skin.
In the creation of anti-aging serums, ethylhexyl oleate contributes to the overall skin-conditioning and anti-wrinkle effects.

CremerCOOR EHO (2-Ethylhexyl Oleate) is utilized in the production of hair masks, adding a luxurious feel and aiding in detangling.
CremerCOOR EHO (2-Ethylhexyl Oleate) is incorporated into body butters, ensuring a rich and creamy texture for deep hydration.

CremerCOOR EHO (2-Ethylhexyl Oleate) serves as a component in deodorant creams, providing a smooth application and underarm moisturization.
In the realm of foot scrubs, CremerCOOR EHO (2-Ethylhexyl Oleate) assists in the removal of dead skin cells and calluses.
CremerCOOR EHO (2-Ethylhexyl Oleate) is present in formulations of fragrance-free products, offering a neutral base for those with fragrance sensitivities.

Found in natural and organic BB creams, CremerCOOR EHO (2-Ethylhexyl Oleate) provides a lightweight base with skin-conditioning benefits.
As an ingredient in natural and organic tinted moisturizers, CremerCOOR EHO (2-Ethylhexyl Oleate) enhances the blendability and texture.

Used in natural and organic aftershaves, CremerCOOR EHO (2-Ethylhexyl Oleate) contributes to a soothing and moisturizing post-shave experience.
Included in natural and organic hair serums, CremerCOOR EHO (2-Ethylhexyl Oleate) helps tame frizz and adds a glossy finish to the hair.

In natural and organic cuticle balms, CremerCOOR EHO (2-Ethylhexyl Oleate) aids in the healing and nourishment of dry cuticles.
Found in natural and organic scalp treatments, CremerCOOR EHO (2-Ethylhexyl Oleate) adds a conditioning element to promote a healthy scalp.
Utilized in natural and organic hand sanitizing gels, CremerCOOR EHO (2-Ethylhexyl Oleate) ensures a moisturizing effect without a sticky residue.

As an ingredient in natural and organic cleansing oils, CremerCOOR EHO (2-Ethylhexyl Oleate) assists in breaking down makeup and impurities.
Present in natural and organic body washes, CremerCOOR EHO (2-Ethylhexyl Oleate) contributes to a creamy and nourishing cleansing experience.
Used in natural and organic baby oils, CremerCOOR EHO (2-Ethylhexyl Oleate) offers gentle moisturization for delicate skin.

Included in natural and organic body scrubs, CremerCOOR EHO (2-Ethylhexyl Oleate) enhances the exfoliating effects while leaving the skin soft.
In natural and organic lip balm formulations, CremerCOOR EHO (2-Ethylhexyl Oleate) provides a smooth and moisturizing texture for the lips.
Found in natural and organic beard balms, it conditions facial hair and soothes the skin underneath.

Utilized in natural and organic foot creams, CremerCOOR EHO (2-Ethylhexyl Oleate) aids in softening and moisturizing rough skin.
In natural and organic night creams, CremerCOOR EHO (2-Ethylhexyl Oleate) adds to the skin-conditioning properties for overnight rejuvenation.
Used in natural and organic hair pomades, CremerCOOR EHO (2-Ethylhexyl Oleate) provides a pliable hold with added shine.

As an ingredient in natural and organic intimate washes, CremerCOOR EHO (2-Ethylhexyl Oleate) ensures a gentle and nourishing cleansing experience.
Present in natural and organic dry shampoo formulations, it enhances the spreadability and application.
Included in natural and organic hair mists, it adds a lightweight conditioning element for daily use.

Utilized in natural and organic lip scrubs, CremerCOOR EHO (2-Ethylhexyl Oleate) enhances the exfoliating effects.
In natural and organic cleansing balms, it assists in removing makeup and impurities while moisturizing.
Found in natural and organic sunless tanning lotions, it contributes to an even and smooth application.

As an ingredient in natural and organic body powders, CremerCOOR EHO (2-Ethylhexyl Oleate) provides a silky and non-irritating texture.
Used in natural and organic hair masks, CremerCOOR EHO (2-Ethylhexyl Oleate) adds a luxurious feel and helps with detangling and manageability.
Included in natural and organic deodorant creams, CremerCOOR EHO (2-Ethylhexyl Oleate) offers a smooth application and helps with underarm moisturization.

In natural and organic cuticle oils, CremerCOOR EHO (2-Ethylhexyl Oleate) promotes the health of nail beds and cuticles.
Utilized in natural and organic hair conditioners, CremerCOOR EHO (2-Ethylhexyl Oleate) imparts a silky texture to the hair.

Included in natural and organic eye makeup removers, CremerCOOR EHO (2-Ethylhexyl Oleate) effectively dissolves and removes eye makeup while nourishing the delicate eye area.
Found in natural and organic body lotions, CremerCOOR EHO (2-Ethylhexyl Oleate) contributes to long-lasting hydration and skin softness.

As an ingredient in natural and organic lip glosses, CremerCOOR EHO (2-Ethylhexyl Oleate) enhances glossiness and provides a comfortable wear.
Used in natural and organic massage oils, CremerCOOR EHO (2-Ethylhexyl Oleate) ensures smooth gliding and skin conditioning during massages.

In natural and organic antiperspirant creams, CremerCOOR EHO (2-Ethylhexyl Oleate) adds a moisturizing element to combat dryness.
Present in natural and organic sunscreens, CremerCOOR EHO (2-Ethylhexyl Oleate) aids in the even distribution of the sunscreen on the skin.
Included in natural and organic foot balms, it helps soothe tired and achy feet while moisturizing the skin.

Utilized in natural and organic body balms, CremerCOOR EHO (2-Ethylhexyl Oleate) provides intensive moisturization for targeted areas.
As an ingredient in natural and organic face masks, CremerCOOR EHO (2-Ethylhexyl Oleate) contributes to a creamy and spreadable consistency.

Found in natural and organic body oils, CremerCOOR EHO (2-Ethylhexyl Oleate) delivers a luxurious and nourishing experience for the skin.
In natural and organic hand creams, it aids in softening the skin and preventing dryness.
Used in natural and organic makeup primers, it creates a smooth base for makeup application.

Included in natural and organic shaving creams, CremerCOOR EHO (2-Ethylhexyl Oleate) contributes to a smooth and moisturizing shaving experience.
Utilized in natural and organic body butters, CremerCOOR EHO (2-Ethylhexyl Oleate) ensures deep and long-lasting hydration.
Present in natural and organic hair styling creams, it helps with styling and adds a touch of shine.

In natural and organic bath oils, it enhances the bath experience by leaving the skin soft and moisturized.
Found in natural and organic blush formulations, CremerCOOR EHO (2-Ethylhexyl Oleate) aids in achieving a smooth and blendable texture.
As an ingredient in natural and organic hand soaps, CremerCOOR EHO (2-Ethylhexyl Oleate) prevents skin from drying out after washing.

Included in natural and organic body serums, it contributes to a lightweight and easily absorbed formula.
Utilized in natural and organic pre-shampoo treatments, CremerCOOR EHO (2-Ethylhexyl Oleate) helps condition the hair before cleansing.
In natural and organic body milks, it ensures a lightweight and hydrating application for daily use.

Used in natural and organic cuticle creams, CremerCOOR EHO (2-Ethylhexyl Oleate) promotes healthy and moisturized cuticles.
Present in natural and organic body sprays, CremerCOOR EHO (2-Ethylhexyl Oleate) adds a conditioning element and enhances the longevity of fragrance.

In natural and organic makeup setting sprays, CremerCOOR EHO (2-Ethylhexyl Oleate) helps set makeup while providing a dewy finish.
Used in natural and organic body scrubs, CremerCOOR EHO (2-Ethylhexyl Oleate) aids in the removal of dead skin cells for smoother skin.
Included in natural and organic hair conditioners, it assists in detangling and improving overall hair manageability.
Utilized in natural and organic bath bombs, it contributes to a luxurious and moisturizing bathing experience.

As an ingredient in natural and organic hand exfoliants, CremerCOOR EHO (2-Ethylhexyl Oleate) enhances the exfoliation process while maintaining skin moisture.
Found in natural and organic hair mousse formulations, CremerCOOR EHO (2-Ethylhexyl Oleate) provides a light and flexible hold without stiffness.

In natural and organic nail polishes, it contributes to a smooth and even application while nourishing the nail bed.
Included in natural and organic eye creams, it aids in reducing the appearance of fine lines and dryness around the eyes.
Utilized in natural and organic foot scrubs, CremerCOOR EHO (2-Ethylhexyl Oleate) assists in the removal of calluses and rough skin on the feet.

Present in natural and organic dry skin remedies, CremerCOOR EHO (2-Ethylhexyl Oleate) helps soothe and hydrate dry and flaky skin.
As an ingredient in natural and organic illuminating creams, CremerCOOR EHO (2-Ethylhexyl Oleate) imparts a subtle radiance for a healthy complexion.
Found in natural and organic cuticle conditioners, it promotes healthy and moisturized cuticles and nails.

Used in natural and organic body gels, CremerCOOR EHO (2-Ethylhexyl Oleate) contributes to a refreshing and moisturizing shower experience.
In natural and organic hair detanglers, it aids in smoothing out knots and tangles for easier combing.
Included in natural and organic eyebrow serums, CremerCOOR EHO (2-Ethylhexyl Oleate) helps condition and nourish the eyebrows for a fuller appearance.

Utilized in natural and organic makeup removers, CremerCOOR EHO (2-Ethylhexyl Oleate) effectively lifts away makeup while caring for the skin.
Present in natural and organic shimmer lotions, CremerCOOR EHO (2-Ethylhexyl Oleate) adds a subtle glow to the skin for a luminous effect.
As an ingredient in natural and organic cuticle oils, it provides targeted hydration and care for nail areas.
Found in natural and organic body polishes, it enhances the polishing effect while leaving the skin moisturized.

In natural and organic highlighter formulations, CremerCOOR EHO (2-Ethylhexyl Oleate) contributes to a smooth and blendable texture.
Used in natural and organic beard oils, it conditions facial hair and the underlying skin for a well-groomed appearance.
Included in natural and organic foot masks, CremerCOOR EHO (2-Ethylhexyl Oleate) aids in softening and rejuvenating tired and cracked feet.

Utilized in natural and organic hair serums for split ends, it helps seal and nourish damaged hair tips.
In natural and organic eye serums, CremerCOOR EHO (2-Ethylhexyl Oleate) contributes to a lightweight and easily absorbed formula for the delicate eye area.
Present in natural and organic body soufflés, CremerCOOR EHO (2-Ethylhexyl Oleate) ensures a light and fluffy texture for easy application and absorption.



DESCRIPTION


CremerCOOR EHO (2-Ethylhexyl Oleate) is a clear and colorless liquid used in various cosmetic formulations.
CremerCOOR EHO (2-Ethylhexyl Oleate), also known as EHO, exhibits excellent solubility in cosmetic oils.

CremerCOOR EHO (2-Ethylhexyl Oleate) is renowned for its non-greasy texture, making it ideal for skincare products.
As a key ingredient in cosmetic formulations, CremerCOOR EHO (2-Ethylhexyl Oleate) contributes to a luxurious feel.

CremerCOOR EHO (2-Ethylhexyl Oleate) serves as a skin-conditioning agent, promoting soft and supple skin upon application.
Its mild and pleasant odor enhances the overall sensory experience of cosmetic products.

CremerCOOR EHO (2-Ethylhexyl Oleate) acts as a solvent, facilitating the incorporation of other cosmetic ingredients.
CremerCOOR EHO (2-Ethylhexyl Oleate) is widely used in formulations aiming for smooth and even coverage on the skin.

As an emollient, ethylhexyl oleate aids in preventing moisture loss from the skin.
The fluid nature of CremerCOOR EHO (2-Ethylhexyl Oleate) ensures easy spreadability in cosmetic applications.
CremerCOOR EHO (2-Ethylhexyl Oleate) is particularly valued for its compatibility with various cosmetic materials.

CremerCOOR EHO (2-Ethylhexyl Oleate) is a commonly chosen additive for its enhancing effects on product texture.
CremerCOOR EHO (2-Ethylhexyl Oleate)'s excellent stability makes it suitable for a wide range of cosmetic formulations.

CremerCOOR EHO (2-Ethylhexyl Oleate) is often found in skincare products, contributing to their overall efficacy.
CremerCOOR EHO (2-Ethylhexyl Oleate) serves as a vital component in formulations requiring a lightweight texture.
CremerCOOR EHO (2-Ethylhexyl Oleate) is frequently used in sunscreen lotions, ensuring an even and non-greasy application.

CremerCOOR EHO (2-Ethylhexyl Oleate) is a preferred choice in formulations where a neutral base is desired.
CremerCOOR EHO (2-Ethylhexyl Oleate) is a crucial ingredient in formulations targeting sensitive and delicate skin.

CremerCOOR EHO (2-Ethylhexyl Oleate) is known for its biodegradability, aligning with environmental sustainability considerations.
CremerCOOR EHO (2-Ethylhexyl Oleate)'s non-comedogenic nature makes it suitable for facial care and makeup products.
CremerCOOR EHO (2-Ethylhexyl Oleate) contributes to the overall skin-conditioning properties of cosmetic formulations.

CremerCOOR EHO (2-Ethylhexyl Oleate) acts as a solvent for fragrances, enhancing the olfactory experience of products.
CremerCOOR EHO (2-Ethylhexyl Oleate) is often included in formulations aiming for rapid absorption and non-sticky finish.

CremerCOOR EHO (2-Ethylhexyl Oleate)'s compatibility with various cosmetic oils makes it a valuable and versatile ingredient.
CremerCOOR EHO (2-Ethylhexyl Oleate), Oleic acid 2-ethylhexyl ester, remains a staple in cosmetic chemistry, valued for its multifaceted contributions to product formulations.



PROPERTIES


Chemical Formula: C24H46O2
Molecular Weight: Approximately 370.62 g/mol
Appearance: Clear, colorless liquid
Odor: Mild and pleasant
Solubility: Soluble in common organic solvents
Melting Point: < -50°C (estimated)
Boiling Point: > 250°C (estimated)
Density: ~0.88 g/cm³
Viscosity: Low viscosity liquid
Flash Point: > 150°C (estimated)
Refractive Index: ~1.449 (at 20°C)
Surface Tension: ~31.5 mN/m (at 20°C)
Specific Gravity: ~0.88 (at 20°C)
Partition Coefficient (Log P): ~7.29
Vapor Pressure: < 0.0001 hPa (at 25°C)
Vapor Density: > 1 (Air = 1)
Autoignition Temperature: > 250°C (estimated)
Acid Value: < 1 mg KOH/g
Iodine Value: < 1 g I2/100g
Saponification Value: ~150 mg KOH/g
Hydroxyl Value: < 1 mg KOH/g
Flash Point: > 150°C (estimated)
Boiling Range: High boiling point, with decomposition at elevated temperatures
Biodegradability: Readily biodegradable
GMO Status: GMO-free



FIRST AID


Inhalation:

Move the affected person to fresh air.
If breathing difficulties persist, seek medical attention immediately.
Administer artificial respiration if the person is not breathing, and oxygen if available.


Skin Contact:

Remove contaminated clothing and footwear.
Wash the affected area with plenty of water and mild soap for at least 15 minutes.
If irritation persists, seek medical attention.
If the substance is molten, cool the affected area with cold water or ice packs to minimize thermal burns.


Eye Contact:

Rinse the eyes gently but thoroughly with lukewarm water for at least 15 minutes.
Remove contact lenses, if present and easy to do so.
Continue rinsing and seek medical attention if irritation persists.


Ingestion:

Do not induce vomiting unless instructed to do so by medical personnel.
Rinse the mouth with water if the person is conscious.
Seek medical attention immediately.
If vomiting occurs spontaneously and the person is lying on their back, ensure that the head is turned to the side to prevent choking.


General First Aid Considerations:

Provide comfort and reassurance to the affected person.
Keep the individual warm and calm.
If symptoms persist or worsen, seek medical advice promptly.
Have the product container or label available to provide important information to medical personnel.


Notes for Medical Personnel:

Treat symptomatically based on the individual's condition.
Consider the route of exposure and the severity of symptoms.
Provide supportive care, as there is no specific antidote for 2-Ethylhexyl Oleate exposure.



HANDLING AND STORAGE


Handling:

Personal Protection:
Wear appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE), including gloves, safety glasses, and protective clothing, to minimize skin contact and eye exposure.
Use respiratory protection if handling the substance in conditions where inhalation exposure is likely.

Ventilation:
Work in a well-ventilated area to minimize inhalation exposure.
Consider using local exhaust ventilation systems to control airborne concentrations.

Avoidance of Contact:
Avoid direct skin contact by using tools or equipment, such as pumps or dispensers, to transfer the substance.
Prevent eye contact by wearing protective eyewear.

Preventive Measures:
Do not eat, drink, or smoke while handling the substance.
Wash hands thoroughly after handling.

Spill and Leak Procedures:
In case of spills, use absorbent materials to contain and clean up the substance.
Avoid the generation of dust or aerosols during cleanup.
Dispose of contaminated materials according to local regulations.

Fire Prevention:
Keep away from open flames, sparks, and heat sources.
Use non-sparking tools when handling the substance.

Static Electricity:
Ground equipment and containers to prevent static discharge.


Storage:

Storage Conditions:
Store 2-Ethylhexyl Oleate in a cool, dry, well-ventilated area.
Keep containers tightly closed to prevent contamination and evaporation.

Temperature:
Store the substance within the specified temperature range as indicated by the manufacturer.

Separation from Incompatible Materials:
Keep away from strong oxidizing agents and incompatible materials.
Store away from acids and bases.

Container Material:
Use containers made of materials compatible with the substance (e.g., stainless steel, plastic).
Ensure containers are properly labeled with product information.

Controlled Atmosphere Storage:
Consider using controlled atmosphere storage to maintain product stability.

Protection Against Physical Damage:
Protect containers from physical damage that may compromise their integrity.

Special Considerations:
Follow any specific storage recommendations provided by the manufacturer.
Store away from direct sunlight and heat sources.

Security Measures:
Implement appropriate security measures to prevent unauthorized access.
CREMERCOOR EHP (2-ETHYLHEXYL PALMITATE)
DESCRIPTION:
CREMERCOOR EHP (2-ethylhexyl Palmitate) is a renewable palm derivative with a variety of uses in both personal care and industrial applications.
CREMERCOOR EHP (2-ethylhexyl Palmitate) is used in cosmetic formulations as a solvent, carrying agent, wetting agent, emollient, and used mostly in the formulation of, eye/skin makeup, lipstick and skin care products.
CREMERCOOR EHP (2-ethylhexyl Palmitate) also widely used in metal working fluids, textile auxiliaries and lube & grease.

CAS Number, 29806-73-3
EINECS/ELINCS No:, 249-862-1
Chem/IUPAC Name:, Octan-3-yl hexadecanoate, 2-Ethylhexyl Ester
COSING REF No:, 33890


SYNONYMS OF CREMERCOOR EHP (2-ETHYLHEXYL PALMITATE):

Eastman GEM™ 2-Ethylhexyl palmitate,Lexol® EHP MB,PALMESTER 1543 Ethylhexyl Palmitate,PARYOL EMOLL,PARYOL NEODERM OP,Polymol® OP,Biogenico UVSperse T40/OS,Dermol 816,Wickenol 155,Wickenol 161,Ceraphyl™ 368M ester,CEGESOFT® 24,CETIOL® EHP,BergaCare EM-OP,BergaCare FG 5,CASTORLINE™ WAX JELLY,Hylube™ A2616C,OLOROL™ OP,CremerCOOR® EHP,Labbial CH,MASSOCARE EMO SUN1,MASSOCARE EP,Tioveil™ TGOP (D),Crodamol™ OP,Maxi-lip™,Spectraveil™ OP,Tioveil™ 50 OP,DomusCare® OP,ERCAREL OP V,Vitacon® AEKM,TEGOSOFT® OP,PRO-D.S.B.,Fine Organics Octyl Palmitate,ETHYLHEXYL PALMITATE,GranLux® OP1-50,HallStar® OP,Dapracare® OP,Kahlbase 6397 - Lipstick Base,KEMIDERM MICROSOMIC KMF,OPP60ZSI,IOP,LAKLAS EHP,Gel Base 2 (D),Natura-tec Ultrafeel OP,Nikkol IOP,Norfox 163,Radia® 7779,Macare® OP,Protachem™ OP,Gblock™ DT102 (D),Rita OP (D),Emulpharma® CM Preservative Free,Emulpharma® PGF E,RESCONCEPT® A-2,Saboderm OP,DUB PO,SALACOS P-8,Thorcoest OP,Liponate® EHP,Liponate® GC,HelioPro OP 50H,WAGLINOL 13016



CREMERCOOR EHP (2-ethylhexyl Palmitate) is the fatty acid ester derived from 2-ethyhexyl alcohol and palmitic acid.
CREMERCOOR EHP (2-ethylhexyl Palmitate) is branched and fully saturated.
CREMERCOOR EHP (2-ethylhexyl Palmitate) is a liquid emollient, skin conditioning agent and solvent.
On skin, CREMERCOOR EHP (2-ethylhexyl Palmitate) has a dry-slip feel that is similar to some silicones.

CREMERCOOR EHP (2-ethylhexyl Palmitate) is a medium spreading non-occlusive emollient useful in a wide range of skin care products and can be used as a replacement for mineral oil.
CREMERCOOR EHP (2-ethylhexyl Palmitate) has a required HLB of about 7-9.

Esters are formed when an alcohol reacts with an acid.
This process is called "esterification".
The name was coined in 1850 by the chemist Leopold Gmelin, as a short form of "acetic ether", the historical name for ethyl acetate.

CREMERCOOR EHP (2-ethylhexyl Palmitate) esters are fatty acid esters produced mainly from renewable raw materials.
They are composed of an alcohol (e.g. glycerol) and one or more fatty acids.
As industrial active ingredients, they are used in a wide variety of applications, for example in the production of cosmetics, body care or hair care products.


CREMERCOOR EHP (2-ethylhexyl Palmitate) carries fatty acid esters under the trade name CremerCOOR.
They are mainly used as emulsifiers in cosmetics.

CremerCOOR ALB C12-15 is used in the production of sunscreen.


In addition, we have esters in our range that are used as lubricants and solvents or plasticizers in technical applications, such as in the production of lubricants, paints, coatings and adhesives.
CREMERCOOR EHP (2-ethylhexyl Palmitate) offers selected methyl esters used in technical applications such as lubricants, paints and coatings or adhesives.



Ethylhexyl palmitate is a fatty acid ester that is used as an emollient in cosmetic formulations.
CREMERCOOR EHP (2-ethylhexyl Palmitate) is a clear, colorless, liquid at room temperature bearing a faintly fatty smell.
CREMERCOOR EHP (2-ethylhexyl Palmitate) imparts a richness to a formula and can be a replacement for mineral oil.

USES OF CREMERCOOR EHP (2-ETHYLHEXYL PALMITATE):

In addition to being used as an emollient in cosmetics, CREMERCOOR EHP (2-ethylhexyl Palmitate) is also used as a solvent, carrying agent, pigment-wetting agent, and fragrance fixative.
Skin care:
CREMERCOOR EHP (2-ethylhexyl Palmitate) softens and smoothens the skin.
CREMERCOOR EHP (2-ethylhexyl Palmitate) reduces moisture loss from the upper layers and improves the look of the skin.
As a solvent, it helps solubilize other ingredients, helping active ingredients more readily penetrate into the skin.

CREMERCOOR EHP (2-ethylhexyl Palmitate) helps active ingredients such as avobenzone and ethylhexyl triazone, commonly found in sunscreen, disperse and remain evenly suspended in a formula

Hair care:
CREMERCOOR EHP (2-ethylhexyl Palmitate) works as a medium-spreading emollient and gives the hair a silky appearance

ORIGIN OF CREMERCOOR EHP (2-ETHYLHEXYL PALMITATE):
Ethylhexyl palmitate is obtained from the reaction of palmitic acid, a very common fatty acid, with 2-ethyl hexanol, in the presence of an acid catalyst


CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF CREMERCOOR EHP (2-ETHYLHEXYL PALMITATE):

Boiling Point, 398.93°C
Melting Point, 2°C
Solubility, Soluble in chloroform and hexanes
Acid Value (mg KOH/g), 0.2 Max
Saponification Value (mg KOH/g), 150-155
Iodine Value (gl2/100g), 1 Max
Color (APHA), 30 Max
Moisture Content (%), 0.1 Max
Ash (%), 0.1 Max
OHV (mg KOH/g), 1 Max
Refractive Index, 1.447-1.449
Density (g/cm3), 0.855-0.860
Composition (%),
C16, 98 Min
Product Form, Liquid
Packaging, Drum



SAFETY INFORMATION ABOUT CREMERCOOR EHP (2-ETHYLHEXYL PALMITATE):
First aid measures:
Description of first aid measures:
General advice:
Consult a physician.
Show this safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
Move out of dangerous area:

If inhaled:
If breathed in, move person into fresh air.
If not breathing, give artificial respiration.
Consult a physician.
In case of skin contact:
Take off contaminated clothing and shoes immediately.
Wash off with soap and plenty of water.
Consult a physician.

In case of eye contact:
Rinse thoroughly with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes and consult a physician.
Continue rinsing eyes during transport to hospital.

If swallowed:
Do NOT induce vomiting.
Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person.
Rinse mouth with water.
Consult a physician.

Firefighting measures:
Extinguishing media:
Suitable extinguishing media:
Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.
Special hazards arising from the substance or mixture
Carbon oxides, Nitrogen oxides (NOx), Hydrogen chloride gas

Advice for firefighters:
Wear self-contained breathing apparatus for firefighting if necessary.
Accidental release measures:
Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures
Use personal protective equipment.

Avoid breathing vapours, mist or gas.
Evacuate personnel to safe areas.

Environmental precautions:
Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so.
Do not let product enter drains.
Discharge into the environment must be avoided.

Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Soak up with inert absorbent material and dispose of as hazardous waste.
Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.

Handling and storage:
Precautions for safe handling:
Avoid inhalation of vapour or mist.

Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place.
Containers which are opened must be carefully resealed and kept upright to prevent leakage.
Storage class (TRGS 510): 8A: Combustible, corrosive hazardous materials

Exposure controls/personal protection:
Control parameters:
Components with workplace control parameters
Contains no substances with occupational exposure limit values.
Exposure controls:
Appropriate engineering controls:
Handle in accordance with good industrial hygiene and safety practice.
Wash hands before breaks and at the end of workday.

Personal protective equipment:
Eye/face protection:
Tightly fitting safety goggles.
Faceshield (8-inch minimum).
Use equipment for eye protection tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or EN 166(EU).

Skin protection:
Handle with gloves.
Gloves must be inspected prior to use.
Use proper glove
removal technique (without touching glove's outer surface) to avoid skin contact with this product.
Dispose of contaminated gloves after use in accordance with applicable laws and good laboratory practices.
Wash and dry hands.

Full contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0.11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Material tested:Dermatril (KCL 740 / Aldrich Z677272, Size M)
Splash contact
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0.11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Material tested:Dermatril (KCL 740 / Aldrich Z677272, Size M)
It should not be construed as offering an approval for any specific use scenario.

Body Protection:
Complete suit protecting against chemicals, The type of protective equipment must be selected according to the concentration and amount of the dangerous substance at the specific workplace.
Respiratory protection:
Where risk assessment shows air-purifying respirators are appropriate use a fullface respirator with multi-purpose combination (US) or type ABEK (EN 14387) respirator cartridges as a backup to engineering controls.

If the respirator is the sole means of protection, use a full-face supplied air respirator.
Use respirators and components tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or CEN (EU).
Control of environmental exposure
Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so.
Do not let product enter drains.
Discharge into the environment must be avoided.

Stability and reactivity:
Chemical stability:
Stable under recommended storage conditions.
Incompatible materials:
Strong oxidizing agents:
Hazardous decomposition products:
Hazardous decomposition products formed under fire conditions.
Carbon oxides, Nitrogen oxides (NOx), Hydrogen chloride gas.

Disposal considerations:
Waste treatment methods:
Product:
Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company.
Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material.
Contaminated packaging:
Dispose of as unused product


CREMERCOOR EHS (2-ETHYLHEXYL STEARATE)
DESCRIPTION:
CREMERCOOR EHS (2-Ethylhexyl Stearate) is an ester of stearic acid and 2-ethylhexanol.
CREMERCOOR EHS (2-Ethylhexyl Stearate) is a clear, colorless liquid with a faint odor and a low viscosity.
The chemical formula of CREMERCOOR EHS (2-Ethylhexyl Stearate) is C26H52O2, and it has a molecular weight of 368.64 g/mol.


CAS Number, 22047-49-0
EINECS/ELINCS No:, 244-754-0
Chem/IUPAC Name:, 2-Ethylhexyl stearate
COSING REF No:, 33894


SYNONYMS OF CREMERCOOR EHS (2-ETHYLHEXYL STEARATE)

Eastman GEM™ 2-Ethylhexyl palmitate,Lexol® EHP MB,PALMESTER 1543 Ethylhexyl Palmitate,PARYOL EMOLL,PARYOL NEODERM OP,Polymol® OP,Biogenico UVSperse T40/OS,Dermol 816,Wickenol 155,Wickenol 161,Ceraphyl™ 368M ester,CEGESOFT® 24,CETIOL® EHP,BergaCare EM-OP,BergaCare FG 5,CASTORLINE™ WAX JELLY,Hylube™ A2616C,OLOROL™ OP,CremerCOOR® EHP,Labbial CH,MASSOCARE EMO SUN1,MASSOCARE EP,Tioveil™ TGOP (D),Crodamol™ OP,Maxi-lip™,Spectraveil™ OP,Tioveil™ 50 OP,DomusCare® OP,ERCAREL OP V,Vitacon® AEKM,TEGOSOFT® OP,PRO-D.S.B.,Fine Organics Octyl Palmitate,ETHYLHEXYL PALMITATE,GranLux® OP1-50,HallStar® OP,Dapracare® OP,Kahlbase 6397 - Lipstick Base,KEMIDERM MICROSOMIC KMF,OPP60ZSI,IOP,LAKLAS EHP,Gel Base 2 (D),Natura-tec Ultrafeel OP,Nikkol IOP,Norfox 163,Radia® 7779,Macare® OP,Protachem™ OP,Gblock™ DT102 (D),Rita OP (D),Emulpharma® CM Preservative Free,Emulpharma® PGF E,RESCONCEPT® A-2,Saboderm OP,DUB PO,SALACOS P-8,Thorcoest OP,Liponate® EHP,Liponate® GC,HelioPro OP 50H,WAGLINOL 13016


CREMERCOOR EHS (2-Ethylhexyl Stearate) is commonly used in the cosmetic industry as an emollient and a solvent.
As an emollient, CREMERCOOR EHS (2-Ethylhexyl Stearate) has a softening and smoothing effect on the skin and hair, making them feel less greasy and more comfortable.

As a solvent, CREMERCOOR EHS (2-Ethylhexyl Stearate) can dissolve other ingredients and help them spread more evenly on the skin or hair.
CREMERCOOR EHS (2-Ethylhexyl Stearate) is considered safe for use in cosmetics, and its low toxicity makes it an attractive ingredient for a variety of personal care products.

CREMERCOOR EHS (2-Ethylhexyl Stearate) is a medium spreading emollient.
CREMERCOOR EHS (2-Ethylhexyl Stearate) is used in personal care wipes, baby & face cleansing, self-tanning and after-sun, sun protection-, body-, face- and color care products.

CREMERCOOR EHS (2-Ethylhexyl Stearate), also known as 2-EHS Isooctyl Stearate, is an organic compound widely used in cosmetic and personal care products.
This versatile ester compound is derived from stearic acid and ethylhexanol and possesses a number of valuable properties that make it an ideal ingredient for a variety of applications.
The Cas Number for Ethylhexyl Stearate is 22047-49-0.

CREMERCOOR EHS (2-Ethylhexyl Stearate) is also known by several other synonyms such as Octyl Stearate, 2-ethylhexyl ester, and Isodecyl Stearate.
The chemical formula for CREMERCOOR EHS (2-Ethylhexyl Stearate) is C24H48O2, and it has a molecular weight of 368.64 g/mol.

CREMERCOOR EHS (2-Ethylhexyl Stearate) is a colorless to slightly yellowish, transparent, and oily liquid with a faint odor.
CREMERCOOR EHS (2-Ethylhexyl Stearate) is soluble in oil but insoluble in water.
Its melting point is around -52 °C, while its density is approximately 0.88 g/cm3.

CREMERCOOR EHS (2-Ethylhexyl Stearate) has a molecular structure with long carbon chains, which gives it excellent lubricating properties and makes it easy to spread on the skin.
CREMERCOOR EHS (2-Ethylhexyl Stearate) has several characteristics that make it a valuable ingredient in personal care products.

CREMERCOOR EHS (2-Ethylhexyl Stearate) is non-greasy, lightweight, and has a silky texture that enhances the feel of many formulations.
CREMERCOOR EHS (2-Ethylhexyl Stearate) also has emollient and moisturizing properties that can help to improve the skin's hydration and barrier function.

CREMERCOOR EHS (2-Ethylhexyl Stearate) is widely used in the cosmetic and personal care industry.
CREMERCOOR EHS (2-Ethylhexyl Stearate) is commonly employed in products such as moisturizers, hair conditioners, sunscreens, and makeup.
CREMERCOOR EHS (2-Ethylhexyl Stearate) is also used as a lubricant and solvent in various industrial applications.

The transport packaging for Ethylhexyl Stearate depends on its intended use.
For small quantities, CREMERCOOR EHS (2-Ethylhexyl Stearate) is usually shipped in plastic or metal drums, while large quantities may be transported in bulk containers.
CREMERCOOR EHS (2-Ethylhexyl Stearate) is essential to handle Ethylhexyl Stearate with care, as it can be flammable in certain conditions.

To manufacture CREMERCOOR EHS (2-Ethylhexyl Stearate), stearic acid and ethylhexanol are reacted together in the presence of a catalyst.
The reaction results in the formation of CREMERCOOR EHS (2-Ethylhexyl Stearate), which is then purified to remove any impurities.

In conclusion, CREMERCOOR EHS (2-Ethylhexyl Stearate) is a versatile and valuable ingredient in cosmetic and personal care products.
Its excellent lubricating and moisturizing properties make it a popular choice for a wide variety of applications.


USES OF CREMERCOOR EHS (2-ETHYLHEXYL STEARATE):
Ethylhexyl Stearate is a versatile ingredient that has many uses in the world of personal care and cosmetics.
Firstly, CREMERCOOR EHS (2-Ethylhexyl Stearate) is an emollient that softens and smoothens the surface that it is applied to, making it feel less greasy and more comfortable.
CREMERCOOR EHS (2-Ethylhexyl Stearate) also deeply conditions and improves the overall health and appearance of skin and hair.

CREMERCOOR EHS (2-Ethylhexyl Stearate) works as an amazing solvent in cosmetics that can dissolve other ingredients and improve their distribution throughout.
CREMERCOOR EHS (2-Ethylhexyl Stearate) can be found in a wide range of formulations including moisturizers, sunscreens, makeup, and hair conditioners.
Lastly, CREMERCOOR EHS (2-Ethylhexyl Stearate) acts as a lubricant that reduces friction and makes the products easier to apply.

ORIGIN OF CREMERCOOR EHS (2-ETHYLHEXYL STEARATE):
CREMERCOOR EHS (2-Ethylhexyl Stearate) is made by esterifying stearic acid with 2-ethylhexanol under controlled conditions, resulting in a clear, colorless liquid that is used in cosmetics as an emollient and solvent.
The final product is purified to meet industry standards.


CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF CREMERCOOR EHS (2-ETHYLHEXYL STEARATE):

Boiling Point, 426.2°C
Melting Point, -45°C
pH, Neutral
Solubility, Insoluble in water
Viscosity, Low


SAFETY INFORMATION ABOUT CREMERCOOR EHS (2-ETHYLHEXYL STEARATE):
First aid measures:
Description of first aid measures:
General advice:
Consult a physician.
Show this safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
Move out of dangerous area:

If inhaled:
If breathed in, move person into fresh air.
If not breathing, give artificial respiration.
Consult a physician.
In case of skin contact:
Take off contaminated clothing and shoes immediately.
Wash off with soap and plenty of water.
Consult a physician.

In case of eye contact:
Rinse thoroughly with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes and consult a physician.
Continue rinsing eyes during transport to hospital.

If swallowed:
Do NOT induce vomiting.
Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person.
Rinse mouth with water.
Consult a physician.

Firefighting measures:
Extinguishing media:
Suitable extinguishing media:
Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.
Special hazards arising from the substance or mixture
Carbon oxides, Nitrogen oxides (NOx), Hydrogen chloride gas

Advice for firefighters:
Wear self-contained breathing apparatus for firefighting if necessary.
Accidental release measures:
Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures
Use personal protective equipment.

Avoid breathing vapours, mist or gas.
Evacuate personnel to safe areas.

Environmental precautions:
Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so.
Do not let product enter drains.
Discharge into the environment must be avoided.

Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Soak up with inert absorbent material and dispose of as hazardous waste.
Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.

Handling and storage:
Precautions for safe handling:
Avoid inhalation of vapour or mist.

Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place.
Containers which are opened must be carefully resealed and kept upright to prevent leakage.
Storage class (TRGS 510): 8A: Combustible, corrosive hazardous materials

Exposure controls/personal protection:
Control parameters:
Components with workplace control parameters
Contains no substances with occupational exposure limit values.
Exposure controls:
Appropriate engineering controls:
Handle in accordance with good industrial hygiene and safety practice.
Wash hands before breaks and at the end of workday.

Personal protective equipment:
Eye/face protection:
Tightly fitting safety goggles.
Faceshield (8-inch minimum).
Use equipment for eye protection tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or EN 166(EU).

Skin protection:
Handle with gloves.
Gloves must be inspected prior to use.
Use proper glove
removal technique (without touching glove's outer surface) to avoid skin contact with this product.
Dispose of contaminated gloves after use in accordance with applicable laws and good laboratory practices.
Wash and dry hands.

Full contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0.11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Material tested:Dermatril (KCL 740 / Aldrich Z677272, Size M)
Splash contact
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0.11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Material tested:Dermatril (KCL 740 / Aldrich Z677272, Size M)
It should not be construed as offering an approval for any specific use scenario.

Body Protection:
Complete suit protecting against chemicals, The type of protective equipment must be selected according to the concentration and amount of the dangerous substance at the specific workplace.
Respiratory protection:
Where risk assessment shows air-purifying respirators are appropriate use a fullface respirator with multi-purpose combination (US) or type ABEK (EN 14387) respirator cartridges as a backup to engineering controls.

If the respirator is the sole means of protection, use a full-face supplied air respirator.
Use respirators and components tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or CEN (EU).
Control of environmental exposure
Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so.
Do not let product enter drains.
Discharge into the environment must be avoided.

Stability and reactivity:
Chemical stability:
Stable under recommended storage conditions.
Incompatible materials:
Strong oxidizing agents:
Hazardous decomposition products:
Hazardous decomposition products formed under fire conditions.
Carbon oxides, Nitrogen oxides (NOx), Hydrogen chloride gas.

Disposal considerations:
Waste treatment methods:
Product:
Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company.
Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material.
Contaminated packaging:
Dispose of as unused product

CREMERCOOR IPM (ISOPROPYL MYRISTATE)
DESCRIPTION:

CREMERCOOR IPM (Isopropyl Myristate) acts as an emollient and smoothing agent.
CREMERCOOR IPM (Isopropyl Myristate) has low viscosity and exhibits high stability.
CREMERCOOR IPM (Isopropyl Myristate) is easy to spread on to the skin, is easily absorbed and in addition smoothens the skin.
Typical application are skin care, body care, hair care and sun care products.

CAS Number, 110-27-0
EINECS/ELINCS No:, 203-751-4
Chem/IUPAC Name:, Tetradecanoic acid, isopropyl ester
COSING REF No:, 34699


SYNONYMS OF CREMERCOOR IPM (ISOPROPYL MYRISTATE):

Lexate® TA,Lexol® 3975,Lexol® IPM,Lexol® IPM-NF MB,PALMESTER 1512 Isopropyl Myristate,PALMESTER 1514 Isopropyl Myristate,PARYOL EMOLL,PARYOL IPM,AE Ester IPM,Polymol® IPM,Dermol IPM,Wickenol 101,BergaCare EM-14,BergaCare EM-14 /MB,MIRITOL™ PM,CremerCOOR® IPM,Isopropyl Myristate 98%,MASSOCARE IPM,MASSOCARE SWAN,Crodarom® Carrot O (D),Estol 1514 (D),Spectraveil™ IPM (D),Carrot Oil Extra,Crodamol™ CAP,DomusCare® IPM,Bentone Gel® IPM V,ERCAREL IPM V,TEGOSOFT® Liquid M,TEGOSOFT® M,Georges Walther ISOPROPYL MYRISTATE,Unipherol U-14,GranLux® IM1-40,CoVera™ IPM,HallStar® IPM,Dapracare® IPM,Aloe Vera Oil Extract IPM base,Jeelux®,DMIPM,Jeelux® VHIPP,Exceparl® HO (D),Dp-VitAHP2k (D),IPM55S4 (D),GCB50YSG



CREMERCOOR IPM (Isopropyl Myristate) is the ester of isopropyl alcohol and myristic acid.
CREMERCOOR IPM (Isopropyl Myristate) mainly works as an emollient in cosmetics and personal care products.
CREMERCOOR IPM (Isopropyl Myristate) has an oily base with low viscosity and adapts well to the skin.

CREMERCOOR IPM (Isopropyl Myristate) is a fast spreading emollient suitable for all cosmetic applications.



USES OF CREMERCOOR IPM (ISOPROPYL MYRISTATE):
CREMERCOOR IPM (Isopropyl Myristate) is a texture enhancer and emollient as used in cosmetics.
CREMERCOOR IPM (Isopropyl Myristate) can also help to enhance the absorption of ingredients in a cosmetic formula.

Skin care:
CREMERCOOR IPM (Isopropyl Myristate) works as an emollient, thickener, and a lubricant in beauty products.
CREMERCOOR IPM (Isopropyl Myristate) locks in the hydration, and enhances the penetration of other ingredients in the formulation.
Isopropyl myristate is an effective agent for solubilizing lanolin.
Therefore, isopropyl myristate is used as a solubilizing, spreading, and penetrating agent in anhydrous skin lubricating lotions with high lanolin content.

CREMERCOOR IPM (Isopropyl Myristate) leaves the skin soft and smooth without an oily surface film.
CREMERCOOR IPM (Isopropyl Myristate) can even reduce the heavy, greasy feel in products with high oil content.
It's also fast-spreading meaning that it gives the formula a good, nice slip

Hair care:
CREMERCOOR IPM (Isopropyl Myristate) works as a hydrating agent, emollient, and enhancer.
CREMERCOOR IPM (Isopropyl Myristate) hydrates the hair and the scalp and enhances the penetration of other ingredients in the formulation.
CREMERCOOR IPM (Isopropyl Myristate) is not recommended for particularly thin hair, as it can make it appear greasy, or an oily scalp or hair, as it can lead to clogged pores


ORIGIN OF CREMERCOOR IPM (ISOPROPYL MYRISTATE):
CREMERCOOR IPM (Isopropyl Myristate) is commercially produced by distillation, before which the esterification of myristic acid and isopropanol is carried out, and the resulting alkali is refined to neutralize the catalyst, and the product is then distilled to obtain isopropyl myristate.




FORMULATION OF CREMERCOOR IPM (ISOPROPYL MYRISTATE):
• Emollient
• Perfuming
• Skin conditioning
• Viscosity controlling



APPLICATIONS OF CREMERCOOR IPM (ISOPROPYL MYRISTATE):

CREMERCOOR IPM (Isopropyl Myristate) is known for promoting the absorption of medicines and other products through the skin.
CREMERCOOR IPM (Isopropyl Myristate) is commonly found in creams, lotions and topical medicines.
CREMERCOOR IPM (Isopropyl Myristate) is also used as a thickener, emollient and humectant, solvent, binder and diluent in perfumes and food flavorings.

Solvent:
CREMERCOOR IPM (Isopropyl Myristate) plays a key role in the dissolution of lanolin.
Mixtures containing up to 50 % lanolin in isopropyl myristate remain stable non-viscous liquids at room temperature.
The oil is therefore used as a solvent and penetrant in anhydrous skin lotions with high lanolin content. Isopropyl myristate is used as a solvent for varnishes and paints, since the formulations used in the manufacture of paints and varnishes consist of many different organic substances.

In cosmetics, CREMERCOOR IPM (Isopropyl Myristate) (also known as rubbing alcohol) is derived from isopropanol and myristic acid (a fatty acid naturally present in coconut and palm oils).
CREMERCOOR IPM (Isopropyl Myristate) is a very mild emollient that can be used as a carrier oil in a variety of applications.
CREMERCOOR IPM (Isopropyl Myristate) is included in formulations to dramatically reduce the sensation of greasiness and/or heaviness; it is excellent in formulations with a high content of butters known for their heavier skin feel (e.g. shea).

CREMERCOOR IPM (Isopropyl Myristate) is also an excellent mild skin softener and can be included in recipes as an alternative to liquid carrier oil for lighter and faster absorption.
CREMERCOOR IPM (Isopropyl Myristate) can also be used to thicken cosmetic preparations.
In higher concentrations CREMERCOOR IPM (Isopropyl Myristate) can also be used in products such as make-up removers.

CREMERCOOR IPM (Isopropyl Myristate) is commonly found in products such as: creams, lotions, hand creams, shampoos, shower gels, make-up removers, powders and make-up foundations.

Application rates range from 1 to 20%. Its main functions (INCI):
Binding agent : CREMERCOOR IPM (Isopropyl Myristate) Allows different cosmetic ingredients to adhere together.
Emollient : CREMERCOOR IPM (Isopropyl Myristate) Softens and smooths the skin
Masking : CREMERCOOR IPM (Isopropyl Myristate) Reduces or suppresses the odor or main flavor of the product
Fragrance: used in the manufacture of perfumes and aromatic raw materials


In the paint industry, CREMERCOOR IPM (Isopropyl Myristate) is used as a base and or solvent in the manufacture of writing instruments containing liquid or gel ink.

In medicine, CREMERCOOR IPM (Isopropyl Myristate) is used in topical pharmaceutical preparations where it is desired to be absorbed into the skin.
CREMERCOOR IPM (Isopropyl Myristate) is also used as a treatment for head lice.

CREMERCOOR IPM (Isopropyl Myristate) is a very effective remedy for head lice as a non-systemic agent.
CREMERCOOR IPM (Isopropyl Myristate) works by dissolving the wax covering the exoskeleton of the head lice, causing the insects to die due to dehydration (water loss).

One lesser known property of CREMERCOOR IPM (Isopropyl Myristate) is its ability to inhibit the growth of oral bacteria.
CREMERCOOR IPM (Isopropyl Myristate) is used by many manufacturers of oral hygiene products such as mouthwashes.
CREMERCOOR IPM (Isopropyl Myristate) is used to remove bacteria from the oral cavity as a non-aqueous component of two-phase mouthwashes.

In veterinary medicine, CREMERCOOR IPM (Isopropyl Myristate) can be found in products for pets that kill fleas and ticks.
CREMERCOOR IPM (Isopropyl Myristate) can also be found in ear cleaning products to dissolve wax build-up without drying out the skin of the animal's ear.


CREMERCOOR IPM (Isopropyl Myristate) is a non-branched saturated fatty acid ester obtained from isopropanol and myristic acid, from palm oil.
Clear liquid with a melting point of -3 ºC.

Cosmetic formulations: binding, fragrance, perfuming, emollient
Industrial uses: manufacturer of washing and cleaning products, lubricants and greases, textile treatment products and dyes, polymers, adhesives, sealants, polishes and waxes.



CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF CREMERCOOR IPM (ISOPROPYL MYRISTATE):
Boiling Point, 192-193°C
Melting Point, 2-3°C
Solubility, Soluble in benzyl benzoate, ethyl lactate, paraffin oil
Insoluble in water
IUPAC, Propan-2-yl tetradecanoate
INCI, ISOPROPYL MYRISTATE
CAS, 110-27-0
Molar mass, 270,457 g/mol
Density, 0,85 g/cm3 (20 °C)


SAFETY INFORMATION ABOUT CREMERCOOR IPM (ISOPROPYL MYRISTATE):
First aid measures:
Description of first aid measures:
General advice:
Consult a physician.
Show this safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
Move out of dangerous area:

If inhaled:
If breathed in, move person into fresh air.
If not breathing, give artificial respiration.
Consult a physician.
In case of skin contact:
Take off contaminated clothing and shoes immediately.
Wash off with soap and plenty of water.
Consult a physician.

In case of eye contact:
Rinse thoroughly with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes and consult a physician.
Continue rinsing eyes during transport to hospital.

If swallowed:
Do NOT induce vomiting.
Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person.
Rinse mouth with water.
Consult a physician.

Firefighting measures:
Extinguishing media:
Suitable extinguishing media:
Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.
Special hazards arising from the substance or mixture
Carbon oxides, Nitrogen oxides (NOx), Hydrogen chloride gas

Advice for firefighters:
Wear self-contained breathing apparatus for firefighting if necessary.
Accidental release measures:
Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures
Use personal protective equipment.

Avoid breathing vapours, mist or gas.
Evacuate personnel to safe areas.

Environmental precautions:
Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so.
Do not let product enter drains.
Discharge into the environment must be avoided.

Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Soak up with inert absorbent material and dispose of as hazardous waste.
Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.

Handling and storage:
Precautions for safe handling:
Avoid inhalation of vapour or mist.

Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place.
Containers which are opened must be carefully resealed and kept upright to prevent leakage.
Storage class (TRGS 510): 8A: Combustible, corrosive hazardous materials

Exposure controls/personal protection:
Control parameters:
Components with workplace control parameters
Contains no substances with occupational exposure limit values.
Exposure controls:
Appropriate engineering controls:
Handle in accordance with good industrial hygiene and safety practice.
Wash hands before breaks and at the end of workday.

Personal protective equipment:
Eye/face protection:
Tightly fitting safety goggles.
Faceshield (8-inch minimum).
Use equipment for eye protection tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or EN 166(EU).

Skin protection:
Handle with gloves.
Gloves must be inspected prior to use.
Use proper glove
removal technique (without touching glove's outer surface) to avoid skin contact with this product.
Dispose of contaminated gloves after use in accordance with applicable laws and good laboratory practices.
Wash and dry hands.

Full contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0.11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Material tested:Dermatril (KCL 740 / Aldrich Z677272, Size M)
Splash contact
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0.11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Material tested:Dermatril (KCL 740 / Aldrich Z677272, Size M)
It should not be construed as offering an approval for any specific use scenario.

Body Protection:
Complete suit protecting against chemicals, The type of protective equipment must be selected according to the concentration and amount of the dangerous substance at the specific workplace.
Respiratory protection:
Where risk assessment shows air-purifying respirators are appropriate use a fullface respirator with multi-purpose combination (US) or type ABEK (EN 14387) respirator cartridges as a backup to engineering controls.

If the respirator is the sole means of protection, use a full-face supplied air respirator.
Use respirators and components tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or CEN (EU).
Control of environmental exposure
Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so.
Do not let product enter drains.
Discharge into the environment must be avoided.

Stability and reactivity:
Chemical stability:
Stable under recommended storage conditions.
Incompatible materials:
Strong oxidizing agents:
Hazardous decomposition products:
Hazardous decomposition products formed under fire conditions.
Carbon oxides, Nitrogen oxides (NOx), Hydrogen chloride gas.

Disposal considerations:
Waste treatment methods:
Product:
Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company.
Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material.
Contaminated packaging:
Dispose of as unused product


CREMERCOOR IPP (ISOPROPYL PALMITATE)
DESCRIPTION:
CREMERCOOR IPP (Isopropyl Palmitate) acts as an emollient and smoothing agent.
CREMERCOOR IPP (Isopropyl Palmitate) has low viscosity and exhibits high stability.
CREMERCOOR IPP (Isopropyl Palmitate) is easy to spread on to the skin, is easily absorbed and in addition smoothens the skin.
Typical application are skin care, body care, hair care and sun care products.

CAS No: 142-91-6
EINECS/ELINCS No:, 205-571-1
Chem/IUPAC Name:, Isopropyl palmitate
COSING REF No:, 77732



SYNONYMS OF CREMERCOOR IPP (ISOPROPYL PALMITATE):

Lexol® 3975,Lexol® IPP MB,Lexol® IPP-NF MB,PALMESTER 1517 Isopropyl Palmitate,PARYOL IPP,AE Ester IPP,Polymol® IPP,Dermol IPP,Wickenol 111,BASF Isopropyl Palmitate,BergaCare EM-16,BergaCare EM-16 /MB,MIRITOL™ IP,CremerCOOR® IPP,Isopropyl Palmitate 98%,Versagel® MP 1600,Versagel® MP 750,Hostacerin® SAF,MASSOCARE IPP,Crodamol™ IPP,DomusCare® IPP,ERCAREL IPP V,TEGOSOFT® P,QUERCEVITA®,HallStar® IPP,Jeechem IPP NF,Jeelux® DMIPP,Isopropyl Palmitate,IPP,Propal™ NF,MelinOil™,SWT-7™ L,Isopropyl,Palmitate (IPP),MIPEARL IPP,Natura-tec Ultrafeel IPP,Nikkol IPP,Radia® 7732,Protachem™ IPP,Rita IPP NF,Ritalan C,Regrease IPP,COVALIP® 22,DUB IPP,Thorcoest IPP,Liponate® IPP,HelioPro IPP 50H, Isopropyl Palmitate (IPP); Upmate IPP; Unipro IPP-20; 1-Methylethyl ester1-methylethyl hexandecanoate; Crodamol IPP; 1-methylethyl hexadecanoate

CREMERCOOR IPP (Isopropyl Palmitate) is one of the important additives for high-grade cosmetics.
CREMERCOOR IPP (Isopropyl Palmitate) can be used as emulsifier and moistening agent for cosmetics.
CREMERCOOR IPP (Isopropyl Palmitate) Is derived from palm oil and is used as a thickening agent.

CREMERCOOR IPP (Isopropyl Palmitate) can also be used as a moisturizer and as an antistatic agent.
Emollient & emulsifier in cosmetic creams, cosmetic oils, in hair tonics, hair dressings, hair pomades, sun tan & other lotions, other cosmetics, topical medicinal preparations.



CREMERCOOR IPP (Isopropyl Palmitate) is a clear and colorless ingredient with a pleasant odor.
In cosmetics and personal care, CREMERCOOR IPP (Isopropyl Palmitate) is used primarily as an emollient that helps to soothe and soften the skin.
For this reason, CREMERCOOR IPP (Isopropyl Palmitate) is quite popular in products like moisturizers, lotions, and creams.

Additionally, CREMERCOOR IPP (Isopropyl Palmitate) is not a paraben and does not contain any preservatives that may be harmful to the skin.
CREMERCOOR IPP (Isopropyl Palmitate) is also beneficial in enhancing the texture of the products that it is added to.
The chemical formula of CREMERCOOR IPP (Isopropyl Palmitate) is C19H38O2.

An ester derived from isopropyl alcohol and palmitic acid, isopropyl palmitate is used in many industrial processes as an emollient, thickening agent, moisturizer and anti-static agent.
Acme-Hardesty manufactures a vegetable-based isopropyl palmitate containing a minimum 90 percent C16 esters.
A high-quality product suitable for the most demanding applications, our isopropyl palmitate is the choice of some of today’s leading pharma, personal care and food and beverage manufacturers.

CREMERCOOR IPP (Isopropyl Palmitate) is a branched chain, low viscosity, non-occlusive emollient with good spreading properties.
CREMERCOOR IPP (Isopropyl Palmitate) is an excellent dispersing medium that is suitable for all cosmetic applications.

CREMERCOOR IPP (Isopropyl Palmitate) is solvent fixative skin-perfumes.
CREMERCOOR IPP (Isopropyl Palmitate) Acts as a physical fixative for perfumes. .



USES OF CREMERCOOR IPP (ISOPROPYL PALMITATE):
CREMERCOOR IPP (Isopropyl Palmitate) is a very effective ingredient and is used in a wide range of personal care and cosmetic products.
CREMERCOOR IPP (Isopropyl Palmitate) is beneficial for both skin and hair.

Skin care:
CREMERCOOR IPP (Isopropyl Palmitate) is primarily an emollient that works to soften the skin and also soothe it.
CREMERCOOR IPP (Isopropyl Palmitate) improves the texture of the skin and reduces the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles.
Commonly, CREMERCOOR IPP (Isopropyl Palmitate) can be found in creams, lotions and moisturizers

Hair care:
CREMERCOOR IPP (Isopropyl Palmitate) is often used in hair care products because it helps to improve the texture and manageability of hair.
CREMERCOOR IPP (Isopropyl Palmitate) can help to smooth the cuticle and reduce frizz, making hair more manageable and easier to style.
CREMERCOOR IPP (Isopropyl Palmitate) can also help to moisturize the hair and scalp, which can reduce itching and flakiness

Cosmetic products:
CREMERCOOR IPP (Isopropyl Palmitate) is commonly used as a solvent.
CREMERCOOR IPP (Isopropyl Palmitate) can help to dissolve other ingredients and improve the consistency of the product.
CREMERCOOR IPP (Isopropyl Palmitate) can also help to enhance the spreadability of cosmetics, making them easier to apply to the skin.
CREMERCOOR IPP (Isopropyl Palmitate) is often used in foundations, lipsticks, and other makeup products




APPLICATIONS OF CREMERCOOR IPP (ISOPROPYL PALMITATE):
Pharmaceuticals:
Topical Medicinal Preparations
Personal Care and Cosmetics:
Emollient, Moisturizer, Thickening Agent
Flavor and Fragrance:
Solvent, Binder, Diluent

PRODUCT APPLICATIONS AND CHARACTERISTICS OF CREMERCOOR IPP (ISOPROPYL PALMITATE):

CREMERCOOR IPP (Isopropyl Palmitate) is a colorless liquid with a faint odor.
When stored properly at room temperature, it has a shelf life of up to two years from the date of manufacture.
CREMERCOOR IPP (Isopropyl Palmitate) is tested to ASTM standards to confirm a maximum acid value of 0.5 mg KOH/g, a maximum iodine value of 1g/100g and a moisture content of no more than 0.1 percent.

For a detailed list of specs, download the product data sheet.
Use Acme-Hardesty isopropyl palmitate in the preparation of topical medications, personal care products and cosmetics.
CREMERCOOR IPP (Isopropyl Palmitate) can also be used a solvent, binder and diluent for food-grade flavors and fragrances.
To obtain more information about potential applications or for answers to any of your questions about our isopropyl palmitate, contact Acme-Hardesty.


ORIGIN OF CREMERCOOR IPP (ISOPROPYL PALMITATE):
CREMERCOOR IPP (Isopropyl Palmitate) is made by the reaction of isopropyl alcohol and palmitic acid, a type of fatty acid.
The resulting compound is then purified and refined to create this ingredient.

WHAT DOES ISOPROPYL PALMITATE DO IN A FORMULATION?
• Antistatic
• Emollient
• Hair conditioning
• Perfuming
• Solvent


CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROERTIES OF CREMERCOOR IPP (ISOPROPYL PALMITATE):
Boiling Point, 342°C
Melting Point, 13.5°C

pH, 7.0
Solubility, Insoluble in water
Viscosity, Low



SAFETY INFORMATION ABOUT CREMERCOOR IPP (ISOPROPYL PALMITATE):
First aid measures:
Description of first aid measures:
General advice:
Consult a physician.
Show this safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
Move out of dangerous area:

If inhaled:
If breathed in, move person into fresh air.
If not breathing, give artificial respiration.
Consult a physician.
In case of skin contact:
Take off contaminated clothing and shoes immediately.
Wash off with soap and plenty of water.
Consult a physician.

In case of eye contact:
Rinse thoroughly with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes and consult a physician.
Continue rinsing eyes during transport to hospital.

If swallowed:
Do NOT induce vomiting.
Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person.
Rinse mouth with water.
Consult a physician.

Firefighting measures:
Extinguishing media:
Suitable extinguishing media:
Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.
Special hazards arising from the substance or mixture
Carbon oxides, Nitrogen oxides (NOx), Hydrogen chloride gas

Advice for firefighters:
Wear self-contained breathing apparatus for firefighting if necessary.
Accidental release measures:
Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures
Use personal protective equipment.

Avoid breathing vapours, mist or gas.
Evacuate personnel to safe areas.

Environmental precautions:
Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so.
Do not let product enter drains.
Discharge into the environment must be avoided.

Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Soak up with inert absorbent material and dispose of as hazardous waste.
Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.

Handling and storage:
Precautions for safe handling:
Avoid inhalation of vapour or mist.

Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place.
Containers which are opened must be carefully resealed and kept upright to prevent leakage.
Storage class (TRGS 510): 8A: Combustible, corrosive hazardous materials

Exposure controls/personal protection:
Control parameters:
Components with workplace control parameters
Contains no substances with occupational exposure limit values.
Exposure controls:
Appropriate engineering controls:
Handle in accordance with good industrial hygiene and safety practice.
Wash hands before breaks and at the end of workday.

Personal protective equipment:
Eye/face protection:
Tightly fitting safety goggles.
Faceshield (8-inch minimum).
Use equipment for eye protection tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or EN 166(EU).

Skin protection:
Handle with gloves.
Gloves must be inspected prior to use.
Use proper glove
removal technique (without touching glove's outer surface) to avoid skin contact with this product.
Dispose of contaminated gloves after use in accordance with applicable laws and good laboratory practices.
Wash and dry hands.

Full contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0.11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Material tested:Dermatril (KCL 740 / Aldrich Z677272, Size M)
Splash contact
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0.11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Material tested:Dermatril (KCL 740 / Aldrich Z677272, Size M)
It should not be construed as offering an approval for any specific use scenario.

Body Protection:
Complete suit protecting against chemicals, The type of protective equipment must be selected according to the concentration and amount of the dangerous substance at the specific workplace.
Respiratory protection:
Where risk assessment shows air-purifying respirators are appropriate use a fullface respirator with multi-purpose combination (US) or type ABEK (EN 14387) respirator cartridges as a backup to engineering controls.

If the respirator is the sole means of protection, use a full-face supplied air respirator.
Use respirators and components tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or CEN (EU).
Control of environmental exposure
Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so.
Do not let product enter drains.
Discharge into the environment must be avoided.

Stability and reactivity:
Chemical stability:
Stable under recommended storage conditions.
Incompatible materials:
Strong oxidizing agents:
Hazardous decomposition products:
Hazardous decomposition products formed under fire conditions.
Carbon oxides, Nitrogen oxides (NOx), Hydrogen chloride gas.

Disposal considerations:
Waste treatment methods:
Product:
Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company.
Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material.
Contaminated packaging:
Dispose of as unused product


CREMERCOOR MPG (1,2-PROPYLENE GLYCOL)
DESCRIPTION:

CREMERCOOR MPG (1,2-Propylene Glycol) is a mixed diester made of 1,2 propylene glycol and a defined blend of fractionated fatty acids of vegetable origin.
The mild odor, non-oily character and excellent compatibility make it the right choice for a wide range of personal care and cosmetic applications.


INCI: Propylene Glycol Dicaprylate/Dicaprate

CREMERCOOR MPG (1,2-Propylene Glycol) is a basic chemical which is processed in large quantites all over the world.
CREMERCOOR MPG (1,2-Propylene Glycol) is used as a basic component in the food and beverage and in the animal feed industry.
Further more CREMERCOOR MPG (1,2-Propylene Glycol) is used as solvent in the pharma industry and in the manufacturing of care products like mouthwashes, toothpastes, ointments, skin creams, shampoos and perfumes.


CREMERCOOR MPG (1,2-Propylene Glycol acts as an emollient, smoothing agent and dispersant.
CREMERCOOR MPG (1,2-Propylene Glycol) Exhibits medium to high spreading capability and leaves a light, non-oily smooth and velvet skin sensation.
CREMERCOOR MPG (1,2-Propylene Glycol) shows excellent dispersing and dissolving properties for pigments and sunscreens.
Typical application are skin care, hair care, body care and sun care products.


APPLICATIONS OF CREMERCOOR MPG (1,2-PROPYLENE GLYCOL):
CREMERCOOR MPG (1,2-Propylene Glycol) is a polar oil component with a medium to high spreading capability and can be easily incorporated in emulsion formulations by simply adding it to the oil phase in hot or cold processes.
The pH value of the final formulation should range between pH 5 and 7.


FUNCTIONS OF CREMERCOOR MPG (1,2-PROPYLENE GLYCOL):
CREMERCOOR MPG (1,2-Propylene Glycol) acts as an emollient and leaves a light, non-oily smooth and velvet skin sensation.
CREMERCOOR MPG (1,2-Propylene Glycol) shows excellent dispersing and dissolving properties for pigments and sunscreens.
The low viscosity makes it particularly suitable for the use in wet wipe lotions.

Thus CREMERCOOR MPG (1,2-Propylene Glycol) use is suggested for:
• Day creams
• Body lotions
• Sun protection products
• Foundations
• Lip sticks
• Baby care
• Wet wipe cleansing lotions


CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF CREMERCOOR MPG (1,2-PROPYLENE GLYCOL):

Appearance clear liquid
Odor Faintly fatty
Refraction Index (nD 20) 1,439-1,442
Viscosity (20°C) 8,0 - 12,0 mPa s
Color APHA max. 50 Acid value ≤ 0,2 mg KOH/g
Saponification value 320 - 340 mg KOH/g
Iodine value ≤ 1,0 g I/100g
Water content (KF) ≤ 0,10 %
Peroxide value ≤ 1,0 meq O2/kg
Density 20°C 0,910 – 0,930 g/cm³
C 06 ≤ 2,0 %
C 08 50,0 – 80,0 %
C 10 20,0 – 50,0 %
C12 ≤ 3,0
Synonyms, 1,2-Propylene glycol
CAS number, 57-55-6
EC number, 200-338-0
Grade, Pharma
Hill Formula, C₃H₈O₂
Chemical formula, CH₃CH(OH)CH₂OH
Molar Mass, 76.09 g/mol
HS Code, 2905 32 00


SAFETY INFORMATION ABOUT CREMERCOOR MPG (1,2-PROPYLENE GLYCOL):
First aid measures:
Description of first aid measures:
General advice:
Consult a physician.
Show this safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
Move out of dangerous area:

If inhaled:
If breathed in, move person into fresh air.
If not breathing, give artificial respiration.
Consult a physician.
In case of skin contact:
Take off contaminated clothing and shoes immediately.
Wash off with soap and plenty of water.
Consult a physician.

In case of eye contact:
Rinse thoroughly with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes and consult a physician.
Continue rinsing eyes during transport to hospital.

If swallowed:
Do NOT induce vomiting.
Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person.
Rinse mouth with water.
Consult a physician.

Firefighting measures:
Extinguishing media:
Suitable extinguishing media:
Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.
Special hazards arising from the substance or mixture
Carbon oxides, Nitrogen oxides (NOx), Hydrogen chloride gas

Advice for firefighters:
Wear self-contained breathing apparatus for firefighting if necessary.
Accidental release measures:
Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures
Use personal protective equipment.

Avoid breathing vapours, mist or gas.
Evacuate personnel to safe areas.

Environmental precautions:
Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so.
Do not let product enter drains.
Discharge into the environment must be avoided.

Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Soak up with inert absorbent material and dispose of as hazardous waste.
Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.

Handling and storage:
Precautions for safe handling:
Avoid inhalation of vapour or mist.

Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place.
Containers which are opened must be carefully resealed and kept upright to prevent leakage.
Storage class (TRGS 510): 8A: Combustible, corrosive hazardous materials

Exposure controls/personal protection:
Control parameters:
Components with workplace control parameters
Contains no substances with occupational exposure limit values.
Exposure controls:
Appropriate engineering controls:
Handle in accordance with good industrial hygiene and safety practice.
Wash hands before breaks and at the end of workday.

Personal protective equipment:
Eye/face protection:
Tightly fitting safety goggles.
Faceshield (8-inch minimum).
Use equipment for eye protection tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or EN 166(EU).

Skin protection:
Handle with gloves.
Gloves must be inspected prior to use.
Use proper glove
removal technique (without touching glove's outer surface) to avoid skin contact with this product.
Dispose of contaminated gloves after use in accordance with applicable laws and good laboratory practices.
Wash and dry hands.

Full contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0.11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Material tested:Dermatril (KCL 740 / Aldrich Z677272, Size M)
Splash contact
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0.11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Material tested:Dermatril (KCL 740 / Aldrich Z677272, Size M)
It should not be construed as offering an approval for any specific use scenario.

Body Protection:
Complete suit protecting against chemicals, The type of protective equipment must be selected according to the concentration and amount of the dangerous substance at the specific workplace.
Respiratory protection:
Where risk assessment shows air-purifying respirators are appropriate use a fullface respirator with multi-purpose combination (US) or type ABEK (EN 14387) respirator cartridges as a backup to engineering controls.

If the respirator is the sole means of protection, use a full-face supplied air respirator.
Use respirators and components tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or CEN (EU).
Control of environmental exposure
Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so.
Do not let product enter drains.
Discharge into the environment must be avoided.

Stability and reactivity:
Chemical stability:
Stable under recommended storage conditions.
Incompatible materials:
Strong oxidizing agents:
Hazardous decomposition products:
Hazardous decomposition products formed under fire conditions.
Carbon oxides, Nitrogen oxides (NOx), Hydrogen chloride gas.

Disposal considerations:
Waste treatment methods:
Product:
Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company.
Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material.
Contaminated packaging:
Dispose of as unused product

CREMERCOOR TRIACETIN (GLYCEROL TRIACETATE)
DESCRIPTION:
CREMERCOOR TRIACETIN (GLYCEROL TRIACETATE) , is the organic compound with the formula C3H5(OCOCH3)3.
CREMERCOOR TRIACETIN (GLYCEROL TRIACETATE) is classified as a triglyceride, i.e., the triester of glycerol.
CREMERCOOR TRIACETIN (GLYCEROL TRIACETATE) is a colorless, viscous, and odorless liquid with a high boiling point and a low melting point.

CAS Number: 102-76-1
EC Number: 203-051-9
Systematic IUPAC name: Propane-1,2,3-triyl triacetate
Formula: C9H14O6


SYNONYMS OF CREMERCOOR CREMERCOOR TRIACETIN (GLYCEROL TRIACETATE) (GLYCEROL TRIACETATE):
CREMERCOOR TRIACETIN (GLYCEROL TRIACETATE) ,Glyceryl triacetate,102-76-1,Glycerol triacetate,Glycerin triacetate,Enzactin,CREMERCOOR TRIACETIN (GLYCEROL TRIACETATE) e,UNII-XHX3C3X673,FEMA No. 2007,HSDB 585,CREMERCOOR TRIACETIN (GLYCEROL TRIACETATE) (USP/INN)
1,2,3-propanetriyl ester,ENZACTIN (TN),EINECS 203-051-9,1,2,3-triacetyl-glycerol,CREMERCOOR TRIACETIN (GLYCEROL TRIACETATE) (GLYCEROL TRIACETATE),2-(Acetyloxy)-1-[(acetyloxy)methyl]ethyl acetate,BRN 1792353,2,3-diacetyloxypropyl acetate,Spectrum2_000939,Spectrum3_001368,Spectrum4_000362,Spectrum5_001376,ACMC-1C1GI,D0Q6DX,EC 203-051-9,CREMERCOOR TRIACETIN (GLYCEROL TRIACETATE) , >=99.5%,AC1Q1L9A,SCHEMBL3870,BSPBio_002896,Glycerol triacetate tributyrin,KBioGR_000823,KBioSS_001361,4-02-00-00253 (Beilstein Handbook Reference),KSC176O0H,MLS002152946,1,3-Propanetriol, triacetate,DivK1c_000740,Glyceryl triacetate, >=99%,SPECTRUM1500585,CREMERCOOR TRIACETIN (GLYCEROL TRIACETATE) , analytical standard,SPBio_000878,CREMERCOOR TRIACETIN (GLYCEROL TRIACETATE) , 99%, FCC, FG,CHEMBL1489254,DTXSID3026691,CTK0H6703,FEMA 2007,HMS502E22,KBio1_000740,KBio2_001361,KBio2_003929,KBio2_006497,KBio3_002116,KS-00000YQB,SR-05000002079-1,2-(Acetyloxy)-1-[(acetyloxy)methyl]ethyl acetate #,Z1258578263,CREMERCOOR TRIACETIN (GLYCEROL TRIACETATE) , GTA F.G (1,2,3-PROPANETRIOL TRIACETATE),CREMERCOOR TRIACETIN (GLYCEROL TRIACETATE) , United States Pharmacopeia (USP) Reference Standard,Triacetylglycerol,Fungacetin,Glyped,Triacetyl glycerine,Vanay,Kesscoflex TRA,1,2,3-triacetyl-sn-glycerol,AI3-00661,CHEBI:9661,XHX3C3X673,Glycerol triacetate (CREMERCOOR TRIACETIN (GLYCEROL TRIACETATE) ),E1518,C9H14O6,URAYPUMNDPQOKB-UHFFFAOYSA-N,1,3-bis(acetyloxy)propan-2-yl acetate,NCGC00091612-04,CREMERCOOR TRIACETIN (GLYCEROL TRIACETATE) (1,2,3-Propanetriol triacetate),DSSTox_CID_6691,DSSTox_RID_78184,DSSTox_GSID_26691,CAS-102-76-1,EBD5636,NSC4796,MolPort-001-787-791,NINDS_000740,Ey x(3/4)<<,HMS1921G05,HMS2092O09,HMS2232I22,Pharmakon1600-01500585,Glycerol triacetate, 99% 500g,HY-B0896,NSC-4796,ZINC1530705,Tox21_111155,Tox21_201745,Tox21_300111,WLN:,1VO1YOV1 & 1OV1,ANW-14741,CCG-39680,LMGL03012615,MFCD00008716,NSC757364,s4581,SBB060703,CREMERCOOR TRIACETIN (GLYCEROL TRIACETATE) , 8CI, BAN, INN, USAN,1,2,3-Propanetriol triacetate, 9CI,AKOS009028851,Tox21_111155_1,Glyceryl triacetate, >=99.0% (GC),LS-2356,MCULE-6622854116,NSC-757364,RP27112,RTR-033474
IDI1_000740,NCGC00091612-01,NCGC00091612-02,NCGC00091612-03,NCGC00091612-05,NCGC00091612-06,NCGC00091612-07,NCGC00091612-09,NCGC00254207-01,NCGC00259294-01,Kodaflex CREMERCOOR TRIACETIN (GLYCEROL TRIACETATE) ,1,2,3-Propanetriol, Triacetate,Acetin, tri-,CREMERCOOR TRIACETIN (GLYCEROL TRIACETATE) a,CREMERCOOR TRIACETIN (GLYCEROL TRIACETATE) um,1,2,3-triacetoxypropane,1,2,3-Propanetriol triacetate,propane-1,2,3-triyl triacetate,Triacetyl glycerin,Triacetyl glycerol,1,2,3-Propanetriyl triacetate,1,2,3-Triacetylglycerol,CREMERCOOR TRIACETIN (GLYCEROL TRIACETATE) [INN],1,2,3,Propanetriol, 1,2,3-triacetate,FEMA Number 2007,Triacetylglycerin,CREMERCOOR TRIACETIN (GLYCEROL TRIACETATE) e [INN-French],CREMERCOOR TRIACETIN (GLYCEROL TRIACETATE) um [INN-Latin],CREMERCOOR TRIACETIN (GLYCEROL TRIACETATE) a [INN-Spanish],NSC 4796,2-acetyloxy-1-(acetyloxymethyl)ethyl acetate,Estol 1581,CREMERCOOR TRIACETIN (GLYCEROL TRIACETATE) ,I14-2610,J-000781,CREMERCOOR TRIACETIN (GLYCEROL TRIACETATE) , Pharmaceutical Secondary Standard; Certified Reference Material
1,2,3-Propanetriol triacetate; 1,2,3-Triacetoxypropane; 1,2,3-Triacetylglycerol; Glycerol triacetate
InChI=1/C9H14O6/c1-6(10)13-4-9(15-8(3)12)5-14-7(2)11/h9H,4-5H2,1-3H

CREMERCOOR TRIACETIN (GLYCEROL TRIACETATE) has a mild, sweet taste in concentrations lower than 500 ppm, but may appear bitter at higher concentrations.
CREMERCOOR TRIACETIN (GLYCEROL TRIACETATE) is one of the glycerine acetate compounds.
CREMERCOOR TRIACETIN (GLYCEROL TRIACETATE) is a triglyceride, a type of lipid formed from glycerol and three fatty acids.

CREMERCOOR TRIACETIN (GLYCEROL TRIACETATE) is used in cosmetics as a solvent, preservative and texture enhancer.
CREMERCOOR TRIACETIN (GLYCEROL TRIACETATE) works to help dissolve and dilute substances, creating a consistent formulation.

Beyond this, CREMERCOOR TRIACETIN (GLYCEROL TRIACETATE) assists in extending a product’s shelf life as a preservative, preventing the growth of unwanted substances within a product.
As a raw material, CREMERCOOR TRIACETIN (GLYCEROL TRIACETATE) appears as a colorless, viscous liquid.
CREMERCOOR TRIACETIN (GLYCEROL TRIACETATE) also has applications in the food industry.

CREMERCOOR TRIACETIN (GLYCEROL TRIACETATE) (glyceryl triacetate), Food Grade is used as an ingredient in many food and cosmetic products.
Its high solvency power and low volatility make CREMERCOOR TRIACETIN (GLYCEROL TRIACETATE) a good solvent and fixative for many flavors and fragrances.
One of its main uses is as a plasticizer in chewing gum.

The United States Food and Drug Administration affirmed CREMERCOOR TRIACETIN (GLYCEROL TRIACETATE) as generally recognized as safe (GRAS) for use in human food.
CREMERCOOR TRIACETIN (GLYCEROL TRIACETATE) is also generally recognized as safe in animal feeds, as a pesticide adjuvant, and in food packaging.
CREMERCOOR TRIACETIN (GLYCEROL TRIACETATE) , Food Grade, meets all Food Chemicals Codex (FCC) specifications and is manufactured under good manufacturing practices (GMP).

CREMERCOOR TRIACETIN (GLYCEROL TRIACETATE) is an artificial chemical compound, commonly used as a food additive, for instance as a solvent in flavourings, and for its humectant function, with E number E1518 and Australian approval code A1518.
CREMERCOOR TRIACETIN (GLYCEROL TRIACETATE) is also a component of casting liquor with TG.

CREMERCOOR TRIACETIN (GLYCEROL TRIACETATE) can also be used as a fuel additive as an antiknock agent which can reduce engine knocking in gasoline, and to improve cold and viscosity properties of biodiesel.

In a 1994 report released by five top cigarette companies, CREMERCOOR TRIACETIN (GLYCEROL TRIACETATE) was listed as one of the 599 cigarette additives.
The CREMERCOOR TRIACETIN (GLYCEROL TRIACETATE) is applied to the filter as a plasticizer.

Because CREMERCOOR TRIACETIN (GLYCEROL TRIACETATE) is in some sense the simplest possible fat, it is being considered a possible source of food energy in artificial food regeneration systems on long space missions.
CREMERCOOR TRIACETIN (GLYCEROL TRIACETATE) is believed to be safe to get over half of one's dietary energy from CREMERCOOR TRIACETIN (GLYCEROL TRIACETATE) .

CREMERCOOR TRIACETIN (GLYCEROL TRIACETATE) , also known as Glyceryl Triacetate, is a cosmetic biocide, plasticizer, and solvent in cosmetic formulations, at concentrations ranging from 0.8% to 4.0%.
CREMERCOOR TRIACETIN (GLYCEROL TRIACETATE) is a commonly used carrier for flavors and fragrances.
CREMERCOOR TRIACETIN (GLYCEROL TRIACETATE) was affirmed as a generally recognized as safe (GRAS) human food ingredient by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA).

CREMERCOOR TRIACETIN (GLYCEROL TRIACETATE) is used as an inactive ingredient additive in some drug formulations.
CREMERCOOR TRIACETIN (GLYCEROL TRIACETATE) has been used as a plasticizer in the tests of acrylic polymer films for drug delivery.
CREMERCOOR TRIACETIN (GLYCEROL TRIACETATE) is not toxic to animals.
However, in one study, CREMERCOOR TRIACETIN (GLYCEROL TRIACETATE) caused erythema, slight edema, alopecia, and desquamation, and did cause some irritation in rabbit eyes.
Concentration of CREMERCOOR TRIACETIN (GLYCEROL TRIACETATE) in consumer products is in the range of about 0.005-2 % for cosmetics, and has been reported to be as high as 15-33 % for one specific antifungal drug.


USES OF CREMERCOOR TRIACETIN (GLYCEROL TRIACETATE) :
CREMERCOOR TRIACETIN (GLYCEROL TRIACETATE) is a common food additive, for instance as a solvent in flavourings, and for its humectant function, with E number E1518 and Australian approval code A1518.
CREMERCOOR TRIACETIN (GLYCEROL TRIACETATE) is used as an excipient in pharmaceutical products, where it is used as a humectant, a plasticizer, and as a solvent.

Uses Areas:
• Solvent in Flavorings
• Chewing Gum
• Humectant
• Pharmaceuticals
• Plasticizer
• Fuel Additive
• Cosmetic Products

CREMERCOOR TRIACETIN (GLYCEROL TRIACETATE) or Glycerol Triacetate (C9H14O6 or C3H5(OCOCH3)3, 102-76-1 is a triglyceride obtained by acetylation of the three hydroxy groups of glycerol.
CREMERCOOR TRIACETIN (GLYCEROL TRIACETATE) is commonly used as a food additive due to its humectant function, emulsification properties and anti fungal properties.

CREMERCOOR TRIACETIN (GLYCEROL TRIACETATE) is widely employed as an excipient in pharmaceutical products, where CREMERCOOR TRIACETIN (GLYCEROL TRIACETATE) is used as a humectant, a plasticizer and as a solvent.
CREMERCOOR TRIACETIN (GLYCEROL TRIACETATE) can also be used as a fuel additive as an antiknock agent in petrol and distillates, as well as to improve cold and viscosity properties of biodiesel.

CREMERCOOR TRIACETIN (GLYCEROL TRIACETATE) is used As a plasticizer and fragrance fixative, ink solvent, also used in medicine and dye synthesis.
CREMERCOOR TRIACETIN (GLYCEROL TRIACETATE) is used As a chromatographic fixative, solvent, toughener and fragrance fixative.

CREMERCOOR TRIACETIN (GLYCEROL TRIACETATE) is used as Humectants; carrier solvents; plasticizers; it can absorb carbon dioxide from the natural gas.
CREMERCOOR TRIACETIN (GLYCEROL TRIACETATE) is used In the production of cosmetics, pharmaceuticals and dyes, plasticizers for cigarette filter rods, and so on.

CREMERCOOR TRIACETIN (GLYCEROL TRIACETATE) is used in cosmetics, casting, medicine, dyes and other industries.
This product is non-toxic, non-irritating.
As the substrate for the determination of lipase, perfume fixative, solvent, gas chromatographic fixative (maximum temperature of 85 ℃, solvent: methanol, chloroform), separation of gas and aldehyde analysis.

POTENTIAL USES OF CREMERCOOR TRIACETIN (GLYCEROL TRIACETATE) :
The plasticizing capabilities of CREMERCOOR TRIACETIN (GLYCEROL TRIACETATE) have been utilized in the synthesis of a biodegradable phospholipid gel system for the dissemination of the cancer drug paclitaxel (PTX).
In the study, CREMERCOOR TRIACETIN (GLYCEROL TRIACETATE) was combined with PTX, ethanol, a phospholipid and a medium chain triglyceride to form a gel-drug complex.
This complex was then injected directly into the cancer cells of glioma-bearing mice.
The gel slowly degraded and facilitated sustained release of PTX into the targeted glioma cells.

CREMERCOOR TRIACETIN (GLYCEROL TRIACETATE) can also be used as a fuel additive as an antiknock agent which can reduce engine knocking in gasoline, and to improve cold and viscosity properties of biodiesel.

CREMERCOOR TRIACETIN (GLYCEROL TRIACETATE) has been considered as a possible source of food energy in artificial food regeneration systems on long space missions.
CREMERCOOR TRIACETIN (GLYCEROL TRIACETATE) is believed to be safe to get over half of one's dietary energy from CREMERCOOR TRIACETIN (GLYCEROL TRIACETATE) .

PRODUCTION OF CREMERCOOR TRIACETIN (GLYCEROL TRIACETATE) :
CREMERCOOR TRIACETIN (GLYCEROL TRIACETATE) can be derived from the esterification of glycerol and acetic acid.
After preheating glycerol to 50-60 ° C, add acetic acid, benzene and sulfuric acid.
Heat and stir for refluxing dehydration, and recycle the benzene.

Then add acetic anhydride for heating of 4h.
After cooling, the mixture was neutralized with 5% sodium carbonate to pH 7, and the crude layer was dried and the crude oil was dried with calcium chloride.
Distill under reduced pressure, collect the 128-131 ° C (0.93 kPa) fraction, namely glycerol triacetate.

SYNTHESIS OF CREMERCOOR TRIACETIN (GLYCEROL TRIACETATE) :
CREMERCOOR TRIACETIN (GLYCEROL TRIACETATE) was first prepared in 1854 by the French chemist Marcellin Berthelot.
CREMERCOOR TRIACETIN (GLYCEROL TRIACETATE) was prepared in the 19th century from glycerol and acetic acid.
Its synthesis from acetic anhydride and glycerol is simple and inexpensive.

3 (CH3CO)2O + 1 C3H5(OH)3 → 1 C3H5(OCOCH3)3 + 3 CH3CO2H
This synthesis has been conducted with catalytic sodium hydroxide and microwave irradiation to give a 99% yield of CREMERCOOR TRIACETIN (GLYCEROL TRIACETATE) .
It has also been conducted with a cobalt(II) Salen complex catalyst supported by silicon dioxide and heated to 50 °C for 55 minutes to give a 99% yield of CREMERCOOR TRIACETIN (GLYCEROL TRIACETATE)

LIST OF MEDICATIONS USING CREMERCOOR TRIACETIN (GLYCEROL TRIACETATE) :
CREMERCOOR TRIACETIN (GLYCEROL TRIACETATE) (C9H14O6), also known as glyceryl triacetate, is pharmaceutical excipient used in manufacturing of capsules and tablets, and has been used as a humectant, plasticizer, and solvent.
CREMERCOOR TRIACETIN (GLYCEROL TRIACETATE) is a liquid, and has been approved by the FDA as a food additive.
CREMERCOOR TRIACETIN (GLYCEROL TRIACETATE) is a water-soluble short-chain triglyceride that may also have a role as a parenteral nutrient according to animal studies.

CREMERCOOR TRIACETIN (GLYCEROL TRIACETATE) is also used in the perfume and cosmetic industries.
CREMERCOOR TRIACETIN (GLYCEROL TRIACETATE) is listed on the FDA Generally Regarded As Safe (GRAS) List.
According to the FDA, CREMERCOOR TRIACETIN (GLYCEROL TRIACETATE) has been found to be non-toxic in long-term feeding tests in rats at levels that were several orders of magnitude greater than those to which consumers are exposed.

Additionally, in a toxicology report from 2002, CREMERCOOR TRIACETIN (GLYCEROL TRIACETATE) and a group of related triglycerides did not represent a hazard to human health based on the anticipated daily intake of 7.8 mg/day/adult, and other available data.
One case of skin toxicity (allergic contact eczema) due to industrial use in cigarette filter production has been reported.

SAFETY INFORMATION ABOUT CREMERCOOR TRIACETIN (GLYCEROL TRIACETATE) :
First aid measures:
Description of first aid measures:
General advice:
Consult a physician.
Show this safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
Move out of dangerous area:

If inhaled:
If breathed in, move person into fresh air.
If not breathing, give artificial respiration.
Consult a physician.
In case of skin contact:
Take off contaminated clothing and shoes immediately.
Wash off with soap and plenty of water.
Consult a physician.

In case of eye contact:
Rinse thoroughly with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes and consult a physician.
Continue rinsing eyes during transport to hospital.

If swallowed:
Do NOT induce vomiting.
Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person.
Rinse mouth with water.
Consult a physician.

Firefighting measures:
Extinguishing media:
Suitable extinguishing media:
Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.
Special hazards arising from the substance or mixture
Carbon oxides, Nitrogen oxides (NOx), Hydrogen chloride gas

Advice for firefighters:
Wear self-contained breathing apparatus for firefighting if necessary.
Accidental release measures:
Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures
Use personal protective equipment.

Avoid breathing vapours, mist or gas.
Evacuate personnel to safe areas.

Environmental precautions:
Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so.
Do not let product enter drains.
Discharge into the environment must be avoided.

Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Soak up with inert absorbent material and dispose of as hazardous waste.
Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.

Handling and storage:
Precautions for safe handling:
Avoid inhalation of vapour or mist.

Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place.
Containers which are opened must be carefully resealed and kept upright to prevent leakage.
Storage class (TRGS 510): 8A: Combustible, corrosive hazardous materials

Exposure controls/personal protection:
Control parameters:
Components with workplace control parameters
Contains no substances with occupational exposure limit values.
Exposure controls:
Appropriate engineering controls:
Handle in accordance with good industrial hygiene and safety practice.
Wash hands before breaks and at the end of workday.

Personal protective equipment:
Eye/face protection:
Tightly fitting safety goggles.
Faceshield (8-inch minimum).
Use equipment for eye protection tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or EN 166(EU).

Skin protection:
Handle with gloves.
Gloves must be inspected prior to use.
Use proper glove
removal technique (without touching glove's outer surface) to avoid skin contact with this product.
Dispose of contaminated gloves after use in accordance with applicable laws and good laboratory practices.
Wash and dry hands.

Full contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0.11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Material tested:Dermatril (KCL 740 / Aldrich Z677272, Size M)
Splash contact
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0.11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Material tested:Dermatril (KCL 740 / Aldrich Z677272, Size M)
It should not be construed as offering an approval for any specific use scenario.

Body Protection:
Complete suit protecting against chemicals, The type of protective equipment must be selected according to the concentration and amount of the dangerous substance at the specific workplace.
Respiratory protection:
Where risk assessment shows air-purifying respirators are appropriate use a fullface respirator with multi-purpose combination (US) or type ABEK (EN 14387) respirator cartridges as a backup to engineering controls.

If the respirator is the sole means of protection, use a full-face supplied air respirator.
Use respirators and components tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or CEN (EU).
Control of environmental exposure
Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so.
Do not let product enter drains.
Discharge into the environment must be avoided.

Stability and reactivity:
Chemical stability:
Stable under recommended storage conditions.
Incompatible materials:
Strong oxidizing agents:
Hazardous decomposition products:
Hazardous decomposition products formed under fire conditions.
Carbon oxides, Nitrogen oxides (NOx), Hydrogen chloride gas.

Disposal considerations:
Waste treatment methods:
Product:
Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company.
Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material.
Contaminated packaging:
Dispose of as unused product


CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF CREMERCOOR TRIACETIN (GLYCEROL TRIACETATE) :
Chemical formula C9H14O6
Molar mass 218.205 g•mol−1
Appearance Oily liquid
Density 1.155 g/cm3
Melting point −78 °C (−108 °F; 195 K)
at 760 mmHg
Boiling point 259 °C (498 °F; 532 K)
at 760 mmHg
Solubility in water 6.1 g/100 mL
Solubility Miscible in EtOH
Soluble in C6H6, (C2H5)2O, acetone
Vapor pressure 0.051 Pa (11.09 °C)
0.267 Pa (25.12 °C)
2.08 Pa (45.05 °C)
ln(P/Pa)=22.819-4493/T(K)-807000/T(K)²
Refractive index (nD) 1.4301 (20 °C)
1.4294 (24.5 °C)
Viscosity 23 cP (20 °C)
Thermochemistry:
Heat capacity (C) 389 J/mol•K
Std molar entropy (S⦵298) 458.3 J/mol•K
Std enthalpy of formation (ΔfH⦵298) −1330.8 kJ/mol
Std enthalpy of combustion (ΔcH⦵298) 4211.6 kJ/mol
Molecular Weight:218.20400
Exact Mass:218.20
EC Number:203-051-9
UNII:XHX3C3X673
ICSC Number:1203
NSC Number:757364|4796
DSSTox ID:DTXSID3026691
Color/Form:Colorless liquid|Colorless somewhat oily liquid
HScode:2915390090
PSA:78.90000
XLogP3:0.2
Appearance:Liquid
Density:1.1562 g/cm3 @ Temp: 25 °C
Melting Point:-78 °C
Boiling Point:258-260 °C
Flash Point:148ºC
Refractive Index:1.429-1.433
Water Solubility:H2O: 64.0 g/L (20 ºC)
Storage Conditions:Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place.
Vapor Pressure:0.0141mmHg at 25°C
Vapor Density:7.52 (vs air)
Toxicity:LD50 i.v. in mice: 1600 ±81 mg/kg (Wretlind)
Flammability characteristics:Lower flammable limit: 1.0% by volume at 373 deg F (189 deg C)
Explosive limit:1.05%, 189°F
Odor:Slightly fatty odor
Taste:MILD, SWEET TASTE, BITTER ABOVE 0.05%
Henrys Law Constant:Henry's Law constant = 1.2X10-8 at 25 °C atm-cu m/mole at 25 °C (est)
Experimental Properties:Hydroxyl radical reaction rate constant = 8.5X10-12 cu cm/mole-sec at 25 °C (est)
Autoignition Temperature:812 °F (433 °C)|433 °C
Flammable Limits:Lower flammable limit: 1.0% by volume at 373 °F (189 °C)

Melting point 3 °C(lit.)
Boiling point 258-260 °C(lit.)
Density 1.16 g/mL at 25 °C(lit.)
vapor density 7.52 (vs air)
vapor pressure 0.00248 mm Hg @ 250C
FEMA 2007 | (TRI-)ACETIN
refractive index n25/D 1.429-1.431(lit.)
Flash point 300 °F
storage temp. Sealed in dry,Room Temperature
solubility Soluble in water, miscible with ethanol (96 per cent) and toluene.
form Liquid
color Clear colorless
Odor Characteristic odour
explosive limit 1.05%, 189°F
Water Solubility 64.0 g/L (20 ºC)
Merck 14,9589
Cresylic acid
Cresol (mixed isomers); Coal tar acids; Coal tar cresols; Coal tar phenols; Methylphenol, mixed; Crysylol; Hydroxytoluene; Cresol All Isomers; Tricresol; Methylphenol tricresol; Mixed cresols; Acede cresylique; Acide cresylique; Cresoli; Cresolum crudum; Cresylate; Cresylic acid; Hydroxymethylbenzene; Hydroxytoluole; Kresole; Kresolen; Krezol; Tricresol; Tricresolum; Trikresolum; ar-Toluenol CAS NO:1319-77-3
CRINIPAN AD

Crinipan AD is an effective anti-dandruff active ingredient widely used in personal care products, particularly in shampoos and hair care formulations.
Crinipan AD is known for its ability to combat dandruff and reduce scalp irritation, making it a popular choice in the formulation of dandruff control products.
The chemical composition of Crinipan AD provides both anti-fungal and anti-bacterial properties, contributing to a healthier scalp and hair.

CAS Number: 3586-55-8
EC Number: 222-720-6

Synonyms: Crinipan AD, Climbazole, Anti-Dandruff Active, Anti-Fungal Agent, Dandruff Control Ingredient, Hair Care Active, 1-(4-Chlorophenoxy)-1-imidazolyl-3,3-dimethyl-2-butanone, Climbazole AD, Antimicrobial Agent, Climbazole Powder, Dandruff Treatment Active, Anti-Dandruff Climbazole, Hair Scalp Treatment Active, 4-Chlorophenoxy-1-imidazolyl-3,3-dimethyl-2-butanone, Hair Care Additive, Crinipan Climbazole, Anti-Microbial Climbazole, Dandruff Solution Agent, Fungistatic Climbazole, Hair Health Active, Climbazole Anti-Dandruff, Climbazole Hair Care



APPLICATIONS


Crinipan AD is extensively used as an active ingredient in anti-dandruff shampoos, providing effective control of dandruff and scalp irritation.
Crinipan AD is favored in the production of scalp treatments, where it helps to soothe and protect the scalp from fungal infections.
Crinipan AD is utilized in the formulation of hair care products designed to prevent dandruff recurrence and maintain a healthy scalp.

Crinipan AD is widely used in the production of leave-in hair treatments, offering long-lasting anti-dandruff benefits.
Crinipan AD is employed in the formulation of hair conditioners that are specifically targeted at dandruff-prone scalps.
Crinipan AD is essential in the development of hair masks and treatments that aim to restore scalp health and reduce flakiness.

Crinipan AD is utilized in the creation of scalp serums, providing concentrated anti-dandruff action and soothing effects.
Crinipan AD is a key ingredient in the formulation of medicated shampoos, offering therapeutic benefits for those with severe dandruff issues.
Crinipan AD is used in the development of hair oils that promote a balanced and irritation-free scalp environment.

Crinipan AD is applied in the formulation of scalp sprays, providing quick and effective relief from dandruff symptoms.
Crinipan AD is employed in the production of anti-dandruff scalp scrubs, helping to exfoliate dead skin cells and reduce dandruff.
Crinipan AD is used in the creation of hair and scalp tonics, contributing to overall scalp health and dandruff prevention.

Crinipan AD is found in the formulation of dandruff control hair styling products, such as gels and creams, ensuring a dandruff-free finish.
Crinipan AD is used in the production of hair detanglers that also offer anti-dandruff benefits.
Crinipan AD is utilized in the development of scalp lotions, providing hydration and anti-dandruff protection.

Crinipan AD is employed in the formulation of dry shampoos that target dandruff and scalp irritation.
Crinipan AD is used in the production of anti-dandruff hair serums that can be applied directly to the scalp for targeted treatment.
Crinipan AD is a key ingredient in the creation of anti-dandruff hair foams, providing easy application and effective results.



DESCRIPTION


Crinipan AD is an effective anti-dandruff active ingredient widely used in personal care products, particularly in shampoos and hair care formulations.
Crinipan AD is known for its ability to combat dandruff and reduce scalp irritation, making it a popular choice in the formulation of dandruff control products.

Crinipan AD is a versatile ingredient used in various hair care applications to maintain a healthy scalp environment.
Crinipan AD provides both anti-fungal and anti-bacterial properties, which help in preventing the growth of dandruff-causing microorganisms on the scalp.
Crinipan AD is often incorporated into leave-in treatments, conditioners, and other hair care products aimed at providing continuous dandruff protection.

Crinipan AD is recognized for its stability and effectiveness in both rinse-off and leave-in formulations.
Crinipan AD is commonly included in products designed for daily use, offering gentle yet effective dandruff control without causing irritation.
Crinipan AD enhances the overall effectiveness of hair care products by providing long-lasting protection against dandruff and promoting a healthy scalp.



PROPERTIES


Chemical Formula: C15H17ClN2O2
Common Name: Crinipan AD (Climbazole)
Molecular Structure:
Appearance: White to off-white crystalline powder
Density: 1.3 g/cm³
Melting Point: 96-98°C
Solubility: Insoluble in water; soluble in alcohols and organic solvents
Flash Point: 180°C
Reactivity: Stable under normal conditions; no known reactivity issues
Chemical Stability: Stable under recommended storage conditions
Storage Temperature: Store between 15-25°C in a cool, dry place
Vapor Pressure: Low



FIRST AID


Inhalation:
If Crinipan AD is inhaled, move the affected person to fresh air immediately.
If breathing difficulties persist, seek immediate medical attention.
If the person is not breathing, administer artificial respiration.
Keep the affected person warm and at rest.

Skin Contact:
Wash the affected area with soap and water.
If skin irritation persists, seek medical attention.

Eye Contact:
In case of eye contact, flush the eyes with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes, lifting upper and lower eyelids.
Seek immediate medical attention if irritation or redness persists.
Remove contact lenses if present and easy to do; continue rinsing.

Ingestion:
If Crinipan AD is ingested, do not induce vomiting unless directed to do so by medical personnel.
Rinse the mouth thoroughly with water.
Seek immediate medical attention.
If the person is conscious, give small sips of water to drink.

Note to Physicians:
Treat symptomatically.
No specific antidote.
Provide supportive care.



HANDLING AND STORAGE


Handling:

Personal Protection:
Wear appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) such as gloves and safety goggles if handling large quantities.
Use in a well-ventilated area to avoid inhalation of dust.

Ventilation:
Ensure adequate ventilation when handling large amounts of Crinipan AD to control airborne concentrations below occupational exposure limits.

Avoidance:
Avoid direct contact with eyes and prolonged skin contact.
Do not eat, drink, or smoke while handling Crinipan AD.
Wash hands thoroughly after handling.

Spill and Leak Procedures:
Contain spills to prevent further release and minimize exposure.
Absorb with inert material (e.g., sand, vermiculite) and collect for disposal.
Dispose of in accordance with local regulations.

Storage:
Store Crinipan AD in a cool, dry, well-ventilated area away from incompatible materials (see SDS for specific details).
Keep containers tightly closed when not in use to prevent contamination.
Store away from heat sources, direct sunlight, and ignition sources.

Handling Cautions:
Avoid inhalation of dust and direct contact with skin and eyes.
Use explosion-proof equipment in areas where dust may be present.


Storage:

Temperature:
Store Crinipan AD at temperatures between 15-25°C as recommended by the manufacturer.
Avoid exposure to extreme temperatures.

Containers:
Use approved containers made of compatible materials.
Check for leaks or damage in storage containers regularly.

Separation:
Store Crinipan AD away from incompatible materials, including strong oxidizers.

Handling Equipment:
Use dedicated equipment for handling Crinipan AD to avoid cross-contamination.
Ensure all handling equipment is in good condition.

Security Measures:
Restrict access to storage areas.
Follow all applicable local regulations regarding the storage of cosmetic ingredients.

Emergency Response:
Have emergency response equipment and materials readily available, including spill cleanup materials, fire extinguishers, and emergency eyewash stations.
Crithmum Maritimum Extract
Crithmum maritimum, ext.;CRITHMUM MARITIMUM EXTRACT , rock fennel extract; sea fennel extract , extract of the whole plant of the rock fennel, crithmum maritimum l., apiaceae CAS Number 89997-98-8
CRODAMIDE EBS
CRODAMIDE EBS = ETHYLENE BIS(STEARAMIDE)


CAS Number: 110-30-5
EC Number: 203-755-6
MDL number: MFCD00059224
Molecular Formula: C38H76N2O2 / [CH3(CH2)16CONHCH2-]2



Crodamide EBS acts as a slip and anti-block additive.
Crodamide EBS is based on a non-vegetable origin, secondary bis-amide.
Crodamide EBS offers mold release benefits in polyamides (nylon).
Crodamide EBS disperses evenly through the polymer in the melt phase, and migrates to the surface where it forms a thin lubricating layer that reduces coefficient of friction between surfaces and reduces unwanted adhesion.


Crodamide EBS also functions as an external lubricant for PVC and a process aid for polyolefins.
Crodamide EBS is suitable for composites, styrenics and rubber.
The recommended dosage levels are 500-2000 ppm in films and 0.2-1.0% in molding applications.
Crodamide EBS is EU 10/2011, FDA (175.105) and FDA (175.300) approved.


Crodamide EBS has a shelf life of 365 days.
Crodamide EBS is also available in bead form.
Crodamide EBS is ethylene-bis-stearamide of non-vegetable origin.
Crodamide EBS is a secondary bis amide effective as an anti-block agent and process aid for polyolefins.


Crodamide EBS is a secondary bis-amide additive.
Crodamide EBS has good anti-blocking properties in polyolefins.
Crodamide EBS is an organic compound with the formula (CH2NHC(O)C17H35)2.
Crodamide EBS is a waxy white solid and is also found as powder or beads that is widely used as a form release agent.


Crodamide EBS is derived from the reaction of ethylenediamine and stearic acid.
Crodamide EBS is a white solid of low toxicity that provides a slippery coating for a variety of applications.
Crodamide EBS is a synthetic wax with high melting point.


Crodamide EBS is a hard and brittle white high melting point wax.
Crodamide EBS's industrial products are slightly yellow particles or white powder, non-toxic, and have no side effects on the human body.
Crodamide EBS is an organic compound with the formula (CH2NHC(O)C17H35)2.
Crodamide EBS is a waxy white solid and is also found as powder or beads that is widely used as a form release agent.


Crodamide EBS is derived from the reaction of ethylenediamine and stearic acid.
Crodamide EBS is a white solid of low toxicity that provides a slippery coating for a variety of applications.
Crodamide EBS is a synthetic wax that has fatty amide groups that can interact with the surface of a variety of nanoparticles.
Synthhetic wax having high melting point, Crodamide EBS has some functions as internal and external lubricant, releasing and dispersion agent of pigment for the most thermosetting and thermoplastic resins.


Crodamide EBS is derived from stearic acid and ethylenediamine.
Crodamide EBS is white or slight yellow powder or granule.
Crodamide EBS is a waxy white solid and is also found as powder or beads that is widely used as a form release agent.
Crodamide EBS is derived from the reaction of ethylenediamine and stearic acid.


Crodamide EBS is an amide wax.
Crodamide EBS has low acid value ( free fatty acid ), high melting point, and excellent white colour, and high purity.
Crodamide EBS is white spherical particle.
Crodamide EBS is insoluble in most organic solvents at room temperature.


Crodamide EBS is stable to acid, alkali and water medium.
Crodamide EBS is soluble in hot chlorinated hydrocarbons and aromatic hydrocarbon solvents.
Wettability is available for water above 80°C.
Crodamide EBS is an amide wax of type N,N-bis-stearyl ethylenediamine with particularly good thermostability.


Crodamide EBS is an amide wax of type N,N-bis-stearyl-ethylenediamine.
Compatible with styrene & styrenic copolymer, PVC, PO and PS.
Crodamide EBS exhibits good thermostability and excellent slip properties.
Crodamide EBS is an amide wax of type N,N-bis-stearyl ethylenediamine with particularly good thermostability.


Crodamide EBS has no influence on the transparency of the Polymers.
Crodamide EBS is a waxy white solid and is also found as powder or beads that is widely used as a form release agent.
Crodamide EBS is derived from the reaction of ethylenediamine and stearic acid.
Crodamide EBS is a white solid that provides a slippery coating for a variety of applications.


Crodamide EBS is a hard and brittle white high melting point wax, Crodamide EBS's industrial products are slightly yellow fine particles.
Crodamide EBS is insoluble in most solvents at room temperature, stable to acids and bases, and aqueous media, soluble in hot chlorinated hydrocarbons and aromatic hydrocarbons solvents.
Crodamide EBS has slippery feeling strong, above 80 ℃ to water with wettability of the compound.



USES and APPLICATIONS of CRODAMIDE EBS:
Crodamide EBS is added to oil based defoamers to improve foam knock down.
Crodamide EBS can also be used as a process aid, for example to improve dispersion of fillers.
Crodamide EBS has proven mould release action in polyamides, and is a lubricant for PVC.
Crodamide EBS is a bis-amide anti-blocking additive used to prevent blocking and as anti-tack of adhesives.


Crodamide EBS is used to prevent the adhesive granulate from sticking together during storage, or to prevent adhesive film layers to attract dirt or stick together before application by reactivation or melting.
Crodamide EBS has proven mold release benefits in nylon and is a lubricant for PVC.
Crodamide EBS is an internal additive and can be incorporated into resin as supplied or via masterbatch / pre-blend.


Experience has shown that simple manual mixing prior to processing will normally give an acceptable dispersion though, mechanical means are preferred.
Typical addition levels vary depending on polymer and lubrication required.
Croda recommends around 500 - 2000ppm in films and 0.2 - 1.0% in molding applications.


Crodamide EBS acts as a slip and anti-block agent, mold release agent and lubricant for PVC.
Crodamide EBS is non-toxic and can be dispersed evenly through the polymer in the melt phase.
Crodamide EBS migrates to the surface of the polymer where it forms a thin lubricating layer.


Crodamide EBS is a synthetic wax used as a dispersing agent or internal/external lubricant for benefits in plastic applications to facilitate and stabilize the dispersion of solid compounding materials to enhance processability, to decrease friction and abrasion of the polymer surface, and to contribute color stability and polymer degradation.
Crodamide EBS is also used in process industries as release agent and antistatic agent for the production of thermoplastics,and wiring.


Crodamide EBS is used in powder metallurgy.
Crodamide EBS, a new plastic lubricant developed in recent years, is widely used in the molding and processing of PVC products, ABS, high impact polystyrene, polyolefin, rubber and plastic products.
Crodamide EBS is compared with traditional lubricants such as paraffin wax, polyethylene wax, stearate, etc.


Crodamide EBS not only has good external lubrication effect, but also has good internal lubrication effect, which improves the fluidity and demoulding property of melted plastic in plastic molding process, thus improving the yield of plastic processing, reducing energy consumption, and making the product obtain high surface smoothness and smoothness.
Because of Crodamide EBS's excellent lubricating properties, Crodamide EBS is widely used internally and/or externally in most plastics such as ABS, PS, PP, etc.


Crodamide EBS is used as additive Ethylenebisstearamide can be incorporated directly into polymers to prevent any unwanted adhesion.
Crodamide EBS is used to prevent adhesive granulate from sticking together during storage, or to prevent adhesive film layers to attract dirt or stick together before application by reactivation or melting.
Crodamide EBS can also be used as a process aid, for example to improve dispersion of fillers.


Crodamide EBS can also be a binder in the precise engineering metal part.
Due to Crodamide EBS's good dispersing ability and surface migration Crodamide EBS can be used in printing inks.
When used in asphalt binder for road making (asphalt modifiers), Crodamide EBS increases its softening point and enhances its visco-elasticity.
Lubricant in powder metal molding, rubber, adhesives, coatings, wire drawing, wood plastic composite.


Defoamer in paper, Lubricant for Polyacetals, Water repellent for paper, Intermediate for defoamers.
Delustering agent for furniture finishes and printing inks.
Dispersing agent for masterbatch applications, preferably for engineering resins and PVC.
Modifier in textile auxiliaries.


Crodamide EBS is used as lubricant with good inner or outer lubricant action and has good coordination when used together with other lubricants as high grade alcohols, aliphatic acid esters, calcium stearate and paraffin.
In the processing of ABS, AS, hard PVC, polyformaldehyde, polycarbonate, polyurethane and phenolformaldehyde resins, Crodamide EBS is used as lubricant demoulding agent with a quantity of 0.5~1.5 %.


Crodamide EBS is used as anti-adhesive agent for various polymer film or sheets.
An addition of 0.5-1 % of Crodamide EBS can not only prevent the occurrence of air bubbles but also make the plastic bags be slippery so as to be opened easily.
Crodamide EBS can remarkably enhance the heat-resistant and weather-resistant properties while coordinating with chief stabilizer in formulation of inorganic filler for PVC and polyolefin.


As Crodamide EBS has strong cohesions with pigment or other filler, Crodamide EBS can improve the dispersion and coupling property of fillers in the polymers to enhance the commercial value of the products.
Crodamide EBS is used as nucleation transparency agent to reduce the nucleating time in compounds such as polyolefins, polyformaldehyde and polyamide, promote the structure of resin to become fine, thus improve the mechanical property and transparency of the products.


Crodamide EBS can improve the heat-resistant, weather-resistant property of polyester and polyamide and bring about certain antistatic effects.
Crodamide EBS is used in the spinning of antistatic nylon fiber as additive and also is able to reduce the breaking of yarn.
Crodamide EBS is used as processing auxiliary of rubber.


Besides the lubricant demoulding property and modifying performance of filler surface, Crodamide EBS can raise the surface fineness of rubber pipes and rubber plates to act as rubber surface polishing agent.
Crodamide EBS improves the kneading, processing and vulcanization performance of rubber grains in the processing of rubber.


Added in the coating production to increase the uniform dispersion of pigment and filler, improve the surface leveling property of baking paint, prevent the stripping off of paint film and improve water-proof and acid-resistant and alkali-resistant property.
In nitrocellulose lacquers, Crodamide EBS can bring about the flatting action.


Crodamide EBS is used as lubricant in powder metallurgy (PM) steels to reduce the inter-particle and die-wall friction during pressing and hence improve powder compressibility and ejection of the component from the compaction tool.
Crodamide EBS can help to increase the melting point of petroleum products; lubricant and corrosive agent of metal wire drawing.
Crodamide EBS can help to increase the smoothness and fineness for insulator layer of electric power and cable.


Crodamide EBS can decrease the viscosity of asphalt and improve Crodamide EBS’s softening point and weathering resistance when added to asphalt.
Crodamide EBS derived from stearic acid with ethylene diamine is a synthetic was used as a dispersing agent or internal/external lubricant for benefits in plastic applications to facilitate and stabilize the dispersion of solid compounding materials to enhance processability.
Crodamide EBS is also used as a release agents, antistats, and antifoaming agent.


Crodamide EBS is used as defoamer/ anti-foaming agent and coating component of paper for paper-making industry.
Crodamide EBS is added in the manufacturing process of dope and oil paint to enhance salt mist and dampproof effect and to improve performance of paint remover.
As Crodamide EBS has good wearable performance and smoothing performance, fits for improving polishing performance of lacquer, air release of surface with holes, Crodamide EBS is also well used as dulling agent for polishing furniture and printing ink.


Crodamide EBS is used for lubricant of plastic and metal molding, adhesion preventives, viscosity modifier, anti-corrosion of wax, water resistance of coating and spray paint.
Crodamide EBS is a synthetic wax used as a dispersing agent or internal/external lubricant for benefits.
Crodamide EBS is also used as release agents, antistatic agents, and antifoaming agents.


Crodamide EBS can be used for a wide range of applications such as lubricants, activators and dispersing agents that reduce the friction in the system and increase the rate of processing.
Crodamide EBS is used in Raw materials, Ethylenediamine Trap Stearic acid, Preparation Products, defoaming agent OTD.


Crodamide EBS is a synthetic wax used as a dispersing agent or internal/external lubricant for benefits in plastic applications to facilitate and stabilize the dispersion of solid compounding materials to enhance processability, to decrease friction and abrasion of the polymer surface, and to contribute color stability and polymer degradation.
Crodamide EBS is also used in process industries as release agent and antistatic agent for the production of thermoplastics,and wiring.


Crodamide EBS is used in powder metallurgy.
Crodamide EBS is used in various industries as internal/external lubricant, mold release agent, dispersant and slip- and anti-blocking-agent.
Because of Crodamide EBS's excellent lubricating properties Crodamide EBS is widely used internally and/or externally in most plastics such as ABS, PS, PP etc.


Crodamide EBS is used as additive Crodamide EBS can be incorporated directly into polymers to prevent any unwanted adhesion.
Adhesive pellets or film often develop adhesion between the polymer pellets or layers when exposed to elevated temperatures and pressures.
Crodamide EBS can be found in industrial use: in processing aids at industrial sites, formulation in materials and as processing aid.


Crodamide EBS can be found in: outdoor use in long-life materials with high release rate (e.g. tyres, treated wooden products, treated textile and fabric, brake pads in trucks or cars, sanding of buildings (bridges, facades) or vehicles (ships)).
Crodamide EBS can be found in products with material based on: rubber (e.g. tyres, shoes, toys) and fabrics, textiles and apparel (e.g. clothing, mattress, curtains or carpets, textile toys).


Crodamide EBS is used in the following products: washing & cleaning products, lubricants and greases, coating products, inks and toners and polishes and waxes.
Crodamide EBS is used in the following areas: formulation of mixtures and/or re-packaging.
Crodamide EBS is used for the manufacture of: rubber products and plastic products.


Crodamide EBS can be found in: indoor use (e.g. machine wash liquids/detergents, automotive care products, paints and coating or adhesives, fragrances and air fresheners) and outdoor use.
Crodamide EBS is used in the following products: polymers, lubricants and greases, metal working fluids, pharmaceuticals and cosmetics and personal care products.


Crodamide EBS can be found in industrial use: formulation of mixtures, formulation in materials, as processing aid, manufacturing of the substance and in processing aids at industrial sites.
Crodamide EBS is used in the following products: lubricants and greases, polymers, washing & cleaning products, inks and toners, metal working fluids, textile treatment products and dyes and coating products.


Crodamide EBS is used in the following areas: formulation of mixtures and/or re-packaging and municipal supply (e.g. electricity, steam, gas, water) and sewage treatment.
Crodamide EBS is used for the manufacture of: rubber products, textile, leather or fur, machinery and vehicles and chemicals.


Crodamide EBS can be found in industrial use: in processing aids at industrial sites, as processing aid, in the production of articles, formulation in materials, formulation of mixtures and of substances in closed systems with minimal release.
Crodamide EBS can be found in: indoor use (e.g. machine wash liquids/detergents, automotive care products, paints and coating or adhesives, fragrances and air fresheners).


Crodamide EBS is used to prevent adhesive granulate from sticking together during storage, or to prevent adhesive film layers to attract dirt or stick together before application by reactivation or melting.
Crodamide EBS can also be used as a process aid, for example to improve dispersion of fillers.
Crodamide EBS is a bis-amide polymer additive that lowers the temperature at which the asphalt softens.


Crodamide EBS is used as processing aid for resins and polymers and as defoaming agent.
Crodamide EBS is traditionally used as lubricant and binder for cold compaction of powdered metal parts.
Crodamide EBS is a bis-amide polymer additive that lowers the temperature at which the asphalt softens.
Crodamide EBS is used as processing aid for resins and polymers and as defoaming agent.


Crodamide EBS is traditionally used as lubricant and binder for cold compaction of powdered metal parts.
Crodamide EBS is used as a processing aid for resins and polymers and as a defoaming agent.
Crodamide EBS is an effective lubricant, processing aid, slip additive and pigment dispersant aid for most polymers.
Crodamide EBS is an ethylenebisstearamide, specifically developed to afford low, consistent viscosities and superior cost performance in paper pulp defoamer applications.


Crodamide EBS is useful as defoamer for paper making and textile processing .
Crodamide EBS is used by consumers, in articles, by professional workers (widespread uses), in formulation or re-packing, at industrial sites and in manufacturing.
Crodamide EBS is used in the following products: adhesives and sealants, lubricants and greases, coating products, polishes and waxes and washing & cleaning products.


Slip- and anti-blocking agent for polyolefins and PVC, especially for film applications and also lubricant for wood plastic composites and plastics.
Crodamide EBS is used as Dispersing agent for masterbatch applications, preferably for engineering resins and PVC.
Crodamide EBS provides typical slip and anti blocking characteristics to all polymers e.g. in films.


Crodamide EBS is used Anti-Blocking Agent, Release Agent, Slip Agent, Flow Promoter
Crodamide EBS improves flow and has no influence on transparency of polymers.
Crodamide EBS acts as a lubricant, release & antiblocking agent for all engineering resins and dispersing agent for masterbatch applications.
Crodamide EBS provides typical slip and anti blocking characteristics to all polymers.


Crodamide EBS powder does not affect the transparency of polymers and acts as lubricant in a wide variety of polymers like PVC, PO, PS and engineering plastics.
Crodamide EBS is used as an internal and external slip agent in many thermoplastic and thermosetting plastics, the most representative ones are ABS, PS, ABS, PVC, also used in PE, PP, PVAC, cellulose, Accurate, Nylon, phenolic-Resin, amino plastics.


Crodamide EBS has a good finish and good film release.
Crodamide EBS is used as a lubricant of polyformaldehyde, the addition amount is 0.5%, which improves the melt flow rate and the film release, and the whiteness, thermal stability and physical index of polyformaldehyde all reach the superior index.
Crodamide EBS is used in the following products: adhesives and sealants, lubricants and greases, coating products, polishes and waxes and washing & cleaning products.


Crodamide EBS is used in the following products: washing & cleaning products, lubricants and greases, coating products, inks and toners and polishes and waxes.
Crodamide EBS is used in the following areas: formulation of mixtures and/or re-packaging.
Crodamide EBS is used for the manufacture of: rubber products and plastic products.


Crodamide EBS is used in the following products: polymers, lubricants and greases, metal working fluids, pharmaceuticals and cosmetics and personal care products.
Crodamide EBS is used for the manufacture of: rubber products, textile, leather or fur, machinery and vehicles and chemicals.
Crodamide EBS is also used in process industries as release agent and antistatic agent for the production of thermoplastics,and wiring.


Crodamide EBS is a synthetic wax used as a dispersing agent or internal/external lubricant for benefits in plastic applications to facilitate and stabilize the dispersion of solid compounding materials to enhance processability, to decrease friction and abrasion of the polymer surface, and to contribute color stability and polymer degradation.


Crodamide EBS is used in powder metallurgy.
Lubrication performance is excellent, anti-calcium salt ability is strong, drag reduction effect is good, used for drilling in saturated brine to reduce power consumption.
Crodamide EBS is used in various industries as internal/external lubricant, mold release agent, dispersant and slip- and anti-blocking-agent.


Because of Crodamide EBS's excellent lubricating properties, Crodamide EBS is widely used internally and/or externally in most plastics such as ABS, PS, PP etc.
Crodamide EBS is used as additive EBS can be incorporated directly into polymers to prevent any unwanted adhesion.
Adhesive pellets or film often develop adhesion between the polymer pellets or layers when exposed to elevated temperatures and pressures.


Crodamide EBS is used to prevent adhesive granulate from sticking together during storage, or to prevent adhesive film layers to attract dirt or stick together before application by reactivation or melting.
Crodamide EBS can also be used as a process aid, for example to improve dispersion of fillers.
Crodamide EBS is used as an additive for hot melt adhesives.


-Consumer Goods:
*Appliances & Electronics
*Adhesives & Sealants: Industrial & *Assembly Adhesives
*Electronics Adhesives
*Industrial Manufacturing
*Healthcare & Pharma — Medical
*Medical Tapes & Adhesives
*Electrical & Electronics — Packaging & Assembly
*Adhesives & Sealants
*Adhesive & Sealant Type


-Plastic uses of Crodamide EBS:
Lubricants inside or outside many plastics such as ABS, PS, AS, PVC, PE, PP, PVAC, cellulose acetate, nylon, phenolic resin and amino plastics.
Crodamide EBS has a good surface quality and demoulding performance.


-Rubber uses of Crodamide EBS:
Synthetic resin and rubber will have good anti-adhesive and anti-caking effect by adding Crodamide EBS in their emulsion.
Crodamide EBS has a good effect to the increase surface gloss when added to rubber products.
-Chemical fiber:
Crodamide EBS can improve heat and weather resistance performance of polyester and polyamide fiber, and has some anti-static effect.


-Pigment and filler use of Crodamide EBS:
Crodamide EBS can be used as pigment dispersant of plastic , fiber, such as ABS, PS, polypropylene fibre and PET fiber and other color masterbatch.
-Viscosity controlling agents:
Crodamide EBS is used in various industries as internal/external lubricant, mold release agent, dispersant and slip- and anti-blocking-agent.


-Coatings and printing ink use of Crodamide EBS:
When manufacturing coating and painting, Crodamide EBS can improve the effect of salt spray and moistureproof by adding Crodamide EBS.
Crodamide EBS can help to improve the paint stripper performance of paint when added, and to increase the leveling performance of baking enamel varnish.


-Applications of Crodamide EBS:
*Adhesives & sealants
*Composites
*Inks
-Application of Crodamide EBS:
Water treatment


-Mode of action:
Crodamide EBS can be dispersed evenly through the polymer in the melt phase.
Crodamide EBS migrates to the surface of the polymer where it forms a thin lubricating layer.
This layer reduces the coefficient of friction between surfaces and prevents any unwanted adhesion.


-Chemical fiber uses of Crodamide EBS:
Crodamide EBS can improve the heat and weather resistance, fluidity of polyester, polyamide fiber, and give a certain anti-static effect.
-Rubber:
Synthetic resins and rubber such as Vinyl, polychloroprene, GRS (SBR) add 1~3% EBS to their emulsions, it has a good anti-viscosity and anti-caking effect, EBS is used in floor mats for automobiles, drainage pipes, and other rubber products to increase the effect of surface gloss.


-Pigment, and filler dispersant use of Crodamide EBS:
*Crodamide EBS is used as a pigment dispersant for plastic.
*Pigment dispersant for chemical fiber masterbatches, such as ABS, PS, polypropylene, polyester masterbatches.
*Crodamide EBS can also be used as diffusion powder for plastic color matching.
*Depending on the amount of pigment and filler added, the addition amount is 0.5~5%.


-Paint, and Ink use of Crodamide EBS:
*Adding 0.5~2% Crodamide EBS can improve the effect of salt spray and moisture resistance in the manufacture of paint and lacquer.
*Adding Crodamide EBS in the paint can improve the performance of the paint stripper and can improve the leveling of the baked enamel surface.
*Crodamide EBS can be used as a matting agent in furniture polishing agents and printing ink.
*After micronization (particle size: d50 about 6μ, d 90 about 12μ), Crodamide EBS has excellent anti-abrasion and smoothness and can be used in lacquer systems to improve polishability and degassing on a porous surface.


-Other uses of Crodamide EBS:
*Melting point rising agent for petroleum products
*Lubricant and anti-corrosion agent for metal drawing
*Potting material for electrical components; defoaming agent and paper coating ingredient for paper industry
*Crodamide EBS is used as a defoaming agent and permanent water pulling agent for dyeing works in textile dyeing and finishing
*Adding this product in asphalt can reduce the viscosity of asphalt and improve the softening point, water-resistance and weather resistance of asphalt.



BENEFITS of CRODAMIDE EBS:
*Anti-block
*Dispersion
*Mold release
*External lubricant for PVC
*Hydrophobic solid particle
*Quickly penetrates through surfactant bilayer
*Inherently biodegradable



PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of CRODAMIDE EBS:
Appearance: White, waxy crystals
Odor: Odourless
Melting point: 144 to 146 °C (291 to 295 °F; 417 to 419 K)
Flash point: 280 °C (536 °F; 553 K)
Physical state: Beads
Color: white
Odor: odorless
Melting point/range: 144 - 146 °C - lit.
Initial boiling point and boiling range: 260 °C at 1.013 hPa
Flammability (solid, gas): No data available
Upper/lower flammability or explosive limits: No data available
Flash point: ca.270 °C - DIN 51758
Autoignition temperature: ca.380 °C at 1.013 hPa - DIN 51794
Decomposition temperature: > 200 °C -
pH: No data available
Viscosity Viscosity, kinematic: No data available
Viscosity, dynamic: ca.10 mPa.s at 150 °C
Water solubility at 20 °C: insoluble

Partition coefficient: n-octanol/water log Pow: 13,98 at 25 °C
Vapor pressure: Not applicable
Density: 1 g/cm3 at 20 °C
Relative density: No data available
Relative vapor density: No data available
Particle characteristics: No data available
Explosive properties: No data available
Oxidizing properties: none
Other safety information: No data available
Assay: 95.00 to 100.00
Food Chemicals Codex Listed: No
Boiling Point: 720.34 °C. @ 760.00 mm Hg (est)
Flash Point: 213.00 °F. TCC ( 100.70 °C. ) (est)
logP (o/w): 14.787 (est)
Soluble in: water, 2.049e-010 mg/L @ 25 °C (est)

Molecular Weight: 593.0
XLogP3-AA: 15.7
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 2
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 2
Rotatable Bond Count: 35
Exact Mass: 592.59067967
Monoisotopic Mass: 592.59067967
Topological Polar Surface Area: 58.2 Ų
Heavy Atom Count: 42
Formal Charge: 0
Complexity: 503
Isotope Atom Count: 0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 1
Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes

Melting point: 144-146 °C(lit.)
Boiling point: 646.41°C (rough estimate)
Density: 1 g/cm3 (20℃)
vapor pressure: 0.000023 Pa (20 °C)
refractive index: 1.4670 (estimate)
Flash point: 280℃
storage temp.: 2-8°C
solubility: ketones, alcohols and aromatic solvents at their boiling points: soluble
pka: 15.53±0.46(Predicted)
form: beads
Appearance: Powdery
Smell: No smell
Color (Gardner): ≤3#
Melting Point (℃): 141.5-146.5
Acid Value (mgKOH/g): ≤7.50
Amine value (mgKOH/g): ≤2.50
Moisture (wt%): ≤0.30
Mechanical impurity: Φ0.1-0.2mm(individual/10g)



FIRST AID MEASURES of CRODAMIDE EBS:
-Description of first-aid measures:
*After inhalation:
Fresh air.
*In case of skin contact:
Take off immediately all contaminated clothing.
Rinse skin with water/ shower.
*After eye contact:
Rinse out with plenty of water.
Remove contact lenses.
*After swallowing:
Make victim drink water (two glasses at most).
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed:
No data available



ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of CRODAMIDE EBS:
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Cover drains.
Collect, bind, and pump off spills.
Take up dry.
Dispose of properly.
Clean up affected area.



FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of CRODAMIDE EBS:
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Water
Foam
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Dry powder
*Unsuitable extinguishing media:
For this substance/mixture no limitations of extinguishing agents are given.
-Further information:
Prevent fire extinguishing water from contaminating surface water or the ground water system.



EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of CRODAMIDE EBS:
-Control parameters
--Ingredients with workplace control parameters:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use Safety glasses
*Skin protection:
Full contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Splash contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
-Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.



HANDLING and STORAGE of CRODAMIDE EBS:
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
*Storage conditions:
Tightly closed.
Dry.



STABILITY and REACTIVITY of CRODAMIDE EBS:
-Chemical stability:
The product is chemically stable under standard ambient conditions (room temperature) .



SYNONYMS:
N,N-ethylenedi(stearamide)
1,2-distearamidoethane
N,N-Ethylenebisoctadecanamide
N,N'-ethylene bis-stearamide
N,N'-ethane-1,2-diyldioctadecanamide
2,5-dihexadecylhexanediamide
1,2-Bis(stearoylamino) ethane
N,N′-1,2-Ethanediylbisoctadecanamide
N,N′-Ethylenedi(stearamide)
Ethylene distearylamide
N,N′-(Ethane-1,2-diyl)di(octadecanamide)
n,;ETHYLENE-BIS-STEARAMIDE
waxc
EBSA
advawax
acrawaxc
acrowaxc
lubrolea
5-AC-13C4
acrawaxct
110-30-5
N,N'-Ethylenebis(stearamide)
Plastflow
Ethylene distearamide
N,N'-(Ethane-1,2-diyl)distearamide
Advawax
Acrowax C
Acrawax CT
Lubrol EA
Ethylenedistearamide
Microtomic 280
Advawachs 280
Ethylenebis(stearylamide)
Abril wax 10DS
Carlisle 280
Nopcowax 22-DS
Ethylenebisstearoamide
Advawax 275
Advawax 280
Carlisle Wax 280
Armowax ebs-P
Ethylenebis(stearamide)
Octadecanamide, N,N'-1,2-ethanediylbis-
N,N'-Ethylenebisoctadecanamide
1,2-Bis(octadecanamido)ethane
Chemetron 100
N,N'-ETHYLENE DISTEARYLAMIDE
N,N'-Ethylenedistearamide
Ethylenediamine steardiamide
Ethylenediamine bisstearamide
N,N'-Distearoylethylenediamine
Ethylenebisstearamide
N,N'-Ethylenebisstearamide
NN'-Ethylenebis(stearamide)
Stearic acid, ethylenediamine diamide
Ethylenebisoctadecanamide
Octadecanamide, N,N'-ethylenebis-
UNII-603RP8TB9A
N-[2-(octadecanoylamino)ethyl]octadecanamide
N,N-Ethylenebis(stearamide)
603RP8TB9A
N,N'-ethane-1,2-diyldioctadecanamide
Acrawax C
Kemamide W 40
N,N'-Ethylenedi(stearamide)
WAX C
N,N-Ethylenebisstearamide
CCRIS 2293
ethylene bisstearamide
HSDB 5398
Ethylene bis stearamide
Ethylene bis(stearamide)
EINECS 203-755-6
NSC 83613
N,N'-Ethylene bisstearamide
AI3-08515
N,N'-ethylene-bis-stearic amide
Abluwax EBS
Armowax EBS
Dorset WAX
C38H76N2O2
N,N'-ethylenebis
Glycowax 765
Kemamide W-39
Kemamide W-40
N,N'-1,2-Ethanediylbisoctadecanamide
Uniwax 1760
EC 203-755-6
Ethylene Bis Stearamide SF
SCHEMBL19975
Octadecanamide,N'-ethylenebis-
DTXSID4026840
NSC83613
MFCD00059224
NSC-83613
ZINC85733714
AKOS015915120
Octadecanamide,N'-1,2-ethanediylbis-
DS-6811
E0243
FT-0629590
V0595
D70357
N,N'-Ethylenebis(stearamide), beads, A802179
Q5404472
W-108690
2,5-dihexadecylhexanediamide;N,N'-(Ethane-1,2-diyl)distearamide
Plastic additive 03, European Pharmacopoeia (EP)
n,n'-ethylenebisoctadecanamide (mixture of fatty acid amides) (consists of c14, c16 and c18)
N,N'-Ethylenedi(stearamide)
1,2-Bis(stearoylamino) ethane
N,N′-1,2-Ethanediylbisoctadecanamide
Ethylene distearylamide
Ethylene bisstearamide
Ethylene distearamide
EBS
1,2- Bis(octadecanamido)ethane
Ethylenebisoctadecanamide
Ethylenebis(stearylamide)
Ethylenediamine bisstearamide
N-[2-(octadecanoylamino)ethyl]octadecanamide
N-(2-stearamidoethyl)stearamide
N,N'-Distearoylethylenediamine
N,N'-ethane-1,2-diyldioctadecanamide
N,N'-Ethylenedistearamide
n,n'-Ethylene distearylamide
Octadecanamide


CROMOPHTAL YELLOW L 0990
(+-)-Menthol; 5-Methyl-2-(1-methylethyl)cyclohexanol; (1R,2S,5R)-Menthol; 2-isopropyl-5-methyl-cyclohexanol; Menthyl alcohol; (1 alpha, 2 beta, 5alpha)-5-Methyl-2-(1-methylethyl)cyclohexanol; Hexahydrothymol; Menthol; cis-1,3,trans-1,4-menthol; Menthomenthol; p-Menthan-3-ol; Peppermint Camphor; Racementhol; Racemic menthol; Hexahydrothymol; Menthol racemique; Racementholum; rac-Menthol; (1R,2S,5R)-rel- 5-Methyl-2-(1-methylethyl)cyclohexanol; dl-Menthol CAS NO:89-78-1; 15356-70-4(racementhol), 2216-51-5; 98167-53-4(Levomenthol)
Croscarmellose sodium
PRIMELLOSE(R);Unii-m28ol1hh48;Crosscarmelosesodium;Sodiumcroscarmellose;CROSCARMELLOSE SODIUM;MODIFIED CELLULOSE GUM;Croscarmellose natrium;CroscarMellose sodiuM Ph. Eur.;Cross-linked carboxymethylcellulose sodium CAS NO:74811-65-7
CROSCARMELLOSE SODYUM
SYNONYMS Carboxymethyl Cellulose;Carboxymethylcellulose;Carboxymethylcellulose Sodium;Carboxymethylcellulose, Sodium CAS NO:9000-11-7
Croton lechleri
croton lechleri resin extract; croton draco var. cordatus resin extract; extract of the resin obtained from croton lechleri, euphorbiaceae CAS NO:999999-999-4
Crotonic Acid
SYNONYMS beta-Methylacrylic acid; 3-Methyl- Acrylic acid; 2-Butenoic acid; alpha-Butenoic acid; 3-Methylacrylic acid; alpha-Crotonic acid; Kyselina krotonova cas no : 107-93-7
CRYOLITE
Cryolite is a white or colorless mineral form of sodium aluminofluoride, which crystallizes in the monoclinic system but has a pseudocubic aspect.
Pure cryolite itself melts at 1012°C (1285 K) and can melt aluminum oxides well enough to allow easy removal of aluminum by electrolysis.
The chemical name of cryolite is sodium hexafluoroaluminate and Cryolite chemical formula is Na3AlF6.

CAS Number: 15096-52-3
EC Number: 239-148-8
Molecular Formula: AlF6Na3
Molecular weight: 209,94

Cryolite found in large quantities in South Greenland.
Cryolite is white or colorless, but may be reddish or brown because of impurities.

Cryolite is used as a flux in the manufacture of aluminum.
Cryolite crystallizes in the monoclinic system but in forms that closely resemble cubes and isometric octahedrals.

Cryolite is primarily used as a flux in the smelting and electrolytic production of aluminium.
Cryolite is generally manufactured from aluminium oxide, sodium hydroxide and hydrofluoric acid or their equivalent reagent — hexafluorosilicic acid.

Cryolite is used as a solvent for electrolysis aluminum oxides such as bauxite, whitener for enamels and an opacifier for glass and in the industrial production of aluminum.

Cryolite is used chiefly as a flux in the electrolytic production of aluminum from bauxite as Cryolite effectively lowers down the melting point of alumina.
Cryolite is used in the glass and enamel industries, in bonded abrasives as a filler, in making salts of sodium and aluminum and porcelaneous glass and in the manufacture of insecticides.

Cryolite occurs in nature as the mineral cryolite.
Aqueous suspensions of powdered Cryolite is used as insecticides.

Cryolite is a white or colorless mineral form of sodium aluminofluoride, which crystallizes in the monoclinic system but has a pseudocubic aspect.

Cryolite is mined in significant quantities in Greenland ( so also known as Greenland spar; ice stone), and in small amounts in elsewhere.
Cryolite is manufactured from hydrofluoric acid, sodium carbonate, and aluminium.

Cryolite is registered under the REACH Regulation and is manufactured in and / or imported to the European Economic Area, at ≥ 10 000 to < 100 000 tonnes per annum.
Cryolite is used by consumers, in articles, by professional workers (widespread uses), in formulation or re-packing, at industrial sites and in manufacturing.

Cryolite (Na3AlF6, sodium hexafluoroaluminate) is an uncommon mineral identified with the once-large deposit at Ivittuut on the west coast of Greenland, mined commercially until 1987.
Cryolite is an inorganic sodium salt and a perfluorometallate salt.

Cryolite has been used historically as an aluminum ore and later in the electrolytic processing of the aluminum-rich oxide ore bauxite (itself a combination of aluminum oxide minerals such as gibbsite, boehmite and diaspore).
The difficulty of separating aluminum from oxygen in oxide ores has been overcome by using cryolite as a flux to dissolve oxide minerals.

Pure cryolite itself melts at 1012°C (1285 K) and can melt aluminum oxides well enough to allow easy removal of aluminum by electrolysis.
A significant amount of energy is still required to heat materials and electrolysis, but will be much more energy efficient than melting oxides.
Since natural cryolite is too little to be used for this purpose, synthetic sodium aluminum fluoride is produced from the common mineral fluorite.

Cryolite, colourless to white halide mineral, sodium aluminum fluoride (Na3AlF6).
Cryolite occurs in a large deposit at Ivigtut, Greenland, and in small amounts in Spain, Colorado, U.S., and elsewhere.

Cryolite is used as a solvent for bauxite in the electrolytic production of aluminum and has various other metallurgical applications, and Cryolite is used in the glass and enamel industries, in bonded abrasives as a filler, and in the manufacture of insecticides.
A large amount of synthetic cryolite is made from fluorite.

The chemical name of cryolite is sodium hexafluoroaluminate and Cryolite chemical formula is Na3AlF6.
Cryolite's a rare mineral associated with the once-large deposit at Ivittuut on Greenland's west coast, which was depleted by 1987.

Cryolite, sodium aluminium fluoride, is a colourless to white halide mineral.
Cryolite's found in large quantities in Ivigtut, Greenland, and in small amounts in Spain, Colorado, and other places. 

Cryolite is used as a solvent for bauxite in the electrolytic production of aluminium and has various other metallurgical applications, and Cryolite is used in the glass or ceramic industries and enamel factories, inbounded abrasives as filtering membranes, and in the manufacture of insect-killing chemicals (insecticides).
A huge amount of synthetic or artificial cryolite is made from fluorite.

Sodium aluminum fluoride appears as an odorless white solid or powder.
Dust irritates the eyes and skin; inhaled dust irritates the nose, mouth and lungs.

Cryolite is a double fluoride of sodium and aluminium and has a stoichiometry very near the foumula Na3AIf6 and a melting point of about 1,010 0C.
Cryolites occurrence in substantial quantities was established in Greenland and was mined extensively there in the early twentieth century, but the mine is now essentially exhausted.

Cryolite is colourless to white but occurs in other shades too, for instance brown, red and some times black.
Cryolite has a specific gravity of about 2.5 to 3.
Cryolite hasa low index of refraction close to that of water.

Synthetic cryolite is used as an electrolyte in the reduction of alumina to aluminium due to nonavailability of natural cryolite.
Composition and properties of synthetic cryolite are the same as those of natural cryolite, but synthetic cryolite is often deficient in sodium fluoride.

Cryolite is an unusual mineral with an interesting history.
Cryolite was commercially mined in large quantities in Greenland since the mid-1800's, and this one locality produced almost the entire source of collectors specimen.

Cryolite's economic importance was as a flux for the production of aluminum, but Cryolite significance became entirely diminished once Cryolite was able to be synthesized.
This made the mining operation no longer necessary, and mining and production of Cryolite was entirely stopped.

Cryolite is usually lightly colored, and Cryolite commonly associated with contrasting dark brownish yellow Siderite.
The Siderite may also be in microcrystals covering the Cryolite, making Cryolite appear yellow or brown.
Cryolite has a very low refractive index, similar to water, and therefor if transparent pieces put in water, they will blend right in and be hard to distinguish in the water.

Crylolite is name afte the Greek words kryos - Ice, and lithos - stone, based on the typical icy-white color of this mineral.

Cryolite is something of an enigma among minerals.
Cryolite is rare, and Cryolite only significant deposit is located on the remote coast of Greenland.

Nevertheless, cryolite was once of critical industrial and strategic importance.
And Cryolite is the only mineral that has ever been mined to commercial extinction.

Cryolite, or sodium aluminum fluoride (Na3AlF6), consists of 12.85 percent aluminum, 54.30 percent fluorine, and 32.85 percent sodium.
Cryolite crystallizes in the monoclinic system, but occurs primarily in massive form.
With a Mohs hardness of 2.5 and a specific gravity of 2.98, cryolite is much softer and a bit denser than quartz.

Usually colorless, white or gray, Cryolite is transparent to translucent and exhibits a vitreous-to-pearly luster.
Because Cryolite refractive index approximates that of water, transparent, colorless cryolite becomes almost invisible when placed in water.
And cryolite is not only ice-like in appearance; Cryolite name, which stems from the Greek words kryos, or “ice,” and lithos, or “stone,” means “ice stone.”

Greenland’s indigenous Inuit called cryolite “the ice that never melts.”

Cryolite (Na3[AlF6]), sodium hexafluoroaluminate) is an uncommon mineral identified with the once large deposit at Ivigtût on the west coast of Greenland, depleted by 1987.

Cryolite was historically used as an ore of aluminium and later in the electrolytic processing of the aluminium-rich oxide ore bauxite (itself a combination of aluminium oxide minerals such as gibbsite, boehmite and diaspore).
The difficulty of separating aluminium from oxygen in the oxide ores was overcome by the use of cryolite as a flux to dissolve the oxide mineral(s).

Pure cryolite itself melts at 1012 °C (1285 K), and Cryolite can dissolve the aluminium oxides sufficiently well to allow easy extraction of the aluminium by electrolysis.
Substantial energy is still needed for both heating the materials and the electrolysis, but Cryolite is much more energy-efficient than melting the oxides themselves.
As natural cryolite is too rare to be used for this purpose, synthetic sodium aluminium fluoride is produced from the common mineral fluorite.

Cryolite occurs as glassy, colorless, white-reddish to gray-black prismatic monoclinic crystals.
Cryolite has a Mohs hardness of 2.5 to 3 and a specific gravity of about 2.95 to 3.0.
Cryolite is translucent to transparent with a very low refractive index of about 1.34, which is very close to that of water; thus if immersed in water, cryolite becomes essentially invisible.

Cryolite is commonly used as an electrolyte for aluminum electrolysis.
Cryolite’s clear or white to yellowish, but can also be black or purple.

The name of Cryolite comes from the Greek κρύος, frost, and λίθος, stone, meaning “ice-stone” in allusion to Cryolite appearance.
Cryolite was commercially mined in large quantities in Greenland since the mid-1800’s, and used as flux for the production of aluminum.
Cryolite’s a curiosity mineral.

Cryolite (Na3AlF6) is a fluorine-rich mineral (54.30 wt.% F).
Cryolite used to be commercially exploited in Ivigtut (Greenland) until the reserve exhausted in 1986.

The occurrence of this mineral is reported in few localities in the world.
Nowadays, the only commercial Cryolite deposit worldwide is found in Pitinga (Amazonas State, Brazil).

Cryolite has been used as an insecticide and pesticide.
However, Cryolite main use is in the electrolytic production of aluminum metal (the Hall-Héroult process) in which alumina (Al2O3) is dissolved in a bath consisting primarily of molten Cryolite.
Cryolite is manufactured from alumina, hydrofluoric acid and sodium hydroxide according to the following reaction

Cryolite has also been reported at Pikes Peak, Colorado; Mont Saint-Hilaire, Quebec; and at Miass, Russia.
Cryolite is also known in small quantities in Brazil, the Czech Republic, Namibia, Norway, Ukraine, and several American states.

Cryolite was first described in 1799 from a deposit of Cryolite in Ivigtut and nearby Arsuk Fjord, Southwest Greenland.
The name is derived from the Greek language words cryò = chill, and lithòs = stone.
The Pennsylvania Salt Manufacturing Company used large amounts of cryolite to make caustic soda at Cryolite Natrona, Pennsylvania works during the 19th and 20th centuries.

Cryolite is a scarce mineral.
Cryolite consists of sodium fluoride bonds and aluminium fluoride bonds.

On immersing Cryolite in water, Cryolite becomes invisible.
Due to Cryolite similar refractive properties with water, Cryolite becomes invisible, although Cryolite does not dissolve.

Cryolite minerals are found in vast quantities in Greenland.
Nowadays, cryolite mineral is manufactured artificially from the fluorite.

Cryolite is a salt of sodium aluminium hexafluoride.
Cryolite is represented as Na3AlF6.
Cryolite consists of Aluminium, Sodium and Fluorine.

Cryolite can be synthesized by the given reaction.
H2SiF6 + 6 NH3 + 2H20 → 6NH4F + SiO2
6NH4F + 3NaOH + Al(OH)3 → Na3AlF6+ 6NH3 + 6 H2O

Cryolite ores are the chief ore of aluminium.
These cryolite ores are associated with the earthy material, these earthy materials are known as gangue. 

Synthetic Cryolite:
Synthetic cryolite is a crystalline white powder made of hydrofluoric acid, sodium carbonate, and aluminium.
Since Cryolite essentially lowers the melting point of alumina, synthetic cryolite is mainly used as a flux in the electrolytic processing of aluminium.

Cryolite is used in the ceramic industries and enamel coating industries as a filler, in compounded abrasives as a filler, in the synthesis of sodium salts and aluminium salts, porcelaneous glass, and pesticides and insecticides.
Cryolite is a relatively safe insecticide for fruits and vegetables.
Many iron, calcium, and magnesium-containing enzymes are inhibited by fluoride.

Types of Synthetic Cryolite:
Sodium cryolite
Potassium cryolite
Let us discuss these synthetic cryolites one by one.

Sodium Cryolite:
Sodium Cryolite salts are used as a solvent for bauxite in the electrolytic processing of aluminium; other metallurgical uses include foundry additives for aluminium foundries, sleeves, and cover flux; filler for bonded abrasives in the glass and enamel industries; and insecticide manufacturing.

Potassium Cryolite:
Potassium Cryolite (K3AIF6) is utilised for the synthesis of welding agents, blasting agents (a large amount of energy-producing agents), pyrotechnics, and abrasives materials.
KAlF4 and K3AlF6 are the chemical formulas for potassium cryolite.
Potassium fluoroaluminate, Potassium tetrafluoroaluminate, Potassium Cryolite, Kalium Aluminium Fluoride, KAlF, KAlF4, and K3AlF6 are some of the other names for potassium cryolite.

Uses of Cryolite:
Cryolite is commonly used as an electrolyte for aluminum electrolysis.
Alumina is dissolved in molten cryolite is used to dissolve alumina during aluminium processing.

The commercial application of cryolite is confined mainly to aluminium metallurgy where Cryolite is used as an electrolyte in the reduction of alumina to aluminium metal by the Hall-Heroult process.
Alumina is a bad conductor of electricity and Cryolite melting point is 2,348 o C.

Cryolite is very expensive to carry out electrolysis at this temperature.
To facilitate electrolysis, alumina is dissolved in molten cryolite as Cryolite lowers the melting point.

Further, addition of certain additives, such as, aluminium fluoride improve the physical and electrical properties of the electrolyte, besides lowering the melting point.
The amount that is added is, however, limited as Cryolite also causes reduction in electrical conductivity.

Addition of calcium fluoride (CaF2) further depresses the melting point with less adverse effect on conductivity.
In contrast to this advantage, too much CaF2 raises the density of the melt closer to that of liquid aluminium metal, thus inhibiting the separation of metal from electrolyte.

The substituent, sodium fluoride, though is known to improve the density and conductivity, Cryolite also affects current efficiency.
A compromise made on all these factors has led to the following general composition of the bath to be in use – 80-85% cryolite, 5-7% AlF3, 5-7% CaF2,0-7% LiF and 2-8% Al2O3.

The electrolyte bath tends to deplete AlF3 content of cryolite during the process.
Hence, the composition of the electrolyte has to be adjusted regularly by addition of AlF3.

In aluminium refining, high density electrolyte capable of floating aluminium is required.
For this purpose, barium fluoride is used to raise density.

Aluminium fluoride can be used to improve current efficiency of cryolite bath.
Cryolite is obtained as a by-product during the production of phosphatic fertilizer/phosphoric acid.

When utilised in the Aluminium Industry, necessary precautions are observed as even 0.01% P in the electrolyte could cause 1-1.5% reduction in current efficiency in the production process of aluminium.
Other metallurgical uses of cryolite are in aluminising steel, in compounding of welding rod coatings and as fluxes.

In glass, cryolite functions as a powerful flux because of Cryolite excellent solvent power for oxides of silicon, aluminium & calcium and for Cryolite ability to reduce melt viscosity at lower melting temperatures.
Cryolite is used as a filler for resinbonded grinding wheels in Abrasive Industry to impart longer life.

Sodium fluoride (NaF) or fluorosilicic acid is also used for this purpose.
Cryolite is used in certain nitrocellulose-based gun propellants required in small-calibre weapons, cannons and small & large rockets.

Cryolite is used as a solvent for aluminium oxide (Al2O3) in the Hall–Héroult process, used in the refining of aluminium.
Cryolite decreases the melting point of aluminium oxide from 2000 to 2500 °C to 900–1000 °C, and increases Cryolite conductivity thus making the extraction of aluminium more economical.

Cryolite is used as an insecticide and a pesticide.
Cryolite is also used to give fireworks a yellow color.

Cryolite is used in abrasives, special metals and alloys coating agents, surface treatment agents, process regulators and solvents (product formulation).

Cyolite plays an important role in the metallurgy of cryolite.
Cryolite helps in making alumina a good conductor of electricity. 

Cryolite helps in lowering the melting point of alumina.
Cryolite is used in manufacturing aluminium waste.

Cryolite is used as a flux in steel aluminization and in welding technology.
Cryolite is used as additives in abrasives.
Cryolite is used in the remelting of metals.

Cryolite is used as an electrolyte in the production of aluminum by electrolytic reduction.

Industrial Processes with risk of exposure:
Aluminum Producing

Usage areas of Cryolite:
Cryolite is used as an electrolyte to obtain metal aluminum from alumina in the aluminum industry.
Cryolite is also used in the enamel and glass industry.

Cryolite is also used in the manufacture of pesticides in small quantities.
Cryolite is used as an insecticide and insecticide.

Cryolite is also used to give a yellow color to fireworks.
Cryolite is used as a solvent for aluminum oxide (Al2O3) in the Hall-Héroult process used to refine aluminum.

Consumer Uses:
Cryolite is used in the following products: explosives and welding & soldering products.
Other release to the environment of Cryolite is likely to occur from: outdoor use as reactive substance, outdoor use in long-life materials with high release rate (e.g. tyres, treated wooden products, treated textile and fabric, brake pads in trucks or cars, sanding of buildings (bridges, facades) or vehicles (ships)), indoor use in long-life materials with low release rate (e.g. flooring, furniture, toys, construction materials, curtains, foot-wear, leather products, paper and cardboard products, electronic equipment) and indoor use in long-life materials with high release rate (e.g. release from fabrics, textiles during washing, removal of indoor paints).

Widespread uses by professional workers of Cryolite:
Other release to the environment of Cryolite is likely to occur from: indoor use as processing aid, outdoor use as reactive substance, outdoor use in long-life materials with low release rate (e.g. metal, wooden and plastic construction and building materials), outdoor use in long-life materials with high release rate (e.g. tyres, treated wooden products, treated textile and fabric, brake pads in trucks or cars, sanding of buildings (bridges, facades) or vehicles (ships)), indoor use in long-life materials with low release rate (e.g. flooring, furniture, toys, construction materials, curtains, foot-wear, leather products, paper and cardboard products, electronic equipment) and indoor use in long-life materials with high release rate (e.g. release from fabrics, textiles during washing, removal of indoor paints).

Industry:
Synthetic cryolites are obtained by adopting several processes.
The selection of the process depends upon the availability and cost of raw materials.

The simplest and most common method of obtaining synthetic cryolite is by reacting hydrofluoric acid with soda ash and alumina hydrate.
Hydrofluoric acid is produced by reacting acid grade fluorspar with sulphuric acid and this process also yields gypsum as by-product.

In the secondary reaction between hydrofluoric acid and sodium chloride brine, sodium fluoride and hydrochloric acid are produced.
In the primary reaction,dry aluminium hydroxide reacts with hydrofluoric acid to produce aluminium fluoride which reacts with sodium fluoride produced earlier and forms synthetic cryolite.

Besides fluorspar, fluorine gas produced as by-product at plants that produces phosphatic fertilizer and phosphoric acid, has emerged as an important alternative source for hydrofluoric acid and other fluorine chemicals including cryolite and aluminium fluoride.
Rock phosphate usually contains 7-8% CaF2.

In terms of fluorine, Cryolite works out to 3-4% which is liberated at the time of acidulation of rock phosphate with sulphuric acid.
Fluorine combines with silica to form silicon tetrafluoride which when scrubbed with water forms fluorosilicic acid.

By recycling, 18-24% fluorosilicic acid is obtained, which serves as a raw material for manufacturing various fluorochemicals, including synthetic cryolite.
From fluorosilicic acid, fluorine values are precipitated as sodium fluorosilicate by treating Cryolite with sodium salts.

Sodium fluorosilicate becomes starting point for the production of synthetic cryolite.
For manufacture of synthetic cryolite from sodium fluorosilicate, two routes are generally adopted in the country.
In the first route, sodium fluorosilicate is reacted with ammonia and in other route, sodium fluorosilicate is reacted with soda ash.

Uses at industrial sites:
Cryolite is used in the following products: welding & soldering products.
Cryolite is used for the manufacture of: metals.

Extraction of Aluminium Using Cryolite:
The Hall–Héroult process is the most popular industrial smelting method for aluminium.
Cryolite entails dissolving aluminium oxide (alumina) in molten cryolite aluminium and electrolysing the molten salt bath, usually in a purpose-built cell, which is obtained most often from bauxite, aluminium's chief ore, via the Bayer process.

At 940–980 °C, the Hall–Héroult process produces 99.5–99.8 percent pure aluminium on an industrial scale.
Since recycled aluminium does not require electrolysis, Cryolite is not used in this process.

By emitting carbon dioxide, this process contributes to climate change. 
Sodium cryolite is a key component of the HallHeroult process, which uses an electrolyte to produce aluminium (Na3AlF6).

Al2O3 has a very high melting point and is very soluble.
Any addition to the molten sodium cryolite (typically AlF3, CaF2, MgF2) lowers the electrolyte liquidus temperature as well as the alumina solubility.

Despite this, the operating temperature of aluminium electrolysis remains high (950-960 °C), which is a critical factor in increased fluoride corrosion operation.
The inability to use new constructional materials in conventional sodium electrolytes, such as non-consumable anodes, piques interest in finding new low-melted electrolytes.

Physical Properties of Cryolite:
Cryolite occurs as glassy, colorless, white-reddish to gray-black prismatic monoclinic crystals.
Cryolite has a Mohs hardness of 2.5 to 3 and a specific gravity of about 2.95 to 3.0.

Cryolite is translucent to transparent with a very low refractive index of about 1.34, which is very close to that of water.
Thus if immersed in water, cryolite becomes essentially invisible.

Cryolite occurs in a monoclinic crystal state.The cryolite is whitish glassy in colour.
The hardness of cryolite in the moh scale is 2.5 to 3.The specific gravity of cryolite is 2.95 to 3.

Cryolite is transparent to translucent to transparent in nature due to which Cryolite refractive index is very low.
Cryolite is invisible in nature, due to a similar refractive index.
Cryolite as the essential component of the electrolyte (85 – 90 %) decreases the temperature of the smelting flux electrolysis.

Production of Cryolite:
Cryolite is manufactured by a variety of related pathways.

Cryolite one route entails combining sodium aluminate and hydrofluoric acid.
Na3Al(OH)6 + 6 HF → Na3AlF6 + 6 H2O

Often the hexafluorosilicic acid, which is recovered from phosphate mining, is the precursor in a two-step process beginning with neutralization with ammonia to give ammonium hexafluorosilicate:
H3AlF6 + 3 NH3 → (NH4)3AlF6
(NH4)3AlF6 + 3 NaOH → Na3AlF6 + 3 NH3 + 3 H2O

The mineral form of Cryolite , which is called cryolite, was mined at Ivigtût on the west coast of Greenland until the deposit was depleted in 1987.
Cryolite was first described in 1798 by Danish veterinarian and physician Peder Christian Abildgaard (1740–1801).
Cryolite was obtained from a deposit of Cryolite in Ivigtut (old spelling) and nearby Arsuk Fjord, Southwest Greenland.

The Pennsylvania Salt Manufacturing Company used large amounts of Cryolite to make caustic soda at Cryolite Natrona, Pennsylvania works, and at Cryolite Cornwells Heights, Pennsylvania, Plant, during the 19th and 20th centuries.
Cryolite was historically used as an ore of aluminium and later in the electrolytic processing of the aluminium-rich oxide ore bauxite (itself a combination of aluminium oxide minerals such as gibbsite, boehmite and diaspore).

The difficulty of separating aluminium from oxygen in the oxide ores was overcome by the use of Cryolite as a flux to dissolve the oxide mineral(s).
Pure Cryolite melts at 1012 °C (1285 K).

Cryolite can dissolve the aluminium oxides sufficiently well to allow easy extraction of the aluminium by electrolysis.
Substantial energy is still needed for both heating the materials and the electrolysis, but Cryolite is much more energy-efficient than melting the oxides themselves.
As natural Cryolite is now too rare to be used for this purpose, synthetic sodium aluminium fluoride is produced from the common mineral fluorite.

Manufacturing Methods of Cryolite:
Cryolite is commonly produced by mixing sodium aluminate soln with liquid or gaseous hydrogen fluoride.

Synthetically from aluminum fluoride, ammonium fluoride and salt.
Synthetic cryolite is usually made from sodium aluminate, sodium bicarbonate, and sodium fluoride.

Cryolite may be obtained by (a) mining natural mineral cryolite or (b) synthesis by the reaction of aluminum oxide, sodium chloride and hydrogen fluoride.

History of Cryolite:
Cryolite was first described in 1798 by Danish veterinarian and physician Peder Christian Abildgaard (1740–1801).
Cryolite was obtained from a deposit of Cryolite in Ivigtut (old spelling) and nearby Arsuk Fjord, Southwest Greenland.

The name is derived from the Greek language words κρύος (cryos) = frost, and λίθος (lithos) = stone.
The Pennsylvania Salt Manufacturing Company used large amounts of cryolite to make caustic soda and fluorine compounds, including hydrofluoric acid at Cryolite Natrona, Pennsylvania, works, and at Cryolite integrated chemical plant in Cornwells Heights, Pennsylvania, during the 19th and 20th centuries.

Cryolite was historically used as an ore of aluminium and later in the electrolytic processing of the aluminium-rich oxide ore bauxite (itself a combination of aluminium oxide minerals such as gibbsite, boehmite and diaspore).
The difficulty of separating aluminium from oxygen in the oxide ores was overcome by the use of cryolite as a flux to dissolve the oxide mineral(s).

Pure cryolite itself melts at 1012 °C (1285 K), and Cryolite can dissolve the aluminium oxides sufficiently well to allow easy extraction of the aluminium by electrolysis.
Substantial energy is still needed for both heating the materials and the electrolysis, but Cryolite is much more energy-efficient than melting the oxides themselves.
As natural cryolite is now too rare to be used for this purpose, synthetic sodium aluminium fluoride is produced from the common mineral fluorite.

In 1940 before World War II, the United States became involved with protecting the world's largest cryolite mine in Ivittuut, Greenland from falling into the Nazi Germany's control.

Commercial Source Connection of Cryolite:
Cryolite’s sole commercial source is located at Ivittuut (formerly Ivigtut) on Arsuk Fiord on Greenland’s southwest coast, where Cryolite occurs atop a granitic intrusion within a mineralogically complex pegmatite that is the type locality for cryolite and 16 other rare minerals.

Also present in this pegmatite are argentiferous galena, sphalerite, fluorite, chalcopyrite, pyrite and, most notably, well-developed, reddish-brown crystals of siderite.

After studying specimens collected at Ivittuut, the Danish physician Peder Christian Abildgaard described and named cryolite in 1799.
Mining began at Ivittuut in 1854, with cryolite first used as a minor source of aluminum, then as a raw material for manufacturing caustic soda (sodium hydroxide).

Source Locations of Cryolite:
Besides Ivittuut, on the west coast of Greenland where cryolite was once found in commercial quantities, small deposits of cryolite have also been reported in some areas of Spain, at the foot of Pikes Peak in Colorado, Francon Quarry near Montreal in Quebec, Canada and also in Miask, Russia.

Stability and Reactivity of Cryolite:

Reactivity:
There are no particular risks of reaction in normal conditions of use.
Cryolite reacts with strong acids and strong bases.

Chemical stability:
The product is stable in normal conditions of use and storage.

Possibility of hazardous reactions:
Decomposes by reaction with strong acids and bases.
Decomposes on heating.

Conditions to avoid:
Keep away from heat sources.
Protect from moisture and water.
Avoid environmental dust build-up.

Incompatible materials:
Strong acids and strong bases (Sulphuric Acid, Alkali and calcium hydroxide solution).

Hazardous decomposition products:
Hydrogen fluoride
Heated until decomposition, Cryolite evolves hydrofluoric acid gas (toxic).
Cryolite decomposes with hot alkali or solutions of calcium hydroxide.

Handling and Storage of Cryolite:

Safe Storage:
Store in separated from food and feedstuffs.
Store in an area without drain or sewer access.

Storage Conditions:
Extremely reactive with air, moisture and compounds containing active hydrogen and therefore must be kept under a blanket of inert gas.

Should be stored in cool ventilated place, out of sun, away from fire hazard be periodically inspected and monitored.
Incompatible materials should be isolated.

All possibility of contact with water must be avoided.
Solution containing not more than 20% of these compounds in non-reactive solvents, however, can be handled without risk of spontaneous ignition.

Must be stored in an inert atmosphere; sensitive to oxidation and hydrolysis in air.

Separate from air, water, halocarbons, alcohols.
Store in a cool, dry, well-ventilated location.

Outside or detached storage is preferred.
Inside storage should be in a standard flammable liquid storage warehouse, room, or cabinet.

First Aid Measures of Cryolite:

Eye:
IRRIGATE IMMEDIATELY - If this chemical contacts the eyes, immediately wash (irrigate) the eyes with large amounts of water, occasionally lifting the lower and upper lids.
Get medical attention immediately.

Skin:
SOAP WASH PROMPTLY - If this chemical contacts the skin, promptly wash the contaminated skin with soap and water.
If this chemical penetrates the clothing, promptly remove the clothing and wash the skin with soap and water.
Get medical attention promptly.

Breathing:
FRESH AIR - If a person breathes large amounts of this chemical, move the exposed person to fresh air at once.
Other measures are usually unnecessary.

Swallow:
MEDICAL ATTENTION IMMEDIATELY - If this chemical has been swallowed, get medical attention immediately.

Fire Fighting of Cryolite:
In case of fire in the surroundings, use appropriate extinguishing media.

Fire Fighting Procedures:
Stop flow of liquid before extinguishing fire.
Use dry chemical or carbon dioxide.

DO NOT use water as straight stream directly on spilled material.
Water fog can be used to control fire.

DO NOT use halogenated extinguishing agents on spilled material.
Violent reaction may result.

Use water spray to keep fire-exposed containers cool.
Fight fire from protected location or maximum possible distance.

Accidental Release Measures of Cryolite:

Personal protection:
Particulate filter respirator adapted to the airborne concentration of Cryolite.
Do NOT let this chemical enter the environment.

Sweep spilled substance into covered containers.
If appropriate, moisten first to prevent dusting.

Disposal Methods of Cryolite:
Aluminum compounds are treated under anhydrous conditions to prevent violent reactions, recover solvent, and form Al compounds suitable for landfill by reaction with anhydrous hydrolysis agent, eg calcium hydroxide.

The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational exposure or environmental contamination.
Recycle any unused portion of the material for Cryolite approved use or return Cryolite to the manufacturer or supplier.

Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider:
The material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic, and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.

Preventive Measures of Cryolite:
The worker should immediately wash the skin when Cryolite becomes contaminated.
Work clothing that becomes wet or significantly contaminated should be removed or replaced.
Workers whose clothing may have become contaminated should change into uncontaminated clothing before leaving the work premises.

Identifiers of Cryolite:
Category: Halide mineral
Formula (repeating unit): Na3AlF6
IMA symbol: Crl
Strunz classification: 3.CB.15
Dana classification: 11.6.1.1
Crystal system: Monoclinic
Crystal class: Prismatic (2/m) (same H-M symbol)
Space group: P21/n
Unit cell: a = 7.7564(3) Å,
b = 5.5959(2) Å,
c = 5.4024(2) Å; β = 90.18°; Z = 2

Formula mass: 209.9 g mol−1
Color: Colorless to white, also brownish, reddish and rarely black

Crystal habit:
Usually massive, coarsely granular.
The rare crystals are equant and pseudocubic

Twinning:
Very common, often repeated or polysynthetic with simultaneous occurrence of several twin laws.

Cleavage: None observed
Fracture: Uneven
Tenacity: Brittle
Mohs scale hardness: 2.5 to 3
Luster: Vitreous to greasy, pearly on {001}

Synonym(s): Sodium hexafluoroaluminate, aluminum trisodium hexafluoride, aluminum sodium fluoride
Mol. Formula: AlF6Na3
EC / List no.: 239-148-8
CAS no.: 15096-52-3
Molecular weight: 209,94

Synonym(s):Kryolith, Sodium hexafluoroaluminate
Linear Formula: Na3AlF6
CAS Number: 15096-52-3
Molecular Weight: 209.94
MDL number: MFCD00003507
PubChem Substance ID: 57646698
NACRES: NA.22

EC / List no.: 239-148-8
CAS no.: 15096-52-3
Mol. formula: AlF6.3Na

Properties of Cryolite:
Streak: White
Diaphaneity: Transparent to translucent
Specific gravity: 2.95 to 3.0.
Optical properties: Biaxial (+)
Refractive index: nα = 1.3385–1.339, nβ = 1.3389–1.339, nγ = 1.3396–1.34
Birefringence: δ = 0.001
2V angle: 43°
Dispersion: r < v
Melting point: 1012 °C

Cleavage: None
Color: Brownish black, Colorless, Gray, White, Reddish brown.
Density: 2.95 – 3, Average = 2.97
Diaphaneity: Transparent to translucent
Fracture: Uneven – Flat surfaces (not cleavage) fractured in an uneven pattern.
Hardness: 2.5-3 – Finger Nail-Calcite
Luminescence: Fluorescent, Short UV=bluish white.
Luster: Vitreous – Greasy
Streak: white

Solubility:
Soluble in AlCl3 solution, soluble in H2SO4 with the evolution of HF, which is poisonous.
Insoluble in water.

Quality Level: 100
Assay: ≥97.0% (from F)
Form: powder
Quality: synthetic

Eeaction suitability:
Core: aluminum
Reagent type: catalyst

Impurities: ≤0.5% silicic acid (as SiO2)
Loss: ≤0.5% loss on drying, 105 °C
Cation traces: Fe: ≤500 mg/kg
Storage temp.: 2-8°C
SMILES string: [Na+].[Na+].[Na+].F[Al-3](F)(F)(F)(F)F
InChI: 1S/Al.6FH.3Na/h;6*1H;;;/q+3;;;;;;;3*+1/p-6
InChI key: REHXRBDMVPYGJX-UHFFFAOYSA-H

Appearance: Crystalline/powder solid
Colour: White/rose
Odour: odourless
Melting point / freezing point: 1000-1009 ˚C - 101.3 kPa Data from literature
Initial boiling point: not applicable
Flammability solid: non infiammabile
Flash point: Not applicable as Cryolite is a solid
Auto-ignition temperature: Not determined (inorganic complex salt).
Decomposition temperature: > 1000°C
pH: 6 in aqueous solution
Kinematic viscosity: Not applicable as it is a solid
Solubility: 0,602 g/L a 20°C (pH = 5,5-7).
Partition coefficient: n-octanol/water: Not applicable (inorganic substance)
Vapour pressure: 2,53 hPa - 1009 °C
Density and/or relative density: 2,9 - 2,96 Temperature: 20 °C
Relative vapour density: not available

Molecular Weight: 209.941265
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 0
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 7
Rotatable Bond Count: 0
Exact Mass: 209.9412652
Monoisotopic Mass: 209.9412652
Topological Polar Surface Area: 0 Ų
Heavy Atom Count: 10
Complexity: 62.7
Isotope Atom Count: 0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 4
Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes

Other characteristics:
Weakly thermoluminescent.
Small clear fragments become nearly invisible when placed in water, since its refractive index is close to that of water.

May fluoresce intense yellow under SWUV, with yellow phosphorescence, and pale yellow phosphorescence under LWUV.
Not radioactive.

Names of Cryolite:

Regulatory process names:
Sodium aluminum fluoride
Trisodium hexafluoroaluminate
trisodium hexafluoroaluminate
trisodium hexafluoroaluminate (cryolite)
trisodium hexafluoroaluminate(cryolite)
x I, E.3 (chelating and complexing agents)

Translated names:
(kriolit) (hr)
hexafluoroaluminate de trisodium (cryolite); (fr)
trinatrijev heksafluoroaluminat (hr)

CAS names:
Cryolite (Na3(AlF6))

IUPAC names:
ALUMINUM SODIUM FLUORIDE
cryolite
Kryolit; Trinatriumhexafluoroaluminat
Sodium aluminum fluoride
Synthetic Cryolite
trisodium haxafluoroaluminate
Trisodium hexafluoro aluminate
trisodium hexafluoroalumanetriuide
Trisodium Hexafluoroaluminate
Trisodium hexafluoroaluminate
trisodium hexafluoroaluminate
trisodium hexafluoroaluminate/cryolite
trisodium;hexafluoroaluminum(3-)

Other identifiers:
009-016-00-2
1344-75-8
1344-75-8
15096-52-3

Synonyms of Cryolite:
CRYOLITE
Sodium hexafluoroaluminate
15096-52-3
13775-53-6
Aluminum trisodium hexafluoride
Aluminum sodium fluoride
sodium hexafluoroaluminate(III)
trisodium;hexafluoroaluminum(3-)
Sodium aluminum hexafluoride
trisodium hexafluoroaluminum(3-)
Cryocide
Kryocide
Kryolith
MFCD00003507
ICE Spar
Na3AlF6
Cryolite (AlNa3F6)
Cryolite (Na3(AlF6))
CRYOLITE [MI]
Na3[AlF6]
PROKIL CRYOLITE-96
trisodium hexafluoridoaluminate
sodiumhexafluoroaluminate(III)
5ZIS914RQ9
CHEMBL3988899
CHEBI:39289
sodium hexafluoridoaluminate(3-)
Sodium hexafluoroaluminate, 97%
DTXSID90872955
sodium hexafluoridoaluminate(III)
trisodium hexafluoroaluminate(3-)
AKOS025310262
trisodium hexakis(fluoranyl)aluminum(3-)
Chromium Boride (Cr2B) Sputtering Targets
Cryolite, synthetic, >=97.0% (from F)
FT-0624109
C18816
trisodium (OC-6-11)-hexafluoroaluminate(3-)
A809094
Q927885
J-008762
Sodium hexafluoroaluminate, 99.98% trace metals basis
Cryolite,naturallyoccurringmineral,grains,approximately0.06-19in
alumiinitrinatriumheksafluoridi (fi)
aluminiumtrinatriumheksafluorid (no)
aluminiumtrinatriumhexafluorid (sv)
criolit (ro)
criolite (it)
criolite (pt)
cryolit (da)
cryolithe (fr)
esafluoroalluminato di trisodio (it)
heksafluorek glinu i sodu (pl)
heksafluoroglinian sodu (pl)
heksafluoroglinian trisodu (pl)
hexafluoroaluminat-trisodic (ro)
hexafluoroaluminate de trisodium (fr)
hexafluoroaluminato de trisodio (es)
hexafluoroaluminato de trissódio (pt)
hexafluorohlinitan trisodný (cs)
hexafluorohlinitan trisodný (sk)
kriolit (hu)
Kriolit (pl)
kriolit (sl)
kriolitas (lt)
kriolīts (lv)
kryoliitti (fi)
kryolit (cs)
Kryolit (de)
kryolit (sk)
kryolitt (no)
Krüoliit (et)
natrijev heksafluoroaluminat (III) (sl)
trinaatriumheksafluoroaluminaat (et)
trinatrijev heksafluoroaluminat (hr)
trinatrio heksafluoroaliuminatas (lt)
trinatriumheksafluoraluminat (no)
trinatriumhexafluoraluminaat (nl)
trinatriumhexafluoraluminat (da)
Trinatriumhexafluoraluminat (de)
trinatriumhexafluoroaluminat (sv)
trinátrium-hexafluoroaluminát (hu)
trinātrija heksafluoralumināts (lv)
Εξαφθοροαργιλικό τρινάτριο κρυόλιθος (el)
Κρυόλιθος (el)
криолит (bg)
тринатриев хексафлуороалуминат (bg)
Aluminate(3-), hexafluoro-, sodium (1:3), (OC-6-11)-
aluminum trisodium hexafluoride
cryolite
Cryolite
Kriolit
Kryolith (Na3AlF6); cryolite
Sinthetic cryolite, cryolite
Sodium aluminofluoroaluminate
Trisodium hexafluoro aluminate
Trisodium hexafluoro-aluminate
trisodium hexafluoroalumanetriuide
TriCryolite
TriCryolite
triCryolite
TriCryolite
triCryolite
trisodium hexfluoroaluminate
Cover bath
Cryolite as single subtance or within the preparation Bath or "Hall Cell Bath"
Cryolite bath
Cryolite synth.
Cryolite synthetic
electrolyte
Syntetický kryolit
009-016-00-2
1228236-36-9
1228236-36-9
12397-51-2
CRYOLITE
Sodium hexafluoroaluminate
15096-52-3
13775-53-6
Aluminum trisodium hexafluoride
sodium hexafluoroaluminate(III)
trisodium;hexafluoroaluminum(3-)
MFCD00003507
Na3AlF6
AlF6.3Na
UNII-5ZIS914RQ9
Na3[AlF6]
trisodium hexafluoridoaluminate
sodiumhexafluoroaluminate(III)
5ZIS914RQ9
CHEMBL3988899
CHEBI:39289
sodium hexafluoridoaluminate(3-)
Sodium hexafluoroaluminate, 97%
trisodium hexafluoroaluminum(3-)
sodium hexafluoridoaluminate(III)
trisodium hexafluoroaluminate(3-)
5473AF
AKOS025310262
trisodium hexakis(fluoranyl)aluminum(3-)
Chromium Boride (Cr2B) Sputtering Targets
Cryolite, synthetic, >=97.0% (from F)
FT-0624109
C18816
trisodium (OC-6-11)-hexafluoroaluminate(3-)
A809094
Q927885
J-008762
Sodium hexafluoroaluminate, 99.98% trace metals basis
Cryolite,naturallyoccurringmineral,grains,approximately0.06-19in
Aluminium sodium fluoride (1:3:6)
Aluminiumnatriumfluorid (1:3:6)
Fluorure d'aluminium et de sodium (6:1:3)
sodium hexafluoroaluminate
15096-52-3
237-410-6
5ZIS914RQ9
Aluminate(3-), hexafluoro-, sodium (1:3)
Aluminate(3-), hexafluoro-, trisodium (8CI)
BD0075000
CRYOLITE
Hexafluoroaluminate(3-) de trisodium
Kryolith
Kryolith
MFCD00003507
SODIUM ALUMINUM HEXAFLUORIDE
Sodium fluoroaluminate
sodium hexafluoroaluminate
Trinatriumhexafluoraluminat(3-)
Trinatriumhexafluoraluminate(3-)
Trisodium hexafluoroaluminate(3-)
Villiaumite
[13775-53-6]
1331-71-1
239-148-8
Aluminate(3-), hexafluoro-, trisodium
ALUMINUM SODIUM FLUORIDE
Aluminum sodium fluoride (Na3AlF6)
Aluminum sodium hexafluoride (AlNa3F6)
ALUMINUM TRISODIUM HEXAFLUORIDE
Cryocide
Cryodust
Cryolite (AlNa3F6)
Cryolite (Na3(AlF6))
dinickel orthosilicate
ENT 24,984
EPA Pesticide Chemical Code 075101
Greenland spar
ICE Spar
ICETONE
Koyoside
Kriolit
Kryocide
Na3[AlF6]
Na3AlF6
Natriumaluminiumfluorid
Natriumhexafluoroaluminate
SODIUM ALUMINUM FLUORIDE
Sodium aluminum fluoride (as F)
Sodium fluoroaluminate (Na3AlF6)
sodium fluoroaluminate(3-)
sodium hexafluoridoaluminate(3-)
sodium hexafluoridoaluminate(3-); sodium hexafluoridoaluminate(III); trisodium hexafluoridoaluminate
sodium hexafluoridoaluminate(III)
Sodium hexafluoroaluminate (Cryolite)
Sodium hexafluoroaluminate (Na3AlF6)
Sodium hexafluoroaluminate(III)
Sodium hexafluoroaluminic acid
trisodium (OC-6-11)-hexafluoroaluminate(3-)
trisodium aluminum hexafluoride
trisodium hexafluoridoaluminate
TRISODIUM HEXAFLUOROALUMANETRIUIDE
Trisodium hexafluoroaluminate
Trisodium hexafluoroaluminate(3)
trisodium hexafluoroaluminum(3-)
trisodiumhexafluoroaluminate
UNII:5ZIS914RQ9
UNII-5ZIS914RQ9
Crysalline Lactose Monohydrate
SYNONYMS AROSE 25;MILK SUGAR;LACTOSE BP;Ph.Eur.,USP;LACTOSE 1H2O;EC BROTH (ISO);LACTOSE STANDARD;Monohydrate Lactose;LACTOSE, MONOHYDRATE;LACTOSUM MONOHYDRICUM CAS NO:10039-26-6
CRYSTAL MENTHOL
Cumène sulfonate de sodium, Cumène sulfonate de sodium, Numéro CAS : 32073-22-6, SODIUM CUMENE SULFONATE,solubilisant, un agent de liaison et un dépresseur de point de trouble utilisé dans des détergents puissants, des décapants pour la cire, des détergents pour la vaisselle, ainsi que dans des applications de forage pétrolier et de métallurgie. Applications: produits vaisselle, nettoyage intensif, nettoyage du linge, nettoyage léger, nettoyant métaux. Cumene, monosulpho derivative, sodium salt. Noms français : Cumène sulfonate de sodium, Noms anglais :BENZENE, (1-METHYLETHYL)-, MONOSULFO DERIV., SODIUM SALT; CUMENESULFONIC ACID, SODIUM SALT; SODIUM CUMENE SULFONATE; Sodium o-cumenesulfonate, ( Hydrotrope, solubilizer, coupling agent, cloud point depressant, viscosity reducer, an anti-caking agent in powdered detergent )
Crystal Sugar
SYNONYMS Saccarose; Table sugar; Beet sugar; Cane sugar CAS NO:57-50-1
CRYSTASENSE IM800
Crystasense IM800 is a novel oil and fragrance gellant designed to create eye-catching air freshener gels for room and automative use.
The physical form of Crystasense IM800 is liquid.


Chemical name: Polyamide Resin
Chemical Family: Polyamides, Polyamines


CrystaSense IM800 is a novel oil and fragrance gellant designed to create eye-catching air freshener gels for room and automative use.
Crystasense IM800 can be use for oil loading of up to 70% and will release fragrance in a steady, predictable manner while maintaining fragrance integrity.


Crystasense IM800 sets slowly, so it should be used together with CrystaSense IM700 in varying ratios, in conjunction with an isocyanurate curing agent, to control the desired set time of formulations.


Crystalsense IM700 and Crystasense IM800 are new oil and fragrance gelling agents designed to create eye-catching air fresheners, these special gelling agents hold oily substances up to 70% and provide a stable fragrance release.
Crystasense IM800 can be use for oil loading of up to 70% and will release fragrance in a steady, predictable manner while maintaining fragrance integrity.


Crystasense IM800 sets slowly, so it should be used together with CrystaSens IM700 in varying ratios, in conjunction with an isocyanurate curing agent, to control the desired set time of formulations.



USES and APPLICATIONS of CRYSTASENSE IM800:
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Applications of Crystasense IM800: Air care


Crystasense IM800 sets slowly, so it should be used together with CrystaSense IM700 in varying ratios, in conjunction with an isocyanurate curing agent, to control the desired set time of formulations.
Crystasense IM800 can be use for oil loading of up to 70% and will release fragrance in a steady, predictable manner while maintaining fragrance integrity.


Crystasense IM800 sets slowly, so it should be used together with CrystaSens IM700 in varying ratios, in conjunction with an isocyanurate curing agent, to control the desired set time of formulations.
Crystalsense IM700 and Crystasense IM800 are new oil and fragrance gelling agents designed to create eye-catching air fresheners, these special gelling agents hold oily substances up to 70% and provide a stable fragrance release.


CrystaSense IM800 is used as epoxy resin curing agent at room temperature.
CrystaSense IM800 is used as epoxy resin curing agent and toughening agent, and used as cable sealing material.
CrystaSense IM800 is mainly used in glue, paint, sealing gasket, etc.


CrystaSense IM800 is used as curing agent and toughening agent for epoxy resin, and used as cable sealing material
mainly used in adhesives, coatings, sealing gasket and so on.
CrystaSense IM800 is used as epoxy resin room temperature curing agent.


CrystaSense IM800 is used as curing agent and toughening agent of epoxy resin, and used as cable sealing material. CrystaSense IM800 is mainly used for glue, paint, sealing gasket, etc.
CrystaSense IM800 is used biochemical Study.


-Applications of Crystasense IM800:
*Space air fresheners for home, industrial and institutional applications
*Automotive - gels will not melt in hot vehicles
*Aqueous environments like dishwashers and toilets as gels are water-resistant
*Further potential applications i.e. insect repellents


-End Application of CrystaSense IM800:
*Binders in Rotogravure and Flexographic inks
*Printing ink
*Ball point pen ink
*Paints
*Two pack epoxy paints
*Epoxy floorings
*Heat seal coatings
*Hot melt adhesives
*Lacquers
*Varnishes
*Rubber industries



FUNCTION OF CRYSTASENSE IM800:
*Viscosity Modifier
*Rheology modifier



HIGHLIGHTS OF CRYSTASENSE IM800:
*Highly efficient gellants with high fragrance loading
*Wide fragrance compatibility
*Steady fragrance release and maintenance of fragrance integrity
*Water and temperature resistant
*Innovative design possibilities
*Structurant for liquid actives.
*Thermoset gel formed via curing with reactive isocyanates.
*CrystaSense IM800 is a novel oil and fragrance gellants designed to create eye-catching air freshener gels.
*Air Care with Appeal
*Steady Fragrance Release
*Flexible Formulation



PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS OF CRYSTASENSE IM800:
Up to 70% of oily substances such as spices; excellent compatibility with oily spices and dyes; long-lasting and stable fragrance release; can make transparent gels with any feel and shape from gummy candy to hard colloid.



PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of CRYSTASENSE IM800:
Physical Form: Liquid
Appearance: Transparent
Incompatible with: Aqueous systems



FIRST AID MEASURES of CRYSTASENSE IM800:
-Description of first-aid measures:
*If inhaled:
If breathed in, move person into fresh air.
*In case of skin contact:
Wash off with soap and plenty of water.
*In case of eye contact:
Flush eyes with water as a precaution.
*If swallowed:
Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person.
Rinse mouth with water.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed:
No data available



ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of CRYSTASENSE IM800:
-Environmental precautions:
No special environmental precautions required.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Sweep up and shovel.
Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.



FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of CRYSTASENSE IM800:
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.
-Further information:
No data available



EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of CRYSTASENSE IM800:
-Control parameters:
--Ingredients with workplace control parameters:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use equipment for eye protection.
*Skin protection:
Handle with gloves.
Wash and dry hands.
*Body Protection:
Choose body protection.
*Respiratory protection:
Respiratory protection is not required.
-Control of environmental exposure:
No special environmental precautions required.



HANDLING and STORAGE of CRYSTASENSE IM800:
-Precautions for safe handling:
*Hygiene measures:
General industrial hygiene practice.
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
*Storage conditions:
Store in cool place.
Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place.
*Storage class:
Storage class (TRGS 510): 13: Non Combustible Solids



STABILITY and REACTIVITY of CRYSTASENSE IM800:
-Reactivity:
No data available
-Chemical stability:
Stable under recommended storage conditions.
-Possibility of hazardous reactions:
No data available
-Conditions to avoid:
No data available

CUBLEN D 3217 N
CUBLEN D 3217 N = DTPMP HEPTASODIUM SALT


CAS Number: 68155-78-2 / 22042-96-2
EC Number: 268-990-9
MDL Number: MFCD09752850
Molecular Formula: C9H21N3Na7O15P5
Chemical Family: Phosphonates, Phosphorous-based Compounds


Cublen D 3217 N is the most adaptable phosphonic acid.
Cublen D 3217 N is certified with NSF/ANSI 60 for use in the production of drinking water.
Cublen D 3217 N is a strong complexing agent as well as a great inhibitor.
Cublen D 3217 N is diethylenetriamine penta(methylene phosphonic acid),Na7-salt.


Compatible Base Stocks of Cublen D 3217 N: Synthetic Oils, Vegetable Oils, Synthetic Esters, Mineral Oils, Polyalphaolefins (PAO)
Compatible Substrates & Surfaces of Cublen D 3217 N: Metal
Cublen D 3217 N's feature is Extreme Pressure Performance
Cublen D 3217 N is a neutral product.


Cublen D 3217 N is a scale inhibitor, for barium sulphate in particular and a chelating agent.
Cublen D 3217 N is a reactant in the synthesis of graphene oxide lamellar membranes, a UVCB substance, and also biodegradable.
Cublen D 3217 N is active in the pH 1-13 range and has high temperature stability upto about 130 - 140°C and easily dissolved in water.
Cublen D 3217 N is a fine chemical that is useful as a building block, reagent, and intermediate.


Cublen D 3217 N has been shown to be a versatile building block for the synthesis of complex compounds.
Cublen D 3217 N has CAS number 68155-78-2.
Cublen D 3217 N is good general purpose scale inhibitor.
Cublen D 3217 N is powerful sequestrant, Second best against BaSO4.
Cublen D 3217 N is a general-purpose scale inhibitor, powerful sequestrant, and excellent barium sulfate scale inhibitor.


The Cublen D series (DTPMP) represents the most versatile phosphonic acid in the CUBLEN product range and impresses with its excellent price-performance ratio.
DTPMP is an excellent inhibitor for mineral deposits (e.g. CaCO 3 , BaSO 4 , SrSO 4 ) and a powerful complexing agent.
Selected DTPMP products are certified according to the North American standard NSF/ANSI 60 for use in the production of drinking water.
Cublen phosphonates combine antiwear performance with scale-inhibition and chelating properties for extended fluid and tool life.
They can be used to prepare metal surfaces for final finishing, and in plating baths to control metal ion contamination.
Phosphonates are also widely used for cooling water treatment, metal cleaners, textile finishing and oil field drilling applications.



USES and APPLICATIONS of CUBLEN D 3217 N:
Cublen D 3217 N is used Surface Treatment, Lubricants & Metalworking, Water Treatment, Water Treatment Chemicals, Scale Inhibitor, Stabilizer, and Metal deactivator.
Cublen D 3217 N is used Water Treatment, Organics, Catalyst and Auxiliary/Water Treatment Chemicals, Good general purpose scale inhibitor, and Powerful sequestrant against BaSO4.


Cublen D 3217 N is used Cooling water treatment, detergents, peroxide bleach stabilization, I & I cleaners, geothermal, oil field.
Cublen D 3217 N is used For water treatment, In the oilfield chemistry, As additive for pulp & paper bleaching, and For manufacturing and recycling of pulp & paper.
Cublen D 3217 N is used for alkaline bleaching processes using H2O2 (textiles, pulp & paper), Chemical & Materials Manufacturing, Scale

Inhibitor, and Chelating Agent.
Cublen D 3217 N is used anti-Wear Agent, Extreme Pressure Additive, Stabilizer, Metalworking Fluids, Extreme Pressure Performance, and Laboratory chemicals.
Cublen D 3217 N is used Manufacture of substances, Agrochemical Intermediates, Dyestuff Intermediates, Flavor & Fragrance Intermediates,

Pharmaceutical Intermediates, Syntheses Material Intermediates, and Complexing agents.
Cublen D 3217 N acts as a plasticizer, conditioning agent, chelating and protecting agent.
Cublen D 3217 N is utilized in hair care.
Cublen D 3217 N functions as a thickener, modifier and dispersant.


Cublen D 3217 N combines antiwear performance with scale-inhibition and chelating properties for extended fluid and tool life.
Cublen phosphates can be used to prepare metal surfaces for final finishing, and in plating baths to control metal ion contamination.
Phosphonates are also widely used for cooling water treatment, metal cleaners, textile finishing and oil field drilling applications.
End Uses of Cublen D 3217 N: Metalworking Fluids


Cublen D 3217 N is used highly effective rust and scale inhibitor, hydrogen peroxide stabilizer in bleach, used in cleaning and detergent products.
Cublen D 3217 N is used in papermaking, electroplating and cosmetics, scale inhibition, for barium sulfate in particular, in metal chelation, and in the stabilization of peroxide bleaching, detergent auxilaries, industrial cleaning water, etc.


Cublen D 3217 N is used Corrosion Inhibitors, Industrial Chemicals, Swimming Pool Chemicals, Water Treatment & Pool Chemicals
Cublen D 3217 N is used Chemical & Materials Manufacturing, Surface Treatment - Fluids, Lubricants & Metalworking, Water Treatment
Cublen D 3217 N can be used as a stabilizer for peroxide bleaching, detergent auxiliaries, industrial & municipal cleaning water, terrestrial heat water, oilfield water, etc.


Recommended Uses of Cublen D 3217 N: Cooling water treatment, detergents, peroxide bleach stabilization, I & I cleaners, geothermal, oil field.
Cublen D 3217 N can also be used as a reaction component or scaffold for the synthesis of new compounds.
Cublen D 3217 N is used in research to study the effects of various chemicals on DNA.


-Applications of Cublen D 3217 N:
*In detergents and cleaning agents
*In textile auxiliaries (fibre protection, stabilization of odor absorbing agents)
*For water treatment
*In the oilfield chemistry
*As additive for pulp & paper bleaching
*For manufacturing and recycling of pulp & paper
*For alkaline bleaching processes using H2O2 (textiles, pulp & paper)



FUNCTIONS of CUBLEN D 3217 N:
*Stabilizer
*Scale Inhibitor
*Chelating Agent
*Anti-Wear Agent
*Extreme Pressure Additive



PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of CUBLEN D 3217 N:
Physical state: Aqueous solution
Color: No data available
Odor: No data available
Melting point/range: -13 °C
Initial boiling point and boiling range: No data available
Flammability (solid, gas): No data available
Upper/lower flammability or explosive limits: No data available
Flash point: No data available
Autoignition temperature: No data available
Decomposition temperature: No data available
pH: 6,0 - 8,0 at 25 °C
Exact Mass: 726.89400
PSA: 366.23000
LogP: 0.63580
Molecular Weight: 727.07

Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 3
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 18
Rotatable Bond Count: 13
Exact Mass: 726.8944619
Monoisotopic Mass: 726.8944619
Topological Polar Surface Area: 317 Ų
Heavy Atom Count: 39
Formal Charge: 0
Complexity: 764
Isotope Atom Count: 0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 8
Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes

Active Acid (%): 31.5 - 33.5
Active Salt (%): 40.0 - 42.5
Chloride (as Cl,%): 5.0 max
PH(1% solution)@25°C: 6.0 - 8.0
Sp. Gravity @20/20°C: 1.30 min
Iron, (as Fe,ppm): 20 max
Viscosity
Viscosity, kinematic: No data available
Viscosity, dynamic: No data available
Water solubility: No data available
Partition coefficient: n-octanol/water: No data available
Vapor pressure: No data available
Density: 1,380 g/cm3
Boiling Point: 1003.3ºC at 760mmHg
Molecular Weight: 727.07100
Flash Point: 560.6ºC

Min. Purity Spec: 95%
Long-Term Storage: Store long-term in a cool, dry place
Boiling Point: 1003.3ºC at 760mmHg
Molecular Formula: C9H21N3Na7O15P5
Molecular Weight: 727.07100
Flash Point: 560.6ºC
Exact Mass: 726.89400
PSA: 366.23000
LogP: 0.63580
Appearance: Amber liquid
Active Acid (%): 31.5 - 33.5
Active Salt (%): 40.0 - 42.5
Chloride (as Cl,%): 5.0 max
PH(1% solution)@25°C: 6.0 - 8.0
Sp. Gravity @20/20°C: 1.30 min
Iron, (as Fe,ppm): 20 max



FIRST AID MEASURES of CUBLEN D 3217 N:
-If inhaled:
If breathed in, move person into fresh air.
-In case of skin contact:
Wash off with soap and plenty of water.
-If swallowed:
Rinse mouth with water.
-In case of eye contact:
Flush eyes with water as a precaution.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed:
No data available



ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of CUBLEN D 3217 N:
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.



FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of CUBLEN D 3217 N:
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.
-Further information:
No data available



EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of CUBLEN D 3217 N:
-Control parameters:
*Ingredients with workplace control parameters:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Skin protection:
Handle with gloves.
Wash and dry hands.
*Respiratory protection:
Respiratory protection not required.
-Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.



HANDLING and STORAGE of CUBLEN D 3217 N:
-Precautions for safe handling:
*Advice on protection against fire and explosion:
Normal measures for preventive fire protection.
*Hygiene measures:
General industrial hygiene practice.
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
*Storage conditions:
Store in cool place.
Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place.
-Specific end use(s):
No other specific uses are stipulated.



STABILITY and REACTIVITY of CUBLEN D 3217 N:
-Chemical stability:
Stable under recommended storage conditions.
-Reactivity:
No data available



SYNONYMS:
DTPMPA.NA7
heptasodium
DTPMP heptasaodium salt
SODIUM AMINO ETHYL PHOSPHATE
Diethylene triamine pentamethylphosphonate heptosan
Diethylene triamine penta(methylene phosphonic acid), 7Na Salt
Water Treatment Scale Corrosion Inhibitor Dtpmp Na7 68155-78-2
heptasodium trihydrogen [[bis[2-[bis(phosphonatomethyl)amino...
Diethylenetriaminepenta(methylenephosphonicacid)heptasaodiumsal
Diethylenetriaminepenta-(methylenephosphonic acid) heptasodium salt
Diethylenetriamine Penta(methylene Phosphonic Acid) Heptasaodium Salt
DTPMPA.NA7
Hepta sodium salt of Diethylene Triamine Penta (Methylene Phosphonic Acid)
Hepta sodium salt of Diethylene Triamine Penta (Methylene Phosphonic Acid) (DTPMPNa7)
DTPMP heptasaodium salt
SODIUM SALT OF DIETHYLENE TRIAMINE PENTA (METHYLENE PHOSPHONIC ACID)
DiethyleneTriaminePenta(MethylenePhosphonicAcid)Pentasodiumsalt(DTPMPa5,Solid)
Diethylenetriaminepenta-(methylenephosphonic acid) heptasodium salt
SODIUM AMINO ETHYL PHOSPHATE
Diethylene triamine penta(methylene phosphonic acid),7Na Salt
hepta sodium salt of diethylene triamine penta (methylene phosphonic acid) (dtpmpna7)
sodium amino ethyl phosphate
diethylenetriaminepenta-(methylenephosphonic acid) heptasodium salt
dtpmp heptasaodium salt
diethylenetriaminepenta(methylenephosphonicacid)pentasodiumsalt(dtpmpa5,solid)
sodium salt of diethylene triamine penta (methylene phosphonic acid)
diethylenetriamine penta(methylene phosphonic acid) heptasaodium salt
hepta sodium salt of diethylene triamine penta (methylene phosphonic acid)
diethylene triamine penta(methylene phosphonic acid), 7na salt
dtpmpa.na7
DTPMPoNa7
Diethylene Triamine Penta (Methylene Phosphonic Acid) Pentasodium salt
phosphonic acid, [1,2-ethanediylnitrilobis(methylene)]pentakis-, sodium salt (1:7)
sodium salt of diethylene triamine penta(menthylene phosphonic acid)
Diethylenetriamine Penta(Methylene Phosphonic Acid) Heptasaodium Salt;
DTPMP heptasaodium salt
Phosphonic acid, P,P',P'',P'''-[ [(phosphonomethyl)imino]bis[2,1-e thanediylnitrilobis(methylene)]]tetrakis -, sodium salt (1:7)
Sodium Salt of Diethylene Triamine Penta (Methylene Phosphonic Acid) DTPMPA.7Na heptasodium
diethylenetriamine penta(methylene phosphonic acid) heptasaodium salt
heptasodium trihydrogen [[bis[2-[bis(phosphonatomethyl)amino]ethyl]amino]methyl]phosphonate
Phosphonic acid, (phosphonomethyl)iminobis2,1-ethanediylnitrilobis(methylene)tetrakis-, heptasodium salt
DTPMPA.NA7







CUCUMBER EXTRACT
Cucumber Extract is an extract in a medium of Glycerin / Water (50:50) from the fruits of "Cucumis sativus L." with a plant / extract ratio1/2.
Cucumber Extract is water soluble extract.
Cucumber Extract is regulation of skin moisturization.
Cucumber extract is anti-inflammatory and soothes skin.


Cas Number: 89998-01-6
EC Number: 289-738-4
Botanical Name: Cucumis Sativus


It is mainly cold-pressed cucumber extracts that are particularly relevant as skincare ingredients.
In addition to their high water content of 95%, cucumbers are very rich in vital nutrients such as magnesium, iron, essential amino acids, potassium, calcium and zinc.


They also contain vitamins A, B1, B2, C and E.
Cucumber Extract is an extract in a medium of Glycerin / Water (50:50) from the fruits of "Cucumis sativus L." with a plant / extract ratio1/2. Cucumber is a vegetable rich in vitamin C and vitamin B.


Cucumber Extract has trans-epidermal water loss (TEWL) regulatory activity.
This activity is due to the vitamins and carbohydrates in cucumber.
Cucumbers are climbing plants, but they can also grow on the ground. They belong to the gourd family and are widely cultivated in Europe, America, Africa and Asia.


There are many different kinds of cucumber: The most well known are the slicing cucumber and the pickling cucumber.
The cucumber (Cucumis sativus) is a widely cultivated plant in the gourd family Cucurbitaceae.
This plant is a creeping vine with thin spiraling tendrils and large leaves that form a canopy over the fruit.


The fruit is commonly harvested while still green; though generally after the fruits outgrow their spines.
Although less nutritious than most fruit with at least 95% water content, the fresh cucumber is still a source of vitamin C, vitamin K, and potassium,also providing dietary fiber, vitamin A, vitamin B6, thiamin, folate, pantothenic acid, magnesium, phosphorus, copper, and manganese.


Cucumber Extract was very popular in the ancient civilizations of Egypt, Greece and Rome, where people not only consumed the fruit but also utilized it for its beneficial skin healing properties.
Cucumber Extracts have been used internally for the treatment of blemished skin and heat rash and applied externally as a poultice for burns, sores and softening of the skin.


The flesh of Cucumber Extracts is primarily composed of water but also contains ascorbic acid (vitamin C) and caffeic acid, both of which prevent water retention, help soothe skin irritations and reduce swelling.
Cucumbers’ hard skin is rich in fiber and contains a variety of beneficial minerals including silica, potassium and magnesium.


The silica in cucumber is an essential component of healthy connective tissue, which includes muscles, tendons, ligaments, cartilage, and bone.
Cucumber, cucurbitaceae The plant, which is thought to be the homeland of North India, has been widely cultivated since ancient times.
Since it loves soil moisture, its roots are very shallow and usually develops at a depth of 20-25 cm.


Since it is grown in greenhouses, it is pruned to provide better lighting.
For this reason, the length of cucumber plant suspended and grown up to 2 m.
Cucumber Extract is water soluble extract.


Cucumber Extract is regulation of skin moisturization.
Cucumber Extract is refreshing.
Cucumber Extract is stimulant.


Cucumber Extract is revitalizing.
Cucumber Extract is anti-aging.
Cucumber Extract is paraben free


Cucumbers have been cultivated for over 3,000 years, firstly in India. Cucumbers were popular not only as a food source, but also because of their beneficial skin healing properties.
Rich in minerals and vitamins A, B, C and E, cucumber has a cooling effect, helping to calm irritations, revitalise the skin and gently soothe delicate areas of skin like the lips and around the eyes.


Cucumbers are also 96% water so are great to incorporate into your diet to keep hydration levels up.
This high water content helps your body flush out any built-up toxins as well.
Cucumber Extract Composition: 95% water and other constituents including proteins, ascorbic acid, fatty acids, caffeic acid (an antioxidant), vitamin C, vitamin K, mineral silica and others.


Cucumber Extract contains fragrant components that are not sensitizing to your skin (i.e are not allergens).
Cucumber extract is water-soluble and a great way to add moisturizing and skin-loving properties to handmade skincare products.
Cucumber Extract is popular in face masks, face lotions and spa-products.


Cucumber Extract has mild cucumber scent.
Cucumber Extract provides rich attributions to formulations such as lotions, shampoos and soap.
Cucumber Extract is a nice, non-irritating plant extract that’s known for it’s soothing and emollient properties.


It’s not something new to put Cucumber Extract on our face: even Cleopatra used it to “preserve her skin”.
Cucumber extract or cucumber oil possesses high concentrations of antioxidants, ascorbic acid, and lactic acid.
Therefore, when topically applied, the benefits of cucumber on skin include antioxidant protection and soothing properties.


The antioxidants and ascorbic acid present in cucumber extract protect the skin by neutralizing harmful free-radicals that are present in the environment.
Additionally, its high concentration of lactic acid, a known member of the AHA family, also plays a role in maintaining skin surface quality.
Lastly, cucumber extract is believed to possess several bioactive compounds that provide soothing properties to the skin.


However, the efficacy of this effect has yet to be scientifically supported.
Cucumber Extract is well known for it’s skin softening and soothing attributes.
An effective addition to Cucumber Extract lines geared toward skin toning and refining, as well as for men’s skin, bath and body products.


Cucumber extract is a well-liked component in skincare products because of its skin-friendly properties.
Cucumber contains antioxidants that can help protect the skin from free radical damage.
Cucumber Extract also contains vitamin C, which can help brighten and even out the tone of the skin.


Cucumber extract is also a great moisturiser for the skin.
Cucumber Extract contains a lot of water, which can help to plump and moisturise the skin.
As a result, Cucumber Extract is an excellent ingredient for people with dry or dehydrated skin.


Cucumber extract also has anti-inflammatory properties.
Cucumber Extract soothes and calms irritated skin, making it an ideal ingredient for those with sensitive or acne-prone skin.



USES and APPLICATIONS of CUCUMBER EXTRACT:
Cucumber extract hydrates and soothes the skin.
Cucumber Extract's refreshing properties can reduce puffiness and relieve itching, as well as help to ease redness – for example sunburn.
Cucumber extract is suitable for all skin types.


Cucumber Extract is often recommended as a source of silica to improve the complexion and health of the skin, plus cucumber’s high water content makes it naturally hydrating - a must for glowing skin. Cucumbers are also used topically for various types of skin problems, including swelling under the eyes, sunburn and dermatitis.


Cucumber Extract is an excellent treatment for skin rash, inflammation, etc., when applied as a lotion or used to wash the affected zone.
Furthermore, Cucumber Extract works wonderfully to smooth the skin and erase skin spots, freckles and wrinkles, thus rejuvenating the skin.
Cucumber Extract is recommended to formulate cosmetic products with moisturizing, refreshing, decongestant and soothing actions and cosmetic products aimed at the protection of skin and hair integrity against oxidative processes.


Cucumber Extract is used as a Moisturizing.
Cucumber Extract comes from the cucumber plant, and it has skin conditioning properties.
Cucumber Extract is a superfood for the skin.


Cucumber Extract is a widely known treatment for sunburn because it has a cooling effect on the skin, reducing pain from a bad burn.
In addition, Cucumber Extract is excellent for reducing inflammation and irritation in general for your skin.
Cucumber Extract is a popular astringent with renowned skin-tightening effects.


Cucumber Extract also is a wonderful soother and moisturizer.
Cucumber Extract is a little gem for your eye and face creams.
Cucumber extract helps prevent environmental damage and signs of aging, so you will look young longer if you will use it frequently.


Cucumber Extract also has a refreshing effect and can soothe and relieve puffy skin.
There are no studies showing that Cucumber Extract can help lighten or whiten skin, but in fact, it will make its quality higher.
Cucumber Extract is an excellent thing against your acne-prone skin.


If you use Cucumber Extract daily, you will see good results in the concise term.
Washing your face daily with Cucumber Extract is a great way to keep blemishes and freckles at bay.
Cucumber Extract is used not only for its nourishing properties for the skin, but also to enhance the natural scent of creams lotions and other cosmetic products in a natural way.


The desquamation properties naturally within the product mean Cucumber Extract can aid the skin's natural shedding of its outer layer during cell regeneration, helping it to look fresh and revitalised.
Cucumber Extract's astringent properties will help firm the skin and counter signs of ageing.


There is in vitro research showing that the constituents in Cucumber Extract can help protect the skin against carcinogenic substances.
All these benefits can be harnessed by using cucumber extract, which makes an ideal ingredient in facial treatments and formulas, both in beauty spas and at home.


Cucumber Extract is water-soluble, which means it won’t mix with home-made oil-based products but can be added to ready-made creams or your own water-soluble formulas.
Cucumber Extract is used for sensitive skin, bath, hair-care, skin-lightening, nail-care.


Cucumber Extract is used in soaps, natural cleansers, makeup, and eye makeup, serums, moisturizers; face, neck, and eye lotions.
Apply Cucumber Extract to cuts burns and insect bites to calm and soothe the skin.
Cucumber Extract also contains vitamin C, which can help brighten and even out the tone of the skin.


Cucumber extract is also a great moisturiser for the skin.
Cucumber Extract contains a lot of water, which can help to plump and moisturise the skin.
As a result, Cucumber Extract is an excellent ingredient for people with dry or dehydrated skin.


Cucumber extract also has anti-inflammatory properties.
Cucumber Extract soothes and calms irritated skin, making it an ideal ingredient for those with sensitive or acne-prone skin.
Cucumber extract can also aid in the reduction of dark circles and puffiness around the eyes.


This is due to the presence of ascorbic acid, which can help lighten and brighten the skin.
Cucumber Extract is used Creams & lotions, skin cleansers, hair care products, after-sun products, hair moisturizing sprits, hair conditioners and body lotions.


Cucumber Extract is used creams and lotions, toners, and after shave products.
Cucumber extract is readily available in a variety of skincare products, making it simple to add to your regimen.
Cucumber extract is a potent and versatile ingredient that can help your skin in a variety of ways.


Cucumber extract can help improve the overall health and appearance of your skin by providing hydrating and moisturising properties as well as anti-inflammatory and antioxidant benefits.
Cucumber extract's important to choose high-quality, well-formulated products and to adhere to the manufacturer's use and storage guidelines, whether you decide to incorporate cucumber extract into your skincare routine through a store-bought product or by developing your own DIY recipes.


By embracing the power of cucumber extract and making it a part of your regular skincare routine, you can enjoy the many benefits that this natural and effective ingredient has to offer for healthy, radiant skin.
Cucumber Extract is used all kinds of skin care, body care, hair care, cosmetics and other personal care products.


Cucumber Extract is a water-soluble antioxidant for the skin. Comprised largely of lipids, proteins, Vitamin C, and a variety of minerals, Cucumber Extract is a very good emollient and moisturizer.
Cucumber Extract is excellent in toners and micellar waters as it tightens pores and helps to reduce the appearance of dark circles and under-eye puffiness.


Cucumber Extract is packed with Vitamin K and antioxidants.
Cucumber Extract can help you maintain a healthy weight, stay hydrated, support colon health, and even promote heart health.
Plus, when applied topically, cucumber extract may help keep your skin looking young and healthy.


Anti-inflammatory and nourishing to the skin, cucumber extract is a useful ingredient for homemade cosmetics.
Cucumber Extract’s simple to make and provides numerous benefits to the skin.
Cucumber extract is one of my favorite extracts for use in skincare. It’s also the first extract I attempted to make myself.


Cucumber extract is anti-inflammatory and soothes skin.
Cucumber Extract may also help with dark circles and puffiness around the eyes.
Rich in minerals like potassium, Cucumber Extract may help firm skin which can help reduce some of the signs of aging.


By making your own cucumber extract, not only can you save money, but you can also ensure the quality of the ingredients being used.
Cucumber extract can be added to a lot of different types of skin and hair care products.
While I normally mostly use Cucumber Extract in skincare, I’ve read that it may nourish the hair and even help promote hair growth.


So, Cucumber Extract may be a great addition to your homemade hair conditioner!
To add it, use cucumber extract in place of part or all of the vegetable glycerin of a recipe.
If the recipe you are using doesn’t include any glycerin, you can use it in place of part of the water.
Don’t use more than 5% of the recipe by weight. (So, if you are making 100g, don’t use more than 5g.) Over 5%, glycerin can make a product feel “sticky”.


-MEDICINE uses of Cucumber Extract:
*Cucumber Extract is good for constipation.
*Cucumber Extract is used in the treatment of kidney stones.
*Cucumber Extract helps lower blood pressure.
*Cucumber Extract contributes to the proper structure of connective tissues in our bodies, including muscles, bones, ligaments, cartilage and tendons.
*Cucumber Extract struggles with the effects of diabetes.
*Cucumber Extract's diuretic.
*Cucumber Extract provides protection against some types of cancer.
*Cucumber Extract protects brain health.
*Cucumber Extract provides benefit against hypertension.
*Cucumber Extract protects the heart.
*Cucumber Extract maintains the heat balance of the body.


-HAIR CARE uses of Cucumber Extract:
*Cucumber Extract strengthens hair structure.
*Cucumber Extract prevents hair loss.
*Cucumber Extract brightens hair.


-SKIN CARE uses of Cucumber Extract:
*Cucumber Extract provides healthy & radiant skin
*Cucumber Extract moisturizes skin due to high water content.
*Cucumber Extract gives skin a natural shine
*Cucumber Extract helps skin disorders such as psoriasis, eczema and acne.
*Cucumber Extract removes the fat layer in the skin.
*Cucumber Extract is Good for sunburn.
*Cucumber Extract can be used against dark circles in eyes and swelling in custody.


-FOOD uses of Cucumber Extract:
*Cucumber Extract gives aroma to food and drinks.
*Cucumber Extract is used as a food supplement.


-VETERINARY MEDICINE uses of Cucumber Extract:
*Cucumber Extract is used in feed.
*Cucumber Extract is Antioxidant.



THE MAGIC OF CUCUMBER EXTRACT:
CUCUMBER EXTRACT SKINCARE BENEFITS:
Cucumber extract is indeed a magical ingredient when it comes to skincare. Here are some of the reasons why:
*Hydration:
Cucumber extract is high in water content, making it an excellent skin hydrator.
Cucumber Extract helps to replenish the skin's moisture levels, keeping it soft, supple, and radiant.

*Antioxidants:
Cucumber extract contains antioxidants such as vitamin C, which can protect the skin from free radicals.
Because free radicals can cause premature ageing, including cucumber extract in your skincare routine can help you keep your skin looking young.

*Anti-inflammatory:
Cucumber extract contains anti-inflammatory properties that can be used to soothe and calm irritated or inflamed skin.
Cucumber Extract can be especially beneficial for those who suffer from acne or skin conditions such as rosacea.

*Skin brightening:
Ascorbic acid, found in cucumber extract, can help to brighten and even out skin tone.
Cucumber Extract can make dark spots and hyperpigmentation less visible, leaving the skin looking brighter and more radiant.

*Cooling effect:
Cucumber extract has a cooling effect on the skin, making it an ideal ingredient for facial mists or eye creams.
Cucumber Extract can help to reduce puffiness while also leaving the skin refreshed and revitalised.



WHAT DOES CUCUMBER EXTRACT DO FOR YOUR SKIN?
1. Hydrating:
Thanks to its 95% water composition, cucumber extract maintains high levels of hydration in the skin which ensure its fresh, glowy and dewy appearance.

2. Calming/Soothing:
Cucumber extract has potent calming properties and is known to soothe the skin after sun exposure, irritation, redness and acne-inflammation

3. Antioxidant:
Thanks to the added caffeic acid and vitamins C and K, cucumber extract is a powerful antioxidant that helps keep the free radicals at bay.
This makes Cucumber Extract a great aid in the fight against wrinkles and fine lines.

4. Anti-aging and renewing:
Thanks to the high water content (95%) and micronutrients in the composition, Cucumber Extract helps keep the skin plump and hydrated.
This minimizes the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles and slows the aging process.

5. Anti Acne properties:
Thanks to the ascorbic acid and mineral silica in its composition, cucumber extract does have some beneficial properties on skin suffering with acne.
Cucumber Extract is a natural astringent, meaning it causes the contraction of skin cells and helps tighten the pores.

6. Reduces Swelling and Puffiness:
Cucumber extract is indeed very beneficial for the area around the eyes.
Cucumber Extract's potent hydrating and soothing properties help reduce any swelling, puffiness and bags under the eyes (especially if chilled beforehand).

7. Refreshing and energizing:
Products containing cucumber have powerful refreshing and re-energizing properties and can help the appearance of tired, saggy and dull-looking skin.



BENEFITS OF CUCUMBER EXTRACT:
Cucumber Extract contains Vitamin A and Vitamin K and is packed with antioxidants.
Cucumber Extract may help with maintaining healthy weight in already healthy individuals and aids in hydration.
Cucumber Extract is also heart-healthy and promotes healthy colon function.
If applied topically, Cucumber Extract may help support healthy skin.
Cucumber Extract is rich in Vitamin K
Cucumber Extract is packed with antioxidants
Cucumber Extract helps in maintaining healthy weight
Cucumber Extract aids in hydration
Cucumber Extract promotes colon health
Cucumber Extract is heart healthy
Cucumber Extract may support healthy skin when applied topically



FUNCTIONS OF CUCUMBER EXTRACT:
*Nourishing
*Hydrating
*cleansing
*moisturizing
*astringent,
*anti-inflammatory
*refreshing
*anti-irritant
*skin lightening.



METHOD OF DERIVATION OF CUCUMBER EXTRACT:
Cold-pressing:
As you can see cucumber extract is jam packed with all the right micronutrients and trace elements, so it comes as no surprise it does a lot of your skin.



WHAT ARE THE BENEFITS OF CUCUMBER EXTRACT FOR THE SKIN?
Cucumber extract is a very gentle ingredient and is suitable for use with all skin types.
Cucumber Extract is known for its many beneficial skin care properties, including:

*HYDRATING:
Cucumbers, like aloe vera, contain polysaccharides, a type of natural carbohydrate, which create an invisible barrier on your skin to attract and retain moisture.
Astringent and anti-inflammatory - cucumbers have astringent properties, meaning they cause your skin cells to contract and tighten.
These properties also help to improve the appearance of large pores and acne.

*COOLING AND SOOTHING:
The cooling effects of cucumber are wonderful for soothing dry, red and overly sensitive skin types.
Products with cucumber extract are also good to use after excessive exposure to the sun to cool the skin.



WHAT ELSE IS CUCUMBER EXTRACT GOOD FOR?
Here are some simple, homemade remedies for healthy, hydrated skin, using cucumber:



HYDRATING AFTER SUN FACE-MASK, CUCUMBER EXTRACT:
Puree half a cucumber and a spoonful of yoghurt in a blender or food processor.
Apply the mixture all over your sun burned face, neck and shoulders.
Lie down on a towel and try to relax for about 15 minutes.
Rinse off with luke-warm water.
The Cucumber Extract should take some if not most of the heat out of your skin and leave you feeling hydrated.



RELIEVE PUFFY EYES, CUCUMBER EXTRACT:
One of the oldest tricks in the book.
Lying down, apply of fresh Cucumber Extract on top of closed, puffy eyes.
Even after 10 minutes, the Cucumber Extract will help to tighten and sooth the inflamed skin around the eyes.



CUCUMBER SALAD OR SIDE DISH
Hydrating from inside and out is more effective.
Incorporate chopped cucumber into salads or even mix with some natural yoghurt and fresh garlic for a refreshing dip or side dish.



EXTRACTION METHOD OF CUCUMBER EXTRACT:
Cucumber Extract extracted in Propylene Glycol and Water; Phenoxyethanol (preservative 0.1%)



BENEFITS OF CUCUMBER EXTRACT:
*Natural skin emollient and softener with cooling and tonic properties
*Ideal in skin cleansers but also soothing body lotions and skin creams, especially after-sun products
*Cucumber Extract softens and nourishes hair
*Cucumber Extract has a high content in minerals, potassium and sulfur helping to soften and hydrate the skin



ADD CUCUMBER EXTRACT TO FORMULAS TO THE WATER PHASE:
Typical use level of Cucumber Extract: 3-5%.
Cucumber Extract is used for external use only.



FUNCTIONS OF CUCUMBER EXTRACT:
*Skin conditioning :
Cucumber Extract maintains skin in good condition



HOW CUCUMBER EXTRACT IS DERIVED:
Cucumber extract is made from the cucumber fruit, which belongs to the gourd family.
The cucumber fruit is typically ground or blended to produce a pulp, which is then pressed or strained to extract the liquid.
The result is a concentrated cucumber extract after this liquid has been filtered or purified to remove solids or impurities.
There are several ways to extract cucumber extract, but steam distillation is the most popular.
In this method, the cucumber is placed in a distillation chamber, and steam is applied.
The steam aids in the release of the cucumber's volatile compounds, which are then collected and condensed to form the extract.
Some manufacturers also extract cucumber extract using solvents like ethanol or hexane.
The solvent is used to extract the compounds from the cucumber, and the compounds are then separated from the solvent through distillation or evaporation.



CUCUMBER EXTRACT IN SKINCARE PRODUCTS:
Cucumber extract is a widely used component in skincare products because of its many skin-friendly properties.
Here are some of the ways cucumber extract is used in skincare:

*Hydration:
Cucumber extract is a great hydrator for the skin due to its high water content.
Cucumber Extract can help to replenish moisture levels in the skin, leaving it feeling soft, smooth, and supple.

*Anti-inflammatory:
The anti-inflammatory qualities of cucumber extract can help to soothe and calm irritated or inflamed skin.
Cucumber Extract can especially benefit those with acne-prone skin or sensitive skin conditions.

*Skin brightening:
Cucumber extract contains ascorbic acid, which can help to brighten and even out the skin tone.
Cucumber Extract can make dark spots and hyperpigmentation less noticeable, making the skin look lighter and more radiant.

*Cooling effect:
Cucumber extract has a cooling effect on the skin, making it an excellent ingredient for use in products like facial mists or eye creams.
Cucumber Extract can help to reduce puffiness and leave the skin feeling refreshed and revitalised.

*Antioxidants:
Cucumber extract contains antioxidants such as vitamin C, which can aid in the protection of the skin from free radical damage.
Because free radicals can cause premature ageing, including cucumber extract in your skincare routine can help you keep your skin looking young.



THE RICH NUTRIENT PROFILE OF CUCUMBER EXTRACT:
Cucumber Extract is a high-nutrient vegetable that is high in vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants.
Cucumber Extracts contain the following key nutrients:

Vitamin C:
Cucumber Extract is a fantastic food source of vitamin C, a potent antioxidant that can help shield the skin from oxidative damage.

Vitamin K:
Cucumber Extract also contains a lot of vitamin K, which is good for blood circulation and can help to lighten the appearance of dark circles under the eyes.

Potassium:
Cucumber Extract has a lot of potassium, which is good for heart health and blood pressure regulation.

Magnesium:
Cucumber Extracts are rich in magnesium, a mineral necessary for strong bones and healthy muscles.

Fibre:
A good source of fibre is Cucumber Extract, which can support a healthy digestive system and encourage feelings of fullness.

Water:
Cucumber Extractis composed mostly of water, making it a great hydrator for the body and the skin.



ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AND SOOTHING EFFECTS OF CUCUMBER EXTRACT:
Cucumber extract contains anti-inflammatory and soothing properties that can help soothe and reduce skin redness and irritation.
Inflammation is the body's natural response to injury or infection, but chronic inflammation can cause skin damage and hasten the ageing process.
Cucumber extract has been shown to contain flavonoids and other substances that have anti-inflammatory properties, which can help lessen skin inflammation and redness.

Furthermore, cucumber extract has calming properties that can help to cool the skin and reduce discomfort.
Due to its anti-inflammatory and soothing qualities, cucumber extract is particularly helpful for people with sensitive or acne-prone skin.
Cucumber Extract can help to ease irritation brought on by environmental factors like sun exposure or harsh skincare products as well as reduce inflammation and redness associated with acne.



ASTRINGENT PROPERTIES FOR ACNE AND OILY SKIN, CUCUMBER EXTRACT:
Those with oily or acne-prone skin will benefit from cucumber extract's astringent properties, which can tighten and tone the skin.
Astringents function by closing pores and reducing sebum production, which is the oil that the skin produces.
This may help to ward off pimples and the appearance of enlarged pores.
Cucurbitacins and tannins, which are natural astringents found in cucumber extract, can help to firm and tighten the skin.
The cooling and refreshing properties of cucumber extract can also help to calm and soothe the skin.
These astringent advantages for your skin can be achieved by using skincare products that contain cucumber extract.
Cucumber extract can help regulate oil production and stop breakouts, so look for it in toners, cleansers, and masks. It's important to remember that while astringents can be helpful for people with oily or acne-prone skin, they can be drying and irritating for people with dry or sensitive skin.
Use a gentle, non-drying product that still has the benefits of cucumber extract if you have dry or sensitive skin.



REDUCING PUFFY EYES AND DARK CIRCLES, CUCUMBER EXTRACT:
Cucumber extract is also known for reducing puffiness and dark circles under the eyes.
Many factors can contribute to puffy eyes, including a lack of sleep, allergies, and dehydration.
Dark circles can also be caused by several factors, such as genetics, ageing, and skin pigmentation.

The anti-inflammatory properties of cucumber extract can help to lessen swelling and inflammation around the eyes.
The cooling and hydrating effects of cucumber extract can also help to calm the sensitive skin around the eyes and lessen the visibility of dark circles.
Cucumber extract can be used to reduce puffiness and dark circles by placing cucumber slices over your eyes for 10-15 minutes or by using cucumber extract-containing skincare products.

Look for cucumber extract in eye creams or serums to help soothe and hydrate the skin around your eyes and reduce the appearance of puffiness and dark circles.
While cucumber extract can assist in lessening the appearance of puffiness and dark circles, it might not be able to do so entirely.
Other lifestyle factors, such as getting enough sleep and staying hydrated, can help reduce puffiness and dark circles under the eyes.



ENHANCING COLLAGEN PRODUCTION AND ELASTICITY, CUCUMBER EXTRACT:
Collagen is a protein that is essential for maintaining skin elasticity and firmness.
The production of collagen in our skin naturally decreases as we age, which can result in wrinkles and sagging skin.
One such all-natural ingredient that can increase collagen production and increase skin elasticity is cucumber extract.

Vitamins and minerals found in abundance in cucumber extract can help with the production of collagen and skin elasticity.
Vitamin C and caffeic acid, two compounds known to promote the production of collagen, are found in particular in cucumber extract.
Caffeic acid is an essential nutrient for the production of new collagen and can protect the structure of existing collagen.

In addition to boosting the production of collagen, cucumber extract also contains silica, a mineral necessary for maintaining healthy connective tissue in the skin.
Silica can increase skin elasticity and firmness, which will make wrinkles and fine lines less obvious.



INCORPORATING CUCUMBER EXTRACT INTO YOUR SKINCARE ROUTINE:
Cucumber extract skincare benefits:
Cucumber extract is easy to incorporate into your skincare routine and offers a variety of skin benefits.
Here are some ways to incorporate cucumber extract into your skincare routine:

*Cleansing:
Begin by cleansing your face gently with a cleanser containing cucumber extract.
This can help to remove dirt, oil, and makeup from your skin while also hydrating and soothing it.

*Toning:
To help tighten and firm your skin after cleansing, use a toner containing cucumber extract.
This can aid in pore reduction and oil production management.

*Serum:
If you want to increase collagen production and increase skin elasticity, think about using a serum with cucumber extract.
This can assist in giving your skin the vitamins and minerals it requires to produce collagen and keep its elasticity.

*Applying moisture:
To hydrate and calm your skin, use a moisturiser containing cucumber extract.
This can give you a healthy, radiant glow and lessen the visibility of fine lines and wrinkles.

*Eye cream:
To help reduce puffiness and dark circles around the eyes, use an eye cream that contains cucumber extract.
This can give the delicate skin around the eyes some relief and hydration, giving the area a more youthful appearance.

*Face mask:
To give your skin a deep, hydrating treatment once or twice per week, think about using a cucumber extract face mask.
Your skin will look and feel soft and supple after using this to help calm and refresh it.



SAFETY AND SIDE EFFECTS OF CUCUMBER EXTRACT:
Cucumber extract is generally regarded as safe because there haven't been many negative side effects associated with its use in skincare products.



SUITABLE SKIN TYPES, CUCUMBER EXTRACT:
All skin types, including normal, oily, combination, dry, and sensitive, can use cucumber extract.
Cucumber extract is a gentle and hydrating ingredient that can benefit the skin in a variety of ways, including inflammation reduction, improved hydration, and antioxidant protection.
To get the best results, however, choose skincare products that are specifically formulated for your skin type.
If you have oily or acne-prone skin, for example, look for products with astringent properties to help control oil production.
If you have dry skin, look for products with extra hydrating ingredients to help moisturise and nourish it.
In general, cucumber extract is a versatile ingredient that can be beneficial for many different skin types and concerns.
To make sure a new skincare product with cucumber extract is suitable for your skin type before using it all over your face, it is always a good idea to patch-test it first.



SUGGESTED USE & BENEFITS OF CUCUMBER EXTRACT:
The cucumber, from the gourd family, is believed to be native to India.
As a popular culinary vegetable it has been cultivated in France since the 9th century, England since the 14th century, and in North America from the mid-16th century onwards.
We associate the cucumber with cooling properties and perhaps its best-known cosmetic use is for calming puffy eyes.
Some say that cucumber’s soothing/anti-inflammatory properties are more reputed than scientifically-based, but cucumber extract does naturally contain a host of constituents that are beneficial for skin at the cellular level, including the minerals magnesium and potassium (which support the skin’s moisture retention and regulation), vitamin C and the phytochemical caffeic acid (antioxidant benefits).
The lutein within cucumber can help counteract melanogenesis, the process that can lead to skin pigmentation/discoloration.
The component of silica will help reduce wrinkles and fine lines by giving a boost to the skin’s collagen.
Cucumber Extract also contains amino acids, proteins, and lipids.



BENEFITS OF CUCUMBER EXTRACT:
Cucumber extract a superfood for skin.
Cucumber extract has natural desquamation properties.
Cucumber Extract aids in your skin's natural shedding of its outer layer during cell turnover, keeping your skin looking fresh and young.
The antioxidants that cucumber contains resolve any inflammation on the skin effortlessly.

✅ Calms and rejuvenates inflamed skin.
✅ Soothes and relieves puffy skin.
✅ Can remove excessive oil and unclog pores.
✅ Firms and tightens skin



TOP BENEFITS OF CUCUMBER EXTRACT FOR YOUR SKIN:
Cucumber extract is a powerful ingredient that can benefit your skin in several ways.
Here are some of the top benefits of cucumber extract for your skin:

*The high water content of cucumber extract makes it a fantastic skin hydrator.
Cucumber extract aids in replenishing the skin's moisture levels, keeping it supple, radiant, and soft.

*Antioxidants in cucumber extract, like vitamin C, can shield the skin from free radical damage that can speed up the ageing process.
Cucumber extract can aid in lessening the visibility of age spots, wrinkles, and fine lines.

*Cucumber extract has anti-inflammatory qualities that can help calm and soothe irritated or inflamed skin.
For people with rosacea or acne-prone skin, in particular, Cucumber extract may be helpful.

*Ascorbic acid, a component of cucumber extract, can help to lighten and even out skin tone.
It can make dark spots and hyperpigmentation less noticeable, making the skin look lighter and more radiant.

*A great ingredient for products like facial mists or eye creams, cucumber extract has a cooling effect on the skin.
Cucumber extract can aid in minimising puffiness and leave the skin feeling renewed and refreshed.

*Cucumber extract has astringent qualities that may aid in firming and tightening the skin.
Those with sagging or loose skin may benefit most from Cucumber extract.



HYDRATION AND MOISTURIZATION OF CUCUMBER EXTRACT:
The water content of the skin is referred to as "hydration."
When your skin is hydrated, it means that there is an adequate amount of water within the skin cells and between them.
Hydration is essential because it keeps the skin soft, supple, and plump.

Dehydrated skin can appear dull, tight, and even flaky or itchy.
On the other hand, the process of adding moisture to the skin is referred to as "moisturization."
Moisturisers are skincare products that contain ingredients that help to keep moisture in the skin and prevent it from evaporating.
Moisturization is essential because it keeps the skin hydrated and prevents water loss, which can cause dryness and other skin problems.

Cucumber extract is an excellent hydrating and moisturising ingredient.
Because of its high water content, it is an excellent hydrator, helping to replenish the skin's water content and keep it looking plump and healthy.
Additionally, the fatty acids and phytosterols in cucumber extract help to lock in moisture and stop it from evaporating from the skin, resulting in effective moisturization.



ANTIOXIDANTS AND ANTI-AGING, CUCUMBER EXTRACT:
Antioxidants are compounds that help to protect the skin from free radical damage, which are unstable molecules that can damage cells and speed up the ageing process.
When free radicals interact with skin cells, they can cause oxidative stress, which can lead to inflammation, wrinkles, and other ageing symptoms.

Antioxidants work by neutralising free radicals and keeping them from causing skin damage.
They can also aid in the repair of existing damage and the promotion of healthy cell growth.
Examples of antioxidants that are frequently present in skincare products include beta-carotene, flavonoids, and vitamins C and E.
Antioxidants are frequently present in anti-aging skincare products because of their capacity to shield the skin from harm and encourage healthy cell growth.

Cucumber extract is high in antioxidants, including vitamin C, which can protect the skin from free radical damage and help to reduce the appearance of wrinkles and fine lines.
Cucumber extract, in addition to its antioxidant properties, contains compounds that can help boost collagen production, which can help reduce the appearance of wrinkles and fine lines.
The protein collagen gives the skin its elasticity and firmness, but as we get older, our bodies produce less collagen, which causes sagging and wrinkles.



PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of CUCUMBER EXTRACT:
Colour: greenish
Form: liquid
State of matter: liquid
Odour: typical
pH value: 4.5 – 6.5
Flash point: No data available.
Self-ignition temperature: Not applicable
Melting point: No data available.
Boiling point: No data available.
Vapour pressure: No data available.
Density: approx. 1 g/cm3 ( 20 °C)
Partitioning coefficient n No data available.
octanol/water (log Pow):
Viscosity, dynamic: 1 - 3 mPa.s ( 20 °C)
% Volatiles: not determined
Solubility in water: miscible



FIRST AID MEASURES of CUCUMBER EXTRACT:
-Inhalation:
Remove to fresh air.
-Skin:
After contact with skin, wash immediately with plenty of water and soap.
-Eyes:
In case of contact with eyes, rinse immediately with plenty of water and seek medical advice.
-Ingestion:
Do not induce vomiting.
Seek medical attention immediately.



ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of CUCUMBER EXTRACT:
-Cleanup:
Pick up with inert absorbent material.
Place into approved waste containers.
Wear suitable protective equipment.



FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of CUCUMBER EXTRACT:
-Suitable extinguishing media:
carbon dioxide, dry powder, foam



EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of CUCUMBER EXTRACT:
-Work in well ventilated areas.
Personal protective equipment.
*Eye protection:
Tightly fitting safety goggles.



HANDLING and STORAGE of CUCUMBER EXTRACT:
-Handling
*General advice:
As with all industrial chemicals, use good industrial practices when handling.
-Storage
*General advice:
Keep container tightly closed in a cool, well-ventilated place



STABILITY and REACTIVITY of CUCUMBER EXTRACT:
-Possibility of Hazardous Reactions:
No hazardous reactions known.
-Hazardous decomposition products:
No decomposition expected under normal storage conditions.



SYNONYMS:
CUCUMBER EXTRACT
CUCUMBER FRUIT EXTRACT
CUCUMBER INFUSION
CUCUMBER, EXT.
CUCUMIS SATIVUS (CUCUMBER) EXTRACT
CUCUMIS SATIVUS (CUCUMBER) FRUIT EXTRACT
CUCUMIS SATIVUS (CUCUMBER) INFUSION
CUCUMIS SATIVUS EXTRACT
CUCUMIS SATIVUS FRUIT EXTRACT
CUCUMIS SATIVUS INFUSION
EXTRACT OF CUCUMBER
EXTRACT OF CUCUMIS SATIVUS
Glycerin
Aqua
Cucumis Sativus Fruit Extract

Cucumis melo
cucumis melo fruit extract; honey dew extract; honey melon extract; extract of the fruit of the honey melon, cucumis melo l., cucurbitaceae CAS NO:90063-94-8
Cucumis sativus
cucumis sativus extract; cucumber extract; extract obtained from the whole plant of the cucumber, cucumis sativus l., cucurbitaceae CAS NO:89998-01-6
CUMENE HYDROPEROXIDE
Cumene hydroperoxide (CHP) is a highly reactive organic compound that is used in a variety of applications in the scientific and industrial fields.
Cumene hydroperoxide is a white crystalline solid with a pungent odor, and is a powerful oxidizing agent.


CAS Number: 80-15-9
MDL number: MFCD00002129
Chemical formula: C9H12O2


Cumene hydroperoxide is an initiator for radical polymerization
Cumene hydroperoxide is a relatively stable organic peroxide.
This oxidizing agent, Cumene hydroperoxide, is commercially available with a purity of ~80%.


A 0.2 M solution in benzene has a half-life of 29 hours at 145°C.
The decomposition products of cumene hydroperoxide are methylstyrene, acetophenone, and cumyl alcohol.
Pure cumene hydroperoxide can be stored at room temperature.


Cumene hydroperoxide is registered under the REACH Regulation and is manufactured in and / or imported to the European Economic Area, at ≥ 1 000 to < 10 000 tonnes per annum.
Cumene hydroperoxide has been identified in human blood as reported by (PMID: 31557052 ).


Cumene hydroperoxide is not a naturally occurring metabolite and is only found in those individuals exposed to this compound or its derivatives.
Technically Cumene hydroperoxide is part of the human exposome.
Cumene hydroperoxide is slightly soluble in water and readily soluble in ether, alcohol, acetone, esters, hydrocarbons, and chlorinated hydrocarbons.


Cumene hydroperoxide is the organic compound with the formula C6H5C(CH3)2OOH.
An oily liquid, Cumene hydroperoxide is classified as an organic hydroperoxide.
Products of decomposition of cumene hydroperoxide are methylstyrene, acetophenone, and cumyl alcohol.


Cumene hydroperoxide is produced by treatment of cumene with oxygen, an autoxidation.
At temperatures >100 °C, oxygen is passed through liquid cumene:
C6H5(CH3)2CH + O2 → C6H5(CH3)2COOH


Dicumyl peroxide is a side product.
Cumene hydroperoxide is a free radical initiator for production of acrylates.
Cumene hydroperoxide is involved as an organic peroxide in the manufacturing of propylene oxide by the oxidation of propylene.


The oxidation by cumene hydroperoxide of propylene affords propylene oxide and the byproduct 2-Phenyl-2-propanol.
The reaction follows this stoichiometry:
CH3CHCH2 + C6H5(CH3)2COOH → CH3CHCH2O + C6H5(CH3)2COH


Dehydrating and hydrogenating cumyl alcohol recycles the cumene.
Cumene hydroperoxide is a colorless to light yellow liquid with a sharp, odor.
Flash point of Cumene hydroperoxide is 175 °F.


Cumene hydroperoxide boils at 153 °C and at 100 °C at the reduced pressure of 8 mmHg.
Cumene hydroperoxide is slightly soluble in water and denser than water.
Cumene hydroperoxide hence sinks in water.


Cumene hydroperoxide is readily soluble in alcohol, acetone, esters, hydrocarbons, chlorinated hydrocarbons.
Cumene hydroperoxide is used in production of acetone and phenol, as a polymerization catalyst, in redox systems.
Cumene hydroperoxide is a peroxol that is cumene in which the alpha-hydrogen is replaced by a hydroperoxy group.


Cumene hydroperoxide has a role as an oxidising agent and a Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite.
Cumene hydroperoxide derives from a hydride of a cumene.
Cumene Hydroperoxide [CAS: 80-15-9] is a colorless to yellow liquid that is a relatively stable organic peroxide.


Cumene Hydroperoxide is produced by the oxidation of Cumene as a co-product of phenol.
Cumene Hydroperoxide is often referred to as CHP for short; other names include Cumyl Hydroperoxide and the IUPAC name 2-hydroperoxypropan-2-ylbenzene.
Cumene Hydroperoxide decomposes fairly easily, producing Acetophenone, Cumyl Alcohol, and Methylstyrene.



USES and APPLICATIONS of CUMENE HYDROPEROXIDE:
Cumene hydroperoxide is used in the following products: adhesives and sealants, air care products, biocides (e.g. disinfectants, pest control products), coating products, fillers, putties, plasters, modelling clay, finger paints, inks and toners, polishes and waxes, washing & cleaning products and cosmetics and personal care products.


Cumene hydroperoxide is used by consumers, by professional workers (widespread uses), in formulation or re-packing, at industrial sites and in manufacturing.
Other release to the environment of Cumene hydroperoxide is likely to occur from: indoor use as reactive substance and outdoor use as reactive substance.


Other release to the environment of Cumene hydroperoxide is likely to occur from: indoor use as reactive substance and outdoor use as reactive substance.
Cumene hydroperoxide is used in the following products: polymers and biocides (e.g. disinfectants, pest control products).
Release to the environment of Cumene hydroperoxide can occur from industrial use: formulation of mixtures and formulation in materials.


Cumene hydroperoxide is used in the following products: polymers.
Cumene hydroperoxide has an industrial use resulting in manufacture of another substance (use of intermediates).
Cumene hydroperoxide is used for the manufacture of: chemicals and plastic products.


Release to the environment of Cumene hydroperoxide can occur from industrial use: as processing aid, as an intermediate step in further manufacturing of another substance (use of intermediates) and as processing aid.
Through the study of melatonin Cumene hydroperoxide has been observed to promote lipid oxidation and inhibit protein synthesis.


Release to the environment of Cumene hydroperoxide can occur from industrial use: manufacturing of the substance and as an intermediate step in further manufacturing of another substance (use of intermediates).


Cumene Hydroperoxide, also known as Cumyl Hydroperoxide, is used as an oxidizing agent.
Ungraded products supplied by Spectrum are indicative of a grade suitable for general industrial use or research purposes and typically are not suitable for human consumption or therapeutic use.


Cumene hydroperoxide is a colorless to pale yellow liquid.
Cumene hydroperoxide is reactive with metal-containing materials and is the initiator for polymerization of styrene and acrylic monomer.
Cumene Hydroperoxide is an oxidant used in the preparation of polystyrene nanocapsules.


Cumene hydroperoxide is used in the production of acetone and phenol and as a curing agent for polyester resins and other polymers.
Cumene hydroperoxide is a derivative of cumene, a hydrocarbon derived from petroleum, and is used in the synthesis of a range of organic and inorganic compounds, as well as in the manufacture of polymers, plastics, and pharmaceuticals.


Cumene Hydroperoxide is typically used to provide extra stability as a polymerization inhibitor in redox systems.
CHP is also used in the manufacturing of organic peroxides, the production of phenol and acetone, and as a strong free radical source since it contains more than 8.5% active oxygen.


This unique peroxide functions as both a polymerization inhibitor and a reagent for the manufacture of other organic peroxides.
Cumene Hydroperoxide is also a strong oxidizing agent, which makes it an extremely valuable specialty intermediate in the plastics and epoxy resin industries.


Adding CHP to epoxy vinyl ester systems can eliminate the foaming experienced with methyl ethyl ketone peroxide (MEKP), a more traditionally used organic peroxide.
CHP systems also allow for a wide range of gel times followed by a well-controlled cure of epoxy resins.


This allows relatively thick laminates to be made, thereby reducing the risk of the finished resin overheating and warping.
Cumene hydroperoxide is an intermediate in the cumene process for producing phenol and acetone from benzene and propene.
Cumene hydroperoxide is also used in the production of polyurethane foam and in the manufacture of polyvinyl chloride (PVC).



SYNTHESIS METHOD OF CUMENE HYDROPEROXIDE:
Cumene hydroperoxide is produced by the reaction of cumene with oxygen in the presence of a catalyst, usually manganese dioxide.
The reaction is typically carried out in a closed system at temperatures of up to 150°C and pressures of up to 20 atmospheres.
The reaction is highly exothermic, and the rate of reaction is controlled by the rate of cooling.
The reaction produces a mixture of Cumene hydroperoxide and cumene, which is then separated by distillation.



SYNTHESIS METHOD DETAILS OF CUMENE HYDROPEROXIDE:
*Design of the Synthesis Pathway
The synthesis pathway for Cumene hydroperoxide involves the oxidation of Cumene (isopropylbenzene) using Hydrogen peroxide in the presence of an acid catalyst.



STARTING MATERIALS OF CUMENE HYDROPEROXIDE:
*Cumene (isopropylbenzene)
*Hydrogen peroxide
*Acid catalyst (such as sulfuric acid or phosphoric acid)



REACTION OF CUMENE HYDROPEROXIDE:
Mix Cumene and Hydrogen peroxide in the presence of the acid catalyst
Heat the mixture to a temperature of around 60-80°C
Allow the reaction to proceed for several hours
Separate the Cumene hydroperoxide from the reaction mixture using a solvent such as ethyl acetate
Purify the Cumene hydroperoxide using distillation or crystallization



SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH APPLICATIONS OF CUMENE HYDROPEROXIDE:
Cumene hydroperoxide is used in a wide range of scientific research applications, including in the synthesis of organic and inorganic compounds, in the production of polymers, plastics, and pharmaceuticals, and in the manufacture of polyurethane foam and PVC.
Cumene hydroperoxide is also used in the study of the mechanisms of oxidation and reduction reactions, in the study of the effects of oxidizing agents on organic compounds, and in the study of the mechanisms of polymerization and cross-linking reactions.



MECHANISM OF ACTION OF CUMENE HYDROPEROXIDE:
Cumene hydroperoxide is a powerful oxidizing agent and its reactivity is due to its ability to transfer oxygen atoms to other molecules.
Cumene hydroperoxide is a strong oxidizing agent and can oxidize a wide range of organic and inorganic compounds.
Cumene hydroperoxide is also a strong reducing agent and can reduce many organic and inorganic compounds.



ALTERNATIVE PARENTS OF CUMENE HYDROPEROXIDE:
*Peroxols
*Alkyl hydroperoxides
*Hydrocarbon derivatives



SUBSTITUENTS OF CUMENE HYDROPEROXIDE:
*Phenylpropane
*Hydroperoxide
*Alkyl hydroperoxide
*Peroxol
*Organic oxygen compound
*Hydrocarbon derivative
*Organooxygen compound
*Aromatic homomonocyclic compound



PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of CUMENE HYDROPEROXIDE:
Chemical formula: C9H12O2
Molar mass: 152.193 g·mol−1
Appearance: Colorless to pale yellow liquid
Density: 1.02 g/cm3
Melting point: −9 °C (16 °F; 264 K)
Boiling point: 153 °C (307 °F; 426 K)
Solubility in water: 1.5 g/100 mL
Vapor pressure: 14 mmHg, at 20 °C
Boiling point: 116 °C (20 hPa)
Density: 1.03 g/cm3 (20 °C)
Flash point: 57 °C
Melting Point: pH value: >5 (13 g/l, H₂O, 20 °C)
Solubility: 13 g/l
Melting Point: -37°C

Color: Yellow
Quantity: 100 g
UN Number: 3109
Formula Weight: 152.19
Physical Form: Liquid
Chemical Name or Material: Cumene Hydroperoxide
Appearance: colorless to pale yellow clear liquid (est)
Assay: 95.00 to 100.00
Food Chemicals Codex Listed: No
Specific Gravity: 1.03000 @ 25.00 °C.
Refractive Index: 1.52100 @ 20.00 °C.
Melting Point: -9.00 °C. @ 760.00 mm Hg
Boiling Point: 225.00 to 226.00 °C. @ 760.00 mm Hg (est)
Vapor Pressure: 0.003270 mmHg @ 25.00 °C.
Flash Point: 133.00 °F. TCC ( 56.11 °C. )
logP (o/w): 2.216 (est)

Soluble in: water, 1.39E+04 mg/L @ 25 °C (exp)
Flash Point: 135°F (NTP, 1992)
Lower Explosive Limit (LEL): 0.9 %
Upper Explosive Limit (UEL): 6.5 %
Autoignition Temperature: 300°F
Melting Point: less than -40°F
Vapor Pressure: 0.6 mmHg at 68°F (for 80-85% by weight)
Vapor Density (Relative to Air): 5
Specific Gravity: 1.03 at 77°F
Boiling Point: Decomposes at 261°F
Molecular Weight: 152.21
Water Solubility: less than 0.1 mg/mL at 64°F
Ionization Energy/Potential: data unavailable
IDLH: data unavailable
Molecular Formula / Molecular Weight: C9H12O2 = 152.19

Physical State (20 deg.C): Liquid
CAS RN: 80-15-9
Reaxys Registry Number: 1908117
PubChem Substance ID: 87560369
MDL Number: MFCD00002129
Appearance (Colour): Clear colorless to pale yellow
Form: Liquid
Assay (Iodometric Titration): ≥75%
Identification (FTIR): Conforms
Refractive Index: 1,5170-1,5250 @ 20°C
Melting point: -30°
Refractive index: 1.5240
Flash point: 56°(132°F)
Formula weight: 152.20
Boiling point: 100-102°/8mm

MDL No.: MFCD00002129
CAS No.: 80-15-9
Molecular formula: C9H12O2
Storage temperature: 2°C to 8°C
Molecular Weight: 152.19 g/mol
XLogP3-AA: 1.7
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 1
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 2
Rotatable Bond Count: 2
Exact Mass: 152.083729621 g/mol
Monoisotopic Mass: 152.083729621 g/mol
Topological Polar Surface Area: 29.5Ų
Heavy Atom Count: 11
Formal Charge: 0
Complexity: 115
Isotope Atom Count: 0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0

Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 1
Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes
Flash Point: 135°F (NTP, 1992)
Lower Explosive Limit (LEL): 0.9 % (NTP, 1992)
Upper Explosive Limit (UEL): 6.5 % (NTP, 1992)
Autoignition Temperature: 300°F (USCG, 1999)
Melting Point: less than -40°F (NTP, 1992)
Vapor Pressure: 0.6 mmHg at 68°F (for 80-85% by weight) (NTP, 1992)
Vapor Density (Relative to Air): 5 (NTP, 1992)
Specific Gravity: 1.03 at 77°F (USCG, 1999)
Boiling Point: Decomposes at 261°F (NTP, 1992)
Molecular Weight: 152.21 (NTP, 1992)
Water Solubility: less than 0.1 mg/mL at 64°F (NTP, 1992)
Ionization Energy/Potential: data unavailable
IDLH: data unavailable



FIRST AID MEASURES of CUMENE HYDROPEROXIDE:
-Description of first-aid measures:
If inhaled:
After inhalation:
Fresh air.
*In case of skin contact:
Take off immediately all contaminated clothing.
Rinse skin with water/ shower.
*In case of eye contact:
After eye contact:
Rinse out with plenty of water.
Remove contact lenses.
*If swallowed:
After swallowing:
Make victim drink water (two glasses at most).
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed:
No data available



ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of CUMENE HYDROPEROXIDE:
-Environmental precautions:
No special precautionary measures necessary.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Observe possible material restrictions.
Take up dry.
Dispose of properly.
Clean up affected area.



FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of CUMENE HYDROPEROXIDE:
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.
-Further information:
Suppress (knock down) gases/vapors/mists with a water spray jet.



EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of CUMENE HYDROPEROXIDE:
-Control parameters:
--Ingredients with workplace control parameters:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use equipment for eye protection.
Safety glasses
*Skin protection:
Handle with gloves.
Wash and dry hands.
*Respiratory protection:
Respiratory protection is not required.
-Control of environmental exposure:
No special precautionary measures necessary.



HANDLING and STORAGE of CUMENE HYDROPEROXIDE:
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
*Storage conditions:
Tightly closed.
Dry.



STABILITY and REACTIVITY of CUMENE HYDROPEROXIDE:
-Reactivity:
No data available
-Chemical stability:
The product is chemically stable under standard ambient conditions (room temperature) .
Stable under recommended storage conditions.
-Possibility of hazardous reactions:
No data available
-Conditions to avoid:
no information available



SYNONYMS:
α,α-Dimethylbenzyl hydroperoxide
2-Phenylpropane-2-peroxol
Cumyl hydroperoxide
CHP
.alpha.,.alpha.-Dimethylbenzyl hydroperoxide
.alpha.,.alpha.-Dimethylbenzylhydroperoxide
.alpha.-Cumene hydroperoxide
.alpha.-Cumyl hydroperoxide
1-Methyl-1-phenylethyl hydroperoxide
2-hydroperoxypropan-2-ylbenzene
2-PHENYL-2-PROPYL HYDROPEROXIDE
2-phenylpropan-2-yl hydroperoxide
2-Phenylpropane-2-peroxol
4-06-00-03221 (Beilstein Handbook Reference)
7-Cumyl hydroperoxide
7-Hydroperoxykumen
80-15-9
a,a-dimethylbenzyl hydroperoxide
AKOS015841738
alpha, alpha-dimethylbenzyl hydroperoxide
ALPHA,ALPHA-DIMETHYLBENZENE HYDROPEROXIDE
alpha,alpha-Dimethylbenzyl hydroperoxide
alpha,alpha-Dimethylbenzylhydroperoxide
alpha-Cumene hydroperoxide
alpha-Cumyl hydroperoxide
BRN 1908117
C2223
CAS-80-15-9
CCG-207896
CCRIS 3801
CHEBI:78673
CHEMBL1518369
CHP-158
CHP-5
CMH (CHRIS Code)
Cumeenhydroperoxyde
CUMENE HYDROPEROXIDE
Cumene Hydroperoxide (80per cent, Technical grade)
CUMENE HYDROPEROXIDE
Cumene hydroperoxide, technical grade, 80%
Cumene hydroperoxide, technical, ~80% in cumene
Cumene hydroperoxide
(Isopropylbenzene hydroperoxide)
dimethylbenzyl hydroperoxide
DTXCID404869
DTXSID3024869
EC 201-254-7
EINECS 201-254-7
HSDB 254
Hydroperoxide de cumene
Hydroperoxide, .alpha.,.alpha.-dimethylbenzyl
Hydroperoxide, 1-methyl-1-phenylethyl
Hydroperoxide, 1-methyl-1-phenylethyl-
Hydroperoxide, alpha,alpha-dimethylbenzyl
Hydroperoxide, alpha,alpha-dimethylbenzyl-
Hydroperoxyde de cumene
isopropyl benzene hydroperoxide
Isopropylbenzene hydroperoxide
KAYACUMENE H
LS-1792
LUPEROX CU 80
MFCD00002129
NA2116
NCGC00091748-01
NCGC00091748-02
NCGC00091748-03
NCGC00254045-01
Percumyl H
PG7JD54X4I
PH 80
Q414439
r 239a
RCRA waste no. U096
RCRA waste number U096
SCHEMBL11210695
SCHEMBL15251
STL453641
Tox21_300283
Trigonox K 80
TRIGONOX K 90
Trigonox K-95
Trigonox R 239A
TRIGONOX R 239R
UN 2116
UN2116
UNII-PG7JD54X4I
1-Methyl-1-phenylethyl hydroperoxide
7-Cumyl hydroperoxide
alpha,alpha-Dimethylbenzyl hydroperoxide
alpha-Cumene hydroperoxide
alpha-Cumyl hydroperoxide
CHP
Cumenyl hydroperoxide
Cumolhydroperoxid
Cumyl hydroperoxide
Hydroperoxyde de cumene
Hydroperoxyde de cumyle
Isopropylbenzene hydroperoxide
a,a-Dimethylbenzyl hydroperoxide
Α,α-dimethylbenzyl hydroperoxide
a-Cumene hydroperoxide
Α-cumene hydroperoxide
a-Cumyl hydroperoxide
Α-cumyl hydroperoxide
Cumene hydroperoxide, sodium salt
Cumylhydroperoxide
Isopropyl benzene hydroperoxide
Hydroperoxide, α,α-dimethylbenzyl
α-Cumene hydroperoxide
α-Cumyl hydroperoxide
α,α-Dimethylbenzyl hydroperoxide
Cumene hydroperoxide
Cumenyl hydroperoxide
Cumyl hydroperoxide
Isopropylbenzene hydroperoxide
Percumyl H
Trigonox K 80
7-Cumyl hydroperoxide
Cumeenhydroperoxyde
Cument hydroperoxide
Cumolhydroperoxid
Hydroperoxyde de cumene
Hydroperoxyde de cumyle
7-Hydroperoxykumen
Idroperossido di cumene
Idroperossido di cumolo
Kumenylhydroperoxid
Rcra waste number U096
UN 2116
1-Methyl-1-phenylethyl hydroperoxide
CHP-158
CHP-5
Hyperiz
Trigonox R 239A
Trigonox K-95
Hydroperoxide, 1-methyl-1-phenylethyl
(1-hydroperoxy-1-methyl-ethyl)benzene
.alpha.,.alpha.-Dimethylbenzyl hydroperoxide
alpha,alpha-dimethyl-benzyl hydroperoxide
.alpha.-Cumene hydroperoxide
.alpha.-Cumyl hydroperoxide
1-Methyl-1-phenylethyl hydroperoxide
2-(dioxidanyl)propan-2-ylbenzene
2-Hydroperoxypropan-2-ylbenzene
7-Cumyl hydroperoxide
7-Hydroperoxykumen
CHP
CHP-158
CHP-5
Cumeenhydroperoxyde
Cumene hydroperoxide
Cument hydroperoxide
Cumenyl hydroperoxide
Cumolhydroperoxid
Cumolhydroperoxide
Trigonox R 239A
Cumyl hydroperoxide
Hydroperoxide de cumene
Hydroperoxyde de cumene
Hydroperoxyde de cumyle
Hyperiz
(2-hydroperoxypropan-2-yl)benzene
Idroperossido di cumene
Idroperossido di cumolo
Isopropylbenzene hydroperoxide
Kumenylhydroperoxid
Percumyl H
Trigonox K 80
Trigonox K-95
BRN 1908117
CCRIS 3801
EINECS 201-254-7
HSDB 254
RCRA WASTE NO. U096
UN 2116
1-Methyl-1-phenylethyl Hydroperoxide
α,α-Dimethylbenzyl Hydroperoxide
1-Methyl-1-phenylethyl Hydroperoxide
2-Hydroperoxy-2-phenylpropane
2-Phenyl-2-propyl Hydroperoxide
2-Phenylpropyl Hydroperoxide
7-Cumyl Hydroperoxide
CHP
CHP 158
CHP 5
CHP 90
CHPO
CU 90
Cumen Hydroperoxide
Cumene Hydroperoxide
Cumenyl Hydroperoxide
Cumyl Hydrogen peroxide
Cumyl hydroperoxide
H 80
Hyperis
Hyperiz
Isopropylbenzene Hydroperoxide
Kayacumene H
Luperox CU 80
Luperox CU 90
PH 80; Percumyl H
Percumyl H 18
Percumyl H 80
Percumyl H 90
R 239A
Trigonox K 80
Trigonox K 90
Trigonox R 239A
Trigonox R 239R
α,α-Dimethylbenzyl Hydroperoxide
α-Cumene Hydroperoxide
α-Cumyl Hydroperoxide
7-Cumyl hydroperoxide
CHP
Cumene hydroperoxide
Cument hydroperoxide
Cumenyl hydroperoxide
Cumolhydroperoxide
Cumyl hydroperoxide
Hydroperoxide de cumene
Hydroperoxide, 1-methyl-1-phenylethyl
Hydroperoxide, alpha,alpha-dimethylbenzyl-
Isopropylbenzene hydroperoxide
alpha,alpha-Dimethylbenzyl hydroperoxide
alpha,alpha-Dimethylbenzylhydroperoxide
UN3107
1-Methyl-1-phenylethyl hydroperoxide
7-Cumyl hydroperoxide
alpha,alpha-Dimethylbenzyl hydroperoxide
alpha-Cumene hydroperoxide
alpha-Cumyl hydroperoxide
CHP
cumene hydroperoxide
Cumenyl hydroperoxide
Cumolhydroperoxid
Cumyl hydroperoxide
Hydroperoxyde de cumene
Hydroperoxyde de cumyle
Isopropylbenzene hydroperoxide



Cumène sulfonate de sodium( sodium cumène sulfonate)
1,3,5-Triazine-2,4,6-triol; 1,3,5-Triazinetriol; 1,3,5-Triazine-2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)-trione; 1,3,5-Triazinetrione; Trihydroxy-1,3,5-triazine; Tricarbimide; Pseudocyanuric acid; Isocyanuric acid; sym-triazine-2,4,6-triol; sym-triazinetriol; normal cyanuric acid; 2,4,6-trihydroxy-1,3,5-triazine; trihydroxycyanidine; tricyanic acid; Cas no: 108-80-5
CUMYL HYDROPEROXIDE
Cumyl hydroperoxide is colorless to light yellow liquid with a sharp, irritating odor.
Cumyl hydroperoxide slightly soluble in water and denser than water.
Cumyl hydroperoxide readily soluble in alcohol, acetone, esters, hydrocarbons, chlorinated hydrocarbons.

CAS Number: 80-15-9
Molecular Formula: C9H12O2
Molecular Weight: 152.19
EINECS Number: 201-254-7

Cumyl hydroperoxide, flash point 175°F and boils at 153°C and at 100°C at the reduced pressure of 8 mm Hg.
Cumyl hydroperoxide used in production of acetone and phenol, as a polymerization catalyst, in redox systems.
Cumyl hydroperoxide is a colorless to pale yellow liquid.

Cumyl hydroperoxide is moderately soluble in water.
Cumyl hydroperoxide is a member of a class of chemicals called organic peroxides.
Cumyl hydroperoxide can be formed in small amounts from the breakdown of the naturally occurring compound cumene

Cumyl hydroperoxide is the organic compound with the formula C9H12O2.
An oily liquid, Cumyl hydroperoxide is classified as an organic hydroperoxide.
Cumyl hydroperoxides of decomposition of cumene hydroperoxide are methylstyrene, acetophenone, and 2-Phenyl-2-propanol.

Cumyl hydroperoxide is produced by treatment of cumene with oxygen, an autoxidation at temperatures >100 °C, oxygen is passed through liquid cumene:
C6H5(CH3)2CH + O2 → C6H5(CH3)2COOH Dicumyl peroxide is a side Cumyl hydroperoxide.
Cumyl hydroperoxide penetrates human red blood cells reduced by glutathione in the reaction catalyzed by glutathione peroxidase.

Cumyl hydroperoxide, water, and oxidized gluthathione were products.
Enzymatic reduction of Cumyl hydroperoxide leads to the formation of cumenol (2-phenylpropan-2-ol) in vitro.
Cumyl hydroperoxide has known human metabolites that include (2S)-2-amino-5-[[(2R)-1-(carboxymethylamino)-1-oxo-3- (2-phenylpropan-2-ylperoxysulfanyl)propan-2-yl]amino]-5-oxopentanoic acid.

The Cumyl hydroperoxide-hematin system reacts with 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline-1-oxide to form the nitroxide 5,5-dimethylpyrrolidone-(2)-oxyl-(1) (DMPOX).
DMPOX is formed via spin trapping of a Cumyl hydroperoxide radical followed by an intramolecular carbanion displacement.

hydroperoxide-hematin system is most likely mediated by cumene hydroperoxyl radical.
Cumyl hydroperoxide oxidized cholesterol to the carcinogen 5,6-epoxide (5,6-alpha-epoxy-5-alpha-cholestan-3-beta-ol).

Cumyl hydroperoxide is an organic hydroperoxide intermediate in the cumene process for synthesizing phenol and acetone from benzene and propene.
Cumyl hydroperoxide is typically used as an oxidizing agent.
Cumyl hydroperoxide of decomposition of Cumyl hydroperoxide are methylstyrene, acetophenone, and cumyl alcohol.

One of the key uses for the Cumyl hydroperoxide is as a free radical initiator for acrylate and methacrylate monomers, and polyester resins.
Cumyl hydroperoxide is involved as an organic peroxide in the manufacturing of propylene oxide by the oxidation of propylene.
Cumene hydroperoxide is a relatively stable organic peroxide.

This oxidizing agent is commercially available with a purity of ~80%. A 0.2 M solution in benzene has a half-life of 29 hours at 145°C.
The decomposition products of Cumyl hydroperoxide are methylstyrene, acetophenone, and cumyl alcohol.
Pure Cumyl hydroperoxidecan be stored at room temperature, but the potential for an uncontrolled reaction and explosion is high.

Cumyl hydroperoxide as well as other hydroperoxides can undergo rapid decomposition under the influence of a wide range of trace compounds, such as acids and metals.
Cumyl hydroperoxide, also known as cumene hydroperoxide, is a chemical compound with the molecular formula C9H12O2.

Cumyl hydroperoxide is an organic peroxide that is used primarily as an initiator in various polymerization processes and as a source of free radicals in chemical reactions.
Cumyl hydroperoxide is an important industrial chemical with applications in the production of plastics, resins, and other products.

Melting point: -30 °C
Boiling point: 100-101 °C/8 mmHg (lit.)
Density: 1.03 g/mL at 25 °C
vapor density: 5.4 (vs air)
vapor pressure: refractive index: n20/D 1.5230
Flash point: 192 °C
storage temp.: 2-8°C
solubility: Chloroform (Soluble), Ethyl Acetate (Slightly), Methanol (Soluble)
form: clear liquid
pka: pK1:12.60 (25°C)
color: Colorless to Almost colorless
Water Solubility: Slightly soluble
BRN: 1908117
Exposure limits No exposure limit is set. On the basis of its irritant properties, a ceiling limit of 2 mg/m3 (0.3 ppm) is recommended.
Stability: Stable. combustible. Strong oxidizer.
LogP: 1.6 at 25℃

Cumyl hydroperoxide is a strong oxidizing agent.
May react explosively upon contact with reducing reagents Violent reaction occurs upon contact with copper, copper alloys, lead alloys, and mineral acids.
Contact with charcoal powder gives a strong exothermic reaction.

Cumyl hydroperoxide is typically synthesized through the reaction of cumene (also known as isopropylbenzene) with hydrogen peroxide.
This reaction yields cumyl hydroperoxide and water.
The stability of cumyl hydroperoxide is a critical factor due to its potential for decomposition.

Cumyl hydroperoxide can undergo self-decomposition, leading to the release of radicals and heat.
To maintain its stability, it is often stored at lower temperatures and with appropriate stabilizers.
Cumyl hydroperoxide is a radical initiator commonly used in the production of thermoplastic polymers.

When heated, cumyl hydroperoxide decomposes into radicals, which initiate the polymerization of monomers.
This process involves the propagation of polymer chains through the addition of monomer molecules.
The resulting Cumyl hydroperoxide have various industrial applications due to their mechanical, thermal, and chemical properties.

Cumene hydroperoxide is an intermediate in the cumene process for producing phenol and acetone from benzene and propene.
Cumene hydroperoxide is a free radical initiator for production of acrylates.

Cumene hydroperoxide is involved as an organic peroxide in the manufacturing of propylene oxide by the oxidation of propylene.
The oxidation by Cumyl hydroperoxide of propylene affords propylene oxide and the byproduct 2-Phenyl-2-propanol.

Cumyl hydroperoxide of properties and Structure:
Cumyl hydroperoxide is a pale yellow liquid at room temperature.
Cumyl hydroperoxide is a type of organic peroxide, characterized by an oxygen-oxygen single bond (O-O) in its structure.
The specific arrangement of atoms in the molecule makes it susceptible to decomposition, releasing free radicals that can initiate polymerization reactions.

Cumyl hydroperoxide's production and use in the manufacture of acetone, phenol, and alpha-methylsytrene, as a polymerization catalyst, and as a polyester resin crosslinking agent, may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. Small quantities might be formed in the atmosphere and natural waters from cumene.
If released to air, a vapor pressure of 3.27X10-3 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates Cumyl hydroperoxide will exist solely as a vapor in the atmosphere.

Vapor-phase Cumyl hydroperoxide will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemicallyproduced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 45 hours.
If released to soil, Cumyl hydroperoxide is expected to have low mobility based upon an estimated Koc of 2000.
Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is not expected based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 4.7X10-8 atm-cu m/mole.
Cumyl hydroperoxide is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces based upon its vapor pressure.

Cumyl hydroperoxides react with a variety of compounds and are degraded readily to the corresponding alcohols.
If released into water, is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment based upon the estimated Koc.
An estimated BCF of 12 suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low.

Occupational exposure to Cumyl hydroperoxide may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where Cumyl hydroperoxide is produced or used.
Cumyl hydroperoxide's production and use in the manufacture of acetone, phenol, and alpha-methylsytrene(1), as a polymerization catalyst(2), and as a polyester resin crosslinking agent(3), may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC).

Uses
Cumyl hydroperoxide is used for the manufactureof acetone and phenols; for studyingthe mechanism of NADPH-dependent lipidperoxidation; and in organic syntheses.
Cumyl hydroperoxide is used in the preparation of polystyrene nanocapsules.
Cumyl hydroperoxide acts as a curing agent for polyester resins and as an oxidizer in organic chemical reactions.

Cumyl hydroperoxide serves as an initiator for radical polymerization especially for acrylate and methacrylate monomers.
Cumyl hydroperoxide also employed as an intermediate in the cumene process for developing phenol and acetone from benzene and propene.
Further, Cumyl hydroperoxide is used as an epoxidation reagent for allylic alcohols and fatty acid esters.

Cumyl hydroperoxide is also used to prepare methylstyrene, acetophenone and cumyl alcohol.
Cumyl hydroperoxide is widely used as an initiator in the production of polymers and plastics.
When it decomposes, it forms free radicals that can initiate the polymerization of monomers, leading to the formation of polymer chains.

This is crucial in the Cumyl hydroperoxide of materials like polystyrene, polyethylene, and other plastics.
Cumyl hydroperoxide is used in the production of synthetic resins and adhesives.
It helps initiate the polymerization of monomers to create crosslinked structures that contribute to the strength and durability of the final product.

Cumyl hydroperoxide is also used as a source of free radicals in various chemical reactions.
Cumyl hydroperoxide can be used to modify and functionalize organic compounds by introducing new chemical groups.
In some cases, cumyl hydroperoxide is used as an oxidizing agent in certain chemical transformations.

Cumyl hydroperoxide is an important commercial chemical used in the production of plastics and to make other chemicals.
Cumyl hydroperoxide is an ingredient in an auto detail product and home maintenance product.
Cumyl hydroperoxide used may breathe in vapors or have direct skin contact.

The general population may be exposed by vapors from limited use in two consumer Cumyl hydroperoxide.
If Cumyl hydroperoxide is released to the environment, it will be broken down in air.
Cumyl hydroperoxide is expected to be broken down by sunlight.

Cumyl hydroperoxide is expected to move slowly through soil.
It is not expected to build up in fish.
However, organic peroxides such as Cumyl hydroperoxide are very reactive and will explode and burn if not stored properly.

Cumyl hydroperoxide is utilized in the production of synthetic resins and adhesives.
The radical initiation process helps link monomers together to form crosslinked structures, resulting in the solidification of resins and the creation of adhesive properties.
Cumyl hydroperoxide is involved in the polymerization of olefins, such as ethylene and propylene, leading to the production of polyethylene and polypropylene, respectively.

Cumyl hydroperoxide are used in a wide range of applications, including packaging materials, containers, and more.
In the rubber industry, cumyl hydroperoxide is used to initiate polymerization reactions in the production of synthetic rubbers.
These rubbers can then be used for a variety of applications, including tires, seals, gaskets, and more.

Cumyl hydroperoxide is used in the production of other polymers and plastics, contributing to the versatility and functionality of numerous industrial and consumer products.
Cumyl hydroperoxide is utilized in the production of adhesives and sealants.
By initiating polymerization reactions, Cumyl hydroperoxide helps create crosslinked structures that contribute to the adhesive properties and the ability to bond surfaces together.

In the coatings industry, cumyl hydroperoxide is employed to initiate polymerization reactions in the production of coatings and paints.
These coatings can provide protective and decorative finishes on surfaces such as metal, wood, and plastic.
Cumyl hydroperoxide can be used in the textile industry to modify and functionalize textiles, enhancing properties such as water resistance, durability, and dyeability.

Cumyl hydroperoxide is sometimes used as a source of free radicals in chemical reactions.
These reactions can be employed to modify molecules and create new compounds with specific properties.
Cumyl hydroperoxide serves as a valuable tool in research laboratories and development projects, particularly in the synthesis of new polymers and materials.

Cumyl hydroperoxide can be used in the production of plastic additives that enhance the properties of plastics, such as impact resistance, UV stability, and flame retardancy.
In some cases, cumyl hydroperoxide can be used as an oxidizing agent in wastewater treatment processes to break down organic pollutants.
In the medical field, cumyl hydroperoxide can be utilized in certain medical device manufacturing processes where polymers with specific properties are required.

Cumyl hydroperoxide is used in the rubber industry to initiate the vulcanization process.
Vulcanization involves the crosslinking of rubber molecules using heat and additives to improve the mechanical properties, elasticity, and durability of rubber products.
Emulsion polymerization is a process used to produce latex dispersions, which are used in coatings, paints, adhesives, and more.

Cumyl hydroperoxide can act as an initiator in emulsion polymerization reactions to create latex particles.
Cumyl hydroperoxide is involved in initiating the polymerization of thermoset resins, which are widely used in the production of composites, laminates, and molded parts for industries such as aerospace and automotive.
Cumyl hydroperoxide can serve as a source of radicals in various chemical reactions used to synthesize new organic compounds with specific properties, such as pharmaceutical intermediates or specialty chemicals.

Health Hazard
Cumyl hydroperoxide is a mild to moderateskin irritant on rabbits.
Subcutaneousapplication exhibited a strong delayed reactionwith symptoms of erythema and edema(Floyd and Stockinger 1958).
Strong solutionscan irritate the eyes severely, affectingthe cornea and iris.

Its toxicity is comparable to that of Cumyl hydroperoxide.
Cumyl hydroperoxideis toxic,its pretreatment may be effective against thetoxicity of hydrogen peroxide.
Cumyl hydroperoxide is mutagenic andtumorigenic (NIOSH 1986).

Fire Hazard
When exposed to heat or flame, Cumyl hydroperoxide may ignite and/or explode.
A 91–95% concentration of Cumyl hydroperoxide decomposes violently at 150°C (302°F) (NFPA 1986).
Cumyl hydroperoxide forms an explosive mixture with air.

Safety
Organic peroxides, including cumyl hydroperoxide, are hazardous materials due to their potential for spontaneous decomposition and release of free radicals, which can lead to fires or explosions.
They are sensitive to heat, friction, and impact Proper handling, storage, and transportation are crucial to prevent accidents.

Cumyl hydroperoxide, like all organic peroxides, is potentially explosive.
Cumyl hydroperoxide is also toxic, corrosive and flammable as well as a skin-irritant.

Synonyms
CUMENE HYDROPEROXIDE
Cumyl hydroperoxide
80-15-9
Cumenyl hydroperoxide
Cumolhydroperoxid
Cumolhydroperoxide
7-Cumyl hydroperoxide
Hydroperoxide, 1-methyl-1-phenylethyl
alpha,alpha-Dimethylbenzyl hydroperoxide
Cument hydroperoxide
2-hydroperoxypropan-2-ylbenzene
Hydroperoxyde de cumene
Hydroperoxyde de cumyle
Cumeenhydroperoxyde
Kumenylhydroperoxid
Isopropylbenzene hydroperoxide
7-Hydroperoxykumen
RCRA waste number U096
Hydroperoxide de cumene
Idroperossido di cumene
Idroperossido di cumolo
Percumyl H
1-Methyl-1-phenylethyl hydroperoxide
CCRIS 3801
HSDB 254
Hyperiz
DTXSID3024869
Cumolhydroperoxid [German]
UNII-PG7JD54X4I
Cumeenhydroperoxyde [Dutch]
Kumenylhydroperoxid [Czech]
7-Hydroperoxykumen [Czech]
EINECS 201-254-7
PG7JD54X4I
alpha,alpha-Dimethylbenzylhydroperoxide
Trigonox K 80
BRN 1908117
Hydroperoxide, 1-methyl-1-phenylethyl-
CHEBI:78673
Hydroperoxide, alpha,alpha-dimethylbenzyl-
Hydroperoxyde de cumene [French]
Hydroperoxyde de cumyle [French]
Idroperossido di cumene [Italian]
Idroperossido di cumolo [Italian]
PH 80
alpha-Cumyl hydroperoxide
alpha-Cumene hydroperoxide
LUPEROX CU 80
TRIGONOX K 90
2-Phenylpropane-2-peroxol
RCRA waste no. U096
Hydroperoxide, alpha,alpha-dimethylbenzyl
DTXCID404869
EC 201-254-7
4-06-00-03221 (Beilstein Handbook Reference)
.alpha.,.alpha.-Dimethylbenzyl hydroperoxide
cumylhydroperoxide
Hydroperoxide, .alpha.,.alpha.-dimethylbenzyl
Cumene Hydroperoxide (80per cent, Technical grade)
r 239a
isopropyl benzene hydroperoxide
cumyl-hydroperoxide
Trigonox K-95
Trigonox R 239A
KAYACUMENE H
CMH (CHRIS Code)
dimethylbenzyl hydroperoxide
TRIGONOX R 239R
.alpha.-Cumyl hydroperoxide
CHP-5
.alpha.-Cumene hydroperoxide
SCHEMBL15251
a,a-dimethylbenzyl hydroperoxide
CHEMBL1518369
SCHEMBL11210695
CHP-158
2-phenylpropan-2-yl hydroperoxide
CUMENE HYDROPEROXIDE [HSDB]
Tox21_300283
MFCD00002129
NA2116
STL453641
UN2116
AKOS015841738
CCG-207896
LS-1792
UN 2116
2-PHENYL-2-PROPYL HYDROPEROXIDE
CAS-80-15-9
alpha, alpha-dimethylbenzyl hydroperoxide
NCGC00091748-01
NCGC00091748-02
NCGC00091748-03
NCGC00254045-01
.alpha.,.alpha.-Dimethylbenzylhydroperoxide
Cumene hydroperoxide, technical grade, 80%
C2223
ALPHA,ALPHA-DIMETHYLBENZENE HYDROPEROXIDE
Cumene hydroperoxide, technical, ~80% in cumene
Q414439
Cumene hydroperoxide; (Isopropylbenzene hydroperoxide)
CUMYL HYDROPEROXIDE
Cumyl Hydroperoxide Cumyl hydroperoxide is an organic hydroperoxide intermediate in the cumene process for synthesizing phenol and acetone from benzene and propene. It is typically used as an oxidizing agent.[2] Products of decomposition of Cumyl hydroperoxide are methylstyrene, acetophenone, and cumyl alcohol.[3] Its formula is C6H5C(CH3)2OOH. One of the key uses for the material is as a free radical initiator for acrylate and methacrylate monomers, and polyester resins. Cumyl hydroperoxide is involved as an organic peroxide in the manufacturing of propylene oxide by the oxidation of propylene. This technology was commercialized by Sumitomo Chemical.[4] Oxidation of cumene affords Cumyl hydroperoxide C6H5(CH3)2CH + oxidation → C6H5(CH3)2COOH The oxidation by Cumyl hydroperoxide of propylene affords propylene oxide and the byproduct cumyl alcohol. The reaction follows this stoichiometry: CH3CHCH2 + C6H5(CH3)2COOH → CH3CHCH2O + C6H5(CH3)2COH Dehydrating and hydrogenating cumyl alcohol recycles the cumene. Public safety Cumyl hydroperoxide is believed to be one of the chemicals of concern[6] at the Arkema facility in Crosby, Texas in the aftermath of Hurricane Harvey. Properties Chemical formula C9H12O2 Molar mass 152.193 g·mol−1 Appearance Colorless to pale yellow liquid Density 1.02 g/cm3 Melting point −9 °C (16 °F; 264 K) Boiling point 153 °C (307 °F; 426 K) Solubility in water 1.5 g/100 mL Vapor pressure 14 mmHg, at 20 °C Application Asymmetric Ketone Hydrogenation Epoxidation reagent for allylic alcohols[2] and fatty acid esters,[3] as an initiator for radical polymerization. Cumyl hydroperoxide is a colorless to light yellow liquid with a sharp, irritating odor. Flash point 175°F. Boils at 153°C and at 100°C at the reduced pressure of 8 mm Hg. Slightly soluble in water and denser than water. Hence sinks in water. Readily soluble in alcohol, acetone, esters, hydrocarbons, chlorinated hydrocarbons. Toxic by inhalation and skin absorption. Used in production of acetone and phenol, as a polymerization catalyst, in redox systems. Cumyl hydroperoxide penetrates human red blood cells ... reduced by glutathione in the reaction catalyzed by glutathione peroxidase. Cumenol, water, and oxidized gluthathione were products. Enzymatic reduction of Cumyl hydroperoxide leads to the formation of cumenol (2-phenylpropan-2-ol) in vitro. Cumyl hydroperoxide has known human metabolites that include (2S)-2-amino-5-[[(2R)-1-(carboxymethylamino)-1-oxo-3-(2-phenylpropan-2-ylperoxysulfanyl)propan-2-yl]amino]-5-oxopentanoic acid. The Cumyl hydroperoxide-hematin system reacts with 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline-1-oxide to form the nitroxide 5,5-dimethyl-pyrrolidone-(2)-oxyl-(1) (DMPOX). DMPOX is formed via spin trapping of a cumene hydroperoxyl radical followed by an intramolecular carbanion displacement. Activation of carcinogen n-hydroxy-2-acetyl aminofluorene by Cumyl hydroperoxide-hematin system is most likely mediated by cumene hydroperoxyl radical. Cumyl hydroperoxide oxidized cholesterol to the carcinogen 5,6-epoxide (5,6-alpha-epoxy-5-alpha-cholestan-3-beta-ol). Chemical Properties Cumyl hydroperoxide, an organic peroxide, is a colorless to pale yellow to green liquid. Mild odor. USES Production of acetone and phenol; polymerization catalyst, particularly in redox systems, used for rapid polymerization. Uses Cumyl hydroperoxide is used for the manufactureof acetone and phenols; for studyingthe mechanism of NADPH-dependent lipidperoxidation; and in organic syntheses. Definition ChEBI: A peroxol that is cumene in which the alpha-hydrogen is replaced by a hydroperoxy group. General Description Colorless to light yellow liquid with a sharp, irritating odor. Flash point 175°F. Boils at 153°C and at 100°C at the reduced pressure of 8 mm Hg. Slightly soluble in water and denser than water. Hence sinks in water. Readily soluble in alcohol, acetone, esters, hydrocarbons, chlorinated hydrocarbons. Toxic by inhalation and skin absorption. Used in production of acetone and phenol, as a polymerization catalyst, in redox systems. Air & Water Reactions Slightly soluble in water and oxidized in air at approximately 130°C. Reactivity Profile Cumyl hydroperoxide is a strong oxidizing agent. May react explosively upon contact with reducing reagents Violent reaction occurs upon contact with copper, copper alloys, lead alloys, and mineral acids. Contact with charcoal powder gives a strong exothermic reaction. Decomposes explosively with sodium iodide [Chem. Eng. News, 1990, 68(6), 2]. Can be exploded by shock or heat [Sax, 2 ed., 1965, p. 643]. May ignite organic materials. Hazard Toxic by inhalation and skin absorption. Strong oxidizing agent; may ignite organic materials. Health Hazard Cumyl hydroperoxide is a mild to moderateskin irritant on rabbits. Subcutaneousapplication exhibited a strong delayed reactionwith symptoms of erythema and edema(Floyd and Stockinger 1958). Strong solutionscan irritate the eyes severely, affectingthe cornea and iris. Its toxicity is comparable to that of tertbutylhydroperoxide. The toxic routes areingestion and inhalation. The acute toxicitysymptoms in rats and mice were muscleweakness, shivering, and prostration.Oral administration of 400 mg/kg resulted inexcessive urinary bleeding in rats. LD50 value, oral (rats): 382 mg/kg LD50 value, intraperitoneal (rats): 95 mg/kg Although Cumyl hydroperoxide is toxic,its pretreatment may be effective against thetoxicity of hydrogen peroxide. In humans, itstoxicity is low. Cumyl hydroperoxide is mutagenic andtumorigenic (NIOSH 1986). It may causetumors at the site of application. In mice,skin and blood tumors have been observed.Its cancer-causing effects on humans are notknown. Health Hazard Inhalation of vapor causes headache and burning throat. Liquid causes severe irritation of eyes; on skin, causes burning, throbbing sensation, irritation, and blisters. Ingestion causes irritation of mouth and stomach. Fire Hazard Flammable; highly reactive and oxidizing. Flash point 79°C (174.2°F); vapor density 5.2 (air= 1); autoignition temperature not reported; self-accelerating decomposition temperature 93°C (199.4°F). When exposed to heat or flame, it may ignite and/or explode. A 91–95% concentration of Cumyl hydroperoxide decomposes violently at 150°C (302°F) (NFPA 1986). Duswalt and Hood (1990) reported violent decomposition when this compound mixed accidentally with a 2-propanol solution of sodium iodide. It forms an explosive mixture with air. The explosive concentration range is not reported. Hazardous when mixed with easily oxidizable compounds. Fire-extinguishing agent: water from a sprinkler or fog nozzle from an explosion-resistant location. Potential Exposure Cumyl hydroperoxide is used as polymerization initiator, curing agent for unsaturated polyester resins and cross-linking agent; as an intermediate in the process for making phenol plus acetone from cumene. storage Cumyl hydroperoxide is stored in a cool,dry and well-ventilated area isolated fromother chemicals. It should be protectedagainst physical damage. It may be shippedin wooden boxes with inside glass or earthenwarecontainers or in 55-gallon metal drums. IDENTIFICATION: Cumyl hydroperoxide is a colorless to pale yellow liquid. It is moderately soluble in water. It is a member of a class of chemicals called organic peroxides. It can be formed in small amounts from the breakdown of the naturally occurring compound cumene. USE: Cumyl hydroperoxide is an important commercial chemical used in the production of plastics and to make other chemicals. It is an ingredient in an auto detail product and home maintenance product. EXPOSURE: Workers that use Cumyl hydroperoxide may breathe in vapors or have direct skin contact. The general population may be exposed by vapors from limited use in two consumer products. If Cumyl hydroperoxide is released to the environment, it will be broken down in air. It is expected to be broken down by sunlight. It will not move into air from moist soil and water. It is expected to move slowly through soil. It is not expected to build up in fish. However, organic peroxides such as Cumyl hydroperoxide are very reactive and will explode and burn if not stored properly. RISK: Chemical burns have been reported following direct skin contact to Cumyl hydroperoxide. Allergic skin rashes may occur with repeated, low-dose skin contact. Additional data on the potential for Cumyl hydroperoxide to cause toxic effects in humans are not available. However, several toxic effects associated with exposure to organic peroxides (as a group) have been reported. Splashes directly to the eye can cause severe damage and potential blindness. Stomach pain, burning sensation and shock or collapse have been reported following accidental ingestion of organic peroxides. Sore throat, burning sensation, cough, difficulty breathing and shortness of breath have been reported following inhalation of organic peroxide vapors. A build-up of fluid in the lungs may occur hours after the initial exposure, especially following exertion. Available data in laboratory animals indicate that human exposure to Cumyl hydroperoxide will likely cause effects consistent with general organic peroxide exposure (listed above). Additional effects reported in animals exposed to Cumyl hydroperoxide include excitement, convulsions, decreased body weight, and evidence of damage to various organs at lethal doses, particularly the kidney. No data on the potential for Cumyl hydroperoxide to cause infertility, abortion, or birth defects are available. In laboratory animals, skin exposure to Cumyl hydroperoxide caused an increase in cancerous skin tumors caused by a known tumor agent (dimethyl-benz[a]anthracene). Exposure to Cumyl hydroperoxide alone did not induce skin tumors following direct skin exposure or injection under the skin. The potential for Cumyl hydroperoxide to cause cancer in humans has not been assessed by the U.S. EPA IRIS program, the International Agency for Research on Cancer, or the U.S. National Toxicology Program 14th Report on Carcinogens. Cumyl hydroperoxide is obtained by oxidizing cumene with air, usually in a cascade of stirred-tank reactors or bubble columns at temperatures in the range of 100-140 °C and a pressure of 6-7 bar and usually with small amounts of a buffer to prevent acids from building up. Since Cumyl hydroperoxide, as a tertiary alkyl hydroperoxide, is much more stable than ethylbenzene hydroperoxide, the oxidation can be taken to a higher conversion with still reasonable selectivity. Usually the conversion is limited to around 20%, leading to selectivities to Cumyl hydroperoxide in the range of 90-95%. Cumyl hydroperoxide, 80-95%; cumene, 9.6-16.8%; dimethyl phenyl carbinol, 2.9-4.6%; and acetophenone, 0.3-0.8%. Cumyl hydroperoxide is a good candidate for incineration by liquid injection incineration with a temperature range of 650 to 1,600 °C and a residence time of 0.1 to 2 seconds. It is also a good candidate for rotary kiln incineration, with a temperature range of 820 to 1600 °C and a residence time of seconds, and fluidized bed incineration, with a temperature range of 450 to 980 °C and a residence time of seconds. An explosion occurred in our laboratory during the purification of 100 mL of Cumyl hydroperoxide. The explosion was violent enough to completely shatter the ceramic top of a magnetic stir plate. Modifications of the published procedure ("Purification of Laboratory Chemicals," D. D. Perrin, W. L. F. Armarego, and D. R. Perrin, 2nd Ed.) were used and involved washing the sodium salt of the hydroperoxide with toluene rather than benzene and drying the hexane extracts of the Cumyl hydroperoxide over anhydrous magnesium sulfate. The magnesium sulfate had been removed by filtration, and the hexane was evaporated under vacuum at ambient temperature when the flask exploded. Most of the hexane appeared to have been removed because the residue in the flask was quite viscous. The Cumyl hydroperoxide was probably present in very high concentration, with little hexane remaining just before the explosion. All other aspects of the procedure were identical to those published in the book cited. The exact cause of the explosion is not known. The only modification of the procedure that could possibly be connected to the explosion is the use of magnesium sulfate. It does not seem likely that substituting toluene for benzene would have any effect. This modified procedure has been used many times by several researchers in our laboratories with no problems; however, the incident serves as a poignant reminder of the sensitive nature of hydroperoxides, even those hydroperoxides known to be thermally quite stable, such as Cumyl hydroperoxide. Cumyl hydroperoxide at 0.2 M concentration in benzene is thermally stable with a half-life of 29 hours at 145 °C. The material, as it is purchased, is often listed as 80% Cumyl hydroperoxide. We know from analysis that the impurities are decomposition products of Cumyl hydroperoxide (alpha- methyl styrene, acetophenone, and cumyl alcohol). Many vendors warn that in the concentrated state, as purchased, Cumyl hydroperoxide should be stored at temperatures below 80 °C. The thermal data on hydroperoxides can be misleading and lull one into a false sense of security. The literature is full of examples showing that cumene, as well as other hydroperoxides, can undergo rapid decomposition at room temperature with a wide range of compounds, even when these compounds are present in trace or catalytic concentrations (acids and metal are examples). If one happens to be purifying a relatively large quantity of the hydroperoxide in a neat or concentrated state, the potential for an uncontrolled reaction and explosion is high. During a purification procedure, there are many opportunities to inadvertently introduce small amounts of materials that may prove to be active catalysts for hydroperoxide decomposition. This can occur even when using well-established purification procedures. We recommend staying with the published procedures and not using active drying agents such as magnesium sulfate. The drying agent could contain traces of unidentified materials that may catalyze decomposition of the hydroperoxide. We also recommend purifying small quantities of Cumyl hydroperoxide (<5 g) and using it immediately. One should also take advantage of all available protective measures. Such measures include keeping the hood clear of any other flammable or potentially dangerous materials during purification. This precaution helps to avoid the possibility of secondary accidents being initiated by the uncontrolled reaction of the hydroperoxide during purification. Safety visor, apron, and heavy gloves should also be worn and explosion-proof shields used. This action promulgates standards of performance for equipment leaks of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) in the Synthetic Organic Chemical Manufacturing Industry (SOCMI). The intended effect of these standards is to require all newly constructed, modified, and reconstructed SOCMI process units to use the best demonstrated system of continuous emission reduction for equipment leaks of VOC, considering costs, non air quality health and environmental impact and energy requirements. Cumyl hydroperoxide is produced, as an intermediate or a final product, by process units covered under this subpart. An explosion occurred in our laboratory during the purification of 100 mL of Cumyl hydroperoxide. The explosion was violent enough to completely shatter the ceramic top of a magnetic stir plate. Modifications of the published procedure ("Purification of Laboratory Chemicals," D. D. Perrin, W. L. F. Armarego, and D. R. Perrin, 2nd Ed.) were used and involved washing the sodium salt of the hydroperoxide with toluene rather than benzene and drying the hexane extracts of the Cumyl hydroperoxide over anhydrous magnesium sulfate. The magnesium sulfate had been removed by filtration, and the hexane was evaporated under vacuum at ambient temperature when the flask exploded. Most of the hexane appeared to have been removed because the residue in the flask was quite viscous. The Cumyl hydroperoxide was probably present in very high concentration, with little hexane remaining just before the explosion. All other aspects of the procedure were identical to those published in the book cited. The exact cause of the explosion is not known. The only modification of the procedure that could possibly be connected to the explosion is the use of magnesium sulfate. It does not seem likely that substituting toluene for benzene would have any effect. This modified procedure has been used many times by several researchers in our laboratories with no problems; however, the incident serves as a poignant reminder of the sensitive nature of hydroperoxides, even those hydroperoxides known to be thermally quite stable, such as Cumyl hydroperoxide. Cumyl hydroperoxide at 0.2 M concentration in benzene is thermally stable with a half-life of 29 hours at 145 °C. The material, as it is purchased, is often listed as 80% Cumyl hydroperoxide. We know from analysis that the impurities are decomposition products of Cumyl hydroperoxide (alpha methyl styrene, acetophenone, and cumyl alcohol). Many vendors warn that in the concentrated state, as purchased, Cumyl hydroperoxide should be stored at temperatures below 80 °C. The thermal data on hydroperoxides can be misleading and lull one into a false sense of security. The literature is full of examples showing that cumene, as well as other hydroperoxides, can undergo rapid decomposition at room temperature with a wide range of compounds, even when these compounds are present in trace or catalytic concentrations (acids and metal are examples). If one happens to be purifying a relatively large quantity of the hydroperoxide in a neat or concentrated state, the potential for an uncontrolled reaction and explosion is high. During a purification procedure, there are many opportunities to inadvertently introduce small amounts of materials that may prove to be active catalysts for hydroperoxide decomposition. This can occur even when using well-established purification procedures. We recommend staying with the published procedures and not using active drying agents such as magnesium sulfate. The drying agent could contain traces of unidentified materials that may catalyze decomposition of the hydroperoxide. We also recommend purifying small quantities of Cumyl hydroperoxide (<5 g) and using it immediately. One should also take advantage of all available protective measures. Such measures include keeping the hood clear of any other flammable or potentially dangerous materials during purification. This precaution helps to avoid the possibility of secondary accidents being initiated by the uncontrolled reaction of the hydroperoxide during purification. Safety visor, apron, and heavy gloves should also be worn and explosion-proof shields used. In recent years, considerable efforts have been made to identify new chemopreventive agents which could be useful for man. Myrica nagi, a subtropical shrub, has been shown to possess significant activity against hepatotoxicity and other pharmacological and physiological disorders. We have shown a chemopreventive effect of Myrica nagi on Cumyl hydroperoxide-induced cutaneous oxidative stress and toxicity in mice. Cumyl hydroperoxide treatment at a dose level of 30 mg/animal/0.2 mL acetone enhances susceptibility of cutaneous microsomal membrane for iron-ascorbate-induced lipid peroxidation and induction of xanthine oxidase activity which are accompanied by decrease in the activities of cutaneous antioxidant enzymes such as catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and depletion in the level of cutaneous glutathione. Parallel to these changes a sharp decrease in the activities of phase II metabolizing enzymes such as glutathione S-transferase and quinone reductase has been observed. Application of Myrica nagi at doses of 2.0 mg and 4.0 mg/kg body weight in acetone prior to that of Cumyl hydroperoxide (30 mg/animal/0.2 mL acetone) treatment resulted in significant inhibition of Cumyl hydroperoxide-induced cutaneous oxidative stress and toxicity in a dose-dependent manner. Enhanced susceptibility of cutaneous microsomal membrane for lipid peroxidation induced by iron ascorbate and xanthine oxidase activities were significantly reduced (p<0.05). In addition the depleted level of glutathione, the inhibited activities of antioxidants, and phase II metabolizing enzymes were recovered to a significant level (p<0.05). The protective effect of Myrica nagi was dose-dependent. In summary our data suggest that Myrica nagi is an effective chemopreventive agent in skin and capable of ameliorating Cumyl hydroperoxide-induced cutaneous oxidative stress and toxicity. Organic peroxides are widely used in the chemical industry as initiators of oxidation for the production of polymers and fiber-reinforced plastics, in the manufacture of polyester resin coatings, and pharmaceuticals. Free radical production is considered to be one of the key factors contributing to skin tumor promotion by organic peroxides. In vitro experiments have demonstrated metal-catalyzed formation of alkoxyl, alkyl, and aryl radicals in keratinocytes incubated with Cumyl hydroperoxide. The present study investigated in vivo free radical generation in lipid extracts of mouse skin exposed to Cumyl hydroperoxide. The electron spin resonance (ESR) spin-trapping technique was used to detect the formation of alpha-phenyl-N-tert-butylnitrone (PBN) radical adducts, following intradermal injection of 180 mg/kg PBN. It was found that 30 min after topical exposure, Cumyl hydroperoxide (12 mmol/kg) induced free radical generation in the skin of female Balb/c mice kept for 10 weeks on vitamin E-deficient diets. In contrast, hardly discernible radical adducts were detected when Cumyl hydroperoxide was applied to the skin of mice fed a vitamin E-sufficient diet. Importantly, total antioxidant reserve and levels of GSH, ascorbate, and vitamin E decreased 34%, 46.5%. 27%, and 98%, respectively, after mice were kept for 10 weeks on vitamin E-deficient diet. PBN adducts detected by ESR in vitamin E-deficient mice provide direct evidence for in vivo free radical generation in the skin after exposure to Cumyl hydroperoxide. Hemidesmus indicus has been shown to possess significant activity against immunotoxicity and other pharmacological and physiological disorders. In this communication, we have shown the modulating effect of H. indicus on Cumyl hydroperoxide-mediated cutaneous oxidative stress and tumor promotion response in murine skin. Cumyl hydroperoxide treatment (30 mg per animal) increased cutaneous microsomal lipid peroxidation and induction of xanthine oxidase activity which are accompanied by decrease in the activities of cutaneous antioxidant enzymes and depletion in the level of glutathione. Parallel to these changes a sharp decrease in the activities of phase II metabolizing enzymes was observed. Cumyl hydroperoxide treatment also induced the ornithine decarboxylase activity and enhanced the [(3)H]-thymidine uptake in DNA synthesis in murine skin. Application of ethanolic extract of H. indicus at a dose level of 1.5 and 3.0 mg/kg body weight in acetone prior to that of Cumyl hydroperoxide treatment resulted in significant inhibition of Cumyl hydroperoxide-induced cutaneous oxidative stress, epidermal ornithine decarboxylase activity and enhanced DNA synthesis in a dose-dependent manner. Enhanced susceptibility of cutaneous microsomal membrane for lipid peroxidation and xanthine oxidase activity were significantly reduced (p<0.01). In addition the depleted level of glutathione, inhibited activities of antioxidants and phase II metabolizing enzymes were recovered to significant level (p<0.05). In summary, our data suggest that H. indicus is an effective chemopreventive agent in skin and capable of ameliorating hydroperoxide-induced cutaneous oxidative stress and tumor promotion. USE: Cumene peroxide is a colorless to pale-yellow liquid. It is used in production of acetone and phenol; as polymerization catalyst, particularly in the redox systems, used for rapid polymerization. HUMAN STUDIES: Normal human epidermal keratinocytes undergo profound lipid oxidation with preference for phosphatidylserine followed by phosphatidylserine externalization upon exposure to Cumyl hydroperoxide. ANIMAL STUDIES: Application of 1-2 drops of Cumyl hydroperoxide (73%) to rabbit skin (circular area, 2 cm diameter) produced erythema, edema, and vesiculation within 2-3 days. 1 mg applied to the eye of rabbits caused redness of palpebral conjunctiva and chemosis. Skin carcinoma formed in DMBA/cumene peroxide-exposed mice in initiation/promotion study. Mutagenic activity of Cumyl hydroperoxide was observed in the Drosophila melanogaster test. Cumyl hydroperoxide was evaluated for mutagenicity in the Salmonella microsome preincubation assay. Cumyl hydroperoxide was tested in as many as 5 Salmonella typhimurium strains (TA1535, TA1537, TA97, TA98, and TA100) in the presence and absence of metabolic activation. Cumyl hydroperoxide was positive in the Ames test with the last positive dose tested 33 ug/plate. ECOTOXICITY STUDIES: Toxic action of water pollutants was tested by measuring the immobilization of Daphnia magna, strain ircha. The mean effective concentration (EC50) for Cumyl hydroperoxide was less than 10 mg/L. Reactive oxygen species not only modulate important signal transduction pathways, but also induce DNA damage and cytotoxicity in keratinocytes. Hydrogen peroxide and organic peroxides are particularly important as these chemicals are widely used in dermally applied cosmetics and pharmaceuticals, and also represent endogenous metabolic intermediates. Lipid peroxidation is of fundamental interest in the cellular response to peroxides, as lipids are extremely sensitive to oxidation and lipid-based signaling systems have been implicated in a number of cellular processes, including apoptosis. Oxidation of specific phospholipid classes was measured in normal human epidermal keratinocytes exposed to Cumyl hydroperoxide after metabolic incorporation of the fluorescent oxidation-sensitive fatty acid, cis-parinaric acid, using a fluorescence high-performance liquid chromatography assay. In addition, lipid oxidation was correlated with changes in membrane phospholipid asymmetry and other markers of apoptosis. Although Cumyl hydroperoxide produced significant oxidation of cis-parinaric acid in all phospholipid classes, one phospholipid, phosphatidylserine, appeared to be preferentially oxidized above all other species. Using fluorescamine derivatization and annexin V binding, it was observed that specific oxidation of phosphatidylserine was accompanied by phosphatidylserine translocation from the inner to the outer plasma membrane surface where it may serve as a recognition signal for interaction with phagocytic macrophages. These effects occurred much earlier than any detectable changes in other apoptotic markers such as caspase-3 activation, DNA fragmentation, or changes in nuclear morphology. Thus, normal human epidermal keratinocytes undergo profound lipid oxidation with preference for phosphatidylserine followed by phosphatidylserine externalization upon exposure to Cumyl hydroperoxide. It is, therefore, likely that normal human epidermal keratinocytes exposed to similar oxidative stress in vivo would undergo phosphatidylserine oxidation/translocation. This would make them targets for macrophage recognition and phagocytosis, and thus limit their potential to invoke inflammation or give rise to neoplastic transformations. Acute Exposure/ Rats (n=2) exposed to 50 ppm of Cumyl hydroperoxide for three 4-hr periods experienced incoordination, tremor, and /CNS depression/. One died. Autopsy (histological) indicated congested lung and kidneys. Rats (n=6) exposed to 31.5 ppm of Cumyl hydroperoxide for seven 5-hr periods exhibited salivation, respiratory difficulty, tremors, and hyperemia of ears and tail. Histological examination indicated emphysema and thickening of alveolar walls. Rats (n=6) exposed to 16 ppm of Cumyl hydroperoxide for twelve 4.5-hr periods experienced salivation, and nose irritation while autopsy indicated organs to be normal. Subchronic toxicity was evaluated in groups of 20 Fischer 344 rats (10 males and 10 females) exposed daily for 6 hours to 1, 6, 31, or 124 mg/cu m Cumyl hydroperoxide, 5 days a week for 3 months. Exposure at 124 mg/m3 was terminated after 5 days due to excessive toxicity; mortality was observed in 6/10 male, and 3/10 female rats at 12 days at which time the surviving animals were sacrificed. Clinical observations of animals in the 124 mg/cu m dose group at 12 days included eye and nose irritation, breathing difficulties, and decreased body weights. Pathological observations attributed to the effect of the test article in animals that died or were sacrificed in the 124 mg/cu m dose group included ulceration and inflammation of the cornea, nasal turbinates and lining of the stomach; while observations of thymic atrophy, depletion of lymphoid tissue in the germinal centers of some lymph nodes and the spleen, decreased lipid content of the liver, and decreased circulating white blood cells, were attributed to stress. Hematological observations in the 124 mg/cu m dose group included a generalized decrease in PCV, RBC and WBC count and a decrease in hemoglobin levels. Cumyl hydroperoxide did not induce biologically significant changes in clinical, pathological, hematological, and biochemical parameters, or in urinalysis values, when administered at concentrations of 1, 6, or 31 mg/cu m in the animals maintained on exposure for the full 90 days. Cumyl hydroperoxide's production and use in the manufacture of acetone, phenol, and alpha-methylsytrene, as a polymerization catalyst, and as a polyester resin crosslinking agent, may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. Small quantities might be formed in the atmosphere and natural waters from cumene. If released to air, a vapor pressure of 3.27X10-3 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates Cumyl hydroperoxide will exist solely as a vapor in the atmosphere. Vapor-phase Cumyl hydroperoxide will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 45 hours. If released to soil, Cumyl hydroperoxide is expected to have low mobility based upon an estimated Koc of 2000. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is not expected based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 4.7X10-8 atm-cu m/mole. Cumyl hydroperoxide is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces based upon its vapor pressure. Utilizing the Japanese MITI test, 0% of the Theoretical BOD was reached in 4 weeks indicating that biodegradation is not an important environmental fate process. Hydroperoxides react with a variety of compounds and are degraded readily to the corresponding alcohols. If released into water, is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment based upon the estimated Koc. Volatilization from water surfaces is not expected based upon this compound's estimated Henry's Law constant. An estimated BCF of 12 suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low. Occupational exposure to Cumyl hydroperoxide may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where Cumyl hydroperoxide is produced or used. Cumyl hydroperoxide's production and use in the manufacture of acetone, phenol, and alpha-methylsytrene(1), as a polymerization catalyst(2), and as a polyester resin crosslinking agent(3), may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC). Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 2000(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that Cumyl hydroperoxide is expected to have low mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of Cumyl hydroperoxide from moist soil surfaces is not expected(SRC) given an estimated Henry's Law constant of 4.7X10-8 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), based upon its vapor pressure, 3.27X10-3 mm Hg(3), and water solubility, 13,900 mg/L(4). Cumyl hydroperoxide is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) b
CUTINA STE
CUTINA STE Technical Datasheet | Supplied by BASF in-cosmetics global 2020 Distearyl Ether. CUTINA STE by BASF is an opacifier. Due to its chemical structure, it is hydrolysis stable and is suitable for all formulations where a wide pH range is needed. CUTINA STE finds application in shampoos, deo/antiperspirant and hair remover formulations. It can also be used in lipstick due to its spreading behavior. The shelf life of the ingredient is 12 months. Claims Pigments > Opacifying Products spreading INCI Names DISTEARYL ETHER Chemical Composition Ether, Di-n-Stearyl-C18H37-O-C17H37 Description Cutina STE is a product mainly used in shampoo as opacifier. Due to its chemical structure it is hydrolitically stable and therefore beneficially suitable for all formulations where a wide pH range is needed e.g. deo/antiperspirant and hair remover formulations. It can also be used in lipstick for its interesting spreading behavior. Cutina STE is a slightly yellowish lipophilic wax with a characteristic odor and is supplies in micropearls or pellets. CUTINA STE FS 45Stearic acid (and) palmitic acid. Technical Datasheet | Supplied by BASF in-cosmetics global 2020 Distearyl Ether. CUTINA STE by BASF is an opacifier. Due to its chemical structure, it is hydrolysis stable and is suitable for all formulations where a wide pH range is needed. CUTINA STE finds application in shampoos, deo/antiperspirant and hair remover formulations. It can also be used in lipstick due to its spreading behavior. The shelf life of the ingredient is 12 months. Claims Pigments > Opacifying Products spreading INCI Names DISTEARYL ETHER Chemical Composition Ether, Di-n-Stearyl-C18H37-O-C17H37 Description Cutina STE is a product mainly used in shampoo as opacifier. Due to its chemical structure it is hydrolitically stable and therefore beneficially suitable for all formulations where a wide pH range is needed e.g. deo/antiperspirant and hair remover formulations. It can also be used in lipstick for its interesting spreading behavior. Cutina STE is a slightly yellowish lipophilic wax with a characteristic odor and is supplies in micropearls or pellets. CUTINA STE FS 45Stearic acid (and) palmitic acid.Technical Datasheet | Supplied by BASF in-cosmetics global 2020 Distearyl Ether. CUTINA STE by BASF is an opacifier. Due to its chemical structure, it is hydrolysis stable and is suitable for all formulations where a wide pH range is needed. CUTINA STE finds application in shampoos, deo/antiperspirant and hair remover formulations. It can also be used in lipstick due to its spreading behavior. The shelf life of the ingredient is 12 months. Claims Pigments > Opacifying Products spreading INCI Names DISTEARYL ETHER Chemical Composition Ether, Di-n-Stearyl-C18H37-O-C17H37 Description Cutina STE is a product mainly used in shampoo as opacifier. Due to its chemical structure it is hydrolitically stable and therefore beneficially suitable for all formulations where a wide pH range is needed e.g. deo/antiperspirant and hair remover formulations. It can also be used in lipstick for its interesting spreading behavior. Cutina STE is a slightly yellowish lipophilic wax with a characteristic odor and is supplies in micropearls or pellets. CUTINA STE FS 45Stearic acid (and) palmitic acid.Technical Datasheet | Supplied by BASF in-cosmetics global 2020 Distearyl Ether. CUTINA STE by BASF is an opacifier. Due to its chemical structure, it is hydrolysis stable and is suitable for all formulations where a wide pH range is needed. CUTINA STE finds application in shampoos, deo/antiperspirant and hair remover formulations. It can also be used in lipstick due to its spreading behavior. The shelf life of the ingredient is 12 months. Claims Pigments > Opacifying Products spreading INCI Names DISTEARYL ETHER Chemical Composition Ether, Di-n-Stearyl-C18H37-O-C17H37 Description Cutina STE is a product mainly used in shampoo as opacifier. Due to its chemical structure it is hydrolitically stable and therefore beneficially suitable for all formulations where a wide pH range is needed e.g. deo/antiperspirant and hair remover formulations. It can also be used in lipstick for its interesting spreading behavior. Cutina STE is a slightly yellowish lipophilic wax with a characteristic odor and is supplies in micropearls or pellets. CUTINA STE FS 45Stearic acid (and) palmitic acid. Technical Datasheet | Supplied by BASF in-cosmetics global 2020 Distearyl Ether. CUTINA STE by BASF is an opacifier. Due to its chemical structure, it is hydrolysis stable and is suitable for all formulations where a wide pH range is needed. CUTINA STE finds application in shampoos, deo/antiperspirant and hair remover formulations. It can also be used in lipstick due to its spreading behavior. The shelf life of the ingredient is 12 months. Claims Pigments > Opacifying Products spreading INCI Names DISTEARYL ETHER Chemical Composition Ether, Di-n-Stearyl-C18H37-O-C17H37 Description Cutina STE is a product mainly used in shampoo as opacifier. Due to its chemical structure it is hydrolitically stable and therefore beneficially suitable for all formulations where a wide pH range is needed e.g. deo/antiperspirant and hair remover formulations. It can also be used in lipstick for its interesting spreading behavior. Cutina STE is a slightly yellowish lipophilic wax with a characteristic odor and is supplies in micropearls or pellets. CUTINA STE FS 45Stearic acid (and) palmitic acid. Technical Datasheet | Supplied by BASF in-cosmetics global 2020 Distearyl Ether. CUTINA STE by BASF is an opacifier. Due to its chemical structure, it is hydrolysis stable and is suitable for all formulations where a wide pH range is needed. CUTINA STE finds application in shampoos, deo/antiperspirant and hair remover formulations. It can also be used in lipstick due to its spreading behavior. The shelf life of the ingredient is 12 months. Claims Pigments > Opacifying Products spreading INCI Names DISTEARYL ETHER Chemical Composition Ether, Di-n-Stearyl-C18H37-O-C17H37 Description Cutina STE is a product mainly used in shampoo as opacifier. Due to its chemical structure it is hydrolitically stable and therefore beneficially suitable for all formulations where a wide pH range is needed e.g. deo/antiperspirant and hair remover formulations. It can also be used in lipstick for its interesting spreading behavior. Cutina STE is a slightly yellowish lipophilic wax with a characteristic odor and is supplies in micropearls or pellets. CUTINA STE FS 45Stearic acid (and) palmitic acid.Technical Datasheet | Supplied by BASF in-cosmetics global 2020 Distearyl Ether. CUTINA STE by BASF is an opacifier. Due to its chemical structure, it is hydrolysis stable and is suitable for all formulations where a wide pH range is needed. CUTINA STE finds application in shampoos, deo/antiperspirant and hair remover formulations. It can also be used in lipstick due to its spreading behavior. The shelf life of the ingredient is 12 months. Claims Pigments > Opacifying Products spreading INCI Names DISTEARYL ETHER Chemical Composition Ether, Di-n-Stearyl-C18H37-O-C17H37 Description Cutina STE is a product mainly used in shampoo as opacifier. Due to its chemical structure it is hydrolitically stable and therefore beneficially suitable for all formulations where a wide pH range is needed e.g. deo/antiperspirant and hair remover formulations. It can also be used in lipstick for its interesting spreading behavior. Cutina STE is a slightly yellowish lipophilic wax with a characteristic odor and is supplies in micropearls or pellets. CUTINA STE FS 45Stearic acid (and) palmitic acid.Technical Datasheet | Supplied by BASF in-cosmetics global 2020 Distearyl Ether. CUTINA STE by BASF is an opacifier. Due to its chemical structure, it is hydrolysis stable and is suitable for all formulations where a wide pH range is needed. CUTINA STE finds application in shampoos, deo/antiperspirant and hair remover formulations. It can also be used in lipstick due to its spreading behavior. The shelf life of the ingredient is 12 months. Claims Pigments > Opacifying Products spreading INCI Names DISTEARYL ETHER Chemical Composition Ether, Di-n-Stearyl-C18H37-O-C17H37 Description Cutina STE is a product mainly used in shampoo as opacifier. Due to its chemical structure it is hydrolitically stable and therefore beneficially suitable for all formulations where a wide pH range is needed e.g. deo/antiperspirant and hair remover formulations. It can also be used in lipstick for its interesting spreading behavior. Cutina STE is a slightly yellowish lipophilic wax with a characteristic odor and is supplies in micropearls or pellets. CUTINA STE FS 45Stearic acid (and) palmitic acid.Technical Datasheet | Supplied by BASF in-cosmetics global 2020 Distearyl Ether. CUTINA STE by BASF is an opacifier. Due to its chemical structure, it is hydrolysis stable and is suitable for all formulations where a wide pH range is needed. CUTINA STE finds application in shampoos, deo/antiperspirant and hair remover formulations. It can also be used in lipstick due to its spreading behavior. The shelf life of the ingredient is 12 months. Claims Pigments > Opacifying Products spreading INCI Names DISTEARYL ETHER Chemical Composition Ether, Di-n-Stearyl-C18H37-O-C17H37 Description Cutina STE is a product mainly used in shampoo as opacifier. Due to its chemical structure it is hydrolitically stable and therefore beneficially suitable for all formulations where a wide pH range is needed e.g. deo/antiperspirant and hair remover formulations. It can also be used in lipstick for its interesting spreading behavior. Cutina STE is a slightly yellowish lipophilic wax with a characteristic odor and is supplies in micropearls or pellets. CUTINA STE FS 45Stearic acid (and) palmitic acid. Technical Datasheet | Supplied by BASF in-cosmetics global 2020 Distearyl Ether. CUTINA STE by BASF is an opacifier. Due to its chemical structure, it is hydrolysis stable and is suitable for all formulations where a wide pH range is needed. CUTINA STE finds application in shampoos, deo/antiperspirant and hair remover formulations. It can also be used in lipstick due to its spreading behavior. The shelf life of the ingredient is 12 months. Claims Pigments > Opacifying Products spreading INCI Names DISTEARYL ETHER Chemical Composition Ether, Di-n-Stearyl-C18H37-O-C17H37 Description Cutina STE is a product mainly used in shampoo as opacifier. Due to its chemical structure it is hydrolitically stable and therefore beneficially suitable for all formulations where a wide pH range is needed e.g. deo/antiperspirant and hair remover formulations. It can also be used in lipstick for its interesting spreading behavior. Cutina STE is a slightly yellowish lipophilic wax with a characteristic odor and is supplies in micropearls or pellets. CUTINA STE FS 45Stearic acid (and) palmitic acid.Technical Datasheet | Supplied by BASF in-cosmetics global 2020 Distearyl Ether. CUTINA STE by BASF is an opacifier. Due to its chemical structure, it is hydrolysis stable and is suitable for all formulations where a wide pH range is needed. CUTINA STE finds application in shampoos, deo/antiperspirant and hair remover formulations. It can also be used in lipstick due to its spreading behavior. The shelf life of the ingredient is 12 months. Claims Pigments > Opacifying Products spreading INCI Names DISTEARYL ETHER Chemical Composition Ether, Di-n-Stearyl-C18H37-O-C17H37 Description Cutina STE is a product mainly used in shampoo as opacifier. Due to its chemical structure it is hydrolitically stable and therefore beneficially suitable for all formulations where a wide pH range is needed e.g. deo/antiperspirant and hair remover formulations. It can also be used in lipstick for its interesting spreading behavior. Cutina STE is a slightly yellowish lipophilic wax with a characteristic odor and is supplies in micropearls or pellets. CUTINA STE FS 45Stearic acid (and) palmitic acid.Technical Datasheet | Supplied by BASF in-cosmetics global 2020 Distearyl Ether. CUTINA STE by BASF is an opacifier. Due to its chemical structure, it is hydrolysis stable and is suitable for all formulations where a wide pH range is needed. CUTINA STE finds application in shampoos, deo/antiperspirant and hair remover formulations. It can also be used in lipstick due to its spreading behavior. The shelf life of the ingredient is 12 months. Claims Pigments > Opacifying Products spreading INCI Names DISTEARYL ETHER Chemical Composition Ether, Di-n-Stearyl-C18H37-O-C17H37 Description Cutina STE is a product mainly used in shampoo as opacifier. Due to its chemical structure it is hydrolitically stable and therefore beneficially suitable for all formulations where a wide pH range is needed e.g. deo/antiperspirant and hair remover formulations. It can also be used in lipstick for its interesting spreading behavior. Cutina STE is a slightly yellowish lipophilic wax with a characteristic odor and is supplies in micropearls or pellets. CUTINA STE FS 45Stearic acid (and) palmitic acid. Technical Datasheet | Supplied by BASF in-cosmetics global 2020 Distearyl Ether. CUTINA STE by BASF is an opacifier. Due to its chemical structure, it is hydrolysis stable and is suitable for all formulations where a wide pH range is needed. CUTINA STE finds application in shampoos, deo/antiperspirant and hair remover formulations. It can also be used in lipstick due to its spreading behavior. The shelf life of the ingredient is 12 months. Claims Pigments > Opacifying Products spreading INCI Names DISTEARYL ETHER Chemical Composition Ether, Di-n-Stearyl-C18H37-O-C17H37 Description Cutina STE is a product mainly used in shampoo as opacifier. Due to its chemical structure it is hydrolitically stable and therefore beneficially suitable for all formulations where a wide pH range is needed e.g. deo/antiperspirant and hair remover formulations. It can also be used in lipstick for its interesting spreading behavior. Cutina STE is a slightly yellowish lipophilic wax with a characteristic odor and is supplies in micropearls or pellets. CUTINA STE FS 45Stearic acid (and) palmitic acid. Technical Datasheet | Supplied by BASF in-cosmetics global 2020 Distearyl Ether. CUTINA STE by BASF is an opacifier. Due to its chemical structure, it is hydrolysis stable and is suitable for all formulations where a wide pH range is needed. CUTINA STE finds application in shampoos, deo/antiperspirant and hair remover formulations. It can also be used in lipstick due to its spreading behavior. The shelf life of the ingredient is 12 months. Claims Pigments > Opacifying Products spreading INCI Names DISTEARYL ETHER Chemical Composition Ether, Di-n-Stearyl-C18H37-O-C17H37 Description Cutina STE is a product mainly used in shampoo as opacifier. Due to its chemical structure it is hydrolitically stable and therefore beneficially suitable for all formulations where a wide pH range is needed e.g. deo/antiperspirant and hair remover formulations. It can also be used in lipstick for its interesting spreading behavior. Cutina STE is a slightly yellowish lipophilic wax with a characteristic odor and is supplies in micropearls or pellets. CUTINA STE FS 45Stearic acid (and) palmitic acid.Technical Datasheet | Supplied by BASF in-cosmetics global 2020 Distearyl Ether. CUTINA STE by BASF is an opacifier. Due to its chemical structure, it is hydrolysis stable and is suitable for all formulations where a wide pH range is needed. CUTINA STE finds application in shampoos, deo/antiperspirant and hair remover formulations. It can also be used in lipstick due to its spreading behavior. The shelf life of the ingredient is 12 months. Claims Pigments > Opacifying Products spreading INCI Names DISTEARYL ETHER Chemical Composition Ether, Di-n-Stearyl-C18H37-O-C17H37 Description Cutina STE is a product mainly used in shampoo as opacifier. Due to its chemical structure it is hydrolitically stable and therefore beneficially suitable for all formulations where a wide pH range is needed e.g. deo/antiperspirant and hair remover formulations. It can also be used in lipstick for its interesting spreading behavior. Cutina STE is a slightly yellowish lipophilic wax with a characteristic odor and is supplies in micropearls or pellets. CUTINA STE FS 45Stearic acid (and) palmitic acid.Technical Datasheet | Supplied by BASF in-cosmetics global 2020 Distearyl Ether. CUTINA STE by BASF is an opacifier. Due to its chemical structure, it is hydrolysis stable and is suitable for all formulations where a wide pH range is needed. CUTINA STE finds application in shampoos, deo/antiperspirant and hair remover formulations. It can also be used in lipstick due to its spreading behavior. The shelf life of the ingredient is 12 months. Claims Pigments > Opacifying Products spreading INCI Names DISTEARYL ETHER Chemical Composition Ether, Di-n-Stearyl-C18H37-O-C17H37 Description Cutina STE is a product mainly used in shampoo as opacifier. Due to its chemical structure it is hydrolitically stable and therefore beneficially suitable for all formulations where a wide pH range is needed e.g. deo/antiperspirant and hair remover formulations. It can also be used in lipstick for its interesting spreading behavior. Cutina STE is a slightly yellowish lipophilic wax with a characteristic odor and is supplies in micropearls or pellets. CUTINA STE FS 45Stearic acid (and) palmitic acid. Technical Datasheet | Supplied by BASF in-cosmetics global 2020 Distearyl Ether. CUTINA STE by BASF is an opacifier. Due to its chemical structure, it is hydrolysis stable and is suitable for all formulations where a wide pH range is needed. CUTINA STE finds application in shampoos, deo/antiperspirant and hair remover formulations. It can also be used in lipstick due to its spreading behavior. The shelf life of the ingredient is 12 months. Claims Pigments > Opacifying Products spreading INCI Names DISTEARYL ETHER Chemical Composition Ether, Di-n-Stearyl-C18H37-O-C17H37 Description Cutina STE is a product mainly used in shampoo as opacifier. Due to its chemical structure it is hydrolitically stable and therefore beneficially suitable for all formulations where a wide pH range is needed e.g. deo/antiperspirant and hair remover formulations. It can also be used in lipstick for its interesting spreading behavior. Cutina STE is a slightly yellowish lipophilic wax with a characteristic odor and is supplies in micropearls or pellets. CUTINA STE FS 45Stearic acid (and) palmitic acid. Technical Datasheet | Supplied by BASF in-cosmetics global 2020 Distearyl Ether. CUTINA STE by BASF is an opacifier. Due to its chemical structure, it is hydrolysis stable and is suitable for all formulations where a wide pH range is needed. CUTINA STE finds application in shampoos, deo/antiperspirant and hair remover formulations. It can also be used in lipstick due to its spreading behavior. The shelf life of the ingredient is 12 months. Claims Pigments > Opacifying Products spreading INCI Names DISTEARYL ETHER Chemical Composition Ether, Di-n-Stearyl-C18H37-O-C17H37 Description Cutina STE is a product mainly used in shampoo as opacifier. Due to its chemical structure it is hydrolitically stable and therefore beneficially suitable for all formulations where a wide pH range is needed e.g. deo/antiperspirant and hair remover formulations. It can also be used in lipstick for its interesting spreading behavior. Cutina STE is a slightly yellowish lipophilic wax with a characteristic odor and is supplies in micropearls or pellets. CUTINA STE FS 45Stearic acid (and) palmitic acid.Technical Datasheet | Supplied by BASF in-cosmetics global 2020 Distearyl Ether. CUTINA STE by BASF is an opacifier. Due to its chemical structure, it is hydrolysis stable and is suitable for all formulations where a wide pH range is needed. CUTINA STE finds application in shampoos, deo/antiperspirant and hair remover formulations. It can also be used in lipstick due to its spreading behavior. The shelf life of the ingredient is 12 months. Claims Pigments > Opacifying Products spreading INCI Names DISTEARYL ETHER Chemical Composition Ether, Di-n-Stearyl-C18H37-O-C17H37 Description Cutina STE is a product mainly used in shampoo as opacifier. Due to its chemical structure it is hydrolitically stable and therefore beneficially suitable for all formulations where a wide pH range is needed e.g. deo/antiperspirant and hair remover formulations. It can also be used in lipstick for its interesting spreading behavior. Cutina STE is a slightly yellowish lipophilic wax with a characteristic odor and is supplies in micropearls or pellets. CUTINA STE FS 45Stearic acid (and) palmitic acid.Technical Datasheet | Supplied by BASF in-cosmetics global 2020 Distearyl Ether. CUTINA STE by BASF is an opacifier. Due to its chemical structure, it is hydrolysis stable and is suitable for all formulations where a wide pH range is needed. CUTINA STE finds application in shampoos, deo/antiperspirant and hair remover formulations. It can also be used in lipstick due to its spreading behavior. The shelf life of the ingredient is 12 months. Claims Pigments > Opacifying Products spreading INCI Names DISTEARYL ETHER Chemical Composition Ether, Di-n-Stearyl-C18H37-O-C17H37 Description Cutina STE is a product mainly used in shampoo as opacifier. Due to its chemical structure it is hydrolitically stable and therefore beneficially suitable for all formulations where a wide pH range is needed e.g. deo/antiperspirant and hair remover formulations. It can also be used in lipstick for its interesting spreading behavior. Cutina STE is a slightly yellowish lipophilic wax with a characteristic odor and is supplies in micropearls or pellets. CUTINA STE FS 45Stearic acid (and) palmitic acid.Technical Datasheet | Supplied by BASF in-cosmetics global 2020 Distearyl Ether. CUTINA STE by BASF is an opacifier. Due to its chemical structure, it is hydrolysis stable and is suitable for all formulations where a wide pH range is needed. CUTINA STE finds application in shampoos, deo/antiperspirant and hair remover formulations. It can also be used in lipstick due to its spreading behavior. The shelf life of the ingredient is 12 months. Claims Pigments > Opacifying Products spreading INCI Names DISTEARYL ETHER Chemical Composition Ether, Di-n-Stearyl-C18H37-O-C17H37 Description Cutina STE is a product mainly used in shampoo as opacifier. Due to its chemical structure it is hydrolitically stable and therefore beneficially suitable for all formulations where a wide pH range is needed e.g. deo/antiperspirant and hair remover formulations. It can also be used in lipstick for its interesting spreading behavior. Cutina STE is a slightly yellowish lipophilic wax with a characteristic odor and is supplies in micropearls or pellets. CUTINA STE FS 45Stearic acid (and) palmitic acid. Technical Datasheet | Supplied by BASF in-cosmetics global 2020 Distearyl Ether. CUTINA STE by BASF is an opacifier. Due to its chemical structure, it is hydrolysis stable and is suitable for all formulations where a wide pH range is needed. CUTINA STE finds application in shampoos, deo/antiperspirant and hair remover formulations. It can also be used in lipstick due to its spreading behavior. The shelf life of the ingredient is 12 months. Claims Pigments > Opacifying Products spreading INCI Names DISTEARYL ETHER Chemical Composition Ether, Di-n-Stearyl-C18H37-O-C17H37 Description Cutina STE is a product mainly used in shampoo as opacifier. Due to its chemical structure it is hydrolitically stable and therefore beneficially suitable for all formulations where a wide pH range is needed e.g. deo/antiperspirant and hair remover formulations. It can also be used in lipstick for its interesting spreading behavior. Cutina STE is a slightly yellowish lipophilic wax with a characteristic odor and is supplies in micropearls or pellets. CUTINA STE FS 45Stearic acid (and) palmitic acid.Technical Datasheet | Supplied by BASF in-cosmetics global 2020 Distearyl Ether. CUTINA STE by BASF is an opacifier. Due to its chemical structure, it is hydrolysis stable and is suitable for all formulations where a wide pH range is needed. CUTINA STE finds application in shampoos, deo/antiperspirant and hair remover formulations. It can also be used in lipstick due to its spreading behavior. The shelf life of the ingredient is 12 months. Claims Pigments > Opacifying Products spreading INCI Names DISTEARYL ETHER Chemical Composition Ether, Di-n-Stearyl-C18H37-O-C17H37 Description Cutina STE is a product mainly used in shampoo as opacifier. Due to its chemical structure it is hydrolitically stable and therefore beneficially suitable for all formulations where a wide pH range is needed e.g. deo/antiperspirant and hair remover formulations. It can also be used in lipstick for its interesting spreading behavior. Cutina STE is a slightly yellowish lipophilic wax with a characteristic odor and is supplies in micropearls or pellets. CUTINA STE FS 45Stearic acid (and) palmitic acid.Technical Datasheet | Supplied by BASF in-cosmetics global 2020 Distearyl Ether. CUTINA STE by BASF is an opacifier. Due to its chemical structure, it is hydrolysis stable and is suitable for all formulations where a wide pH range is needed. CUTINA STE finds application in shampoos, deo/antiperspirant and hair remover formulations. It can also be used in lipstick due to its spreading behavior. The shelf life of the ingredient is 12 months. Claims Pigments > Opacifying Products spreading INCI Names DISTEARYL ETHER Chemical Composition Ether, Di-n-Stearyl-C18H37-O-C17H37 Description Cutina STE is a product mainly used in shampoo as opacifier. Due to its chemical structure it is hydrolitically stable and therefore beneficially suitable for all formulations where a wide pH range is needed e.g. deo/antiperspirant and hair remover formulations. It can also be used in lipstick for its interesting spreading behavior. Cutina STE is a slightly yellowish lipophilic wax with a characteristic odor and is supplies in micropearls or pellets. CUTINA STE FS 45Stearic acid (and) palmitic acid.
CYAMOPSIS TETRAGONOLOBUS GUM
Cyamopsis Tetragonolobus Gum is a natural thickener extracted from the guar plant.
Cyamopsis Tetragonolobus Gum, more commonly known as cluster beans, is an annual legume native of Asia.


CAS Number: 9000-30-0
EC Number: 232-536-8
Chem/IUPAC Name: Cyamopsis Tetragonoloba Gum is a resinous material derived from the ground endosperm of the Guar, Cyamopsis tetragonoloba L., Leguminosae



SYNONYMS:
Cyamopsis tetragonoloba, Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (Guar), Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (Guar) gum, Cyamopsis tetragonoloba gum, Cyamopsis tetragonolobus gum (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (Guar) gum), Cyamopsis tetragonolubus (Guar), Cyamopsis tetragonolubus (Guar) gum, Cyamopsis tetragonolubus gum, Guar (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba) gum, Guar gum, Guar gum (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba), guaran, guar bean, Cyamopsis psoraloides, Cyamopsis tetragonoloba, Cyamopsis tetragonolobus, Dietary Fiber, Dolichos psoraloides, Farine de Guar, Fibre Alimentaire, Goma Guar, Gomme de Guar, Gomme de Jaguar, Guar Flour, Indian Guar Plant, Jaguar Gum, Psoralea tetragonoloba, Cyamopsis Tetragonoloba Gum, Guar Gum, Dilip Gum, Guaran, 9000-30-0, 232-536-8, CYAMOPSIS TETRAGONOLOBA, CYAMOPSIS TETRAGONOLOBA (GUAR) GUM, CYAMOPSIS TETRAGONOLOBA [WHO-DD], CYAMOPSIS TETRAGONOLOBA GUM, CYAMOPSIS TETRAGONOLOBA GUM [WHO-DD], CYAMOPSIS TETRAGONOLOBUS, E-412, FEMA NO. 2537, GUAR FLOUR, GUAR GUM [FCC], GUAR GUM [FHFI], GUAR GUM [HSDB], GUAR GUM [II], GUAR GUM [MART.], GUAR GUM [MI], GUAR GUM [VANDF], GUARAN, GUARAN [MI], GUM-CYAMOPSIS, INS NO. 412, INS-412, INDALCA AG-BV, INDALCA AG-HV, LYCOID DR, GUAR GUM (CYAMOPSIS TETRAGONOLOBUS (L.)), GUM, CYANOPSIS TETRAGONOLOBA, GUAR GUM, GUAR (CYAMOPSIS TETRAGONOLOBA) GUM, CYANOPSIS TETRAGONOLOBA GUM, GUAR GUM; GUAR GUM (CYAMOPSIS TETRAGONOLOBUS); SOLVENT PURIFIED GUAR GUM, CYAMOPSIS TETRAGONOLOBA GUM, Cyamopsis tetragonoloba, Cyamopsis tetragonolobus, Cyamopsis psoraloides, Dolichos psoraloides, Psoralea tetragonoloba



Cyamopsis Tetragonolobus Gum is derived from the seeds of the guar plant.
Cyamopsis Tetragonolobus Gum, more commonly known as cluster beans, is an annual legume native of Asia.
The resinous material made out of guar bean is called guar gum.


One of its main component, galactomannan polysaccharide, is sort of polymer and the main ingredient responsible for its properties.
However, hydroxypropyl trimonium chloride, another component, Cyamopsis Tetragonolobus Gum is also frequently used in cosmetic products.
Cyamopsis Tetragonolobus Gum is a resinous material derived from the groundendosperm of Cyanopsis tetragonoloba.


A plant-derived (coming from the seeds of Cyamopsis Tetragonolobus Gum, aka Guar) big, branched sugar molecule that is used as a gelling agent.
Cyamopsis Tetragonolobus Gum is yellowish-white guar gum, obtained from the seeds of the guar plant, contains long-chain sugars.
Cyamopsis Tetragonolobus Gum is a resin-like material derived from the ground endosperm of the Guar, Cyamopsis tetragonoloba L., Leguminosae.


Cyamopsis Tetragonolobus Gum is a natural thickener extracted from the guar plant.
This natural thickener, Cyamopsis Tetragonolobus Gum, has broad compatibilities and a smooth sensory profile suitable for all applications.
Cyamopsis Tetragonolobus Gum allows you to formulate in a wide range of pH, in combination with cationic ingredients and cold-process formulations.


Cyamopsis Tetragonolobus Gum is the ideal thickener for formulas with sustainability claims.
Furthermore, Cyamopsis Tetragonolobus Gum shows excellent synergies with other hydrocolloids i.e. xanthan gum to deliver high-viscosity solutions even at low concentration.


Cyamopsis Tetragonolobus Gum (also called Guar Gum) is a resinous material made from the guar bean.
Cyamopsis Tetragonolobus Gum is a type of polysaccharide called galactomannan made from legume plants that consists of a polymannose backbone to which galactose groups are bound.


Derivatives of Cyamopsis Tetragonolobus Gum that also may be used in cosmetics and personal care products include Hydroxypropyl Guar, Guar Hydroxpropyltrimonium Chloride and Hydroxypropyl Guar Hydroxypropyltrimonium Chloride.
The yellowish-white Cyamopsis Tetragonolobus Gum, which is derived from the seeds of the guar plant contains long-chain sugars.


Cyamopsis Tetragonolobus Gum is a legume with a nitrogen-fixing capability due to its symbiotic relationship with certain soil bacteria.
Cyamopsis Tetragonolobus Gum is a polysaccharide from the Indian cluster bean (Cyanopsis tetragonoloba), a polymer of galactose and mannose.
Cyamopsis Tetragonolobus Gum is an upright plant that grows up to 3 m in height.


The leaves and stems are mostly hairy.
The leaves are elongated, oval shaped, and of alternate position.
Cyamopsis Tetragonolobus Gum is often consumed as a vegetable.


The seed is the source of Cyamopsis Tetragonolobus Gum which is used as a stabilizer and thickener in various food and food products.
Cyamopsis Tetragonolobus Gum is also eaten when cooked and possesses medicinal values.
Cyamopsis Tetragonolobus Gum stabilizes blood sugar level, a laxative, and a digestive tonic.


The plant is very drought resistant when established.
Cyamopsis Tetragonolobus Gum is soluble in water.
When adding guar gum to a mixture, Cyamopsis Tetragonolobus Gum is best to add small quantities at a time.


Be sure to stir Cyamopsis Tetragonolobus Gum for a while after each addition.
If the Cyamopsis Tetragonolobus Gum is added too quickly or in large quantities, it will be fruilt -in or agglutine together.
Do not use if your formula contains borax or calcium.
Cyamopsis Tetragonolobus Gum has several advantages, mainly when used in gluten -free cuisine, but in too much quantity it may have certain drawbacks.


Again, due to its high fiber content, too much Cyamopsis Tetragonolobus Gum can cause digestive disorders in sensitive people.
Cyamopsis Tetragonolobus Gum is a food additive (E412) widely used in the food industry.
Cyamopsis Tetragonolobus Gum, also known as guar gum, Cyamopsis tetragonoloba gum or designated by the code E412, is a polysaccharide derived from the seeds of the Cyamopsis tetragonoloba plant.


Cyamopsis Tetragonolobus Gum is a species of aubergine-shaped plant native to India and Pakistan, but nowadays it is also successfully cultivated in other areas, thriving in Australia and the USA, for example.
Cyamopsis Tetragonolobus Gum is an erect, herbaceous annual to perennial plant growing up to 300cm tall, though cultivated forms are more commonly 20 - 100cm tall.


The plant is the source of Cyamopsis Tetragonolobus Gum, obtained from the seeds and used extensively in the food industry, commercially and medicinally.
The plant is also a local source of food.
Cyamopsis Tetragonolobus Gum is often cultivated in India and southeastern Asia for its seeds and seedpods, which are also used as a food.



USES and APPLICATIONS of CYAMOPSIS TETRAGONOLOBUS GUM:
The resinous material made out of guar bean is called guar gum.
One of its main component, galactomannan polysaccharide, is sort of polymer and the main ingredient responsible for its properties.
However, hydroxypropyl trimonium chloride, another component, Cyamopsis Tetragonolobus Gum is also frequently used in cosmetic products.


Cyamopsis Tetragonolobus Gum is mainly used as a vegetable in different Asian cousins.
Cyamopsis Tetragonolobus Gum is used as an emulsion stabilizer, viscosity controller and film forming agent.
In aqueous solutions, Cyamopsis Tetragonolobus Gum is used as an emulsifier or thickening agent.


Cyamopsis Tetragonolobus Gum, also known as guar gum, is a natural thickener and stabiliser that can be used in toothpaste tablets.
Cyamopsis Tetragonolobus Gum is a domesticated legume crop, with most of of the world's production in India.
Cultivated plants grow to around one metre tall, with hairy stems and leaves.


The leaves, seed pods and seeds are all known to be edible, and are often cooked in curries.
Harvested seeds or 'guar beans' are dehusked, roasted, hydrated and ground to produce guar gum.
Cyamopsis Tetragonolobus Gum is composed of sugars that make it a cold-soluble thickening agent.


Cyamopsis Tetragonolobus Gum is used to thicken many foods and personal care products, and is a more efficient alternative to locust bean gum, which requires greater amounts to achieve the same level of viscosity.
In toothpaste tablets, Cyamopsis Tetragonolobus Gum helps to create a smooth texture and improve the stability of the toothpaste.


Cyamopsis Tetragonolobus Gum also acts as a binding agent, helping to hold the tablet together and prevent it from crumbling or breaking.
In liquid solutions, Cyamopsis Tetragonolobus Gum is used as a thickening agent or as an emulsifier. (from essential oils)
Among these guar ingredients, Guar Hydroxypropyltrimonium Chloride is most frequently used in cosmetic products.


Cyamopsis Tetragonolobus Gum may be used in bath products, hair conditioners, hair dyes, other hair care products and skin care products.
Cyamopsis Tetragonolobus Gum and the other guar derivatives may also be used in bath products, hair care products, shaving preparations and skin care products.


Cyamopsis Tetragonolobus Gum is mainly used as agglutinating, thickening and stabilizing in food thanks to its uniform texture and properties to form gels.
Cyamopsis Tetragonolobus Gum can be used in sauces, ice creams and sorbets, bakery and pastry products, powders, etc.
Thanks to Cyamopsis Tetragonolobus Gum's uniform texture and its properties to form gels.


In particular, Cyamopsis Tetragonolobus Gum allows certain preparations to be reduced by replacing the role of starch, sugars or fat.
Cyamopsis Tetragonolobus Gum should be used in moderation.
Ideal for the manufacture of shampoos, revitalizing, lotions, creams, shower gels, soups, sauces, cakes, bread muffins.


Cyamopsis Tetragonolobus Gum is efficient hot and cold.
This capacity to hydrate without heating makes Cyamopsis Tetragonolobus Gum very useful in many industrial applications.
Cyamopsis Tetragonolobus Gum has a good synergy with xanthan gum, but does not form a gel with the carraghénanes.


Cyamopsis Tetragonolobus Gum is an emulsifier, thickener, and stabilizer extracted from the seed of an annual leguminous plant.
Cyamopsis Tetragonolobus Gum acts as a thickener, emulsifier, stabilizer in cosmetic formulations.
Cyamopsis Tetragonolobus Gum can form a "free breathing" film on hair and skin, that prevents water loss.


As a conditioner, Cyamopsis Tetragonolobus Gum will make skin smooth and soft.
Plant-derived thickening agent often used in products that are attempting to be (or are) mostly natural.
Cyamopsis Tetragonolobus Gum is used in crop rotation to replenish the soil.


Cyamopsis Tetragonolobus Gum is well known and widely used due to its specific properties, which are very valuable for many industries.
The natural nature and irreplaceable properties of Cyamopsis Tetragonolobus Gum have led to its widespread use in various industries.
Cyamopsis Tetragonolobus Gum is most commonly found in the food industry, where it is used as a stabiliser, emulsifier and thickener.


Thus, Cyamopsis Tetragonolobus Gum finds applications such as in ice creams, cheeses, salad dressings, soups in hair and skin-friendly shampoos and other cosmetic products.
Compatible also uses the consistency and viscosity of Cyamopsis Tetragonolobus Gum in the textile industry and papermaking.


Cyamopsis Tetragonolobus Gum is also used extensively in the mining industry, where it is a component of mining solutions in fracking.
Cyamopsis Tetragonolobus Gum is able to reduce the coefficient of friction of the liquid, thus allowing the mining solution to penetrate more easily into the bedrock.



USE AND BENEFITS OF CYAMOPSIS TETRAGONOLOBUS GUM:
Cyamopsis Tetragonolobus Gum is very popular as a thickening agent in food preparation, but it is also used as an antistatic agent, having a polysaccharide structure, it can be understood there are many -OH- and H+ groups to donate.
Thus, Cyamopsis Tetragonolobus Gum can nullify any static produced due to weather or any other reason.

Cyamopsis Tetragonolobus Gum forms a film over skin or hair surface and saves moisture loss, which is a primary reason for skin damage.
This way, Cyamopsis Tetragonolobus Gum conditions the skin and hair, by not letting moisture to escape.
Cyamopsis Tetragonolobus Gum also stabilizes emulsions with a similar principle of having many different ion donors and receivers.

Cyamopsis Tetragonolobus Gum also imparts viscosity to any product so it is used as a viscosity adjuster so that the product can look uniform and stability is also not compromised.
Cyamopsis Tetragonolobus Gum is used in bath products, hair care products, shaving creams, skin care products.



WHAT DOES CYAMOPSIS TETRAGONOLOBUS GUM DO IN A FORMULATION?
*Binding
*Emulsion stabilising
*Film forming
*Masking
*Viscosity controlling



FUNCTIONS OF CYAMOPSIS TETRAGONOLOBUS GUM IN COSMETIC PRODUCTS:
BINDING
Cyamopsis Tetragonolobus Gum ensures the cohesion of powdered products

EMULSION STABILISING
Cyamopsis Tetragonolobus Gum supports emulsion formation and improves product stability

FILM FORMING
Cyamopsis Tetragonolobus Gum produces a continuous film on skin, hair and / or nails

FRAGRANCE
Cyamopsis Tetragonolobus Gum enhances the smell of a product and / or perfumes the skin

VISCOSITY CONTROLLING
Cyamopsis Tetragonolobus Gum increases or decreases the viscosity of cosmetic products



SCIENTIFIC FACTS OF
Galactomannan polysaccharides, including Cyamopsis Tetragonolobus Gum, are derived from plants of the bean (also called the Legume family).
These plants make galactomannan polysaccharides as a source of energy to support the growth of the embryo within the seed.

In addition to being used in cosmetics and personal care products, Cyamopsis Tetragonolobus Gum is commonly used as a thickener in foods such as salad dressings, ice cream and soups.
Hydroxypropyl Guar is also used in artificial tear solutions.



WHY IS CYAMOPSIS TETRAGONOLOBUS GUM USED?
The following functions have been reported for Cyamopsis Tetragonolobus Gum and the compounds made from Guar Gum:

*Antistatic agents
– Cyamopsis Tetragonolobus Gum, Hydroxypropyl Guar Hydroxypropyltrimonium Chloride Binders
– Cyamopsis Tetragonolobus Gum, Hydroxypropyl Guar Emulsion stabilizers
– Cyamopsis Tetragonolobus Gum, Hydroxypropyl Guar Film formers
– Hydroxypropyl Guar Hair conditioning agents
– Guar Hydroxypropyltrimonium Chloride, Hydroxypropyl Guar Hydroxypropyltrimonium Chloride Skin-conditioning agents
– miscellaneous – Guar Hydroxypropyltrimonium Chloride Viscosit increasing agents
– aqueous – Cyamopsis Tetragonoloba (Guar) Gum, Hydroxypropyl Guar, Guar Hydroxypropyltrimonium Chloride



PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF CYAMOPSIS TETRAGONOLOBUS GUM:
Cyamopsis tetragonoloba is an evergreen Perennial growing to 2 m (6ft) by 1 m (3ft 3in) at a fast rate.
Cyamopsis Tetragonolobus Gum is hardy to UK zone 10 and is frost tender.

Cyamopsis Tetragonolobus Gum can fix Nitrogen.
Suitable for: light (sandy) and medium (loamy) soils, prefers well-drained soil and can grow in nutritionally poor soil.

Suitable pH: mildly acid, neutral and basic (mildly alkaline) soils and can grow in very acid, very alkaline and saline soils.
Cyamopsis Tetragonolobus Gum cannot grow in the shade.
Cyamopsis Tetragonolobus Gum prefers dry or moist soil and can tolerate drought.



FUNCTIONS OF CYAMOPSIS TETRAGONOLOBUS GUM:
*Binding agent :
Cyamopsis Tetragonolobus Gum allows the cohesion of different cosmetic ingredients

*Emulsion stabilising :
Cyamopsis Tetragonolobus Gum promotes the emulsification process and improves the stability and shelf life of the emulsion

*Film forming :
Cyamopsis Tetragonolobus Gum produces a continuous film on skin, hair or nails

*Masking :
Cyamopsis Tetragonolobus Gum reduces or inhibits the odor or basic taste of the product

*Viscosity controlling :
Cyamopsis Tetragonolobus Gum increases or decreases the viscosity of cosmetics



PROPERTIES OF CYAMOPSIS TETRAGONOLOBUS GUM:
*thickening,
*binding,
*promotes viscosity,
*foam and volume



PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of CYAMOPSIS TETRAGONOLOBUS GUM:
CAS Number: 9000-30-0
Chem/IUPAC Name: Cyamopsis Tetragonoloba Gum is a resinous material derived
from the ground endosperm of the Guar, Cyamopsis tetragonoloba L., Leguminosae
EINECS/ELINCS No: 232-536-8
INCI Name: Cyamopsis Tetragonoloba (Guar) Gum
Ingredient origins: Guar Bean
Role: Thickener
Common name: Guar Gum
Origin(s): Vegetal
Other languages: Goma de guar, Gomma di Guar, Gomme de Guar, Guarkernmehl
INCI name: CYAMOPSIS TETRAGONOLOBA GUM
EINECS/ELINCS number: 232-536-8
Food additive: E412
Organic-compatible (COSMOS Reference)



FIRST AID MEASURES of CYAMOPSIS TETRAGONOLOBUS GUM:
-Description of first-aid measures:
*If inhaled:
If breathed in, move person into fresh air.
*In case of skin contact:
Wash off with soap and plenty of water.
*In case of eye contact:
Flush eyes with water as a precaution.
*If swallowed:
Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person.
Rinse mouth with water.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed:
No data available

ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of CYAMOPSIS TETRAGONOLOBUS GUM:
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.



FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of CYAMOPSIS TETRAGONOLOBUS GUM:
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.
-Further information:
No data available



EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of CYAMOPSIS TETRAGONOLOBUS GUM:
-Control parameters:
--Ingredients with workplace control parameters:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use equipment for eye protection.
*Skin protection:
Handle with gloves.
Wash and dry hands.
*Body Protection:
Impervious clothing
*Respiratory protection:
Respiratory protection not required.
-Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.



HANDLING and STORAGE of CYAMOPSIS TETRAGONOLOBUS GUM:
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
*Storage conditions:
Store in cool place.
Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place.
Containers which are opened must be carefully resealed and kept upright to prevent leakage.



STABILITY and REACTIVITY of CYAMOPSIS TETRAGONOLOBUS GUM:
-Reactivity:
No data available
-Chemical stability:
Stable under recommended storage conditions.
-Possibility of hazardous reactions:
No data available
-Conditions to avoid:
No data available


Cyanuric Acid
CYCLODEXTRIN, N° CAS : 7585-39-9 / 12619-70-4 - β-Cyclodextrine, Nom INCI : CYCLODEXTRIN, Nom chimique : Cycloheptapentylose, N° EINECS/ELINCS : 231-493-2, Additif alimentaire : E459, Ses fonctions (INCI), Agent Absorbant : Absorbe l'eau (ou l'huile) sous forme dissoute ou en fines particules, Agent de chélation : Réagit et forme des complexes avec des ions métalliques qui pourraient affecter la stabilité et / ou l'apparence des produits cosmétiques
Cyanuric Chloride
Mix(Copper chloride, copper oxide hydrate); Dicopper chloride trihydroxide; Cupric oxide chloride; Copper(II) oxychloride; Copper oxychloride; Vitigran blue; Dikupferchloridtrihydroxid; Kupferoxychlorid(German); Trihidroxicloruro de dicobre (Spanish); Trihydroxychlorure de dicuivre; Oxychlorue de cuivre (French); Tribasic copper chloride; Copper chloroxide; Copper(II) chloride hydroxide; Viricuivre; Vitigran; Cupric oxide chloride cas no : 1332-40-7