5-Chloro-2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one; Methylchloroisothiazolinone; 5-Chloro-2-methyl-3(2H)-isothiazolone; Chloromethylisothiazolinone; 5-chloro-N-methylisothiazolone; Kathon IXE; n-methyl-5-chloroisothiazolone CAS NO:26172-55-4

Chlorolithium is a chemical compound with the formula LiCl.
Chlorolithium is hygroscopic and highly soluble in water, and is highly polar.
Chlorolithium is more soluble in polar organic solvents such as methanol and acetone than is sodium chloride or potassium chloride.

CAS Number: 7447-41-8
EC Number: 231-212-3
Molecular Formula: ClLi
Molecular Weight (g/mol): 42.39

Chlorolithium is a chemical compound with the formula LiCl.
Chlorolithium is a typical ionic compound (with certain covalent characteristics), although the small size of the Li+ ion gives rise to properties not seen for other alkali metal chlorides, such as extraordinary solubility in polar solvents (83.05 g/100 mL of water at 20 °C) and Chlorolithium hygroscopic properties.

Chlorolithium appears as colorless crystals or powder.
Chlorolithium is a metal chloride salt with a Li(+) counterion.

Chlorolithium has a role as an antimanic drug and a geroprotector.
Chlorolithium is an inorganic chloride and a lithium salt.

A salt of lithium that has been used experimentally as an immunomodulator.

Chlorolithium is a white solid hygroscopic soluble in water, alcohol and ether.
The chemical formula for Chlorolithium is LiCl.

Chlorolithium is made by the action of hydrochloric acid on lithium hydroxide.
The resulting solution is evaporated to get a mixture of saturated solution and Chlorolithium crystals.

The solid and the solution is separated and the supernatant solution is recycled for further evaporation.
Chlorolithium is a solid which absorbs water to form a hydrate, LiCl.HO.

Chlorolithium is registered under the REACH Regulation and is manufactured in and / or imported to the European Economic Area, at ≥ 1 000 to < 10 000 tonnes per annum.
Chlorolithium is used by consumers, in articles, by professional workers (widespread uses), in formulation or re-packing, at industrial sites and in manufacturing.

Chlorolithium appears as colorless crystals or powder.
Chlorolithium is a solid which absorbs water to form a hydrate, LiCl.H2O.

Chlorolithium is a very effective antimanic drug for the treatment of bipolar disorder.
Chlorolithium is well soluble in water, alcohol, acetone, and amyl alcohol.
Chlorolithium is also used as a flame colorant to produce dark red flames.

Chlorolithium is an excellent water soluble crystalline Lithium source for uses compatible with Chlorides.
Chlorolithium is generally immediately available in most volumes.

Chloride compounds can conduct electricity when fused or dissolved in water.
Chloride materials can be decomposed by electrolysis to chlorine gas and the metal.

They are formed through various chlorination processes whereby at least one chlorine anion (Cl-) is covalently bonded to the relevant metal or cation.
Ultra high purity and proprietary formulations can be prepared.

The chloride ion controls fluid equilibrium and pH levels in metabolic systems.
They can form either inorganic or organic compounds.

Chlorolithium is a chemical compound with the formula LiCl.
Chlorolithium behaves as a fairly typical ionic compound, although the Li+ ion is very small.

Chlorolithium is hygroscopic and highly soluble in water, and is highly polar.
Chlorolithium is more soluble in polar organic solvents such as methanol and acetone than is sodium chloride or potassium chloride.

Chlorolithium is an ionic compound.
Chlorolithium has the chemical formula LiCl.

Chlorolithium exists as a white crystalline compound that is highly soluble in water.
Chlorolithium is commonly used as a desiccant to absorb moisture, as well as in the production of lithium metal, which is used in batteries and other applications.

Chlorolithium also has some applications in medicine, such as in the treatment of bipolar disorder.
Chlorolithium is sometimes used as a mood stabiliser, and may be prescribed as a treatment for manic episodes or depression associated with bipolar disorder.

Chlorolithium is an ionic compound and hygroscopic in nature, meaning that is soluble in water, ether, and alcohol.

The chemical formula of Chlorolithium is LiCl.
Since the size of Li+ ion gives rise to certain properties unique from the rest of the alkali metal chlorides, the molecular weight of Chlorolithium is 42.394 g/mol.

Chlorolithium was during the 1950s that people produced Chlorolithium to replace Chlorolithium with common table salt (NaCl).
The common process to produce Chlorolithium is made by the action of hydrochloric acid on lithium hydroxide.

Chlorolithium (LiCl) is an ionic compound or salt that is highly polar and soluble in water.
Chlorolithium is more soluble in organic solvents such as acetone and methanol than potassium chloride or sodium chloride.
Chlorolithium is widely used in several industrial applications.

Chlorolithium Formula is a typical ionic compound and a salt of lithium.
Due to the small size of the lithium-ion ( Li+ ), Chlorolithium gives rise to properties that we cannot see in other alkali metal chlorides.

We also know Chlorolithium by the name of Lithium chloride,
During the year the 1940s for a short while they produce Chlorolithium as a compound to replace common salt (Sodium Chloride NaCl).

Chlorolithium is an antiviral metal halide utilized in a variety of assays to study cell-fate and neurobiology.
In developing Xenopus embryos, Chlorolithium is observed to exert inhibition of GSK-3β (glycogen synthase kinase-3β), yet not reported to be a general inhibitor of other protein kinases.

These observations may have implications for Chlorolithium on cell-fate determination in several organisms including Xenopus and Dictyostelium.
Additionally, in transfected Chinese Hamster Ovary cells (CHO) stimulated with angiotension II (Ang II), Chlorolithium was noted that Chlorolithium enhanced the production of inositol triphosphate.

The antiviral properties of Chlorolithium were noted in a study which showed that Chlorolithium inhibited pseudorabis virus infection in vitro.
In Drosophila, Chlorolithium was observed that in the nervous system, Chlorolithium may have an effect on amino acid metabolism.
Futhermore, in glial primary cell cultures, Chlorolithium has been noted to provide protection against glutamate excitotoxicity by potentially reducing NR1 mRNA, the major N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) subunit in the cells.

Chlorolithium is a chemical compound with a chemical formula “LiCl”.
The salt is a normal ionic compound, although the Li+ ion is small in size, Chlorolithium produces unrecognized effects for other alkali metal chlorides, such as exceptional solubility in polar solvents and Chlorolithium hygroscopic properties.

Chlorolithium acts as a highly effective catalyst for cyanosilylation of various aldehydes and ketones to the corresponding silylated cyanohydrins.
The reaction proceeds smoothly with a substrate/catalyst molar ratio of 100−100 000 at 20−25 °C under solvent-free conditions.

α,β-Unsaturated aldehydes are completely converted to the 1,2-adducts.
The cyanation products can be isolated by direct distillation of the reaction mixture.

Uses of Chlorolithium:
Chlorolithium is a metal Chloride salt with the Li(+) counterion.
Chlorolithium works as an antimanic medication.
Chlorolithium an inorganic Chloride and a Lithium salt.

Chlorolithium applications include:
Chlorolithium is primarily utilized in the electrolysis of a LiCl/KCl melt at 450°C (842°F) to produce Lithium metal.
Chlorolithium is also used as a brazing flux for aluminum in vehicle parts, as well as a desiccant for drying air streams.

Chlorolithium is also employed in chemical synthesis, such as an additive in the Stille reaction.
Chlorolithium can also be used to precipitate RNA from cellular samples in biological applications.
Chlorolithium is used as an aversive agent in lab animals to study conditioned location preference and aversion.

Chlorolithium is used in biological research as an immune modulator.
Chlorolithium is used to produce lithium metal and lithium borohydride.

Chlorolithium is also used in fluxes, dipping baths, desiccants, fireworks, fire extinguishers, deicer solutions, dehumidifiers, and photosensitive developers.
Chlorolithium is also used as a catalyst, chlorinating agent, dry cell electrolyte, textile spinning stabilizer, antistatic fabric finish, and wastewater tracer.

Chlorolithium (LiCl) is an ionic compound or salt that is highly polar and soluble in water.
Chlorolithium is more soluble in organic solvents such as acetone and methanol than potassium chloride or sodium chloride.
Chlorolithium is widely used in several industrial applications.

Chlorolithium is used in large dehumidification systems in the air conditioning industry.
Chlorolithium depends on the low equilibrium pressure of water vapour above solutions of Chlorolithium.

Chlorolithium is used in a number of salt mixtures exist low melting points allowing Chlorolithium to be used in brazing fluxes and brazing baths.
Chlorolithium is used as an electrolyte for the production of lithium metal and used as an electrolyte in voltaic cells.

Lithium Metal by Electrolysis:
Chlorolithium is primarily used at 450 ° C (842 ° F) for the preparation of lithium metal by electrolysis of a LiCl / KCl.

As Brazing Flux:
Chlorolithium is also used as a brazing flux for aluminum in automobile parts.
Other Chlorolithium Uses:As desiccant in drying air streams.

Chlorolithium is used in organic synthesis.
For example, as an additive in the Stille reaction. 

Niche uses:
Chlorolithium is used as a relative humidity standard in the calibration of hygrometers.
At 25 °C (77 °F) a saturated solution (45.8%) of the salt will yield an equilibrium relative humidity of 11.30%.

Additionally, Chlorolithium can be used as a hygrometer.
This deliquescent salt forms a self-solution when exposed to air.

The equilibrium Chlorolithium concentration in the resulting solution is directly related to the relative humidity of the air.
The percent relative humidity at 25 °C (77 °F) can be estimated, with minimal error in the range 10–30 °C (50–86 °F), from the following first-order equation: RH=107.93-2.11C, where C is solution Chlorolithium concentration, percent by mass.

Chlorolithium is used for the preparation of carbon nanotubes, graphene and lithium niobate.

Chlorolithium has been shown to have strong acaricidal properties, being effective against Varroa destructor in populations of honey bees.
Chlorolithium is used as an aversive agent in lab animals to study conditioned place preference and aversion.

Widespread uses by professional workers:
Chlorolithium is used in the following products: laboratory chemicals, pH regulators and water treatment products, metal working fluids, pharmaceuticals, polymers, water treatment chemicals and welding & soldering products.
Chlorolithium is used in the following areas: scientific research and development and health services.

Chlorolithium is used for the manufacture of: chemicals and plastic products.
Other release to the environment of Chlorolithium is likely to occur from: indoor use (e.g. machine wash liquids/detergents, automotive care products, paints and coating or adhesives, fragrances and air fresheners), outdoor use, indoor use in close systems with minimal release (e.g. cooling liquids in refrigerators, oil-based electric heaters), outdoor use in close systems with minimal release (e.g. hydraulic liquids in automotive suspension, lubricants in motor oil and break fluids), outdoor use in long-life materials with low release rate (e.g. metal, wooden and plastic construction and building materials) and indoor use in long-life materials with low release rate (e.g. flooring, furniture, toys, construction materials, curtains, foot-wear, leather products, paper and cardboard products, electronic equipment).

Uses at industrial sites:
Chlorolithium is used in the following products: welding & soldering products, laboratory chemicals, air care products, inks and toners, pH regulators and water treatment products, metal working fluids, pharmaceuticals, polymers and water treatment chemicals.
Chlorolithium is used in the following areas: scientific research and development and health services.

Chlorolithium is used for the manufacture of: chemicals, plastic products and pulp, paper and paper products.
Release to the environment of Chlorolithium can occur from industrial use: in processing aids at industrial sites, as an intermediate step in further manufacturing of another substance (use of intermediates), as processing aid, of substances in closed systems with minimal release and in the production of articles.

Industry Uses:
Adsorbents and absorbents
Functional fluids (closed systems)
Intermediate
Intermediates
Ion exchange agents
Not Known or Reasonably Ascertainable
Other
Other (specify)
Processing aids, not otherwise listed

Consumer Uses:
Chlorolithium is used in the following products: coating products, metal surface treatment products, non-metal-surface treatment products, adhesives and sealants, inks and toners, pH regulators and water treatment products, photo-chemicals, polishes and waxes and welding & soldering products.
Other release to the environment of Chlorolithium is likely to occur from: indoor use (e.g. machine wash liquids/detergents, automotive care products, paints and coating or adhesives, fragrances and air fresheners), outdoor use, indoor use in close systems with minimal release (e.g. cooling liquids in refrigerators, oil-based electric heaters), outdoor use in close systems with minimal release (e.g. hydraulic liquids in automotive suspension, lubricants in motor oil and break fluids), outdoor use in long-life materials with low release rate (e.g. metal, wooden and plastic construction and building materials) and indoor use in long-life materials with low release rate (e.g. flooring, furniture, toys, construction materials, curtains, foot-wear, leather products, paper and cardboard products, electronic equipment).

Other Consumer Uses:
Adsorbent
Not Known or Reasonably Ascertainable
Processing aids, not otherwise listed

Industrial Processes with risk of exposure:
Battery Manufacturing
Textiles (Fiber & Fabric Manufacturing)
Sewer and Wastewater Treatment
Photographic Processing
Textiles (Printing, Dyeing, or Finishing)

Applications of Chlorolithium:
Chlorolithium is used as an electrolyte for low temperature dry battery cells and as an oxidation catalyst.
Chlorolithium is a solubilizer for polyamides and cellulose when used with amide solvents, and is a chlorinating agent for steroid substrates.

Chlorolithium has also been utilized in:
Large scale plasmid DNA isolation without ultracentrifugation.
Protein extraction and protein crystallization.
Crystallization of other biological structures, including vitamin B12-RNA aptamer and the L-A virus particle.

Inhibits the expression and secretion of insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-1 in H4-II-E cells.
Chlorolithium is used in the synthesis of beta-substituted alpha-amino acid derivatives.
Chlorolithium may be used to selectively pre­cipitate RNA.

Commercial applications:
Chlorolithium is mainly used for the production of lithium metal by electrolysis of a LiCl/KCl melt at 450 °C (842 °F).
Chlorolithium is also used as a brazing flux for aluminium in automobile parts.

Chlorolithium is used as a desiccant for drying air streams.
In more specialized applications, Chlorolithium finds some use in organic synthesis, e.g., as an additive in the Stille reaction.
Also, in biochemical applications, Chlorolithium can be used to precipitate RNA from cellular extracts.

Chlorolithium is also used as a flame colorant to produce dark red flames.

Electrochemistry:
Lithium metal is produced by electrolysis of Chlorolithium and potassium chloride, which melts at 450°C.
High-purity Chlorolithium is used as the feedstock in the process and makes about 99.5% pure lithium metal.

Lithium is contained in a carbon steel pot, while the chlorine gas is collected in a stainless steel or glass pipe for applications in other processes.
Lithium flows into a collecting tank and is later cast into ingots.
A mesh or stainless-steel screen separates the two compartments to prevent Chlorolithium from mixing.

Biochemical Applications:
Chlorolithium is used to precipitate RNA from cellular extractsAs a flame colorant, Chlorolithium is used to produce dark red flames.

Other Applications:
Chlorolithium is used as a flame colorant to form dark crimson flames.
Chlorolithium is used in the precipitation of RNA in biological applications.

Chlorolithium is an aluminum blazing flux in automobile parts.
Chlorolithium is used for several soldering and welding techniques and salt bath heat treatment at low temperatures.

Chlorolithium is used in massive dehumidification systems in the AC industry.
This depends on the low equilibrium pressure of vapor above Chlorolithium solutions.

Typical Properties of Chlorolithium:

Physical Properties:
Chlorolithium has a sharp, saline taste
Chlorolithium has cubic crystals, crystalline powder, or granule appearance

Chlorolithium has a melting point of 121°F and 2.068 density at 77°F
Chlorolithium aqueous solution is neutral and a bit alkaline
Soluble in ether, nitrobenzene, and water alcohols

Chlorolithium is Deliquescent in nature, appear as cubic crystals, granules or crystalline powder
Chlorolithium has sharp saline taste

Chlorolithium has Boiling point of 2417 to 2480 °F at 760 mm Hg
Chlorolithium Melting point is 1121 °F

Chlorolithium has Density of 2.068 at 77 °F
Aqueous solution of Chlorolithium is neutral or slightly alkaline

Solubility: Very soluble in water alcohols, ether, pyridine, nitrobenzene

Chemical properties:
The salt forms crystalline hydrates, unlike the other alkali metal chlorides.
Mono-, tri-, and pentahydrates are known.

The anhydrous salt can be regenerated by heating the hydrates.
Chlorolithium also absorbs up to four equivalents of ammonia/mol.

As with any other ionic chloride, solutions of Chlorolithium can serve as a source of chloride ion, e.g., forming a precipitate upon treatment with silver nitrate:
LiCl + AgNO3 → AgCl + LiNO3

Chlorolithium reaction with sulfuric acid forms lithium sulfate and hydrogen chloride.

The chemical equation is given below.
2LiCl + H SO → 2 HCl + Li SO

Chlorolithium reacts with a base like sodium hydroxide and forms lithium hydroxide and sodium chloride.
LiCl + NaOH → LiOH + NaCl

Formula and Structure of Chlorolithium:
The chemical formula of Chlorolithium is LiCl.
Chlorolithium has a molar mass of 42.394 g/mol.
On molecular level the positively charged lithium-ion ( Li+ ) reacts with the negatively charged chloride ion ( Cl− ) to form Chlorolithium (LiCl).

Formula:
When the positively charged lithium-ion (Li+) reacts with the negatively charged chloride ion (Cl−) then the obtained formula is known as Chlorolithium (LiCl).
The molecule is formed by one lithium cation Li+ and one chlorine anion Cl–.

The molar mass of Chlorolithium is 42.39 g/mol.
The chemical and molecular formula of Chlorolithium is LiCl.

Structure:
Chlorolithium is an ionic compound in which lithium is a metal compound and chloride is a nonmetal compound.
Where electrons are transferred from metal ion to nonmetal ion.
In this type of structure, one electron is transferred by lithium and Chlorolithium becomes electropositive chlorine gain one electron then Chlorolithium becomes electronegative.

Manufacturing Methods of Chlorolithium:
Chlorolithium can be extracted from other alkali-metal chlorides with amyl alcohol.

By reaction of lithium carbonate and hydrochloric acid, with special steel or nickel equipment because of the extreme corrosivity of Chlorolithium.
Concentration of the solution (eg, in a vacuum evaporator) causes Chlorolithium to crystallize.
Chlorolithium is then separated from the mother liquor, dried, and packed in moisture-proof containers.

General Manufacturing Information of Chlorolithium:

Industry Processing Sectors:
All Other Basic Inorganic Chemical Manufacturing
All Other Chemical Product and Preparation Manufacturing
Electrical Equipment, Appliance, and Component Manufacturing
Miscellaneous Manufacturing
Not Known or Reasonably Ascertainable
Other (requires additional information)
Plastics Material and Resin Manufacturing

Preparation of Chlorolithium:
Chlorolithium is produced by treatment of lithium carbonate with hydrochloric acid.
Anhydrous Chlorolithium is prepared from the hydrate by heating in a stream of hydrogen chloride.

Precautions of Chlorolithium:
Lithium salts affect the central nervous system in a variety of ways.
While the citrate, carbonate, and orotate salts are currently used to treat bipolar disorder, other lithium salts including the chloride were used in the past.

For a short time in the 1940s Chlorolithium was manufactured as a salt substitute for people with hypertension, but this was prohibited after the toxic effects of Chlorolithium (tremors, fatigue, nausea) were recognized.
Chlorolithium was, however, noted by J. H. Talbott that many symptoms attributed to Chlorolithium toxicity may have also been attributable to sodium chloride deficiency, to the diuretics often administered to patients who were given Chlorolithium, or to the patients' underlying conditions.

Pharmacology and Biochemistry of Chlorolithium:

MeSH Pharmacological Classification:

Adjuvants, Immunologic:
Substances that augment, stimulate, activate, potentiate, or modulate the immune response at either the cellular or humoral level.
The classical agents (Freund's adjuvant, BCG, Corynebacterium parvum, et al.) contain bacterial antigens.
Some are endogenous (e.g., histamine, interferon, transfer factor, tuftsin, interleukin-1).

Their mode of action is either non-specific, resulting in increased immune responsiveness to a wide variety of antigens, or antigen-specific, i.e., affecting a restricted type of immune response to a narrow group of antigens.
The therapeutic efficacy of many biological response modifiers is related to their antigen-specific immunoadjuvanticity.

Action Mechanism of Chlorolithium:
Intraperitoneal Chlorolithium (LiCl) induces transient expression of inducible cAMP early repressor (ICER) and c-fos mRNAs in the rat adrenal cortex and increases plasma level of corticosterone.
The cortical expression of ICER mRNA by Chlorolithium occurs in a dose-dependent manner.

Adrenal induction of ICER expression is delayed compared with c-fos expression.
Dexamethasone pretreatment (4 mg/kg) blocks corticosterone release and adrenocortical ICER induction either by systemic Chlorolithium (76 mg/kg) or by restraint stress.
Intracerebroventricular Chlorolithium (127 ug/5 uL) is sufficient for adrenocortical, but not medullary, ICER induction.

Lithium, through modulating basic cellular signalling pathways, is capable of modulating several neurotransmitter systems in the brain such as cholinergic, serotonergic, noradrenergic and dopaminergic pathways.
Lithium may also slightly alter the reuptake and presynaptic storage of catecholamines in directions consistent with incr inactivation of the amines.

In animal brain tissue, Li+ at concn of 1 to 10 mEq/L inhibits the depolarization-provoked and Ca+2-dependent release of norepinephrine and dopamine, but not serotonin, from nerve terminals.
Li+ may even enhance the release of serotonin, especially in the limbic system, at least transiently.

The ion has little effect on catecholamine-sensitive adenylyl cyclase activity or on the binding of ligands to monoamine receptors in brain tissue, although there is some evidence that Li+ can inhibit the effects of receptor-blocking agents that cause supersensitivity in such systems.
Li+ can modify some hormonal responses mediated by adenylyl cyclase or phospholipase C in other tissues, including the actions of antidiuretic and thyroid-stimulating hormones on the actions of antidiuretic and thyroid-stimulating hormones on their peripheral target tissues.
In part, the actions of Li+ may reflect Chlorolithium ability to interfere with the activity of both stimulatory and inhibitory GTP-binding proteins (Gs and Gi) by keeping them in their less active alpha-beta-gamma trimer state.

Drug Warnings of Chlorolithium:
Lithium may also be absorbed via the lungs.
A systemic resorption of lithium was shown in a study on 27 intensive care unit patients, who were mechanically ventilated with lithium-chloride-coated heat and moisture exchangers for at least 5 days.

Serum lithium was non-detectable at the first measurement, whereas 0.01-0.05 mM appeared in the blood from the 1st to the 4th day.
In the following days, Chlorolithium remained at this level or increased to 0.1 mM.

After cessation of the mechanical ventilation, serum lithium levels went back to undetectable levels within a few days.
In a 7 year-old girl, the serum Li concentration rose to about 1 mM after a week, came back to 0.1 mM, rose to 3.9 mM on the 16th day and then returned to the usual low range (0.05-0.1 mM).
The authors calculated that for adults, the daily amount of Chlorolithium inhaled from a new heat and moisture exchanger (80% of the lithium content) can be considered equivalent to an oral dose of 100 mg/day of Chlorolithium or 16 mg Li/day.

Since the ion also is secreted in human milk, women receiving Li+ should not breast-feed infants.

A well-established regimen can be complicated by occasional periods of Na+ loss, as may occur with an intercurrent medical illness or with losses or restrictions of fluids and electrolytes; heavy sweating may be an exception due to a preferential secretion of Li+ over Na+ in sweat.
Hence, patients taking Li+ should have plasma concn checked at least occasionally.

Side effects including nausea, diarrhea, daytime drowsiness, polyuria, polydipsia, weight gain, fine hand tremor, and dermatological reactions including acne are common even in therapeutic dose ranges.

Handling and Storage of Chlorolithium:

Nonfire Spill Response:

SMALL SPILLS AND LEAKAGE:
If you spill this chemical, you should dampen the solid spill material with water, then transfer the dampened material to a suitable container.
Use absorbent paper dampened with water to pick up any remaining material.

Seal your contaminated clothing and the absorbent paper in a vapor-tight plastic bag for eventual disposal.
Wash all contaminated surfaces with a soap and water solution.
Do not reenter the contaminated area until the Safety Officer (or other responsible person) has verified that the area has been properly cleaned.

STORAGE PRECAUTIONS:
You should store this chemical under refrigerated temperatures, and protect Chlorolithium from moisture.

Reactivity Profile of Chlorolithium:
These materials have weak oxidizing or reducing powers.
Redox reactions can however still occur.
For example, CO2, which is often regarded as chemically inert, vigorously oxidizes the strong reducing agent Mg if the two are heated together.

The majority of compounds in this class are slightly soluble or insoluble in water.
If soluble in water, then the solutions are usually neither strongly acidic nor strongly basic.

These compounds are not water-reactive.
Some do react with acids: carbonates generate carbon dioxide and heat when treated with acids; fluorides, sulfites and sulfides generate toxic gases (hydrogen fluoride, sulfur dioxide and hydrogen sulfide, respectively) when treated with acids.

First Aid Measures of Chlorolithium:

EYES:
First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present.
Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center.

Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician.
If symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop, immediately transport the victim to a hospital.

SKIN:
IMMEDIATELY flood affected skin with water while removing and isolating all contaminated clothing.
Gently wash all affected skin areas thoroughly with soap and water.
If symptoms such as redness or irritation develop, IMMEDIATELY call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital for treatment.

INHALATION:
IMMEDIATELY leave the contaminated area; take deep breaths of fresh air.
If symptoms (such as wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, or burning in the mouth, throat, or chest) develop, call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital.

Provide proper respiratory protection to rescuers entering an unknown atmosphere.
Whenever possible, Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) should be used; if not available, use a level of protection greater than or equal to that advised under Protective Clothing.

INGESTION:
DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING.
If the victim is conscious and not convulsing, give 1 or 2 glasses of water to dilute the chemical and IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center.
Be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital if advised by a physician.

If the victim is convulsing or unconscious, do not give anything by mouth, ensure that the victim's airway is open and lay the victim on his/her side with the head lower than the body.
DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital.

Fire Fighting
Fires involving Chlorolithium can be controlled with a dry chemical, carbon dioxide or Halon extinguisher.

Accidental Release Measures of Chlorolithium:

Spillage Disposal:

Personal protection:
Particulate filter respirator adapted to the airborne concentration of Chlorolithium.
Sweep spilled substance into covered containers.

If appropriate, moisten first to prevent dusting.
Carefully collect remainder.
Then store and dispose of according to local regulations.

Disposal Methods:
The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational exposure or environmental contamination.
Recycle any unused portion of the material for Chlorolithium approved use or return Chlorolithium to the manufacturer or supplier.

Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider:
Chlorolithium's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic, and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.

Identifiers of Chlorolithium:
CAS Number: 7447-41-8
ChEBI: CHEBI:48607
ChEMBL: ChEMBL69710
ChemSpider: 22449
ECHA InfoCard: 100.028.375
EC Number: 231-212-3
MeSH: Lithium+chloride
PubChem CID: 433294
RTECS number: OJ5950000
UNII: G4962QA067
UN number: 2056
CompTox Dashboard (EPA): DTXSID2025509
InChI: InChI=1S/ClH.Li/h1H;/q;+1/p-1
Key: KWGKDLIKAYFUFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M
InChI=1S/ClH.Li/h1H;/q;+1/p-1
Key: KWGKDLIKAYFUFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M
InChI=1/ClH.Li/h1H;/q;+1/p-1
Key: KWGKDLIKAYFUFQ-REWHXWOFAB
SMILES: [Li+].[Cl-]

CAS: 7447-41-8
Molecular Formula: ClLi
Molecular Weight (g/mol): 42.39
MDL Number: MFCD00011078
InChI Key: KWGKDLIKAYFUFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M
PubChem CID: 433294
ChEBI: CHEBI:48607
IUPAC Name: lithium(1+) chloride
SMILES: [Li+].[Cl-]

Linear Formula: LiCl
MDL Number: MFCD00011078
EC No.: 231-212-3
Beilstein/Reaxys No.: N/A
Pubchem CID: 433294
IUPAC Name: Lithium chloride
SMILES: [Li+].[Cl-]
InchI Identifier: InChI=1S/ClH.Li/h1H;/q;+1/p-1
InchI Key: KWGKDLIKAYFUFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M

Synonyms: Lithium chloride
Linear Formula: LiCl
CAS Number: 7447-41-8
Molecular Weight: 42.39
EC Number: 231-212-3

CAS number: 7447-41-8
EC number: 231-212-3
Grade: ACS,Reag. Ph Eur
Hill Formula: ClLi
Chemical formula: LiCl
Molar Mass: 42.39 g/mol
HS Code: 2827 39 85
Quality Level: MQ300

Properties of Chlorolithium:
Chemical formula: LiCl
Molar mass: 42.39 g·mol−1
Appearance: white solid
hygroscopic, sharp
Density: 2.068 g/cm3
Melting point: 605–614 °C (1,121–1,137 °F; 878–887 K)
Boiling point: 1,382 °C (2,520 °F; 1,655 K)
Solubility in water: 68.29 g/100 mL (0 °C)
74.48 g/100 mL (10 °C)
84.25 g/100 mL (25 °C)
88.7 g/100 mL (40 °C)
123.44 g/100 mL (100 °C)
Solubility: soluble in hydrazine, methylformamide, butanol, selenium(IV) oxychloride, propanol
Solubility in methanol: 45.2 g/100 g (0 °C)
43.8 g/100 g (20 °C)
42.36 g/100 g (25 °C)
44.6 g/100 g (60 °C)
Solubility in ethanol: 14.42 g/100 g (0 °C)
24.28 g/100 g (20 °C)
25.1 g/100 g (30 °C)
23.46 g/100 g (60 °C)
Solubility in formic acid: 26.6 g/100 g (18 °C)
27.5 g/100 g (25 °C)
Solubility in acetone: 1.2 g/100 g (20 °C)
0.83 g/100 g (25 °C)
0.61 g/100 g (50 °C)
Solubility in liquid ammonia: 0.54 g/100 g (-34 °C)
3.02 g/100 g (25 °C)
Vapor pressure: 1 torr (785 °C)
10 torr (934 °C)
100 torr (1130 °C)
Magnetic susceptibility (χ): −24.3·10−6 cm3/mol
Refractive index (nD): 1.662 (24 °C)
Viscosity: 0.87 cP (807 °C)

Compound Formula: ClLi
Molecular Weight: 42.39
Appearance: White powder
Melting Point: 605° C (1,121° F)
Boiling Point: 1,382° C (2,520° F)
Density: 2.07 g/cm3
Solubility in H2O: N/A
Exact Mass: 41.9849
Monoisotopic Mass: 41.9849

Boiling point: 1360 °C (1013 hPa)
Density: 2.07 g/cm3 (20 °C)
Melting Point: 608.52 °C
pH value: 6 (50 g/l, H₂O, 20 °C)
Vapor pressure: 1.33 hPa (547 °C)
Bulk density: 530 kg/m3
Solubility: 569 g/l

Molecular Weight: 42.4 g/mol
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 0
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 1
Rotatable Bond Count: 0
Exact Mass: 41.9848561 g/mol
Monoisotopic Mass: 41.9848561 g/mol
Topological Polar Surface Area: 0Ų
Heavy Atom Count: 2
Complexity: 2
Isotope Atom Count: 0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 2
Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes

Specifications of Chlorolithium:
Assay (argentometric, LiCl): ≥ 99 %
Insoluble matter: ≤ 0.01 %
Nitrate (NO₃): ≤ 0.001 %
Sulfate (SO₄): ≤ 0.005 %
Heavy metals (ACS): ≤ 0.002 %
Ba (Barium): ≤ 0.002 %
Ca (Calcium): ≤ 0.005 %
Fe (Iron): ≤ 0.0005 %
K (Potassium): ≤ 0.01 %
Mg (Magnesium): ≤ 0.005 %
Na (Sodium): ≤ 0.02 %
Total of alkali: ≤ 0.008 meq/g
Loss on drying (130 °C): ≤ 1.0 %

Boiling Point: 1382.0°C
Melting Point: 605.0°C
Color: White
Physical Form: Crystalline Granules
Quantity: 100 g
Assay Percent Range: 98.5% min. (Argentometry)
Linear Formula: LiCl
Fieser: 01,609; 02,246; 04,298; 05,677; 12,277; 16,194
Merck Index: 15,5584
Solubility Information: Solubility in water: 832g/L (20°C). Other solubilities: soluble in alcohols, ether, pyridine,, nitrobenzene and acetone

Structure of Chlorolithium:
Coordination geometry: Octahedral
Molecular shape: Linear (gas)
Dipole moment: 7.13 D (gas)

Thermochemistry of Chlorolithium:
Heat capacity (C): 48.03 J/mol·K
Std molar entropy (S⦵298): 59.31 J/mol·K
Std enthalpy of formation (ΔfH⦵298): -408.27 kJ/mol
Gibbs free energy (ΔfG⦵): -384 kJ/mol

Related compounds of Chlorolithium:

Other anions:
Lithium fluoride
Lithium bromide
Lithium iodide
Lithium astatide

Other cations:
Sodium chloride
Potassium chloride
Rubidium chloride
Caesium chloride
Francium chloride

Names of Chlorolithium:

Regulatory process names:
Lithium chloride
lithium chloride
Lithium chloride (LiCl)

IUPAC names:
LITHIUM CHLORIDE
Lithium Chloride
Lithium chloride
lithium chloride
Lithium Chloride
Lithium Chloride Anhydrous
Lithium chloride anhydrous
Lithium chloride, anhydrous
Lithium monochloride
lithium(1+) chloride
lithium(1+) ion chloride
LITHIUM-CHLORIDE-
lithium;chloride
lithiumchloride
lithuim chloride

Preferred IUPAC name:
Lithium chloride

Systematic IUPAC name:
Lithium(1+) chloride

Trade names:
Chloride Lithium Anhydrous
Lithium chloride

Other identifiers:
1220508-63-3
1309791-76-1
2018280-04-9
404596-80-1
7447-41-8

Synonyms of Chlorolithium:
LITHIUM CHLORIDE
7447-41-8
LiCl
Lithiumchloride
chlorure de lithium
Chlorku litu
chlorolithium
Lithiumchlorid
Lithium chloride (LiCl)
lithium;chloride
ClLi
Chlorku litu [Polish]
CCRIS 5924
CHEBI:48607
lithii chloridum
HSDB 4281
Luthium chloride
Lithium Cholride
cloruro de litio
Lithium chloride (powder)
EINECS 231-212-3
MFCD00011078
Chlorure de lithium [French]
NSC 327172
UNII-G4962QA067
LITHIUM MURIATICUM
G4962QA067
NSC-327172
LithiumChlorideGr(Anhydrous)
CHEMBL69710
DTXSID2025509
EC 231-212-3
NSC327172
Lithium Chloride, Anhydrous
Lithium chloride, ultra dry
Chloride, Lithium
2M Lithium Chloride Electrolyte, Electrode Filling Solution
Lithium Chloride (2.3% in Tetrahydrofuran, ca. 0.5mol/L)
lithim chloride
Lithium chloride, anhydrous, chunks, 99.99% trace metals basis
Cloruro de litio (licl)
Lopac-L-4408
LITHIUM MONOCHLORIDE
D07WXT
MolMap_000071
WLN: LI G
Lithium chloride, ACS grade
Lopac0_000604
LITHIUM CHLORIDE [MI]
Lithium chloride battery grade
Lithium chloride, ACS reagent
DTXCID105509
LITHIUM CHLORIDE [HSDB]
LITHIUM CHLORIDE [INCI]
LITHIUM MURIATICUM [HPUS]
KWGKDLIKAYFUFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M
LITHIUM CHLORIDE [WHO-DD]
Lithium chloride, 3-5% in THF
HMS3261J10
Tox21_500604
BDBM50494542
AKOS015902822
AKOS015950647
AKOS024438070
CCG-204693
lithium chloride, gamma irradiated, 8m
LP00604
LS-1644
SDCCGSBI-0050586.P002
Lithium chloride, ACS reagent, >=99%
Lithium chloride, ReagentPlus(R), 99%
NCGC00015607-01
NCGC00015607-02
NCGC00015607-03
NCGC00015607-04
NCGC00015607-07
NCGC00093980-01
NCGC00093980-02
NCGC00261289-01
BP-13612
SY002997
Lithium chloride, Vetec(TM) reagent grade
EU-0100604
FT-0627896
L0204
L0222
Lithium chloride, Trace metals grade 99.9%
L 4408
Lithium chloride, SAJ first grade, >=98.0%
Lithium chloride, for molecular biology, >=99%
Lithium chloride, SAJ special grade, >=99.0%
A838146
Lithium chloride, BioXtra, >=99.0% (titration)
Q422930
SR-01000076252
SR-01000076252-1
Lithium chloride, powder, >=99.99% trace metals basis
Lithium chloride, puriss. p.a., anhydrous, >=99.0% (AT)
Lithium chloride, anhydrous, beads, -10 mesh, >=99.9% trace metals basis
Lithium chloride, anhydrous, beads, -10 mesh, 99.998% trace metals basis
Lithium chloride, puriss. p.a., ACS reagent, anhydrous, >=99.0% (AT)
Lithium chloride, anhydrous, free-flowing, Redi-Dri(TM), ACS reagent, >=99%
Lithium chloride, anhydrous, free-flowing, Redi-Dri(TM), ReagentPlus(R), 99%
Lithium chloride, BioUltra, for molecular biology, anhydrous, >=99.0% (AT)
59217-69-5
Lithium chloride [ACD/IUPAC Name] [Wiki]
231-212-3 [EINECS]
7447-41-8 [RN]
Chloride, Lithium
Chlorku litu [Polish]
Chlorure de lithium [French] [ACD/IUPAC Name]
cloruro de litio [Italian]
G4962QA067
hydrochloric acid lithium salt
LiCl [Formula]
Lithiumchlorid [German] [ACD/IUPAC Name]
[7447-41-8] [RN]
16712-20-2 [RN]
20233-17-4 [RN]
404596-80-1 [RN]
7789-01-7 [RN]
85144-11-2 [RN]
CHEMBL69710
Chlorku Litu
Chlorku litu [Polish]
chlorolithium
Chlorure de lithium [French]
cloruro de litio
D018021
EINECS 231-212-3
Electrolytemissing
LiCl231-212-3MFCD00011078
lithii chloridum [Latin]
lithii chloridum
Lithium chloride (powder)
Lithium chloride, anhydrous
Lithium chloridemissing
LITHIUM MONOCHLORIDE
lithium;chloride
LITHIUM-7LI CHLORIDE
lithiumchloride
Lithiummissing
Lopac0_000604
MFCD00011078 [MDL number]
MFCD00149764
MFCD00190539
MolMap_000071
OmniPur(R) Lithium Chloride
UNII:G4962QA067
UNII-G4962QA067
WLN: LI G
氯化锂 [Chinese]

5-Chloro-2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one; Kathon CG; 5-Cloro-2-metil-2H-isotiazol-3-ona (Spanish); 5-Chloro2-méthyl-2H-isothiazole-3-one (French); Methylchloroisothiazolinone; 5-Chloro-2-methyl-3(2H)-isothiazolone; Other RN: 137662-59-0, 26530-03-0 (hydrochloride) CAS NO: 26172-55-4

CHLOROPHENE, N° CAS : 120-32-1, Nom INCI : CHLOROPHENE, Nom chimique : Phenol, 4-chloro-2-(phenylmethyl)-, N° EINECS/ELINCS : 204-385-8, Classification : Règlementé, Conservateur, Restriction en Europe : V/40, La concentration maximale autorisée dans les préparations cosmétiques prêtes à l'emploi est de 0,2 %., Ses fonctions (INCI): Antimicrobien : Aide à ralentir la croissance de micro-organismes sur la peau et s'oppose au développement des microbes. Conservateur : Inhibe le développement des micro-organismes dans les produits cosmétiques.

Chloropicrin; Nitrotrichloromethane; Nitrochloroform; Chloorpikrine; Chloropicrine; Chlorpikrin; Cloropicrina; Trichloornitromethaan; Trichlornitromethan; Tricloro-nitro-metano CAS NO:76-06-2

CHLOROXYLENOL, N° CAS : 88-04-0 / 1321-23-9, Origine(s) : Synthétique, Nom INCI : CHLOROXYLENOL, Noms français : 2,6-DIMETHYL-4-HYDROXYCHLOROBENZENE; 2-CHLORO-5-HYDROXY-1,3-DIMETHYLBENZENE; 2-CHLORO-5-HYDROXY-M-XYLENE; 3,5-DIMETHYL-4-CHLOROPHENOL; Chloro-4 diméthyl-3,5 phénol; Chloro-4 xylénol-3,5; p-chloro-m-xylénol Noms anglais : 4-chloro-3,5-dimethylphenol; 4-chloro-3,5-xylenol. Utilisation: Germicide, agent antiseptique. Nom chimique : Phenol, 4-chloro-3,5-dimethyl-, N° EINECS/ELINCS : 201-793-8 / 215-316-6. Ses fonctions (INCI): Antimicrobien : Aide à ralentir la croissance de micro-organismes sur la peau et s'oppose au développement des microbes. Déodorant : Réduit ou masque les odeurs corporelles désagréables. Conservateur : Inhibe le développement des micro-organismes dans les produits cosmétiques.3,5-Xylenol, 4-chloro-; 4-chloro-3,5-dimethylphenol; 4-chloro-3,5-xylenol Chloro-xylenol; 3,5-dimetyl-4-klorfenol (sv); 4-chloor-3,5-dimethylfenol (nl); 4-chlor-3,5-dimethylfenol (cs); 4-chlor-3,5-dimethylphenol (da); 4-chlor-3,5-dimetilfenolis (lt); 4-Chlor-3,5-xylenol (de); 4-chloro-3,5-dimetylofenol (pl); 4-chloro-3,5-diméthylphénol (fr); 4-chlór-3,5-dimetylfenol (sk); 4-clor-3,5-dimetilfenol (ro); 4-cloro-3,5-dimetilfenol (es); 4-cloro-3,5-dimetilfenolo (it); 4-hlor-3,5-dimetilfenols (lv); 4-Kloori-3,5-dimetyylifenoli (fi); 4-klor-3,5-dimetylfenol (no); 4-klor-3,5-xylenol (no); 4-kloro-3,5-dimetil-fenol (hr); 4-kloro-3,5-dimetilfenol (sl);4-kloro-3,5-dimetüülfenool (et); 4-klór-3,5-dimetilfenol (hu); 4-χλωρο-3,5-ξυλενόλη (el); 4-хлоро-3,5-диметилфенол (bg); Phenol, 4-chloro-3,5-dimethyl-; 4-chloro-3,5-dimethyl-phenol; 4-chloro-3,5-dimethylphenol;chloroxylenol-; para chloro meta xylenol; PCMX; Phenol, 4-chloro-3,5-dimethyl; Surcide PCMX; 215-316-6 [EINECS] 4-Chlor-3,5-dimethylphenol [German] 4-Chloro-3,5-dimethylphenol 4-Chloro-3,5-diméthylphénol [French] 4-Chloro-3,5-xylenol 4-Chloro-sym-m-xylenol 88-04-0 [RN] Chloroxylenol [USP] p-Chloro-m-xylenol PCMX Phenol, 4-chloro-3,5-dimethyl- [ACD/Index Name] 1-[1-(benzenesulfonyl)-2-pyrrolyl]ethanone 2-Chloro-5-hydroxy-1,3-dimethylbenzene 2-Chloro-5-hydroxy-m-xylene 2-Chloro-m-xylenol 3, 5-Dimethyl-4-chlorophenol 3,5-Dimethy-4-Chloro phenol 3,5-dimethyl-4-chlorophenol 3,5-Xylenol, 4-chloro- 4-06-00-03152 (Beilstein Handbook Reference) [Beilstein] 4-Chloro-1-hydroxy-3,5-dimethylbenzene 4-chloro-3 5-dimethylphenol 4-Chloro-3, 5-xylenol 4-CHLORO-3,5-DIMETHYL PHENOL 4-chloro-3,5-dimethyl-phenol 4-Chloro-3,5-Dimethylphenol (en)4-Chloro-3,5-Xylenol (en) 4-chloro-3,5-dimethylphenol, ??? 98.0% 4-chloro-3,5-dimethylphenol, 98+% 4-chloro-3,5-dimethylphenol, 99% 4-chloro-3,5-dimethylphenol,99% 4-Chloro-3,5-dimethylphenol;PCMX 4-Chloro-3,5-dimethylphenol|4-Chloro-3,5-xylenol 4-chloro-3???5-dimethylphenol 4-Chloro-m-xylenol Ayrtol Benzytol Benzytol; Dettol BSPBio_002007 Camel Chloro-xylenol Chloroxylenol (USP) Chloroxylenol [USAN:BAN:INN] [USAN] Chloroxylenol(USAN chloroxylenolum Chloroxylenolum [INN-Latin] Chlorxylenolum Clorossilenolo [DCIT] cloroxilenol Cloroxilenol [INN-Spanish] Desson Dettol EINECS 201-793-8 Espadol Husept Extra IDI1_000801 InChI=1/C8H9ClO/c1-5-3-7(10)4-6(2)8(5)9/h3-4,10H,1-2H m-Xylenol, 4-chloro- Nipacide MX Nipacide PX Ottasept Ottasept Extra PARA CHLORO-META-XYLENOL Para?Chloro Meta Xylenol (PCMX)? parachlorometaxylenol para-chloro-meta-xylenol Parametaxylenol p-Chloro-3,5-dimethylphenol p-Chloro-3,5-xylenol Pharmakon1600-01500182 Willenol V WLN: QR DG C1 E1 对氯间二甲苯酚 [Chinese]

Chloroquine; Chloroquine Phosphate; Gontochin phosphate; Khingamin; Miniquine; Diphosphate salt of N4-(7-Chloro-4-quinolinyl)-N1,N1-dimethyl-1,4-pentanediamine; 7-Chlor-4-(4-(diaethylamino)-1-methylbutylamino)-chinolindiphosphat; Alermine; Aralen; Aralen diphosphate; Aralen phosphate; Arechin; Avloclor; Bemaphate; Chloroquine bis(phosphate); 7-Chloro-4-((4-(diethylamino)-1-methylbutyl)amino)quinoline phosphate (1:2); Chingamin; cas no: 54-05-7

CETRIMONIUM BROMIDE ;Cetrimonium bromide; HTAB; CTAB; CTABr;Hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide; Cetab; Cetyltrimethylammonium Bromide; N-Hexadecyltrimethylammonium Bromide; Trimethylcetylammonium bromide; Ammonium, hexadecyltrimethyl-, bromide; Palmityltrimethyl ammonium bromide; N,N,N-trimethyl-1-Hexadecanaminium bromide; cas no : 57-09-0

CHLORPHENESIN, N° CAS : 104-29-0 - Chlorphénésine, Autre langue : Clorfenesina, Nom INCI : CHLORPHENESIN, Nom chimique : 1,2-Propanediol, 3-(4-chlorophenoxy)-, N° EINECS/ELINCS : 203-192-6, Classification : Règlementé, Conservateur. La Chlorphénésine est un agent anti-microbien qui évite que les bactéries ne se développent dans les produits cosmétiques. Il pourrait causer des irritations, mais celles-ci semblent toutefois assez rares et légères dans les concentrations réglementées de 0,3%. Ses fonctions (INCI): Antimicrobien : Aide à ralentir la croissance de micro-organismes sur la peau et s'oppose au développement des microbes. Conservateur : Inhibe le développement des micro-organismes dans les produits cosmétiques.

As a skin care ingredient, Chlorpenesin is used as a water- and glycerin-soluble preservative to inhibit contamination.
Since Chlorpenesin’s considered weak against some types of bacteria, it’s always combined with other preservatives, such as phenoxyethanol and caprylyl glycol, to boost stability and increase the product’s shelf life.
Chlorpenesin is also considered a “cosmetic biocide” to help prevent unwanted odors on skin.

CAS: 104-29-0
MF: C9H11ClO3
MW: 202.63
EINECS: 203-192-6

Synonyms
3-(4-CHLOROPHENOXY)-1,2-PROPANEDIOL;GLYCEROL A-P-CHLOROPHENYL ETHER;LABOTEST-BB LT01147791;CHLORPHENESIN;CHLORPHENESINE;CHLORPHENSIN;3-(PARA-CHLOROPHENOXY)-1,2-PROPANEDIOL;Chlorophenesin (CHP);chlorphenesin;104-29-0;3-(4-Chlorophenoxy)-1,2-propanediol;3-(4-chlorophenoxy)propane-1,2-diol;Chlorophenesin;Gecophen;Demykon;Mycil;Chlorphenesinum;Adermykon;p-Chlorophenyl glyceryl ether;Chlorphenesine;Clorfenesina;2-Chlorphenesin;1,2-Propanediol, 3-(4-chlorophenoxy)-;3-(p-Chlorophenoxy)-1,2-propanediol;Clorfenesina [INN-Spanish];Chlorphenesine [INN-French];Chlorphenesinum [INN-Latin];Glycerol alpha-p-chlorophenyl ether;p-Chlorophenyl-alpha-glyceryl ether;3-(p-Chlorophenoxy)propane-1,2-diol;NSC 6401;UNII-I670DAL4SZ;EINECS 203-192-6;I670DAL4SZ;1,2-PROPANEDIOL, 3-(p-CHLOROPHENOXY)-;BRN 2210845;CHEBI:3642;DTXSID0049028;AI3-24623;NSC-6401;DTXCID5028954;4-06-00-00831 (Beilstein Handbook Reference);MFCD00021990;Glycerol .alpha.-p-chlorophenyl ether;p-Chlorophenyl-.alpha.-glyceryl ether;NCGC00160584-01;Clorfenesina (INN-Spanish);1,2-Propanediol, 3-(4-chlorophenoxy)- (9CI);Chlorphenesine (INN-French);Chlorphenesinum (INN-Latin);CHLORPHENESIN (MART.);CHLORPHENESIN [MART.];Gechophen;p-Chlorophenyl;Chlorphenesin [INN:BAN];3-(4-Chlorophenoxy)propane-1,2-diol;3-(4-Chlorophenoxy)propane-1,2-diol;alpha-Glyceryl ether;3-?(4-?Chlorophenoxy)?-?1,?2-?propanediol(Chlorphenesin);(+/-)-Chlorphenesin;Wet Wipes AT8039;Maybridge1_000170;CHLORPHENESIN [MI];WLN: Q1YQ1OR DG;CHLORPHENESIN [INN];MixCom1_000324;1, 3-(p-chlorophenoxy)-;Oprea1_755443;SCHEMBL93836;CHLORPHENESIN [VANDF];1, 3-(4-chlorophenoxy)-;CHLORPHENESIN [WHO-DD];CHEMBL388751;NSC6401;HMS3604N15;3-p-Chlorophenoxy-1,2-propanediol;ALBB-025796;HY-A0133;Tox21_113554;AC-266;s6442;1-(p-chlorophenoxy)-2,3-propanediol;AKOS005203039;DB00856;HS-0080;3-(p-chlorophenoxy)-propane-1,2 diol;BP-20218;CAS-104-29-0;DA-51861;SY058281;C3659;Chlorphenesin 100 microg/mL in Acetonitrile;CS-0017448;NS00008320;C07928;D71194;EN300-122624;SR-01000944964;J-001139;Q5103226;SR-01000944964-1;BRD-A92262698-001-01-7;BRD-A92262698-001-02-5;Z995094004

Chlorpenesin is a synthetic ingredient that acts as a preservative for cosmetic and beauty products.
Chlorpenesin prevents bacterial growth and contamination, thus improving the quality and shelf lives of the products.
However, Chlorpenesin is a weak ingredient and is often combined with other preservatives when used in the cosmetic industry.
In its raw form, Chlorpenesin appears as a crystalline powder that is white to off-white in color.
The chemical formula of Chlorpenesin is C9H11ClO3.

Chlorpenesin is glycerol in which the hydrogen of one of the primary hydroxy groups is substituted by a 4-chlorophenyl group.
Chlorpenesin has antifungal and antibacterial properties, and is used for treatment of cutaneous and vaginal infections.
Chlorpenesin's 1-carbamate is used as a skeletal muscle relaxant for the treatment of painful muscle spasm.
Chlorpenesin has a role as a muscle relaxant, an antibacterial drug and an antifungal drug.
Chlorpenesin is a glycol, a member of propane-1,2-diols and a member of monochlorobenzenes.
Chlorpenesin is a preservative and cosmetic biocide that helps prevent the growth of microorganisms.
In cosmetics and personal care products, Chlorpenesin is used in the formulation of aftershave lotions, bath products, cleansing products, deodorants, hair conditioners, makeup, skin care products, personal cleanliness products, and shampoos.

Chlorpenesin Chemical Properties
Melting point: 77-79°C
Boiling point: 290.96°C (rough estimate)
Density: 1.2411 (rough estimate)
Vapor pressure: 0Pa at 25℃
Refractive index: 1.5470 (estimate)
RTECS: TY4260000
Storage temp.: Sealed in dry,Room Temperature
Solubility: DMSO (Slightly), Ethanol (Slightly), Methanol (Slightly, Sonicated)
Form: Solid
pka: 13.44±0.20(Predicted)
Color: White to Off-White
Water Solubility: Slightly soluble in water.
LogP: 1.23 at 23℃
CAS DataBase Reference: 104-29-0(CAS DataBase Reference)
NIST Chemistry Reference: Chlorpenesin (104-29-0)

Uses
Chlorpenesin is a useful ingredient in the world of cosmetics and personal care.
Chlorpenesin can be found in products such as sunscreens and toners.
Skin care: Chlorpenesin is a great preservative that helps skin care products to last longer and thus have better quality.
The addition of Chlorpenesin also eliminates bad odor from the product.

Hair care: Chlorpenesin is also added to hair care products because of its antimicrobial properties.
Chlorpenesin saves the products from negative side effects due to contact with oxygen and prevents the growth of bacteria and molds.

Used, along with rest and physical therapy, to treat injuries and other painful muscular conditions.
Investigated for use in trigeminal neuralgia (tic douloureux), a neuropathic disorder characterized by severe facial pain.
Was investigated as a modulator of histamine release.
The mechanism of action of Chlorpenesin is not well defined, and its effects are measured mainly by subjective responses.
Chlorpenesin is known that Chlorpenesin acts in the central nervous system (CNS) rather than directly on skeletal muscle.

Chlorpenesin is active against harmful bacteria, fungi, and yeasts.
Chlorpenesin is also considered a multivalent preservative, which carries a significance in terms of being used in any formulation since it can stabilize other chemical groups in the same formulation.
Chlorpenesin is also known as a cosmetic biocide, meaning it can cleanse the skin as well as deodorize skin by eliminating odor-causing bacteria.
Chlorpenesin stabilizes the preparation with the antimicrobial point of view plus it also has weak emulsifier properties.
Chlorpenesin can be called as a multipurpose ingredient of any formulation since when it is used in a product apart from serving the main purpose of the product, Chlorpenesin also protects skin from other harmful bacteria, fungi or yeasts and at the same time stabilizes the main product as well.
Chlorpenesin is used in creams, lotions, gels, sticks serums, shampoos, conditioners, alcohol absolutes, makeup products, personal cleansing products, and foams.
Chlorpenesin is used in leave-on products in concentration 0.3% and in rinse off product up to 0.32% concentration.

Chlorphenesin is glycerol in which the hydrogen of one of the primary hydroxy groups is substituted by a 4-chlorophenyl group.
Chlorphenesin has antifungal and antibacterial properties, and is used for treatment of cutaneous and vaginal infections.
Chlorphenesin's 1-carbamate is used as a skeletal muscle relaxant for the treatment of painful muscle spasm.

CAS: 104-29-0
MF: C9H11ClO3
MW: 202.63
EINECS: 203-192-6

Synonyms
3-(4-CHLOROPHENOXY)-1,2-PROPANEDIOL;GLYCEROL A-P-CHLOROPHENYL ETHER;LABOTEST-BB LT01147791;CHLORPHENESIN;CHLORPHENESINE;CHLORPHENSIN;3-(PARA-CHLOROPHENOXY)-1,2-PROPANEDIOL;Chlorophenesin (CHP);chlorphenesin;104-29-0;3-(4-Chlorophenoxy)-1,2-propanediol;3-(4-chlorophenoxy)propane-1,2-diol;Chlorophenesin;Gecophen;Demykon;Mycil;Chlorphenesinum;Adermykon;p-Chlorophenyl glyceryl ether;Chlorphenesine;Clorfenesina;2-Chlorphenesin;1,2-Propanediol, 3-(4-chlorophenoxy)-;3-(p-Chlorophenoxy)-1,2-propanediol;Clorfenesina [INN-Spanish];Chlorphenesine [INN-French];Chlorphenesinum [INN-Latin];Glycerol alpha-p-chlorophenyl ether;p-Chlorophenyl-alpha-glyceryl ether;3-(p-Chlorophenoxy)propane-1,2-diol;NSC 6401;UNII-I670DAL4SZ;EINECS 203-192-6;I670DAL4SZ;1,2-PROPANEDIOL, 3-(p-CHLOROPHENOXY)-;BRN 2210845;CHEBI:3642;DTXSID0049028;AI3-24623;NSC-6401;DTXCID5028954;4-06-00-00831 (Beilstein Handbook Reference);MFCD00021990;Glycerol .alpha.-p-chlorophenyl ether;p-Chlorophenyl-.alpha.-glyceryl ether;NCGC00160584-01;Clorfenesina (INN-Spanish);1,2-Propanediol, 3-(4-chlorophenoxy)- (9CI);Chlorphenesine (INN-French);Chlorphenesinum (INN-Latin);CHLORPHENESIN (MART.);CHLORPHENESIN [MART.];Gechophen;p-Chlorophenyl;Chlorphenesin [INN:BAN];3-(4-Chlorophenoxy)propane-1,2-diol;3-(4-Chlorophenoxy)propane-1,2-diol;alpha-Glyceryl ether;3-?(4-?Chlorophenoxy)?-?1,?2-?propanediol(Chlorphenesin);(+/-)-Chlorphenesin;Wet Wipes AT8039;Maybridge1_000170;CHLORPHENESIN [MI];WLN: Q1YQ1OR DG;CHLORPHENESIN [INN];MixCom1_000324;1, 3-(p-chlorophenoxy)-;Oprea1_755443;SCHEMBL93836;CHLORPHENESIN [VANDF];1, 3-(4-chlorophenoxy)-;CHLORPHENESIN [WHO-DD];CHEMBL388751;NSC6401;HMS3604N15;3-p-Chlorophenoxy-1,2-propanediol;ALBB-025796;HY-A0133;Tox21_113554;AC-266;s6442;1-(p-chlorophenoxy)-2,3-propanediol;AKOS005203039;DB00856;HS-0080;3-(p-chlorophenoxy)-propane-1,2 diol;BP-20218;CAS-104-29-0;DA-51861;SY058281;C3659;Chlorphenesin 100 microg/mL in Acetonitrile;CS-0017448;NS00008320;C07928;D71194;EN300-122624;SR-01000944964;J-001139;Q5103226;SR-01000944964-1;BRD-A92262698-001-01-7;BRD-A92262698-001-02-5;Z995094004

Chlorphenesin has a role as a muscle relaxant, an antibacterial drug and an antifungal drug.
Chlorphenesin is a glycol, a member of propane-1,2-diols and a member of monochlorobenzenes.
Chlorphenesin is diol with a 4-chlorophenyl group, a fine white to pale-cream-colored crystal with a slightly phenolic odor and bitter taste.
The high-purity chlorphenesin is ideal for blending with existing preservation systems to enhance their performance.

The preservative performance is clearly enhanced by the addition of chlorphenesin as demonstrated in kill-rate studies using organisms.
Chlorphenesin is an effective and universal anti-bacterial and anti-fungal agent that boosts preservative effectiveness to a higher level.
Chlorphenesin is used for the preservation and stabilization of cosmetics and medicines.

Chlorphenesin works well in composition with other preservatives.
Blended with potassium sorbate, sodium benzoate and/or parabens it boosts their performance, improving the shelf-life and usage period.
Chlorphenesin is another synthetic preservative found in cosmetics and personal care products. As far as synthetic preservatives go, Chlorphenesin’s one of the milder ones.
Chlorphenesin’s not considered as toxic as parabens or iodopropynyl butylcarbamate—though it can cause dermatitis in adults—but like benzyl alcohol, it’s not safe for infants.
Chlorphenesin is a reversible antigen-associated immunosuppressant.
Chlorphenesin is an antibacterial and antifungal agent used in numerous eye care cosmetics.

Chlorphenesin is a preservative that is used as an analytical agent in vivo to determine chemical stability and to maintain the pH of a solution.
Chlorphenesin has been shown to be stable in human serum at a concentration of 0.1% (w/v).
Chlorphenesin is also a carbamate, which reacts with acidic compounds, such as benzalkonium chloride, to form chlorhexidine.
In vitro assays have shown that chlorphenesin inhibits the enzyme acetylcholinesterase, which breaks down acetylcholine.
This effect may be due to its ability to bind with serine hydroxyl groups on the protein.
Chlorphenesin also has been shown to inhibit the activity of isoxsuprine hydrochloride, an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), through competitive inhibition.
Chlorphenesin is a phenol ether used to treat painful muscular conditions.
Chlorphenesin works by blocking nerve impulses (or pain sensations) that are sent to your brain.
Chlorphenesin is used, along with rest and physical therapy, to treat injuries and other painful muscular conditions.
Chlorphenesin is not commercially available in the United States.

Chlorphenesin Chemical Properties
Melting point: 77-79°C
Boiling point: 290.96°C (rough estimate)
Density: 1.2411 (rough estimate)
Vapor pressure: 0Pa at 25℃
Refractive index: 1.5470 (estimate)
RTECS: TY4260000
Storage temp.: Sealed in dry,Room Temperature
Solubility: DMSO (Slightly), Ethanol (Slightly), Methanol (Slightly, Sonicated)
Form: Solid
pka: 13.44±0.20(Predicted)
Color: White to Off-White
Water Solubility: Slightly soluble in water.
LogP: 1.23 at 23℃
CAS DataBase Reference: 104-29-0(CAS DataBase Reference)
NIST Chemistry Reference: 1,2-Propanediol, 3-(4-chlorophenoxy)-(104-29-0)

Uses
Chlorphenesin is an antigen-associated immunosuppressant that inhibits IgE-mediated histamine release.
Chlorphenesin is also used as an antimycotic agent.
chlorophenesin is a preservative with fungistatic and bactericidal properties.
Chlorphenesin is used for relieving skeletal muscle pain.
Chlorphenesin is a useful ingredient that is commonly used as a preservative in skincare formulations owing to its antifungal and antibacterial properties.
Chlorphenesin prevents microbial growth and contamination, thus extending the shelf life of products and maintain their safety and efficacy.
Chlorphenesin is however thought to be ineffective against some kinds of bacteria and is hence used in combination with with other preservatives, such as phenoxyethanol and caprylyl glycol, to boost stability and increase the product’s shelf life.
Chlorphenesin is also considered a “cosmetic biocide” for its ability to prevent unpleasant skin odors.
Chlorphenesin is used in cosmetic products such as aftershave lotions, bath products, deodorants, hair conditioners, makeup, skin care products, eye care cosmetics, personal cleanliness products, and shampoos.

Side effects
Some individuals may experience skin irritation or allergic reactions characterized by redness, itching, swelling, or a rash, when using products containing Chlorphenesin.
Chlorphenesin can be irritating to the eyes, especially if it comes into direct contact.
Chlorphenesin’s important to avoid getting products containing Chlorphenesin in the eyes and to rinse thoroughly with water if accidental contact occurs.
In rare cases, some individuals may experience dryness or a feeling of tightness after using products containing Chlorphenesin.

CUPRIC CHLORIDE, N° CAS : 7447-39-4, Nom INCI : CUPRIC CHLORIDE, Nom chimique : Copper (2+) chloride, N° EINECS/ELINCS : 231-210-2, Ses fonctions (INCI): Agent d'entretien de la peau : Maintient la peau en bon état. Noms français : Chlorure cuivrique; CHLORURE CUIVRIQUE ANHYDRE; CHLORURE DE CUIVRE(II); COPPER BICHLORIDE; COPPER DICHLORIDE COPPER(II) CHLORIDE; CUIVRE, DICHLORURE DE; Dichlorure de cuivre. Noms anglais : Cupric chloride. Utilisation: Catalyseur, fabrication de colorant

Chlorure d'alkyldiméthylbenzyl ammonium, BENZALKONIUM CHLORIDE, cas no: 68391-01-5,BAC 50, BAC 80, BKC 50, BKC 80; Noms français : Chlorure d'alkyl(C12-C18)diméthylbenzyl ammonium; Chlorure d'alkyldiméthylbenzyl ammonium (C12-C18). Noms anglais : (C12-C18) Alkyldimethylbenzyl ammonium chloride; (C12-C18)Alkylbenzyldimethylammonium chloride; (C12-C18)Alkyldimethylbenzylammonium chloride; Quaternary ammonium compounds, benzyl-C12-18-alkyldimethyl, chlorides; SDA 16-052-00. (C12-C18) Alkyldimethylbenzyl ammonium chloride. Le chlorure de benzalkonium, aussi connu sous le nom de chlorure d'alkyldiméthylbenzylammonium et ADBAC, est un mélange de chlorures d'alkylbenzyldiméthylammonium avec des chaînes carbonées de longueur variable. Ce produit est un agent de surface cationique de la famille des ammoniums quaternaires.Le chlorure de benzalkonium est facilement soluble dans l'éthanol et l'acétone. Bien que la dissolution dans l'eau soit lente, les solutions aqueuses sont plus faciles d'emploi et sont plus largement utilisées. Les solutions devraient être neutres à légèrement basiques avec une couleur allant de l'incolore au jaune pâle. Les solutions moussent fortement lorsqu'elles sont secouées, ont un goût amer et ont une odeur d'amande détectable seulement dans les échantillons concentrés.Les applications sont très variées, allant de la formulation de désinfectants à l'inhibition de « corrosion microbienne » dans le pétrole ou les huiles minérales3. Il est utilisé dans les produits pharmaceutiques tels que les solutions cutanées antiseptiques ou les lingettes. Il est utilisé comme conservateur dans les cosmétiques tels que les gouttes pour les yeux et le nez. On a reporté des cas de sensibilisations associées à l'utilisation continue et prolongée du produit. Il faut mettre des gants avant toute utilisation. On pense que le mécanisme bactéricide est dû à la disruption des interactions intermoléculaires. Ceci peut causer la dissociation des lipides dans la membrane cellulaire, ce qui compromet la perméabilité de la cellule et induit une fuite de son contenu. D'autres complexes biomoléculaires à l'intérieur de la cellule bactérienne peuvent aussi se dissocier. Les enzymes, qui contrôlent les activités respiratoires et métaboliques de la cellule, sont particulièrement susceptibles d'être désactivées. Les solutions de chlorure de benzalkonium sont des agents bactéricides à action rapide et de durée modérément longue. Ils sont actifs contre certains protozoaires, virus, bactéries et fungi. Les spores des bactéries sont considérées comme résistantes. Les bactéries à Gram positif sont généralement plus sensibles que les Gram négatif. L'activité n'est pas grandement influencée par le pH, mais augmente aux températures élevées et avec la durée d'exposition. De nouvelles formulations utilisant du benzalkonium mélangé à d'autres ammoniums quaternaires peuvent être utilisées pour étendre le spectre biocide et augmenter l'efficacité du désinfectant. Cette technique a été utilisée pour améliorer l'activité virucide. L'utilisation d'excipients appropriés peut améliorer l'efficacité et les propriétés détergentes, et éviter la désactivation lors de l'utilisation. La formulation requiert beaucoup de soin car les solutions de benzalkonium peuvent être désactivées en présence de contaminants organiques et inorganiques. Les solutions sont incompatibles avec les savons, les nitrates1 et ne doivent pas être mélangées avec des surfactants anioniques. Les sels des eaux dures peuvent aussi réduire l'activité biocide. Comme pour tous les désinfectants, il est recommandé de traiter des surfaces sans saletés visibles. Bien que des niveaux dangereux ne puissent être atteints dans les conditions d'utilisation normale, le benzalkonium et les autres détergents peuvent être néfastes aux organismes marins. Les désinfectants à base d'ammoniums quaternaires sont actifs à faible concentration, si bien que des doses excessives devraient être évitées. Le chlorure de benzalkonium a aussi une activité spermicide.Solubilité Très soluble dans l'eau, l'alcool, l'acétone ; Presque insoluble dans l'éther ; 1g d'anhydre dans 6ml de benzène, 100ml d'éther1 This substance is identified by SDA Substance Name: C12-C18 alkyl benzyl dimethyl ammonium chloride...Alkil (C12-18) chlorku dimetylobenzyloamonu (ADBAC (C12-18)) (pl) Alkil (C12-18) dimetilbenzil amonijev klorid (ADBAC (C12-18) (hr) Alkil (C12-18) dimetilbenzil amonio chloridas (ADBAC (C12-18)) (lt) Alkil (C12-18) dimetilbenzilamonija hlorīds (ADBAC (C12-18)) (lv) Alkil (C12–16) dimetil-benzil-ammónium-klorid (ADBAC [C12–18]) (hu) Alkil (C12–18) dimetilbenzil amonijev klorid (ADBAC (C12–18)) (sl) Alkyl (C12-18) dimethylbenzyl ammonium chloride (ADBAC (C12-18)) (mt) alkyl(C12-18)benzyldimetylamónium-chlorid [ADBAC (C12-18)] (sk) alkyl(C12-18)dimethylbenzylammoniumchlorid (ADBAC (C12-18)) (cs) Alkyl(C12-18)dimethylbenzylammoniumchloride (ADBAC (C12-18)) (nl) Alkyl(C12-18)dimetylbensylammoniumklorid (ADBAC (C12-18)) (sv) Alkyyli-(C12-18)-dimetyylibentsyyliammoniumkloridi (ADBAC(C12-18)) (fi) C12–18-alküüldimetüülbensüülammooniumkloriid (ADBAC (C12–18)) (et) Chlorure d'alkyl(C12-C18)diméthylbenzylammonium [ADBAC (C12-18)] (fr) Cloreto de alquil(C12-18)dimetilbenzilamónio (ADBAC C12-18) (pt) Cloruro de C12-18-alquildimetilbencilamonio (ADBAC (C12-18)) (es) Clorură de alchil (C12-18) dimetilbenzil amoniu [ADBAC (C12-18)] (ro) Composti di ammonio quaternario, benzil- C12-18 -alchildimetil, cloruri (ADBAC (C12-18) (it) Χλωριούχο αλκυλο(C12-18)διμεθυλοβενζυλαμμώνιο (ADBAC (C12-18)) (el) Алкил(C12-18)диметилбензиламониев хлорид (ADBAC (C12-18)) (bg) ALKYL DIMETHYL BENZYL AMMONIUM CHLORIDE Alkyldimethylbenzyl ammonium chloride Benzalkonium Chloride benzyl-dimethyl-tetradecylazanium chloride C12-C18 alkyl benzyl dimethyl ammonium chloride N-benzyl-N,N-dimethyl-C12-18-(evennumbered)-alkyl-1-aminium chloride N-benzyl-N,N-dimethyltetradecan-1-aminium chloride

Formule moléculaire brute : H4ClN; Noms français :Ammonium, chlorure d'; Chlorure d'ammonium. Noms anglais :Ammonium chloride; Ammonium chloride fume; AMMONIUM MURIATE, Utilisation . : AMMONIUM CHLORIDE, N° CAS : 12125-02-9, Chlorure d'ammonium, Nom INCI : AMMONIUM CHLORIDE, Nom chimique : Ammonium chloride, N° EINECS/ELINCS : 235-186-4. Additif alimentaire : E510i Ses fonctions (INCI): Régulateur de pH : Stabilise le pH des cosmétiques, Agent masquant : Réduit ou inhibe l'odeur ou le goût de base du produit, Agent de contrôle de la viscosité : Augmente ou diminue la viscosité des cosmétiques. 12125-02-9 [RN]; 235-186-4 [EINECS]; Ammoniac, Sal; Ammonii Chloridum [Latin]; Ammonium Chloratum [Latin]; Ammonium chloride [JAN] [USAN] [USP] ; Ammoniumchlorid [German] ; Ammoniumklorid [German]; Chlorid amonny [Czech]; Chloride, Ammonium; Chlorure d'ammonium [French] ; Amchlor; Ammon Chlor; Ammonchlor; Ammoneric; Ammonii Chloridum; Ammonium Chloratum; Ammonium chloride, biochemical grade; Ammonium chloride-β solid Ammonium muriate; Ammonium-14N chloride; ammoniumchloride; Ammoniumklorid; azanium chloride; Chlorammonic; Chloramon; Cloruro de Amonio; Conclyte-A; Conclyte-A (TN); D000643; Darammon; Gen-Diur (Spain); MFCD00011420 [MDL number]; Quaternary Ammonium Chloride; SAL AMMONIA; Sal ammoniac fume; Salammonite; Salmiac; Salmiac235-186-4MFCD00011420; 氯化铵 [Chinese]

BEHENTRIMONIUM CHLORIDE, N° CAS : 17301-53-0 - Chlorure de behentrimonium,Autres langues : Behentrimoniumchlorid, Cloruro de behentrimonio, Cloruro di Behentrimonium; Nom INCI : BEHENTRIMONIUM CHLORIDE, Nom chimique : Docosyltrimethylammonium chloride, N° EINECS/ELINCS : 241-327-0, Classification : Ammonium quaternaire, Règlementé, Conservateur. Le Behentrimonium Chloride est un ammonium quaternaire principalement utilisé en cosmétique en tant que qu'agent anti-statique ou conditionneur capillaire. Il est employé pour ses raisons principalement dans les soins capillaires. Ses fonctions (INCI): Antistatique : Réduit l'électricité statique en neutralisant la charge électrique sur une surface, Conditionneur capillaire : Laisse les cheveux faciles à coiffer, souples, doux et brillants et / ou confèrent volume, légèreté et brillance, Conservateur : Inhibe le développement des micro-organismes dans les produits cosmétiques.Le chlorure de béhentrimonium, également connu sous le nom de chlorure de docosyltriméthylammonium ou BTAC-228, est un composé organique jaune semblable à de la cire de formule chimique CH₃ (CH₂) ₂₁N (CH₃) ₃, utilisé comme agent antistatique et, parfois, comme désinfectant17301-53-0 . 1-Docosanaminium, N,N,N-trimethyl-, chloride; 1-Docosanaminium, N,N,N-trimethyl-, chloride (1:1); Behentrimonium chloride; C22-alkyltrimethylammonium chloride; Docosyltrimethylammonium chloride;N,N,N-Trimethyl-1-docosanaminium chloride; docosyl(trimethyl)azanium;chloride; docosyltrimethylazanium chloride; N,N,N-trimethyldocosan-1-aminium chloride; 1-Docosanaminium, N,N,N-trimethyl-, chloride (1:1) ; 241-327-0 [EINECS]; Behentrimonium chloride; Chlorure de N,N,N-triméthyl-1-docosanaminium [French] ; N,N,N-Trimethyl-1-docosanaminium chloride ; N,N,N-Trimethyl-1-docosanaminiumchlorid; N,N,N-Trimethyldocosan-1-aminium chloride [17301-53-0] 1-Docosanaminium, N,N,N-trimethyl-, chloride BEHENYL TRIMETHYL AMMONIUM CHLORIDE behenyl-trimethyl-ammonium chloride docosyl(trimethyl)azanium and chloride docosyl(trimethyl)azanium;chloride docosyltrimethylammonium chloride docosyl-trimethylammonium chloride docosyl-trimethyl-ammonium chloride docosyltrimethylammoniumchloride docosyl-trimethylazanium chloride docosyl-trimethyl-azanium chloride DOCOSYLTRIMETHYLAZANIUM CHLORIDE EINECS 241-327-0 MFCD09744670 [MDL number] 山崳基三甲基氯化銨 [Chinese]. Behentrimonium chloride, also known as docosyltrimethylammonium chloride or BTAC-228, is a yellow waxlike organic compound with chemical formula CH3(CH2)21N(Cl)(CH3)3, used as an antistatic agent and, sometimes, a disinfectant. It is commonly found in cosmetics such as conditioners, hair dye, and mousse, and also in detergents.

CALCIUM CHLORIDE, N° CAS : 10043-52-4 - Chlorure de calcium, Nom INCI : CALCIUM CHLORIDE, Nom chimique : Calcium chloride, N° EINECS/ELINCS : 233-140-8 Additif alimentaire : E509, Astringent : Permet de resserrer les pores de la peau, Agent de contrôle de la viscosité : Augmente ou diminue la viscosité des cosmétiques. Noms français :CALCIUM, DICHLORURE DE; Chlorure de calcium, CHLORURE DE CALCIUM ANHYDRE; DICHLORURE DE CALCIUM. Noms anglais : Calcium chloride; CALCIUM CHLORIDE ANHYDROUS; CALCIUM DICHLORIDE. Utilisation: Agent de déshydratation

CETRIMONIUM CHLORIDE; N° CAS : 112-02-7 - Chlorure de cétrimonium, Origine(s) : Synthétique, Autres langues : Cetrimoniumchlorid, Cloruri di cetrimonium, Cloruros de cetrimonio, Nom INCI : CETRIMONIUM CHLORIDE; 1-HEXADECANAMINIUM, N,N,N-TRIMETHYL-, CHLORIDE; CETYLTRIMETHYLAMMONIUM CHLORIDE; CHLORURE DE CETRIMONIUM; CHLORURE DE CETYLTRIMETHYLAMMONIUM; CHLORURE DE N,N,N-TRIMETHYL HEXADECANAMINIUM-1; N-HEXADECYLTRIMETHYLAMMONIUM CHLORIDE; PALMITYLTRIMETHYLAMMONIUM CHLORIDE; TRIMETHYLHEXADECYLAMMONIUM CHLORIDE; Nom chimique : 1-Hexadecanaminium, N,N,N-trimethyl-, chloride, N° EINECS/ELINCS : 203-928-6, Classification : Ammonium quaternaire, Règlementé, Conservateur, Tensioactif cationique. Le chlorure de cétrimonium est un ammonium quaternaire utilisé en cosmétique pour ses propriétés antistatiques. Comme c'est un tensioactif cationique, il permet de disperser l'eau et l'huile, et ainsi de favoriser des consistances douces et agréables. Cet ingrédient est souvent utilisé dans les soins capillaires en lieu et place (ou parfois avec) des silicones. Il peut aussi être utilisé en tant que conservateur.Antimicrobien : Aide à ralentir la croissance de micro-organismes sur la peau et s'oppose au développement des microbes Antistatique : Réduit l'électricité statique en neutralisant la charge électrique sur une surface Agent émulsifiant : Favorise la formation de mélanges intimes entre des liquides non miscibles en modifiant la tension interfaciale (eau et huile) Conservateur : Inhibe le développement des micro-organismes dans les produits cosmétiques. Tensioactif : Réduit la tension superficielle des cosmétiques et contribue à la répartition uniforme du produit lors de son utilisation. Noms français : Utilisation: Fabrication de fongicides et de cosmétiques. C16-alkyltrimethylammonium chloride Cetrimonium chloride Trimethylhexadecylammonium chloride 1-Hexadecanaminium, N,N,N-trimethyl-, chloride (1:1) 1-Hexadecanaminium, N,N,N-trimethyl-, chloride Cetrimoniumchlorid hexadecyl(trimethyl)azanium Hexadecyl(trimethyl)azanium chloride hexadecyl(trimethyl)azanium;chloride hexadecyl-trimethylammonium chloride Hexadecyltrimethylammonium Chloride hexadecyltrimethylazanium chloride N,N,N-Trimethyl-1-hexadecanaminium chloride N,N,N-trimethylhexadecan-1-aminium chloride N-Hexadecyl-N,N,N-trimethylammoniumchlorid

MAGNESIUM CHLORIDE, N° CAS : 7786-30-3 - Chlorure de magnésium, Origine(s) : Synthétique, Minérale. Autres langues : Cloruro de magnesio, Cloruro di magnesio, Magnesiumchlorid, Nom INCI : MAGNESIUM CHLORIDE. Nom chimique : Magnesium chloride. N° EINECS/ELINCS : 232-094-6. Additif alimentaire : E511. Compatible Bio (Référentiel COSMOS). Ses fonctions (INCI) : Agent de contrôle de la viscosité : Augmente ou diminue la viscosité des cosmétiques

DICHLOROMETHANE, N° CAS : 75-09-2 - Chlorure de méthylène, Nom INCI : DICHLOROMETHANE, Nom chimique : Dichloromethane, N° EINECS/ELINCS : 200-838-9, Ses fonctions (INCI):Solvant : Dissout d'autres substances. Noms français : Chlorure de méthylène; Dichlorométhane; Methylene bichloride; Methylene dichloride. Noms anglais : Dichloromethane; Methylene chloride Le chlorure de méthylène de qualité commerciale contient généralement un stabilisant pour le protéger des effets de l'air et de l'humidité. Les stabilisants les plus courants et leurs concentrations sont : l'éthanol, (0,1 à 0,2 %), le méthanol (0,1 à 0,2 %), le cyclohexane (0,01 à 0,03 %) et l'amylène (0,001 à 0,01 %). D'autres stabilisants peuvent aussi être utilisés, dont des composés phénoliques, des amines, des nitroalcanes, des éthers aliphatiques ou cycliques. Dans les domaines alimentaire et pharmaceutique, le chlorure de méthylène utilisé comme solvant d'extraction, est de qualité technique, pur à plus de 99,99 %. Utilisation: Le chlorure de méthylène est utilisé comme : décapant à peinture et vernis décapant pour résines photorésistantes solvant de dégraissage composant d'aérosols et de colles agent d'expansion de mousses polyuréthanes solvant de procédé pour les films et fibres cellulosiques agent d'extraction dans les industries alimentaires et pharmaceutiques intermédiaire de synthèse dans la fabrication d'hydrofluorocarbones.

STANNOUS CHLORIDE N° CAS : 7772-99-8 - Chlorure d'étain Nom INCI : STANNOUS CHLORIDE Nom chimique : Tin dichloride N° EINECS/ELINCS : 231-868-0 Additif alimentaire : E512 Ses fonctions (INCI) Agent réducteur : Modifie la nature chimique d'une autre substance en ajoutant de l'hydrogène ou en éliminant l'oxygène

Benzalkonium bromide; Alkyl Dimethyl Benzyl Ammonium Bromide; BENZALKONIUM BROMIDE, N° CAS : 91080-29-4 - Chlorure, bromure et saccharinate de benzalkonium. Nom INCI :BENZALKONIUM BROMIDE. N° EINECS/ELINCS : 293-522-5. Classification : Ammonium quaternaire, Règlementé, Conservateur. Antimicrobien : Aide à ralentir la croissance de micro-organismes sur la peau et s'oppose au développement des microbes. Antistatique : Réduit l'électricité statique en neutralisant la charge électrique sur une surface. Déodorant : Réduit ou masque les odeurs corporelles désagréables. Conservateur : Inhibe le développement des micro-organismes dans les produits cosmétiques.Tensioactif : Réduit la tension superficielle des cosmétiques et contribue à la répartition uniforme du produit lors de son utilisation. 222-556-5 [EINECS]; 3529-04-2 [RN] Benzenemethanaminium, N-hexadecyl-N,N-dimethyl-, bromide Bromure de N-benzyl-N,N-diméthyl-1-hexadécanaminium [French] CETALKONIUM BROMIDE Cetylbenzyldimethylammonium bromide N-Benzyl-N,N-dimethyl-1-hexadecanaminium bromide N-Benzyl-N,N-dimethyl-1-hexadecanaminiumbromid [German] n-benzyl-n,n-dimethylhexadecan-1-aminium bromide Benzalkonium bromide benzyl(hexadecyl)dimethylammonium bromide BENZYL(HEXADECYL)DIMETHYLAZANIUM BROMIDE benzyl-cetyl-dimethyl-ammonium bromide benzyl-hexadecyl-dimethylammonium bromide benzyl-hexadecyl-dimethyl-ammonium bromide benzyl-hexadecyl-dimethylazanium and bromide benzyl-hexadecyl-dimethylazanium bromide Cethylbenzyldimethylammonium bromide CETYLBENZYLDIMETHYL AMMONIUM BROMIDE CETYLBENZYLDIMETHYLAMMONIUMBROMIDE EINECS 222-556-5 hexadecyl-dimethyl-(phenylmethyl)azanium bromide hexadecyldimethylbenzyl ammonium bromide hexadecyldimethylbenzylamine, bromide

CHOLESTEROL, N° CAS : 57-88-5, Nom INCI : CHOLESTEROL, Nom chimique : Cholest-5-en-3-ol (beta)-, N° EINECS/ELINCS : 200-353-2, Emollient : Adoucit et assouplit la peau, Agent émulsifiant : Favorise la formation de mélanges intimes entre des liquides non miscibles en modifiant la tension interfaciale (eau et huile), Agent d'entretien de la peau : Maintient la peau en bon état, Agent stabilisant : Améliore les ingrédients ou la stabilité de la formulation et la durée de conservation, Agent de contrôle de la viscosité : Augmente ou diminue la viscosité des cosmétiques

Cholecalciferol; 9,10-Seco(5Z,7E)-5,7,10(19)-cholestatrien-3-ol; Cholecalciferolum Colecalciferol Colecalciferolo Colecalciferolum Colecalcipherol 9,10-Seco(5Z,7E)-5,7,10(19)-cholestatrien-3-ol 9,10-Secocholesta-5,7,10(19)-trien-3-beta-ol Activated 7-dehydrocholesterol Arachitol Vitamin D3 cas no: 67-97-0

CHOLESTERYL CHLORIDE, N° CAS : 910-31-6, Nom INCI : CHOLESTERYL CHLORIDE,Nom chimique : 3-.beta.-Chlorocholest-5-ene, N° EINECS/ELINCS : 213-004-4, Ses fonctions (INCI), Agent d'entretien de la peau : Maintient la peau en bon état

CHOLESTERYL DICHLOROBENZOATE, N° CAS : 32832-01-2, Nom INCI : CHOLESTERYL DICHLOROBENZOATE, Nom chimique : Cholest-5-en-3.beta.-yl 2,4-dichlorobenzoate, N° EINECS/ELINCS : 251-248-3, Ses fonctions (INCI): Agent d'entretien de la peau : Maintient la peau en bon état

CHOLETH-10, N° CAS : 27321-96-6, Nom INCI : CHOLETH-10, Classification : Composé éthoxylé, Ses fonctions (INCI), Agent émulsifiant : Favorise la formation de mélanges intimes entre des liquides non miscibles en modifiant la tension interfaciale (eau et huile), Tensioactif : Réduit la tension superficielle des cosmétiques et contribue à la répartition uniforme du produit lors de son utilisation

CHOLETH-15, N° CAS : 27321-96-6, Nom INCI : CHOLETH-15, Classification : Composé éthoxylé, Ses fonctions (INCI). Agent émulsifiant : Favorise la formation de mélanges intimes entre des liquides non miscibles en modifiant la tension interfaciale (eau et huile). Tensioactif : Réduit la tension superficielle des cosmétiques et contribue à la répartition uniforme du produit lors de son utilisation

CHOLETH-24, N° CAS : 27321-96-6, Nom INCI : CHOLETH-24, Classification : Composé éthoxylé, Ses fonctions (INCI): Agent émulsifiant : Favorise la formation de mélanges intimes entre des liquides non miscibles en modifiant la tension interfaciale (eau et huile). Tensioactif : Réduit la tension superficielle des cosmétiques et contribue à la répartition uniforme du produit lors de son utilisation

(2-Hydroxyethyl)trimethylammonium chloride; Hepacholine; Biocolina; lipotril; Choline hydrochloride; Cholinium chloride; (2-Hydroxyethyl)trimethylammonium chloride; Choline hydrochloride; 2-Hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethylethanaminium Chloride; Chloride De Choline (French); Biocolina; N,N,N-Trimethyl-2-hydroxyethylammonium Chloride; 2-Hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethylethanaminium, Chloride CAS NO: 67-48-1

Choline chloride is an essential nutrient that plays a vital role in various physiological processes.
Choline chloride is classified as a water-soluble vitamin-like substance and is crucial for proper cell membrane structure and function.
Choline chloride is involved in neurotransmitter synthesis, particularly acetylcholine, which is important for muscle control and memory.

CAS Number: 67-48-1
EC Number: 200-655-4

Synonyms: Choline hydrochloride, Vitamin B4, Hepacholine, 2-Hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethylethanaminium chloride, Choline chloride, Choline hydroxide, Choline chloride hydroxide, Hydroxyethyl(trimethyl)ammonium chloride, 2-Hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethylethanaminium chloride



APPLICATIONS


Choline chloride is widely used as a dietary supplement to support liver health and overall well-being in humans.
Choline chloride is a key ingredient in animal feed formulations to promote growth, improve feed efficiency, and prevent fatty liver syndrome in poultry and livestock.

Choline chloride is utilized in the production of pharmaceuticals, especially in formulations targeting liver disorders and neurological conditions.
Choline chloride is added to infant formulas to support brain development and nervous system function in infants.
Choline chloride serves as a precursor in the synthesis of acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter essential for muscle control, memory, and cognitive function.

In the cosmetic industry, choline chloride is used in skincare formulations for its moisturizing and conditioning properties.
Choline chloride is incorporated into dietary supplements aimed at enhancing cognitive function and memory in adults.

Choline chloride plays a role in the synthesis of phospholipids, which are essential components of cell membranes.
Choline chloride is used in the manufacturing of detergents and cleaning agents due to its surfactant properties.

Choline chloride is applied in the textile industry as a dyeing assistant and softening agent for fabrics.
Choline chloride is utilized in the production of corrosion inhibitors to protect metal surfaces from degradation.
In agricultural practices, choline chloride is sprayed on crops to enhance yield and stress tolerance.

Choline chloride acts as a stabilizer in photographic chemicals and solutions used in developing images.
Choline chloride is used in the production of vitamin B-complex supplements due to its synergistic effects with other B vitamins.

Choline chloride serves as a nutrient source in aquaculture feeds to improve growth and immune response in fish and shrimp.
Choline chloride is employed in the formulation of dietary supplements for pets to support their overall health and vitality.

Choline chloride is added to animal drinking water to prevent dehydration and maintain electrolyte balance.
Choline chloride is used in the manufacturing of adhesives and sealants to improve bonding properties.
In the pharmaceutical industry, choline chloride is incorporated into injectable solutions and parenteral nutrition formulations.
Choline chloride is used in the production of herbicides and pesticides to enhance effectiveness and stability.

Choline chloride is employed in the production of food additives and flavor enhancers for the food industry.
Choline chloride is used in the synthesis of biodegradable polymers and materials for sustainable packaging solutions.

Choline chloride acts as a preservative and stabilizer in food products to extend shelf life and maintain quality.
Choline chloride is utilized in the production of dietary supplements for athletes and fitness enthusiasts to support muscle function and recovery.
Choline chloride is essential in veterinary medicine for the prevention and treatment of liver diseases and metabolic disorders in animals.

Choline chloride is used in the pharmaceutical industry to formulate medications for treating neurological disorders such as Alzheimer's disease.
Choline chloride plays a role in the synthesis of acetylcholine, which is essential for nerve impulse transmission and muscle contraction.

Choline chloride is added to dietary supplements for pregnant women to support fetal brain development and prevent neural tube defects.
In the food industry, it is used as a food additive to enhance flavor and preserve food products.
Choline chloride is incorporated into skincare products for its moisturizing and skin conditioning properties.

Choline chloride serves as a stabilizer in the formulation of vitamin and mineral supplements to maintain potency and shelf life.
Choline chloride is used in the production of feed additives for companion animals such as dogs and cats to support overall health.

Choline chloride is essential for the synthesis of phosphatidylcholine, a major component of cell membranes.
Choline chloride is employed in the formulation of electrolyte solutions for hydration therapy in medical settings.
Choline chloride acts as a precursor in the synthesis of betaine, which helps regulate homocysteine levels and supports cardiovascular health.

Choline chloride is utilized in the synthesis of betaine anhydrous, which has applications in sports nutrition and performance supplements.
Choline chloride is added to industrial coatings and paints to enhance adhesion and durability.

Choline chloride serves as a nutrient source in hydroponic farming systems to promote plant growth and development.
Choline chloride is used in the production of dietary supplements targeting liver detoxification and support.

Choline chloride is employed in the formulation of veterinary vaccines to enhance immune response and efficacy.
Choline chloride acts as a precursor in the synthesis of acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter involved in cognitive function and memory.

Choline chloride is used in the formulation of nutritional beverages and energy drinks for its health-promoting properties.
Choline chloride is added to poultry feed to improve meat quality and reduce carcass fat deposition.
Choline chloride serves as a stabilizer in the formulation of enzyme preparations used in industrial processes.

Choline chloride is utilized in the synthesis of methyl donors, which play a role in DNA methylation and gene expression.
Choline chloride is employed in the production of dietary supplements for seniors to support cognitive health and memory.

Choline chloride is used in the formulation of hair care products to improve hair texture and manageability.
Choline chloride is utilized in the production of pharmaceutical excipients and binders for tablet formulations.

Choline chloride is added to pet food formulations to support digestive health and nutrient absorption in animals.
Choline chloride serves as a precursor in the synthesis of acetylcholine, which plays a crucial role in neuromuscular function and cognitive processes.

Choline chloride is actively transported across cell membranes and is necessary for the synthesis of phospholipids.
Choline chloride is used in veterinary medicine to prevent and treat fatty liver disease in animals.

Choline chloride supplementation is recommended during pregnancy to support fetal brain and nervous system development.
Choline chloride has been studied for its potential role in reducing the risk of neural tube defects in infants.
Choline chloride is an odorless, white crystalline powder with a mild taste.

In the body, it is converted into betaine, which helps regulate homocysteine levels and supports cardiovascular health.
Choline chloride has antioxidant properties, helping to protect cells from oxidative stress and damage.

Choline chloride participates in the methylation cycle, influencing gene expression and cellular function.
Choline chloride is essential for the production of acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter involved in muscle control and cognitive function.
Choline chloride continues to be researched for its potential benefits in liver health, cognitive function, and overall well-being.



DESCRIPTION


Choline chloride is an essential nutrient that plays a vital role in various physiological processes.
Choline chloride is classified as a water-soluble vitamin-like substance and is crucial for proper cell membrane structure and function.

Choline chloride is involved in neurotransmitter synthesis, particularly acetylcholine, which is important for muscle control and memory.
Choline chloride is a quaternary ammonium salt, consisting of a choline cation and a chloride anion.
Choline chloride is commonly used in the formulation of dietary supplements and animal feed additives to promote growth and health.

Choline chloride is found naturally in foods such as eggs, meat, fish, and certain vegetables, albeit typically in small amounts.
Choline chloride is hygroscopic, meaning it readily absorbs moisture from the environment.

In industrial applications, it serves as a precursor in the production of choline derivatives used in pharmaceuticals and personal care products.
Choline chloride is often included in prenatal vitamins due to its importance in fetal brain development.
Choline chloride deficiency can lead to liver dysfunction, muscle damage, and neurological disorders.

Choline chloride is recognized for its role in lipid metabolism, aiding in the transport and metabolism of fats in the body.
Choline chloride is stable under normal storage conditions but should be protected from excessive heat and light.

As a dietary supplement, it is available in various forms including tablets, capsules, and powders.
Choline chloride is crucial for maintaining healthy cell membranes, which are essential for proper cellular function.
Choline chloride is sometimes referred to as vitamin B4, although it is not classified as a vitamin in the strict sense.



PROPERTIES


Physical Properties:

Molecular Formula: (CH3)3NCH2CH2OHCl
Molecular Weight: Approximately 139.63 g/mol
Appearance: White crystalline powder or granules
Odor: Odorless
Taste: Mild, slightly salty
Solubility in Water: Highly soluble
Density: 1.15 g/cm³ (at 25°C)
Melting Point: 302-305°C (decomposes)
Boiling Point: Decomposes before boiling
Hygroscopicity: Hygroscopic (absorbs moisture from the air)
pH: Neutral (around 7 in aqueous solution)
Vapor Pressure: Negligible


Chemical Properties:

Chemical Structure: Choline chloride is a quaternary ammonium salt consisting of a choline cation and a chloride anion.
Hydrophilicity: Highly hydrophilic due to the presence of hydroxyl and ammonium groups.
Stability: Stable under normal storage conditions but decomposes at high temperatures.
Reactivity:
Choline chloride is a hygroscopic compound, reacting with water to form a clear solution.
It is compatible with most acids and bases but should be protected from strong oxidizing agents.
Flammability: Non-flammable
Corrosivity: Non-corrosive to metals under normal conditions
Autoignition Temperature: Not applicable (decomposes before ignition)



FIRST AID


Inhalation:

Symptoms:
Inhalation of Choline chloride dust or vapors may cause respiratory irritation, coughing, and throat discomfort.

Immediate Actions:
Remove the affected person from the exposure area to fresh air immediately, ensuring they can breathe freely.
If breathing is difficult, provide oxygen if available.
Assist ventilation if necessary.
Keep the person calm and in a comfortable position.

Medical Attention:
Seek immediate medical attention if symptoms persist or worsen.
Provide the SDS or chemical name to medical personnel for proper treatment guidance.
Monitor the person for signs of respiratory distress.


Skin Contact:

Symptoms:
Choline chloride may cause skin irritation, redness, and dryness upon prolonged contact.

Immediate Actions:
Remove contaminated clothing and jewelry immediately.
Wash the affected area thoroughly with soap and water for at least 15 minutes, ensuring all chemical residue is removed.
If irritation persists or there are signs of burns, seek medical attention promptly.

Medical Attention:
Consult a physician if skin irritation or burns occur.
Provide the SDS or chemical name to medical personnel for appropriate treatment.


Eye Contact:

Symptoms:
Eye exposure to Choline chloride can cause irritation, redness, and discomfort.

Immediate Actions:
Immediately rinse eyes with gently flowing water for at least 15 minutes, holding eyelids open to ensure thorough flushing.
Remove contact lenses, if present and easily removable, during rinsing.
Seek medical attention immediately after rinsing.

Medical Attention:
Contact an eye specialist or ophthalmologist promptly.
Provide the SDS or chemical name to medical personnel for proper evaluation and treatment.


Ingestion:

Symptoms:
Ingestion of Choline chloride may cause gastrointestinal irritation, nausea, vomiting, and abdominal discomfort.

Immediate Actions:
Do not induce vomiting unless instructed by medical personnel.
Rinse out the mouth with water if the person is conscious and able to swallow.
Seek immediate medical attention.

Medical Attention:
Contact a poison control center or healthcare provider immediately.
Provide the SDS or chemical name to medical personnel for appropriate treatment guidance.



HANDLING AND STORAGE


Handling:

General Handling Precautions:
Handle Choline chloride in a well-ventilated area to minimize inhalation exposure.
Wear appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE), including chemical-resistant gloves, safety goggles, and a lab coat.
Avoid skin and eye contact by using barrier creams and eye protection.
Do not eat, drink, or smoke while handling Choline chloride.

Handling Practices:
Use tools and equipment that are designed for chemical handling and are resistant to the substance.
Ensure containers are tightly sealed when not in use to prevent moisture absorption.
Minimize dust generation and airborne exposure by handling the substance carefully.
Clean up spills promptly and safely using absorbent materials, and dispose of waste in accordance with local regulations.

Safe Work Practices:
Follow established procedures for the safe handling, transfer, and disposal of Choline chloride.
Conduct regular training sessions for personnel on safe handling practices and emergency procedures.
Keep emergency eyewash stations and safety showers readily accessible in case of accidental exposure.
Store incompatible materials separately to prevent potential reactions.

Emergency Procedures:
Be familiar with emergency response procedures in case of spills, leaks, or exposure incidents.
Have spill kits and absorbent materials readily available for quick response.
Evacuate the area if necessary and alert appropriate personnel in case of a large spill or release.

Specific Handling Guidance:
Avoid mixing Choline chloride with strong acids, bases, or oxidizing agents, as it may react and release hazardous gases or heat.
Use caution when handling large quantities or during bulk transfer operations to minimize exposure risks.


Storage:

Storage Conditions:
Store Choline chloride in a cool, dry, well-ventilated area away from direct sunlight and heat sources.
Keep containers tightly closed and upright to prevent moisture absorption and contamination.
Ensure storage areas are equipped with secondary containment measures to contain spills.

Temperature and Humidity:
Maintain storage temperature between 15°C to 25°C (59°F to 77°F) to prevent degradation and ensure product stability.
Avoid storing Choline chloride in areas prone to temperature fluctuations or extreme heat.

Container Requirements:
Use original containers made of compatible materials such as high-density polyethylene (HDPE) or glass.
Ensure containers are labeled with the chemical name, hazards, and handling instructions.
Inspect containers regularly for signs of damage or deterioration, and replace as needed.

Security and Accessibility:
Restrict access to storage areas to authorized personnel only.
Implement inventory management practices, such as first-in, first-out (FIFO), to ensure older stock is used first.
Keep emergency contact numbers and relevant safety data sheets (SDS) readily accessible.

Regulatory Compliance:
Store and handle Choline chloride in accordance with local, state, and federal regulations.
Ensure compliance with occupational health and safety guidelines and environmental regulations.
Maintain records of storage conditions, handling practices, and safety inspections for regulatory purposes.

Choline chloride is a quaternary ammonium salt with the chemical formula (CH₃)₃NCH₂CH₂OHCl.
Choline chloride is a salt that consists of choline cation and chloride anion.
Choline chloride is a water-soluble salt, and it is often used as a supplement in animal feed, as a precursor to the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, and in various industrial applications.

CAS Number: 67-48-1
EC Number: 200-655-4

Choline chloride, 2-Hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethylethanaminium chloride, Trimethylethanolamine hydrochloride, (2-Hydroxyethyl)trimethylammonium chloride, (Trimethylammonio)acetate chloride, 2-Hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethylethylammonium chloride, Choline chloride hydrochloride, Choline chlorohydrate, Ethanolamine, 2,2',2''-nitrilotris-, chloride, Ethanolamine, 2,2',2''-nitrilotris-, hydrochloride, Choline chloride monohydrochloride, Trimethylethanolammonium chloride, Choline hydrochloride



APPLICATIONS


Choline chloride is extensively used in the agriculture industry as a feed additive to enhance the health and performance of livestock, particularly poultry and swine.
In animal nutrition, Choline chloride helps prevent and treat conditions like fatty liver syndrome in poultry, promoting overall metabolic function.
Choline chloride is a key ingredient in dietary supplements, contributing to the synthesis of phospholipids crucial for cell membrane structure.
Its role as a precursor to acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter, makes choline chloride vital for proper nerve function in both humans and animals.

The pharmaceutical industry utilizes choline chloride in the synthesis of certain drugs and pharmaceutical compounds.
Choline chloride is involved in lipid metabolism, aiding in the utilization and breakdown of fats in the body.
Choline chloride plays a crucial role in fetal development, contributing to neural tube formation in embryos.

Choline chloride is a methyl donor, participating in various biochemical reactions, particularly in the synthesis of DNA and proteins.
As a stable and soluble compound, Choline chloride is used in the creation of chemicals, surfactants, and corrosion inhibitors.

In the cosmetic and personal care industry, choline chloride is employed in formulations for its stabilizing and conditioning properties.
Choline chloride is utilized in the creation of certain medications to support liver function and neurological health.
Choline chloride is an essential component in the production of diagnostic imaging agents for medical purposes.
In the textile industry, it is used as a dyeing auxiliary to improve color fixation and enhance dye absorption.

Choline chloride finds applications in the creation of certain cleaning products, contributing to their effectiveness.
Choline chloride is used in the manufacturing of photographic developers and fixers in the photography industry.

Its water-solubility makes it valuable in the formulation of liquid dietary supplements and health drinks.
Choline chloride is employed in the creation of flame-retardant additives in the textile and polymer industries.
Choline chloride is utilized as a stabilizer and additive in the creation of drilling fluids in the oil and gas industry.
Choline chloride contributes to the creation of certain types of ink, enhancing print quality and viscosity.

In the leather industry, it is used in tanning processes to improve the dispersion of tanning agents.
Choline chloride is involved in the creation of certain adhesives and sealants, contributing to their properties.
Choline chloride is utilized in the production of certain detergents and cleaning agents for its stabilizing effects.

Choline chloride is incorporated into the formulation of biodegradable films and packaging materials.
Choline chloride plays a role in the creation of certain types of artificial snow used for theatrical and decorative purposes.
In the creation of ceramic glazes, choline chloride is employed to control rheological properties in the pottery and ceramics industry.

Choline chloride is utilized in the creation of dietary supplements and nutritional products to support cognitive health and overall well-being.
The compound is included in infant formulas to ensure adequate choline intake for proper brain development in newborns.

In the production of animal feed, choline chloride serves as an essential nutrient to enhance growth rates and reproductive performance.
It is a common additive in pet food formulations to provide essential nutrients for the health of dogs and cats.

Choline chloride is employed in the creation of oral care products, contributing to the formulation of toothpaste and mouthwash.
The cosmetic industry incorporates choline chloride in skincare formulations for its skin-conditioning properties.
In the creation of pharmaceuticals, choline chloride can be used in the synthesis of various medications, including anticholinergic drugs.

Choline chloride is a key component in the development of contrast agents for medical imaging procedures.
Choline chloride finds application in the creation of dietary supplements for athletes and individuals with increased metabolic demands.
Choline chloride is utilized in the production of choline-based fertilizers, promoting plant growth and development.
Choline chloride is included in the formulation of hair care products for its conditioning and anti-static properties.

Choline chloride plays a role in the creation of certain types of inks used in the printing industry, ensuring stable and high-quality prints.
Choline chloride is employed in the synthesis of specialty chemicals used in research and industrial processes.
In the creation of dietary and sports nutrition supplements, choline chloride supports energy metabolism and muscle function.

Choline chloride is used in the production of dietary supplements targeting liver health and detoxification.
Choline chloride is involved in the formulation of dietary products designed to support cardiovascular health.
Choline chloride finds application in the creation of pharmaceutical formulations for the treatment of certain neurological disorders.
Choline chloride is employed in the production of choline-based pesticides for agricultural purposes.

In the creation of cosmetic formulations, it contributes to the stability and shelf-life of various skincare products.
Choline chloride is used in the development of choline-rich fortification for food products, addressing nutritional deficiencies.

Choline chloride is employed in the creation of coatings for paper and textiles, enhancing their functional properties.
Choline chloride finds application in the creation of lubricants and corrosion inhibitors for industrial machinery.
Choline chloride is used in the synthesis of specialty polymers and resins for various industrial applications.

Choline chloride is involved in the formulation of electrolyte solutions for medical and sports hydration.
Choline chloride is utilized in the production of dietary supplements targeting mental focus and cognitive performance.

Choline chloride is utilized in the creation of animal vaccines, contributing to the development of effective immunization products.
In the agricultural sector, it is added to fertilizers to enhance nutrient uptake and promote healthier plant growth.
Choline chloride is employed in the formulation of aquaculture feeds to support the growth and vitality of fish and shrimp.

Choline chloride plays a role in the creation of choline-based dietary supplements for pregnant women, supporting fetal brain development.
Choline chloride is utilized in the production of dietary products targeting women's health and hormonal balance.
Choline chloride is involved in the creation of specialized infant formulas for premature infants, addressing nutritional needs.
In the pharmaceutical industry, it is used in the synthesis of medications for the treatment of liver disorders.

Choline chloride finds application in the creation of choline-enriched food products, contributing to overall nutritional content.
Choline chloride is employed in the development of supplements aiming to improve memory and cognitive function.
The cosmetic industry uses choline chloride in formulations for anti-aging skincare products.
Choline chloride is included in the production of liposomal formulations, contributing to enhanced nutrient delivery.

Choline chloride is used in the synthesis of lipotropic agents, supporting fat metabolism in the body.
In the creation of antiseptic solutions, it contributes to the formulation of effective disinfectants.
Choline chloride finds application in the creation of histological fixatives for tissue preservation.

Choline chloride is employed in the synthesis of neurotransmitter modulators for pharmaceutical applications.
Choline chloride is used in the production of dietary supplements targeting eye health.
Choline chloride plays a role in the creation of choline-rich energy drinks for mental alertness.

Choline chloride is involved in the formulation of wound care products to aid in the healing process.
In the textile industry, choline chloride contributes to the creation of fabric softeners.

Choline chloride is used in the synthesis of choline-containing polymers for various industrial applications.
Choline chloride finds application in the creation of plant protection products for pest control.
Choline chloride is employed in the formulation of liposomal vaccines for enhanced immunization.

Choline chloride is used in the production of choline-based supplements for hair and nail health.
Choline chloride plays a role in the creation of dietary products targeting metabolic syndrome and obesity.
Choline chloride finds application in the synthesis of choline-containing surfactants for diverse industrial uses.

Choline chloride is utilized in the creation of veterinary pharmaceuticals to support animal health and well-being.
In the aquaculture industry, it is added to fish and shrimp feeds to enhance growth rates and improve immune responses.
Choline chloride finds application in the formulation of poultry vaccines, aiding in disease prevention.

Choline chloride is used in the production of choline-fortified baby foods, contributing to the nutritional needs of infants.
Choline chloride is employed in the development of dietary supplements targeting liver detoxification.
In the cosmetic industry, it contributes to the formulation of hair care products for improved texture and manageability.

Choline chloride is utilized in the synthesis of choline-based neurotransmitter modulators for psychiatric medications.
Choline chloride is involved in the creation of dietary products targeting women's health and hormonal balance.
Choline chloride plays a role in the formulation of prenatal vitamins to support the nutritional needs of expectant mothers.

Choline chloride is used in the synthesis of liposomal formulations for drug delivery applications.
In the creation of functional foods, it contributes to the fortification of products with essential nutrients.

Choline chloride is employed in the production of choline-enriched energy drinks for mental alertness and focus.
Choline chloride is utilized in the formulation of antiseptic mouthwashes for oral hygiene.

Choline chloride finds application in the creation of histological fixatives for tissue preservation in laboratory settings.
Choline chloride is used in the synthesis of choline-containing medications for cognitive health.
Choline chloride is involved in the creation of supplements targeting eye health and vision support.

Choline chloride is used in the formulation of dietary products targeting cardiovascular health and cholesterol regulation.
In the agriculture industry, it is added to soil amendments to enhance nutrient availability for plants.
Choline chloride is employed in the synthesis of lipotropic agents for weight management supplements.

Choline chloride plays a role in the formulation of choline-based skin creams for improved skin texture.
The compound is used in the production of veterinary supplements for pets' overall health.
Choline chloride is utilized in the creation of liposomal vaccines for improved immunization responses.

Choline chloride finds application in the development of choline-containing medications for neurodegenerative diseases.
Choline chloride is used in the creation of choline-rich sports nutrition supplements.
Choline chloride is employed in the synthesis of choline-containing polymers for industrial and research applications.



DESCRIPTION


Choline chloride is a quaternary ammonium salt with the chemical formula (CH₃)₃NCH₂CH₂OHCl.
Choline chloride is a salt that consists of choline cation and chloride anion.
Choline chloride is a water-soluble salt, and it is often used as a supplement in animal feed, as a precursor to the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, and in various industrial applications.

Choline chloride itself is an essential nutrient for humans and animals.
Choline chloride plays a crucial role in several biological processes, including the synthesis of phospholipids that are important for cell membrane structure, as well as being a precursor for the neurotransmitter acetylcholine.

Choline chloride is commonly used in the agriculture industry as a feed additive for livestock, particularly in poultry and swine diets, to improve growth rates and overall animal health.
Choline chloride can also be used in the production of certain chemicals and pharmaceuticals.

Choline chloride is a water-soluble salt that plays a vital role in various biological processes.
Choline chloride consists of a choline cation and a chloride anion, forming a quaternary ammonium salt.
Often recognized for its role as a precursor to the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, choline chloride is essential for proper nerve function.
As a dietary supplement, it contributes to the synthesis of phospholipids crucial for cell membrane structure.

Choline chloride is commonly used in the agriculture industry as a feed additive to promote livestock health and growth.
Choline chloride is typically found in the form of a white, crystalline powder or liquid.
Widely known for its positive impact on animal nutrition, Choline chloride is especially favored in poultry and swine diets.

Choline chloride is valued for its role in preventing fatty liver syndrome in poultry and enhancing overall metabolism.
In the pharmaceutical industry, choline chloride is utilized in the synthesis of certain drugs and pharmaceutical compounds.
As a neurotransmitter precursor, choline chloride is integral to the proper functioning of the nervous system in both humans and animals.

Its water-solubility allows for easy incorporation into various formulations, making it versatile in different industries.
Choline chloride has a hygroscopic nature, absorbing moisture from the surroundings, and should be stored accordingly.

Choline chloride is involved in lipid metabolism, aiding in the breakdown and utilization of fats in the body.
Recognized as an essential nutrient, choline chloride is often included in dietary supplements and health products.
Choline chloride's importance extends to fetal development, where it contributes to neural tube formation in embryos.

In animal nutrition, it acts as a methyl donor, participating in various biochemical reactions.
The synthesis of acetylcholine, facilitated by choline chloride, is crucial for neurotransmission and muscle function.
Choline chloride's positive impact on liver health makes it a key component in dietary formulations for livestock.
As a stable and soluble compound, choline chloride is easily incorporated into various industrial processes.

Choline chloride is a vital component in the creation of certain chemicals, surfactants, and corrosion inhibitors.
Choline chloride's inclusion in feed formulations enhances nutrient utilization and growth rates in animals.
Choline chloride's ability to support proper brain function highlights its importance in cognitive health.

Choline chloride is recognized for its positive influence on cognitive development in infants and young children.
Its widespread use in the agriculture and pharmaceutical industries underscores its importance in promoting health.
Choline chloride continues to be a subject of research, exploring its potential therapeutic applications and benefits.



PROPERTIES


Chemical Properties:

Chemical Formula: C₅H₁₄ClNO
Molecular Weight: 139.63 g/mol
IUPAC Name: 2-Hydroxyethyl(trimethyl)azanium chloride
Solubility: Highly soluble in water.
Appearance: Typically a white, crystalline powder or colorless liquid.


Physical Properties:

State: Solid at room temperature but may be found in liquid form as well.
Melting Point: Varies with the form; typically around 244-247°C for the anhydrous form.
Density: The density of Choline chloride varies with its form, but it is generally around 1.06 g/cm³.
Odor: Odorless.
pH: Solutions of Choline chloride are generally neutral.



FIRST AID


Inhalation:

Move the affected person to fresh air.
If breathing is difficult, administer oxygen if trained to do so.
Seek immediate medical attention.


Skin Contact:

Remove contaminated clothing and footwear.
Wash the affected area thoroughly with soap and water for at least 15 minutes.
If irritation persists or there are signs of chemical burns, seek medical attention.
Contaminated clothing should be removed and washed before reuse.


Eye Contact:

Rinse eyes gently with water for at least 15 minutes while keeping eyelids open.
Remove contact lenses if present and easy to do.
Seek medical attention if irritation or redness persists.


Ingestion:

Rinse the mouth thoroughly with water.
Do not induce vomiting unless directed by medical personnel.
Seek immediate medical attention.
If vomiting occurs spontaneously and the person is conscious, ensure the airway is protected.


General First Aid:

If the person is unconscious, not breathing, or experiencing seizures, call emergency services immediately.
Provide all relevant information to medical personnel, including the product name and safety data sheet if available.
Keep affected individuals warm and at rest.
If there are signs of shock (pale skin, rapid pulse, shallow breathing), lay the person down with their legs elevated and cover them with a blanket.
Do not give anything by mouth to an unconscious person.



HANDLING AND STORAGE


Handling:

Personal Protective Equipment (PPE):
Wear appropriate protective clothing, including chemical-resistant gloves and safety goggles.
Use a dust mask if handling Choline chloride in powdered form to prevent inhalation.

Ventilation:
Work in well-ventilated areas or use local exhaust ventilation to control airborne concentrations.
Avoid generating and inhaling dust.

Hygiene Practices:
Wash hands thoroughly after handling Choline chloride.
Avoid eating, drinking, or smoking in areas where the substance is used.

Avoidance of Contact:
Minimize skin contact; use impermeable gloves if direct contact is possible.
Avoid eye contact; use protective eyewear.

Spill and Leak Procedures:
Clean up spills immediately using appropriate absorbent materials.
Wear protective equipment to avoid direct contact.
Dispose of contaminated materials in accordance with local regulations.


Storage:

Storage Area:
Store Choline chloride in a cool, dry, well-ventilated area.
Keep away from incompatible materials and heat sources.

Temperature Control:
Store Choline chloride at temperatures specified by the manufacturer.
Protect from excessive heat and moisture, as it may be hygroscopic.

Container Requirements:
Use containers made of compatible materials, such as high-density polyethylene (HDPE) or glass.
Ensure containers are tightly sealed to prevent contamination.

Separation from Incompatibles:
Store away from strong acids, strong bases, and incompatible substances.
Maintain adequate separation between Choline chloride and other chemicals.

Special Storage Requirements:
If storing in liquid form, ensure the container is labeled and stored upright.
Keep away from open flames and ignition sources.

Handling Precautions:
Follow good industrial hygiene practices during handling and storage.
Implement proper housekeeping measures to prevent dust accumulation.


Emergency Measures:

Emergency Procedures:
Be familiar with emergency procedures and evacuation routes.
Have suitable fire extinguishing equipment nearby.

Emergency Contacts:
Keep emergency contact numbers readily accessible.
Inform relevant personnel and emergency services if an incident occurs.


Training:

Personnel Training:
Ensure personnel are trained on the safe handling, storage, and emergency procedures related to Choline chloride.
Provide information on potential hazards and control measures.

Choline chloride is an organic compound and a quaternary ammonium salt.
Choline chloride may also be used as a model system for studying reaction mechanisms, structural analysis, and calcium pantothenate metabolism.
Choline chloride is an essential nutrient that plays a role in energy metabolism and polyunsaturated fatty acid synthesis.

CAS Number: 67-48-1
EC number: 200-655-4
Chemical formula: [(CH3)3NCH2CH2OH]+Cl−
Molar mass: 139.62 g·mol−1

Choline chloride is an organic compound with the formula [(CH3)3NCH2CH2OH]+Cl−.
Choline chloride is a quaternary ammonium salt, consisting of choline cations ([(CH3)3NCH2CH2OH]+) and chloride anions (Cl−).

Choline chloride is bifunctional compound, meaning, Choline chloride contains both quaternary ammonium functional group and a hydroxyl functional group.
The cation of this salt, Choline chloride, occurs in nature in living beings.
Choline chloride is a white, water-soluble salt used mainly in animal feed.

Choline chloride is a constituent of sphingomyelin and lecithin.
Choline chloride is a precursor of acetylcholine.

Choline chloride plays a vital role in methyl group metabolism, carcinogenesis and lipid transport.
Choline deficiency is associated with fatty liver.

Choline chloride maintains cell structural integrity and cell signalling.
Choline chloride is implicated in the synthesis of phospholipids.
Choline chloride acts as a potent biomarker for ischemic heart disease.

Choline chloride is an organic compound and a quaternary ammonium salt.
Choline chloride is a weak acid.

Choline chloride is the salt of the naturally occurring choline, the pre-stage of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, which is important for mnemonic and thought-processes.
Choline chloride occurs naturally in fungi, hop and kingcups and as integral part of lecithin.
Choline chloride is a common food additive in animal husbandry

Choline chloride is registered under the REACH Regulation and is manufactured in and / or imported to the European Economic Area, at ≥ 1 000 tonnes per annum.
Choline chloride is used by consumers, in articles, by professional workers (widespread uses), in formulation or re-packing, at industrial sites and in manufacturing.

Choline chloride is a water solution of choline chloride that is 75% by weight.
Choline chloride has been shown to be effective in preventing atherosclerotic lesions and metabolic disorders.

Choline chloride also has thermal expansion properties, which can be used for the manufacture of plastic containers.
Choline chloride can inhibit complex enzyme activity by forming complexes with the enzyme, thus inhibiting Choline chloride activity.

Choline chloride may also be used as a model system for studying reaction mechanisms, structural analysis, and calcium pantothenate metabolism.
Choline chloride is an essential nutrient that plays a role in energy metabolism and polyunsaturated fatty acid synthesis.
Choline chloride is also important for electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) because Choline chloride enhances electrical conductivity across cell membranes.

Choline chloride appears as white crystals.
Choline chloride is practically neutral aqueous solution.

Choline chloride is a quaternary ammonium salt with choline cation and chloride anion.
Choline chloride has a role as an animal growth promotant.

Choline chloride is a chloride salt and a quaternary ammonium salt.
Choline chloride contains a choline.

Choline chloride is a basic constituent of lecithin that is found in many plants and animal organs.
Choline chloride is important as a precursor of acetylcholine, as a methyl donor in various metabolic processes, and in lipid metabolism.

Applications of Choline chloride:
Choline chloride is an important additive in feed especially for chickens where Choline chloride accelerates growth.
Choline chloride forms a deep eutectic solvent with urea, ethylene glycol, glycerol, and many other compounds.

Choline chloride is also used as a clay control additive in fluids used for hydraulic fracturing.

Choline chloride has been used:
Choline chloride is used in choline release assay
Choline chloride is used as an endogenous agonist of sigma-1 receptors (Sig-1Rs)
Choline chloride is used as a standard to analyse interrelationships between methionine and choline metabolism

Uses of Choline chloride:
Choline chloride is an animal feed additive, classified as a water-soluble B-vitamin that increases animal growth.
Choline chloride is added exogenously to feed stocks because Choline chloride plays an essential role in fat transport, metabolism, and protects cell membrane structure.

Choline chloride can be supplied to tissue culture media, animal feed additive and used in clinical anti-fatty liver agent.
Choline chloride can be used for treating fatty liver and cirrhosis.

Choline chloride can also be used as the feed additive which is capable of stimulating ovaries for giving birth to more eggs and farrowing.
Choline chloride can also facilitate the weight gaining process of livestock, fish, etc.

Choline chloride is effective in the prevention and treatment of the fat deposition and tissue degeneration in the organs of livestock and poultry.
Choline chloride can also promote the absorption and synthesis of amino acids.

Moreover, Choline chloride can enhance physical fitness and disease resistance of livestock, promote their growth and development, and improve poultry laying rate.
The usage amount is 1-2 g/kg.

As a kind of feed additive, choline chloride has the following physiological effects: Choline chloride can prevent the accumulation of the fat in liver and the kidney and tissue degeneration; Choline chloride can promote recombination of amino acids; Choline chloride can improve the utilization efficiency of amino acids, especially the essential amino acid methionine in vivo.
In Japan, 98% of the applied choline chloride is used as the feed additives of chickens, pigs, cattle and fish and other animal.

Most of them have been processed into powder; the preparation process of 50% powder is that: first add an appropriate excipient of certain particle size into the mixer is prepared by previously adding an appropriate particle size of the excipient, and then add drop wise of aqueous solution of choline chloride, after mixing, drying to derive it.
Some powder products are also blended with vitamins, minerals, and drugs.
Choline chloride is the vitamin B-class drug which can be used for the treatment of hepatitis, liver function degradation, early cirrhosis, and pernicious anemia.

B vitamins:
Choline chloride is an indispensible fundamental component in humans and animal body, often referred to as B vitamins or vitamin B4, and is a necessary low-molecule organic compound for maintaining physiological function off animal body.
Choline chloride can be synthesized inside animal body but still often need to be supplied to dietary and is a kind of vitamin in maximal usage amount.
Inside animal cells, Choline chloride can be used to adjust the in vivo metabolism and conversion of fats, preventing the fat deposition and tissue degeneration of liver and kidney, and then promote the regeneration of amino acids, enhance utilization of amino acids as well as save some part of methionine.

Choline chloride is the most commonly used as well as most economical form of synthetic choline and is a water soluble vitamin, and is the component for constituting of acetylcholine, lecithin, and nerve phospholipids of biological tissue.
Moreover, Choline chloride can save methionine and is an important material required for livestock, poultry, and fish.

Inside animal body, Choline chloride can be used for adjusting in vivo metabolism and conversion of fats and can prevent the deposition in liver and related tissue degeneration.
As a methyl donor, Choline chloride can promote the re-formation of amino acids and improve the utilization of amino acids.

Choline chloride is mainly used as an additive for being mixing into the animal feed.
During the exact usage process, in addition to prevent moisture deliquescence, you should also note that all kind of feeds usually take the addition of choline chloride as the last step.

Because of Choline chloride destruction effects on other vitamins, especially Choline chloride rapid destruction on vitamin A, D, K in the presence of metal elements, multi-dimensional formulation should not include choline.
Daily feed supplied with Choline chloride should be used as soon as possible after the addition.

Tests have showed that choline chloride is especially important for chicken poultry.
Choline chloride synthetic amino acids and lecithin can be delivered to various locations inside chicken bodies, being able to prevent the fat deposition in the liver and kidney and accelerate the growth of chickens and increase egg production and hatchability.

Widespread uses by professional workers:
Choline chloride is used in the following products: plant protection products, laboratory chemicals, washing & cleaning products, pH regulators and water treatment products and fertilisers.
Choline chloride is used in the following areas: agriculture, forestry and fishing, health services, scientific research and development and mining.
Other release to the environment of Choline chloride is likely to occur from: indoor use (e.g. machine wash liquids/detergents, automotive care products, paints and coating or adhesives, fragrances and air fresheners) and outdoor use as processing aid.

Uses at industrial sites:
Choline chloride is used in the following products: pH regulators and water treatment products, laboratory chemicals, fertilisers, washing & cleaning products and plant protection products.
Choline chloride has an industrial use resulting in manufacture of another substance (use of intermediates).

Choline chloride is used in the following areas: mining, scientific research and development, health services and agriculture, forestry and fishing.
Choline chloride is used for the manufacture of: chemicals.
Release to the environment of Choline chloride can occur from industrial use: in processing aids at industrial sites, as an intermediate step in further manufacturing of another substance (use of intermediates) and as processing aid.

Industry Uses:
Agricultural chemicals (non-pesticidal)
Not Known or Reasonably Ascertainable
Other
Processing aids, specific to petroleum production
Soil amendments (fertilizers)
Stabilizing agent

Consumer Uses:
Choline chloride is used in the following products: laboratory chemicals and washing & cleaning products.
Other release to the environment of Choline chloride is likely to occur from: indoor use as reactive substance and indoor use in close systems with minimal release (e.g. cooling liquids in refrigerators, oil-based electric heaters).

Other Consumer Uses:
Agricultural chemicals (non-pesticidal)
Not Known or Reasonably Ascertainable
Processing aids, specific to petroleum production
Soil amendments (fertilizers)

Chemical Properties of Choline chloride:
Choline chloride is white hygroscopic crystal and is odorless with fish stench.
Choline chloride melting point of 240 ℃.

Choline chloride 10% aqueous solution has a pH 5-6.
However, Choline chloride is unstable in alkaline solution.

Choline chloride is easily soluble in water and ethanol but insoluble in ether, petroleum ether, benzene and carbon disulfide.
Choline chloride has a low toxicity with LD50 (rat, oral) being 3400 mg/kg.

General Manufacturing Information of Choline chloride:

Industry Processing Sectors:
Agriculture, Forestry, Fishing and Hunting
All Other Chemical Product and Preparation Manufacturing
Not Known or Reasonably Ascertainable
Oil and Gas Drilling, Extraction, and Support activities

Synthesis of Choline chloride:
In the laboratory, choline can be prepared by methylation of dimethylethanolamine with methyl chloride.

Choline chloride is mass-produced with world production estimated at 160 000 tons in 1999.
Industrially, Choline chloride is produced by the reaction of ethylene oxide, hydrogen chloride, and trimethylamine, or from the pre-formed salt.

Choline chloride can also be made by treating trimethylamine with 2-chloroethanol.

(CH3)3N + ClCH2CH2OH → [(CH3)3NCH2CH2OH]+Cl−

Production method of Choline chloride:
(1) Continuous method for preparation of choline chloride solution:
Continuously send the trimethylamine hydrochloride and a certain amount of ethylene oxide separately through pump into the reactor; the reactants had a residence time at the reactor of 1-1.5h; the reaction was carried out under stirring and has Choline chloride resulting product being continuously withdrawn so that the liquid level within the reactor remained stable.
The withdrawn choline chloride extraction crude product entered into the stripper to obtain 60-80% choline chloride liquid product from the bottom.

(2) Trimethylamine hydrochloride was reacted with ethylene oxide, and then added with an organic acid for neutralization and further concentration to obtain the choline chloride (3) Chloro-ethanol was reacted with trimethylamine to generate choline chloride.

(3)Ethylene oxide method:
Choline chloride can be made from the reaction between ethylene oxide and trimethylamine.
Add the trimethylamine ethanol solution into the reactor, send through ethylene oxide at about 30 ℃ and stirring reaction of 4 hour and further obtain Choline chloride through neutralization with hydrochloric acid (control PH at 6.5-7.0).

The yield of the crude product can be as high as 98%. The crude product can further be subject to activated carbon decolorizing and vacuum concentration to obtain 70% aqueous solution.
The aqueous solution was added with ground corn cobs, rice hull flour, wheat bran or diatomaceous earth and some other kinds of excipients and can give 50% of the powder.

(4) Chlorohydrin method:
Use chlorohydrin to substitute ethylene oxide and hydrochloric acid; have Choline chloride reacted with trimethylamine in the presence of a small amount of ethylene oxide or alkaline substance;
First add 100 parts of chlorohydrin into the reaction vessel, further add 130 parts of trimethylamine from the liquid surface, while supplying of ethylene oxide to trigger the reaction.

After the addition, stir at 32-38 ℃ for 4h with the yield being 84% (calculated from chlorohydrin).
For example, if catalyzed with an alkaline substance (such as quaternary ammonium salts), the one-way conversion rate can reach over 97%.
Trimethylamine methanol solution and chlorohydrin is subject to heating reaction, concentration under reduced pressure, and re-crystallization to generate it.

Biochem/physiol Actions of Choline chloride:
Choline is an essential nutrient, commonly grouped with the B complex vitamins, that plays key roles in many biological processes.
The enzymatic activities of butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) and paraoxonase 1 (PON1), two serum enzymes synthesized by the liver and related with inflammation, were decreased in a sepsis animal model injected with LPS.
Choline chloride administered intravenously at 20 mg/kg body weight prevents the LPS-mediated decreases in the activities of these two enzymes.

Pharmacology and Biochemistry of Choline chloride:

MeSH Pharmacological Classification:

Lipotropic Agents:
Endogenous factors or drugs that increase the transport and metabolism of LIPIDS including the synthesis of LIPOPROTEINS by the LIVER and their uptake by extrahepatic tissues.

Nootropic Agents:
Drugs used to specifically facilitate learning or memory, particularly to prevent the cognitive deficits associated with dementias.
These drugs act by a variety of mechanisms.

Handling and Storage of Choline chloride:

Nonfire Spill Response:

SMALL SPILLS AND LEAKAGE:
If you spill this chemical, you should dampen the solid spill material with water, then transfer the dampened material to a suitable container.
Use absorbent paper dampened with water to pick up any remaining material.

Seal your contaminated clothing and the absorbent paper in a vapor-tight plastic bag for eventual disposal.
Wash all contaminated surfaces with a strong soap and water solution.
Do not reenter the contaminated area until the Safety Officer (or other responsible person) has verified that the area has been properly cleaned.

STORAGE PRECAUTIONS:
You should store this chemical under refrigerated temperatures, and protect Choline chloride from moisture.

Reactivity Profile of Choline chloride:
Choline chloride is a quaternary ammonium salt. Quaternary ammonium salts often serve as catalysts in reactions.
They are incompatible with many strong oxidizers and reducing agents, such as metal hydrides, alkali/active metals, and organometallics.

Quaternary ammonium salts often serve as catalysts in reactions.
They are incompatible with many strong oxidizers and reducing agents, such as metal hydrides, alkali/active metals, and organometallics.

Unlike the ammonium ion, [NH4]+, and the primary, secondary, or tertiary ammonium cations, the quaternary ammonium cations are permanently charged, independent of the pH of their solution.

First Aid Measures of Choline chloride:

EYES:
First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present.
Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center.

Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician.
IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop.

SKIN:
IMMEDIATELY flood affected skin with water while removing and isolating all contaminated clothing.
Gently wash all affected skin areas thoroughly with soap and water.
If symptoms such as redness or irritation develop, IMMEDIATELY call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital for treatment.

INHALATION:
IMMEDIATELY leave the contaminated area; take deep breaths of fresh air.
If symptoms (such as wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, or burning in the mouth, throat, or chest) develop, call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital.

Provide proper respiratory protection to rescuers entering an unknown atmosphere.
Whenever possible, Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) should be used; if not available, use a level of protection greater than or equal to that advised under Protective Clothing.

INGESTION:
DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING.
If the victim is conscious and not convulsing, give 1 or 2 glasses of water to dilute the chemical and IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center.

Be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital if advised by a physician.
If the victim is convulsing or unconscious, do not give anything by mouth, ensure that the victim's airway is open and lay the victim on his/her side with the head lower than the body.

DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING.
IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital.

Fire Fighting of Choline chloride:
To fight fires involving this chemical, you should be equipped with an air line or self-contained breathing apparatus.
Extinguish with a dry chemical, carbon dioxide, foam or halon extinguisher.

Accidental Release Measures of Choline chloride:

Spillage Disposal of Choline chloride:
Sweep spilled substance into covered containers.
If appropriate, moisten first to prevent dusting.

Disposal Methods of Choline chloride:
At the time of review, criteria for land treatment or burial (sanitary landfill) disposal practices are subject to significant revision.
Prior to implementing land disposal of waste residue (including waste sludge), consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices.

Identifiers of Choline chloride:
CAS Number: 67-48-1
ChEBI: CHEBI:133341
ChEMBL: ChEMBL282468
ChemSpider: 5974
ECHA InfoCard: 100.000.596
E number: E1001(iii) (additional chemicals)
PubChem CID: 522265
UNII: 45I14D8O27
CompTox Dashboard (EPA): DTXSID4020325
InChI: InChI=1S/C5H14NO.ClH/c1-6(2,3)4-5-7;/h7H,4-5H2,1-3H3;1H/q+1;/p-1
Key: SGMZJAMFUVOLNK-UHFFFAOYSA-M
InChI=1/C5H14NO.ClH/c1-6(2,3)4-5-7;/h7H,4-5H2,1-3H3;1H/q+1;/p-1
Key: SGMZJAMFUVOLNK-REWHXWOFAH
SMILES: [Cl-].OCC[N+](C)(C)C

CAS number: 67-48-1
EC number: 200-655-4
Grade: DAB 10
Hill Formula: C₅H₁₄ClNO
Molar Mass: 139.63 g/mol
HS Code: 2923 10 00

Synonym(s): (2-Hydroxyethyl)trimethylammonium chloride
Linear Formula: (CH3)3N(Cl)CH2CH2OH
CAS Number: 67-48-1
Molecular Weight: 139.62
Beilstein: 3563126
EC Number: 200-655-4
MDL number: MFCD00011721
PubChem Substance ID: 57654039
NACRES: NA.25

Properties of Choline chloride:
Chemical formula: [(CH3)3NCH2CH2OH]+Cl−
Molar mass: 139.62 g·mol−1
Appearance: White hygroscopic crystals
Melting point: 302 °C (576 °F; 575 K) (decomposes)
Solubility in water: very soluble (>650 g/L)

Ignition temperature: 355 °C
Melting Point: 200 °C
pH value: 5.0 - 6.5 (140 g/l, H₂O, 25 °C)
Bulk density: 430 kg/m3

biological source: synthetic
Quality Level: 200
Assay: ≥99%
form: powder
color: white
mp: 302-305 °C (dec.) (lit.)
SMILES string: [Cl-].C[N+](C)(C)CCO
InChI: 1S/C5H14NO.ClH/c1-6(2,3)4-5-7;/h7H,4-5H2,1-3H3;1H/q+1;/p-1
InChI key: SGMZJAMFUVOLNK-UHFFFAOYSA-M

Molecular Weight: 139.62 g/mol
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 1
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 2
Rotatable Bond Count: 2
Exact Mass: 139.0763918 g/mol
Monoisotopic Mass: 139.0763918 g/mol
Topological Polar Surface Area: 20.2Ų
Heavy Atom Count: 8
Complexity: 46.5
Isotope Atom Count: 0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 2
Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes

Specifications of Choline chloride:
Assay (argentometric; calculated on dried substance): 98.0 - 100.5 %
Identity (wet chemistry): passes test
Identity (IR): passes test
Appearance of solution (10 %; water): passes test
Acidity or alkalinity: passes test
Heavy metals (as Pb): ≤ 0.001 %
As (Arsenic): ≤ 0.0003 %
Pb (Lead): ≤ 0.5 ppm
Ammonium, volatile amines: passes test
Ammonium, primary amines: passes test
1,4 Dioxane: passes test
Residual solvents (ICH Q3C): excluded by the manufacturing process
Residue on ignition: ≤ 0.05 %
Loss on drying (120 °C): ≤ 1.5 %
Water: ≤ 0.5 %

Related salts of Choline chloride:
Other commercial choline salts are choline hydroxide and choline bitartrate.
In foodstuffs, Choline chloride is often present as phosphatidylcholine.

Names of Choline chloride:

Regulatory process names:
(2-Hydroxyethyl)trimethylammonium chloride
2-Hydroxyethyl-trimethylammoniumchlorid
Chlorure de choline
Cholinchlorid
cholinchlorid
Cholinchloride
Choline chloride
Choline Chloride
Choline chloride
choline chloride

IUPAC names:
(2 - Hydroxyethyl) trimethylammonium chloride
(2-hydroxy-ethyl)-trimethyl-ammonium chloride
(2-Hydroxyethyl)trimethylammonium chloride
(2-hydroxyethyl)trimethylazanium chloride
2-Hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethylethanaminium Chloride
2-hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethylethanaminium chloride
2-Hydroxyethyl trimethylammonium chloride
2-hydroxyethyl(trimethyl)azanium chloride
2-hydroxyethyl(trimethyl)azanium;chloride
Cholin Chlorid
Choline Chloride
Choline chloride
choline chloride
Choline Chloride
Choline chloride
choline chloride
Ethanaminium, 2-hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethyl-, chloride
Ethanaminium, 2-hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethyl-, chloride

Preferred IUPAC name:
2-Hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethylethan-1-aminium chloride

Trade names:
CC 75 - Choline chloride, aqueous solution

Other names:
(2-Hydroxyethyl)trimethylammonium chloride
Hepacholine
Biocolina
Lipotril

Other identifiers:
1643859-93-1
2028303-08-2
67-48-1

Synonyms of Choline chloride:
CHOLINE CHLORIDE
67-48-1
Hepacholine
Lipotril
Paresan
2-Hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethylethanaminium chloride
Biocolina
Biocoline
Hormocline
(2-Hydroxyethyl)trimethylammonium chloride
Luridin chloride
Choline hydrochloride
Neocolina
Bilineurin chloride
Cholinium chloride
Choline, chloride
Chloride de choline
Choline chlorhydrate
Cholini chloridum
Cholinechloride
CHOLINE (CL)
Colina cloruro
2-Hydroxyethyl(trimethyl)azanium;chloride
Choline chloride [INN]
Cloruro de colina
Ethanaminium, 2-hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethyl-, chloride
Chlorure de choline
Choline (chloride)
Trimethyl(2-hydroxyethyl)ammonium chloride
CCRIS 3716
HSDB 984
Colina cloruro [DCIT]
(beta-Hydroxyethyl)trimethylammonium chloride
EINECS 200-655-4
Chloride de choline [French]
NSC 402838
NSC-402838
2-Hydroxy-N,N,N,-trimethylethanaminium chloride
Cholini chloridum [INN-Latin]
(2-hydroxyethyl)trimethylazanium chloride
DTXSID4020325
FEMA NO. 4500
UNII-45I14D8O27
AI3-18302
Cloruro de colina [INN-Spanish]
CHEBI:133341
Chlorure de choline [INN-French]
Ammonium, (2-hydroxyethyl)trimethyl-, chloride
C5H14NO.Cl
45I14D8O27
2-hydroxyethyl(trimethyl)azanium chloride
DTXCID20325
CHEMBL282468
CHOLINE-D13 CHLORIDE
EC 200-655-4
2-Hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethylethanaminium chloride (1:1)
CHOLINE CHLORIDE (MART.)
CHOLINE CHLORIDE [MART.]
Cloruro de colina (INN-Spanish)
CHOLINE CHLORIDE (USP-RS)
CHOLINE CHLORIDE [USP-RS]
Chlorure de choline (INN-French)
352438-97-2
NSC402838
SR-01000075745
MFCD00011721
cholinii chloridum
Chloride, Choline
cholinium chloratum
Choline Chloride,(S)
2-hydroxyethyl(trimethyl)ammonium chloride
SCHEMBL14957
C(CO)N(C)(C)C
CHOLINE CHLORIDE [MI]
SPECTRUM1503428
CHOLINE CHLORIDE [FCC]
CHOLINE CHLORIDE [HSDB]
CHOLINE CHLORIDE [INCI]
CHOLINE CHLORIDE [VANDF]
HMS500F09
CHOLINE CHLORIDE [WHO-DD]
HMS1922E20
HMS2093G05
HMS3652D05
HMS3885F09
Pharmakon1600-01503428
AMY13898
Choline chloride [HOEtN1,1,1]Cl
HY-B1337
hydroxyethyltrimethylammonium chloride
Tox21_200492
CCG-39465
NSC758473
s4171
AKOS015903458
CS-4855
FS-3795
LS-1563
NSC-758473
CAS-67-48-1
WLN: Q2K1&1&1 &Q &G
NCGC00095059-01
NCGC00095059-02
NCGC00258046-01
(2-hydroxyethyl)trimethyl ammonium chloride
FT-0612603
FT-0665025
SW219165-1
(.beta.-Hydroxyethyl)trimethylammonium chloride
A16451
D70213
EN300-102823
AB01568267_01
2-Hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethylethan-1-aminium chloride
A835769
Q2964153
SR-01000075745-3
SR-01000075745-5
1CDEFBD7-7905-4D2C-BEA8-44A54D9787D3
F8889-3032
Etanamino, 2-hidroxi-n, n, n-trimetil-, cloruro (1:1)
Ethanaminium, 2-hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethyl-, chloride (1:1)
(2-hydroxyethyl)trimethyl-Ammonium chloride
(2-Hydroxyethyl)trimethylammonium chloride
(β-Hydroxyethyl)trimethylammonium chloride
200-655-4 [EINECS]
2-Hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethylethanaminium chloride [ACD/IUPAC Name]
2-Hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethylethanaminiumchlorid [German] [ACD/IUPAC Name]
67-48-1 [RN]
Chlorure de 2-hydroxy-N,N,N-triméthyléthanaminium [French] [ACD/IUPAC Name]
chlorure de choline [French] [INN]
Choline (chloride)
choline chloride [INN]
CHOLINE, CHLORIDE
Cholini chloridum [Latin] [INN]
cholinium chloride
cloruro de colina [Spanish] [INN]
Colina cloruro [DCIT]
Ethanaminium, 2-hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethyl-, chloride (1:1) [ACD/Index Name]
KH2975000
холина хлорид [Russian] [INN]
كلوريد كولين [Arabic] [INN]
氯化胆碱 [Chinese] [INN]
(2-H2-Hydroxyethyl)trimethylammonium chloride
(2-Hydroxy-ethyl)-trimethyl-ammonium
(2-hydroxyethyl)trimethylazanium chloride
(β-Hydroxyethyl)trimethylammonium chloride
[67-48-1] [RN]
2-(trimethylamino)ethan-1-ol, chloride
285979-70-6 [RN]
2-hydroxyethyl(trimethyl)ammonium chloride
2-hydroxyethyltrimethylammonium chloride
2-hydroxyethyl-trimethylammonium chloride
2-hydroxyethyl-trimethyl-ammonium chloride
2-hydroxyethyl-trimethylazanium chloride
2-hydroxyethyl-trimethyl-azanium chloride
2-hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethyl-ethanaminium, monochloride
352438-97-2 [RN]
61037-86-3 [RN]
Ammonium, (2-hydroxyethyl)trimethyl-, chloride
Bilineurin chloride
Biocolina
Biocoline
Cholinchloride
choline-chloride
Ethanaminium, 2-hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethyl-, chloride
FS-3795
Hepacholine
Hormocline
hydroxyethyltrimethylammonium chloride
Lipotril
Luridin chloride
NCGC00095059-01
NCGC00095059-02
Neocolina
Paresan
Pharmakon1600-01503428
SPECTRUM1503428
trimethyl-(2-hydroxyethyl)ammonium chloride
Trimethyl(2-hydroxyethyl)ammonium chloride
WLN: Q2K1&1&1 &Q &G
холина хлорид

Choline Bitartrate; 2-(Hydroxyethyl)trimethylammonium bitartrate; Choline hydrogen tartrate; Hidrogenotartrato de colina; Hydrogénotartrate de choline; 2-Hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethylethanaminium with [R-(R',R')]-2,3-dihydroxybutanedioic acid (1:1); cas no: 87-67-2

SYNONYMS Chondroitin 4'-sulfate; Chondroitin 6'-sulfate CAS NO. 9007-28-7

Chromic oxide; Chrome oxide green; Chromium (III) oxide; Chromium sesquioxide; Chrome green; Chromium oxide green pigments; Dichromium trioxide; Chromia; Chromium (III) oxide; Anhydride Chromique (French); Casalis green; Chrome ochre; Chromia; Chromic acid green; Chromium oxide; C.I. 77288; Green Chrome Oxide; Green Oxide of Chromium; Green chromic oxide; Green chromium oxide; Green cinnabar; Green oxide of chromium CAS NO:1308-38-9

CHROMIUM HYDROXIDE GREEN N° CAS : 12001-99-9 Nom INCI : CHROMIUM HYDROXIDE GREEN Nom chimique : Dichromium trioxide (CI 77289) Classification : Règlementé, Colorant capillaire Restriction en Europe : IV/130 Ses fonctions (INCI) Agent colorant pour cheveux : Colore les cheveux

Chromic acid is an inorganic acid composed of the elements chromium, oxygen, and hydrogen.
Chromic acid is a dark, purplish red, odorless, sand-like solid powder.
When dissolved in water, Chromic acid is a strong acid.

CAS: 7738-94-5
MF: H2CrO4
MW: 118.01
EINECS: 231-801-5

Chromic acid generally refers to a collection of compounds generated by the acidification of solutions containing chromate and dichromate anions or the dissolving of chromium trioxide in sulfuric acid.
Chromic acid contains hexavalent chromium.
Hexavalent chromium refers to chromium in the +6 oxidation state, and is more toxic than other oxidation states of the chromium atom because of its greater ability to enter cells and a higher redox potential.
Molecular chromic acid, H2CrO4, has much in common with sulfuric acid, H2SO4 as both are classified as strong acids.

Chromic acid was widely used in the instrument repair industry, due to its ability to "brighten" raw brass.
A chromic acid dip leaves behind a bright yellow patina on the brass.
Due to growing health and environmental concerns, many have discontinued use of this chemical in their repair shops.
Most chromic acid sold or available as a 10% aqueous solution.

Chromic acid, CrO3, is composed of dark, purplish-red, odorless crystals that are soluble in water.
The specific gravity is 2.7, which is heavier than water.
Chromic acid is a powerful oxidizing agent and may explode on contact with organic materials.
Chromic acid is a poison, corrosive to the skin, and has a TLV of 0.05 mg/m3 of air.
Chromic acid is a known human carcinogen.
The four-digit UN identification number is 1463.
The NFPA 704 designation is health 3, flammability 0, and reactivity 1.
The white section at the bottom of the 704 diamond has an “oxy” prefix, indicating that Chromic acid is an oxidizer.
There are 2 types of chromic acid: molecular chromic acid with the formula H2CrO4 and dichromic acid with the formula H2Cr2O7.

The term chromic acid is usually used for a mixture made by adding concentrated sulfuric acid to a dichromate, which may contain a variety of compounds, including solid chromium trioxide.
This kind of chromic acid may be used as a cleaning mixture for glass.
Chromic acid may also refer to the molecular species, H2CrO4 of which the trioxide is the anhydride.
Chromic acid features chromium in an oxidation state of +6 (or VI).
Chromic acid is a strong and corrosive oxidising agent and a moderate carcinogen.
Chromic acid is a dark purplish-red odorless flakes or crystalline powder.

The name is in common use, although the true chromic acid, H2CrO4, exists only in solution.
Chromic acid is a dark purplish red solid, exists only in solution.
The hydrate of chromiumoxide, Chromic acid is used in electroplating baths.
Chromic acid is soluble in water with the release of heat.
The material itself is noncombustible but Chromic acid will accelerate the burning of combustible materials.
Chromic acid's solution is corrosive to metals and tissue.

Molecular chromic acid
Molecular chromic acid, H2CrO4, has much in common with sulfuric acid, H2SO4.
Only sulfuric acid can be classified as part of the 7 strong acids list.
Due to the laws pertinent to the concept of "first order ionization energy", the first proton is lost most easily.
Chromic acid behaves extremely similarly to sulfuric acid deprotonation.
Since the process of polyvalent acid-base titrations have more than one proton (especially when the acid is starting substance and the base is the titrant), protons can only leave an acid one at a time.
Hence the first step is as follows:

H2CrO4 ⇌ [HCrO4]− + H+
The pKa for the equilibrium is not well characterized.
Reported values vary between about −0.8 to 1.6.
The value at zero ionic strength is difficult to determine because half dissociation only occurs in very acidic solution, at about pH 0, that is, with an acid concentration of about 1 mol dm−3.
A further complication is that the ion [HCrO4]− has a marked tendency to dimerize, with the loss of a water molecule, to form the dichromate ion, [Cr2O7]2−:

2 [HCrO4]− ⇌ [Cr2O7]2− + H2Olog KD = 2.05.
Furthermore, the dichromate can be protonated:

[HCr2O7]− ⇌ [Cr2O7]2− + H+pK = 1.8
The pK value for this reaction shows that it can be ignored at pH > 4.

Loss of the second proton occurs in the pH range 4–8, making the ion [HCrO4]− a weak acid.
Molecular chromic acid could in principle be made by adding chromium trioxide to water (cf. manufacture of sulfuric acid).

CrO3 + H2O ⇌ H2CrO4
but in practice the reverse reaction occurs when molecular chromic acid is dehydrated.
This is what happens when concentrated sulfuric acid is added to a dichromate solution.
At first the colour changes from orange (dichromate) to red (chromic acid) and then deep red crystals of chromium trioxide precipitate from the mixture, without further colour change.
The colours are due to LMCT transitions.
Chromium trioxide is the anhydride of molecular chromic acid.
Chromic acid is a Lewis acid and can react with a Lewis base, such as pyridine in a non-aqueous medium such as dichloromethane (Collins reagent).

Chromic acid Chemical Properties
Melting point: 196°C
Density: 2.290
Solubility: Methanol (Slightly)
Form: Liquid
Color: Clear, orange
PH: 3.03(1 mM solution);2.33(10 mM solution);2.06(100 mM solution)
Water Solubility: HIGHLY Soluble
EPA Substance Registry System: Chromic(VI) acid (7738-94-5)

Uses
Chromic acid is an intermediate in chromium plating, and is also used in ceramic glazes, and colored glass.
Because a solution of chromic acid in sulfuric acid (also known as a sulfochromic mixture or chromosulfuric acid) is a powerful oxidizing agent, Chromic acid can be used to clean laboratory glassware, particularly of otherwise insoluble organic residues.
This application has declined due to environmental concerns.
Furthermore, the acid leaves trace amounts of paramagnetic chromic ions (Cr3+) that can interfere with certain applications, such as NMR spectroscopy.
Chromic acid is especially the case for NMR tubes.
Piranha solution can be used for the same task, without leaving metallic residues behind.

Chromic acid was widely used in the musical instrument repair industry, due to its ability to "brighten" raw brass.
A chromic acid dip leaves behind a bright yellow patina on the brass.
Due to growing health and environmental concerns, many have discontinued use of this chemical in their repair shops.
Chromic acid was used in hair dye in the 1940s, under the name Melereon.
Chromic acid is used as a bleach in black and white photographic reversal processing.
Chemicals (chromates, oxidizing agents, catalysts), chromium-plating intermediate, medicine (caustic), process engraving, anodizing, ceramic glazes, colored glass, metal cleaning, inks, tanning, paints, textile mordant, etchant for plastics.

Reactions
Chromic acid is capable of oxidizing many kinds of organic compounds and many variations on this reagent have been developed:
Chromic acid in aqueous sulfuric acid and acetone is known as the Jones reagent, which will oxidize primary and secondary alcohols to carboxylic acids and ketones respectively, while rarely affecting unsaturated bonds.
Chromic acid is generated from chromium trioxide and pyridinium chloride.
Chromic acid converts primary alcohols to the corresponding aldehydes (R–CHO).
Collins reagent is an adduct of chromium trioxide and pyridine used for diverse oxidations.
Chromic acid, CrO2Cl2 is a well-defined molecular compound that is generated from chromic acid.

Reactivity Profile
A very powerful oxidizing agent, confirmed human carcinogen.
Upon contact with reducing reagents Chromic acid can cause a violent explosion, in contact with organic matter Chromic acid may cause a violent oxidation leading to ignition.
Dangerously reactive with acetone, alcohols, alkali metals (sodium, potassium), ammonia, arsenic, dimethylformamide, hydrogen sulfide, phosphorus, peroxyformic acid, pyridine, selenium, sulfur, and many other chemicals.
When mixed with sulfuric acid for glass cleaning operations, used solution in closed bottle may explode due to internal pressure of carbon dioxide arising from contamination by carbon compounds.

Synonyms
CHROMIC ACID
Chromic(VI) acid
7738-94-5
dihydroxy(dioxo)chromium
Acide chromique
Caswell No. 221
Chromic acid (H2CrO4)
tetraoxochromic acid
CCRIS 8994
HSDB 6769
UNII-SA8VOV0V7Q
SA8VOV0V7Q
EINECS 231-801-5
EPA Pesticide Chemical Code 021101
AI3-51760
dihydroxidodioxidochromium
dihydrogen(tetraaoxidochromate)
DTXSID8034455
CHEBI:33143
J34.508C
CHROMIUM HYDROXIDE OXIDE (CR(OH)2O2)
(CrO2(OH)2)
[CrO2(OH)2]
Acide chromique [French]
Chromium hydrogen oxide
Pesticide Code: 021101
DTXCID6014455
KRVSOGSZCMJSLX-UHFFFAOYSA-L
AMY22327
AKOS025243247
Q422642

Chromic Acid is also called Tetraoxochromic acid or Chromic(VI) acid.
Chromic Acid is usually a mixture made by adding concentrated sulphuric acid (H2SO4) to a dichromate which consists of a variety of compounds and solid chromium trioxide.
Chromic acid is also used in coloured glass and ceramic glazes.

CAS: 7738-94-5
MF: H2CrO4
MW: 118.01
EINECS: 231-801-5

Synonyms
CHROMIC ACID;Chromic(VI) acid;7738-94-5;dihydroxy(dioxo)chromium;Acide chromique;Caswell No.221;Chromic acid (H2CrO4);tetraoxochromic acid;CCRIS 8994;HSDB6769;UNII-SA8VOV0V7Q;SA8VOV0V7Q;EINECS 231-801-5;EPA Pesticide Chemical Code 021101;AI3-51760;dihydroxidodioxidochromium;dihydrogen(tetraaoxidochromate);DTXSID8034455;CHEBI:33143;J34.508C;CHROMIUM HYDROXIDE OXIDE (CR(OH)2O2);(CrO2(OH)2);[CrO2(OH)2];Acide chromique [French];Chromium hydrogen oxide;Pesticide;Code: 021101;DTXCID6014455;KRVSOGSZCMJSLX-UHFFFAOYSA-L;AMY22327;AKOS025243247;Q422642

In the 1940s, Chromic Acid was an integral part of several hair dyes.
Chromic acid, CrO3, is composed of dark, purplish-red, odorless crystals that are soluble in water.
The specific gravity is 2.7, which is heavier than water.
Chromic Acid is a powerful oxidizing agent and may explode on contact with organic materials.
Chromic acid is a poison, corrosive to the skin, and has a TLV of 0.05 mg/m3 of air.
Chromic acid is a known human carcinogen.
The four-digit UN identification number is 1463.
The NFPA 704 designation is health 3, flammability 0, and reactivity 1.
The white section at the bottom of the 704 diamond has an “oxy” prefix, indicating that Chromic Acid is an oxidizer.

The name is in common use, although the true chromic acid, H2CrO4, exists only in solution.
A hypothetical acid,H2CrO4, known only in chromatesalts.
Chromic acid is a dark purplish red solid, exists only in solution.
The hydrate of chromiumoxide, it is used in electroplating baths.
Chromic acid is soluble in water with the release of heat.
The material itself is noncombustible but Chromic acid will accelerate the burning of combustible materials.
Chromic Acid's solution is corrosive to metals and tissue.

Chromic acid is an inorganic acid composed of the elements chromium, oxygen, and hydrogen.
Chromic Acid is a dark, purplish red, odorless, sand-like solid powder.
When dissolved in water, Chromic Acid is a strong acid.
There are 2 types of chromic acid: molecular chromic acid with the formula H2CrO4 and dichromic acid with the formula H2Cr2O7.

The term chromic acid is usually used for a mixture made by adding concentrated sulfuric acid to a dichromate, which may contain a variety of compounds, including solid chromium trioxide.
This kind of chromic acid may be used as a cleaning mixture for glass.
Chromic acid may also refer to the molecular species, H2CrO4 of which the trioxide is the anhydride.
Chromic acid features chromium in an oxidation state of +6 (or VI).
Chromic Acid is a strong and corrosive oxidising agent and a moderate carcinogen.

Molecular chromic acid
Molecular chromic acid, H2CrO4, has much in common with sulfuric acid, H2SO4.
Only sulfuric acid can be classified as part of the 7 strong acids list.
Due to the laws pertinent to the concept of "first order ionization energy", the first proton is lost most easily.
Chromic Acid behaves extremely similarly to sulfuric acid deprotonation.
Since the process of polyvalent acid-base titrations have more than one proton (especially when the acid is starting substance and the base is the titrant), protons can only leave an acid one at a time.

Hence the first step is as follows:
H2CrO4 ⇌ [HCrO4]− + H+
The pKa for the equilibrium is not well characterized.
Reported values vary between about −0.8 to 1.6.
The value at zero ionic strength is difficult to determine because half dissociation only occurs in very acidic solution, at about pH 0, that is, with an acid concentration of about 1 mol dm−3.
A further complication is that the ion [HCrO4]− has a marked tendency to dimerize, with the loss of a water molecule, to form the dichromate ion, [Cr2O7]2−:

2 [HCrO4]− ⇌ [Cr2O7]2− + H2O log KD = 2.05.
Furthermore, the dichromate can be protonated:

[HCr2O7]− ⇌ [Cr2O7]2− + H+ pK = 1.8[4]
The pK value for this reaction shows that it can be ignored at pH > 4.

Loss of the second proton occurs in the pH range 4–8, making the ion [HCrO4]− a weak acid.
Molecular chromic acid could in principle be made by adding chromium trioxide to water (cf. manufacture of sulfuric acid).

CrO3 + H2O ⇌ H2CrO4
but in practice the reverse reaction occurs when molecular chromic acid is dehydrated.
This is what happens when concentrated sulfuric acid is added to a dichromate solution.
At first the colour changes from orange (dichromate) to red (chromic acid) and then deep red crystals of chromium trioxide precipitate from the mixture, without further colour change.
The colours are due to LMCT transitions.
Chromium trioxide is the anhydride of molecular chromic acid.
Chromic Acid is a Lewis acid and can react with a Lewis base, such as pyridine in a non-aqueous medium such as dichloromethane (Collins reagent).

High purity Chromic Acid is used in to manufacture metal and plastic coatings to produce a strong, tarnish-resistant, chrome finish.
Chromic Acid finds applications in many industries including in the manufacture of appliances and automobiles.
Chromic Acid is also used as a wood preservative for marine pilings, telephone poles, landscape timbers and other industrial wood applications.
Being a strong oxidizing agent, Chromic Acid also finds applications in organic synthesis and for preparation of other chrome chemicals of analytical grades.

Chromic acid generally refers to a mixture produced by adding concentrated sulphuric acid to a dichromate.
Dichromate may contain several other compounds such as solid chromium trioxide.
Chromic Acid is a very good chemical for glass cleaning.
Anhydrous form of trioxide(H2CrO4) can also be called chromic acid.
Chromic Acid is a strong and abrasive oxidizing agent.
Chemically, Chromic Acid bear may remeblance to sulphuric acid and acts simlarly when yielding hydrogen.
Only sulphuric acid yields first proton much easier than chromic acid.
Additionally, chromic acid slowly disintigrates while reaching boiling point and, in proper environments, Chromic Acid becomes dessicant.

Chromic acid Chemical Properties
Melting point: 196°C
Density: 2.290
Solubility: Methanol (Slightly)
Form: Liquid
Color: Clear, orange
PH: 3.03(1 mM solution);2.33(10 mM solution);2.06(100 mM solution)
Water Solubility: HIGHLY Soluble
EPA Substance Registry System: Chromic Acid (7738-94-5)
Chromic acid is a dark purplish-red odorless flakes or crystalline powder.

Uses
In chemistry trade, chromic acid is used in chromate, which is salt of chromic acid, production.
A large portion of chromic acid’s production is used for chrome coating.
Chromic Acid is used as burner in medical fields due to it being a good oxidizing agent.
Chromic Acid is also efficient in cleaning organic filth from glasses in labs but this method is not preferred because of its harm to environment.
Chromic Acid is also used as rubber pigment in carving processes, salt glaze making, colorizing glasses, cleaning metals, ink and dye productions.

Chemicals (chromates, oxidizing agents, catalysts), chromium-plating intermediate, medicine (caustic), process engraving, anodizing, ceramic glazes, colored glass, metal cleaning, inks, tanning, paints, textile mordant, etchant for plastics.
Chromic acid is an intermediate in chromium plating, and is also used in ceramic glazes, and colored glass.
Because a solution of chromic acid in sulfuric acid (also known as a sulfochromic mixture or chromosulfuric acid) is a powerful oxidizing agent, it can be used to clean laboratory glassware, particularly of otherwise insoluble organic residues.
This application has declined due to environmental concerns.
Furthermore, the acid leaves trace amounts of paramagnetic chromic ions (Cr3+) that can interfere with certain applications, such as NMR spectroscopy.
This is especially the case for NMR tubes.
Piranha solution can be used for the same task, without leaving metallic residues behind.

Chromic acid was widely used in the musical instrument repair industry, due to its ability to "brighten" raw brass.
A chromic acid dip leaves behind a bright yellow patina on the brass.
Due to growing health and environmental concerns, many have discontinued use of this chemical in their repair shops.
Chromic Acid was used in hair dye in the 1940s, under the name Melereon.
Chromic Acid is used as a bleach in black and white photographic reversal processing.

Reactions
Chromic acid is capable of oxidizing many kinds of organic compounds and many variations on this reagent have been developed:
Chromic acid in aqueous sulfuric acid and acetone is known as the Jones reagent, which will oxidize primary and secondary alcohols to carboxylic acids and ketones respectively, while rarely affecting unsaturated bonds.
Pyridinium chlorochromate is generated from chromium trioxide and pyridinium chloride.
This reagent converts primary alcohols to the corresponding aldehydes (R–CHO).
Collins reagent is an adduct of chromium trioxide and pyridine used for diverse oxidations.
Chromyl chloride, CrO2Cl2 is a well-defined molecular compound that is generated from chromic acid.

Illustrative transformations
Oxidation of methylbenzenes to benzoic acids.
Oxidative scission of indene to homophthalic acid.
Oxidation of secondary alcohol to ketone (cyclooctanone) and nortricyclanone.

Use in qualitative organic analysis
In organic chemistry, dilute solutions of chromic acid can be used to oxidize primary or secondary alcohols to the corresponding aldehydes and ketones.
Similarly, Chromic Acid can also be used to oxidize an aldehyde to its corresponding carboxylic acid.
Tertiary alcohols and ketones are unaffected.
Because the oxidation is signaled by a color change from orange to brownish green (indicating chromium being reduced from oxidation state +6 to +3), chromic acid is commonly used as a lab reagent in high school or undergraduate college chemistry as a qualitative analytical test for the presence of primary or secondary alcohols, or aldehydes.

Alternative reagents
In oxidations of alcohols or aldehydes into carboxylic acids, chromic acid is one of several reagents, including several that are catalytic.
For example, nickel(II) salts catalyze oxidations by bleach (hypochlorite).
Aldehydes are relatively easily oxidised to carboxylic acids, and mild oxidising agents are sufficient.
Silver(I) compounds have been used for this purpose.
Each oxidant offers advantages and disadvantages.
Instead of using chemical oxidants, electrochemical oxidation is often possible.

Production
Chromic acid is acquired from adding additive chemicals to chrome trioxide’s aquenous solution.
Chrome trioxde is generally produced by putting 2,4 mol sodium dichromate and 2,8 mol sulphuric acid.

Reactivity Profile
A very powerful oxidizing agent, confirmed human carcinogen.
Upon contact with reducing reagents Chromic acid can cause a violent explosion, in contact with organic matter Chromic acid may cause a violent oxidation leading to ignition.
Dangerously reactive with acetone, alcohols, alkali metals (sodium, potassium), ammonia, arsenic, dimethylformamide, hydrogen sulfide, phosphorus, peroxyformic acid, pyridine, selenium, sulfur, and many other chemicals.
When mixed with sulfuric acid for glass cleaning operations, used solution in closed bottle may explode due to internal pressure of carbon dioxide arising from contamination by carbon compounds.

Hazard
A human carcinogen.
A poison.
Corrosive to skin.
Powerful oxidizing agent, may explode on contact with reducing agents, may ignite on contact with organic materials.
Upper respiratory tract irritant.
Very irritating to eyes and respiratory tract.
Ingestion causes severe gastrointestinal symptoms.
Contact with eyes or skin causes burns; prolonged contact produces dermatitis.

Chromic Acid; Chromic anhydride; Chromium anhydride; Chromium VI oxide; Chromium trioxide anhydrous; Chromic trioxide; Chromerge; Chromic acid, solid; Chromium(VI) oxide (1:3); Anhydride chromique; cas no: 1333-82-0

Synonyms: Cromic acid;dihydroxy(diketo)chromium;CHROMIC ACID CAS: 7738-94-5

Chrysanthemum morifolium extract can effectively control the rise of blood glucose and blood lipids caused by a HF diet in a short period of time, which has been confirmed in this study, but the mechanism and mode of action still need to be further explored.
Chrysanthemum morifolium extract (also known in the US as florist's daisy and hardy garden mum, is a hybrid species of perennial plant in the genus Chrysanthemum of the Asteraceae family.
Chrysanthemum morifolium extract is vigourous and shrubby with grey green foliage on stiff, erect stalks with spectacular flower heads on top in single and double variations.

CAS: 223748-32-1

Synonyms
CHRYSANTHEMUM EXTRACT;CHRYSANTHEMUM OIL;CHRYSANTHEMUM RESIN;CHRYSANTHEMUM WATER

The plant is 30–90 centimetres (12–35 in) high and wide, which grows as a perennial herbaceous or slightly woody plant on the ground.
The stems stand upright.
The leaves are broad ovate in outline and wedge-shaped in the petiole, the length of the leaves is more than 150 mm (6 in).
The lower leaves are plumed, further up the stems they are increasingly entire.
Deciduous leaves appear in the spring.
They are alternate, lobed pinnatifid and toothed.
They are up to 12 cm long, fleshy and covered with gray hairs.
They exhale a strong smell when they are wrinkled.

The plant's texture is thick and leathery.
The many branches, which are silky and covered with a short down, form a dense tuft.
The typical flower heads are radiated, that is to say formed of peripheral florets, female, zygomorphous, with ligules and central florets actinomorphous, tubulated, bisexual.
The external bracts are herbaceous, with a narrow margin.

In complex total inflorescences are some to many cup-shaped partial inflorescences together.
The tongue flowers can have in the many varieties of colors of green, white, or yellow, pink to purple.
There are varieties with simple flowers that look like daisies and varieties with double flowers, looking like pompoms more or less big.
The plant starts to bloom when the length of the day is less than 14 hours.
To note, during the millennia and a half of cultivation, tens of thousands of different cultivars have been obtained, with flower heads of very different shapes, sizes and colors.
Chrysanthemum morifolium extract is mainly by looking at the leaves that one can know that it is a chrysanthemum.

aphanostephus pinulensis extract; extract of the herb of the feverfew, chrysanthemum parthenium, asteraceae; feverfew extract; matricaria parthenium extract; pyrethrum parthenium extract; tanacetum parthenium extract CAS NO:89997-65-9

Chrysanthemum morifolium extract can effectively control the rise of blood glucose and blood lipids caused by a HF diet in a short period of time, which has been confirmed in this study, but the mechanism and mode of action still need to be further explored.
Chrysanthemum morifolium extract (also known in the US as florist's daisy and hardy garden mum, is a hybrid species of perennial plant in the genus Chrysanthemum of the Asteraceae family.
Chrysanthemum morifolium extract is vigourous and shrubby with grey green foliage on stiff, erect stalks with spectacular flower heads on top in single and double variations.

CAS: 223748-32-1

Synonyms
CHRYSANTHEMUM EXTRACT;CHRYSANTHEMUM OIL;CHRYSANTHEMUM RESIN;CHRYSANTHEMUM WATER

The plant is 30–90 centimetres (12–35 in) high and wide, which grows as a perennial herbaceous or slightly woody plant on the ground.
The stems stand upright.
The leaves are broad ovate in outline and wedge-shaped in the petiole, the length of the leaves is more than 150 mm (6 in).
The lower leaves are plumed, further up the stems they are increasingly entire.
Deciduous leaves appear in the spring.
They are alternate, lobed pinnatifid and toothed.
They are up to 12 cm long, fleshy and covered with gray hairs.
They exhale a strong smell when they are wrinkled.

The plant's texture is thick and leathery.
The many branches, which are silky and covered with a short down, form a dense tuft.
The typical flower heads are radiated, that is to say formed of peripheral florets, female, zygomorphous, with ligules and central florets actinomorphous, tubulated, bisexual.
The external bracts are herbaceous, with a narrow margin.

In complex total inflorescences are some to many cup-shaped partial inflorescences together.
The tongue flowers can have in the many varieties of colors of green, white, or yellow, pink to purple.
There are varieties with simple flowers that look like daisies and varieties with double flowers, looking like pompoms more or less big.
The plant starts to bloom when the length of the day is less than 14 hours.
To note, during the millennia and a half of cultivation, tens of thousands of different cultivars have been obtained, with flower heads of very different shapes, sizes and colors.
Chrysanthemum morifolium extract is mainly by looking at the leaves that one can know that it is a chrysanthemum.

METHYL CINNAMATE, N° CAS : 103-26-4. Nom INCI : METHYL CINNAMATE. Nom chimique : Methyl 3-phenyl-2-propenoate. N° EINECS/ELINCS : 203-093-8. Ses fonctions (INCI) : Agent parfumant : Utilisé pour le parfum et les matières premières aromatiques

CINNAMIC ACID, N° CAS : 140-10-3 / 621-82-9, Nom INCI : CINNAMIC ACID, N° EINECS/ELINCS : 205-398-1 / 210-708-3, Ses fonctions (INCI): Agent d'entretien de la peau : Maintient la peau en bon état. Agent parfumant : Utilisé pour le parfum et les matières premières aromatiques

CINNAMYL ACETATE, N° CAS : 103-54-8 Nom INCI : CINNAMYL ACETATE Nom chimique : Cinnamyl acetate N° EINECS/ELINCS : 203-121-9 Ses fonctions (INCI) Agent parfumant : Utilisé pour le parfum et les matières premières aromatiques

Chrysin (Oroxylum indicum seed) extract, also called 5,7-dihydroxyflavone, is a flavone found in honey, propolis, the passion flowers, Passiflora caerulea and Passiflora incarnata, and in Oroxylum indicum.
Chrysin (Oroxylum indicum seed) extract is extracted from various plants, such as the blue passion flower (Passifloracaerulea).
Following oral intake by humans, Chrysin (Oroxylum indicum seed) extract has low bioavailability and rapid excretion.

CAS: 480-40-0
MF: C15H10O4
MW: 254.24
EINECS: 207-549-7

Synonyms
AKOS NCG1-0026;5,7-DIHYDROXYFLAVONE;5,7-dihydroxy-2-phenyl-4h-benzo[b]pyran-4-one;5,7-DIHYDROXY-2-PHENYL-CHROMEN-4-ONE;LABOTEST-BB LT00440772;CHRYSIN;CHRYSINE;Chrysin 99.0%min

Chrysin (Oroxylum indicum seed) extract is under basic research to evaluate its safety and potential biological effects.
Chrysin (Oroxylum indicum seed) extract is an ingredient in dietary supplements.
As of 2016, there was no clinical use of Chrysin (Oroxylum indicum seed) extract, and no evidence for its effect on testosterone levels.
In 2016, the US Food and Drug Administration did not recommend Chrysin (Oroxylum indicum seed) extract be included on the list of bulk drug substances that can be used in compounding under section 503A of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act.
Chrysin (Oroxylum indicum seed) extract is a natural flavonoid with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer properties.
Chrysin (Oroxylum indicum seed) extract blocks COX-2 gene expression, PGE2 production, and hydroxyl radical formation in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells.

Chrysin (Oroxylum indicum seed) extract inhibits insulin-induced HIF-1α expression (~50% at 10 μM) in human prostate cancer DU145 cells and blocks DU145 xenograft-induced angiogenesis in vivo.
In a mouse model of ischemia/reperfusion injury, Chrysin (Oroxylum indicum seed) extract decreased pro-inflammatory gene expression and oxidative stress, resulting in a reduction of infarct volume and neurological defects.
Chrysin (Oroxylum indicum seed) extract is a dihydroxyflavone in which the two hydroxy groups are located at positions 5 and 7.
Chrysin (Oroxylum indicum seed) extract has a role as an anti-inflammatory agent, an antineoplastic agent, an antioxidant, a hepatoprotective agent, an EC 2.7.11.18 (myosin-light-chain kinase) inhibitor and a plant metabolite.
Chrysin (Oroxylum indicum seed) extract is a dihydroxyflavone and a 7-hydroxyflavonol.

Chrysin (Oroxylum indicum seed) extract is a flavonoid that has been shown to be an anti-inflammatory cytokine with synergistic effects.
Chrysin (Oroxylum indicum seed) extract has been shown to inhibit the production of prostaglandin j2 and induce apoptosis in vitro.
Chrysin (Oroxylum indicum seed) extract also has a synergic effect with dinucleotide phosphate, leading to a decrease in DNA fragmentation and neuronal death.
The biological properties of Chrysin (Oroxylum indicum seed) extract have been extensively studied in vitro and its anti-inflammatory activity has been confirmed by several studies on animal models.
Chrysin (Oroxylum indicum seed) extract also inhibits pro-apoptotic protein expression and promotes neurogenesis in vivo.
Synergic effects of Chrysin (Oroxylum indicum seed) extract have also been observed when combined with chrysin or hypoglycemic drugs such as metformin.

Chrysin (Oroxylum indicum seed) extract Chemical Properties
Melting point: 284-286 °C(lit.)
Boiling point: 357.45°C (rough estimate)
Density: 1.2693 (rough estimate)
Refractive index: 1.4872 (estimate)
Storage temp.: Keep in dark place,Sealed in dry,Room Temperature
Solubility: DMSO (Slightly), Methanol (Slightly)
pka: 6.50±0.40(Predicted)
Form: Crystalline Powder
Color: Yellow
Merck: 14,2256
BRN: 233276
Stability: Stable. Incompatible with strong oxidizing agents.
InChIKey: RTIXKCRFFJGDFG-UHFFFAOYSA-N
LogP: 3.520
CAS DataBase Reference: 480-40-0(CAS DataBase Reference)

Chrysin (Oroxylum indicum seed) extract beige powder or Pale yellow prismatic crystal (crystallized from methanol) with a melting point of 285°C.
Chrysin (Oroxylum indicum seed) extract is soluble in alkali hydroxide solution and acetone, slightly soluble in ether, ethanol and chloroform, insoluble in water.

Uses
Chrysin (Oroxylum indicum seed) extract is a flavanoid with anti-inflammatory effect and potential protective effects against cancer and cardiovascular disease.
Studies show that Chrysin (Oroxylum indicum seed) extract is central benzodiazepine receptor ligand with possible anxiolytic effects.
Chrysin (Oroxylum indicum seed) extract was initially believed to have aromatase inhibitor but recent in vivo studies have disproved that.
Dyes and metabolites.

Biological Functions
Chrysin (Oroxylum indicum seed) extract, also referred to as 5,7-dihydroxyflavone, is a naturally occurring antioxidant flavonoi.
Chrysin (Oroxylum indicum seed) extract holds immense potential for diverse applications and is being investigated as a potential therapeutic agent for various conditions and diseases.
Research on Chrysin (Oroxylum indicum seed) extract has revealed its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, and anti-diabetic properties, along with its ability to modulate the activity of specific enzymes, hormones, and neurotransmitters.
Chrysin (Oroxylum indicum seed) extract's therapeutic potential extends to areas like oncology, diabetes, and neurological disorders.
Although the precise mechanism of action of chrysin is not yet fully comprehended, research suggests its ability to modulate the activity of enzymes, hormones, and neurotransmitters.
For instance, Chrysin (Oroxylum indicum seed) extract has shown the potential to influence the activity of aromatase, an enzyme involved in estrogen production.
Moreover, Chrysin (Oroxylum indicum seed) extract has exhibited inhibitory effects on cancer cell growth and inflammation by influencing the activity of specific enzymes and hormones.
Chrysin (Oroxylum indicum seed) extract was discovered that Chrysin inhibits HIF-1α (hypoxia-inducible factor-1α) and induces apoptosis.

Cinnamon Bark extract is a hydroalcoholic extract of the bark of Cinnamomum Cassia in a Butylene Glycol water solution.
Cinnamon Bark extract is a brown reddish liquid soluble in water.
Cinnamon Bark extract contains fragrance allergens and ingredients whose max. concentration is limited in the EU and many other regions of the world.

CAS: 84649-98-9
EINECS: 283-479-0

Synonyms
Cinnamomum zeylanicum, ext.;CINNAMOMUM ZEYLANICUM BARK EXTRACT;CINNAMOMUM ZEYLANICUM BARK OIL;Cinnamomum zeylanicum, Extrakt;Cinnamomum zeylanicum extract;Cinnamon, crude extract;Einecs 283-479-0;Extract of cinnamon

The main difference between the EO and Cinnamon Bark extract is the much lower concentration of safrole in the extract (62,5 ppm) compared to the essential oil (about 11% according to Tisserand).
Cinnamon Bark extract is extracted from dried bark of cinnamomum cassia. Main active ingredients of the extract are cinnamon polyphenols.
Cinnamon Bark extract can help reduce blood sugar and blood fat, it may also improve liver function.
Cinnamon Bark extract is mainly used in medicines or dietary supplements that treate or prevent type 2 diabetes, high blood sugar and high blood fat.

Cinnamon Bark extract is a natural extract of the bark of Cinnamomum Cassia.
Cinnamon Bark extract is known to be an antibacterial, antimicrobial and an antiseptic.
Cinnamon Bark extract can be used to treat wounds and also to help stimulate circulation in the skin.
Cinnamon Bark extract can be used in formulations for personal care products looking for an antiseptic or stimulating property such as an energizing face wash, antimicrobial ointment or many other types of applications.

Cinnamon Bark extract is a common ingredient found in cosmetics with potent antimicrobial and antioxidant properties.
Cinnamon Bark extract prevents bacterial and fungal growth on the surface of the skin while also protecting it from environmental stressors responsible for skin aging.
Further, Cinnamon Bark extract deeply nourishes and conditions the skin to leave it healthy, youthful, and glowing.
Cinnamon Bark extract is extracted from the dried bark of cinnamon and has a typical brownish-reddish color.
Additionally, being a natural ingredient, Cinnamon Bark extract is safe for use and has no major side effects.
Cinnamon Bark extract is also non-comedogenic and fights off acne-causing bacteria.

Cinnamon Bark extract is a plant that belongs to the family of Lauraceae, and has been used for centuries as a spice in cooking.
Cinnamon Bark extract, leaves, and fruit of this plant contain many natural compounds with potent antioxidant activity.
Cinnamon Bark extract's have been shown to inhibit pro-inflammatory enzymes such as cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase, which are responsible for the production of prostaglandin E2 and leukotriene B4 respectively.
Cinnamon Bark extract also has an anti-hyperglycemic effect by inhibiting the enzyme alpha-glucosidase that breaks down dietary carbohydrates into glucose.
This analysis was confirmed by chromatographic analysis which revealed the presence of cinnamaldehyde in cinnamon extract which inhibits alpha-glucosidase at high concentrations.
Cinnamon Bark extract can reduce blood sugar levels when taken with meals by stimulating insulin secretion from pancreatic β cells.

Cinnamon Bark extract is extracted from the leaves of the plant and has a rich and distinctive composition.
With a high content of cinnamaldehyde, Cinnamon Bark extract provides antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties.
Cinnamon Bark extract's warm and spicy aroma is appreciated in aromatherapy, where it is used to create inviting atmospheres.

Application
1) Applied in food field, used as raw materials of tea get good reputation;
2) Applied in health product field , Cinnamon Bark extract can be used as the raw materials to enhance the immunity of human body;
3) Applied in pharmaceutical field, to be added into capsule to reduce blood sugar.

Cinnamon Bark extract serves as a potent natural ingredient with antimicrobial properties that help inhibit the growth of bacteria and fungi, making it beneficial in acne treatments and skincare products aimed at maintaining skin health.
Additionally, Cinnamon Bark extract's antioxidant properties contribute to protecting skin cells from oxidative stress and premature aging.
Cinnamon Bark extract has soothing and anti-inflammatory qualities that further enhance its appeal in formulations designed to calm irritated skin and improve overall skin texture.
Lastly, Cinnamon Bark extract's aromatic properties lend a pleasant fragrance to various cosmetic products.

Cinnamon Bark extract, derived from the Ceylon cinnamon tree, is produced by grinding and extracting the bark.
Cinnamon Bark extract is first harvested and dried, then ground into a fine powder or chips.
Cinnamon Bark extract is then subjected to extraction processes such as maceration in a suitable solvent like ethanol or water.
The solvent extracts the beneficial compounds, including cinnamaldehyde, eugenol, and other phytochemicals.
After filtration and purification, the resulting extract is concentrated to obtain a potent form used in cosmetics.

Noms français : vitamin B6; CIRE D'ABEILLE; CIRE D'ABEILLE JAUNE; Noms anglais : BEESWAX, Utilisation : Cire, fabrication de produits pharmaceutique(5-Hydroxy-6-methylpyridine-3,4-diyl)dimethanol; 2-methyl-3-hydroxy-4,5-bis(hydroxy-methyl) pyridine; 2-Methyl-3-hydroxy-4,5-dihydroxymethyl-pyridin [German]; 3,4-Pyridinedimethanol, 5-hydroxy-6-methyl- ; 3-hydroxy-2-Picoline-4,5-dimethanol; 3-Hydroxy-4,5-dimethylol-a-picoline; 4,5-Bis(hydroxymethyl)-2-methyl-3-pyridinol; 4,5-Bis(hydroxymethyl)-2-methyl-3-pyridinol [German] 4,5-Bis(hydroxyméthyl)-2-méthyl-3-pyridinol [French]; 4,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylpyridin-3-ol; 5-Hydroxy-6-methyl-3,4-pyridinedimethanol; 65-23-6 [RN]; Bezatin; Piridoxina [Spanish]; Pirivitol; Pyridoxine [Wiki]; Pyridoxinum [Latin]; Pyridoxol; Vitamin B6 ; VITAMIN B6 COMPLEX; Piridossina; 139854 [Beilstein]; 2-Methyl-3-hydroxy-4,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)pyridine 2-Methyl-3-hydroxy-4,5-di(hydroxymethyl)pyridine; 2-Methyl-3-hydroxy-4,5-dihydroxymethyl-pyridin [German]; 2-methyl-3-hydroxy-4,5-dihydroxymethylpyridine; 2-Methyl-4,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)-3-hydroxypyridine; 2-methyl-4,5-dimethylol-pyridin-3-ol; 3-Hydroxy-4,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylpyridine; 3-hydroxy-4,5-dimethylol-α-picoline; 3-Hydroxy-4,5-dimethylol-α-picoline; 4,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)-2-methyl-pyridin-3-ol; 4,5-Bis-hydroxymethyl-2-methyl-pyridin-3-ol; Adermin Adermine Becilan Becilan Beesix Beesix Beeswax Benadon Bonasanit BPBio1_000646 BSPBio_000586 DB00165 Gravidox Hexa-βlin Hexobion Hydoxin hydroxin Naturetime B6 Nestrex Oprea1_061614 Pharmakon1600-01505453 Piridossina [DCIT] Piridoxina [INN-Spanish] Prestwick2_000623 Prestwick3_000623 Pridoxine PXL Pyridoxin Pyridoxine free base Pyridoxinum [INN-Latin] Pyridoxolum Pyroxin vitamin B6 vitaminb6

SYNONYMS 1-Cyclopropyl-6-fluoro-1,4-dihydro-4-oxo-7-(1-piperazinyl)-3-quinolinecarboxylic acid; Ciloxin; Baycip; Ciloxan; Ciprinol; Flociprin; CAS NO:85721-33-1

CIS-3-HEXENAL N° CAS : 6789-80-6 Nom INCI : CIS-3-HEXENAL Nom chimique : (Z)-Hex-3-enal N° EINECS/ELINCS : 229-854-4 Ses fonctions (INCI) Agent parfumant : Utilisé pour le parfum et les matières premières aromatiques

CIS-3-HEXENYL SALICYLATE N° CAS : 65405-77-8 Nom INCI : CIS-3-HEXENYL SALICYLATE Nom chimique : (Z)-3-Hexenyl 2-hydroxybenzoate N° EINECS/ELINCS : 265-745-8 Ses fonctions (INCI) Agent parfumant : Utilisé pour le parfum et les matières premières aromatiques

Isothiazolinone chloride; Kathon 886; Kathon CG; CMIT/MIT mixture; 5-Chloro-2-methyl-3(2H)-isothiazolone mixt. with 2-methyl-3(2H)-isothiazolone; Chloromethylisothiazolione/Methylisothiazolinone (75%/25%); CMI/MI; MCI/MI; CIT/MIT; Microcare IT; Microcare ITL; Acticide 14; Acticide LGMicrocide III; ProClin 300; Slaoff 360; Somacide RS; Tret-O-Lite XC 215; Zonen F; cas no: 55965-84-9

Cistanche deserticola Stem extract is a phenylethanoid glycoside that has been found in Echinacea and has diverse biological activities.
Cistanche deserticola Stem extract scavenges 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH; ) radicals (EC50 = 6.6 μM in a cell-free assay).
Cistanche deserticola Stem extract inhibits hydrogen peroxide-induced production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and apoptosis in PC12 cells.

CAS: 82854-37-3
MF: C35H46O20
MW: 786.73
EINECS: 240-851-7

Synonyms
(1-3)-o-(beta-d-glucopyranosyl-(1-6))-,4-(3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-2-propenoat;2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethylo-6-deoxy-alpha-l-mannopyranosyl-glucopyranosid;beta-d-e;ECHINACOSIDE;ECHINACOSIDE(AMERICAN HERBAL PHARMACOPOEIA);ECHINACOSIDE 20% DESERTLIVING CISTANCHE P.E.;Cistanche tubulosa;Echinacoside/CH80711

Cistanche deserticola Stem extract reduces increases in plasma alanine aminotransferase (ALT), TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-16, and IL-10 levels and hepatocyte apoptosis induced by LPS/D-galactosamine in a mouse model of acute liver injury when administered at a dose of 60 mg/kg.
Cistanche deserticola Stem extract prevents loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta and decreases in striatal dopamine and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) levels in a mouse model of MPTP-induced Parkinson''s disease.
Cistanche deserticola Stem extract also improves motor performance in the rotarod test in the same model.
Cistanche deserticola Stem extract is an oligosaccharide.
Cistanche deserticola Stem extract is a caffeic acid derivative naturally found in plants, such as, Echinacea angustifolia DC.
Cistanche deserticola Stem extract belongs to the class of phenylethanoid glycosides.
In vitro studies have revealed the mode of action of Cistanche deserticola Stem extract in breast cancer cells; echinacoside suppresses the Wnt/β-catenin signalling pathway exerting anticancer activity.
Cistanche deserticola Stem extract has been reported as beneficial for human health in terms of neuroprotection, cardioprotectiony, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and anti-osteoporotic activity.

Cistanche deserticola Stem extract Chemical Properties
Boiling point: 1062.7±65.0 °C(Predicted)
Density: 1.66±0.1 g/cm3(Predicted)
Storage temp.: Inert atmosphere,2-8°C
Solubility: DMSO:60.0(Max Conc. mg/mL);76.26(Max Conc. mM)
DMSO:PBS (pH 7.2) (1:9):0.1(Max Conc. mg/mL);0.13(Max Conc. mM)
DMF:30.0(Max Conc. mg/mL);38.13(Max Conc. mM)
Ethanol:52.5(Max Conc. mg/mL);66.73(Max Conc. mM)
Water:24.36(Max Conc. mg/mL);30.96(Max Conc. mM)
Form: powder
Pka: 8.43±0.20(Predicted)
Color: White-beige
BRN: 4778612
Stability: Hygroscopic
InChIKey: FSBUXLDOLNLABB-ISAKITKMSA-N
LogP: 0.140 (est)

Uses
Cistanche deserticola Stem extract is a caffeic acid glycoside, known for its neuroprotective, antiinflammatory and anti-oxidative activities.
Also an anti proliferative towards hypoxia influenced pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells.

CITRAL, N° CAS : 5392-40-5 - Citral, Nom INCI : CITRAL, Nom chimique : 2,6-Octadienal, 3,7-dimethyl-; 3,7-Dimethyl-2,6-octadienal, N° EINECS/ELINCS : 226-394-6, Classification : Allergène, Règlementé. Ses fonctions (INCI): Agent parfumant : Utilisé pour le parfum et les matières premières aromatiques, Agent arômatisant : Donne un arôme au produit cosmétique. Noms français : 2,6-OCTADIENAL, 3,7-DIMETHYL-; 3,7-DIMETHYL-2,6-OCTADIENAL; Citral; DIMETHYL-3,7 OCTADIENAL-2,6; Noms anglais : Citral; Utilisation: Agent de saveur, fabrication de produits organiques; 2,6-Dimethyloctadien-2,6-al-8; 2,6-Octadienal, 3,7-dimethyl-; 3,7-Dimethyl-1,2,6-octadienal; 3,7-Dimethyl-2,6-octadienal; 3,7-Dimethyl-trans-2,6-octadienal; Citral (natural); Lemsyn GB; Plant oils / Citronella oil. Translated names: (E)-3,7-dimetylookta-2,6-dienal i (Z)-3,7-dimetylookta-2,6-dienal (pl); 3,7-dimetil-2,6-ottadienale (it); citral (cs); citrale (it); citralis (lt); citrál (sk); citrāls (lv); cytral α i cytral ß (pl); geranial i neral (pl); Sitraali (fi); Tsitraal (et); κιτράλ (el); цитрал (bg); 2,6-octadienal, 3,7-dimethyl- 226-394-6 [EINECS] 2303 3,7-Dimethyl-1,2,6-octadienal 3,7-Dimethylocta-2,6-dienal 5392-40-5 [RN] Citral Geranial and neral mixture Lemsyn GB MFCD00006997 [MDL number] "3,7-DIMETHYL-2,6-OCTADIENAL" "3,7-DIMETHYL-2,6-OCTADIENAL"|"3,7-DIMETHYLOCTA-2,6-DIENAL" "3,7-DIMETHYLOCTA-2,6-DIENAL" (E)-3,7-dimethylocta-2,6-dienal Citicoline Sodium [USAN] citral (mixture of cis - and trans -) citral, 95%, mixture of cis and trans citral-顺式 + 反式 Diethylester kyseliny adipove [Czech] Lemarome Lemonal

Çok etkili bir koruyucu. Deterjan ve sabunlarda tavsiye edilir

Synonyms: (3-hydroxy-2,5-dioxo-tetrahydro-furan-3-yl)-acetic acid; citric anhydride;CAS No.: 24555-16-6

Citric acid appears as a white crystalline powder or granular crystals and, given Citric acid is a salt, possesses a salty / saline taste with no real detectable odour.
Citric acid is a chemical compound, the sodium salt of Trisodium citrate.
Citric acid is obtained by reacting Sodium Citrate with sodium hydroxide, carbonate, or bicarbonate and then crystallized and dehydrated.

CAS Number: 68-04-2
EC number: 200-675-3
Chemical Formula: Na3C6H5O7
Molar Mass: 294.10 g/mol

Citric acid has the chemical formula of Na3C6H5O7.
Citric acid is sometimes referred to simply as "sodium citrate", though Citric acid can refer to any of the three sodium salts of Trisodium citrate.
Citric acid possesses a saline, mildly tart flavor, and is a mild alkali.

Citric acid is mildly basic and can be used along with Sodium Citrate to make biologically compatible buffers.

Citric acid has the chemical formula Na3C6H5O7.

Citric acid can refer to any of the three sodium salts of Trisodium citrate.
Citric acid is lightweight and can be used with Sodium Citrate to make biocompatible buffers.

Citric acid, one of the sodium salts of Trisodium citrate, is a compound found in every living organism and is part of key metabolic pathways in all body cells.
Citric acid is found in high concentrations in sour fruits, kiwis, strawberries and many other fruits.
Citric acid is commercially prepared by the fermentation of molasses by the mold Aspergillus niger.

Citric acid, also referred to as Sodium Citrate, Trisodium Salt or food additive E331, is the tribasic salt of Trisodium citrate.
Citric acid appears as a white crystalline powder or granular crystals and, given Citric acid is a salt, possesses a salty / saline taste with no real detectable odour.

Citric acid has the CAS number 6132-04-3 and formula Na3C6H5O7.
Citric acid is water-soluble, non-toxic and fully biodegradable.

Citric acid is white, crystalline powder or white, granular crystals, slightly deliquescent in moist air, freely soluble in water, practically insoluble in alcohol.

Like Sodium Citrate, Citric acid has a sour taste.
From the medical point of view, Citric acid is used as alkalinizing agent.

Citric acid works by neutralizing excess acid in the blood and urine.
Citric acid has been indicated for the treatment of metabolic acidosis.

Citric acid is obtained by reacting Sodium Citrate with sodium hydroxide, carbonate, or bicarbonate and then crystallized and dehydrated.

Citric acid also occurs naturally in citrus fruits.
Citric acid is commonly referred to as ‘Sodium Citrate’, but this term is ambiguous as Citric acid can also refer to the sodium or monosodium salt.

Citric acid is structured in such a way that a sodium atom is attached to each of the three carboxyl groups present.
Similarly, Monosodium Citrate is a chemical compound with one sodium in the molecule and Disodium Citrate is a chemical compound with two sodium atoms.

Citric acid is labeled as a food additive with the symbol E331.

Citric acid is registered under the REACH Regulation and is manufactured in and / or imported to the European Economic Area, at ≥ 10 000 to < 100 000 tonnes per annum.
Citric acid is used by consumers, in articles, by professional workers (widespread uses), in formulation or re-packing, at industrial sites and in manufacturing.

Citric acid is produced by complete neutralisation of Trisodium citrate with high purity sodium hydroxide or carbonate and subsequent crystallisation and dehydration.
The common hydrate form, Citric acid dihydrate, is widely used in foods, beverages and various technical applications mainly as buffering, sequestering or emulsifying agent.

Citric acid anhydrous is manufactured from Citric acid dihydrate.
Water molecules of the dihydrate crystals are removed by a patented process without destroying the original crystal matrix.

The resulting crystals have a porous matrix that can be used as a carrier for inorganic and/or organic substances like perfumes and surfactants.
Due to Citric acid low water content Citric acid anhydrous does not add water to the formulation.

Citric acid has even the excellent ability to take up surplus water from moisture sensitive formulations thus providing better shelf life to the end product.
Therefore, Citric acid anhydrous finds Citric acid particular uses in water sensitive formulations like instant drinks as well as tablets and powders in pharmaceuticals and detergents.

Citric acid anhydrous occurs as white, granular crystals or as white, crystalline powder.
Citric acid is freely soluble in water and practically insoluble in ethanol (96 %).

Citric acid is a non-toxic, neutral salt with low reactivity.
Citric acid is chemically stable if stored at ambient temperatures.
Citric acid anhydrous is fully biodegradable and can be disposed of with regular waste or sewage.

Citric acid dihydrate, is widely applied in food, beverages and fillers as a buffering, sequestering or an emulsifying agent.
Citric acid used as an anticoagulant in blood transfusions, osmotic laxative, functional fluids, solvents cleaning, furnishing care products, laundry dishwashing products and cleaning automobile radiators.

Citric acid is produced by complete neutralisation of Citric acid with high purity sodium hydroxide or carbonate and subsequent crystallisation.
Citric acid dihydrate is widely used in foods, beverages and various technical applications mainly as buffering, sequestering or emulsifying agent.

Citric acid dihydrate occurs as white, granular crystals or as white, crystalline powder with a pleasant, salty taste.
Citric acid is slightly deliquescent in moist air, freely soluble in water and practically insoluble in ethanol (96 %).

Citric acid dihydrate is a non-toxic, neutral salt with low reactivity.
Citric acid is chemically stable if stored at ambient temperatures.
Citric acid dihydrate is fully biodegradable and can be disposed of with regular waste or sewage.

Citric acid in Food:
Citric acid is a food additive with the E number E331.
Citric acid is used in a variety of processed food and drink primarily as a flavour enhancer and a preservative.
As an emulsifying agent Citric acid is also used in cheesemaking to allow cheese to melt without the separation of oils and fats.

Citric acid in food buffers pH levels to help regulate acidity in a variety of foods to balance taste and is also able to impart a tart / sour flavour in a wide variety of drink products.

Usage areas of Citric acid:
Citric acid is often used as a food additive as a flavoring or preservative.
The E number is E331.

Citric acid is used as a flavoring agent in certain varieties of club soda.
Citric acid is common as an ingredient in Bratwurst and is also commercially available for drinks and beverage mixes, contributing a tart flavor.

Citric acid is found in gelatin mix, ice cream, jam, desserts, powdered milk, processed cheeses, sodas and wine.
Citric acid can be used as an emulsifier when making cheese.
Citric acid allows the cheese to melt without remaining greasy.

Citric acid, a conjugate base of a weak acid, can act as a buffering agent or acidity regulator by resisting change in pH.
Citric acid is used to control the acidity of some substances, such as gelatin desserts.

Citric acid is found in mini milk containers used in coffee machines.
Citric acid is a particularly effective substance for removing carbonate scale from boilers without cracking and for cleaning car radiators.

Uses of Citric acid:
Citric acid has many uses, but is mainly applied in the food industry.

Citric acid has similar applications as Citric Acid, so Citric acid is usually used as a flavor enhancer, to acidify foods or beverages, or as a preservative.

Citric acid is also commonly used in medicine as a drug ingredient, usually for people with urinary tract infections.
Citric acid also plays a role as an anticoagulant, which means Citric acid inhibits blood clotting.

In addition, Citric acid is used in chemistry.
Citric acid is a component of buffers and a component of Benedict’s reagent, which is used to detect sugars and aldehydes.
Citric acid is also found in cosmetics such as shower gels, shampoos or skin creams, as Citric acid gives them the right acidity level and is used as a preservative.

Another application of Citric acid is to remove scale from boilers, clean car radiators, and burnt sheet metal or pots.
Citric acid is also used in the production of cleaning products, as it softens water, allowing detergents to work more effectively.

Citric acid is used in similar applications to Trisodium citrate.
These uses include as an acidity regulator in food and drink, as a sequestering agent to prevent limescale inference with soaps and detergents and as an emulsifying agent to aid chemical mixing processes where two separate elements are incapable of mixing (for example oil and water) and helps to keep these mixtures stable once formulated.

Citric acid is used in blood collection (anticoagulant), photography, and food production. (sequestering agent, emulsifier, and acidulant)
Permitted for use as an inert ingredient in non-food pesticide products.

Citric acid in food industry:

Foods:
Citric acid is chiefly used as a food additive, usually for flavor or as a preservative.
Citric acid E number is E331.

Citric acid is employed as a flavoring agent in certain varieties of club soda.
Citric acid is common as an ingredient in bratwurst, and is also used in commercial ready-to-drink beverages and drink mixes, contributing a tart flavor.
Citric acid is found in gelatin mix[clarification needed], ice cream, yogurt, jams, sweets, milk powder, processed cheeses, carbonated beverages, and wine[citation needed], amongst others.

As a conjugate base of a weak acid, citrate can perform as a buffering agent or acidity regulator, resisting changes in pH.
Citric acid is used to control acidity in some substances, such as gelatin desserts.

Citric acid can be found in the milk minicontainers used with coffee machines.
Citric acid is the product of antacids, such as Alka-Seltzer, when they are dissolved in water.

The pH of a solution of 5 g/100 ml water at 25 °C is 7.5 – 9.0.
Citric acid is added to many commercially packaged dairy products to control the PH impact of the gastrointestinal system of humans, mainly in processed products such as cheese and yogurt.

Citric acid can be used to optimize the safety and quality of snacks, cereals, bakery products and potato products such as French fries without affecting the production process.

Citric acid is found in carbonated beverages, dairy products, confectionery, prepared foods, canned meats and vegetables, margarine, mustard, sauces, mayonnaise, spices, jams, and much more.
This is not surprising, because Citric acid has various properties that are important for the food industry.

Firstly, Citric acid is used as an acidity regulator to maintain the proper pH of Citric acid.
Citric acid is found in sodas, especially those with lemon flavor, energy drinks, desserts or jams.

Citric acid is a sequestering agent, which means Citric acid is a substance that binds metal ions, called chelates.
Thanks to this, the consumer is protected from the harmful effects of heavy metals in foods.

Citric acid is also an emulsifier – Citric acid enables the preparation of a uniform solution from two immiscible liquids.
Citric acid is useful, for example, in the production of cheese, as Citric acid does not become greasy after melting, because Citric acid prevents the separation of fats.

Another use of Citric acid in the food industry is as a preservative.
Citric acid protects the fats in Citric acid from oxidation and rancidity.
Citric acid also prevents color changes in foods.

Medical uses:
In 1914, the Belgian doctor Albert Hustin and the Argentine physician and researcher Luis Agote successfully used Citric acid as an anticoagulant in blood transfusions, with Richard Lewisohn determining Citric acid correct concentration in 1915.
Citric acid continues to be used today in blood-collection tubes and for the preservation of blood in blood banks.

The citrate ion chelates calcium ions in the blood by forming calcium citrate complexes, disrupting the blood clotting mechanism.
Recently, Citric acid has also been used as a locking agent in vascath and haemodialysis lines instead of heparin due to Citric acid lower risk of systemic anticoagulation.

In 2003, Ööpik et al. showed the use of Citric acid (0.5 g/kg body weight) improved running performance over 5 km by 30 seconds.

Citric acid is used to relieve discomfort in urinary-tract infections, such as cystitis, to reduce the acidosis seen in distal renal tubular acidosis, and can also be used as an osmotic laxative.
Citric acid is a major component of the WHO oral rehydration solution.

Citric acid is used as an antacid, especially prior to anaesthesia, for caesarian section procedures to reduce the risks associated with the aspiration of gastric contents.

Citric acid in medicine:
Citric acid is not only known as a food additive, but also as an important chemical compound in medicine.
Citric acid is used in analytical laboratories where blood tests are performed because Citric acid has an anticoagulant effect.

This prevents blood cells from clumping together.
Citric acid is then used as a component of solutions for filling hemodialysis catheters.

Citric acid lowers the concentration of heparin, which in turn reduces the risks associated with coagulation disorders in patients with kidney disease or blood clotting.
This counteracts side effects during and after dialysis treatment.
This effect is also extremely useful when storing blood or during transfusions.

Citric acid is also used as a drug.
Citric acid treats kidney stones, gout and reduces the symptoms of metabolic acidosis.

Citric acid can also be used as a laxative.
Citric acid can be used for hypercalcemia, a condition in which the concentration of calcium in the blood is too high.
Citric acid works by increasing the excretion of calcium through the urine.

Consumer Uses:
Citric acid is used in the following products: washing & cleaning products, polishes and waxes, air care products, cosmetics and personal care products, water softeners, perfumes and fragrances, water treatment chemicals, coating products, inks and toners, textile treatment products and dyes, biocides (e.g. disinfectants, pest control products), fertilisers, adsorbents, fillers, putties, plasters, modelling clay, laboratory chemicals and photo-chemicals.
Other release to the environment of Citric acid is likely to occur from: indoor use (e.g. machine wash liquids/detergents, automotive care products, paints and coating or adhesives, fragrances and air fresheners), outdoor use, indoor use in long-life materials with low release rate (e.g. flooring, furniture, toys, construction materials, curtains, foot-wear, leather products, paper and cardboard products, electronic equipment), outdoor use in long-life materials with high release rate (e.g. tyres, treated wooden products, treated textile and fabric, brake pads in trucks or cars, sanding of buildings (bridges, facades) or vehicles (ships)), indoor use in long-life materials with high release rate (e.g. release from fabrics, textiles during washing, removal of indoor paints) and outdoor use in long-life materials with low release rate (e.g. metal, wooden and plastic construction and building materials).

Widespread uses by professional workers:
Citric acid is used in the following products: laboratory chemicals, washing & cleaning products, air care products, perfumes and fragrances, polishes and waxes, water softeners, water treatment chemicals, biocides (e.g. disinfectants, pest control products), coating products, fillers, putties, plasters, modelling clay, inks and toners, textile treatment products and dyes, fertilisers, photo-chemicals, cosmetics and personal care products and adsorbents.
Citric acid is used in the following areas: health services, building & construction work, mining, agriculture, forestry and fishing and formulation of mixtures and/or re-packaging.
Citric acid is used for the manufacture of: machinery and vehicles and furniture.

Other release to the environment of Citric acid is likely to occur from: indoor use (e.g. machine wash liquids/detergents, automotive care products, paints and coating or adhesives, fragrances and air fresheners), outdoor use, indoor use in long-life materials with low release rate (e.g. flooring, furniture, toys, construction materials, curtains, foot-wear, leather products, paper and cardboard products, electronic equipment), outdoor use in long-life materials with low release rate (e.g. metal, wooden and plastic construction and building materials), outdoor use in long-life materials with high release rate (e.g. tyres, treated wooden products, treated textile and fabric, brake pads in trucks or cars, sanding of buildings (bridges, facades) or vehicles (ships)), indoor use in long-life materials with high release rate (e.g. release from fabrics, textiles during washing, removal of indoor paints), indoor use in close systems with minimal release (e.g. cooling liquids in refrigerators, oil-based electric heaters) and outdoor use in close systems with minimal release (e.g. hydraulic liquids in automotive suspension, lubricants in motor oil and break fluids).

Uses at industrial sites:
Citric acid is used in the following products: pH regulators and water treatment products, washing & cleaning products, polishes and waxes and water treatment chemicals.
Citric acid is used in the following areas: mining, health services and building & construction work.
Citric acid is used for the manufacture of: machinery and vehicles, textile, leather or fur, metals, fabricated metal products, electrical, electronic and optical equipment and chemicals.

Release to the environment of Citric acid can occur from industrial use: in processing aids at industrial sites, of substances in closed systems with minimal release, as processing aid, formulation of mixtures and in the production of articles.
Other release to the environment of Citric acid is likely to occur from: indoor use (e.g. machine wash liquids/detergents, automotive care products, paints and coating or adhesives, fragrances and air fresheners) and outdoor use.

Other Uses:

Food:
Baby Food, Infant Formula
Bakery
Cereals, Snacks
Confectionery
Dairy
Dairy Alternatives
Desserts, Ice Cream
Flavours
Fruit Preparations, Sweet Spreads
Fruits, Vegetables
Meat Alternatives
Meat, Seafood
Plant-based Products
Ready Meals, Instant Food
Sauces, Dressings, Seasonings

Beverages:
Alcoholic Beverages
Carbonated Soft Drinks
Instant Drinks, Syrups
Juice Drinks
Plant-based
RTD Tea and Coffee
Sports and Energy Drinks
Waters

Healthcare:
Clinical Nutrition
Medical Devices
OTC, Food Supplements
Pharmaceutical Products

Personal Care:
Colour Cosmetics
Fragrances
Hair Care
Oral Care
Skin Care
Soap and Bath Products

Cleaners & Detergents:
Dish Washing
Industrial Cleaners
Laundry Care
Surface Care

Industrial Applications:
Adhesives, Sealants
Agrochemicals, Fertilisers
Construction
Fine Chemicals
Inks, Paints, Coatings
Oil Drilling
Paper
Plastics, Polymers
Textile, Leather

Feed & Pet Food:
Feed
Pet Food

Pharma:
Buffering agent
Chelating agent
Mineral source

Industrial Processes with risk of exposure:
Photographic Processing

Applications of Citric acid:
Citric acid dihydrate, is widely applied in food, beverages and fillers as a buffering, sequestering or an emulsifying agent.
Citric acid used as an anticoagulant in blood transfusions, osmotic laxative, functional fluids, solvents cleaning, furnishing care products, laundry dishwashing products and cleaning automobile radiators.

Foods:
Citric acid is chiefly used as a food additive, usually for flavor or as a preservative.
Citric acid E number is E331.

Citric acid is employed as a flavoring agent in certain varieties of club soda.
Citric acid is common as an ingredient in bratwurst, and is also used in commercial ready-to-drink beverages and drink mixes, contributing a tart flavor.
Citric acid is found in gelatin mix, ice cream, yogurt, jams, sweets, milk powder, processed cheeses, carbonated beverages, and wine,[3] amongst others.

Citric acid can be used as an emulsifying stabilizer when making cheese.
Citric acid allows the cheese to melt without becoming greasy by stopping the fats from separating.

Buffering:
As a conjugate base of a weak acid, citrate can perform as a buffering agent or acidity regulator, resisting changes in pH.
Citric acid is used to control acidity in some substances, such as gelatin desserts.

Citric acid can be found in the milk minicontainers used with coffee machines.
Citric acid is the product of antacids, such as Alka-Seltzer, when they are dissolved in water.

The pH of a solution of 5 g/100 ml water at 25 °C is 7.5 – 9.0.
Citric acid is added to many commercially packaged dairy products to control the pH impact of the gastrointestinal system of humans, mainly in processed products such as cheese and yogurt, although Citric acid also has beneficial effects on the physical gel microstructure.

Chemistry:
Citric acid is a component in Benedict's qualitative solution, often used in organic analysis to detect the presence of reducing sugars such as glucose.

Medicine:
In 1914, the Belgian doctor Albert Hustin and the Argentine physician and researcher Luis Agote successfully used Citric acid as an anticoagulant in blood transfusions, with Richard Lewisohn determining Citric acid correct concentration in 1915.
Citric acid continues to be used today in blood-collection tubes and for the preservation of blood in blood banks.

The citrate ion chelates calcium ions in the blood by forming calcium citrate complexes, disrupting the blood clotting mechanism.
Recently, Citric acid has also been used as a locking agent in vascath and haemodialysis lines instead of heparin due to Citric acid lower risk of systemic anticoagulation.

In 2003, Ööpik et al. showed the use of Citric acid (0.5 g/kg body weight) improved running performance over 5 km by 30 seconds.

Citric acid is used to relieve discomfort in urinary-tract infections, such as cystitis, to reduce the acidosis seen in distal renal tubular acidosis, and can also be used as an osmotic laxative.
Citric acid is a major component of the WHO oral rehydration solution.

Citric acid is used as an antacid, especially prior to anaesthesia, for caesarian section procedures to reduce the risks associated with the aspiration of gastric contents.

Boiler descaling:
Citric acid is a particularly effective agent for removal of carbonate scale from boilers without removing them from operation and for cleaning automobile radiators.

Healthcare:

Effervescent tablets and preparations:
The reaction of Citric acid and bicarbonate liberates carbon dioxide, which aids the dissolution of active ingredients and improves palatability.
Effervescent systems are widely used in denture-cleaning products, as well as pain relief and vitamin tablets.

Pharmaceutically active substances — many are supplied as their citrate salt.

pH control:
Citric acid, with sodium or potassium citrate, is an efficient buffering system used in a variety of pharmaceutical and cosmetic applications for improving stability and (where appropriate) enhancing the activity of preservatives.

Flavor:
The sharp, acid taste of Citric acid (which is often used to enhance fruit flavors) can help mask the unpleasant, medicinal taste of pharmaceuticals.

Antioxidant:
The citrate ion is a powerful chelating agent for trace metal ions.

Blood anticoagulant:
The citrate ion will chelate calcium, thereby reducing the tendency for blood to clot.

Diuretic – potassium citrate has diuretic properties.
Clinical Nutrition Medical Devices
OTC, Food Supplements Pharmaceutical Products
Color Cosmetics Deodorants
Fragrances Hair Care
Oral Care Skin Care Soap and Bath Products

Cleaners & Detergents:
The major components of cleaning products are surfactants and builders.
Other ingredients are added to provide a variety of functions, e.g., increasing cleaning performance for specific soils/surfaces, ensuring product stability, and supplying a unique identity to a product.

Complex phosphates and Citric acid are common sequestering builders.
Builders enhance or maintain the cleaning efficiency of the surfactant.

The primary function of builders is to reduce water hardness.
This is done either by sequestration or chelation (holding hardness minerals in solution); by precipitation (forming an insoluble substance); or by ion exchange (trading electrically charged particles).
Builders can also supply and maintain alkalinity, which assists cleaning, especially of acid soils; help keep removed soil from redepositing during washing, and emulsify oily and greasy soils.

Dish Washing Industrial Cleaners:

Laundry Care Surface Care:

Industrial
Sodium Citrate is employed as an industrial cleaner to clear steam blocks and hot water systems of calcium and rust layers.
As a chemical polish, Sodium Citrate is used to treat aluminum, copper and other metal surfaces.

Sodium Citrate and citrates are used as buffering and complexing agents in electro-plating baths.
The building and textile industries also take advantage of Sodium Citrate’s outstanding chelating ability as well as Citric acid non-toxicity.

Examples include set retarding of gypsum plasters and textile finishing.
Further industrial applications of Sodium Citrate and citrates range from desulphurisation of flue gas and oil recovery to the decontamination of radioactive nuclear reactor materials.

Adhesives, Sealants, Agrochemicals, Fertilizers
Construction, Fine Chemicals
Inks, Paints, Coatings, Metal Surface Treatment
Oil Drilling Ore Mining and Refining
Paper, Plastics, Polymers
Textile, Leather

Main Functions of Citric acid:
pH regulator
Chelating agent
Buffering agent
Flavour enhancer
Stabiliser
Emulsifying agent

Properties of Citric acid:
Citric acid is in the form of a white, odorless powder with a slightly salty taste.
Citric acid occurs as a hydrate in combination with water.

Citric acid is characterized by the fact that Citric acid is hygroscopic, so Citric acid easily absorbs and combines with water.
Therefore, Citric acid should be stored under such conditions that Citric acid is protected from moisture.
Although Citric acid is a salt of an acid, Citric acid has an alkaline pH.

Typical Properties:
Dihydrate
White
Granular crystals or crystalline powder
Typical, practically odourless
Pleasantly salty
Freely soluble in water
Practically insoluble in ethanol (96 %)
Non-toxic
Low reactive
Chemically and microbiologically stable
Fully biodegradable

Action Mechanism of Citric acid:
Citric acid chelates free calcium ions preventing them from forming a complex with tissue factor and coagulation factor VIIa to promote the activation of coagulation factor X.
This inhibits the extrinsic initiation of the coagulation cascade.

Citric acid may also exert an anticoagulant effect via a so far unknown mechanism as restoration of calcium concentration does not fully reverse the effect of citrate.
Citric acid is a weak base and so reacts with hydrochloric acid in the stomach to raise the pH.

Citric acid Citric acid further metabolized to bicarbonate which then acts as a systemic alkalizing agent, raising the pH of the blood and urine.
Citric acid also acts as a diuretic and increases the urinary excretion of calcium.

Pharmacology and Biochemistry of Citric acid:

MeSH Pharmacological Classification:

Buffers:
A chemical system that functions to control the levels of specific ions in solution.
When the level of hydrogen ion in solution is controlled the system is called a pH buffer.

Food Preservatives:
Substances capable of inhibiting, retarding or arresting the process of fermentation, acidification or other deterioration of foods.

Anticoagulants:
Agents that prevent BLOOD CLOTTING.

Manufacturing Method of Citric acid:
Prepare the Citric acid buffer by mixing the Citric acid, hydrochloric acid, and ultrapure water together in a 2L beaker or conical flask.
Use a magnetic stirrer to ensure that all reagents are properly dissolved.

Adjust to pH 6.01 with the 0.5% (w/v) sodium hydroxide and 0.5% (v/v) hydrochloric acid solutions.
Add this solution to the pressure cooker.

Place the pressure cooker on the hotplate and turn Citric acid on to full power.
Do not secure the lid of the pressure cooker at this point; simply rest Citric acid on top.

While waiting for the pressure cooker to come to the boil, dewax and rehydrate the paraffin sections by placing them in three changes of xylene for 3 min each, followed by three changes of IMS or methanol for 3 min each, followed by cold running tap water.
Keep them in the tap water until the pressure cooker comes to the boil.

Once the pressure cooker is boiling, transfer the slides from the tap water to the pressure cooker.
Take care with the hot solution and steam—use forceps and gloves. Secure the pressure cooker lid following the manufacturer’s instructions.

Once the cooker has reached full pressure (see manufacturer’s instructions), time for 3 min.

When 3 min has elapsed, turn off the hotplate and place the pressure cooker in an empty sink.
Activate the pressure release valve (see the manufacturer’s instructions) and run cold water over the cooker.

Once depressurized, open the lid and run cold water into the cooker for 10 min.
Take care with the hot solution and steam.

Continue with an appropriate immunochemical staining protocol.

Handling and storage of Citric acid:
Handling Ensure adequate ventilation.
Avoid contact with skin, eyes or clothing.

Avoid ingestionandinhalation.
Avoid dust formation.
Storage Keep containers tightly closed in a dry, cool and well-ventilated place.

Stability and reactivity of Citric acid:

Reactive:
Hazard None known, based on information available.

Stability:
Stable under normal conditions.
Conditions to Avoid Incompatible products.

Excess heat.
Avoid dust formation.

Incompatible Materials:
Strong oxidizing agents, Strong reducing agents, Acids, Bases

Hazardous Decomposition Products:
Carbon monoxide (CO), Carbon dioxide (CO2), Sodium oxides

Hazardous Polymerization:
Hazardous polymerization does not occur. Hazardous Reactions None under normal processing.

First-aid measures of Citric acid:

Eye Contact:
Rinse immediately with plenty of water, also under the eyelids, for at least 15 minutes.
Get medical attention if symptoms occur.

Skin Contact:
Wash off immediately with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes.
If skin irritation persists, call a physician.

Inhalation:
Remove to fresh air.
Get medical attention immediately if symptoms occur.
If not breathing, give artificial respiration.

Ingestion:
Do NOT induce vomiting.
Get medical attention immediately if symptoms occur.

Most important symptoms and effects:
No information available.

Notes to Physician:
Treat symptomatically

Fire-fighting measures of Citric acid:

Suitable Extinguishing Media:
Water spray, carbon dioxide (CO2), dry chemical, alcohol-resistant foam.

Autoignition Temperature:
500 °C / 932 °F

Accidental release measures of Citric acid:
Personal Precautions Ensure adequate ventilation.
Avoid dust formation.

Avoid contact with skin andeyes.
Usepersonal protective equipment as required.
Environmental Precautions No special environmental precautions required.

Methods for Containment and Clean Up:
Sweep up and shovel into suitable containers for disposal.
Avoid dust formation.

Identifiers of Citric acid:
CAS Number:
68-04-2
6132-04-3 (dihydrate)
6858-44-2 (pentahydrate)

ChEMBL: ChEMBL1355
ChemSpider: 5989
ECHA InfoCard: 100.000.614
E number: E331iii (antioxidants, ...)
PubChem CID: 6224
RTECS number: GE8300000

UNII:
RS7A450LGA
B22547B95K (dihydrate)

CompTox Dashboard (EPA): DTXSID2026363
InChI: InChI=1S/C6H8O7.3Na/c7-3(8)1-6(13,5(11)12)2-4(9)10;;;/h13H,1-2H2,(H,7,8)(H,9,10)(H,11,12);;;/q;3*+1/p-3
Key: HRXKRNGNAMMEHJ-UHFFFAOYSA-K
InChI=1/C6H8O7.3Na/c7-3(8)1-6(13,5(11)12)2-4(9)10;;;/h13H,1-2H2,(H,7,8)(H,9,10)(H,11,12);;;/q;3*+1/p-3
Key: HRXKRNGNAMMEHJ-DFZHHIFOAL
SMILES: C(C(=O)[O-])C(CC(=O)[O-])(C(=O)[O-])O.[Na+].[Na+].[Na+]

CAS number: 6132-04-3
EC number: 200-675-3
Grade: Ph Eur,BP,JP,USP,E 331
Hill Formula: C₆H₅Na₃O₇ * 2 H₂O
Molar Mass: 294.10 g/mol
HS Code: 2918 15 00

Product Code: NA2043
CAS Number: 6132-04-3
Assay (purity): USP
Purity method: by titration
Molecular weight: 294.10
Form: solid
Appearance: white powder
Melting point: 300C
Boiling point: 309.6C
Titration: 99.0-101.0%
Titration type: with HCLO4
Molecular formula: Na3C6H5O7 · 2H2O
Linear formula: HOC(COONa)(CH2COONa)2 · 2H2O

Properties of Citric acid:
Chemical formula: Na3C6H5O7
Molar mass: 258.06 g/mol (anhydrous), 294.10 g/mol (dihydrate)
Appearance: White crystalline powder
Density: 1.7 g/cm3
Melting point: > 300 °C (572 °F; 573 K) (hydrates lose water ca. 150 °C)
Boiling point: Decomposes
Solubility in water: Pentahydrate form: 92 g/100 g H2O (25 °C)

Melting Point: 300°C (anhydrous substance)
pH value: 7.5 - 9.0 (50 g/l, H₂O, 25°C)
Bulk density: 600 kg/m3
Solubility: 720 g/l

Molecular Weight: 294.10 g/mol
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 3
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 9
Rotatable Bond Count: 2
Exact Mass: 293.99396471 g/mol
Monoisotopic Mass: 293.99396471 g/mol
Topological Polar Surface Area: 143Ų
Heavy Atom Count: 18
Complexity: 211
Isotope Atom Count: 0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 6
Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes

Specifications of Citric acid:
Assay (Perchloric acid titration, calc. on anhydrous substance (Ph Eur)): 99.0 - 101.0 %
Assay (Perchloric acid titration, previously dried substance) (JP/USP): 99.0 - 100.5 %
Identity (Na): passes test
Identity (Citrate): passes test
Identity (reaction upon ignition): passes test
Appearance: white to almost white crystals
Appearance of solution (100 g/l, CO₂-free water): clear and colorless
Acidity or alkalinity: passes test
pH (50 g/l CO₂-free water): 7.5 - 8.5
Chloride (Cl): ≤ 50 ppm
Sulfate (SO₄): ≤ 150 ppm
Heavy metals (as Pb): ≤ 5 ppm
Al (Aluminium): ≤ 5 ppm
As (Arsenic): ≤ 1 ppm
Hg (Mercury): ≤ 1 ppm
Pb (Lead): ≤ 1 ppm
Oxalate (as C₂H₂O₄): ≤ 100 ppm
Tartrate (C₄H₄O₆): passes test
Residual solvents (ICH (Q3C)): excluded by manufacturing process
Readily carbonisable substance: passes test
Water (according to Karl Fischer): 11.0 - 13.0 %
Loss on drying (180 °C, 18 h): 10.0 - 13.0 %

Related compounds of Citric acid:
Monosodium citrate
Disodium citrate
Calcium citrate
Citric acid

Names of Citric acid:

IUPAC names:
1,2,3-propanetricarboylic acid, 2-hydroxy- trisodium salt, dihydrate
2-Hydroxy-1,2,3-propanetricarboxylic acid, trisodium sal
2-Hydroxy-1,2,3-propanetrioïc acid, trisodium salt
Ascorbato di sodio trisodico anidro E331
Citric acid trisodium salt, Sodium citrate tribasic, Sodium citrate
sodium 2-hydroxypropane-1,2,3-tricarboxylate
SODIUM CITRATE
Sodium citrate
sodium citrate
Sodium citrate
sodium citrate dihydrate
Sodium Citrate dihydrate
Sodium Citrate- OR 10
Tri sodium citrate
Tri Sodium Citrate
Trinatiumcitrat dihydrat
Trinatrium-2-hydroxypropan-1,2,3-tricarboxylat
Trisodium 2-hydroxypropane-1,2,3-
Trisodium 2-hydroxypropane-1,2,3- tricarboxylate
Trisodium 2-hydroxypropane-1,2,3-tricarboxylate
trisodium 2-hydroxypropane-1,2,3-tricarboxylate
trisodium 2-hydroxypropane-1,2,3-tricarboxylate dihydrate
Trisodium 2-hydroxypropane-1,2,3-tricarboxylateTrisodium citrate
Trisodium 3-hydroxy-3- carboxylate-1,5-pentanedicaroxylate
TRISODIUM CITRATE
Trisodium Citrate
Trisodium citrate
trisodium citrate
Trisodium Citrate
Trisodium citrate
trisodium citrate
trisodium citrate (dihydrate)
trisodium citrate 2-hidrate
Trisodium Citrate Dihydrate
trisodium citrate dihydrate
Trisodium citrate, Trisodium 2-hydroxypropane-1,2,3-tricarboxylate
Trisodium citrate; Trisodium 2-hydroxypropane-1,2,3-tricarboxylate
trisodium2-hydroxypropane-1,2,3-tricarboxylate
trisodium;2-hydroxypropane-1,2,3-tricarboxylate
trisodium;2-hydroxypropane-1,2,3-tricarboxylate;dihydrate

Preferred IUPAC name:
Trisodium 2-hydroxypropane-1,2,3-tricarboxylate

Regulatory process names:
Sodium citrate anhydrous
Trisodium citrate
trisodium citrate

Trade names:
Citrate de trisodium, dihydrate
Citrato de trisodio, dihidrato
Sodio citrato
SODIUM CITRATE
Sodium Citrate
SODIUM CITRATE DIHYDRATE
Tri-Sodium Citrate Dihydrate
Trinatriumcitraatdihydraat
Trinatriumcitrat-Dihydrat
Trisodio citrato diidrato
Trisodium citrate
trisodium citrate
TRISODIUM CITRATE DIHYDRATE
Trisodium citrate dihydrate
TRISODIUM CITRATR

Other names:
Sodium citrate
Trisodium citrate
Citrosodine
Citric acid, trisodium salt
E331

Other identifiers:
1000844-65-4
1648840-06-5
183748-56-3
2095548-08-4
6132-04-3
68-04-2
8055-55-8
856354-90-0

Synonyms of Citric acid:
Trisodium citrate dihydrate
Sodium citrate dihydrate
6132-04-3
Sodium citrate tribasic dihydrate
Sodium citrate hydrate
1,2,3-Propanetricarboxylic acid, 2-hydroxy-, trisodium salt, dihydrate
Citric acid trisodium salt dihydrate
Sodium citrate hydrous
SODIUM CITRATE, DIHYDRATE
trisodium 2-hydroxypropane-1,2,3-tricarboxylate dihydrate
MFCD00150031
B22547B95K
trisodium;2-hydroxypropane-1,2,3-tricarboxylate;dihydrate
DTXSID1049437
Natrum citricum
Citric acid, trisodium salt, dihydrate
Citronensaeure,Trinatrium-Salz-Dihydrat
N-1560
Natrii citras, dehydrate
SODIUM CITRATE HYDROUS (II)
SODIUM CITRATE HYDROUS [II]
trisodium 2-hydroxypropane-1,2,3-tricarboxylate--water (1/2)
Trisodium citrate dihydrate;Citric acid trisodium salt dihydrate
2-hydroxy-1,2,3-propanetricarboxylic acid trisodium salt dihydrate
MFCD00130806
SODIUM CITRATE (EP MONOGRAPH)
SODIUM CITRATE [EP MONOGRAPH]
tri-sodium citrate dihydrate
TRISODIUM CITRATE DIHYDRATE (II)
TRISODIUM CITRATE DIHYDRATE [II]
UNII-B22547B95K
TRISODIUM CITRATE DIHYDRATE (USP MONOGRAPH)
TRISODIUM CITRATE DIHYDRATE [USP MONOGRAPH]
sodium 2-hydroxypropane-1,2,3-tricarboxylate dihydrate
Sodiumcitrate
Tricitrasol
Tricitrasol (TN)
Sodium citrate; Trisodium 2-hydroxypropane-1,2,3-tricarboxylate dihydrate; Sodium Citrate Dihydrate
Sodium citrate (TN)
1,2,3-Propanetricarboxylic acid, 2-hydroxy-, sodium salt, hydrate (1:3:2)
D05KTE
Sodium citrate [USP:JAN]
Sodiumcitratetribasicdihydrate
SODIUM CITRATE [FHFI]
DTXCID0029397
Sodium citrate hydrate (JP17)
CHEBI:32142
Trisodium citrate dihydrate, ACS
NLJMYIDDQXHKNR-UHFFFAOYSA-K
SODIUM CITRATE HYDRATE [JAN]
SODIUM CITRATE DIHYDRATE [MI]
AKOS025293920
Sodium citrate dihydrate, >=99%, FG
SODIUM CITRATE DIHYDRATE [VANDF]
BP-31019
SODIUM CITRATE DIHYDRATE [WHO-DD]
Sodium citrate tribasic dihydrate, >=98%
Sodium citrate dihydrate, ACS reagent grade
SODIUM CITRATE, DIHYDRATE [WHO-IP]
D01781
F82065
Sodium citrate tribasic dihydrate, AR, >=99%
Sodium citrate tribasic dihydrate, LR, >=99%
Citric acid trisodium salt dihydrate ACS reagent
NATRII CITRAS, DEHYDRATE [WHO-IP LATIN]
A833161
A835986
Q22075862
Sodium citrate dihydrate Biochemical grade, Fine Granular
Sodium citrate tribasic dihydrate, USP, 99.0-100.5%
Sodium Citrate Tribasic Dihydrate (Molecular Biology Grade)
Sodium citrate tribasic dihydrate, ACS reagent, >=99.0%
trisodium 2-oxidanylpropane-1,2,3-tricarboxylate dihydrate
Citric acid trisodium salt dihydrateTrisodium citrate dihydrate
Sodium citrate tribasic dihydrate, BioUltra, >=99.0% (NT)
Sodium citrate tribasic dihydrate, insect cell culture tested
Sodium citrate tribasic dihydrate, JIS special grade, >=99.0%
Sodium citrate tribasic dihydrate, p.a., ACS reagent, 99.0%
Sodium citrate tribasic dihydrate, purum p.a., >=99.0% (NT)
Sodium citrate tribasic dihydrate, SAJ first grade, >=99.0%
Sodium citrate tribasic dihydrate, tested according to Ph.Eur.
Trisodium citrate dihydrate, meets USP testing specifications
Sodium citrate tribasic dihydrate, BioXtra, >=99.0% (titration)
Sodium citrate tribasic dihydrate, for molecular biology, >=99%
Sodium citrate tribasic dihydrate, Vetec(TM) reagent grade, 98%
Sodium citrate, United States Pharmacopeia (USP) Reference Standard
1,2,3-Propanetricarboxylic acid, 2-hydroxy-, sodium salt, dihydrate
2-Hydroxy-1,2,3-propanetricarboxylic acid, trisodium salt, dihydrate
Sodium citrate tribasic dihydrate, p.a., ACS reagent, reag. ISO, 99-101%
Sodium citrate tribasic dihydrate, BioUltra, for molecular biology, >=99.5% (NT)
Sodium citrate tribasic dihydrate, puriss. p.a., ACS reagent, >=99.0% (NT)
Sodium citrate tribasic dihydrate, suitable for amino acid analysis, >=99.0%
Sodium Citrate, Pharmaceutical Secondary Standard; Certified Reference Material
Sodium citrate tribasic dihydrate, puriss. p.a., ACS reagent, reag. ISO, reag. Ph. Eur., >=99.5%
Sodium citrate tribasic dihydrate, suitable for amino acid analysis, >=98% (titration), powder
Trisodium citrate [ACD/IUPAC Name] [Wiki]
1,2,3-Propanetricarboxylic acid, 2-hydroxy-, sodium salt (1:3) [ACD/Index Name]
200-675-3 [EINECS]
68-04-2 [RN]
994-36-5 [RN]
Citrate de trisodium [French] [ACD/IUPAC Name]
Citric Acid Trisodium Salt
MFCD00012462 [MDL number]
RS7A450LGA
Sodium 2-hydroxy-1,2,3-propanetricarboxylate
Sodium Citrate [JAN] [USAN] [Wiki]
Sodium citrate anhydrous
Trinatriumcitrat [German] [ACD/IUPAC Name]
Tris sodium citrate
trisodium 2-hydroxypropane-1,2,3-tricarboxylate
1,2,3-Propanetricarboxylic acid, 2-hydroxy-, trisodium salt
114456-61-0 [RN]
205-623-3 [EINECS]
2-Hydroxy-1,2,3-propanenetricarboxylic acid trisodium salt
2-Hydroxy-1,2,3-propanetricarboxylic acid trisodium salt
2-Hydroxy-1,2,3-propanetricarboxylic acid, trisodium salt
Citnatin
Citrate Concentratedmissing
citrate sodium
citrate trisodium
Citratemissing
Citreme
Citric acid sodium salt anhydrous
Citric acid trisodium salt, anhydrous
Citric acid, trisodium salt
Citrosodina
Citrosodine
Citrosodna
Isolyte E
Natrocitral
Sodium 2-hydroxypropane-1,2,3-tricarboxylate
Sodium citrate (USP)
Sodium citrate buffer
SODIUM CITRATE TRIBASIC
Sodium citrate, anhydrous
Synthesis on demand
tri-sodium citrate
Trisodium citrate anhydrous
tris-sodium citrate
UNII-RS7A450LGA

Citric Acid; beta-Hydroxytricarballylic acid; Aciletten; Citretten; Citro; 2-Hydroxy-1,2,3-propanetricarboxylic acid; ��-Hydroxytricarballylic acid; Kyselina citronova; Kyselina 2-hydroxy-1,2,3-propantrikarbonova; 2-Hydroxytricarballylic acid; Citronensäure CAS NO:77-92-9

Citric Acid Anhydrous General description of Citric acid anhydrous Citric acid anhydrous is an organic acid. Its molar enthalpy of solution in water has been reported to be ΔsolHm (298.15K, m = 0.0203molkg-1) = (29061±123)Jmol-1. It can be produced by crystallization from mother liquor of citric acid solution at 20-25°C during citric acid synthesis. An investigation of its crystal growth kinetics indicates that growth is linearly dependent on size. Application of Citric acid anhydrous Citric acid anhydrous was used in the preparation of citric acid solution employed in the acetone method of 68Ga pre-purification and radiolabeling technique. Citric acid anhydrous may be used: • As release-modifying agent to improve the release of diltiazem hydrochloride from melt extruded Eudragit RS PO tablets. • To prepare citrate buffer for use in the preparation of platelets for intravital microscopy. • To prepare Tris-citrate buffer employed for the electrophoresis of bacterial enzymes. Citric acid anhydrous is a weak organic acid that has the molecular formula C6H8O7. It occurs naturally in citrus fruits. In biochemistry, it is an intermediate in the Citric acid anhydrous cycle, which occurs in the metabolism of all aerobic organisms. More than two million tons of Citric acid anhydrous are manufactured every year. It is used widely as an acidifier, as a flavoring and a chelating agent. A citrate is a derivative of Citric acid anhydrous; that is, the salts, esters, and the polyatomic anion found in solution. An example of the former, a salt is trisodium citrate; an ester is triethyl citrate. When part of a salt, the formula of the citrate anion is written as C6H5O3−7 or C3H5O(COO)3−3. Natural occurrence and industrial production of Citric acid anhydrous Lemons, oranges, limes, and other citrus fruits possess high concentrations of Citric acid anhydrous Citric acid anhydrous exists in a variety of fruits and vegetables, most notably citrus fruits. Lemons and limes have particularly high concentrations of the acid; it can constitute as much as 8% of the dry weight of these fruits (about 47 g/l in the juices). The concentrations of Citric acid anhydrous in citrus fruits range from 0.005 mol/L for oranges and grapefruits to 0.30 mol/L in lemons and limes; these values vary within species depending upon the cultivar and the circumstances in which the fruit was grown. Citric acid anhydrous was first isolated in 1784 by the chemist Carl Wilhelm Scheele, who crystallized it from lemon juice. Industrial-scale Citric acid anhydrous production first began in 1890 based on the Italian citrus fruit industry, where the juice was treated with hydrated lime (calcium hydroxide) to precipitate calcium citrate, which was isolated and converted back to the acid using diluted sulfuric acid. In 1893, C. Wehmer discovered Penicillium mold could produce Citric acid anhydrous from sugar. However, microbial production of Citric acid anhydrous did not become industrially important until World War I disrupted Italian citrus exports. In 1917, American food chemist James Currie discovered certain strains of the mold Aspergillus niger could be efficient Citric acid anhydrous producers, and the pharmaceutical company Pfizer began industrial-level production using this technique two years later, followed by Citrique Belge in 1929. In this production technique, which is still the major industrial route to Citric acid anhydrous used today, cultures of A. niger are fed on a sucrose or glucose-containing medium to produce Citric acid anhydrous. The source of sugar is corn steep liquor, molasses, hydrolyzed corn starch, or other inexpensive, sugary solution. After the mold is filtered out of the resulting solution, Citric acid anhydrous is isolated by precipitating it with calcium hydroxide to yield calcium citrate salt, from which Citric acid anhydrous is regenerated by treatment with sulfuric acid, as in the direct extraction from citrus fruit juice. In 1977, a patent was granted to Lever Brothers for the chemical synthesis of Citric acid anhydrous starting either from aconitic or isocitrate/alloisocitrate calcium salts under high pressure conditions; this produced Citric acid anhydrous in near quantitative conversion under what appeared to be a reverse, non-enzymatic Krebs cycle reaction. Global production was in excess of 2,000,000 tons in 2018. More than 50% of this volume was produced in China. More than 50% was used as an acidity regulator in beverages, some 20% in other food applications, 20% for detergent applications, and 10% for applications other than food, such as cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, and in the chemical industry. Chemical characteristics of Citric acid anhydrous Speciation diagram for a 10-millimolar solution of Citric acid anhydrous Citric acid anhydrous can be obtained as an anhydrous (water-free) form or as a monohydrate. The anhydrous form crystallizes from hot water, while the monohydrate forms when Citric acid anhydrous is crystallized from cold water. The monohydrate can be converted to the anhydrous form at about 78 °C. Citric acid anhydrous also dissolves in absolute (anhydrous) ethanol (76 parts of Citric acid anhydrous per 100 parts of ethanol) at 15 °C. It decomposes with loss of carbon dioxide above about 175 °C. Citric acid anhydrous is a tribasic acid, with pKa values, extrapolated to zero ionic strength, of 2.92, 4.28, and 5.21 at 25 °C. The pKa of the hydroxyl group has been found, by means of 13C NMR spectroscopy, to be 14.4. The speciation diagram shows that solutions of Citric acid anhydrous are buffer solutions between about pH 2 and pH 8. In biological systems around pH 7, the two species present are the citrate ion and mono-hydrogen citrate ion. The SSC 20X hybridization buffer is an example in common use. Tables compiled for biochemical studies are available. On the other hand, the pH of a 1 mM solution of Citric acid anhydrous will be about 3.2. The pH of fruit juices from citrus fruits like oranges and lemons depends on the Citric acid anhydrous concentration, being lower for higher acid concentration and conversely. Acid salts of Citric acid anhydrous can be prepared by careful adjustment of the pH before crystallizing the compound. See, for example, sodium citrate. The citrate ion forms complexes with metallic cations. The stability constants for the formation of these complexes are quite large because of the chelate effect. Consequently, it forms complexes even with alkali metal cations. However, when a chelate complex is formed using all three carboxylate groups, the chelate rings have 7 and 8 members, which are generally less stable thermodynamically than smaller chelate rings. In consequence, the hydroxyl group can be deprotonated, forming part of a more stable 5-membered ring, as in ammonium ferric citrate, (NH4)5Fe(C6H4O7)2·2H2O. Citric acid anhydrous can be esterified at one or more of its three carboxylic acid groups to form any of a variety of mono-, di-, tri-, and mixed esters. Biochemistry of Citric acid anhydrous Citric acid anhydrous cycle Citrate is an intermediate in the TCA cycle (aka TriCarboxylic Acid cycle, or Krebs cycle, Szent-Györgyi), a central metabolic pathway for animals, plants, and bacteria. Citrate synthase catalyzes the condensation of oxaloacetate with acetyl CoA to form citrate. Citrate then acts as the substrate for aconitase and is converted into aconitic acid. The cycle ends with regeneration of oxaloacetate. This series of chemical reactions is the source of two-thirds of the food-derived energy in higher organisms. Hans Adolf Krebs received the 1953 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for the discovery. Some bacteria (notably E. coli) can produce and consume citrate internally as part of their TCA cycle, but are unable to use it as food because they lack the enzymes required to import it into the cell. After tens of thousand of evolutions in a minimal glucose medium that also contained citrate during Richard Lenski's Long-Term Evolution Experiment, a variant E. coli evolved with the ability to grow aerobically on citrate. Zachary Blount, a student of Lenski's, and colleagues studied these "Cit+" E. coli as a model for how novel traits evolve. They found evidence that, in this case, the innovation was caused by a rare duplication mutation due to the accumulation of several prior "potentiating" mutations, the identity and effects of which are still under study. The evolution of the Cit+ trait has been considered a notable example of the role of historical contingency in evolution. Other biological roles of Citric acid anhydrous Citrate can be transported out of the mitochondria and into the cytoplasm, then broken down into acetyl-CoA for fatty acid synthesis, and into oxaloacetate. Citrate is a positive modulator of this conversion, and allosterically regulates the enzyme acetyl-CoA carboxylase, which is the regulating enzyme in the conversion of acetyl-CoA into malonyl-CoA (the commitment step in fatty acid synthesis). In short, citrate is transported into the cytoplasm, converted into acetyl CoA, which is then converted into malonyl CoA by acetyl CoA carboxylase, which is allosterically modulated by citrate. High concentrations of cytosolic citrate can inhibit phosphofructokinase, the catalyst of a rate-limiting step of glycolysis. This effect is advantageous: high concentrations of citrate indicate that there is a large supply of biosynthetic precursor molecules, so there is no need for phosphofructokinase to continue to send molecules of its substrate, fructose 6-phosphate, into glycolysis. Citrate acts by augmenting the inhibitory effect of high concentrations of ATP, another sign that there is no need to carry out glycolysis. Citrate is a vital component of bone, helping to regulate the size of apatite crystals. Applications of Citric acid anhydrous Food and drink Powdered Citric acid anhydrous being used to prepare lemon pepper seasoning Because it is one of the stronger edible acids, the dominant use of Citric acid anhydrous is as a flavoring and preservative in food and beverages, especially soft drinks and candies. Within the European Union it is denoted by E number E330. Citrate salts of various metals are used to deliver those minerals in a biologically available form in many dietary supplements. Citric acid anhydrous has 247 kcal per 100 g. In the United States the purity requirements for Citric acid anhydrous as a food additive are defined by the Food Chemicals Codex, which is published by the United States Pharmacopoeia (USP). Citric acid anhydrous can be added to ice cream as an emulsifying agent to keep fats from separating, to caramel to prevent sucrose crystallization, or in recipes in place of fresh lemon juice. Citric acid anhydrous is used with sodium bicarbonate in a wide range of effervescent formulae, both for ingestion (e.g., powders and tablets) and for personal care (e.g., bath salts, bath bombs, and cleaning of grease). Citric acid anhydrous sold in a dry powdered form is commonly sold in markets and groceries as "sour salt", due to its physical resemblance to table salt. It has use in culinary applications, as an alternative to vinegar or lemon juice, where a pure acid is needed. Citric acid anhydrous can be used in food coloring to balance the pH level of a normally basic dye. Cleaning and chelating agent of Citric acid anhydrous Structure of an iron(III) citrate complex. Citric acid anhydrous is an excellent chelating agent, binding metals by making them soluble. It is used to remove and discourage the buildup of limescale from boilers and evaporators. It can be used to treat water, which makes it useful in improving the effectiveness of soaps and laundry detergents. By chelating the metals in hard water, it lets these cleaners produce foam and work better without need for water softening. Citric acid anhydrous is the active ingredient in some bathroom and kitchen cleaning solutions. A solution with a six percent concentration of Citric acid anhydrous will remove hard water stains from glass without scrubbing. Citric acid anhydrous can be used in shampoo to wash out wax and coloring from the hair. Illustrative of its chelating abilities, Citric acid anhydrous was the first successful eluant used for total ion-exchange separation of the lanthanides, during the Manhattan Project in the 1940s. In the 1950s, it was replaced by the far more efficient EDTA. In industry, it is used to dissolve rust from steel and passivate stainless steels. Cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, dietary supplements, and foods Citric acid anhydrous is used as an acidulant in creams, gels, and liquids. Used in foods and dietary supplements, it may be classified as a processing aid if it was added for a technical or functional effect (e.g. acidulent, chelator, viscosifier, etc.). If it is still present in insignificant amounts, and the technical or functional effect is no longer present, it may be exempt from labeling <21 CFR §101.100(c)>. Citric acid anhydrous is an alpha hydroxy acid and is an active ingredient in chemical skin peels. Citric acid anhydrous is commonly used as a buffer to increase the solubility of brown heroin. Citric acid anhydrous is used as one of the active ingredients in the production of facial tissues with antiviral properties. Other uses of Citric acid anhydrous The buffering properties of citrates are used to control pH in household cleaners and pharmaceuticals. Citric acid anhydrous is used as an odorless alternative to white vinegar for home dyeing with acid dyes. Sodium citrate is a component of Benedict's reagent, used for identification both qualitatively and quantitatively of reducing sugars. Citric acid anhydrous can be used as an alternative to nitric acid in passivation of stainless steel. Citric acid anhydrous can be used as a lower-odor stop bath as part of the process for developing photographic film. Photographic developers are alkaline, so a mild acid is used to neutralize and stop their action quickly, but commonly used acetic acid leaves a strong vinegar odor in the darkroom. Citric acid anhydrous/potassium-sodium citrate can be used as a blood acid regulator. Soldering flux. Citric acid anhydrous is an excellent soldering flux, either dry or as a concentrated solution in water. It should be removed after soldering, especially with fine wires, as it is mildly corrosive. It dissolves and rinses quickly in hot water. Synthesis of solid materials from small molecules In materials science, the Citrate-gel method is a process similar to the sol-gel method, which is a method for producing solid materials from small molecules. During the synthetic process, metal salts or alkoxides are introduced into a Citric acid anhydrous solution. The formation of citric complexes is believed to balance the difference in individual behavior of ions in solution, which results in a better distribution of ions and prevents the separation of components at later process stages. The polycondensation of ethylene glycol and Citric acid anhydrous starts above 100°С, resulting in polymer citrate gel formation. Safety of Citric acid anhydrous Although a weak acid, exposure to pure Citric acid anhydrous can cause adverse effects. Inhalation may cause cough, shortness of breath, or sore throat. Over-ingestion may cause abdominal pain and sore throat. Exposure of concentrated solutions to skin and eyes can cause redness and pain. Long-term or repeated consumption may cause erosion of tooth enamel. Citric acid anhydrous is an acidic compound from citrus fruits; as a starting point in the Krebs cycle, citrate is a key intermediate in metabolism. Citric acid is one of a series of compounds responsible for the physiological oxidation of fats, carbohydrates, and proteins to carbon dioxide and water. It has been used to prepare citrate buffer for antigen retrieval of tissue samples. The citrate solution is designed to break protein cross-links, thus unmasking antigens and epitopes in formalin-fixed and paraffin embedded tissue sections, and resulting in enhanced staining intensity of antibodies. Citrate has anticoagulant activity; as a calcium chelator, it forms complexes that disrupt the tendency of blood to clot. May be used to adjust pH and as a sequestering agent for the removal of trace metals. Additional forms available: Citric Acid, Anhydrous (sc-211113) Sodium Citrate, Dihydrate (sc-203383) Citric Acid Trisodium Salt (sc-214745) Sodium citrate monobasic (sc-215869) Sodium citrate tribasic hydrate (sc-236898) Citrate Concentrated Solution (sc-294091) This monograph for Citric Acid, Anhydrous, and Citric Acid, Monohydrate provides, in addition to common physical constants, a general description including typical appearance, applications, change in state (approximate), and aqueous solubility. The monograph also details the following specifications, corresponding tests for verifying that a substance meets ACS Reagent Grade specifications including: Assay, Insoluble Matter, Residue after Ignition, Chloride, Oxalate, Phosphate, Sulfur Compounds (as SO, Iron, Lead, and Substances Carbonizable by Hot Sulfuric Acid (Tartrates, etc.). Citric acid is a naturally occurring fruit acid, produced commercially by microbial fermentation of a carbohydrate substrate. Citric acid is the most widely used organic acid and pH-control agent in foods, beverages, pharmaceuticals and technical applications. Citric acid anhydrous occurs as colourless crystals or as white, crystalline powder with a strongly acidic taste. It is efflorescent in dry air, very soluble in water, freely soluble in ethanol (96 %) and sparingly soluble in ether. Citric acid anhydrous is non-toxic and has a low reactivity. It is chemically stable if stored at ambient temperatures. Citric acid anhydrous is fully biodegradable and can be disposed of with regular waste or sewage. Citric acid anhydrous is found naturally in citrus fruits, especially lemons and limes. It’s what gives them their tart, sour taste. A manufactured form of Citric acid anhydrous is commonly used as an additive in food, cleaning agents, and nutritional supplements. However, this manufactured form differs from what’s found naturally in citrus fruits. For this reason, you may wonder whether it’s good or bad for you. This article explains the differences between natural and manufactured Citric acid anhydrous, and explores its benefits, uses, and safety. What Is Citric acid anhydrous? Citric acid anhydrous was first derived from lemon juice by a Swedish researcher in 1784. The odorless and colorless compound was produced from lemon juice until the early 1900s when researchers discovered that it could also be made from the black mold, Aspergillus niger, which creates Citric acid anhydrous when it feeds on sugar. Because of its acidic, sour-tasting nature, Citric acid anhydrous is predominantly used as a flavoring and preserving agent — especially in soft drinks and candies. It’s also used to stabilize or preserve medicines and as a disinfectant against viruses and bacteria. Citric acid anhydrous is a compound originally derived from lemon juice. It’s produced today from a specific type of mold and used in a variety of applications. Natural Food Sources Citrus fruits and their juices are the best natural sources of Citric acid anhydrous. In fact, the word citric originates from the Latin word citrus. Examples of citrus fruits include: lemons, limes, oranges, grapefruits, tangerines, pomelos Other fruits also contain Citric acid anhydrous but in lesser amounts. These include: pineapple, strawberries, raspberries, cranberries, cherries, tomatoes Beverages or food products that contain these fruits — such as ketchup in the case of tomatoes — also contain Citric acid anhydrous. While not naturally occurring, Citric acid anhydrous is also a byproduct of cheese, wine, and sourdough bread production. The Citric acid anhydrous listed in the ingredients of foods and supplements is manufactured — not what’s naturally found in citrus fruits. This is because producing this additive from citrus fruits is too expensive and the demand far exceeds the supply. Lemons, limes, and other citrus fruits are the predominant natural sources of Citric acid anhydrous. Other fruits that contain much less include certain berries, cherries, and tomatoes. Artificial Sources and Uses of Citric acid anhydrous The characteristics of Citric acid anhydrous make it an important additive for a variety of industries. Food and beverages use an estimated 70% of manufactured Citric acid anhydrous, pharmaceutical and dietary supplements use 20%, and the remaining 10% goes into cleaning agents. Food Industry of Citric acid anhydrous Manufactured Citric acid anhydrous is one of the most common food additives in the world. It’s used to boost acidity, enhance flavor, and preserve ingredients. Sodas, juices, powdered beverages, candies, frozen foods, and some dairy products often contain manufactured Citric acid anhydrous. It’s also added to canned fruits and vegetables to protect against botulism, a rare but serious illness caused by the toxin-producing Clostridium botulinum bacteria. Medicines and Dietary Supplements Citric acid anhydrous is an industrial staple in medicines and dietary supplements. It’s added to medicines to help stabilize and preserve the active ingredients and used to enhance or mask the taste of chewable and syrup-based medications. Mineral supplements, such as magnesium and calcium, may contain Citric acid anhydrous — in the form of citrate — as well to enhance absorption. Disinfecting and Cleaning Citric acid anhydrous is a useful disinfectant against a variety of bacteria and viruses. A test-tube study showed that it may be effective in treating or preventing human norovirus, a leading cause of foodborne illness. Citric acid anhydrous is commercially sold as a general disinfectant and cleaning agent for removing soap scum, hard water stains, lime, and rust. It’s viewed as a safer alternative to conventional disinfectant and cleaning products, such as quat and chlorine bleach. Citric acid anhydrous is a versatile additive for food, beverages, medicines, and dietary supplements, as well as cleaning and disinfecting products. Health Benefits and Body Uses of Citric acid anhydrous Citric acid anhydrous has many impressive health benefits and functions. Metabolizes Energy Citrate — a closely related molecule of Citric acid anhydrous — is the first molecule that forms during a process called the Citric acid anhydrous cycle. Also known as the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) or Krebs cycle, these chemical reactions in your body help transform food into usable energy. Humans and other organisms derive the majority of their energy from this cycle. Enhances Nutrient Absorption Supplemental minerals are available in a variety of forms. But not all forms are created equal, as your body uses some more effectively. Citric acid anhydrous enhances the bioavailability of minerals, allowing your body to better absorb them. For example, calcium citrate doesn’t require stomach acid for absorption. It also has fewer side effects — such as gas, bloating, or constipation — than another form called calcium carbonate. Thus, calcium citrate is a better option for people with less stomach acid, like older adults. Similarly, magnesium in the citrate form is absorbed more completely and is more bioavailable than magnesium oxide and magnesium sulfate. Citric acid anhydrous also enhances the absorption of zinc supplements. May Protect Against Kidney Stones Citric acid anhydrous — in the form of potassium citrate — prevents new kidney stone formation and breaks apart those already formed. Citric acid anhydrous protects against kidney stones by making your urine less favorable for the formation of stones. Kidney stones are often treated with Citric acid anhydrous as potassium citrate. However, consuming foods high in this natural acid — like citrus fruits — can offer similar stone-preventing benefits. Safety and Risks Manufactured Citric acid anhydrous is generally recognized as safe (GRAS) by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) . No scientific studies exist investigating the safety of manufactured Citric acid anhydrous when consumed in large amounts for long periods. Still, there have been reports of sickness and allergic reactions to the additive. One report found joint pain with swelling and stiffness, muscular and stomach pain, as well as shortness of breath in four people after they consumed foods containing manufactured Citric acid anhydrous. These same symptoms were not observed in people consuming natural forms of the acid, such as lemons and limes. Researchers acknowledged that they couldn’t prove the manufactured Citric acid anhydrous was responsible for those symptoms but recommended that its use in foods and beverages be further studied. In either case, the scientists suggested that the symptoms were most likely related to the mold used to produce the Citric acid anhydrous rather than the compound itself. The Bottom Line Citric acid anhydrous is naturally found in citrus fruits, but synthetic versions — produced from a type of mold — are commonly added to foods, medicines, supplements, and cleaning agents. While mold residues from the manufacturing process may trigger allergies in rare cases, Citric acid anhydrous is generally deemed safe. Anhydrous Citric acid anhydrous is a tricarboxylic acid found in citrus fruits. Citric acid anhydrous is used as an excipient in pharmaceutical preparations due to its antioxidant properties. It maintains stability of active ingredients and is used as a preservative. It is also used as an acidulant to control pH and acts as an anticoagulant by chelating calcium in blood. Citric acid anhydrous and its salts are naturally occurring constituents and common metabolites in plants and animal tissues. Citric acid anhydrous is an intermediary compound in the Krebs cycle linking oxidative metabolism of carbohydrate, protein and fat. The concentration of naturally occurring citrate is relatively higher in fruits, particularly citrus fruits and juices than vegetables and animal tissues. In human (as well as in animal and plant) physiology, Citric acid anhydrous is a very common intermediate in one of the central biochemical cycles, the Krebs or tricarboxylic acid cycle, which takes place in every cell. It completes the breakdown of pyruvate formed from glucose through glycolysis, thereby liberating carbon dioxide and a further four hydrogen atoms which are picked up by electron transport molecules. Thus, in man approximately 2 kg of Citric acid anhydrous are formed and metabolised every day. This physiological pathway is very well developed and capable of processing very high amounts of Citric acid anhydrous as long as it occurs in low concentrations. The NK, and to a lesser extent the NK, receptors have been shown to be involved with Citric acid anhydrous-induced bronchoconstriction in the guinea pig, which is in part mediated by endogenously released bradykinin. Tachykinins and bradykinin could also modulate Citric acid anhydrous-induced bronchoconstriction. ... Bronchoconstriction induced by Citric acid anhydrous inhalation in the guinea pig, mainly caused by the tachykinin NK receptor, is counteracted by bronchoprotective NO after activation of bradykinin B and tachykinin NK receptors in airway epithelium. A concentration of 47.6 mmol/L of Citric acid anhydrous (pH 2.3) in water led to total cell death within three minutes of incubation /with gingival fibroblasts (GF)/. Media containing 23.8 mmol/L and 47.6 mmol/L of Citric acid anhydrous exerted strong cytotoxicity (47 to 90 per cent of cell death) and inhibited protein synthesis (IC50 = 0.28 per cent) of GF within three hours of incubation. Incubation of cells in a medium containing 11.9 mmol/L of Citric acid anhydrous also suppressed the attachment and spreading of fibroblasts on culture plates and Type I collagen, with 58 per cent and 22 per cent of inhibition, respectively. Culture medium supplemented with 11.9, 23.8 and 47.6 mmol/L of Citric acid anhydrous also led to extracellular acidosis by decreasing the pH value from 7.5 to 6.3, 5.2 and 3.8, respectively. Malic acid and deferoxamine mesylate were the most effective in increasing the urinary excretion of aluminum. Citric acid anhydrous was the most effective in increasing the fecal excretion of aluminum. Malonic, oxalic and succinic acids had no overall beneficial effects. Citric acid anhydrous would appear to be the most effective agent of those tested in the prevention of acute aluminium intoxication. The entomopathogenic fungus, Beauveria bassiana, produced Citric acid anhydrouss in liquid cultures containing grasshopper (Melanoplus sanguinipes) cuticle as the sole nutrient source. Citric acid anhydrouss solubilized cuticular proteins as well as commercial preparations of elastin and collagen. Melanoplus sanguinipes treated with Beauveria bassiana showed a LT50 of 7.33 days, while Melanoplus sanguinipes treated with Citric acid anhydrous showed a LT50 of 7.25 and 13.28 days, respectively. Melanoplus sanguinipes treated with Citric acid anhydrous followed by a Beauveria bassiana conidia treatment showed a LT50 of 3.88 days. Analysis of the bioassay data revealed that the relationship between Citric acid anhydrous together with Beauveria bassiana conidia in grasshopper mortality was markedly synergistic. It is suggested that acid metabolites produced by Beauveria bassiana may play a role in cuticle solubilization and subsequent hyphal penetration. Citric acid anhydrous's production and use as an acidulant in beverages, confectionery, effervescent salts, in pharmaceutical syrups, elixirs; in processing cheese, in chemical manufacture, a foam inhibitor, a sequestering agent, a mordant, in electroplating, in special inks, an anticoagulant, and in water-conditioning agent and detergent builder may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. Citric acid anhydrous is widely distributed in plants and in animal tissues and fluids. If released to air, a vapor pressure of 1.66X10-8 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates Citric acid anhydrous will exist solely in the particulate phase in the atmosphere. Particulate-phase Citric acid anhydrous will be removed from the atmosphere by wet and dry deposition. Citric acid anhydrous absorbs light at wavelengths up to 260 nm and, therefore, is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis since sunlight consists of wavelengths above 290 nm. If released to soil, Citric acid anhydrous is expected to have very high mobility based upon an estimated Koc of 10. The pKa of Citric acid anhydrous is 2.79, indicating that this compound will exist almost entirely in the anion form in the environment and anions generally do not adsorb more strongly to soils containing organic carbon and clay than their neutral counterparts. Volatilization from moist soil is not expected because the compound exists as an anion and anions do not volatilize. Citric acid anhydrous is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces based upon its vapor pressure. Citric acid anhydrous reached 53% of its theoretical BOD in 5 days using a sludge inoculum, suggesting that biodegradation may be an important environmental fate process in soil. If released into water, Citric acid anhydrous is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment based upon the estimated Koc. Theoretical biodegradation values of 66.4% and 67.3% after 5 days using freshwater and seawater inoculums, respectively, indicate that biodegradation is an important environmental fate process in water. The pKa indicates Citric acid anhydrous will exist almost entirely in the anion form at pH values of 5 to 9 and, therefore, volatilization from water surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process. An estimated BCF of 3 suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low. Hydrolysis is not expected to be an important environmental fate process since this compound lacks functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions (pH 5 to 9). Occupational exposure to Citric acid anhydrous may occur through dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where Citric acid anhydrous is produced or used. Monitoring data indicate that the general population may be exposed to Citric acid anhydrous via

2-Hydroxypropane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid; Citric acid, AR,≥99.5%(T); Citric acid anhydrou; Citric Acid Anhydrous,citric acid anhydrous bp,citric acid anhydrous; anhydrouscitricacid;beta-Hydroxytricarballylic acid; beta-hydroxytricarballylicacid; beta-hydroxy-tricarboxylicacid; AMMONIACAL AMMONIUM CHLORIDE BUFFER CAS NO:77-92-9

Citric acid Introduction Citric Acid Monohydrate is a tricarboxylic acid found in citrus fruits. Citric acid is used as an excipient in pharmaceutical preparations due to its antioxidant properties. It maintains stability of active ingredients and is used as a preservative Functions and Applications Test Items Specification Results Characters Colourless Translucent Crystals Or As White, Fine, Crystalline Powder Colourless Translucent Crystals Or As White, Fine, Crystalline Powder Identification Pass Test Pass Test Clarity And Colour OfSolution Pass Test Pass Test Content 99.5-100.5% 100.00% Moisture 7.5-8.8% 8.70% Oxalic Acid ≤100mg/Kg <100mg/Kg Sulphate ≤150ppm <150ppm Readily Carbonisable Substances Abs ≤0.52 <0.52 Tra ≥30% >30% Residue On Ignition (Sulphated Ash) ≤0.05% 0.01% Heavy Metals ≤10ppm <5ppm Arsenic ≤1mg/Kg <0.1mg/Kg Lead ≤0.5mg/Kg <0.1mg/Kg Mercury ≤1mg/Kg <0.1mg/Kg Aluminium ≤0.2ppm <0.2ppm Bacterial Endotoxins ≤0.5Iu/Mg <0.5Iu/Mg Isociric Acid (Relative Substances) Pass Test Pass Test Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Pass Test Pass Test Trilaurylamine ≤0.1mg/Kg <0.1mg/Kg Sterility Pass Test Pass Test Barium Pass Test Pass Test Calcium ≤200ppm <200ppm Iron ≤50ppm <50ppm Chloride ≤50ppm <50ppm Citric Acid Monohydrate is a tricarboxylic acid found in citrus fruits. Citric acid is used as an excipient in pharmaceutical preparations due to its antioxidant properties. It maintains stability of active ingredients and is used as a preservative. It is also used as an acidulant to control pH and acts as an anticoagulant by chelating calcium in blood. Citric acid monohydrate is an organic molecular entity. ChEBI Description Catalogue Number 100244 Replaces CX1725-1; CX1725-3; CX1725 Synonyms 2-Hydroxypropane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid, Hydroxytricarballylic acid Product Information CAS number 5949-29-1 EC number 201-069-1 Grade ACS,ISO,Reag. Ph Eur Hill Formula C₆H₈O₇ * H₂O Molar Mass 210.14 g/mol HS Code 2918 14 00 Structure formula Image Structure formula Image Quality Level MQ300 Physicochemical Information Density 1.54 g/cm3 (20 °C) Flash point 173.9 °C Not applicable Melting Point 135 - 152 °C pH value 1.85 (50 g/l, H₂O, 25 °C) Vapor pressure <1 Pa (25 °C) Bulk density 800 - 1000 kg/m3 Solubility 880 g/l Citric acid is a weak organic acid that has the molecular formula C6H8O7. It occurs naturally in citrus fruits. In biochemistry, it is an intermediate in the citric acid cycle, which occurs in the metabolism of all aerobic organisms. More than two million tons of citric acid are manufactured every year. It is used widely as an acidifier, as a flavoring and a chelating agent.[9] A citrate is a derivative of citric acid; that is, the salts, esters, and the polyatomic anion found in solution. An example of the former, a salt is trisodium citrate; an ester is triethyl citrate. Natural occurrence and industrial production Lemons, oranges, limes, and other citrus fruits possess high concentrations of citric acid Citric acid exists in a variety of fruits and vegetables, most notably citrus fruits. Lemons and limes have particularly high concentrations of the acid; it can constitute as much as 8% of the dry weight of these fruits (about 47 g/l in the juices[10]).[a] The concentrations of citric acid in citrus fruits range from 0.005 mol/L for oranges and grapefruits to 0.30 mol/L in lemons and limes; these values vary within species depending upon the cultivar and the circumstances in which the fruit was grown. Industrial-scale citric acid production first began in 1890 based on the Italian citrus fruit industry, where the juice was treated with hydrated lime (calcium hydroxide) to precipitate calcium citrate, which was isolated and converted back to the acid using diluted sulfuric acid.[11] In 1893, C. Wehmer discovered Penicillium mold could produce citric acid from sugar. However, microbial production of citric acid did not become industrially important until World War I disrupted Italian citrus exports. In 1917, American food chemist James Currie discovered certain strains of the mold Aspergillus niger could be efficient citric acid producers, and the pharmaceutical company Pfizer began industrial-level production using this technique two years later, followed by Citrique Belge in 1929. In this production technique, which is still the major industrial route to citric acid used today, cultures of A. niger are fed on a sucrose or glucose-containing medium to produce citric acid. The source of sugar is corn steep liquor, molasses, hydrolyzed corn starch, or other inexpensive, sugary solution.[12] After the mold is filtered out of the resulting solution, citric acid is isolated by precipitating it with calcium hydroxide to yield calcium citrate salt, from which citric acid is regenerated by treatment with sulfuric acid, as in the direct extraction from citrus fruit juice. In 1977, a patent was granted to Lever Brothers for the chemical synthesis of citric acid starting either from aconitic or isocitrate/alloisocitrate calcium salts under high pressure conditions; this produced citric acid in near quantitative conversion under what appeared to be a reverse, non-enzymatic Krebs cycle reaction.[13] Global production was in excess of 2,000,000 tons in 2018.[14] More than 50% of this volume was produced in China. More than 50% was used as an acidity regulator in beverages, some 20% in other food applications, 20% for detergent applications, and 10% for applications other than food, such as cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, and in the chemical industry.[citation needed] Chemical characteristics Citric acid crystals (crystallized from an aqueous solution) under a microscope. Speciation diagram for a 10-millimolar solution of citric acid Citric acid was first isolated in 1784 by the chemist Carl Wilhelm Scheele, who crystallized it from lemon juice.[15][11][16] It can exist either in an anhydrous (water-free) form or as a monohydrate. The anhydrous form crystallizes from hot water, while the monohydrate forms when citric acid is crystallized from cold water. The monohydrate can be converted to the anhydrous form at about 78 °C. Citric acid also dissolves in absolute (anhydrous) ethanol (76 parts of citric acid per 100 parts of ethanol) at 15 °C. It decomposes with loss of carbon dioxide above about 175 °C. Citric acid is normally considered to be a tribasic acid, with pKa values, extrapolated to zero ionic strength, of 2.92, 4.28, and 5.21 at 25 °C.[17] The pKa of the hydroxyl group has been found, by means of 13C NMR spectroscopy, to be 14.4.[18] The speciation diagram shows that solutions of citric acid are buffer solutions between about pH 2 and pH 8. In biological systems around pH 7, the two species present are the citrate ion and mono-hydrogen citrate ion. The SSC 20X hybridization buffer is an example in common use.[19] Tables compiled for biochemical studies[20] are available. On the other hand, the pH of a 1 mM solution of citric acid will be about 3.2. The pH of fruit juices from citrus fruits like oranges and lemons depends on the citric acid concentration, being lower for higher acid concentration and conversely. Acid salts of citric acid can be prepared by careful adjustment of the pH before crystallizing the compound. See, for example, sodium citrate. The citrate ion forms complexes with metallic cations. The stability constants for the formation of these complexes are quite large because of the chelate effect. Consequently, it forms complexes even with alkali metal cations. However, when a chelate complex is formed using all three carboxylate groups, the chelate rings have 7 and 8 members, which are generally less stable thermodynamically than smaller chelate rings. In consequence, the hydroxyl group can be deprotonated, forming part of a more stable 5-membered ring, as in ammonium ferric citrate, (NH 4) 5Fe(C 6H 4O 7) 2·2H 2O.[21] Citric acid can be esterified at one or more of the carboxylic acid functional groups on the molecule (using a variety of alcohols), to form any of a variety of mono-, di-, tri-, and mixed esters.[citation needed] Biochemistry Citric acid cycle Main article: Citric acid cycle Citrate is an intermediate in the TCA cycle (aka TriCarboxylic Acid cycle, or Krebs cycle, Szent-Györgyi), a central metabolic pathway for animals, plants, and bacteria. Citrate synthase catalyzes the condensation of oxaloacetate with acetyl CoA to form citrate. Citrate then acts as the substrate for aconitase and is converted into aconitic acid. The cycle ends with regeneration of oxaloacetate. This series of chemical reactions is the source of two-thirds of the food-derived energy in higher organisms. Hans Adolf Krebs received the 1953 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for the discovery. Some bacteria (notably E. coli) can produce and consume citrate internally as part of their TCA cycle, but are unable to use it as food because they lack the enzymes required to import it into the cell. After tens of thousand of evolutions in a minimal glucose medium that also contained citrate during Richard Lenski's Long-Term Evolution Experiment, a variant E. coli evolved with the ability to grow aerobically on citrate. Zachary Blount, a student of Lenski's, and colleagues studied these "Cit+" E. coli[22][23] as a model for how novel traits evolve. They found evidence that, in this case, the innovation was caused by a rare duplication mutation due to the accumulation of several prior "potentiating" mutations, the identity and effects of which are still under study. The evolution of the Cit+ trait has been considered a notable example of the role of historical contingency in evolution. Other biological roles Citrate can be transported out of the mitochondria and into the cytoplasm, then broken down into acetyl-CoA for fatty acid synthesis, and into oxaloacetate. Citrate is a positive modulator of this conversion, and allosterically regulates the enzyme acetyl-CoA carboxylase, which is the regulating enzyme in the conversion of acetyl-CoA into malonyl-CoA (the commitment step in fatty acid synthesis). In short, citrate is transported into the cytoplasm, converted into acetyl CoA, which is then converted into malonyl CoA by acetyl CoA carboxylase, which is allosterically modulated by citrate. High concentrations of cytosolic citrate can inhibit phosphofructokinase, the catalyst of a rate-limiting step of glycolysis. This effect is advantageous: high concentrations of citrate indicate that there is a large supply of biosynthetic precursor molecules, so there is no need for phosphofructokinase to continue to send molecules of its substrate, fructose 6-phosphate, into glycolysis. Citrate acts by augmenting the inhibitory effect of high concentrations of ATP, another sign that there is no need to carry out glycolysis.[24] Citrate is a vital component of bone, helping to regulate the size of apatite crystals.[25] Applications Food and drink Powdered citric acid being used to prepare lemon pepper seasoning Because it is one of the stronger edible acids, the dominant use of citric acid is as a flavoring and preservative in food and beverages, especially soft drinks and candies.[11] Within the European Union it is denoted by E number E330. Citrate salts of various metals are used to deliver those minerals in a biologically available form in many dietary supplements. Citric acid has 247 kcal per 100 g.[26] In the United States the purity requirements for citric acid as a food additive are defined by the Food Chemicals Codex, which is published by the United States Pharmacopoeia (USP). Citric acid can be added to ice cream as an emulsifying agent to keep fats from separating, to caramel to prevent sucrose crystallization, or in recipes in place of fresh lemon juice. Citric acid is used with sodium bicarbonate in a wide range of effervescent formulae, both for ingestion (e.g., powders and tablets) and for personal care (e.g., bath salts, bath bombs, and cleaning of grease). Citric acid sold in a dry powdered form is commonly sold in markets and groceries as "sour salt", due to its physical resemblance to table salt. It has use in culinary applications, as an alternative to vinegar or lemon juice, where a pure acid is needed. Citric acid can be used in food coloring to balance the pH level of a normally basic dye.[citation needed] Cleaning and chelating agent Citric acid is an excellent chelating agent, binding metals by making them soluble. It is used to remove and discourage the buildup of limescale from boilers and evaporators.[11] It can be used to treat water, which makes it useful in improving the effectiveness of soaps and laundry detergents. By chelating the metals in hard water, it lets these cleaners produce foam and work better without need for water softening. Citric acid is the active ingredient in some bathroom and kitchen cleaning solutions. A solution with a six percent concentration of citric acid will remove hard water stains from glass without scrubbing. Citric acid can be used in shampoo to wash out wax and coloring from the hair. Illustrative of its chelating abilities, citric acid was the first successful eluant used for total ion-exchange separation of the lanthanides, during the Manhattan Project in the 1940s. In the 1950s, it was replaced by the far more efficient EDTA. In industry, it is used to dissolve rust from steel and passivate stainless steels.[27] Cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, dietary supplements, and foods Citric acid is used as an acidulant in creams, gels, and liquids. Used in foods and dietary supplements, it may be classified as a processing aid if it was added for a technical or functional effect (e.g. acidulent, chelator, viscosifier, etc.). If it is still present in insignificant amounts, and the technical or functional effect is no longer present, it may be exempt from labeling <21 CFR §101.100(c)>. Citric acid is an alpha hydroxy acid and is an active ingredient in chemical skin peels.[citation needed] Citric acid is commonly used as a buffer to increase the solubility of brown heroin.[28] Citric acid is used as one of the active ingredients in the production of facial tissues with antiviral properties.[29] Other uses The buffering properties of citrates are used to control pH in household cleaners and pharmaceuticals. Citric acid is used as an odorless alternative to white vinegar for home dyeing with acid dyes. Sodium citrate is a component of Benedict's reagent, used for identification both qualitatively and quantitatively of reducing sugars. Citric acid can be used as an alternative to nitric acid in passivation of stainless steel.[30] Citric acid can be used as a lower-odor stop bath as part of the process for developing photographic film. Photographic developers are alkaline, so a mild acid is used to neutralize and stop their action quickly, but commonly used acetic acid leaves a strong vinegar odor in the darkroom.[31] Citric acid/potassium-sodium citrate can be used as a blood acid regulator. Soldering flux. Citric acid is an excellent soldering flux,[32] either dry or as a concentrated solution in water. It should be removed after soldering, especially with fine wires, as it is mildly corrosive. It dissolves and rinses quickly in hot water. Synthesis of solid materials from small molecules In materials science, the Citrate-gel method is a process similar to the sol-gel method, which is a method for producing solid materials from small molecules. During the synthetic process, metal salts or alkoxides are introduced into a citric acid solution. The formation of citric complexes is believed to balance the difference in individual behavior of ions in solution, which results in a better distribution of ions and prevents the separation of components at later process stages. The polycondensation of ethylene glycol and citric acid starts above 100 °С, resulting in polymer citrate gel formation. Safety Although a weak acid, exposure to pure citric acid can cause adverse effects. Inhalation may cause cough, shortness of breath, or sore throat. Over-ingestion may cause abdominal pain and sore throat. Exposure of concentrated solutions to skin and eyes can cause redness and pain.[33] Long-term or repeated consumption may cause erosion of tooth enamel. Anhydrous Citric Acid is a tricarboxylic acid found in citrus fruits. Citric acid is used as an excipient in pharmaceutical preparations due to its antioxidant properties. It maintains stability of active ingredients and is used as a preservative. It is also used as an acidulant to control pH and acts as an anticoagulant by chelating calcium in blood. Citric acid appears as colorless, odorless crystals with an acid taste. Denser than water. (USCG, 1999) Citric acid is a tricarboxylic acid that is propane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 2. It is an important metabolite in the pathway of all aerobic organisms. It has a role as a food acidity regulator, a chelator, an antimicrobial agent and a fundamental metabolite. It is a conjugate acid of a citrate(1-) and a citrate anion. Molecular Weight of Citric Acid: 192.12 g/mol Computed by PubChem 2.1 (PubChem release 2019.06.18) XLogP3 of Citric Acid: -1.7 Computed by XLogP3 3.0 (PubChem release 2019.06.18) Hydrogen Bond Donor Count of Citric Acid: 4 Computed by Cactvs 3.4.6.11 (PubChem release 2019.06.18) Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count of Citric Acid: 7 Computed by Cactvs 3.4.6.11 (PubChem release 2019.06.18) Rotatable Bond Count of Citric Acid: 5 Computed by Cactvs 3.4.6.11 (PubChem release 2019.06.18) Exact Massof Citric Acid: 192.027003 g/mol Computed by PubChem 2.1 (PubChem release 2019.06.18) Monoisotopic Mass of Citric Acid: 192.027003 g/mol Computed by PubChem 2.1 (PubChem release 2019.06.18) Topological Polar Surface Area of Citric Acid: 132 Ų Computed by Cactvs 3.4.6.11 (PubChem release 2019.06.18) Heavy Atom Count of Citric Acid: 13 Computed by PubChem Formal Charge of Citric Acid: 0 Computed by PubChem Complexity of Citric Acid: 227 Computed by Cactvs 3.4.6.11 (PubChem release 2019.06.18) Isotope Atom Count of Citric Acid: 0 Computed by PubChem Defined Atom Stereocenter Count of Citric Acid: 0 Computed by PubChem Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count of Citric Acid: 0 Computed by PubChem Defined Bond Stereocenter Count of Citric Acid: 0 Computed by PubChem Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count of Citric Acid: 0 Computed by PubChem Covalently-Bonded Unit Count of Citric Acid: 1 Computed by PubChem Compound of Citric Acid Is Canonicalized Yes

CITRONELLAL, N° CAS : 106-23-0, Nom INCI : CITRONELLAL, Nom chimique : 6-Octenal, 3,7-dimethyl-, N° EINECS/ELINCS : 203-376-6. Ses fonctions (INCI): Agent masquant : Réduit ou inhibe l'odeur ou le goût de base du produit. 3,7-Diméthyl-6-octènal; beta-Citronellal; Diméthyl-3,7 octènal-6. Noms anglais : 6-Octenal, 3,7-dimethyl-; Citronellal; Citronelal (es); Citronelalis (lt); Citronellal (cs); Citronellale (it); Citronellál (hu); Citronelāls (lv); Cytronelal (pl); Sitronellaali (fi); Tsitronellaal (et); Ċitronellal (mt); Κιτρονελλάλη (el); Цитронелал (bg); CAS names; 6-Octenal, 3,7-dimethyl- 1H-3a,7-Methanoazulen-6-ol, Octahydro-3,6,8,8,-Tetramethyl-, (3R,3aS,6R,7R,8aS)- 3,7-DIMETHYL-6-OCTEN-1-AL 3,7-Dimethyl-6-octenal 3,7-dimethyloct -6-enal 3,7-dimethyloct-6-en-1-al 3,7-dimethyloct-6-enal Citronellal;EIN & INCI, syn:6-Octenal, 3,7-dimethyl- Trade names .beta.-Citronellal 2,3-Dihydrocitral 6-Octenal, 3,7-dimethyl- (8CI, 9CI) beta-citronellal Rhodinal

CITRONELLOL, N° CAS : 106-22-9 / 26489-01-0 / 7540-51-4 / 1117-61-9 - Citronellol, Autre langue : Citronelol, Nom INCI : CITRONELLOL, Nom chimique : 3,7-Dimethyl-6-octen-1-ol, N° EINECS/ELINCS : 203-375-0 / 247-737-6 / 231-415-7 / 214-250-5, Ses fonctions (INCI) . Agent parfumant : Utilisé pour le parfum et les matières premières aromatiques

CITRONELLYL ACETATE, N° CAS : 150-84-5, Nom INCI : CITRONELLYL ACETATE, Nom chimique : 6-Octen-1-ol, 3,7-dimethyl-,acetate, N° EINECS/ELINCS : 205-775-0, Agent masquant : Réduit ou inhibe l'odeur ou le goût de base du produit

CITRUS LIMON FRUIT OIL, N° CAS : 8008-56-8 - Huile de citron, Origine(s) : Végétale, Autres langues : Aceite de limon, Lemon oil, Olio di limone, Zitronenöl, Nom INCI : CITRUS LIMON FRUIT OIL, Classification : Règlementé, Huile essentielle. Ses fonctions (INCI): Astringent : Permet de resserrer les pores de la peau: Tonifiant : Produit une sensation de bien-être sur la peau et les cheveux

Citrus Aurantium (bitter orange) extract is a powerful antioxidant, much valued in the world of skin care.
Citrus Aurantium (bitter orange) extract protects the skin from free radicals responsible for premature aging.
Citrus Aurantium (bitter orange) extract is also an excellent conditioner that soothes the skin and leaves it soft and nourished.

CAS: 72968-50-4
EINECS: 277-143-2

Synonyms
Orange,sour,extract;FEMA 2823;BITTER ORANGE;ORANGE OIL BITTER;ORANGE FLOWER ABSOLUTE;Orange, sour, ext.;CITRUS AURANTIUM AMARA (BITTER ORANGE) FLOWER EXTRACT;CITRUS AURANTIUM AMARA (BITTER ORANGE) PEEL EXTRACT

Further, Citrus Aurantium (bitter orange) extract is light in color and has a natural fragrance that gives the products a luxurious feel.
Also known as bitter orange extract, Citrus Aurantium (bitter orange) extract is largely safe for use in cosmetic and personal care products.
Citrus Aurantium (bitter orange) extract, better known as Bitter Orange, is a fruit containing a high level of vitamins.
Citrus Aurantium (bitter orange) extract is becoming popular in weight loss products because of its effects on metabolism.
In fact, Citrus Aurantium (bitter orange) extract is usually combined with caffeine and other herbs which more directly increase the fat burning process in body.
Citrus Aurantium (bitter orange) extract, commonly known as “Bitter Orange” is a plant native to Asia.
Citrus Aurantium (bitter orange) extract is full of vitamins, minerals, and phenolic compounds.
Citrus Aurantium (bitter orange) extract, a flavanone glycoside present in bitter orange is full of potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.

Citrus Aurantium (bitter orange) extract Chemical Properties
Density: 0.927 g/mL at 25 °C
Refractive index: n20/D1.483
FEMA: 2636 | LINALYL ACETATE
Fp: >100℃
Odor: at 100.00 %. sweet floral orangeflower petitgrain hyacinth honeysuckle citrus rind spicy honey
Odor Type: floral

Uses
Citrus Aurantium (bitter orange) extract is considered a prized ingredient in cosmetic and personal care products due to its many beneficial properties.

Skin care: Citrus Aurantium (bitter orange) extract acts as a natural astringent, helping to tighten pores and reduce oiliness.
Citrus Aurantium (bitter orange) extract's antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties combat signs of aging and soothe irritated skin.

Hair care: In haircare, the extract strengthens hair follicles, promotes healthy hair growth, and adds shine.
Citrus Aurantium (bitter orange) extract also has antimicrobial properties, making it effective in treating scalp conditions such as dandruff.
Citrus Aurantium (bitter orange) extract's refreshing citrus scent adds an invigorating aroma to hair products.

Bitter orange has been used traditionally as a sedative, an appetite stimulant, an insecticide for mosquitos, and for Tinea infections and dyspepsia.
Citrus Aurantium (bitter orange) extract is also used for anemia, kidney/bladder disorders, heart, and circulation.
Topically Citrus Aurantium (bitter orange) extract is used for inflammation of eyelids, conjunctivae, muscle pain, rheumatic pain, and phlibitis.

Citrus Aurantium (bitter orange) extract is also employed in herbal medicine as a stimulant and appetite suppressant, due to its active ingredient, synephrine.
Citrus Aurantium (bitter orange) extract supplements have been linked to a number of serious side effects and deaths, and consumer groups advocate that people avoid using the fruit medically.
Whether Citrus Aurantium (bitter orange) extract affects medical conditions of heart and cardiovascular organs, by itself or in formulae with other substances, is inconclusive.
Standard reference materials are released concerning the properties in Citrus Aurantium (bitter orange) extract by the National Institute of Standards and Technology for ground fruit, extract, and solid oral dosage form, along with those packaged together into one item.

Citrus Grandis (Grapefruit) Peel Extract is an extract of the peel of the grapefruit, Citrusgrandis.
Citrus Grandis (Pomelo) Peel Extract has more of a medicinal values.


CAS Number: 90045-43-5 / 8016-20-4
EC Number: 289-904-6 / -
Chem/IUPAC Name: Citrus Grandis Peel Extract is an extract of the peel of the Grapefruit, Citrus grandis, Rutaceae
Classification: Regulated, Essential oil
Origin(s): Vegetal
INCI: Citrus paradise peel extract / Citrus grandis peel extract



SYNONYMS:
aka Pomelo Oil, Shaddock Oil, Citrus Grandis Peel Oil, Citrus Maxima Peel Oil, POMELO ESSENTIAL OIL, Orange Yu (JPN), Pomelo Extract Citricidal, Citrus Grandis (Grapefruit), Fruit Extract Pummelo, Grapefriut Juice,Grapefruit Extract,Grapefruit Oil,Grapefruit Peel Oil,Grapefruit Seed Extract,Shaddock Oil,Citrus Grandis (Grapefruit) Peel Extract, Pomelo Peel Extract, Grapefruit Peel Extract, Citrus Grandis Peel Extract, Citrus Grandis Extract, Pomelo Extract, Citrus maxima Peel Extract, Citrus maxima Extract, Shaddock Peel Extract



Origin of Citrus Grandis (Pomelo) Peel Extract is biotechnological.
Citrus Grandis (Pomelo) Peel Extract is an extract of the peel of the grapefruit, Citrus grandis, Rutaceae.
Grapefruit, also known as Citrus paradise / Citrus Grandis (Pomelo) Peel Extract is sweet-sour-bitter fruit, originated accidentally from cross cultivation of sweet orange and pomelo.


Citrus Grandis (Pomelo) Peel Extract is an evergreen shrub, grows naturally in a warm and humid climates such as middle east, Mediterranean.
Citrus Grandis (Pomelo) Peel Extract comes in three varieties; white, ruby red and pink.
Citrus Grandis (Pomelo) Peel Extract has more of a medicinal values.


Grapefruit seeds are cold-pressed to get oil to obtain Citrus Grandis (Pomelo) Peel Extract.
Citrus Grandis (Pomelo) Peel Extract contains myrcene, geraniol, linalool, alpha-pinene, decyl acetate, limonene, citronellal, etc.
The seeds can be crushed and extracted with different solvents to get Citrus Grandis (Pomelo) Peel Extract, as the extract can be considered water-soluble and so can be used in water-based preparations as well as oil-based ones.


Citrus Grandis (Pomelo) Peel Extract contains valuable ingredients like Vitamin A, C, And E, citric acid, linoleic acid, malic acid, flavanone glycosides such as naringenin and lots more.
Citrus Grandis (Pomelo) Peel Extract is an essential oil derived from the peel of the pomelo (Citrus maxima).


Citrus Grandis (Pomelo) Peel Extract, also commonly known as pomelo, is one of the original citrus species native to South Asia, from which many other cultivated grapefruits were hybridized.
These trees produce the largest of all citrus fruits, with a distinctive thick rind protecting the sweet fruit.


Harvested rinds can be cold-pressed or steam-distilled to extract the fragrant essential oil.
Citrus Grandis (Pomelo) Peel Extract is an extract obtained from the seeds and pulp of Pomelo.
Citrus Grandis (Pomelo) Peel Extract is a viscous lemon-yellow liquid with an acidic 2.0 - 3.5 pH.


Citrus Grandis (Pomelo) Peel Extract is a potent and effective broad-spectrum bactericide and fungicide compound (range: 1000 ppm to 10000 ppm).
Citrus Grandis (Pomelo) Peel Extract is compatible with the most of ingredients normally used in cosmetics, except for Carbomer, surfactants, and anionic emulsifiers.


Citrus Grandis (Pomelo) Peel Extract comes from the rind of the grapefruit.
In general, the main component of Citrus Grandis (Pomelo) Peel Extract is limonene (86-95% for grapefruit peel), a super common fragrant ingredient that makes everything smell nice (but counts as a frequent skin sensitizer).


Other than that, Citrus Grandis (Pomelo) Peel Extract also contains the problematic compound called furanocoumarin that makes them mildly phototoxic.
In general, the more sour-bitter the fruit, the more problematic Citrus Grandis (Pomelo) Peel Extract is regarding phototoxicity: orange and clementine peel contain less of it while lemon, grapefruit, and bergamot contain some more.


Be careful with it if Citrus Grandis (Pomelo) Peel Extract is in a product for daytime use.
A fragrant essential oil, Citrus Grandis (Pomelo) Peel Extract, obtained from pomelo peels - sometimes mislabeled as grapefruit.
The high limonene content is responsible for Citrus Grandis (Pomelo) Peel Extract's citrusy scent.


Citrus Grandis (Pomelo) Peel Extract may induce sun allergies in people sensitive to citrus fruits.
Citrus Grandis (Pomelo) Peel Extract is an essential oil obtained from the peels of pomelo (Citrus grandis), sometimes mislabeled as grapefruit (this is because the taxonomy and Latin names of citrus fruits are complicated and sometimes change when new discoveries are made).


Citrus Grandis (Pomelo) Peel Extract is a citrus fruit that is the largest among the Rutaceae family.
Citrus Grandis (Pomelo) Peel Extract is a potent essence extracted from the peel of this fruit.
Citrus Grandis (Pomelo) Peel Extract is rich in flavonoids, vitamin C, and phytochemicals, which have made it a sought-after ingredient in natural skincare.


The peels of all citrus fruits contain mainly the essential oil, which, as is the case for the pomelo peel, contains mainly limonene, a compound responsible for the citrus smell.
Limonene can represent up to 95% of the essential oil found in the pomelo peels.



USES and APPLICATIONS of CITRUS GRANDIS (POMELO) PEEL EXTRACT:
Citrus Grandis (Pomelo) Peel Extract is very valuable nutritionally as well as cosmetically, grapefruit seeds and rinds are mainly used for cosmetic purposes.
Cosmetic Uses of Citrus Grandis (Pomelo) Peel Extract: astringents, perfuming agents, skin conditioning, and tonic.


The seeds can be crushed and extracted with different solvents to get Citrus Grandis (Pomelo) Peel Extract, as the extract can be considered water-soluble and so can be used in water-based preparations as well as oil-based ones.
We use Citrus Grandis (Pomelo) Peel Extract as a fragrance component in some of our products.


Citrus Grandis (Pomelo) Peel Extract is used as a natural preservative for the self-preservation of high-end cosmetic products in concentrations up to 0.5%.
Citrus Grandis (Pomelo) Peel Extract is a safe ingredient if used in cosmetic concentrations.
Citrus Grandis (Pomelo) Peel Extract has a broad spectrum of antibacterial properties and can be used to prevent body odor.


Citrus Grandis (Pomelo) Peel Extract has a strong eliminating effect on free radicals, and has the effect of anti-aging and anti-oxidation.
Citrus Grandis (Pomelo) Peel Extract can activate luciferase, indicating that it has anti-inflammatory effect.
Citrus Grandis (Pomelo) Peel Extract can promote the secretion of hyaluronic acid and can be used as a moisturizing agent.


Citrus Grandis (Pomelo) Peel Extract, widely respected in traditional herbal medicine, boasts a range of healing properties.
In several Asian nations, Citrus Grandis (Pomelo) Peel Extract is much more than just a fruit for consumption.
Citrus Grandis (Pomelo) Peel Extract's versatility extends to various parts of the plant, which have found significant use in folk traditions.


For instance, the oil derived from Citrus Grandis (Pomelo) Peel Extract leaves is often applied to address skin conditions, headaches, and abdominal pain.
Various sections of Citrus Grandis (Pomelo) Peel Extract are reportedly used extensively across different traditional cultures.
Citrus Grandis (Pomelo) Peel Extract is particularly esteemed in traditional medicine, serving as a remedy for coughs and swellings, and even used for beauty enhancement purposes.


Citrus Grandis flowers, on the other hand, have been used as a remedy for anxiety and sleep disorders.
The fruits themselves have an array of uses beyond their culinary delight.
Citrus Grandis (Pomelo) Peel Extract is a safe ingredient if used in cosmetic concentrations.


They've been utilized in cases of mental disorders, asthma, leprosy, hiccups, coughs, and even epilepsy.
Additionally, Citrus Grandis (Pomelo) Peel Extract has been used for its potential benefits in lowering cholesterol and promoting weight loss, further enhancing its holistic appeal.



WHAT DOES CITRUS GRANDIS (POMELO) PEEL EXTRACT DO IN A FORMULATION?
*Astringent
*Skin conditioning
*Tonic
*Perfuming



USE AND BENEFITS OF CITRUS GRANDIS (POMELO) PEEL EXTRACT:
Citrus Grandis (Pomelo) Peel Extract is rich in vitamins, minerals, antioxidants flavonoids, quercetin, etc.
All the extracts and oils are mainly antioxidant.
When applied topically it saves skin from environmental free radical damage.

Citrus Grandis (Pomelo) Peel Extract can also help reverse the damage already caused to the skin.
They replenish and nourish and help remove any impurities.
Citrus Grandis (Pomelo) Peel Extract is antibacterial in nature, so it can be used in anti-dandruff shampoos and antiacne products.

For acne products, Citrus Grandis (Pomelo) Peel Extract helps to relieve congestion around the pimple affected area.
Citrus Grandis (Pomelo) Peel Extract can also be used as a skin toner, which can provide even skin tone and help get rid of any blemishes or discoloration.
Citrus Grandis (Pomelo) Peel Extract is used for its fragrance also, in bath products as well as body care products.



FUNCTIONS OF CITRUS GRANDIS (POMELO) PEEL EXTRACT:
*Antiseptic
*Preservative
*Astringent
*Perfuming
*Skin conditioning
*Tonifying



FUNCTIONS OF CITRUS GRANDIS (POMELO) PEEL EXTRACT:
*Masking :
Citrus Grandis (Pomelo) Peel Extract reduces or inhibits the odor or basic taste of the product
*Skin conditioning :
Citrus Grandis (Pomelo) Peel Extract maintains skin in good condition
*Perfuming :
Citrus Grandis (Pomelo) Peel Extract is used for perfume and aromatic raw materials



INCI FUNCTION OF CITRUS GRANDIS (POMELO) PEEL EXTRACT:
*skin caring,
*astringent,
*invigorating



CITRUS GRANDIS (POMELO) PEEL EXTRACT IN SKINCARE:
Citrus Grandis (Pomelo) Peel Extract holds a special place in skincare, given its diverse functions:

*Fragrance:
With Citrus Grandis (Pomelo) Peel Extract's unique, bright, and refreshing scent, Citrus Grandis Peel Oil is often used as a natural fragrance in skincare products.
Citrus Grandis (Pomelo) Peel Extract imparts a light, citrusy aroma that enhances the sensory pleasure of skincare routines.

*Antimicrobial:
Research has shown that Citrus Grandis (Pomelo) Peel Extract possesses antimicrobial properties.
This means Citrus Grandis (Pomelo) Peel Extract can protect the skin from bacterial and fungal pathogens, thus contributing to overall skin health.

*Antioxidant:
Citrus Grandis (Pomelo) Peel Extract from pomelo peels is rich in antioxidants, including vitamin C.
These antioxidants help combat free radicals that can harm the skin, thus maintaining skin health.

*Skin Toning:
Citrus Grandis (Pomelo) Peel Extract also functions as a natural skin toner.



IS CITRUS GRANDIS (POMELO) PEEL EXTRACT SAFE FOR SKIN?
Like all skincare ingredients, the safety of Citrus Grandis (Pomelo) Peel Extract largely depends on the individual's skin type, the concentration used, and the method of application.
Generally, when used in a properly diluted form, Citrus Grandis (Pomelo) Peel Extract's considered safe for topical application.

Citrus Grandis (Pomelo) Peel Extract contains naturally occurring compounds called furanocoumarins, which can induce photosensitivity or skin sensitivity when exposed to sunlight.
People who are sensitive to citrus fruits should try to avoid products containing Citrus Grandis (Pomelo) Peel Extract.
Application of Citrus Grandis (Pomelo) Peel Extract to skin may cause an allergic reaction, especially when combined with sun exposure.

Therefore, Citrus Grandis (Pomelo) Peel Extract's recommended to use products containing this oil during your evening skincare routine or ensure the application of a broad-spectrum sunscreen during the day.



PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of CITRUS GRANDIS (POMELO) PEEL EXTRACT:
CAS Number: 90045-43-5 / 8016-20-4
Chem/IUPAC Name: Citrus Grandis Peel Extract is an extract of the peel of the Grapefruit, Citrus grandis, Rutaceae
EINECS/ELINCS No: 289-904-6 / -
COSING REF No: 32892
CAS Number: 90045-43-5 / 8016-20-4
EC Number: 289-904-6 / -
Chem/IUPAC Name: Citrus Grandis Peel Extract is an extract of the peel of the Grapefruit, Citrus grandis, Rutaceae
Classification: Regulated, Essential oil

Origin(s): Vegetal
INCI: Citrus paradise peel extract / Citrus grandis peel extract
Appearance: Yellow to orange powder
Solubility: Soluble in ethanol, partially soluble in water
pH: 3.0-6.0 (in solution)
Density: Approximately 0.8-1.0 g/cm³
Molecular Formula: C10H10O
Molecular Weight: 150.19 g/mol
Melting Point: Not specified
Boiling Point: Not applicable (solid extract)



FIRST AID MEASURES of CITRUS GRANDIS (POMELO) PEEL EXTRACT:
-Description of first-aid measures
*General advice:
Show this material safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
*If inhaled:
After inhalation:
Fresh air.
*In case of skin contact:
Take off immediately all contaminated clothing.
Rinse skin with
water/ shower.
*In case of eye contact:
After eye contact:
Rinse out with plenty of water.
Call in ophthalmologist.
Remove contact lenses.
*If swallowed:
After swallowing:
Immediately make victim drink water (two glasses at most).
Consult a physician.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed.
No data available



ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of CITRUS GRANDIS (POMELO) PEEL EXTRACT:
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Cover drains.
Collect, bind, and pump off spills.
Observe possible material restrictions.
Take up dry.
Dispose of properly.
Clean up affected area.



FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of CITRUS GRANDIS (POMELO) PEEL EXTRACT:
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Foam
Dry powder
*Unsuitable extinguishing media:
For this substance/mixture no limitations of extinguishing agents are given.
-Further information:
Prevent fire extinguishing water from contaminating surface water or the ground water system.



EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of CITRUS GRANDIS (POMELO) PEEL EXTRACT:
-Control parameters:
--Ingredients with workplace control parameters:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use equipment for eye protection.
Safety glasses
*Body Protection:
protective clothing
*Respiratory protection:
Recommended Filter type: Filter A
-Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.



HANDLING and STORAGE of CITRUS GRANDIS (POMELO) PEEL EXTRACT:
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
*Storage conditions:
Tightly closed.
Dry.



STABILITY and REACTIVITY of CITRUS GRANDIS (POMELO) PEEL EXTRACT:
-Chemical stability:
The product is chemically stable under standard ambient conditions (room temperature) .
-Possibility of hazardous reactions:
No data available

CITRYL ACETATE, N° CAS : 16409-44-2, Nom INCI : CITRYL ACETATE, Nom chimique : 3,7-Dimethylocta-2,6-dienyl Acetate, N° EINECS/ELINCS : 240-458-0, Ses fonctions (INCI): Agent parfumant : Utilisé pour le parfum et les matières premières aromatiques

BENZYL CINNAMATE, N° CAS : 103-41-3 , Cinnamate de benzyle, Nom INCI : BENZYL CINNAMATE. Nom chimique : 2-Propenoic acid, 3-phenyl, phenylmethyl ester, N° EINECS/ELINCS : 203-109-3. Agent parfumant : Utilisé pour le parfum et les matières premières aromatiques

cichorium intybus leaf extract; extract of the leaves of the chicory, cichorium intybus l., asteraceae; chicory leaf extract; cichorium byzantinum leaf extract; cichorium cicorea leaf extract; cichorium glabratum leaf extract; cichorium glaucum leaf extract; cichorium intybus subsp. glabratum leaf extract; cichorium intybus var. eglandulosum leaf extract; cichorium intybus var. glabratum leaf extract; cichorium perenne leaf extract; cichorium rigidum leaf extract; cichorium sylvestre leaf extract; extract of the leaves of the chicory, cichorium intybus l., asteraceae; succory leaf extract; succory leaves extract CAS NO:68650-43-1

CIRE D'ABEILLE; CIRE D'ABEILLE JAUNE; BEESWAX; BEESWAX (WHITE); BEESWAX ABSOLUTE; BEESWAX WHITE; BEESWAX YELLOW; BEESWAX, ABSOLUTE; YELLOW BEESWAX. Utilisation: Cire, fabrication de produits pharmaceutiquesCERA ALBA, N° CAS : 8012-89-3 - Cire d'Abeille, Autres langues : Beeswax, Bienenwachs, Cera d'api, Cera de abejas, Nom INCI : CERA ALBA, N° EINECS/ELINCS : 232-383-7, Additif alimentaire : E901, La cire d'abeille est sécrétée par les abeilles et permet de fabriquer les "nids", dans lesquels le miel pourra être stocké. Les deux sont récoltés en même temps par les apiculteurs, qui les séparent ensuite par gravité en les chauffant. La cire une fois récupérée est purifiée pour pouvoir être utilisée. La cire d'abeille est un corps gras utilisé en cosmétique comme épaississant ou émulsifiant. Elle dispose de propriétés protectrices et hydratantes. Elle forme un film protecteur doux sur la peau, de plus, contrairement aux cires issues du pétrole comme la paraffine ou la vaseline, si elle est formulée correctement, elle ne bouche pas les pores.Emollient : Adoucit et assouplit la peau Agent émulsifiant : Favorise la formation de mélanges intimes entre des liquides non miscibles en modifiant la tension interfaciale (eau et huile) Agent filmogène : Produit un film continu sur la peau, les cheveux ou les ongles Agent parfumant : Utilisé pour le parfum et les matières premières aromatiques. Noms français : CIRE D'ABEILLE; CIRE D'ABEILLE JAUNE. Noms anglais : BEESWAX; BEESWAX (WHITE); BEESWAX ABSOLUTE; BEESWAX WHITE; BEESWAX YELLOW; BEESWAX, ABSOLUTE; YELLOW BEESWAX. Utilisation: Cire, fabrication de produits pharmaceutiques

cinnamon bark absolute; volatile absolute expressed from the bark of the cinnamon, cinnamomum zeylanicum, lauraceae; cinnamomum verum bark absolute; cinnamomum zeylanicum bark absolute CAS NO:8015-91-6

LANOLIN CERA, N° CAS : 68201-49-0 - Cire de lanoline, Autres langues : Cera de lanolina, Cera di lanolina, Lanolin wax, Lanolinwachs. Nom INCI : LANOLIN CERA. N° EINECS/ELINCS : 269-220-4. Ses fonctions (INCI). Antistatique : Réduit l'électricité statique en neutralisant la charge électrique sur une surface. Agent fixant : Permet la cohésion de différents ingrédients cosmétiques Emollient : Adoucit et assouplit la peau. Agent émulsifiant : Favorise la formation de mélanges intimes entre des liquides non miscibles en modifiant la tension interfaciale (eau et huile) Agent filmogène : Produit un film continu sur la peau, les cheveux ou les ongles. Sinergiste de mousse : Améliore la qualité de la mousse produite en augmentant une ou plusieurs des propriétés suivantes: volume, texture et / ou stabilité. Conditionneur capillaire : Laisse les cheveux faciles à coiffer, souples, doux et brillants et / ou confèrent volume, légèreté et brillance Agent d'entretien de la peau : Maintient la peau en bon état. Principaux synonymes. Noms français : CIRE DE LANOLINE. Noms anglais : DE-OILED LANOLIN; LANOLIN WAX; LANOLIN, WAX WAXES, LANOLIN. Utilisation et sources d'émission : Produit organique, fabrication de cosmétiques

ERA MICROCRISTALLINA, N° CAS : 63231-60-7 64742-42-3 - Cire de paraffine, Autres langues : Cera parafina, Paraffin wax, Paraffina, Paraffinwachs, Nom INCI : CERA MICROCRISTALLINA Nom chimique : Microcristallina Cera Microcrystalline Wax (U.S.), N° EINECS/ELINCS : 264-038-1 265-144-0. Cette cire de type plastique est hautement raffinée. Elle est dérivée du pétrole et purifiée pour une utilisation en cosmétique. Dans les produits cosmétiques elle est utilisée comme épaississant et pour donner aux produits une texture lisse semi-solide à solide. Elle est interdite en Bio. Agent fixant : Permet la cohésion de différents ingrédients cosmétiques Stabilisateur d'émulsion : Favorise le processus d'émulsification et améliore la stabilité et la durée de conservation de l'émulsion Opacifiant : Réduit la transparence ou la translucidité des cosmétiques Agent de contrôle de la viscosité : Augmente ou diminue la viscosité des cosmétiques

PROPOLIS CERA, N° CAS : 85665-41-4 - Cire de propolis (issu de la ruche), Origine(s) : Animale. Nom INCI : PROPOLIS CERA. N° EINECS/ELINCS : 288-130-6. Ses fonctions (INCI). Anti-séborrhée : Aide à contrôler la production de sébum. Hydratant : Augmente la teneur en eau de la peau et aide à la maintenir douce et lisse. Agent lissant : Diminue la rugosité ou les irrégularités pour rendre la peau uniforme

ZINC CITRATE N° CAS : 546-46-3 - Citrate de Zinc "Satisfaisant" dans toutes les catégories. Origine(s) : Végétale, Synthétique Nom INCI : ZINC CITRATE Nom chimique : Trizinc dicitrate N° EINECS/ELINCS : 208-901-2 Classification : Règlementé. Le citrate de Zinc est principalement utilisé dans les produits d'hygiène bucco-dentaires en tant qu'agent antimicrobiens. Il agit particulièrement bien avec du Triclosan (bien que cet ingrédient soit particulièrement controversé, et suspecté d'être un perturbateur endocrinien). C'est aussi un actif contre le tartre qui peut venir appuyer l'action du fluor. Compatible Bio (Référentiel COSMOS). Ses fonctions (INCI) Antiplaque : Aide à protéger contre la formation de plaque dentaire Agent d'hygiène buccale : Fournit des effets cosmétiques à la cavité buccale (nettoyage, désodorisation et protection)

SYNONYMS (±)-cis-3-Hydroxypyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid CAS NO:4298-05-9

SYNONYMS (2S,4S)-(−)-4-Hydroxy-2-pyrrolidinecarboxylic acid, CHP CAS NO:618-27-9

SYNONYMS CelexaTM;(±)-1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,3- dihydroisobenzofuran- 5-carbonitrile, hydrobromide; 1-[3-(Dimethylamino)propyl]-1-(4-fluorophenyl)- 1,3-dihydro- 5- isobenzofuran carbonitrile hydrobromide; cas no:59729-33-8 (Base)

2-Hydroxy-1,2,3,propane-tricarboxylic acid monohydrate; Hydrous citric acid; 2-Hydroxytricarballylic acid monohydrate; Citric acid hydrate; Citric acid monohydrate; Acidum citricum monohydricum CAS NO: 5949-29-1

Nom UICPA acide 2-hydroxypropane-1,2,3-tricarboxylique. Synonymes : acide 3-carboxy-3-hydroxypentanedioïque. No CAS : 77-92-9 (anhydre), cas no: 5949-29-1 (monohydrate), No CE 201-069-1. L'acide citrique est un additif alimentaire (numéro E33023) préparé industriellement par fermentation fongique et utilisé dans l'industrie alimentaire comme acidifiant (soda, bonbons acidulés ), correcteur d’acidité, agent de levuration, dans la composition d'arôme. E330 est biosynthétisé par des micro-organismes (moisissures comme Aspergillus niger) cultivés sur un substrat contenant habituellement de la mélasse et/ou du glucose. Les micro-organismes peuvent avoir été modifiés génétiquement pour augmenter le rendement. Peut être utilisé dans les boissons gazeuses sous forme de citrate de magnésium Mg3(C6H5O7)2, 4H2O.Produits cosmétiques et pharmaceutiques. Le citrate se lie au calcium sanguin, ce dernier étant nécessaire, entre autres, à la coagulation sanguine. Ceci est à l'origine de ses propriétés anticoagulantes, employées en laboratoire et pour la conservation des produits sanguins. Le citrate est utilisé en épuration extra-rénale continue en tant qu'anticoagulant régional dans le circuit d'épuration et surtout le filtre. Cette propriété est basée sur la chélation du calcium ionisé et rend nécessaire d'administrer du calcium en supplément. Le citrate est aussi utilisé sous forme de citrate de potassium ou de sodium pour l’alcalinisation des urines et la prévention des calculs urinaires, en particulier en cas d'hypocitraturie où leur utilisation réduit le risque de récidive de lithiases calciques en inhibant la croissance des calculs d'oxalate de calcium et de phosphate de calcium. Toutefois, du fait de ses effets secondaires, ce traitement n'est que peu toléré sur le long terme et on lui préfère souvent l’absorption de deux verres de jus d'orange par jour. 1,2,3-Propanetricarboxylic acid, 2-hydroxy-; 1,2,3-Propanetricarboxylic acid, 2-hydroxy-, monohydrate; 2-Hydroxy-1,2,3-propanetricarboxylic acid; 2-hydroxypropane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid hydrate; 2-Hydroxypropanetricarboxylic acid; 2-Hydroxytricarballylic acid; 3-Carboxy-3-hydroxypentane-1,5-dioic acid; Aciletten; Anhydrous citric acid; Chemfill; Citretten; Citric acid hydrate; CITRIC ACID MONOHYDRATE; Citric acid, anhydrous; Citric acid, monohydrate; Citro; Hydrocerol A; Kyselina 2-hydroxy-1,2,3-propantrikarbonova; Kyselina citronova. Translated names; Acid citric (ro); Acide citrique (fr); Acido citrico (it); Aċidu ċitriku (mt); Citric acid (no); Citrinų rūgštis (lt); Citroenzuur (nl); Citromsav (hu); Citronensäure (de); Citronska kislina (sl); Citronskābe (lv); Citronsyra (sv); citronsyre (da); Kwas cytrynowy (pl); kyselina citronová (cs); kyselina citrónová (sk); Limunska kiselina (hr); Sidrunhape (et); Sitruunahappo (fi); Ácido cítrico (es); Κιτρικό οξύ (el); Лимонена киселина (bg). : 2-hydorxypropane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid; 2-hydroxy -1,2,3 propane tricarboxylic acid; 2-hydroxy-1,2,3-propane tricarboxylic acid;2-hydroxy-1,2,3-propanetricarboxylic acid monohydrate; 2-Hydroxypropan-1,2,3-tricarbonsäure; 2-HYDROXYPROPANE-1, 2, 3-TRICARBOXYLIC ACID; 2-hydroxypropane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic; 2-hydroxypropane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic; 2-Hydroxypropane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid; 2-hydroxypropane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid anhydrous; 2-Hydroxypropane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid, Hydroxytricarballylic acid; 2-hydroxypropane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid; 2-hydroxypropane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid;hydrate; 2-hydroxypropane-1,2,3-trioic acid; 2-hydroxypropane-l,2,3-tricarboxylic acid; 2-hydroxypropane.1,2,3-tricaboxylic; 3-carbossi-3-idrossi-1,5-pentandioic acid; 3-carboxy-3-hydroxy pentanedioic acid; 3-Carboxy-3-hydroxypentanedioic acid; 3-hydroxy-1,2,3-propanetricarboxylic acid, anhydrous; 3-hydroxy-3-carboxy-1,5-pentanedioic acid; 3-hydroxy-3-carboxy-1,5-pentanedioic acid.; 3-hydroxy-3-carboxy-1,5-pentaneioicacid; acido 3-carbossi-3-idrossi-1,5-pentandioico; acido citrico anidro; Anhydrous form: 2-hydroxypropane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid; Monohydrated form: 1,2,3-Propanetricarboxylic acid, 2-hydroxy-, monohydrate; CITRIC ACID ANHYDROUS; citric acid; 3-hydroxy-3-carboxy-1,5-pentanedioic acid;citric acid ; CITROMSAV-MONOHIDRÁT; Citronensäure, wasserfrei; hydroxypropene - 1,2,3 - tricarboxylic; Acide citrique; ACIDO CITRICO MONOIDRATOCITRIC ACID; Citric Acid Anhydrous; Citric Acid Monohydrate; Citronensäure-Monohydrat; Ácido citrico; ACIDO CITRICO MONOIDRATO; Citronensäure-Monohydrat; Ácido citrico

Citrulline; N5-(Aminocarbonyl)ornithine; (S)-2-Amino-5-ureidopentanoic acid; N(delta)-Carbamylornithine; N5-Carbamoyl-L-ornithine; Sitrulline; delta-Ureidonorvaline; alpha-Amino-delta-ureidovaleric acid; alpha-amino delta-carbamido n-valeric acid; Citrulline; L-2Amino-5-ureidovaleric acid; cas no: 372-75-8

citrullus lanatus fruit extract; watermelon extract;citrullus vulgaris fruit extract ; extract of the fruit of the watermelon, citrullus lanatus, cucurbitaceae CAS NO:90244-99-8

citrus aurantifolia swingle flower extract; lime flower extract; sour lime flower extract; extract of the flowers of the lime, citrus aurantifolia, rutaceae CAS NO:90063-52-8

citrus aurantium / reticulata essence; citrus aurantium essence; citrus sinensis essence; orange (floridian) kiinote (Omega) CAS NO:977091-85-2

citrus aurantium amara flower extract; extract of the flowers of the bitter orange, citrus aurantium l. var. amara l., rutaceae; hydroplastidine flores aurantii (Vevy); flower concentrole orange blossom; flowerpone orange blossom (Symrise);sour orange extract; actipone orange flower (Symrise); bitter orange flower extract; bitter orangeflower extract; remoduline; water (aqua), propylene glycol, citrus aurantium amara (bitter orange) flower extrac CAS NO:68916-04-1

citrus grandis fruit extract; citrus maxima fruit extract; grapefruit fruit extract (citrus grandis); pomelo fruit extract; extract of the fruit of the grapefruit, citrus grandis, rutaceae CAS NO:90045-43-5

citrus limon extract; lemon extract ;lemon extract; organic lemon extract CAS NO:92346-89-9

citrus paradisi hybrid peel oil; tangelo peel oil; essential oil expressed from the epicarps of the tangelo, citrus paradisi x c. reticulata, rutaceae; oil tangerine california type C.P. CAS NO:72869-73-9

Ses fonctions (INCI) Agent Absorbant : Absorbe l'eau (ou l'huile) sous forme dissoute ou en fines particules Agent fixant : Permet la cohésion de différents ingrédients cosmétiques Agent de foisonnement : Réduit la densité apparente des cosmétiques Agent d'entretien de la peau : Maintient la peau en bon état Agent de contrôle de la viscosité : Augmente ou diminue la viscosité des cosmétiques

1-(p-chlorophenoxy)-3,3-dimethyl-1-(1-imidazolyl)-2-Butanone; 1-(4-Chlorophenoxy)-1-(imidazol-1-yl)-3,3-dimethylbutanone; Baypival; Baysan; 1-(p-Chlorophenoxy)-3,3-dimethyl-1-(1-imidazolyl)-2-butanone; Climbazol CAS NO:38083-17-9

CLIMBAZOLE, N° CAS : 38083-17-9, Origine(s) : Synthétique, Nom INCI : CLIMBAZOLE, Nom chimique : 2-Butanone, 1-(4-chlorophenoxy)-1-(1H-imidazol-1-yl)-3,3-dimethyl-, N° EINECS/ELINCS : 253-775-4. Le climbazole est un antifongique topique souvent utilisé dans le traitement des infections fongiques cutanées chez l'homme, telles que les pellicules et l'eczéma. Ses fonctions (INCI) Antimicrobien : Aide à ralentir la croissance de micro-organismes sur la peau et s'oppose au développement des microbes. Conservateur : Inhibe le développement des micro-organismes dans les produits cosmétiques.. Antipelliculaire : Aide à lutter contre les pellicules

DESCRIPTION:

Climbazole is generally soluble in oil and some organic compounds.
Climbazole is an imidazole antifungal agent, which is widely used as an active ingredient in anti-dandruff (AD) shampoos since, it inhibits the microbial growth and improves skin barrier on scalp.
Climbazole helps reduce dandruff and cleanse the scalp.



CAS NUMBER: 38083-17-9

EC NUMBER: 253-775-4

MOLECULAR FORMULA: C15H17ClN2O2

MOLECULAR WEIGHT: 292.76 g/mol



DESCRIPTION:

Climbazole relieves the symptoms of seborrheic dermatitis such as redness, scaling and itching on the scalp.
Climbazole supports hair health by helping to control fungi and microorganisms on the scalp.
The usage rate varies between 0.5% and 2% depending on the demonstrative effect of the product and its interaction with other substances.
Climbazole is in the form of a white crystalline powder.
Climbazole is a raw material with antifungal drug status.

In fungi, Climbazole destroys the cell membrane, stops growth and kills it.
Climbazole has important effects in the treatment of skin infections.
Climbazole is a chemical substance that is considered a medicine.
In order to benefit from this chemical substance feature, Climbazole is included in the formulation by directly mixing with 0.5% Mono Propylene Glycol (USP) in order to show the dandruff feature.

Climbazole is one of the most effective fungicides known, because of the resistance developed in fungi against other fungicides (antimycotic), climbazole is ahead of all in terms of effectiveness.
Climnazor, which has been used in European countries for 2-3 years, has recently been used in shampoos produced in Turkey.
The use of fungicides in effective doses of shampoos is the most common treatment for scalp fungus, oily eczema and fungi, which are the most common causes of intense dandruff.
Fungi are seen at the level of 60% in both intense dandruff and oily eczema (seborrheic dermatitis).

For this reason, when these diseases are diagnosed, shampoos with fungicidal effects are recommended.
The most important disadvantage of such mushroom-containing shampoos is that they are generally not suitable for daily use, Seboderm shampoo is the only shampoo suitable for daily use among this group of shampoos.

Climbazole is used in anti-itch care shampoos due to its broad spectrum bactericidal properties.
Climbazole may be used as a reference standard in the determination of climbazole in environmental samples and in samples of anti-dandruff shampoo using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS-MS).
Climbazole is an excellent antipruritic and anti-dandruff agent.
Climbazole permanently and strongly inhibits dandruff fungus.
Climbazole is a safe, non-irritating product that can be widely used in shampoo.

Climbazole allows you to obtain low-cost formulas with a small amount of use.
Climbazole works stably at high temperatures and against metal ions.
Climbazole can be dissolved in ethanol and water mixture or anionic surfactant solutions.
Climbazole is partially soluble in water.

Climbazole is soluble in ethyl acetate, acetone, benzene, toluene and other organic solvents.
Partially soluble in cyclohexane and petroleum ether.
Transparent formulas can be obtained.
Climbazole is widely used in the treatment of fungal infections such as seborrheic dermatitis and eczema on the skin.
Climbazole has a strong inhibition on the fungus that produces dandruff.
For this reason, Climbazole is used in anti-dandruff shampoos.

Climbazole is used in the cosmetic industry, in beauty creams for smoother skin.
Climbazole can also be used in bath gels and mouthwashes.
Climbazole is the most effective fungicidal substance found in shampoos produced for the treatment of intense dandruff in the hair.
Climbazole is a crystalline, colorless or nearly white solid raw material with a density of 1,320 GR / CM3.
Climbazole is first dissolved in alcohol or a nonionic surfactant, then the other dissolved components of the formulation are mixed at a temperature of about 70 ℃.
Climbazole is a topical antifungal agent commonly used in the treatment of human fungal skin infections such as dandruff, seborrhoeic dermatitis and eczema.
Climbazole has shown a high in vitro and in vivo efficacy against Malassezia spp. that appear to play an important role in the pathogenesis of dandruff.
Climbazole's chemical structure and properties are similar to other fungicides such as ketoconazole and miconazole.

Climbazole is most commonly found as an active ingredient in OTC anti-dandruff and anti-fungal products, including shampoos, lotions and conditioners.
Climbazole may be accompanied by other active ingredients such as zinc pyrithione or triclosan.
Climbazole is a member of monochlorobenzenes, a member of imidazoles, an aromatic ether, a ketone and a hemiaminal ether.
Climbazole is a topical antifungal agent commonly used in the treatment of human fungal skin infections such as dandruff and eczema.
Climbazole has shown a high in vitro and in vivo efficacy against Pityrosporum ovale that appears to play an important role in the pathogenesis of dandruff.
Climbazole is a type of fungicide specially developed for the treatment of fungi that cause intense dandruff in patients, and it is widely used in shampoos in many countries and Turkey.

Climbazole is seen that there are fungi of malessezia furfur and pyrosporum ovale, products that are effective against these fungi should be preferred in the treatment.
Before Climbazole, fungicides called ketoconazole and itraconazole were used, but due to the use for many years, fungi were recognized and their effectiveness became less than in the past.
This group of products is usually limited to 2 times a week due to its side effects.
In the treatment of intense dandruff seen in severe oily eczema cases, eczema-related treatments should be applied, in addition to this, shampoo should be used.
Climbazole is not a product.

Climbazole is the most effective fungicidal substance found in shampoos produced for the treatment of intense dandruff in the hair. Because it is known that the most important factor causing dandruff and excessive dandruff problem is fungus.
Climbazole is one of the most effective fungicides known.
Climnazol, which has been used for 2-3 years in European countries, has been used in shampoos produced in Turkey recently.
The use of fungicides such as climbazole and similar ones, ketoconazole, itraconazole in effective doses in shampoos is the most common form of treatment in the treatment of scalp fungi, oily eczema on the head (seborrheic dermatitis) and fungi, which are the most common causes of intense dandruff.

For this reason, when dandruff and seborrheic dermatitis are diagnosed, shampoos with fungicidal effects are recommended.
The most important disadvantage of this group of fungicide-containing shampoos is that they are generally not suitable for daily use.
Since Climbazole does not interact with other substances put in shampoos, shampoos containing climbazole can be produced with the content of quality shampoos suitable for daily use.
Climbazole is an additive and antifungal agent used in over-the-counter shampoos, conditioners, lotions, and face washes to treat human fungal skin infections like eczema and dandruff.
Dandruff is suffered by as much as half of the population and about one in every ten individuals in the United States will develop eczema during their lifetime.

This agent helps to treat these moderate to severe fungal infections and their symptoms such as redness, and dry, itchy, and flakey skin without causing irritation to the affected area when used properly.
Climbazole is known to be an antifungal drug, which is frequently used in the treatment of skin fungal infections.
Thus, it effectively treats dandruff as well as other scalp infections.
The drug also strengthens and improves hair quality.
Moreover, it offers relief from itching, which can cause a lot of discomfort in individuals who suffer from dandruff.

The drug is available in the form of a hair shampoo, which should be used regularly for a period of about 4 weeks.
Climbazole is a white Crystalline Powder used as a very effective anti-dandruff agent.
Climbazole secifically tackles the fungus Malaseezia furfur, the primary cause of dandruff.
Climbazole provides excellent activity against the main cause of dandruff, Malassezia species.
Climbazole is suitable for both leave-on and rinse-off hair care formulations.
Climbazole provides no formation of coloured complexes with metal ions which cause discoloration in formulations.

Climbazole has good compatibility with perfume oils and other commonly used hair care raw materials and is soluble in alcohol, glycols, surfactants and certain perfume oils.
Climbazole's stable in acid and neutral pH ranges and not hygroscopic (does not absorb water from the air).
Climbazole has excellent light, heat and storage stability.
Climbazole is primarily aimed at haircare products where the anti-dandruff properties are renowned for their effectiveness.
Climbazole however is found in some eczema treatments for its antifungal properties.

Climbazole-d4, a novel synthetic molecule, holds vast potential for scientific research applications.
Derived from the widely utilized antimycotic drug Climbazole, it serves as a research tool to investigate the effects of Climbazole in various scientific experiments. Climbazole-d4 has been extensively employed in diverse research studies, enabling the examination of Climbazole′s impact on fungal growth, gene expression, protein structure and function, as well as secondary metabolite production.
The precise mechanism of action for Climbazole-d4 remains partially understood; however, it is hypothesized to inhibit fungal growth by disrupting the cell wall and impeding the synthesis of ergosterol, a crucial component of fungal cell membranes.
Additionally, Climbazole is believed to influence the expression of specific genes associated with fungal growth and development.

Serving as a labeled form of Climbazole, Climbazole-d4 acts as an imidazole antifungal agent.
When incorporated into shampoo formulations, it provides beneficial effects in combating dandruff.
Climbazole is an antifungal drug, which is frequently used in the treatment of skin fungal infections.
Thus, it is effective against dandruff, eczema and other scalp infections in your hair and scalp.
The antifungal drug is used in over-the-counter shampoos, conditioners, lotions and face washes.
Climbazole is an imidazole antifungal agent that can provide anti-dandruff benefits.



USAGE AREAS:

They are the most important components in the development of the cosmetics industry and the production of beauty creams that women need to have smooth skin.
Climbazole is used in the manufacture of drugs in the form of creams, which are produced to eliminate infections on the skin.
Climbazole is a raw material with antifungal properties in the drugs produced to prevent dandruff, fungus and eczema formations on the skin.
Climbazole is an anti-dandruff active substance used to prevent dandruff formations on the scalp.
Climbazole exhibits in vitro properties against Pityrosporum bacteria, which is known as the pathogenesis of dandruff.
The scalp of people renews itself once every 2 weeks. However, in some cases, the scalp cannot regenerate itself.

Therefore, dead skin cells are gathered together and an uncomfortable appearance is formed. Climberazole is used as an important active ingredient to inhibit bacteria that cause such formations.
Climbazole has the appearance of white or colorless crystals.
Climbazole is odorless.
Climbazole is very slightly soluble in water.
Climbazole has good solubility in essential oils and surfactants.
Climbazole is similar to other fungicides such as ketoconazole and miconazole.

Compatible with positive ion, negative ion and nonionic surfactants.
Climbazole is an active ingredient commonly used in body cosmetics.
Climbazole has antifungal effects, which is why it is used in products for eczema-prone skin and in dandruff shampoos.
With its anti-inflammatory properties, it helps suppress the growth of unwanted yeasts on the skin and also assists in preserving cosmetic products.
Climbazole can provide relief from itchy scalp associated with dandruff.
The recommended dosage of climbazole for use in anti-dandruff shampoos is a maximum of 2%.
The recommended dosage of climbazole as a preservative is 0.2% for facial creams, hair masks, and foot preparations, and 0.5% for shampoos.

Climbazole (BAY-e 6975) is a potent antifungal agent.
Climbazole also is a potent inducer of rat hepatic cytochrome P450. I
Climbazole (20 µM; 48 hours) significantly decreases exosome secretion in aggressive prostate cancer (PCa) cells.
Climbazole (20 µM) significantly inhibits the protein concentration of Alix, and Rab27a but not nSMase2.
Climbazole is a potent inhibitor of exosome biogenesis and/or secretion.



USES:


-Shampoo
-Hair conditioner



PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES:

Climbazole's density is 1.17 g/cm³.
Climbazole's melting point is in the range of 96 °C to 100 °C.
Climbazole's boiling point ranges from 447.5 °C to 487.5 °C.
Climbazole has stable properties of acid and pH ranges. It maintains its standard feature under suitable storage conditions.
Climbazole has a solubility of 59 mg/ml in Ethyl Alcohol. It has good solubility in perfume (essential) oils and surfactants.



TECHNICAL PROPERTIES:


-CAS NUMBER: 38083-17-9
-MOLECULAR FORMULA: C15H17CIN2O2
-CHEMICAL NAME: Climbazole, 1-(4-chlorophenoxy)-1-(1H-imidazol-1-yl)-3,3dioethylbutane-2-one
-MOLECULAR WEIGHT: 292.76 g/mol
-DENSITY: 1.17 g/cm³
-MELTING POINT: 96 °C-100 °C
-BOILING POINT: 447.5 °C – 487.5 °C



SPECIFICATIONS:

-mp: 96-100 °C
-suitability: passes test for identity (NMR)
-application(s): agriculture, environmental
-format: neat
-SMILES string: CC(C)(C)C(=O)C(Oc1ccc(Cl)cc1)n2ccnc2
-InChI: 1S/C15H17ClN2O2/c1-15(2,3)13(19)14(18-9-8-17-10-18)20-12-6-4-1 (16)5-7-12/h4-10,14H,1-3H3
-InChI key: OWEGWHBOCFMBLP-UHFFFAOYSA-N



FEATURES:

-Exfoliates the scalp and removes sebum build up
-Reduces dandruff and flaking
-Balances microbial activity
-Prevents irritation and itching
-Decreases inflammation and redness
-Is a total nourishment for the scalp



PROPERTIES:

-Melting Point: 96-100ºC
-Flash Point: 224.4ºC
-Purity: >98%
-Density: 1.17 g/cmH3
-Appearance: Off-white to pale yellow crystalline powder
-Hazard Codes: Xn
-HS Code: 2933290012
-Log P: 3.72930
-PSA: 44.12
-Refractive Index: 1.56
-RIDADR: UN 3077



PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES:

-Molecular Weight: 292.76 g/mol
-XLogP3-AA: 3.7
-Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 0
-Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 3
-Rotatable Bond Count: 5
-Exact Mass: 292.0978555 g/mol
-Monoisotopic Mass: 292.0978555 g/mol
-Topological Polar Surface Area: 44.1Ų
-Heavy Atom Count: 20
-Complexity: 335
-Isotope Atom Count: 0
-Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
-Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 1
-Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
-Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
-Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 1
-Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes



CHARACTERISTICS:

-Appearance: White crystalline powder
-Melting temperature: 94℃~98℃
-Water content : ≤0.5%
-p-Chlorophenol : ≤0.015%
-Molecular weight: 292.76
-Cas number: 38083-17-9
-Purity(HPLC): min. 98.0% area
-Purity(Nonaqueous Titration): min. 98.0%



USAGE AMOUNT:

Usage Level: 0.5 – 1% (Rinse off products), 0.1% - 0.3%.
These are maximum levels as defined under EU Cosmetic Regulations.



PRECAUTIONS:

Climbazole should not be applied undiluted to the skin and the maximum usage levels above should not be exceeded.
You should always wear gloves when working with Climbazole and not make contact with the skin.
Keep away from children do not take internally seek advice when using on children/infants.



FUNCTIONS:

-Anti dandruff: Helps fight against dandruff
-Antimicrobial: Helps slowing the growth of micro-organisms on the skin and counteracts the development of microbes
-Preservative: Inhibits the development of microorganisms in cosmetic products.



HOW TO USE IT:

Climbazole has good compatibility with perfume oils and other commonly used hair care raw materials and is soluble in alcohol, glycols, surfactants and certain perfume oils.
Climbazole's stable in acid and neutral pH ranges and not hygroscopic, has excellent light, heat and storage stability.
In-vivo efficacy tests have shown the effectiveness of Climbazole in anti-dandruff formulations
The extract is suitable for use in both O/W Emulsions and W/O Emulsions



CHEMICAL PROPERTIES:

-Melting point: 96-100°C
-Boiling point: 447.5±40.0 °C(Predicted)
-density: 1.17±0.1 g/cm3(Predicted)
-vapor pressure: 0.001Pa at 25℃
-refractive index: 1.54
-storage temp.: Inert atmosphere,Room Temperature
-solubility: Insoluble in water
-pka: 5.66±0.22(Predicted)
-form: neat
-color: White to Almost white
-Water Solubility: 58mg/L at 25℃
-BRN: 618020
-InChIKey: OWEGWHBOCFMBLP-UHFFFAOYSA-N
-LogP: 3.83 at 25℃



TECHNICAL INFORMATIONS:

-Physical State: Solid
-Storage: Store at -20° C
-Melting Point: 82-84°C (lit.)



STORAGE:

Store in a cool and dry area.



SYNONYM:

Crinipan AD
Crinipan ADS
TC-Climbazole
Reanti CLB
SMACTIV CLB
PRODAN CLB
Spec-Chem-Climbazole
PromaCare CMZ
Dantuff-C
Crinipan AD
1-(4-chlorophenoxy)-3,3-dimethyl-1-(imidazol-1-yl)-butan-2-one
CLIMBAZOL
1-(4-chloro-phenoxy)-1-imidazol-1-yl-3,3-dimethyl-butan-2-one
1-(4-Chlorophenoxy)-1-(imidazol-1-yl)-3,3-dimethyl-2-butanone
Climbazole
38083-17-9
Baypival
Climbazol
BAY-E 6975
Crinipan AD
Baysan
1-(4-chlorophenoxy)-1-(1H-imidazol-1-yl)-3,3-dimethylbutan-2-one
Climbazolum
Climbazol [INN-Spanish]
Climbazolum [INN-Latin]
2-Butanone, 1-(4-chlorophenoxy)-1-(1H-imidazol-1-yl)-3,3-dimethyl-
Climbazole [BAN:INN]
Climbazole [INN:BAN]
EINECS 253-775-4
1-(4-chlorophenoxy)-1-imidazol-1-yl-3,3-dimethylbutan-2-one
NSC-759808
BRN 0618020
Bay e 6975
UNII-9N42CW7I54
CCRIS 8169
DTXSID6046555
1-(p-Chlorophenoxy)-1-imidazol-1-yl-3,3-dimethyl-2-butanone
CHEBI:83719
9N42CW7I54
MEB 6401
NCGC00166153-01
1-(4-Chlorophenoxy)-1-(imidazol-1-yl)-3,3-dimethylbutanone
1-(p-Chlorophenoxy)-3,3-dimethyl-1-(1-imidazolyl)-2-butanone
1-(4-Chlorophenoxy)-1-(1H-imidazol-1-yl)-3,3-dimethyl-2-butanone
EC 253-775-4
Bay-e-6975
5-23-04-00209 (Beilstein Handbook Reference)
DTXCID4026555
1-(4-chlorophenoxy)-1-(1-imidazolyl)-3,3-dimethyl-2-butanone
1-(4-Chlorophenoxy)-1-(1H-imidazolyl)-3,3-dimethyl-2-butanone
1-(4-Chlorophenoxy)-3,3-dimethyl-1-(imidazole-1-yl)-2-butanone
2-BUTANONE, 1-(p-CHLOROPHENOXY)-3,3-DIMETHYL-1-(1-IMIDAZOLYL)-
CAS-38083-17-9
MFCD00055505
CLIMBAZOLE [INN]
CLIMBAZOLE [INCI]
CLIMBAZOLE [MART.]
CLIMBAZOLE [USP-RS]
CLIMBAZOLE [WHO-DD]
SCHEMBL39729
US9138393, Climbazole
US9144538, Climbazole
MLS004773943
1-NAPHTHYLACETICANHYDRIDE
BAY e-6975
CHEMBL1437764
OWEGWHBOCFMBLP-UHFFFAOYSA-
BDBM181112
HMS2090O13
HMS3652P05
HMS3744O15
Pharmakon1600-01504833
1-(4-Chlorophenoxy)-1-(imidazol-1-yl)-3,3-dimethyl-2-butanone
1-(4-Clorophenoxy)-3,3-dimethyl-1-(imidazole-1-yl)-2-butanone
HY-B1151
MEB-6401
Tox21 112343
Tox21_112343
AC-272
DL-358
NSC759808
s4178
AKOS015895513
Tox21_112343_1
CCG-213958
CS-4675
DB15580
KS-5112
NSC 759808
Climbazole 10 microg/mL in Cyclohexane
NCGC00166153-02
NCGC00166153-03
LS-46662
SMR001550495
C2025
FT-0624097
FT-0655760
FT-0665095
SW219213-1
Climbazole, PESTANAL(R), analytical standard
H10384
AB01275501-01
AB01275501_02
AB01275501_03
A824009
AO-295/40848554
Q629373
SR-05000001501
Q-100974
SR-05000001501-1
BRD-A61676498-001-01-7
Climbazole, United States Pharmacopeia (USP) Reference Standard
1-(4-chloranylphenoxy)-1-imidazol-1-yl-3,3-dimethyl-butan-2-one
1-(4-Chlorophenoxy)-1-(imidazol-1-yl)-3,3-dimethylbutan-2-one
1-(4-chlorophenoxy)-3,3-dimethyl-1-(imidazol-1-yl)-butan-2-one
2-butanona, 1-(4-clorofenoxi)-1-(1h-imidazol-1-il)-3,3-dimetil-
(RS)-1-(4-CHLOROPHENOXY)-1-IMIDAZOL-1-YL-3,3-DIMETHYLBUTAN-2-ONE
InChI=1/C15H17ClN2O2/c1-15(2,3)13(19)14(18-9-8-17-10-18)20-12-6-4-11(16)5-7-12/h4-10,14H,1-3H3



IUPAC NAME:

(R,S)-1-(4-chlorophenoxy)-1-imidazol-1-yl-3,3-dimethylbutan-2-one
(RS)-1-(4-chlorophenoxy)-1-imidazol-1-yl-3,3-dimethylbutan-2-one
1-(4-chlorophenoxy)-1-(1H-imidazol-1-yl)-3,3-dimethyl-2-butanone
1-(4-chlorophenoxy)-1-(1H-imidazol-1-yl)-3,3-dimethylbutan-2-one
1-(4-chlorophenoxy)-1-imidazol-1-yl-3,3-dimethylbutan-2-one
1-(4-chlorophenoxy)-3,3-dimethyl-1-(imidazole-1-yl)-2-butanone
1-(4-clorophenoxy)-3, 3-dimethyl-1-(imidazole-1-yl)-2-butanone
2-Butanone, 1-(4-chlorophenoxy)-1-(1H-imidazol-1-yl)-3,3-dimethyl-
Climbazole
climbazole

SYNONYMS 1-(p-chlorophenoxy)-3,3-dimethyl-1-(1-imidazolyl)-2-Butanone; 1-(4-Chlorophenoxy)-1-(imidazol-1-yl)-3,3-dimethylbutanone; Baypival; Baysan; 1-(p-Chlorophenoxy)-3,3-dimethyl-1-(1-imidazolyl)-2-butanone; Climbazol; CAS NO. 38083-17-9

SYNONYMS CLOPIDOGREL;methyl (2s)-2-(2-chlorophenyl)-2-(9-thia-4-azabicyclo[4.3.0]nona-7,10-dien-4-yl)acetate;ClopidogrelHydrobromide;ClopidogrelHydrogenSulfateBase;ClopidogrelHcl;Methyl (+)-(S)-α-(o-chlorophenyl)-6,7-dihydrothieno[3,2-c]pyridine-5(4H)-acetate;(S)- α-(2-Chlorophenyl)-6，7-dihydrothieno[3，2-c]pyridine-5(4H)-acetic acidmethyl ester;Clopidogrel Pellets cas no:113665-84-2

Clove (Eugenia Caryophyllata) Extract is a well-known medicinal plant used for diarrhea, digestive disorders, or in antiseptics in Korea.
Clove (Eugenia Caryophyllata) Extract is the aromatic flower buds of a tree in the family Myrtaceae, Syzygium aromaticum (/sɪˈzɪdʒiːəm ˌærəˈmætɪkəm/).


CAS Number: 84961-50-2
EC Number: 284-638-7
Chem/IUPAC Name: Eugenia Caryophyllus Flower Extract is the extract of the flowers of Clove, Eugenia caryophyllata, Myrtaceae
Botanical Name: Eugenia Caryophyllata



SYNONYMS:
84961-50-2, 284-638-7, Allergenic Extract- Cloves Eugenia Caryophyllata, B1255 [Langual], Caryophyllii Flos (Syzygium Aromaticum (L.) Merill et L. M. Perry) [EMA Herbal Substance], Caryophylli Flos, Caryophylli Flos [CHP], Caryophyllus Aromaticus Bud, Caryophyllus Hortensis Bud, Caryophyllus Silvestris Bud, Clove (Syzygium Aromaticum (L.) Merill et L. M. Perry) [EMA Herbal Substance], Clove (Syzygium Aromaticum) [JP], Clove [JAN], Clove [MART.], Clove [MI], Clove Allergenic Extract, Clove Bud Extract, Clove Bud Extract [FHFI], Clove Bud Oleoresin, Clove Bud Oleoresin [FHFI], Clove Buds, Cloves, Cloves [VANDF], Cloves, Ground, Ding Xiang, Ding Xiang Bud, Dingxiang, Dinh Huong, Eugenia Aromatica Bud, Eugenia Caryophyllata, Eugenia Caryophyllata [HPUS], Eugenia Caryophyllata Bud, Eugenia Caryophyllus (Clove) Bud Extract, Eugenia Caryophyllus (Clove) Flower Bud Powder, Eugenia Caryophyllus (Clove) Flower Extract, Eugenia Caryophyllus (Clove) Flower Powder, Eugenia Caryophyllus Bud, FEMA No. 2322, FEMA No. 2327, Food - Plant Source, Cloves Eugenia Caryophyllata, Food - Plant Source, Cloves Syzygium Aromaticum, Jambosa Caryophyllus Bud, Lavang, Myrtus Caryophyllus Bud, Spices, Cloves, Ground, Spike Fragrance, Syzygium Aromaticum Bud, Syzygium Aromaticum Bud [WHO-DD], Clove, Clove Bud Extract, Eugenia Caryophyllata, Eugenia Aromatica, Syzygium Aromaticum, Clove Oleoresin, Clove Oil, Caryophyllus Aromaticus,



Clove (Eugenia Caryophyllata) Extract is an extract of the dried flower buds of theclove, Eugenia caryophyllus.
Clove (Eugenia Caryophyllata) Extract has been shown to possess antimicrobial, antifungal, antiviral, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anticancer properties.


Combined testing approach to evaluate the antifungal efficiency of Clove (Eugenia Caryophyllata) Extract for potential application in wood conservation
Clove (Eugenia Caryophyllata) Extract is a well-known medicinal plant used for diarrhea, digestive disorders, or in antiseptics in Korea.
Clove (Eugenia Caryophyllata) Extract is the main active ingredient of clove and has been chosen as a marker compound for the chemical evaluation or QC of clove.


Clove (Eugenia Caryophyllata) Extract is the aromatic flower buds of a tree in the family Myrtaceae, Syzygium aromaticum (/sɪˈzɪdʒiːəm ˌærəˈmætɪkəm/).
Clove (Eugenia Caryophyllata) Extract is available throughout the year owing to different harvest seasons across various countries.
The clove tree is an evergreen that grows up to 8–12 metres (26–39 ft) tall, with large leaves and crimson flowers grouped in terminal clusters.


The flower buds initially have a pale hue, gradually turn green, then transition to a bright red when ready for harvest.
Cloves are harvested at 1.5–2 centimetres (5⁄8–3⁄4 in) long, and consist of a long calyx that terminates in four spreading sepals, and four unopened petals that form a small central ball.


Clove (Eugenia Caryophyllata) Extract stalks are slender stems of the inflorescence axis that show opposite decussate branching.
Externally, they are brownish, rough, and irregularly wrinkled longitudinally with short fracture and dry, woody texture.
Mother cloves (anthophylli) are the ripe fruits of cloves that are ovoid, brown berries, unilocular and one-seeded.


Blown cloves are expanded flowers from which both corollae and stamens have been detached.
Exhausted Clove (Eugenia Caryophyllata) Extract has most or all the oil removed by distillation.
Clove (Eugenia Caryophyllata) Extract yield no oil and are darker in color.



USES and APPLICATIONS of CLOVE (EUGENIA CARYOPHYLLATA) EXTRACT:
Clove (Eugenia Caryophyllata) Extract may be used to inhibit mold growth on various types of foods.
In addition to these non-culinary uses of clove, Clove (Eugenia Caryophyllata) Extract can be used to protect wood in a system for cultural heritage conservation, and showed the efficacy of clove essential oil to be higher than a boron-based wood preservative.


Clove (Eugenia Caryophyllata) Extract can be used to make a fragrant pomander when combined with an orange.
When given as a gift in Victorian England, such a pomander indicated warmth of feeling
Clove (Eugenia Caryophyllata) Extract is used in traditional medicine as an essential oil, which is used as an anodyne (analgesic) mainly for dental emergencies and other disorders.


There is evidence that Clove (Eugenia Caryophyllata) Extract containing eugenol is effective for toothache pain and other types of pain, and one review reported the efficacy of eugenol combined with zinc oxide as an analgesic for alveolar osteitis.
Clove (Eugenia Caryophyllata) Extract may prevent the growth of Enterococcus faecalis bacteria which is often present in a root canal treatment failure.


Clove (Eugenia Caryophyllata) Extract is used in the cuisine of Asian, African, Mediterranean, and the Near and Middle East countries, lending flavor to meats (such as baked ham), curries, and marinades, as well as fruit (such as apples, pears, and rhubarb).
Clove (Eugenia Caryophyllata) Extract may be used to give aromatic and flavor qualities to hot beverages, often combined with other ingredients such as lemon and sugar.


Clove (Eugenia Caryophyllata) Extract is a common element in spice blends (as part of the Malay rempah empat beradik –"four sibling spices"– besides cinnamon, cardamom and star anise for example), including pumpkin pie spice and speculaas spices.
In Mexican cuisine, Clove (Eugenia Caryophyllata) Extract is best known as clavos de olor, and often accompany cumin and cinnamon.


Clove (Eugenia Caryophyllata) Extract is also used in Peruvian cuisine, in a wide variety of dishes such as carapulcra and arroz con leche.
A major component of Clove (Eugenia Caryophyllata) Extract's taste is imparted by the chemical eugenol, and the quantity of the spice required is typically small.


Clove (Eugenia Caryophyllata) Extract pairs well with cinnamon, allspice, vanilla, red wine, basil, onion, citrus peel, star anise, and peppercorns.
Clove (Eugenia Caryophyllata) Extract is native to the Maluku Islands, or Moluccas, in Indonesia, and are commonly used as a spice, flavoring, or fragrance in consumer products, such as toothpaste, soaps, or cosmetics.


-Non-culinary uses of Clove (Eugenia Caryophyllata) Extract:
Clove (Eugenia Caryophyllata) Extract is often added to betel quids to enhance aroma while chewing.
The spice is used in a type of cigarette called kretek in Indonesia.

Clove (Eugenia Caryophyllata) Extract cigarettes were smoked throughout Europe, Asia, and the United States.
Clove (Eugenia Caryophyllata) Extract cigarettes are currently classified in the United States as cigars, the result of a ban on flavored cigarettes in September 2009.



WHAT DOES CLOVE (EUGENIA CARYOPHYLLATA) EXTRACT DO IN A FORMULATION?
*Astringent
*Masking
*Oral care
*Tonic



ETYMOLOGY OF CLOVE (EUGENIA CARYOPHYLLATA) EXTRACT:
The word clove, first used in English in the 15th century, derives via Middle English clow of gilofer, Anglo-French clowes de gilofre and Old French clou de girofle, from the Latin word clavus "nail".
The related English word gillyflower, originally meaning "clove", derives via said Old French girofle and Latin caryophyllon, from the Greek karyophyllon "clove", literally "nut leaf".



HISTORY OF CLOVE (EUGENIA CARYOPHYLLATA) EXTRACT:
Until the colonial era, Clove (Eugenia Caryophyllata) Extract only grew on a few islands in the Moluccas (historically called the Spice Islands), including Bacan, Makian, Moti, Ternate, and Tidore.

Clove (Eugenia Caryophyllata) Extract was first traded by the Austronesian peoples in the Austronesian maritime trade network (which began around 1500 BC, later becoming the Maritime Silk Road and part of the Spice Trade).
The first notable example of modern Clove (Eugenia Caryophyllata) Extract farming developed on the east coast of Madagascar, and is cultivated in three separate ways, a monoculture, agricultural parklands, and agroforestry systems.

Archaeologist Giorgio Buccellati found Clove (Eugenia Caryophyllata) Extract in Terqa, Syria, in a burned-down house which was dated to 1720 BC during the kingdom of Khana.
This was the first evidence of Clove (Eugenia Caryophyllata) Extract being used in the west before Roman times.

The discovery was first reported in 1978.
They reached Rome by the first century AD.
Other archeological finds of Clove (Eugenia Caryophyllata) Extract include:

At the Batujaya site, a single clove was found in a waterlogged layer dating to between the 100s BC to 200s BC corresponding to the Buni culture phase of this site.
A study at the site of Óc Eo in the Mekong Delta of Vietnam found starch grains of cloves on stone implements used in food processing.

This site was occupied from the first to eighth century BC, and was a trading center for the kingdom of Funnan.
Two cloves were found during archaeological excavations at the Sri Lankan city of Mantai dated to around 900–1100 AD.
Cloves are mentioned in the Ramayana.

Cloves are also mentioned in the Charaka Samhita.
One of the earliest examples of literary evidence of cloves in China is from the book the Han Guan Yi (Etiquettes of the Officialdom of the Han Dynasty, dating to around 200 BC).

The book states a rule that ministers should suck cloves to sweeten their breath before speaking to the emperor.
From Chinese records during the Song Dynasty (960 to 1279 AD) cloves were primarily imported by private ventures, called Merchant Shipping Offices, who bought goods from middlemen in the Austronesian polities of Java, Srivijaya, Champa, and Butuan.
During the Yuan dynasty (1271 to 1368 AD) Chinese merchants began sending ships directly to the Moluccas to trade for cloves, and other spices



PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of CLOVE (EUGENIA CARYOPHYLLATA) EXTRACT:
CAS Number: 84961-50-2
Chem/IUPAC Name: Eugenia Caryophyllus Flower Extract is the extract of the flowers of Clove, Eugenia caryophyllata, Myrtaceae
EINECS/ELINCS No: 284-638-7
COSING REF No: 76054
CAS Number: 84961-50-2
EC Number: 284-638-7
Appearance: Brownish-yellow to dark brown liquid or powder
Density: Approximately 1.0 - 1.1 g/cm³
Solubility: Soluble in alcohol and oils, slightly soluble in water
pH: Typically ranges from 5.0 to 6.0
Viscosity: Varies based on concentration
Extraction Method: Steam distillation or solvent extraction



FIRST AID MEASURES of CLOVE (EUGENIA CARYOPHYLLATA) EXTRACT:
-Description of first-aid measures
*General advice:
Show this material safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
*If inhaled:
After inhalation:
Fresh air.
*In case of skin contact:
Take off immediately all contaminated clothing.
Rinse skin with
water/ shower.
*In case of eye contact:
After eye contact:
Rinse out with plenty of water.
Call in ophthalmologist.
Remove contact lenses.
*If swallowed:
After swallowing:
Immediately make victim drink water (two glasses at most).
Consult a physician.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed.
No data available



ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of CLOVE (EUGENIA CARYOPHYLLATA) EXTRACT:
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Cover drains.
Collect, bind, and pump off spills.
Observe possible material restrictions.
Take up dry.
Dispose of properly.
Clean up affected area.



FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of CLOVE (EUGENIA CARYOPHYLLATA) EXTRACT:
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Foam
Dry powder
*Unsuitable extinguishing media:
For this substance/mixture no limitations of extinguishing agents are given.
-Further information:
Prevent fire extinguishing water from contaminating surface water or the ground water system.



EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of CLOVE (EUGENIA CARYOPHYLLATA) EXTRACT:
-Control parameters:
--Ingredients with workplace control parameters:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use equipment for eye protection.
Safety glasses
*Body Protection:
protective clothing
*Respiratory protection:
Recommended Filter type: Filter A
-Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.



HANDLING and STORAGE of CLOVE (EUGENIA CARYOPHYLLATA) EXTRACT:
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
*Storage conditions:
Tightly closed.
Dry.



STABILITY and REACTIVITY of CLOVE (EUGENIA CARYOPHYLLATA) EXTRACT:
-Chemical stability:
The product is chemically stable under standard ambient conditions (room temperature) .
-Possibility of hazardous reactions:
No data available

CMC (E466) cellulose is a water-soluble polymer.
As a solution in water, CMC (E466) has thixotropic properties.
CMC (E466) is useful in helping to hold the components of pyrotechnic compositions in aqucous suspension (e.g., in the making of black match).

CAS: 9004-32-4
MF: C6H7O2(OH)2CH2COONa
MW: 0
EINECS: 618-378-6

Synonyms
9004-32-4, sodium;2,3,4,5,6-pentahydroxyhexanal;acetate, Carboxymethylcellulose sodium (USP), Carboxymethylcellulose cellulose carboxymethyl ether, Celluvisc (TN), Carmellose sodium (JP17), CHEMBL242021, SCHEMBL25311455, C.M.C. (TN), CHEBI:31357, Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (MW 250000), D01544, M.W. 700000(DS=0.9), 2500 - 4500mPa.s

CMC (E466) is also an especially effective binder that can be used in small amounts in compositions, where the binder can intcrfere with the intended effect (e.g., in strobe compositions).
However, CMC (E466)s sodium content obviously precludes its use in most color compositions.
CMC (E466) is manufactured from cellulose by various proccsses that replacc some of the hydrogen atoms in the hydroxyl[OH] groups of the cellulose molecule with acidic carboxymethyl [-CH2CO.OH] groups，which are neutralized to form the corresponding sodium salt.
CMC (E466) is white when pure; industrial grade material may be grayish-white or cream granules or powder.
CMC (E466) is tackifier, at room temperature, it is non-toxic tasteless white flocculent powder, it is stable and soluble in water, aqueous solution is neutral or alkaline transparent viscous liquid, it is soluble in other water-soluble gums and resins, it is insoluble in organic solvents such as ethanol.
CMC (E466) is the substituted product of cellulosic carboxymethyl group.
According to their molecular weight or degree of substitution, CMC (E466) can be completely dissolved or insoluble polymer, the latter can be used as the weak acid cation of exchanger to separate neutral or basic proteins.

CMC (E466) can form highly viscous colloidal solution with adhesive, thickening, flowing, emulsifying, shaping, water, protective colloid, film forming, acid, salt, suspensions and other characteristics, and it is physiologically harmless, so it is widely used in the food, pharmaceutical, cosmetic, oil, paper, textiles, construction and other areas of production.
A semisynthetic, water-soluble polymer in which CH2COOH groups are substituted on the glucose units of the cellulose chain through an ether linkage.
Mw ranges from 21,000 to 500,000.
Since the reaction occurs in an alkaline medium, the product is the sodium salt of the carboxylic acid R-O-CH2COONa.
CMC (E466) or cellulose gum is a cellulose derivative with carboxymethyl groups (-CH2-COOH) bound to some of the hydroxyl groups of the glucopyranose monomers that make up the cellulose backbone.
CMC (E466) is often used as its sodium salt, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose.

CMC (E466) Chemical Properties
Melting point: 274 °C (dec.)
Density: 1,6 g/cm3
FEMA: 2239 | CARBOXYMETHYLCELLULOSE
Storage temp.: room temp
Solubility: H2O: 20 mg/mL, soluble
Form: low viscosity
Pka: 4.30(at 25℃)
Color: White to light yellow
Odor: Odorless
PH Range 6.5 - 8.5
PH: pH (10g/l, 25℃) 6.0～8.0
Water Solubility: soluble
Merck: 14,1829
Stability: Stable. Incompatible with strong oxidizing agents.
EPA Substance Registry System: Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (9004-32-4)

Uses
CMC (E466) is frequently called simply carboxymethyl cellulose and also known as cellulose gum.
CMC (E466) is derived from purified cellulose from cotton and wood pulp.
CMC (E466) is a water dispersible sodium salt of carboxy-methyl ether of cellulose that forms a clear colloidal solution.
CMC (E466) is a hygroscopic material that has the ability to absorb more than 50% of water at high humidity.
CMC (E466) is also a natural polymeric derivative that can be used in detergents, food and textile industries.
CMC (E466) is one of the most important products of cellulose ethers, which are formed by natural cellulose modification as a kind of cellulose derivate with an ether structure.
Due to the fact that the acid form of CMC has poor water solubility, it is usually preserved as CMC (E466), which is widely used in many industries and regarded as monosodium glutamate in industry.
CMC (E466) is used in cigarette adhesive, fabric sizing, footwear paste meal, home slimy.
CMC (E466) is used in interior painting architectural, building lines melamine, thickening mortar, concrete enhancement.
CMC (E466) is used in refractory fiber, ceramic production molding bond. It is used in oil drilling, exploration address slurry thickening, reducing water loss, quality paper surface sizing.
CMC (E466) can be used as soap and washing powder detergent active additives, as well as other industrial production on the dispersion, emulsification, stability, suspension, film, paper, polishing and the like.
Quality product can be used for toothpaste, medicine, food and other industrial sectors.

CMC (E466) is a thickener, binder, and emulsifier equivalent to cellulose fiber.
CMC (E466) is resistant to bacterial decomposition and provides a product with uniform viscosity.
CMC (E466) can prevent skin moisture loss by forming a film on the skin’s surface, and also help mask odor in a cosmetic product.
Constituents are any of several fibrous substances consisting of the chief part of a plant’s cell walls (often extracted from wood pulp or cotton).
In drilling muds, in detergents as a soil-suspending agent, in resin emulsion paints, adhesives, printing inks, textile sizes, as protective colloid in general. As stabilizer in foods.
Pharmaceutic aid (suspending agent; tablet excipient; viscosity-increasing agent).
CMC (E466) is used in drilling muds, in detergents as a soil-suspending agent, in resin emulsion paints, adhesives, printing inks, textile sizes and protective colloid.
CMC (E466) acts as a stabilizer in foods.
CMC (E466) is also employed in pharmaceuticals as a suspending agent and excipients for tablets.
CMC (E466) is used as viscosity modifiers to stabilize the emulsions. It is used as a lubricant in artificial tears and it is used to characterize enzyme activity from endoglucanases.

Detergent Grade CMC (E466) is a cornerstone ingredient in modern cleaning products.
CMC (E466) stands out for its superior thickening and stabilizing properties, enhancing the texture and efficiency of detergents.
CMC (E466) plays a pivotal role in improving soil suspension and preventing redeposition, making it essential for high-performance laundry and dishwashing detergents.
With a tailored viscosity range, CMC (E466) ensures detergents maintain optimal consistency, crucial for both liquid and powder formulas.
CMC (E466)s compatibility with diverse detergent ingredients, including surfactants and builders, allows for versatile applications.
Laundry Detergents: Incorporate 5% CMC (E466) to improve soil suspension and fabric care.
Blend with surfactants, builders, and fragrance.
This formulation ensures efficient cleaning and fabric protection, making laundry detergents more effective.
Dishwashing Liquids: Use 3% CMC (E466) for enhanced grease removal and suds stability.
Combine with cleaning agents and scents.
This mix results in a powerful dishwashing liquid that cuts through grease and leaves dishes spotless.

Powdered Detergents: Add 4% CMC (E466) to prevent caking and ensure smooth texture.
Mix with cleaning agents, brighteners, and fragrance.
This formulation keeps powdered detergents free-flowing and effective.
Hand Washes: Blend 2% CMC (E466) for a luxurious, moisturizing feel. Include cleansing agents and essential oils.
This composition creates hand washes that clean effectively while being gentle on the skin.
Surface Cleaners: Incorporate 1.5% CMC (E466) to enhance cleaning power and leave a streak-free finish.
Mix with disinfectants and fragrances.
This formula is ideal for multi-surface cleaners that effectively clean and freshen surfaces.
Car Wash Solutions: Use 2% CMC (E466) to remove tough dirt and grime.
Combine with cleaning agents and wax for shine.
This formulation results in a car wash solution that cleans effectively without damaging the vehicle’s finish.
Fabric Softeners: Add 3% CMC (E466) to fabric softeners for improved texture and fabric conditioning.
Blend with softening agents and scents.
This formula makes fabrics feel soft and smell fresh.
Toilet Bowl Cleaners: Incorporate 2% CMC (E466) for enhanced cling to bowl surfaces.
Mix with disinfectants and cleaning agents.
This formula ensures a thorough clean and lasting freshness in toilet bowl cleaners.

Textile Grade CMC (E466) is an essential component in the textile industry, widely used for its diverse applications.
Primarily, CMC (E466)’s employed as a thickening agent in textile printing, constituting about 2-3% of printing pastes, to achieve sharp, clear designs.
In dyeing processes, CMC (E466), at a concentration of 1-2%, aids in uniform dye dispersion and fixation, ensuring vibrant and consistent colors.
CMC (E466)’s also used in fabric finishing, at about 0.5-1%, to enhance fabric hand feel and texture.
Additionally, CMC serves as a binding agent in non-woven fabrics, contributing to the strength and stability of the material.
In sizing applications, about 1-3% of CMC (E466) is used to protect yarns during weaving, reducing breakages.
The product’s role in fabric softening and conditioning is pivotal, improving the overall quality and wearability of textiles.
Textile Printing: Mix 3% CMC (E466) to create thickened printing pastes, ensuring precise and vibrant prints on fabrics. Blend with dyes and water to achieve desired consistency.
This application results in sharp, clear textile designs that are visually appealing.
Fabric Dyeing: Use 2% CMC (E466) for even dye distribution and improved color fixation in fabric dyeing.
Combine with fabric dyes and water, ensuring uniform application.
This leads to consistently colored fabrics with long-lasting hues.
Fabric Finishing: Incorporate 1% CMC (E466) in finishing solutions to enhance fabric feel and appearance.
Mix with finishing agents and apply to textiles.
This application gives fabrics a soft, luxurious texture and improves wear resistance.
Yarn Sizing: Apply 3% CMC in sizing mixtures to protect yarn during weaving.
Blend with starches and size mixtures, enhancing yarn strength and reducing breakages in the loom.
This ensures smoother weaving and higher-quality textiles.
Non-Woven Fabric Production: Use 2% CMC (E466) as a binder in non-woven fabrics for increased strength and stability. Combine with fibrous materials, creating durable and cohesive non-woven textiles used in various applications.

Synthesis
CMC (E466) is formed when cellulose reacts with mono chloroacetic acid or its sodium salt under alkaline condition with presence of organic solvent, hydroxyl groups substituted by Sodium carboxymethyl groups in C2, C3 and C6 of glucose, which substitution slightly prevails at C2 position.
Generally, there are two steps in manufacturing process of CMC (E466), alkalinization and etherification.
Step 1: Alkalinization
Disperse the raw material cellulose pulp in alkali solution (generally sodium hydroxide, 5–50%) to obtain alkali cellulose.
Cell-OH+NaOH →Cell·O-Na+ +H2O
Step 2: Etherification
Etherification of alkali cellulose with sodium monochloroacetate (up to 30%) in an alcohol-water medium.
The mixture of alkali cellulose and reagent is heated (50–75°C) and stirred during the process.
ClCH2COOH+NaOH→ClCH2COONa+H2O
Cell·O-Na+ +ClCH2COO- →Cell-OCH2COO-Na
The DS of the CMC (E466) can be controlled by the reaction conditions and use of organic solvents (such as isopropanol).

Pharmaceutical Applications
CMC (E466) is the sodium salt of carboxymethyl cellulose, an anionic derivative.
CMC (E466) is widely used in oral and topical pharmaceutical formulations, primarily for its viscosity-increasing properties.
Viscous aqueous solutions are used to suspend powders intended for either topical application or oral and parenteral administration.
CMC (E466) may also be used as a tablet binder and disintegrant, and to stabilize emulsions.
Higher concentrations, usually 3–6%, of the medium-viscosity grade are used to produce gels that can be used as the Base for applications and pastes; glycols are often included in such gels to prevent them drying out.
CMC (E466) is also used in self-adhesive ostomy, wound care, and dermatological patches as a muco-adhesive and to absorb wound exudate or transepidermal water and sweat.
CMC (E466) is used in products designed to prevent post-surgical tissue adhesions; and to localize and modify the release kinetics of active ingredients applied to mucous membranes; and for bone repair. Encapsulation with carboxymethylcellulose sodium can affect drug protection and delivery.
There have also been reports of CMC (E466)'s use as a cyto-protective agent.
CMC (E466) is also used in cosmetics, toiletries, surgical prosthetics, and incontinence, personal hygiene, and food products.

Production Methods
CMC (E466) is prepared by steeping cellulose obtained from wood pulp or cotton fibers in sodium hydroxide solution.
The alkaline cellulose is then reacted with sodium monochloroacetate to produce carboxymethylcellulose sodium.
Sodium chloride and sodium glycolate are obtained as by-products of this etherification.

CMC Powder (E466), also known as Carboxymethyl cellulose (E466), is a cellulose derivative commonly used as a food additive.
CMC Powder (E466) is a white, odorless, tasteless, and water-soluble powder that is derived from cellulose, which is a natural polymer found in the cell walls of plants.
CMC Powder (E466) is obtained by chemically modifying cellulose through the introduction of carboxymethyl groups.

CAS Number: 9004-32-4
Molecular Formula: C6H7O2(OH)2CH2COONa
EINECS Number: 618-378-6

9004-32-4, CMC powder, Carboxymethyl Cellulose, Cellulose Gum, E466, Sodium Carboxymethyl Cellulose.

CMC Powder (E466) is a water-soluble polymer.
As a solution in water, CMC Powder (E466) has thixotropic properties.
CMC Powder (E466) is useful in helping to hold the components of pyrotechnic compositions in aqucous suspension (e.g., in the making of black match).

CMC Powder (E466) is also an especially effective binder that can be used in small amounts in compositions, where the binder can intcrfere with the intended effect (e.g., in strobe compositions).
However, CMC Powder (E466) is sodium content obviously precludes its use in most color compositions.
CMC Powder (E466) is manufactured from cellulose by various proccsses that replacc some of the hy drogen atoms in the hydroxyl[OH] groups of the cellulose molecule with acidic carboxymethyl [-CH2CO.OH] groups，which are neutralized to form the corresponding sodium salt.

CMC Powder (E466) is white when pure; industrial grade material may be grayish-white or cream granules or powder.
CMC Powder (E466) is tackifier, at room temperature, it is non-toxic tasteless white flocculent powder, it is stable and soluble in water, aqueous solution is neutral or alkaline transparent viscous liquid, it is soluble in other water-soluble gums and resins, it is insoluble in organic solvents such as ethanol.
CMC Powder (E466) is the substituted product of cellulosic carboxymethyl group.

According to their molecular weight or degree of substitution, CMC Powder (E466) can be completely dissolved or insoluble polymer, the latter can be used as the weak acid cation of exchanger to separate neutral or basic proteins.
CMC Powder (E466) can form highly viscous colloidal solution with adhesive, thickening, flowing, emulsifying, shaping, water, protective colloid, film forming, acid, salt, suspensions and other characteristics, and it is physiologically harmless, so it is widely used in the food, pharmaceutical, cosmetic, oil, paper, textiles, construction and other areas of production.
CMC Powder (E466) belongs to the class of anionic linear structured cellulose.

CMC Powder (E466) is components consist of polysaccharide composed of fibrous tissues of plants.
CMC Powder (E466) is a water soluble polymer which can be used as a polyelectrolyte cellulose derivative.
CMC Powder (E466) appears as a non-toxic and odorless white or slightly yellow flocculent fiber powder.

CMC Powder (E466) is easily soluble in water.
CMC Powder (E466) is aqueous solution is neutral or slightly alkaline and has the functions of thickening, emulsification, film formation, moisture retention, etc. effect.
Widely used in textile, petroleum, food, papermaking, printing and dyeing, construction.

CMC Powder (E466) is an anionic, linear, water-soluble cellulose ether. Its aqueous solution has the functions of thickening, film-forming, adhesion, moisture retention, colloid protection, emulsification and suspension.
As flocculants, emulsifiers, thickeners, water retaining agents, sizing agents, film-forming materials, etc., it is widely used in food, electronics, pesticides, leather, plastics, printing, ceramics, daily chemicals and other fields.
CMC Powder (E466) has a variety of functions in foods such as thickening, suspension, emulsification, stabilization, shape retention, film formation, expansion, preservation, acid resistance and health care.

CMC Powder (E466) can replace guar gum, gelatin, The role of agar, sodium alginate and pectin in food production is widely used in modern food industry, such as lactobacillus drinks, fruit milk, ice cream, sherbet, gelatin, soft candy, jelly, bread, fillings, pancakes , Cold products, solid beverages, condiments, biscuits, instant noodles, meat products, paste, biscuits, gluten-free bread, gluten-free pasta, etc.
CMC Powder (E466) is used in food, it can improve the taste, improve the grade and quality of the product, and extend the shelf life.
CMC Powder (E466) stands for Carboxymethylcellulose and is added to fondant icing in order to make it easier to work and model with and makes it dry quicker.

CMC Powder (E466) is the partial sodium salt of a carboxymethylether of cellulose, the cellulose being obtained directly from natural strains of fibrous plant material.
CMC Powder (E466) or cellulose gum is a cellulose derivative with carboxymethyl groups (-CH2-COOH) bound to some of the hydroxyl groups of the glucopyranose monomers that make up the cellulose backbone.
CMC Powder (E466) is often used as its sodium salt, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose.

CMC Powder (E466) used to be marketed under the name Tylose, a registered trademark of SE Tylose.
CMC Powder (E466), also known as carboxymethylcellulose, is essentially a thickening agent used in all kinds of food products.
Many low fat products and those marketed as diet products contain food additives like cellulose gum to give the food a thicker and creamier consistency, making it more appealing to buyers.

CMC Powder (E466) may also help extend the shelf-life of certain foods and fruits.
CMC Powder (E466) is widely used in the ice cream industry, to make ice creams without churning or extremely low temperatures, thereby eliminating the need for the conventional churners or salt ice mixes.
CMC Powder (E466) is used in baking breads and cakes.

The use of CMC Powder (E466) gives the loaf an improved quality at a reduced cost, by reducing the need of fat.
CMC Powder (E466) is also used as an emulsifier in high quality biscuits.
By dispersing fat uniformly in the dough, CMC Powder (E466) improves the release of the dough from the moulds and cutters, achieving well-shaped biscuits without any distorted edges.

CMC Powder (E466) can also help to reduce the amount of egg yolk or fat used in making the biscuits.
Use of CMC Powder (E466) in candy preparation ensures smooth dispersion in flavour oils, and improves texture and quality.
CMC Powder (E466) is used in chewing gums, margarines and peanut butter as an emulsifie

CMC Powder (E466) is synthesized by the alkali-catalyzed reaction of cellulose with chloroacetic acid.
The polar (organic acid) carboxyl groups render the cellulose soluble and chemically reactive.
Fabrics made of cellulose—e.g. cotton or viscose rayon—may also be converted into CMC Powder (E466).

Following the initial reaction, the resultant mixture produces approximately 60% CMC Powder (E466) and 40% salts (sodium chloride and sodium glycolate).
This product, called technical CMC Powder (E466), is used in detergents.
An additional purification process is used to remove salts to produce pure CMC Powder (E466), which is used for food and pharmaceutical applications.

An intermediate "semi-purified" grade is also produced, typically used in paper applications such as the restoration of archival documents.
CMC Powder (E466) is an odourless, tasteless white or milk-white fibrous powder that is sometimes referred to as Cellulose Gum.
CMC Powder (E466) is used as a thickener, coating agent and natural food adhesive.

When fully dissolved in water, CMC Powder (E466) forms a viscous consistency depending on the amount of water added.
The resulting gel is completely stable to heat, weak alkalis or acids and microorganisms.
CMC Powder (E466) is favoured because it has a high viscosity, is non-toxic and is generally considered to be hypoallergenic.

CMC Powder (E466) also has good compatibility with other kinds of water-soluble glues, softeners and resin.
For example, CMC Powder (E466) is compatible with animal glues, dimethoxy dimethylurea gel, Arabic gum, pectin, tragacanth gum, ethylene glycol, sorbitol, glycerol, invert sugar, soluble starch and sodium alginate.
CMC Powder (E466)is obtained by chemical modification of natural fiber.

CMC Powder (E466) is a water-soluble cellulose ether, odorless, tasteless, and non-toxic with white/off-white powder or granular.
CMC Powder (E466) can dissolve in water easily and transfer into colloidal solution but cannot dissolve in ethanol, ether, acetone and other organic solvents.
CMC Powder (E466) has some excellent properties in terms of thickening, water retention, dispersing stability and so on.

CMC Powder (E466) can be widely used as thickener, water-holding agent, adhesive, emulsifier, disintegrate and biological carrier etc..
CMC Powder (E466) is one kind of health and environmental additive.
CMC Powder (E466) is water-soluble and used in the food industry, either alone, or in combination with other hydrocolloids as a thickening and stabilising agent and to bind free water.

Example applications include beverages, cheese, ice cream, sauces, baked goods and frozen desserts.
CMC Powder (E466) can also be used to improve mouthfeel in powdered beverages.
CMC Powder (E466) also finds use in applications in the pharmaceutical, cosmetic and chemical industries, for example, CMC is used as a tablet binder and can be found in toothpaste and drilling muds.

CMC Powder (E466) or cellulose gum is a cellulose derivative with carboxymethyl groups (-CH2-COOH) bound to some of the hydroxyl groups of the glucopyranose monomers that make up the cellulose backbone.
CMC Powder (E466) is often used as its sodium salt, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose.
CMC Powder (E466) used to be marketed under the name Tylose, a registered trademark of SE Tylose.

CMC Powder (E466) is white or yellowish powder that is odorless ,tasteless and non-toxic.
CMC Powder (E466) has high hygroscopicity and is soluble in water to form a thick liquid.
CMC Powder (E466) is a polyanionic electrolyte and not fermented.

CMC Powder (E466) has good heat-stability.
CMC Powder (E466) is a strong emulsifier for fat and oil.
In the food industry, CMC Powder (E466) is utilized for its ability to function as a thickener, stabilizer, and texturizer.

CMC Powder (E466) is often added to a variety of food products, including baked goods, dairy products, dressings, sauces, and beverages, to improve their texture, viscosity, and overall stability.
CMC Powder (E466) is also used in other industries, such as pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and the production of paper and textiles, due to its versatile properties.
CMC Powder (E466) helps enhance the viscosity and binding characteristics of various formulations.

CMC Powder (E466) is a cellulose derivative that consists of the cellulose backbone made up of glucopyranose monomers and their hydroxyl groups bound to carboxymethyl groups.
CMC Powder (E466) is added in food products as a viscosity modifier or thickener and emulsifier.
CMC Powder (E466) is also one of the most common viscous polymers used in artificial tears, and has shown to be effective in the treatment of aqueous tear-deficient dry eye symptoms and ocular surface staining.

The viscous and mucoadhesive properties as well as its anionic charge allow prolonged retention time in the ocular surface.
CMC Powder (E466) is the most commonly used salt.
CMC Powder (E466) is used in food under the E number E466 or E469 (when it is enzymatically hydrolyzed) as a viscosity modifier or thickener, and to stabilize emulsions in various products including ice cream.

CMC Powder (E466) is also a constituent of many non-food products, such as toothpaste, laxatives, diet pills, water-based paints, detergents, textile sizing, reusable heat packs, various paper products, and also in leather crafting to help burnish the edges.
CMC Powder (E466) is used primarily because it has high viscosity, is nontoxic, and is generally considered to be hypoallergenic as the major source fiber is either softwood pulp or cotton linter.
CMC Powder (E466) is used extensively in gluten free and reduced fat food products.

In laundry detergents, CMC Powder (E466) is used as a soil suspension polymer designed to deposit onto cotton and other cellulosic fabrics, creating a negatively charged barrier to soils in the wash solution.
In ophthalmology, CMC Powder (E466) is used as a lubricant in artificial tears to treat dry eyes.
Extensive treatment may be required to treat severe dry eye syndrome or Meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD).

CMC Powder (E466) is also used as a thickening agent, for example, in the oil-drilling industry as an ingredient of drilling mud, where it acts as a viscosity modifier and water retention agent.
CMC Powder (E466) for example, is used as a negative control agent for alopecia in rabbits.
CMC Powder (E466) is a kind of cellulose ether, that can easily be soluble in cold and hot water, with maximum yield, most widely and conveniently used among all cellulose products.

The main raw material of CMC Powder (E466) is refined cotton and wood pulp.
CMC Powder (E466) is mostly used in the food industry with a common dosage of 0.2%-0.5%.
Compared with other similar hydrocolloids, food-grade CMC Powder (E466) is featured strong acid resistance, high salt resistance and good transparency, with very few free fibers, fast dissolving and good fluidity after dissolving.

CMC Powder (E466) or cellulose gum is a cellulose derivative with carboxymethyl groups (-CH2-COOH) bound to some of the hydroxyl groups of the glucopyranose monomers that make up the cellulose backbone.
CMC Powder (E466) is often used as its sodium salt, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose.
CMC Powder (E466) is a white to light yellow powder, granular or fibrous substance.

CMC Powder (E466) is highly hygroscopic and easily soluble in water.
When it is neutral or alkaline, the solution is a high viscosity liquid.

CMC Powder (E466) is insoluble in acid and alcohol, and does not precipitate when exposed to salt.
CMC Powder (E466) is not easy to ferment, has great emulsifying power to oil and wax, and can be stored for a long time.

Melting point: 274 °C (dec.)
Density: 1,6 g/cm3
FEMA. 2239 | CARBOXYMETHYLCELLULOSE
storage temp.: room temp
solubility: H2O: 20 mg/mL, soluble
form: low viscosity
pka: 4.30(at 25℃)
color: White to light yellow
Odor: Odorless
PH Range: 6.5 - 8.5
PH: pH (10g/l, 25℃) 6.0～8.0

Alkali cellulose is prepared by steeping cellulose obtained from wood pulp or cotton fibers in sodium hydroxide solution.
The alkaline cellulose is then reacted with CMC Powder (E466) to produce carboxymethylcellulose sodium. Sodium chloride and sodium glycolate are obtained as by-products of this etherification.
CMC Powder (E466) is incompatible with strongly acidic solutions and with the soluble salts of iron and some other metals, such as aluminum, mercury, and zinc.

CMC Powder (E466) is also incompatible with xanthan gum. Precipitation may occur at pH < 2, and also when it is mixed with ethanol (95%).
CMC Powder (E466) forms complex coacervates with gelatin and pectin.
CMC Powder (E466) also forms a complex with collagen and is capable of precipitating certain positively charged proteins.

CMC Powder (E466) is available in a number of different grades.
They are all soluble in water at any temperature although, as with other hydrocolloids, the powder has a tendency to form lumps or fish-eyes when in contact with water.
There are a number of precautions that can be taken to prevent this; many manufacturers will offer different powder granule sizes, citing the ease of dispersing larger granules.

CMC Powder (E466) or cellulose gum is a cellulose derivative with carboxymethyl groups (-CH2-COOH) bound to some of the hydroxyl groups of the glucopyranose monomers that make up the cellulose backbone.
CMC Powder (E466) is often used as its sodium salt, sodium E466 (Carboxymethylcellulose).
CMC Powder (E466) is used to be marketed under the name Tylose, a registered trademark of SE Tylose.

CMC Powder (E466) is synthesized by the alkali-catalyzed reaction of cellulose with chloroacetic acid.
The polar (organic acid) carboxyl groups render the cellulose soluble and chemically reactive.
Following the initial reaction, the resultant mixture produces approximately 60% CMC and 40% salts (sodium chloride and sodium glycolate).

CMC Powder (E466) is the so-called technical CMC, which is used in detergents.
An additional purification process is used to remove these salts to produce the pure CMC used for alimentary and pharmaceutical applications.
CMC Powder (E466) is often used to increase the viscosity of liquid food products, giving them a smoother and more stable texture.

CMC Powder (E466) helps prevent ingredients from separating or settling out in certain food and beverage products.
CMC Powder (E466) is effective in suspending solid particles in liquids, preventing them from settling to the bottom.
CMC Powder (E466) is used in baking to improve the texture of dough, enhance moisture retention, and increase the volume of baked goods.

CMC Powder (E466) is used in ice creams, yogurt, and other dairy products to improve creaminess and prevent ice crystal formation.
CMC Powder (E466) helps maintain the stability and texture of sauces, dressings, and gravies.
CMC Powder (E466) is employed in some beverages to provide thickness and prevent sedimentation.

CMC Powder (E466) is water-soluble and hydrates quickly, forming a gel-like substance in water.
This property contributes to its effectiveness as a thickening agent.
CMC Powder (E466) is generally considered safe when used in accordance with regulatory guidelines.

CMC Powder (E466) has been extensively studied, and its safety has been assessed by various food safety authorities.
CMC Powder (E466) is used in pharmaceutical formulations as a binder, disintegrant, and thickening agent in tablet and liquid formulations.
CMC Powder (E466) is used in cosmetic products such as creams and lotions to provide viscosity and stability.

The use of CMC Powder (E466) as a food additive is regulated by food safety authorities, and it is assigned an E number (E466) in the European Union, indicating its approval for use as a food additive.
An intermediate "semipurified" grade is also produced, typically used in paper applications such as restoration of archival documents.
The functional properties of CMC Powder (E466) depend on the degree of substitution of the cellulose structure (i.e., how many of the hydroxyl groups have taken part in the substitution reaction), as well as the chain length of the cellulose backbone structure and the degree of clustering of the carboxymethyl substituents.

CMC Powder (E466) is low viscosity cellulose gum.
CMC Powder (E466) is superior water retention properties for baking applications.
CMC Powder (E466) controls texture and ice crystal growth in frozen dairy products.

CMC Powder (E466) improves moisture retention in low calorie foods.
CMC Powder (E466) is cold/hot soluble, non-gelling.
CMC Powder (E466) is sometimes used as an electrode binder in advanced battery applications (i.e. lithium ion batteries), especially with graphite anodes.

CMC Powder (E466)'s water solubility allows for less toxic and costly processing than with non-water-soluble binders, like the traditional polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), which requires toxic n-methylpyrrolidone (NMP) for processing.
CMC Powder (E466) is often used in conjunction with styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) for electrodes requiring extra flexibility, e.g. for use with siliconcontaining anodes.
CMC Powder (E466) is used in drilling muds, detergents, resin emulsion paints, adhesives, printing inks, and textile sizes.

CMC Powder (E466) is also used as a protective colloid, a stabilizer for foods, and a pharmaceutical additive.
CMC Powder (E466) is used as a bulk laxative, emulsifier and thickener in cosmetics and pharmaceuticals, and stabilizer for reagents.
CMC Powder (E466) formerly registered in the US for use as an insecticide for ornamentals and flowering plants.

Permitted for use as an inert ingredient in non-food pesticide products.
CMC Powder (E466) is used as an anticaking agent, drying agent, emulsifier, formulation aid, humectant, stabilizer or thickener, and texturizer in foods.
CMC Powder (E466) is white powder or granular with no odor.

CMC Powder (E466) is water solution ablity depends on degree of substitution.
CMC Powder (E466) thickener is tasteless and can be soluble in hot or cold water forming highly-pseudoplastic solutions.
CMC Powder (E466) is anionic and insoluble in most organic solvents.

Sinofi CMC Powder (E466) is inspected by SGS prior to shipment. Combined with the advanced production process this gives you the assurance you need when purchasing Carboxymethyl Cellulose Gum at a low CMC powder price.
CMC Powder (E466) is an essential component in the textile industry, widely used for its diverse applications.
Primarily, it’s employed as a thickening agent in textile printing, constituting about 2-3% of printing pastes, to achieve sharp, clear designs.

In dyeing processes, CMC Powder (E466), at a concentration of 1-2%, aids in uniform dye dispersion and fixation, ensuring vibrant and consistent colors.
CMC Powder (E466)’s also used in fabric finishing, at about 0.5-1%, to enhance fabric hand feel and texture.
Additionally, CMC Powder (E466) serves as a binding agent in non-woven fabrics, contributing to the strength and stability of the material.

In sizing applications, about 1-3% of CMC Powder (E466) is used to protect yarns during weaving, reducing breakages.
The product’s role in fabric softening and conditioning is pivotal, improving the overall quality and wearability of textiles.
CMC Powder (E466) or cellulose gum or tylose powder is a cellulose derivative with carboxymethyl groups --CH2-COOH- bound to some of the hydroxyl groups of the glucopyranose monomers that make up the cellulose backbone.

CMC Powder (E466) is often used as its sodium salt, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose.
CMC Powder (E466) are the formation of high-viscosity colloids, solutions, adhesion, thickening, flow, emulsification and dispersion, shaping, water retention, protective colloids, film forming, acid resistance, salt resistance, suspension and other characteristics, and are physiologically harmless.
Therefore, CMC Powder (E466) is widely used in the production of food, medicine, daily chemical, petroleum, paper, textile, construction and other fields.

Synthesis:
CMC Powder (E466) is formed when cellulose reacts with mono chloroacetic acid or its sodium salt under alkaline condition with presence of organic solvent, hydroxyl groups substituted by Sodium carboxymethyl groups in C2, C3 and C6 of glucose, which substitution slightly prevails at C2 position.
Generally, there are two steps in manufacturing process of CMC Powder (E466), alkalinization and etherification.

Step 1: Alkalinization
Disperse the raw material cellulose pulp in alkali solution (generally sodium hydroxide, 5–50%) to obtain alkali cellulose.
Cell-OH+NaOH →Cell·O-Na+ +H2O

Step 2: Etherification
Etherification of alkali cellulose with sodium monochloroacetate (up to 30%) in an alcohol-water medium.
The mixture of alkali cellulose and reagent is heated (50–75°C) and stirred during the process.

Uses:
CMC Powder (E466) is frequently called simply carboxymethyl cellulose and also known as cellulose gum.
CMC Powder (E466) is derived from purified cellulose from cotton and wood pulp.
CMC Powder (E466) is a water dispersible sodium salt of carboxy-methyl ether of cellulose that forms a clear colloidal solution.

CMC Powder (E466) is a hygroscopic material that has the ability to absorb more than 50% of water at high humidity.
CMC Powder (E466) is also a natural polymeric derivative that can be used in detergents, food and textile industries.
CMC Powder (E466) is one of the most important products of cellulose ethers, which are formed by natural cellulose modification as a kind of cellulose derivate with an ether structure.

Due to the fact that the acid form of CMC Powder (E466) has poor water solubility, it is usually preserved as sodium carboxymethylcellulose, which is widely used in many industries and regarded as monosodium glutamate in industry.
CMC Powder (E466) is used in cigarette adhesive, fabric sizing, footwear paste meal, home slimy.
CMC Powder (E466) is used in interior painting architectural, building lines melamine, thickening mortar, concrete enhancement.

CMC Powder (E466) is used in refractory fiber, ceramic production molding bond.
CMC Powder (E466) is used in oil drilling, exploration address slurry thickening, reducing water loss, quality paper surface sizing.
CMC Powder (E466) can be used as soap and washing powder detergent active additives, as well as other industrial production on the dispersion, emulsification, stability, suspension, film, paper, polishing and the like.

CMC Powder (E466) can be used for toothpaste, medicine, food and other industrial sectors.
Use warm water or cold water when preparing the solution, and stir till it completely melts.
The amout of added water depends on variety and the use of multiple requirements.

High viscosity CMC Powder (E466) is a white or slightly yellow fibrous powder, hygroscopic, odorless, tasteless, non-toxic, easy to ferment, insoluble in acids, alcohols and organic solvents, easily dispersed to form colloidal solution in water.
CMC Powder (E466) is reacted by the acid and fibrous cotton, it is mainly used for water-based drilling fluids tackifier, it has certain role of fluid loss, it has strong salt and temperature resistance especially.
CMC Powder (E466) is a thickener, binder, and emulsifier equivalent to cellulose fiber.

CMC Powder (E466) is resistant to bacterial decomposition and provides a product with uniform viscosity.
CMC Powder (E466) can prevent skin moisture loss by forming a film on the skin’s surface, and also help mask odor in a cosmetic product.
Constituents are any of several fibrous substances consisting of the chief part of a plant’s cell walls (often extracted from wood pulp or cotton).

CMC Powder (E466) is used in drilling muds, in detergents as a soil-suspending agent, in resin emulsion paints, adhesives, printing inks, textile sizes and protective colloid.
CMC Powder (E466) acts as a stabilizer in foods.
CMC Powder (E466) is also employed in pharmaceuticals as a suspending agent and excipients for tablets.

CMC Powder (E466) is used as viscosity modifiers to stabilize the emulsions.
CMC Powder (E466) is used as a lubricant in artificial tears and it is used to characterize enzyme activity from endoglucanases.
CMC Powder (E466) is the sodium salt of carboxymethyl cellulose, an anionic derivative.

CMC Powder (E466) is widely used in oral and topical pharmaceutical formulations, primarily for its viscosity-increasing properties.
Viscous aqueous solutions are used to suspend powders intended for either topical application or oral and parenteral administration.
CMC Powder (E466) may also be used as a tablet binder and disintegrant, and to stabilize emulsions.

Higher concentrations, usually 3–6%, of the medium-viscosity grade are used to produce gels that can be used as the base for applications and pastes; glycols are often included in such gels to prevent them drying out.
CMC Powder (E466) is also used in self-adhesive ostomy, wound care, and dermatological patches as a muco-adhesive and to absorb wound exudate or transepidermal water and sweat.
This muco-adhesive property is used in products designed to prevent post-surgical tissue adhesions; and to localize and modify the release kinetics of active ingredients applied to mucous membranes; and for bone repair.

Encapsulation with carboxymethylcellulose sodium can affect drug protection and delivery.
There have also been reports of its use as a cyto-protective agent.
CMC Powder (E466) is also used in cosmetics, toiletries, surgical prosthetics, and incontinence, personal hygiene, and food products.

CMC Powder (E466) is used in a variety of applications ranging from food production to medical treatments.
CMC Powder (E466) is commonly used as a viscosity modifier or thickener, and to stabilize emulsions in various products, both food and non-food.
CMC Powder (E466) is used primarily because it has high viscosity, is nontoxic, and is generally considered to be hypoallergenic, as the major source fiber is either softwood pulp or cotton linter.

Non-food products include products such as toothpaste, laxatives, diet pills, water-based paints, detergents, textile sizing, reusable heat packs, various paper products, filtration materials, synthetic membranes, wound healing applications, and also in leather crafting to help burnish edges.
CMC Powder (E466) is used in food under the E number E466 or E469 (when it is enzymatically hydrolyzed), as a viscosity modifier or thickener, and to stabilize emulsions in various products, including ice cream.

CMC Powder (E466) is also used extensively in gluten-free and reduced-fat food products.
CMC Powder (E466) not only prevents dehydration and shrinkage of the product but also contributes to a more airy structure.
When combined with gelatin, it can significantly increase the viscosity of the gelatin. A high molecular weight CMC (DS around 1.0) should be selected.

CMC Powder (E466) has a lower viscosity at higher temperatures, and the viscosity increases upon cooling, which is conducive to the improvement of the expansion rate of the product and facilitates operation.
CMC Powder (E466) is advisable to use CMC with a viscosity of 250~260 mPa·s (DS around 0.6), and the reference dosage should be less than 0.4%.
CMC Powder (E466) is a versatile ingredient used in over 50% of cosmetic products for its exceptional properties.

As a thickening agent, CMC Powder (E466)’s crucial in formulations where viscosity needs to be precisely controlled, commonly found in 30-40% of skincare products.
In hair care, about 25% of shampoos and conditioners utilize CMC for its conditioning and detangling effects.
CMC Powder (E466)’s also a staple in makeup, contributing to the texture and stability of around 20% of foundations and mascaras.

In toothpaste, making up approximately 15% of the market, CMC Powder (E466) enhances texture and consistency.
CMC Powder (E466) is moisture retention properties are vital in 35% of moisturizers and lotions, ensuring skin hydration.
Moreover, CMC Powder (E466) serves as a film-forming agent in approximately 10% of sunscreens, improving application and wear.

These diverse applications underscore CMC’s critical role in enhancing the quality and performance of cosmetic products.
This emulsion serves as an excellent and stable cosmetic product.
CMC Powder (E466) is widely used in the ice cream industry, to make ice creams without churning or extremely low temperatures, thereby eliminating the need for conventional churners or salt ice mixes.

CMC Powder (E466) is used in baking breads and cakes. The use of CMC gives the loaf an improved quality at a reduced cost, by reducing the need of fat.
CMC Powder (E466) is also used as an emulsifier in biscuits.
By dispersing fat uniformly in the dough, it improves the release of the dough from the moulds and cutters, achieving well-shaped biscuits without any distorted edges.

CMC Powder (E466) can also help to reduce the amount of egg yolk or fat used in making the biscuits.
Use of CMC Powder (E466) in candy preparation ensures smooth dispersion in flavor oils, and improves texture and quality.
CMC Powder (E466) is used in chewing gums, margarines and peanut butter as an emulsifier.

Insoluble CMC Powder (E466) can be used in the purification of proteins, particularly in the form of charged filtration membranes or as granules in cation-exchange resins for ion-exchange chromatography.
CMC Powder (E466) is low solubility is a result of a lower DS value (the number of carboxymethyl groups per anhydroglucose unit in the cellulose chain) compared to soluble CMC.
CMC Powder (E466) offers physical properties similar to insoluble cellulose, while the negatively charged carboxylate groups allow it to bind to positively charged proteins.

Insoluble CMC Powder (E466) can also be chemically cross-linked to enhance the mechanical strength of the material.
Moreover, CMC Powder (E466) has been used extensively to characterize enzyme activity from endoglucanases (part of the cellulase complex); it is a highly specific substrate for endo-acting cellulases, as its structure has been engineered to decrystallize cellulose and create amorphous sites that are ideal for endoglucanase action.
CMC Powder (E466) is desirable because the catalysis product (glucose) is easily measured using a reducing sugar assay, such as 3,5-dinitrosalicylic acid.

Using CMC Powder (E466) in enzyme assays is especially important in screening for cellulase enzymes that are needed for more efficient cellulosic ethanol conversion.
CMC Powder (E466) was misused in early work with cellulase enzymes, as many had associated whole cellulase activity with CMC hydrolysis.
As the mechanism of cellulose depolymerization became better understood, it became clear that exo-cellulases are dominant in the degradation of crystalline (e.g. Avicel) and not soluble (e.g. CMC) cellulose.

CMC Powder (E466) is used in the mining industry as a thickener in mineral processing to improve the separation of valuable minerals from ore.
In the ceramics industry, CMC Powder (E466) is utilized as a binder and rheology modifier in the preparation of ceramic pastes and glazes.
CMC Powder (E466) can be found in construction materials, such as cement-based mortars, as a thickening agent and water retention aid.

CMC Powder (E466) is used in the production of lead-acid batteries to control the viscosity of the electrolyte.
CMC Powder (E466) is used in the production of photographic emulsions to improve coating properties.
CMC Powder (E466) is included in some air fresheners and insecticide formulations to control the viscosity and improve spray characteristics.

In the oil and gas sector, CMC Powder (E466) is used in hydraulic fracturing (fracking) fluids to control viscosity and suspend proppant particles.
CMC Powder (E466) is added to firefighting foams to improve stability and enhance the foam's effectiveness.
CMC Powder (E466) is used in textile printing pastes to control viscosity and improve the printing process.

In biomedical research, CMC Powder (E466) is used as a component in cell culture media and as a thickening agent in certain medical formulations.
CMC Powder (E466) is used to improve the edible quality of pasta such as bread and steamed bread, extend the shelf life of pasta products, and enhance the taste;
Because CMC Powder (E466) has a certain gel effect, it is conducive to better gel formation of food, so it can be used to make jellies and jams;

CMC Powder (E466) can also be used as an edible coating material, used in combination with other thickeners, and smeared on the surface of some foods to maximize the preservation of food.
In laundry detergents, it is used as a soil suspension polymer designed to deposit onto cotton and other cellulosic fabrics, creating a negatively charged barrier to soils in the wash solution.
CMC Powder (E466) is also used as a thickening agent, for example, in the oil-drilling industry as an ingredient of drilling mud, where it acts as a viscosity modifier and water retention agent.

CMC Powder (E466) is often used in foods and beverages to make foods thick and creamy to attract the appetite of customers.
CMC Powder (E466) thickens and stabilizes a lot of foods by retaining moisture, keeping oil and water phased ingredients don’t separate and produces a consistent texture and so on.
CMC Powder (E466) can also be used to make beverages. Corn beverages are prone to stratification and precipitation during storage, and the combination of CMC and sodium alginate can improve stability.

When adding 0.05% CMC Powder (E466) and sodium alginate, the precipitation rate of corn beverage is the smallest, the layering is not obvious after centrifugation, and the stability is good, which also laid a certain foundation for the development of corn beverage market.
CMC Powder (E466) is also used in the production of ice cream and the clarification of alcohol.
CMC Powder (E466) is used in food under the E number E466 as a viscosity modifier or thickener, and to stabilizeemulsions in various products including ice cream.

CMC Powder (E466) is also a constituent of many non-food products, such as toothpaste, laxatives, diet pills, water-based paints, detergents, textile sizing, and various paper products.
CMC Powder (E466) is also used in pharmaceuticals as a thickening agent, for example as the lubricant in lubricating eye drops, and in the oil-drilling industry as an ingredient of drilling mud, where it acts as a viscosity modifier and water retention agent.
CMC Powder (E466) food additive can be used in soymilk to produce suspending, emulsifying and stabilizing effects.

CMC Powder (E466) can organically mix with the sizing mixture together to prevent fat floating or protein subsiding.
In addition, CMC Powder (E466) can also play an active role in whitening in color of soymilk, sweetening in taste, and removing soybean odor.
CMC Powder (E466) is used to increase the viscosity of liquid food products, providing a smoother and more appealing texture.

CMC Powder (E466) helps stabilize emulsions and prevents ingredients from separating in products like sauces, dressings, and gravies.
CMC Powder (E466) prevents solid particles from settling in beverages, enhancing their shelf stability.
CMC Powder (E466) improves the texture of dough, increases water retention in baked goods, and enhances the volume of bread and cakes.

CMC Powder (E466) is used in tablet formulations as a binder, helping to hold the ingredients together.
CMC Powder (E466) facilitates the breakup of tablets or capsules into smaller particles when they come into contact with water.
CMC Powder (E466) is added to cosmetic products like creams and lotions to provide viscosity and improve stability.

CMC Powder (E466) is used in textile processing as a sizing agent to improve the strength and durability of yarns and fabrics.
CMC Powder (E466) is employed as a coating agent in the paper industry to enhance the paper's strength, smoothness, and printability.
In oil drilling operations, CMC Powder (E466) is used as a component of drilling fluids to control the viscosity and improve the fluid's rheological properties.

CMC Powder (E466) is added to personal care products like shampoos and toothpaste as a thickening agent.
CMC Powder (E466) is used in water-based paints to control viscosity and prevent settling of pigments.

CMC Powder (E466) may be included in some detergent formulations to control the viscosity and improve product performance.
CMC Powder (E466) is used as a binder in the formulation of adhesives, contributing to their adhesive properties.

Safety Profile:
Mildly toxic by ingestion.
Experimental reproductive effects.
Questionable carcinogen with experimental neoplastigenic data.

CMC Powder (E466) migrates to food from packagmg materials.
When heated to decomposition it emits toxic fumes of NazO.
CMC Powder (E466) is used in oral, topical, and some parenteral formulations.

CMC Powder (E466) is also widely used in cosmetics, toiletries, and food products, and is generally regarded as a nontoxic and nonirritant material.
However, oral consumption of large amounts of carboxymethylcellulose sodium can have a laxative effect; therapeutically, 4–10 g in daily divided doses of the medium- and high-viscosity grades of CMC Powder (E466) have been used as bulk laxatives.
The WHO has not specified an acceptable daily intake for CMC Powder (E466) as a food additive since the levels necessary to achieve a desired effect were not considered to be a hazard to health.

However, in animal studies, subcutaneous administration of CMC Powder (E466) has been found to cause inflammation, and in some cases of repeated injection fibrosarcomas have been found at the site of injection.
Hypersensitivity and anaphylactic reactions have occurred in cattle and horses, which have been attributed to CMC Powder (E466) in parenteral formulations such as vaccines and penicillins.

Storage:
CMC Powder (E466) is a stable, though hygroscopic material. Under high-humidity conditions, carboxymethylcellulose sodium can absorb a large quantity (>50%) of water.
In tablets, this has been associated with a decrease in tablet hardness and an increase in disintegration time.
Aqueous solutions are stable at pH 2–10; precipitation can occur below pH 2, and solution viscosity decreases rapidly above pH 10.

Generally, solutions exhibit maximum viscosity and stability at pH 7–9.
CMC Powder (E466) may be sterilized in the dry state by maintaining it at a temperature of 1608℃ for 1 hour.
However, this process results in a significant decrease in viscosity and some deterioration in the properties of solutions prepared from the sterilized material.

Aqueous solutions may similarly be sterilized by heating, although this also results in some reduction in viscosity.
After autoclaving, viscosity is reduced by about 25%, but this reduction is less marked than for solutions prepared from material sterilized in the dry state.

The extent of the reduction is dependent on the molecular weight and degree of substitution; higher molecular weight grades generally undergo a greater percentage reduction in viscosity.
Sterilization of solutions by gamma irradiation also results in a reduction in viscosity.

CMIT MIT CMIT MIT is a fast acting, water-soluble liquid bactericide and fungicide. It is a formulated isothiazolinone (CMIT/MIT) in-can preservative. Provides control of bacteria, yeast and fungi. CMIT MIT is used in waterborne paints, and other coating products where water is a component. The product is suited for systems with a pH of 3 up to approximately 8 or 9. CMIT MIT by Troy Corporation is s stabilized CMIT/MIT-based bactericide. Acts as a water-soluble, liquid preservative for control of bacteria, yeast, mold, and algae in adhesives, caulks and sealants. CMIT MIT offers improved stability and speed of sanitation. MERGAL K14 is an effective, broad-spectrum liquid preservative designed to inhibit the growth of bacteria, yeast and fungi in aqueous systems. Mergal K14 is a water-soluble liquid preservative for control of bacteria, yeast, mold, and algae in adhesives, emulsions, dispersion paints and coatings, metalworking fluids, and building material. Intended for use in aqueous products with a range of pH 3-9. (EPA Registration Number 5383-104) Used In Recommended for waterborne adhesives, paints and coatings, emulsions and sealants. Typical Properties of CMIT MIT Appearance Clear amber liquid pH value 4.0 Density 8.53 lbs/gal Specific Gravity 1.025 CMIT MIT (sometimes isothiazolone) is a heterocyclic chemical compound related to isothiazole. Compared to many other simple heterocycles its discovery is fairly recent, with reports first appearing in the 1960s.[1] The compound itself has no applications, however its derivatives are widely used as biocides. Synthesis of CMIT MIT Various synthetic routes have been reported.[2] CMIT MITs are typically prepared on an industrial scale by the ring-closure of 3-sulfanylpropanamide derivatives. These in turn are produced from acrylic acid via the 3-mercaptopropionic acid. Ring-closure involves conversion of the thiol group into a reactive species which undergoes nucleophilic attack by the nitrogen center. This typically involves chlorination,[1] or oxidation of the 3-sulfanylpropanamide to the corresponding disulfide species. These reaction conditions also oxidize the intermediate isothiazolidine ring to give the desire product. Applications of CMIT MIT CMIT MITs are antimicrobials used to control bacteria, fungi, and algae in cooling water systems, fuel storage tanks, pulp and paper mill water systems, oil extraction systems, wood preservation and antifouling agents. They are frequently used in personal care products such as shampoos and other hair care products, as well as certain paint formulations. Often, combinations of MIT and CMIT (known as Kathon CG) or MIT and BIT are used. Biological implications Together with their wanted function, controlling or killing microorganisms, CMIT MITs also have undesirable effects: They have a high aquatic toxicity and some derivatives can cause hypersensitivity by direct contact or via the air. CMIT MIT is an Isothiazolone biocide having a 3:1 ratio of CMIT and MIT, widely used for its broad-spectrum action against microbes, algae, and fungi. CMIT MIT is one of the active ingredients of humidifier disinfectants and a commonly used preservative in industrial products such as cosmetics, paints, adhesives and detergents. CMIT MIT is a 1,2-thiazole that is 4-isothiazolin-3-one bearing a methyl group on the nitrogen atom and a chlorine at C-5. It is a powerful biocide and preservative and is the major active ingredient in the commercial product Exocide. It has a role as an antimicrobial agent, a xenobiotic and an environmental contaminant. CMIT MIT is a member of 1,2-thiazoles and an organochlorine compound. CMIT MIT derives from a Isothiazolone. CMIT MIT (MCI) is an isothiazolinone commonly used as a preservative with antibacterial and antifungal properties. CMIT MIT is found within many commercially available cosmetics, lotions, and makeup removers. CMIT MIT is also a known dermatological sensitizer and allergen; some of its side effects include flaky or scaly skin, breakouts, redness or itchiness, and moderate to severe swelling in the eye area. The American Contact Dermatitis Society named CMIT MIT the Contact Allergen of the Year for 2013. Sensitivity to CMIT MIT may be identified with a clinical patch test. CMIT MIT is a 1,2-thazole that is 4-isothiazolin-3-one bearing a methyl group on the nitrogen atom. CMIT MIT is a powerful biocide and preservative and is the minor active ingredient in the commercial product Exocide. CMIT MIT has a role as an antifouling biocide, an antimicrobial agent and an antifungal agent. Features & Benefits of CMIT MIT Broad-spectrum of activity Low level of metal salt Protection against bacteria and fungi Wide range of pH stability up to 8.5 Effective at a low level of use 0.05 - 0.15% No color or odor imparted into end products Excellent compatibility with surfactants Safe at recommended use levels Rapidly biodegradable Active Ingredient in this product is listed by EPA in the Safer Chemical Ingredients List (SCIL) Applications of CMIT MIT Cleaners and polishes, such as all-purpose cleaners, cleaning and industrial use wipes, floor and furniture polishes/waxes, automotive washes, polishes and waxes Laundry products, such as liquid laundry detergents, fabric softeners and pre-spotters Liquid detergents, such as dish wash detergents and general liquid cleaning solution Other applications, such as moist towelettes, air fresheners, moist sponges, gel air fresheners Raw materials and surfactants preservation Chloromethyl-methylCMIT MIT (CMIT MIT) is a broad spectrum biocide which has been used successfully for microbial control and preventing biofouling in industrial water treatment. ATAMAN CHEMICALS reports over the past 20 years on the efficacy of CMIT MIT biocide versus Legionella bacteria and the protozoa associated with their growth. The studies included a wide range of conditions, including single organisms in cooling water and complex model systems with bacteria, biofilms, and protozoa. Overall, low levels of CMIT MIT (1-10 ppm active) provided significant reduction in viable counts of various strains and species of Legionella bacteria in planktonic and biofilm studies and also against the amoebae and ciliated protozoa associated with their growth. CMIT MIT BIOCIDES IN WATER TREATMENT CMIT MIT biocides are widely used for microbial control in industrial water treatment. The most frequently used product is a 3:1 ratio of 5-chloro-2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one (CMIT) and 2-methyl- 4-isothiazolin-3-one (MIT) at a final concentration of 1.5% total active ingredient. CMIT MIT has broad spectrum efficacy versus bacteria, algae, and fungi. Exocide product is a blend of Isothiazolinones and is composed of 5-chloro-2-methyl-4-thiazoline-3-ketone (CMIT) and 2-methyl-4-thiazoline-3-ketone (MIT). The bactericidal effect of Isothiazolinones is carried out through breaking the bond between the bacteria and algae protein. The product can be used in many industrial applications to inhibit microbes’ growth, and it has inhibition and biocidal effects on ordinary bacteria, fungi and algae. Isothiazolinones (also CMIT MIT) is a blended biocide with CMIT MIT and Isothiazolinone which carry out the bactericidal effect through breaking the bond of bacteria and algae cell protein. When isothiazolinones contact with microbes, it can quickly break cell protein bond and inhibit their growth, and then lead to the apoptosis of these microbes. Isothiazolinone products can be effective in controlling both the planktonic and surface growth at very low concentrations and have been produced specifically for oilfield water treatment and paper mill applications. CMIT MIT has strong biocidal effects on ordinary bacteria, algae and fungi which has many advantages such as no residue, good compatibleness, high stabilization, good degradation, safety and low cost in operation. Isothiazolinone products can mix with other chlorine biocides and most cation, anion, and non-ionic surfactants. It can be an excellent eco-friendly sludge remover when used at high dosage. CMIT MIT and Isothiazolinone are fungicidal with properties of high efficiency, broad spectrum, non-oxidative and low toxicity. CMIT MIT is the most suitable biocide in industrial circulating cool water systems and in wastewater treatment for oilfield, papermaking, pesticide and other industries. Bichain is one of reliable isothiazolinones manufacturers and suppliers of CMIT MIT, CMIT and MIT for oilfield water treatment. We supply high quality isothiazolinone products with CAS 55965-84-9. Area of use CMIT MIT is often not stable under certain conditions such as high temperatures or high pH values. Normally it is stabilised with Mg, Cu or Na salts. However, some applications are sensitive to salts or electrolyte. In this case Exocide 1012 AG is an excellent alternative. This broadband biocide is used to preserve water-based and water-dilutable chemical/technical products, and can be used as an in-can preservative in technical applications such as paints, adhesives, and household and industrial cleaners. CMIT MIT is especially suitable for preserving fuels such as diesel, or for use in secondary oil production. This Exocide is also suitable as a slimicide, protective media for liquids in cooling and production systems, and as a protective medium for fluids used in metalworking. This biocide formulation has a broad antimicrobial spectrum of activity against bacteria, fungi and yeasts and can be used in many cases where other products fail. Product properties of CMIT MIT Exocide 1012 AG is free of formaldehyde, formaldehyde releasers, phenols and heavy metals, and exhibits excellent chemical stability. It is not volatile, exhibits outstanding long-term effectiveness, and is one of the best examined broadband biocides. CMIT and CMI CMIT MIT (MIT or MI) and Isothiazolinone (CMIT or CMI) are two preservatives from the family of substances called isothiazolinones, used in some cosmetic products and other household products. MIT can be used alone to help preserve the product or it may be used together with CMIT as a blend. Preservatives are an essential element in cosmetic products, protecting products, and so the consumer, against contamination by microorganisms during storage and continued use. MIT and CMIT are two of the very limited number of ‘broad spectrum’ preservatives, which means they are effective against a variety of bacteria, yeasts and moulds, across a wide range of product types. MIT and CMIT have been positively approved for use as preservatives for many years under the strict European cosmetics legislation. The primary purpose of these laws is to protect human safety. One of the ways it does this is by banning certain ingredients and controlling others by limiting their concentration or restricting them to particular product types. Preservatives may only be used if they are specifically listed in the legislation. MIT CMIT MIT can be used on its own to help preserve cosmetic products. Following discussions with dermatologists, who reported an increase in cases of allergy to CMIT MIT in their clinics, the European cosmetics industry assessed the available information regarding the risk of allergic reactions to CMIT MIT, and in December 2013, the European Personal Care Association, Cosmetics Europe, issued a Recommendation for companies to discontinue the use of MIT in leave-on skincare products. The European Commission’s independent expert scientific panel (the Scientific Committee on Consumer Safety, SCCS), which advises on safety matters, reviewed the use of MIT in cosmetic products. In 2013, the SCCS also recommended that MIT be removed from leave-on cosmetic products and that the amount of CMIT MIT used in rinse-off cosmetic products should be reduced. As a result, the European Commission changed the cosmetic law to ban the use of MIT in leave-on cosmetic products. Since 12 February 2017, it is no longer permitted to make these products available to consumers. In addition, the maximum amount of MIT present in rinse-off products has been reduced and since 27 April 2018, all products made available to consumers must comply with the new limit. If consumers have been diagnosed as allergic to CMIT MIT it is important to check the ingredient list of rinse-off cosmetic products. The name ‘CMIT MIT’ will always be listed as ‘CMIT MIT’ regardless of where in Europe a product is purchased. MIT/CMIT Blend CMIT MIT may also be used in a blend with CMIT. If the CMIT MIT and CMIT blend is used to preserve a cosmetic product, then the names CMIT MIT and CMIT MIT will both be present in the ingredients list, which every cosmetic product must have either on its carton, pack or label, card etc. at point of sale. In its review of the MIT/CMIT blend, the SCCS has stated that the MIT/CMIT blend should only be allowed to be used in rinse-off cosmetic products. As a result, the European cosmetic law was changed to restrict the use of this blend to rinse-off products only from April 2016. CMIT: CMIT MIT, also referred to as CMIT, is a preservative with antibacterial and antifungal effects within the group of isothiazolinones. These compounds have an active sulphur moiety that is able to oxidize thiol-containing residues, thereby effectively killing most aerobic and anaerobic bacteria. CMIT MIT is effective against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, yeast, and fungi. CMIT MIT is found in many water-based personal care products and cosmetics. CMIT MIT was first used in cosmetics in the 1970s. It is also used in glue production, detergents, paints, fuels, and other industrial processes. CMIT MIT is known by the registered tradename Kathon CG when used in combination with CMIT MIT. CMIT MIT may be used in combination with other preservatives including ethylparaben, benzalkonium chloride, and bronopol. In pure form or in high concentrations, CMIT MIT is a skin and membrane irritant and causes chemical burns. In the United States, maximum authorized concentrations are 15 ppm in rinse-offs (of a mixture in the ratio 3:1 of 5-chloro-2-methylisothiazol 3(2H)-one and 2-methylisothiazol-3 (2H)-one). In Canada, CMIT MIT may only be used in rinse-off products in combination with CMIT MIT, the total concentration of the combination may not exceed 15 ppm. MIT: CMIT MIT, MIT, or MI, (sometimes erroneously called methylisothiazoline), is a powerful synthetic biocide and preservative within the group of isothiazolinones, which is used in numerous personal care products and a wide range of industrial applications. It is a cytotoxin that may affect different types of cells. Its use for a wide range of personal products for humans, such as cosmetics, lotions, moisturizers, sanitary wipes, shampoos, and sunscreens, more than doubled during the first decade of the twenty-first century and has been reported as a contact sensitizing agent by the European Commission’s Scientific Committee on Consumer Safety. Industrial applications also are quite wide ranging, from preservative and sanitizing uses to antimicrobial agents, energy production, metalworking fluids, mining, paint manufacturing, and paper manufacturing, many of which increase potential exposure to it by humans as well as organisms, both terrestrial and marine. Industrial applications in marine environments are proving to be toxic to marine life, for instance, when the effect of its now almost-universal use in boat hull paint was examined. Applications of CMIT MIT CMIT MIT and other isothiazolinone-derived biocides are used for controlling microbial growth in water-containing solutions. Two of the most widely used isothiazolinone biocides are 5-chloro-2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one (chloroCMIT MIT or CMIT) and 2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one (CMIT MIT or MIT), which are the active ingredients in a 3:1 mixture (CMIT:MIT) sold commercially as Exocide. Exocide is supplied to manufacturers as a concentrated stock solution containing from 1.5-15% of CMIT MIT. For applications the recommended use level is from 6 ppm to 75 ppm active CMIT MITs. Biocidal applications range from industrial water storage tanks to cooling units, in processes as varied as mining, paper manufacturing, metalworking fluids and energy production. CMIT MIT also has been used to control slime in the manufacture of paper products that contact food. In addition, this product serves as an antimicrobial agent in latex adhesives and in paper coatings that also contact food. Other isothiazolinones One CMIT MIT, Sea-Nine 211 (4,5-dichloro-2-n-octyl-4-isothiazolino-3-one, DCOI), has quickly replaced tributyltin as the antifouling agent of choice in ship hull paint. A recent study reported the presence of DCOI in both port water and sediment samples in Osaka, Japan, especially in weakly circulating mooring areas. Of environmental concern, DCOI levels predicted in marinas now are considered a threat to various marine invertebrate species. Isothiazolinones also are extremely toxic to fish. In industrial use, the greatest occupational inhalation exposure occurs during open pouring. Non-occupational exposure to CMIT MIT by the general population also occurs, albeit at much lower concentrations. These compounds are present in a very large number of commonly used cosmetics. Human health CMIT MIT is allergenic and cytotoxic, and this has led to some concern over its use. A report released by the European Scientific Committee on Cosmetic Products and Non-food Products Intended for Consumers (SCCNFP) in 2003 also concluded that insufficient information was available to allow for an adequate risk assessment analysis of MIT. Rising reports of consumer impact led to new research, including a report released in 2014 by the European Commission Scientific Committee on Consumer Safety which reported: "The dramatic rise in the rates of reported cases of contact allergy to MI, as detected by diagnostic patch tests, is unprecedented in Europe; there have been repeated warnings about the rise (Gonçalo M, Goossens A. 2013). The increase is primarily caused by increasing consumer exposure to MI from cosmetic products; exposures to MI in household products, paints and in the occupational setting also need to be considered. The delay in re-evaluation of the safety of MI in cosmetic products is of concern to the SCCS; it has adversely affected consumer safety." "It is unknown what proportion of the general population is now sensitized to MI and has not been confirmed as sensitized." In 2014, the European Commission Scientific Committee on Consumer Safety further issued a voluntary ban on "the mixture of CMIT MIT (MCI/MI) from leave-on products such as body creams. The measure is aimed at reducing the risk from and the incidence of skin allergies. The preservative can still be used in rinse-off products such as shampoos and shower gels at a maximum concentration of 0.0015 % of a mixture in the ratio 3:1 of MCI/MI. The measure will apply for products placed on the market after 16 July 2015." Shortly thereafter, Canada moved to adopt similar measures in its Cosmetic Ingredients Hotlist. Additionally, new research into cross reactivity of MI-sensitized patients to variants benzisothiazolinone and octylisothiazolinone have found that reactions may occur if present in sufficient amounts. Allergic contact dermatitis CMIT MIT is used commonly in products in conjunction with CMIT MIT, a mixture sold under the registered trade name Kathon CG. A common indication of sensitivity to Kathon CG is allergic contact dermatitis. Sensitization to this family of preservatives was observed as early as the late 1980s. Due to increased use of isothiazolinone-based preservatives in recent years, an increase in reported incidences of contact allergy to this product has been reported. In 2013 the substance was declared the 2013 Contact Allergen of the Year by the American Contact Dermatitis Society. In 2016 the Dermatitis Academy launched a call to action for patients to report their isothiazolinone allergy to the FDA. On December 13, 2013 the trade group, Cosmetics Europe,following discussions with the European Society of Contact Dermatitis (ESCD),recommended to its members "that the use of CMIT MIT (MIT) in leave-on skin products including cosmetic wet wipes is discontinued. This action is recommended in the interests of consumer safety in relation to adverse skin reactions. It is recommended that companies do not wait for regulatory intervention under the Cosmetics Regulation but implement this recommendation as soon as feasible." On March 27, 2014, the European Commission’s Scientific Committee on Consumer Safety issued an opinion on the safety of CMIT MIT. This report only considered the issue of contact sensitization. The committee concluded: “Current clinical data indicate that 100 ppm MI in cosmetic products is not safe for the consumer. "For leave-on cosmetic products (including ‘wet wipes’), no safe concentrations of MI for induction of contact allergy or elicitation have been adequately demonstrated. "For rinse-off cosmetic products, a concentration of 15 ppm (0.0015%) CMIT MIT is considered safe for the consumer from the view of induction of contact allergy. However, no information is available on elicitation. General description of CMIT MIT Pharmaceutical secondary standard for applications in quality control, provides pharma laboratories and manufacturers with a convenient and cost-effective alternative to the preparation of in-house working standards. CMIT MIT is an isothiazolone biocide having a 3:1 ratio of CMIT and MIT, widely used for its broad-spectrum action against microbes, algae, and fungi. It is one of the active ingredients of humidifier disinfectants and a commonly used preservative in industrial products such as cosmetics, paints, adhesives and detergents. The mixture of 5-chloro-2-methylisothiazol-3(2H)-one (CMIT) and 2-methylisothiazol-3(2H)-one (MIT), CMIT MIT, is a preservative in cosmetics. CMIT MIT is a highly effective preservative; however, it is also a commonly known skin sensitizer. Therefore, in the present study, a risk assessment for safety management of CMIT MIT was conducted on products containing 0.0015% of CMIT MIT, which is the maximum MIT level allowed in current products. The no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) for CMIT MIT was 2.8 mg/kg bw/day obtained from a two-generation reproductive toxicity test, and the skin sensitization toxicity standard value for CMIT MIT, or the no expected sensitization induction level (NESIL), was 1.25 μg/cm2/day in humans. According to a calculation of body exposure to cosmetics use, the systemic exposure dosage (SED) was calculated as 0.00423 mg/kg bw/day when leave-on and rinse-off products were considered. Additionally, the consumer exposure level (CEL) amounted to 0.77512 μg/cm2/day for all representative cosmetics and 0.00584 μg/cm2/day for rinse-off products only. As a result, the non-cancer margin of safety (MOS) was calculated as 633, and CMIT MIT was determined to be safe when all representative cosmetics were evaluated. In addition, the skin sensitization acceptable exposure level (AEL)/CEL was calculated as 0.00538 for all representative cosmetics and 2.14225 for rinse-off products; thus, CMIT MIT was considered a skin sensitizer when all representative cosmetics were evaluated. Current regulations indicate that CMIT MIT can only be used at concentrations 0.0015% or less and is prohibited from use in other cosmetics products. According to the results of this risk assessment, the CMIT MIT regulatory values currently used in cosmetics are evaluated as appropriate. Before 1989, CMIT MIT, containing 1.5% active ingredients and sold under the trade name Kathon CG and, was primarily used as a preservative in cosmetics in a ratio of 3:1 (1). However, the first case of skin sensitization by cosmetics containing CMIT MIT was reported in 1985 (7,8). Since then, several cases of skin allergy have been reported, identifying CMIT MIT to be a common skin sensitizer (5,9–11). This resulted in lowering the concentration of CMIT MIT to 0.0015% for both rinse-off products, such as shampoos, hair conditioners, shower gels, body wash, liquid soap, and surfactants, and leave-on products in 1989 in Europe (12). Similarly, in 1992, the limit was set to 0.0015% for rinse-off products and 0.00075% for leave-on products in the United States (13). Despite lowering the concentration limits of CMIT MIT, the incidence rate of skin sensitization remained high and steady at 1 to 4% (14,15). At present, in Korea and Europe, the concentration of CMIT MIT is limited to 0.0015% or less for rinse-off products (16,17). As mentioned above, CMIT MIT is widely used as a preservative in cosmetics, paints, adhesives, detergents, and other industrial products. According to the European Union (EU) regulation, the permitted concentration limits of CMIT MIT are up to 15 ppm in cosmetics, up to 15 ppm in paints, adhesives, and detergents, and over 5,000 ppm in industrial biocides (2,28). Among the cosmetics manufactured in Korea, 2,110 of the 100,190 products containing CMIT MIT comprise rinse-off products, such as shampoos, rinses, and body washes (29). Phototoxicity To assess the phototoxicity of CMIT MIT on humans a patch of 2 cm2 containing 15 a.i. ppm of CMIT MIT was applied to the forearms of 2 males and 23 females for 24 hr. After this, one arm was exposed to ultraviolet A (UV-A) (4,400 μW/cm2 wavelength) for 15 min (stimulated). Stimulated and non-stimulated skin was examined immediately after irradiation, and 24, 48, and 72 hr after irradiation. The tanning effects of the irradiated sites were also investigated after 1 week. According to the results obtained, no phototoxic effect by CMIT MIT on human skin was observed (87). Toxicokinetics To study the kinetics of CMIT MIT after its administration, two pairs of male and female rats were orally administered CMIT MIT in liquid form for 7 days. The absorption, distribution, and excretion of CMIT MIT were studied. After 7 days, a total of 25 organs were extracted, and the distribution of CMIT MIT was examined by radiography. CMIT MIT was found to be uniformly distributed in animals, with the highest residues present in the digestive and excretory organs. CMIT MIT was detected at concentrations as low as 0.12 to 0.5 ppm in the brain, spinal cord, and gonads. Most of it (87 to 93%) was excreted in the form of urine or feces. The half-life of CMIT MIT was determined to be less than 1 day. There were no metabolic differences based on gender, and the metabolic rate of CMIT was slightly less than that of MIT. This study concluded that CMIT MIT is readily absorbed in the organs; however, most of it is excreted within a day and only small amounts of it are distributed in the tissues (34,88). Further experiments were performed to confirm the absorption and disposition of CMIT MIT by intravenous (IV) or dermal administration in rats. It was observed that CMIT MIT was rapidly distributed in the blood, liver, kidneys, and testes when administered via IV, as evident from its rapid clearance from plasma within 96 hr with only 29% of the dose remaining in the plasma. This is because CMIT MIT binds to hemoglobin and is slowly removed by the liver and spleen. By 96 hr, excretion in the form of feces, urine, and respiration was 35, 31, and 4% of the initial dose, respectively. Skin absorption studies estimated the absorption rate in rats to be up to 94%. In addition, systemic bioavailability was evaluated to be significantly lower (89). A concentration range-finding study of CMIT MIT was conducted in rats by administering the compound via skin, oral, and IV routes. In this experiment, the skin absorption rate was estimated to be 26 to 43% depending on the concentration. While most CMIT MIT was released less than 24 hr after its oral administration, a majority of it could be released only after more than 48 hr when administered transdermally. In addition, CMIT MIT and its metabolites were found to interact strongly with erythrocytes. In conclusion, this study found no concentration-dependent significant differences in skin absorption of CMIT MIT (90). Based on these results, metabolite profiles of CMIT MIT were studied in rats. After oral administration, 50 to 77% of CMIT MIT was excreted in urine and 23 to 54% in feces after 24 hr. In the skin exposure experiment, 20 to 28% of CMIT MIT was excreted in the urine, whereas 1 to 2% of CMIT MIT was excreted in the feces. Thus, exposure to skin showed a much slower elimination rate as compared to oral exposure. According to the results of this experiment, no differences in the metabolic profile of CMIT MIT were observed when administered through different routes (91). In another study, a skin absorption experiment using a blood sample from rabbits was performed. Occlusion patches were repeatedly treated with CMIT MIT, and blood was collected up to 55 hr after treatment. The results demonstrated no CMIT MIT in the blood (34). Eight in vitro studies to analyze skin absorption rate of CMIT MIT were conducted. Rat skin exposed to CMIT MIT was extracted at several time intervals and rate of skin absorption was measured in a Franz diffusion cell. The amount of CMIT MIT that bound or passed through the skin was calculated. The skin absorption rate for CMIT MIT was calculated to be 99 and 117% at 3 and 6 hr, respectively. The maximum skin absorption rate after 48 to 96 hr was found to be 80% (92). General description Pharmaceutical secondary standard for applications in quality control, provides pharma laboratories and manufacturers with a convenient and cost-effective alternative to the preparation of in-house working standards. CMIT/MIT is an isothiazolone biocide having a 3:1 ratio of CMIT and MIT, widely used for its broad-spectrum action against microbes, algae, and fungi. It is one of the active ingredients of humidifier disinfectants and a commonly used preservative in industrial products such as cosmetics, paints, adhesives and detergents. Application These Secondary Standards are qualified as Certified Reference Materials. These are suitable for use in several analytical applications including but not limited to pharma release testing, pharma method development for qualitative and quantitative analyses, food and beverage quality control testing, and other calibration requirements. Analysis Note These secondary standards offer multi-traceability to the USP, EP and BP primary standards, where they are available. The mixture of 5-chloro-2-methylisothiazol-3(2H)-one (CMIT) and 2-methylisothiazol-3(2H)-one (MIT), CMIT/MIT, is a preservative in cosmetics. CMIT/MIT is a highly effective preservative; however, it is also a commonly known skin sensitizer. Therefore, in the present study, a risk assessment for safety management of CMIT/MIT was conducted on products containing 0.0015% of CMIT/MIT, which is the maximum MIT level allowed in current products. The no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) for CMIT/MIT was 2.8 mg/kg bw/day obtained from a two-generation reproductive toxicity test, and the skin sensitization toxicity standard value for CMIT/MIT, or the no expected sensitization induction level (NESIL), was 1.25 μg/cm2/day in humans. According to a calculation of body exposure to cosmetics use, the systemic exposure dosage (SED) was calculated as 0.00423 mg/kg bw/day when leave-on and rinse-off products were considered. Additionally, the consumer exposure level (CEL) amounted to 0.77512 μg/cm2/day for all representative cosmetics and 0.00584 μg/cm2/day for rinse-off products only. As a result, the non-cancer margin of safety (MOS) was calculated as 633, and CMIT/MIT was determined to be safe when all representative cosmetics were evaluated. In addition, the skin sensitization acceptable exposure level (AEL)/CEL was calculated as 0.00538 for all representative cosmetics and 2.14225 for rinse-off products; thus, CMIT/MIT was considered a skin sensitizer when all representative cosmetics were evaluated. Current regulations indicate that CMIT/MIT can only be used at concentrations 0.0015% or less and is prohibited from use in other cosmetics products. According to the results of this risk assessment, the CMIT/MIT regulatory values currently used in cosmetics are evaluated as appropriate. ). Among isothiazolinone-based compounds, CMIT/MIT has been commonly used as a preservative since the ea