Bitter Sophora Root Extract meets CNAS and USDA Organic.
Bitter Sophora Root Extract has a shelf life of 2 years.


CAS Number: 5041-82-7
EC Number: 225-649-4
Latin name: Sophora flavescens Ait
INCI Names: SOPHORA FLAVESCENS ROOT EXTRACT
Molecular Formula: C15H24N2O



SYNONYMS:
Sophora flavescens Root Extract, Ku Shen Extract, Ku Shen Root Extract, Flavescent Sophora Root Extract, Bitter Sophora Extract, Kushen Extract, Sophora Extract, Sophora Root Extract



Bitter Sophora Root Extract acts as an anti-bacterial and anti-inflammatory agent.
Bitter Sophora Root Extract contains alkaloids like matrine and oxymatrine.
Bitter Sophora Root Extract relieves internal heat and suppresses tumors.


Bitter Sophora Root Extract finds application in formulating cosmetic products.
Bitter Sophora Root Extract meets CNAS and USDA Organic.
Bitter Sophora Root Extract has a shelf life of 2 years.


Bitter Sophora Root Extract about a dozen alkaloids, with matrine and oxymatrine being by far the highest, together comprising about 2% of the dried root stock (most of it in the form of oxymatrine), followed by closely related alkaloids: mainly sophocarpine, but also minute amounts of sophoranol, sophoramine, sophoridine, allomatrine, isomatrine, and others.


These alkaloids were first reported as constituents of kushen in a series of publications from 1958-1978.
In general, the dosage of the sophora alkaloids administered clinically is in the range of 400-600 mg per day.


Bitter Sophora Root Extract or Sophora flavescens or Ku Shen, which in Chinese means “bitter root,” is an herb used in Traditional medicine to treat a wide variety of symptoms, with purported effects on the heart, liver, intestinal tract, and skin.


Bitter Sophora Root Extract is a natural extract derived from the roots of the Sophora flavescens plant, also known as Ku Shen or Sophora root.
Bitter Sophora Root Extract is a traditional Chinese herbal medicine used for centuries in traditional medicine practices.



USES and APPLICATIONS of BITTER SOPHORA ROOT EXTRACT:
Application of Bitter Sophora Root Extract: Cosmetics, Food, Health Care Products, Med.
Bitter Sophora Root Extract is an alkaloid extracted from Sophora flavescens, a plant of the genus matrine in the leguminous family.
Bitter Sophora Root Extract is tough, the cross section is coarse fiber, yellow white.


The smell of Bitter Sophora Root Extract is slight and the taste is bitter.
Application of Bitter Sophora Root Extract: Food, Health Care Products, Medicine, Cosmetics


Bitter Sophora Root Extract has whitening, anti-inflammatory, anti-acne, antibacterial and other effects, as early as hundreds of years ago was used in beauty and skin care, is now the major cosmeceutical favored cosmetic raw materials.


-Agricultural applications of Bitter Sophora Root Extract:
The marine pesticide used in agriculture actually refers to all the substances extracted from Bitter Sophora Root Extract.
Bitter Sophora Root Extract is widely used in agriculture and has a good control effect.

Bitter Sophora Root Extract is a low-toxic, low-residue, and environmentally-friendly pesticide.
Bitter Sophora Root Extract mainly controls various pests such as pine caterpillars, tea caterpillars, and cabbage caterpillars.
Bitter Sophora Root Extract has many functions such as insecticidal activity, bactericidal activity, and regulation of plant growth function.



WHAT ARE THE BENEFITS OF BITTER SOPHORA ROOT EXTRACT?
Bitter Sophora Root Extract mainly contains alkaloids, flavonoids, quinones, and triterpenoid saponins.
Alkaloids contain matrine, oxymatrine, sophoridine, sophoranol, sophoramine, etc.
Modern pharmacological studies have shown that Bitter Sophora Root Extract mainly contains matrine and various alkaloids, and its pharmacological effects are as follows:

1. Anti-tumor
Studies have shown that Bitter Sophora Root Extract has anticancer activity and has different degrees of inhibition on cancer cells.

2. Anti-allergy
In addition to anti-tumor effects, Bitter Sophora Root Extract can also reduce the release of allergic mediators, thereby acting as an immunosuppressive agent, thus having an anti-allergic effect.

3. Antibacterial
Pharmacological studies have shown that other alkaloids in Bitter Sophora Root Extract have inhibitory effects on bacterial respiration and nucleic acid metabolism, and have certain inhibitory effects on Shigella, Proteus, and Staphylococcus aureus.

4. Deworming
The deworming effect of Bitter Sophora Root Extract also benefits from the alkaloid component, which can paralyze the parasite’s nervous system, eventually causing the insect body to lose its adhesion and vitality, and excreted with the metabolic waste to achieve deworming. effect.



FUNCTION OF BITTER SOPHORA ROOT EXTRACT:
*Health Supplement
*Anti-Inflammatory
*Insecticide



WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF BITTER SOPHORA ROOT EXTRACT?
1. Clearing heat and drying dampness:
Bitter Sophora Root Extract has similar efficacy with matrine.
Bitter Sophora Root Extract's bitter taste, cold nature, entering the heart, liver and bladder channels, can clear hot air in the body, and has the effect of diuretic and dehumidification.

2. Insecticide:
Bitter Sophora Root Extract has the effect of inhibiting bacteria and trichomoniasis, so it can play a certain therapeutic role for diseases such as wet and hot zone, Yin swelling and Yin itching, eczema and sores.

3. Beauty:
Bitter Sophora Root Extract has the effect of balancing oil, astringent pores, and can remove impurities inside the skin, and play a certain role in repairing cells and beautifying.

4.Anti-inflammatory:



FUNCTIONS AND APPLICATIONS OF BITTER SOPHORA ROOT EXTRACT:
1. Applied in Pharmaceuticals: anti-bacteria, anti-inflammatory;
2. To relieve internal heat; and used for suppressing sarcoma S180, anti-tumors;
3. Widely applied in Agriculture filed: (Low toxicity; Safety to wildlife)
· Matrine is used as broad spectrum pesticide insecticide;
· To kill the pests: red mites, rust mites, cabbage worm, cabbage moth, leaf miner, tea geometrid, etc;
· Be widely used as botanical pesticide ingredients.



CLAIMS OF BITTER SOPHORA ROOT EXTRACT:
*Anti-inflammatories
*Antimicrobials
*bio-based



FEATURES OF BITTER SOPHORA ROOT EXTRACT:
Bitter Sophora Root Extract is used for heat dysentery, jaundice, blood in the stool, anuria, vaginal discharge, swelling of the vulva pruritus vulvae, eczema, eczema, skin itching, leprosy mange, external treatment of trichomonal vaginitis.



PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of BITTER SOPHORA ROOT EXTRACT:
Product Name: Bitter Sophora Root Extract
Botanical Name: Sophora　flavescens
Part Used: Root
Specification: 4:1 5:1 8:1
CAS No：519-02-8
Molecular Formula: C15H24N2O
Molecular Weight: 248.3639
Appearance: White needle crystal
Latin Name:Sophora flavescens
Appearance: White Powder
Specification/Active Ingredients: Matrine98%
Certifications:HALAL,KOSHER,ISO22000,SC,BRC(ORGANIC)
Used Part：Root

Main components:Matrines
Formula:C15H24N2O
Specifications:4:1 5:1 8:1
Detection:HPLC
INCI Names: SOPHORA FLAVESCENS ROOT EXTRACT
Appearance: Yellowish-brown powder
Solubility: Soluble in water and alcohol
pH: 4.0-7.0 (in solution)
Density: 1.2 g/cm³
Melting Point: Approximately 190°C
Boiling Point: Not applicable (solid extract)
Molecular Formula: C15H24N2O
Molecular Weight: 248.36 g/mol



FIRST AID MEASURES of BITTER SOPHORA ROOT EXTRACT:
-Description of first-aid measures
*General advice:
Show this material safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
*If inhaled:
After inhalation:
Fresh air.
*In case of skin contact:
Take off immediately all contaminated clothing.
Rinse skin with
water/ shower.
*In case of eye contact:
After eye contact:
Rinse out with plenty of water.
Call in ophthalmologist.
Remove contact lenses.
*If swallowed:
After swallowing:
Immediately make victim drink water (two glasses at most).
Consult a physician.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed.
No data available



ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of BITTER SOPHORA ROOT EXTRACT:
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Cover drains.
Collect, bind, and pump off spills.
Observe possible material restrictions.
Take up dry.
Dispose of properly.
Clean up affected area.



FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of BITTER SOPHORA ROOT EXTRACT:
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Foam
Dry powder
*Unsuitable extinguishing media:
For this substance/mixture no limitations of extinguishing agents are given.
-Further information:
Prevent fire extinguishing water from contaminating surface water or the ground water system.



EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of BITTER SOPHORA ROOT EXTRACT:
-Control parameters:
--Ingredients with workplace control parameters:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use equipment for eye protection.
Safety glasses
*Body Protection:
protective clothing
*Respiratory protection:
Recommended Filter type: Filter A
-Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.



HANDLING and STORAGE of BITTER SOPHORA ROOT EXTRACT:
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
*Storage conditions:
Tightly closed.
Dry.



STABILITY and REACTIVITY of BITTER SOPHORA ROOT EXTRACT:
-Chemical stability:
The product is chemically stable under standard ambient conditions (room temperature) .
-Possibility of hazardous reactions:
No data available

ROSEMARY OIL;rosemary oil; oil rosemary ; hydroessential rosmarinus; rosmarinus officinalis leaf oil; essential oil obtained from the flowering tops and leaves of the rosemary, rosmarinus officinalis l., lamiaceae CAS NO:8000-25-7

SynonymsBHMTPMPA;BHMTPHPN(Nax);BHMTPh.PN(Nax);BIS(HEXAMETHYLENE)TRIAMINE-PENTAKIS(ME.-;PARTIALLY NEUTRALISED SODIUM SALT OF BIS HEXAMETHYLENE;bis(hexamethylenetriaminepenta(methylenephosphonic acid));bis(hexamethylene)triamine-pentakis(me.-phosphonicac.)sol.;Bishexamethylenetriamine,pentamethylenepentaphosphonicacid;BIS(HEXAMETHYLENE)TRIAMINE-PENTAKIS(METHYLPHOSPHONIC ACID);N,N-Bis[6-[bis(phosphonomethyl)amino]hexyl]phosphonomethanamine Cas no: 34690-001

BIFIDA FERMENT LYSATE and BIFIDOBACTERIUM LONGUM, LYSATE; Bifidobacterium longum, lysate; BIFIDA FERMENT LYSATE;Bifidobacterium longum, lysate;Bifidobacterium longum lysate, PuriBifido;Bifida Ferment Lysate, Bifidobacterium longum, lysate CAS NO:96507-89-0

EC 411-760-1; Bis(N,N',N''-trimethyl-1,4,7-triazacyclononane)-trioxo-dimanganese (IV) di(hexafluorophosphate)monohydrate CAS NO:116633-52-4

cas no : 1474044-71-7

BISMUTH CITRATE, N° CAS : 813-93-4, Nom INCI : BISMUTH CITRATE, Nom chimique : Bismuth citrate, N° EINECS/ELINCS : 212-390-1, Classification : Colorant capillaire Régulateur de pH : Stabilise le pH des cosmétiques, Agent de chélation : Réagit et forme des complexes avec des ions métalliques qui pourraient affecter la stabilité et / ou l'apparence des produits cosmétiques, Agent colorant pour cheveux : Colore les cheveux

LEVOMENOL; (-)-alpha-Bisabolol; L-alpha-Bisabolol; (-)-6-Methyl-2-(4-methyl-3-cyclohexen-1-yl)-5-hepten-2-ol; 3-Cyclohexene-1-methanol, alpha,4-dimethyl-alpha-(4-methyl-3-pentenyl)-, (S-(theta,theta))-; CAS NO: 23089-26-1

Propanedioic acid, 2-[(4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)methyl]-, 1,3-bis(2-ethylhexyl) ester ; BIS-ETHYLHEXYL HYDROXYDIMETHOXY BENZYLMALONATE; ronacare ap; bis-Ethylhexyl hydroxydimethoxy benzylmalonate CAS NO:872182-46-2

Bisphenol S; 4,4'-Sulfonyldiphenol; 4,4'-Bisphenol S; 4,4'-Dihydroxydiphenyl sulfone; p,p'-Dihydroxydiphenyl sulfone; 1,1'-Sulfonylbis(4- hydroxybenzene); Bis(4-hydroxyphenyl) sulfone; Sulfonyl bisphenol; Diphone; 4,4'-Sulfonildifenol; 4,4'-Sulfonyldiphénol; CAS NO: 80-09-1

Çeşitli bitki ekstraktı

VEGETABLE GLYCERINE (PALM FREE); glycerine; glyceol; bulbold; cristal; glyceol; glycerin; 1,2,3- propane triol; propane-1,2,3-triol; 1,2,3- trihydroxypropane CAS NO:56-81-5

bixa orellana leaf extract; extract of the leaves of bixa orellana, bixaceae; achiote leaf extract; extract of the leaves of bixa orellana, bixaceae ; annatto pulp extract; annatto pulp extract (bixa orellana); bixa acuminata pulp extract; bixa americana pulp extract; bixa odorata pulp extract; bixa orellana fo. leiocarpa pulp extract; bixa orellana var. leiocarpa pulp extract; bixa platycarpa pulp extract; bixa tinctoria pulp extract; bixa upatensis pulp extract; bixa urucurana pulp extract; extract of the pulp of the annatto, bixa orellana l., bixaceae; orellana americana pulp extract ;orellana americana var. leiocarpa pulp extract ; orellana orellana pulp extract CAS NO:89957-43-7

Black Bean Peel Extract is a natural botanical ingredient derived from the outer skin of black beans (Glycine max), known for its rich content of anthocyanins and potent antioxidant properties.
Black Bean Peel Extract is recognized for its ability to protect the skin from oxidative stress, promote even skin tone, and provide anti-aging benefits, making it a valuable addition to skincare formulations.
This versatile extract offers both therapeutic and cosmetic benefits, helping to maintain healthy, youthful, and radiant skin.

CAS Number: 116-129-2

Synonyms: Black Bean Peel Extract, Glycine Max Peel Extract, Black Soybean Hull Extract, Black Soybean Peel Extract, Black Bean Skin Extract, Black Bean Husk Extract, Anthocyanin Extract, Black Soy Extract, Black Bean Antioxidant Extract, Black Bean Skin Active, Glycine Max Peel Active, Black Bean Phytoextract, Black Bean Phytocomplex, Black Bean Bioactive Extract, Black Bean Herbal Extract, Black Bean Polyphenol Extract, Black Soybean Phytocomplex



APPLICATIONS


Black Bean Peel Extract is extensively used in the formulation of anti-aging creams, providing potent antioxidants that help reduce the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles.
Black Bean Peel Extract is favored in the creation of brightening serums, where it helps to even skin tone and reduce hyperpigmentation.
Black Bean Peel Extract is utilized in the development of moisturizers, offering antioxidant protection and hydration for dry and mature skin.

Black Bean Peel Extract is widely used in the production of anti-redness treatments, where it helps to calm irritated skin and reduce visible redness.
Black Bean Peel Extract is employed in the formulation of sunscreens, providing additional protection against UV-induced oxidative stress and free radicals.
Black Bean Peel Extract is essential in the creation of facial oils, offering nourishing and protective benefits that enhance skin health and vitality.

Black Bean Peel Extract is utilized in the production of eye creams, providing targeted care that reduces puffiness and dark circles.
Black Bean Peel Extract is a key ingredient in the formulation of after-sun products, providing soothing and protective benefits to sun-exposed skin.
Black Bean Peel Extract is used in the creation of protective serums, where it strengthens the skin's natural defenses against environmental damage.

Black Bean Peel Extract is applied in the formulation of face masks, providing intensive antioxidant care that revitalizes and refreshes the skin.
Black Bean Peel Extract is employed in the production of body lotions, providing all-over antioxidant protection and promoting skin firmness.
Black Bean Peel Extract is used in the development of calming creams, providing deep relief and antioxidant care for reactive skin.

Black Bean Peel Extract is widely utilized in the formulation of scalp treatments, providing antioxidant support that promotes a healthy scalp and stronger hair.
Black Bean Peel Extract is a key component in the creation of prebiotic skincare products, supporting the skin’s microbiome while providing antioxidant and protective benefits.
Black Bean Peel Extract is used in the production of lip care products, providing hydration and antioxidant protection for soft, smooth lips.

Black Bean Peel Extract is employed in the formulation of hand creams, offering antioxidant care that helps to maintain skin softness and reduce signs of aging on the hands.
Black Bean Peel Extract is applied in the creation of daily wear creams, offering balanced hydration, protection, and anti-aging benefits for everyday use.
Black Bean Peel Extract is utilized in the development of skin repair treatments, providing intensive care that helps to restore and protect damaged or aging skin.

Black Bean Peel Extract is found in the formulation of facial oils, offering nourishing care that supports skin health and improves skin resilience.
Black Bean Peel Extract is used in the production of soothing gels, providing instant relief from irritation while delivering antioxidant protection.
Black Bean Peel Extract is a key ingredient in the creation of multipurpose balms, providing versatile care for sensitive areas such as lips, hands, and face.

Black Bean Peel Extract is widely used in the formulation of anti-inflammatory skincare products, offering soothing and protective benefits for sensitive skin.
Black Bean Peel Extract is employed in the development of nourishing body butters, offering rich hydration and antioxidant protection for dry, rough skin.
Black Bean Peel Extract is applied in the production of anti-aging serums, offering deep hydration and antioxidant care that helps to maintain youthful-looking skin.

Black Bean Peel Extract is utilized in the creation of facial oils, offering nourishing care that supports skin health and reduces oxidative stress.
Black Bean Peel Extract is found in the formulation of sensitive skin repair treatments, providing targeted care for areas prone to irritation and discomfort.
Black Bean Peel Extract is used in the production of sun care products, providing antioxidant protection and hydration that preserves skin health.



DESCRIPTION


Black Bean Peel Extract is a natural botanical ingredient derived from the outer skin of black beans (Glycine max), known for its rich content of anthocyanins and potent antioxidant properties.
Black Bean Peel Extract is recognized for its ability to protect the skin from oxidative stress, promote even skin tone, and provide anti-aging benefits, making it a valuable addition to skincare formulations.

Black Bean Peel Extract offers additional benefits such as improving skin texture and promoting a healthy, radiant complexion, ensuring long-lasting protection against environmental damage.
Black Bean Peel Extract is often incorporated into formulations designed to provide comprehensive care for mature and environmentally stressed skin, offering both immediate and long-term benefits.
Black Bean Peel Extract is recognized for its ability to enhance the overall health and appearance of the skin, leaving it smooth, firm, and glowing.

Black Bean Peel Extract is commonly used in both traditional and innovative skincare formulations, providing a reliable solution for maintaining youthful, protected skin.
Black Bean Peel Extract is valued for its ability to support the skin's natural defenses, making it a key ingredient in products that aim to protect and revitalize the skin.
Black Bean Peel Extract is a versatile ingredient that can be used in a variety of products, including creams, lotions, serums, and oils.

Black Bean Peel Extract is an ideal choice for products targeting aging, dull, and environmentally stressed skin, as it provides gentle yet effective antioxidant protection and skin rejuvenation.
Black Bean Peel Extract is known for its compatibility with other skincare actives, allowing it to be easily integrated into multi-functional formulations.
Black Bean Peel Extract is often chosen for formulations that require a balance between nourishment, protection, and antioxidant care, ensuring comprehensive skin benefits.

Black Bean Peel Extract enhances the overall effectiveness of personal care products by providing rich antioxidants, protective care, and skin rejuvenation in one ingredient.
Black Bean Peel Extract is a reliable ingredient for creating products that offer a pleasant user experience, with noticeable improvements in skin texture, tone, and radiance.
Black Bean Peel Extract is an essential component in innovative skincare products that stand out in the market for their performance, safety, and ability to protect and rejuvenate the skin.



PROPERTIES


Chemical Formula: N/A (Natural extract)
Common Name: Black Bean Peel Extract (Glycine Max Peel Extract)
Molecular Structure:
Appearance: Dark brown to black liquid or powder
Density: Approx. 1.00-1.05 g/cm³ (for liquid extract)
Melting Point: N/A (liquid or powder form)
Solubility: Soluble in water and alcohols; insoluble in oils
Flash Point: >100°C (for liquid extract)
Reactivity: Stable under normal conditions; no known reactivity issues
Chemical Stability: Stable under recommended storage conditions
Storage Temperature: Store between 15-25°C in a cool, dry place
Vapor Pressure: Low (for liquid extract)



FIRST AID


Inhalation:
If Black Bean Peel Extract is inhaled, move the affected person to fresh air immediately.
If breathing difficulties persist, seek immediate medical attention.
If the person is not breathing, administer artificial respiration.
Keep the affected person warm and at rest.

Skin Contact:
Wash the affected area with soap and water.
If skin irritation persists, seek medical attention.

Eye Contact:
In case of eye contact, flush the eyes with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes, lifting upper and lower eyelids.
Seek immediate medical attention if irritation or redness persists.
Remove contact lenses if present and easy to do; continue rinsing.

Ingestion:
If Black Bean Peel Extract is ingested, do not induce vomiting unless directed to do so by medical personnel.
Rinse the mouth thoroughly with water.
Seek immediate medical attention.
If the person is conscious, give small sips of water to drink.

Note to Physicians:
Treat symptomatically.
No specific antidote.
Provide supportive care.



HANDLING AND STORAGE


Handling:

Personal Protection:
Wear appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) such as gloves and safety goggles if handling large quantities.
Use in a well-ventilated area to avoid inhalation of vapors.

Ventilation:
Ensure adequate ventilation when handling large amounts of Black Bean Peel Extract to control airborne concentrations below occupational exposure limits.

Avoidance:
Avoid direct contact with eyes and prolonged skin contact.
Do not eat, drink, or smoke while handling Black Bean Peel Extract.
Wash hands thoroughly after handling.

Spill and Leak Procedures:
Contain spills to prevent further release and minimize exposure.
Absorb with inert material (e.g., sand, vermiculite) and collect for disposal.
Dispose of in accordance with local regulations.

Storage:
Store Black Bean Peel Extract in a cool, dry, well-ventilated area away from incompatible materials (see SDS for specific details).
Keep containers tightly closed when not in use to prevent contamination.
Store away from heat sources, direct sunlight, and ignition sources.

Handling Cautions:
Avoid inhalation of vapors and direct contact with skin and eyes.
Use explosion-proof equipment in areas where vapors may be present.


Storage:

Temperature:
Store Black Bean Peel Extract at temperatures between 15-25°C as recommended by the manufacturer.
Avoid exposure to extreme temperatures.

Containers:
Use approved containers made of compatible materials.
Check for leaks or damage in storage containers regularly.

Separation:
Store Black Bean Peel Extract away from incompatible materials, including strong oxidizers.

Handling Equipment:
Use dedicated equipment for handling Black Bean Peel Extract to avoid cross-contamination.
Ensure all handling equipment is in good condition.

Security Measures:
Restrict access to storage areas.
Follow all applicable local regulations regarding the storage of cosmetic ingredients.

Emergency Response:
Have emergency response equipment and materials readily available, including spill cleanup materials, fire extinguishers, and emergency eyewash stations.

Black Cohosh Extract is a natural botanical ingredient derived from the roots of the Black Cohosh plant (Cimicifuga racemosa), known for its phytoestrogenic, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties.
Black Cohosh Extract is recognized for its ability to support skin health, soothe irritation, and provide anti-aging benefits, making it a valuable addition to skincare and personal care formulations.
This versatile extract offers both therapeutic and cosmetic benefits, helping to maintain balanced, rejuvenated, and radiant skin.

CAS Number: 84776-26-1
EC Number: 283-640-5

Synonyms: Black Cohosh Extract, Cimicifuga Racemosa Extract, Black Snakeroot Extract, Bugbane Root Extract, Actaea Racemosa Extract, Cimicifuga Root Extract, Black Cohosh Root Extract, Cimicifuga Herbal Extract, Black Cohosh Phytoextract, Black Cohosh Phytocomplex, Black Cohosh Bioactive Extract, Cimicifuga Phytoactives, Cimicifuga Skin Care Active, Black Cohosh Anti-inflammatory Extract, Black Cohosh Natural Extract



APPLICATIONS


Black Cohosh Extract is extensively used in the formulation of anti-aging creams, providing phytoestrogenic benefits that help to reduce the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles.
Black Cohosh Extract is favored in the creation of calming serums, where it helps to reduce redness, inflammation, and skin sensitivity.
Black Cohosh Extract is utilized in the development of moisturizers, offering hydration and soothing care for dry and mature skin.

Black Cohosh Extract is widely used in the production of anti-redness treatments, where it helps to calm irritated skin and reduce visible redness.
Black Cohosh Extract is employed in the formulation of anti-inflammatory creams, providing relief from skin irritation and inflammation.
Black Cohosh Extract is essential in the creation of facial oils, offering a combination of nourishment, protection, and anti-aging benefits.

Black Cohosh Extract is utilized in the production of eye creams, providing targeted care that reduces puffiness, dark circles, and signs of aging around the eyes.
Black Cohosh Extract is a key ingredient in the formulation of calming and soothing products for sensitive or reactive skin.
Black Cohosh Extract is used in the creation of protective serums, where it helps to protect the skin from environmental stressors and oxidative damage.

Black Cohosh Extract is applied in the formulation of face masks, providing intensive care that revitalizes and soothes the skin.
Black Cohosh Extract is employed in the production of body lotions, providing all-over soothing and protective benefits for dry and aging skin.
Black Cohosh Extract is used in the development of calming creams, providing deep relief and hydration for sensitive and reactive skin.

Black Cohosh Extract is widely utilized in the formulation of scalp treatments, providing anti-inflammatory and soothing care that supports scalp health and comfort.
Black Cohosh Extract is a key component in the creation of prebiotic skincare products, supporting the skin’s microbiome while providing soothing and protective benefits.
Black Cohosh Extract is used in the production of lip care products, providing hydration and protection for soft, smooth lips.

Black Cohosh Extract is employed in the formulation of hand creams, offering hydration and soothing care that helps to maintain skin softness and reduce signs of aging.
Black Cohosh Extract is applied in the creation of daily wear creams, offering balanced hydration and protection for everyday use.
Black Cohosh Extract is utilized in the development of skin repair treatments, providing intensive care that helps to restore and protect damaged or irritated skin.

Black Cohosh Extract is found in the formulation of facial oils, offering nourishing care that supports skin health and improves skin resilience.
Black Cohosh Extract is used in the production of soothing gels, providing instant relief from irritation and helping to calm reactive skin.
Black Cohosh Extract is a key ingredient in the creation of multipurpose balms, providing versatile care for sensitive areas such as lips, hands, and face.

Black Cohosh Extract is widely used in the formulation of anti-inflammatory skincare products, offering soothing and protective benefits for sensitive skin.
Black Cohosh Extract is employed in the development of nourishing body butters, offering rich hydration and protection for dry, rough skin.
Black Cohosh Extract is applied in the production of anti-aging serums, offering deep hydration and soothing care that helps to maintain youthful-looking skin.

Black Cohosh Extract is utilized in the creation of facial oils, offering nourishing care that supports skin health and reduces oxidative stress.
Black Cohosh Extract is found in the formulation of sensitive skin repair treatments, providing targeted care for areas prone to irritation and discomfort.
Black Cohosh Extract is used in the production of sun care products, providing soothing care and protection that preserves skin health.



DESCRIPTION


Black Cohosh Extract is a natural botanical ingredient derived from the roots of the Black Cohosh plant (Cimicifuga racemosa), known for its phytoestrogenic, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties.
Black Cohosh Extract is recognized for its ability to support skin health, soothe irritation, and provide anti-aging benefits, making it a valuable addition to skincare and personal care formulations.

Black Cohosh Extract offers additional benefits such as promoting skin elasticity and improving skin texture, ensuring long-lasting rejuvenation and protection.
Black Cohosh Extract is often incorporated into formulations designed to provide comprehensive care for mature, sensitive, and environmentally stressed skin, offering both immediate and long-term benefits.
Black Cohosh Extract is recognized for its ability to enhance the overall health and appearance of the skin, leaving it smooth, firm, and radiant.

Black Cohosh Extract is commonly used in both traditional and innovative skincare formulations, providing a reliable solution for maintaining youthful, balanced skin.
Black Cohosh Extract is valued for its ability to support the skin's natural defenses, making it a key ingredient in products that aim to protect and soothe the skin.
Black Cohosh Extract is a versatile ingredient that can be used in a variety of products, including creams, lotions, serums, and oils.

Black Cohosh Extract is an ideal choice for products targeting aging, sensitive, and environmentally stressed skin, as it provides gentle yet effective anti-aging and soothing benefits.
Black Cohosh Extract is known for its compatibility with other skincare actives, allowing it to be easily integrated into multi-functional formulations.
Black Cohosh Extract is often chosen for formulations that require a balance between soothing care, protection, and rejuvenation, ensuring comprehensive skin benefits.

Black Cohosh Extract enhances the overall effectiveness of personal care products by providing phytoestrogens, antioxidants, and soothing care in one ingredient.
Black Cohosh Extract is a reliable ingredient for creating products that offer a pleasant user experience, with noticeable improvements in skin texture, tone, and comfort.
Black Cohosh Extract is an essential component in innovative skincare products that stand out in the market for their performance, safety, and ability to soothe and rejuvenate the skin.



PROPERTIES


Chemical Formula: N/A (Natural extract)
Common Name: Black Cohosh Extract (Cimicifuga Racemosa Extract)
Molecular Structure:
Appearance: Light brown to dark brown liquid or powder
Density: Approx. 1.00-1.05 g/cm³ (for liquid extract)
Melting Point: N/A (liquid or powder form)
Solubility: Soluble in water and alcohols; insoluble in oils
Flash Point: >100°C (for liquid extract)
Reactivity: Stable under normal conditions; no known reactivity issues
Chemical Stability: Stable under recommended storage conditions
Storage Temperature: Store between 15-25°C in a cool, dry place
Vapor Pressure: Low (for liquid extract)



FIRST AID


Inhalation:
If Black Cohosh Extract is inhaled, move the affected person to fresh air immediately.
If breathing difficulties persist, seek immediate medical attention.
If the person is not breathing, administer artificial respiration.
Keep the affected person warm and at rest.

Skin Contact:
Wash the affected area with soap and water.
If skin irritation persists, seek medical attention.

Eye Contact:
In case of eye contact, flush the eyes with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes, lifting upper and lower eyelids.
Seek immediate medical attention if irritation or redness persists.
Remove contact lenses if present and easy to do; continue rinsing.

Ingestion:
If Black Cohosh Extract is ingested, do not induce vomiting unless directed to do so by medical personnel.
Rinse the mouth thoroughly with water.
Seek immediate medical attention.
If the person is conscious, give small sips of water to drink.

Note to Physicians:
Treat symptomatically.
No specific antidote.
Provide supportive care.



HANDLING AND STORAGE


Handling:
Personal Protection:
Wear appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) such as gloves and safety goggles if handling large quantities.
Use in a well-ventilated area to avoid inhalation of vapors.

Ventilation:
Ensure adequate ventilation when handling large amounts of Black Cohosh Extract to control airborne concentrations below occupational exposure limits.

Avoidance:
Avoid direct contact with eyes and prolonged skin contact.
Do not eat, drink, or smoke while handling Black Cohosh Extract.
Wash hands thoroughly after handling.

Spill and Leak Procedures:
Contain spills to prevent further release and minimize exposure.
Absorb with inert material (e.g., sand, vermiculite) and collect for disposal.
Dispose of in accordance with local regulations.

Storage:
Store Black Cohosh Extract in a cool, dry, well-ventilated area away from incompatible materials (see SDS for specific details).

Containers:
Use approved containers made of compatible materials.
Check for leaks or damage in storage containers regularly.

Separation:
Store Black Cohosh Extract away from incompatible materials, including strong oxidizers.

Handling Equipment:
Use dedicated equipment for handling Black Cohosh Extract to avoid cross-contamination.
Ensure all handling equipment is in good condition.

Security Measures:
Restrict access to storage areas.
Follow all applicable local regulations regarding the storage of cosmetic ingredients.

Emergency Response:
Have emergency response equipment and materials readily available, including spill cleanup materials, fire extinguishers, and emergency eyewash stations.

Fucus Fucus extract Seaweed, brown Einecs 283-633-7 Extract of bladderwrack Fucus vesiculosus, ext. Bladder wrack, extracts FUCUS VESICULOSUS EXTRACT Algues absolute (fucus vesiculosus) Cas: 84696-13-9

Blanose carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) is a chemical compound derived from cellulose, a natural polymer found in plants.
Specifically, it is a water-soluble polymer that is synthesized by the carboxymethylation of cellulose.

CAS Number: 9004-32-4
EC Number: 618-378-6

Synonyms: Carboxymethylcellulose, CMC, Cellulose gum, Sodium CMC, Sodium cellulose glycolate, Sodium carboxymethylcellulose, Cellulose carboxymethyl ether, E466, Tylose, Cellulose sodium, CMC-Na, Cellulose carboxymethyl, Sodium salt of carboxymethylcellulose, Carboxymethyl cellulose sodium, Sodium salt of cellulose carboxymethyl ether, Cellulose carboxymethylate sodium, Sodium salt of carboxymethyl cellulose, Sodium cellulose carboxymethylate, Sodium cellulose carboxymethyl ether, Sodium cellulose carboxymethyl cellulose, Carboxymethyl cellulose sodium salt, Cellulose sodium carboxymethyl ether, Sodium salt of cellulose carboxymethylate, Carboxymethyl cellulose, sodium salt, Carboxymethylated cellulose, Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, Sodium salt of carboxymethylcellulose, Carboxymethylcellulose sodium, Sodium cellulose carboxymethyl, Carboxymethyl cellulose, sodium salt, Sodium cellulose carboxymethylate, Sodium salt of cellulose carboxymethylate, Cellulose gum sodium, Sodium cellulose carboxymethyl cellulose, Sodium cellulose glycolate, Sodium cellulose carboxymethylate, Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, Carboxymethyl cellulose sodium salt, Cellulose gum, sodium salt, Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, Sodium cellulose glycolate, Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, Cellulose carboxymethyl ether sodium salt, Sodium carboxymethylcellulose



APPLICATIONS


In the food industry, Blanose carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) is used as a thickener and stabilizer in products such as sauces, dressings, and desserts.
Blanose carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) is commonly added to dairy products like ice cream and yogurt to improve texture and prevent syneresis.
Blanose carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) serves as an emulsifier in processed foods, ensuring uniform dispersion of fats and oils.

In the pharmaceutical industry, CMC is used as a binder in tablet formulations to hold ingredients together.
Blanose carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) acts as a disintegrant, promoting the rapid breakdown of tablets into smaller particles for absorption in the gastrointestinal tract.

Blanose carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) is used in ophthalmic solutions and eye drops to increase viscosity and prolong contact time with the ocular surface.
In personal care products, CMC is added to toothpaste and mouthwash as a thickening agent and binder.

Blanose carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) improves the consistency and flow properties of oral care products, enhancing user experience.
Blanose carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) is used in hair care products such as shampoos and conditioners to provide thickening and stabilizing properties.

Blanose carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) helps maintain product viscosity and prevents separation of ingredients during storage.
In the textile industry, CMC is used as a sizing agent to improve the strength and abrasion resistance of yarns and fabrics.

Blanose carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) serves as a thickener in textile printing pastes, ensuring sharp and defined prints on fabrics.
Blanose carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) is added to detergents and household cleaners as a soil suspending agent, preventing dirt particles from re-depositing on surfaces.

Blanose carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) improves the flow properties of liquid detergents and enhances their cleaning efficiency.
In the paper industry, CMC is used as a coating additive to improve the surface properties of paper and paperboard.

Blanose carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) enhances ink receptivity, printability, and water resistance of coated papers.
Blanose carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) is added to latex paints and adhesives as a thickening agent and rheology modifier.
Blanose carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) improves the stability and workability of paint formulations, preventing sagging and dripping.

In ceramic production, CMC is used as a binder in ceramic bodies and glazes to improve green strength and adhesion.
Blanose carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) facilitates the shaping and molding of ceramic articles and enhances their mechanical properties.

Blanose carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) is used in drilling fluids in the oil and gas industry to provide viscosity and fluid loss control.
Blanose carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) helps suspend drill cuttings and prevent formation damage during drilling operations.

In the construction industry, CMC is added to cement-based formulations as a water retention agent and rheology modifier.
Blanose carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) improves workability, adhesion, and durability of mortar, grouts, and tile adhesives.
Blanose carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) finds applications in a wide range of industrial processes, including water treatment, mining, and paper recycling, where its thickening, binding, and stabilizing properties are utilized.

In the pet food industry, CMC is added to pet food formulations as a binder and stabilizer, improving the texture and palatability of pet foods.
Blanose carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) helps retain moisture and prevent dryness in pet food products.

Blanose carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) is used in the textile industry as a sizing agent for warp yarns in weaving processes, improving yarn strength and reducing breakage.
Blanose carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) facilitates the weaving process by providing lubrication and reducing friction between yarns.

In the ceramics industry, CMC is utilized as a binder in ceramic glazes and engobes to improve adhesion to the ceramic surface and enhance decorative effects.
Blanose carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) is added to ceramic slurries for slip casting processes to improve flow properties and reduce defects in castings.
In the cosmetics industry, CMC is used in various formulations such as creams, lotions, and gels as a thickener and stabilizer.

Blanose carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) imparts a smooth, creamy texture to cosmetic products and enhances their spreadability on the skin.
Blanose carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) is added to pharmaceutical suspensions and oral liquids as a suspending agent, preventing settling of particles and ensuring uniform distribution of active ingredients.

Blanose carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) improves the palatability and ease of administration of liquid medications.
In the mining industry, CMC is used in mineral processing operations as a flocculant and depressant, aiding in the separation of valuable minerals from gangue.

Blanose carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) helps aggregate fine particles into larger, settleable flocs, facilitating solid-liquid separation processes.
Blanose carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) is utilized in water treatment processes as a coagulant aid and filter aid to improve the efficiency of sedimentation and filtration processes.

Blanose carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) helps remove suspended solids, turbidity, and organic matter from water, resulting in clearer and cleaner water.
In the oil drilling industry, CMC is added to drilling muds as a viscosifier and fluid loss control agent, providing stability to the drilling fluid and preventing formation damage.

Blanose carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) helps transport drill cuttings to the surface and maintains wellbore stability during drilling operations.
Blanose carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) is used in the production of battery separators for lead-acid batteries as a binder and filler, enhancing mechanical strength and electrolyte retention.
Blanose carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) improves the cycling performance and service life of lead-acid batteries.

In the agricultural industry, CMC is used as a soil conditioner and water retention agent to improve soil structure and moisture retention in agricultural soils.
Blanose carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) enhances soil tilth, aeration, and nutrient availability for plant growth.

Blanose carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) is added to seed coatings to improve seed adhesion and protectants, promoting germination and seedling vigor.
Blanose carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) helps protect seeds from environmental stresses and enhances crop establishment in adverse conditions.

In the paint and coatings industry, CMC is used as a thickener and rheology modifier in water-based formulations such as latex paints and emulsion coatings.
Blanose carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) provides sag resistance, improved flow, and leveling properties to paint formulations, resulting in smooth and uniform coatings.
Blanose carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) is employed in the production of polymer-based films and membranes for applications such as packaging, filtration, and separation processes, where its film-forming and barrier properties are utilized.

Blanose carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) serves as a versatile additive, enhancing the texture, stability, and performance of products.
The viscosity of CMC solutions can be adjusted by varying the polymer concentration and solution pH.
Blanose carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) exhibits pseudoplastic behavior, meaning its viscosity decreases under shear stress.

Blanose carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) forms transparent, flexible films when dry, making it suitable for coatings and films.
Blanose carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) is compatible with a wide range of other additives and ingredients, allowing for easy formulation.

Blanose carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) is non-toxic, biodegradable, and environmentally friendly.
Blanose carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) provides excellent moisture retention properties, making it ideal for use in personal care products.

Blanose carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) is used in pharmaceutical formulations as a binder, disintegrant, and controlled-release agent.
In the food industry, CMC acts as a thickening agent, stabilizer, and emulsifier in various products.

Blanose carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) improves the texture and mouthfeel of food items such as sauces, dressings, and ice cream.
Blanose carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) is often incorporated into paint and adhesive formulations to improve viscosity and adhesion.
Blanose carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) enhances the shelf life and stability of products by preventing phase separation and degradation.

Blanose carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) is easily dispersible in water and forms stable solutions over a wide range of temperatures.
It is resistant to microbial degradation, making it suitable for use in long-lasting products.

Blanose carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) is commonly used in oral care products such as toothpaste and mouthwash for its thickening and binding properties.
Blanose carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) helps control the release of active ingredients in pharmaceutical tablets and capsules.

Blanose carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) is a cost-effective additive that offers numerous functional benefits in product formulations.
Blanose carboxymethylcellulose (CMC)is a versatile polymer with a wide range of applications, contributing to the quality and performance of diverse products across industries.



DESCRIPTION


Blanose carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) is a chemical compound derived from cellulose, a natural polymer found in plants.
Specifically, it is a water-soluble polymer that is synthesized by the carboxymethylation of cellulose.

Blanose carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) is commonly used in various industries for its thickening, stabilizing, binding, and film-forming properties.
Blanose carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) is available in different grades with varying viscosities and degrees of substitution, allowing for its use in a wide range of applications.

In the food industry, CMC is used as a thickener, stabilizer, and emulsifier in products such as ice cream, yogurt, sauces, and dressings.
Blanose carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) helps improve texture, viscosity, and mouthfeel while providing stability to the final product.

In the pharmaceutical industry, CMC is used as a binder, disintegrant, and viscosity modifier in tablet formulations, suspensions, and topical creams.
Blanose carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) aids in the binding of tablet ingredients, promotes rapid disintegration in the gastrointestinal tract, and enhances the spreadability of topical formulations.

In the personal care and household products industry, CMC is used in products such as toothpaste, detergents, and cosmetics as a thickening agent, stabilizer, and binder.
Blanose carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) improves the viscosity, texture, and stability of these products, enhancing their performance and shelf life.

In the paper and textile industries, CMC is used as a sizing agent, coating additive, and binder in paper production and textile printing.
Blanose carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) improves the strength, printability, and water resistance of paper and textile materials, making them suitable for various applications.

Blanose carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) is a water-soluble polymer derived from cellulose, a natural polysaccharide found in plant cell walls.
Blanose carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) is a white to off-white, odorless powder or granular substance.

Blanose carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) is characterized by its high purity and consistency in physical and chemical properties.
The polymer structure of CMC consists of cellulose chains with carboxymethyl groups attached to the cellulose backbone.

Blanose carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) has excellent water retention properties, making it highly soluble in water and forming clear, viscous solutions.
Blanose carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) is often used as a thickening agent, stabilizer, and viscosity modifier in various industries.
Blanose carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) is widely utilized in food products, pharmaceuticals, personal care items, and industrial applications.



PROPERTIES


Physical Properties:

Appearance: White to off-white powder or granules.
Odor: Odorless.
Taste: Tasteless.
Solubility: Soluble in water, forming clear to slightly turbid solutions.
Molecular Weight: Varies depending on the degree of substitution and polymerization.
Density: Typically ranges from 0.5 to 1.0 g/cm³.
Melting Point: Decomposes before melting.
Viscosity: Exhibits pseudoplastic behavior, with viscosity decreasing under shear stress.
pH: Usually neutral in aqueous solution.
Hygroscopicity: Absorbs moisture from the air.
Solubility in Organic Solvents: Insoluble in most organic solvents but soluble in some polar solvents like ethanol and acetone.
Particle Size: Typically ranges from micrometers to millimeters depending on the grade.


Chemical Properties:

Chemical Formula: (C6H10O5)n(CH2COONa)m, where n represents the cellulose backbone and m represents the degree of substitution.
Structure: Carboxymethylcellulose is a cellulose derivative obtained by the reaction of cellulose with chloroacetic acid or its sodium salt.
Degree of Substitution (DS): The average number of carboxymethyl groups per glucose unit in the cellulose backbone. Typically ranges from 0.5 to 1.5.
Hydrophilicity: Exhibits hydrophilic properties due to the presence of carboxymethyl groups, making it soluble in water.
Crosslinking: Can be crosslinked to form hydrogels, increasing its water absorption capacity and mechanical strength.



FIRST AID


Inhalation:

If inhaled, immediately move the affected person to fresh air.
Ensure that the individual can breathe comfortably.
If breathing difficulties persist or if the person is not breathing, seek medical attention promptly.
Keep the affected person calm and reassured.


Skin Contact:

Remove contaminated clothing and shoes immediately.
Wash the affected area thoroughly with soap and water for at least 15 minutes.
If irritation, redness, or discomfort persists, seek medical advice.
If CMC comes into contact with sensitive skin or open wounds, seek medical attention promptly.


Eye Contact:

Flush the eyes with lukewarm water for at least 15 minutes, holding the eyelids open to ensure thorough rinsing.
Seek immediate medical attention, even if irritation is not initially present.
Remove contact lenses if easily removable after flushing.
Protect the unaffected eye during flushing to prevent cross-contamination.


Ingestion:

Do not induce vomiting unless instructed to do so by medical personnel.
Rinse the mouth thoroughly with water and spit out.
Do not give anything by mouth to an unconscious person.
Seek medical attention immediately.
Provide medical personnel with information on the amount ingested and the time of ingestion.


General First Aid:

If symptoms of overexposure develop (such as headache, nausea, dizziness, or difficulty breathing), seek medical attention immediately.
Keep affected individuals warm and quiet.
Treat symptomatically and supportively.
In case of chemical burns, rinse affected skin or eyes with copious amounts of water and seek medical attention promptly.



HANDLING AND STORAGE


Handling:

Personal Protective Equipment (PPE):
Wear appropriate protective clothing, including gloves, safety goggles, and protective clothing, to minimize skin and eye contact.
Use respiratory protection, such as a dust mask or respirator, if handling CMC in powdered form or in dusty environments.
Ensure all PPE is in good condition and properly fitted before handling CMC.

Handling Precautions:
Handle CMC in a well-ventilated area to minimize inhalation exposure.
Avoid generating dust or aerosols when handling the solid compound.
Use tools and equipment designed for handling powders to minimize the risk of spills and dust generation.
Do not eat, drink, or smoke while handling CMC.
Wash hands thoroughly after handling to remove any residual product.

Spill and Leak Procedures:
In the event of a spill or leak, contain the area to prevent further spread of the material.
Clean up spills promptly using absorbent materials such as vermiculite or sand.
Avoid sweeping or vacuuming up dry material, as this may generate dust.
Dispose of contaminated materials according to local regulations.

Equipment Cleaning:
Clean equipment and containers used for handling CMC regularly to prevent buildup and cross-contamination.
Use mild detergents and water to clean equipment, followed by thorough rinsing.


Storage:

Storage Conditions:
Store CMC in a cool, dry, well-ventilated area away from heat, sparks, and open flames.
Keep containers tightly closed when not in use to prevent contamination and evaporation.
Store away from incompatible materials, such as strong oxidizing agents and acids.
Ensure storage area is equipped with appropriate containment measures to contain spills.
Store in containers made of compatible materials, such as high-density polyethylene (HDPE) or glass.
Check containers regularly for signs of damage or leakage and replace if necessary.

Segregation and Separation:
Segregate CMC from incompatible materials, such as acids, bases, and strong oxidizing agents.
Store CMC away from food, beverages, and feedstuffs to prevent contamination.

Handling and Storage Equipment:
Use equipment and containers specifically designated for handling CMC to prevent cross-contamination.
Ensure equipment used for transferring or dispensing CMC is clean and free from residues of incompatible materials.

Emergency Procedures:
Familiarize personnel with emergency procedures in case of spills, leaks, or exposure incidents.
Maintain spill kits and absorbent materials readily available for immediate response to spills.
Train personnel on proper handling procedures and emergency response protocols.

SYNONYMS AD5423 Lonasen 2-(4-Ethyl-1-piperazinyl)-4-(4-fluorophenyl)-5,6,7,8,9,10-hexahydrocycloocta[b]pyridine CYCLOOCTA[B]PYRIDINE, 2-(4-ETHYL-1-PIPERAZINYL)-4-(4-FLUOROPHENYL)-5,6,7,8,9,10-HEXAHYDRO-;Blonanserin;AD 5423;2-(4-Ethyl-1-piperazinyl)-4-(4-fluorophenyl)-5,6,7,8,9,10-hexahydrocycloocta[b]pyridine; cas no:132810-10-7

Blue Vitriol (CuSO4.5H2O), is a common salt of copper.
Blue Vitriol appears as blue crystalline granules or powder.
Blue Vitriol is a potent emetic and is used as an antidote for poisoning by phosphorus.

CAS Number: 7758-99-8
EC Number: 616-477-9
Chemical Formula: CuSO4·5H2O
Molecular Weight: 249.69

Blue Vitriol is known as Copper sulphate pentahydrate.
Blue Vitriol is an odorless blue crystal that readily dissolves in water.
Blue Vitriol is also soluble in methanol, glycerol and slightly soluble in ethanol.

Blue Vitriol is highly toxic, non-combustible has a nauseating metallic taste and turns white when dehydrated.
Blue Vitriol is structurally, in the pentahydrate molecule, each copper(II) ions is surrounded by four water molecules in the corners and the fifth water molecule is attached by hydrogen bonding.

Copper (II) sulphate has many applications including preparation of Bordeaux mixture, a fungicide preparation.
Electroplating, timber preservation and textile industry use copper (II) sulphate.

Copper(II) sulphate, also known as copper sulphate, is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula CuSO4.
Blue Vitriol forms hydrates CuSO4·nH2O, where n can range from 1 to 7.

The pentahydrate (n = 5), a bright blue crystal, is the most commonly encountered hydrate of copper(II) sulphate.
Older names for the pentahydrate include bluestone, vitriol of copper, and Roman vitriol.

Blue Vitriol exothermically dissolves in water to give the aquo complex [Cu(H2O)6]2+, which has octahedral molecular geometry.
The structure of the solid pentahydrate reveals a polymeric structure wherein copper is again octahedral but bound to four water ligands.

The Cu(II)(H2O)4 centers are interconnected by sulphate anions to form chains.
Anhydrous copper sulphate is a light grey powder.

Blue Vitriol appears as blue crystalline granules or powder.
Blue Vitriol is melting point 110 °C (with decomposition).

Blue Vitriol is non-combustible.
Blue Vitriol is nauseating metallic taste.

Blue Vitriol is odorless.
Blue Vitriol is white when dehydrated.

Blue Vitriol is the pentahydrate of copper(2+) sulphate.
Blue Vitriol is a bright blue crystalline solid.

Blue Vitriol is a hydrate and a metal sulphate.
Blue Vitriol contains a copper(II) sulphate.

Blue Vitriol is a sulphate salt of copper.
Blue Vitriol is a potent emetic and is used as an antidote for poisoning by phosphorus.
Blue Vitriol also can be used to prevent the growth of algae.

Blue Vitriol is a common salt of copper.
Copper sulphate is a bright blue, odourless crystalline solid which is soluble in water.

The archaic name for copper(II) sulphate is "bluestone".
Blue Vitriol has numerous applications including as an ingredient in fungicides, algaecides, and pesticides; laboratory analytical reagent, for zinc etching and as a mordant.

Several chemical tests utilize copper sulphate as an indicator.
In a flame test Blue Vitriol copper ions emit a deep blue-green light.

Blue Vitriol is used in Fehlings solution and Benedicts solution to test for reducing sugars, which reduce the soluble blue copper(II) sulphate to insoluble red copper oxide.
Copper(II) sulphate is also used in the Biuret reagent to test for proteins.

Copper sulphate is a commonly included chemical in children's che­mistry sets and is often used in high school crystal growing and copper plating experiments.
However due to Blue Vitriol toxicity, Blue Vitriol is not recommended for small children and should always be supervised.

Copper sulphate is often used to demonstrate an exothermic reaction, in which steel wool or magnesium ribbon is placed in an aqueous solution of CuSO4.

Blue Vitriol is used in school chemistry courses to demonstrate the principle of mineral hydration.
The pentahydrate form, which is blue, is heated, turning the copper sulphate into the anhydrous form which is white, while the water that was present in the pentahydrate form evaporates.

When water is then added to the anhydrous compound, Blue Vitriol turns back into the pentahydrate form, regaining Blue Vitriol blue colour.
Blue Vitriol can be used to plate metals with copper.

Before melting Blue Vitriol gets decomposed.
At first Blue Vitriol loses two molecules of water at a temperature of 63oC and after that two more at 109oC and finally the last water molecule at 220oC.

At a temperature of 650 oC, copper(II) sulphate gets decomposed into copper(II) oxide (CuO) and sulphur trioxide (SO3).
Copper sulphate is blue in color due to the presence of water of hydration.
If Copper Sulphate is heated in an open flame, the crystals get dehydrated and turn greyish-white

Blue Vitriol finds use in agriculture as a fungicide.
Mixed with lime Blue Vitriol is called Bordeaux mixture, which is used to control fungus on plant leaves, grapes and other berries.
Normally Blue Vitriol is used as a 1% solution (100g copper sulphate & 100g Lime per 10 litres of water)

Blue Vitriol use as a herbicide is not agricultural, but instead for control of invasive exotic aquatic plants and the roots of other invasive plants near various pipes that contain water.

A very dilute solution of copper sulphate is used to treat aquarium fish of various parasitic infections, and is also used to remove snails from aquariums.
However, as the copper ions are also highly toxic to the fish, care must be taken with the dosage.
Most species of algae can be controlled with very low concentrations of copper sulphate.

Copper sulphate is found in Moss removal products.
Blue Vitriol is an effective algaecide and fungicide.

The chemical formula for Blue Vitriol is CuSO4·5H2O.
Blue Vitriol CAS is 7758-98-8.
Blue Vitriol is highly toxic, non-combustible, odorless blue crystalline powder has a nauseating metallic taste and turns white when dehydrated.

The structure of the solid pentahydrate reveals a polymeric structure wherein copper is again octahedral but bound to four water ligands.
The Cu(II)(H2O)4 centers are interconnected by sulphate anions to form chains.

Skin contact can cause first-degree burns on short exposure, with second-degree burns from prolonged exposure.
Blue Vitriol is soluble in methanol but insoluble in ethanol.
Blue Vitriol readily forms soluble alkaline complexes at sufficiently high concentrations of amines or alkali cyanides.

Blue Vitriol is most easily prepared by the reaction of basic copper (II) compound with a sulfuric acid solution.
Copper metal, sulfuric acid and air are the most common starting materials for the production of the inorganic compound.

Blue Vitriol is primarily used as a fungicide.
However, some fungi are capable of adapting to elevated levels of copper ions.

Blue Vitriol is a salt created by treating cupric oxide with sulfuric acid.
This forms as large, bright blue crystals containing five molecules of water (CuSO4∙5H2O) and is also known as Copper sulphate pentahydrate.

The anhydrous salt is created by heating the hydrate to 150 °C (300 °F).
Blue Vitriol is used primarily for agricultural purposes, as a pesticide, germicide, feed additive, and soil additive.
Some of Blue Vitriol secondary uses are as a raw material in the preparation of other copper compounds, as a reagent in analytic chemistry, as an electrolyte for batteries and electroplating baths, and in medical practice as a locally applied fungicide, bactericide, and astringent.

Copper is an essential trace element and an important catalyst for heme synthesis and iron absorption.
After zinc and iron, copper is the third most abundant trace element found in the human body.

Copper is a noble metal and Blue Vitriol properties include high thermal and electrical conductivity, low corrosion, alloying ability, and malleability.
Copper is a component of intrauterine contraceptive devices (IUD) and the release of copper is necessary for their important contraceptive effects.
The average daily intake of copper in the USA is approximately 1 mg Cu with the diet being a primary source.

Interestingly, the dysregulation of copper has been studied with a focus on neurodegenerative diseases, such as Wilson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease, and Parkinson’s disease.
Data from clinical observations of the neurotoxic effects of copper may provide the basis for future treatments affecting copper and Blue Vitriol homeostasis.

Copper(II) sulphate, also known as copper sulphate, is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula CuSO4.
Blue Vitriol forms hydrates CuSO4·nH2O, where n can range from 1 to 7.

The pentahydrate (n = 5), a bright blue crystal, is the most commonly encountered hydrate of copper(II) sulphate.
Older names for the pentahydrate include bluestone, vitriol of copper, and Roman vitriol.

Blue Vitriol exothermically dissolves in water to give the aquo complex [Cu(H2O)6]2+, which has octahedral molecular geometry.
The structure of the solid pentahydrate reveals a polymeric structure wherein copper is again octahedral but bound to four water ligands.

The Cu(II)(H2O)4 centers are interconnected by sulphate anions to form chains.
Anhydrous copper sulphate is a light grey powder.

Copper(II) sulphate Pentahydrate is a moderately water and acid soluble Sodium source for uses compatible with sulphates.
sulphate compounds are salts or esters of sulfuric acid formed by replacing one or both of the hydrogens with a metal.

Most metal sulphate compounds are readily soluble in water for uses such as water treatment, unlike fluorides and oxides which tend to be insoluble.
Organometallic forms are soluble in organic solutions and sometimes in both aqueous and organic solutions.

Metallic ions can also be dispersed utilizing suspended or coated nanoparticles and deposited utilizing sputtering targets and evaporation materials for uses such as solar cells and fuel cells.
Copper(II) sulphate Pentahydrateis generally immediately available in most volumes.
High purity, submicron and nanopowder forms may be considered.

Copper(II) sulphate pentahydrate decomposes before melting.
Upon heating at 63°C (145°F), two water molecules are followed by two more at 109°C (228°F) and the final water molecule at 200°C (392°F).

Dehydration continues with the breakdown of tetraacuopperin (2+), with two opposing aqua groups being a diacoper (2+) fragment.
The second dehydration stage occurs when the last two battery packs are lost.

Complete dehydration occurs when the unbound water molecule breaks down.
At 650 °C (1,202 °F), copper (II) sulphate decomposes into copper (II) oxide (CuO) and sulfur trioxide (SO 3 ).

Copper sulphate, also known as bluestone, is a blue and odorless substance.
Copper sulphate is produced industrially by treating copper metal with oxides with hot concentrated sulfuric acid or dilute sulfuric acid.

Copper sulphate is often purchased for laboratory use.
Copper sulphate can also be produced by leaching of low-grade copper ore in the air; Settings are available to speed up the process.

Commercial copper sulphate is generally about 98% pure copper sulphate, and little water is saved.
Anhydrous Copper sulphate is 39.81 mass percent copper and 60.19 percent sulphate, and in Blue Vitriol blue, aqueous form, Blue Vitriol is 25.47% copper, 38.47% sulphate (12.82% sulfur), and 36.06% water, by mass.
According to the use of large crystals (10-40 mm), small crystals (2-10 mm), snow crystals (less than 2 mm) and wind-puffing powder (less than 0.15 mm), four shaped crystal sizes are provided.

Blue Vitriol is often used as a source of copper ions.
In inorganic chemistry, pure copper metal is typically prepared by heating the purest form of pure copper (CuO) with sulfur.

The sulfur breaks down into toxic hydrogen sulfide gas, while Blue Vitriol becomes almost exclusively a single crystal composed of pure metallic copper.
Blue Vitriol is low cost and extracts the hydrated ion from water to produce hydrogen ions, which can then be conducted through an electrolytic cell to create an electrical current.

Below are some of the most common uses of Blue Vitriol:

In electroplating as an inhibitor:
In electroplating and cathodic protection, Blue Vitriol is often used as an inhibitor.
The reaction between copper ions and sodium sulfite ions forms a white or light-coloured fluid that prevents further reaction and is a property often considered advantageous.
However, this corrosion-inhibiting solution can only be used at certain temperatures and is not suitable for general use.

In water purification as a coagulant:
Blue Vitriol has been said to be effective in the purification of potable water using electrolysis under certain conditions.
However, Blue Vitriol is inferior to other methods of water purification in some cases.

Another example is the use of Blue Vitriol in the removal of arsenic from the water.
Blue Vitriol is a solid powder that has been found to be effective in the complete removal of arsenate and arsenite.

In agriculture, as a pesticide and fungicide:
Blue Vitriol can also be used to protect plants from fungi, bacteria, and nematodes, but Blue Vitriol must be applied before an infestation occurs.
The application of copper compounds is one of the best control methods for this purpose, but copper compounds have been known to poison certain plants if they are present in large quantities.

In metal plating and electroplating as a solvent:
Blue Vitriol is often used in the production of copper, silver, and gold alloys as an effective copper salt and an electrolytic solution.
Blue Vitriol was first used for direct plating for various applications in the late 19th century.

Copper compounds are often used in fungicidal spray solutions, etching solutions, electrolytic solutions, and other solutions to provide different properties to the alloy.
Copper compounds are also often used as fluxing agents or purification agents.

In the production of copper alloys, an alloy of copper, silver, and gold is prepared.
The mixture can only be prepared in this way at a very high temperature; the gases produced at such high temperatures are used for annealing the metal.
The completion of these alloys can only be done at certain temperatures.

In photography as a developing solution:
The first photographs were developed using silver chloride, which was eventually replaced by ammonium thiocyanate and then ammonium thiosulphate for safety reasons.
The use of Blue Vitriol was first recommended in 1844 by Coleman Sellers and Thomas Sutton but has never been extensively used.

Blue Vitriol is often used to develop films, plates, and papers.
In this process, Blue Vitriol is mixed with the other ingredients necessary for the reaction and then poured over the object to be developed.
After a while, Blue Vitriol begins to form crystals on top of the object so that Blue Vitriol can be removed manually.

In pottery as a glaze:
Blue Vitriol has been used as a glossing agent in the production of pottery and ceramics since Blue Vitriol was industrialized in the 19th century.
Blue Vitriol has also been used during the 19th and 20th centuries to produce metallized dishes in China and Japan.

This powder is often used to provide high gloss, transparency, and colour variations within these ceramics.
Blue Vitriol is easy to handle and is non-corrosive.

As a paint and pigment:
In the 19th century, Blue Vitriol was used as a permanent white pigment in paints, but Blue Vitriol also produced Blue Vitriol own characteristic blue-green colour.
Blue Vitriol was also used as a pigment in paints in the late 1990s.

Blue Vitriol is highly volatile, which means that Blue Vitriol can be stored safely.
However, this powder is usually not easy to handle and has high reactivity when noxious gases are present; therefore, Blue Vitriol is usually not used with other pigments.

Blue Vitriol is a very versatile compound with numerous commercial applications.
Some of these uses are very similar to those of copper sulphate anhydrous, but there is a difference between the two compounds in terms of their chemical reactions and the effects they produce.
Depending on their application, conditions may differ; this means that in some cases, Blue Vitriol may be better suited to certain applications than other compounds.

Usage areas of Blue Vitriol:
Blue Vitriol is used in an additive for book binding pastes and glues to protect paper from insect bites in printing.
As a water-resistant and disinfectant concrete admixture in the building.

Blue Vitriol is used as a coloring component in works of art, particularly glasses and pottery.
Copper sulphate is used as a blue colored substance in the manufacture of fireworks.

In decoration, copper sulphate adds color to cement, metals and ceramics.
Blue Vitriol corrects copper deficiencies in soil and animals and promotes the growth of livestock.

In decoration, copper sulphate adds color to cement, metals and ceramics.
Some batteries, electrodes and wire contain copper sulphate.
Blue Vitriol is used in printing ink and hair dye and creates a green color in fireworks.

Usage In the Formulation of Plant Nutrition and Protection Products:
Blue Vitriol is used in the formulation of powder and liquid plant nutrition products.
Blue Vitriol is also used as an active ingredient in SC formulation of fungicide plant protection.

Active substances used in SC formulation do not dissolve in water and disperse as suspended solids.
But Blue Vitriol is a water-soluble raw material.
Therefore, Blue Vitriol has a different process from other SC formulations.

Agriculture:
Blue Vitriol is used as a trace element source to meet the copper requirement of plants.
Blue Vitriol is used as an active ingredient in formulations against some fungicidal diseases in plants.

In addition, burgundy slurry is prepared by mixing with calcium oxide.
Blue Vitriol is necessary for the formation of chlorophyll in plants and is found in the structure of many enzymes.
In agriculture, Blue Vitriol can be applied directly to the soil as fertilizer.

Feed Additive:
Copper takes part in the synthesis and activation of some enzymes in animals.
For balanced and healthy nutrition of animals, Blue Vitriol is used as a source of copper in mineral element mixture formulations

Industrial Applications of Blue Vitriol:
In the Mining Sector.
Blue Vitriol is used as an activator for siphalerite, pyrite, pyrrhotite and other sulfides in the flotation of some metal ores, in the re-activation of cyanide-pressed siphalerite, pyrite, pyrrhotite and other sulfides, and as a suppressant in the flotation of some silicate minerals.
Blue Vitriol is used for feed additive and foot cleaning in livestock.

Blue Vitriol is used in swimming pools as an algae inhibitor.
A dilute solution of copper sulphate is used for the treatment of parasitic infections in aquarium fish as well as for killing snails in aquariums.

Blue Vitriol is used in the wood industry to protect wood, as a mordant in fabric dyeing, and as an antifenygicide and antidote to phosphorus in pharmaceutics.
Copper sulphate is used as a color additive in cement, metals and ceramics.

Uses of Blue Vitriol:
Blue Vitriol is used as a fungicide and algaecide.
Blue Vitriol is also used as a mordant in textile dyeing.
Blue Vitriol is used to kill roots invading septic tanks.

As a fungicide and herbicide:
Copper sulphate has been used for control of algae in lakes and related fresh waters subject to eutrophication.
Blue Vitriol "remains the most effective algicidal treatment".

Bordeaux mixture, a suspension of copper(II) sulphate (CuSO4) and calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2), is used to control fungus on grapes, melons, and other berries.
Blue Vitriol is produced by mixing a water solution of copper sulphate and a suspension of slaked lime.

A dilute solution of copper sulphate is used to treat aquarium fishes for parasitic infections, and is also used to remove snails from aquariums and zebra mussels from water pipes.
Copper ions are highly toxic to fish.
Most species of algae can be controlled with very low concentrations of copper sulphate.

Analytical reagent:
Several chemical tests utilize copper sulphate.
Blue Vitriol is used in Fehling's solution and Benedict's solution to test for reducing sugars, which reduce the soluble blue copper(II) sulphate to insoluble red copper(I) oxide.
Copper(II) sulphate is also used in the Biuret reagent to test for proteins.

Copper sulphate is used to test blood for anemia.
The blood is dropped into a solution of copper sulphate of known specific gravity—blood with sufficient hemoglobin sinks rapidly due to Blue Vitriol density, whereas blood which sinks slowly or not at all has an insufficient amount of hemoglobin.
Clinically relevant, however, modern laboratories utilize automated blood analyzers for accurate quantitative hemoglobin determinations, as opposed to older qualitative means.

In a flame test, the copper ions of copper sulphate emit a deep green light, a much deeper green than the flame test for barium.

Organic synthesis:
Copper sulphate is employed at a limited level in organic synthesis.
The anhydrous salt is used as a dehydrating agent for forming and manipulating acetal groups.
The hydrated salt can be intimately mingled with potassium permanganate to give an oxidant for the conversion of primary alcohols.

Rayon production:
Reaction with ammonium hydroxide yields tetraamminecopper(II) sulphate or Schweizer's reagent which was used to dissolve cellulose in the industrial production of Rayon.

Niche uses:
Copper(II) sulphate has attracted many niche applications over the centuries. In industry copper sulphate has multiple applications.
In printing Blue Vitriol is an additive to book-binding pastes and glues to protect paper from insect bites; in building Blue Vitriol is used as an additive to concrete to improve water resistance and discourage anything from growing on it. Copper sulphate can be used as a coloring ingredient in artworks, especially glasses and potteries.
Copper sulphate is also used in firework manufacture as a blue coloring agent, but Blue Vitriol is not safe to mix copper sulphate with chlorates when mixing firework powders.

Lowering a copper etching plate into the copper sulphate solution:
Copper sulphate was once used to kill bromeliads, which serve as mosquito breeding sites.
Copper sulphate is used as a molluscicide to treat bilharzia in tropical countries.

Art:
In 2008, the artist Roger Hiorns filled an abandoned waterproofed council flat in London with 75,000 liters of copper(II) sulphate water solution.
The solution was left to crystallize for several weeks before the flat was drained, leaving crystal-covered walls, floors and ceilings.

The work is titled Seizure.
Since 2011, Blue Vitriol has been on exhibition at the Yorkshire Sculpture Park,

Etching:
Copper(II) sulphate is used to etch zinc, aluminium, or copper plates for intaglio printmaking.
Blue Vitriol is also used to etch designs into copper for jewelry, such as for Champlevé.

Dyeing:
Copper(II) sulphate can be used as a mordant in vegetable dyeing.
Blue Vitriol often highlights the green tints of the specific dyes.

Electronics:
An aqueous solution of copper(II) sulphate is often used as the resistive element in liquid resistors.
In electronic and microelectronic industry a bath of CuSO4·5H2O and sulfuric acid (H2SO4) is often used for electrodeposition of copper.

Other forms of copper sulphate:
Anhydrous copper(II) sulphate can be produced by dehydration of the commonly available pentahydrate copper sulphate.
In nature, Blue Vitriol is found as the very rare mineral known as chalcocyanite.

The pentahydrate also occurs in nature as chalcanthite.
Other rare copper sulphate minerals include bonattite (trihydrate), boothite (heptahydrate), and the monohydrate compound poitevinite.
There are numerous other, more complex, copper(II) sulphate minerals known, with environmentally important basic copper(II) sulphates like langite and posnjakite.

Industrial Processes with risk of exposure:
Farming (Pesticides)
Textiles (Printing, Dyeing, or Finishing)
Glass Manufacturing

Activities with risk of exposure:
Glassblowing
Textile arts
Applying metallic patinas

Chemical Class and Type:
Copper sulphate is an algaecide, bactericide, and fungicide.
When Blue Vitriol is mixed with calcium hydroxide Blue Vitriol is known as Bordeaux mixture.

The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) name for this active ingredient is copper (2+) sulphate or copper (II) sulphate.
Other names include copper (2+) tretraoxidosulphate or copper (II) tretraoxidosulphate.

Formulations include basic copper sulphate, copper sulphate monohydrate, Blue Vitriol, and copper sulphate anhydrous.
Their Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS) registry numbers are 1344-73-6, 1332-14-5, 7758-99-8, and 7758- 98-7, respectively.

Pesticides containing copper sulphate monohydrate and/or copper sulphate anhydrous have been canceled by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA).
Copper sulphate has been used in the United States since the 1700s, and Blue Vitriol was first registered for use in the United States in 1956.

The U.S. EPA completed the reregistration of copper sulphate in 2009.
Copper sulphate is an inorganic salt that is highly soluble in water.

The copper ion is the component of copper sulphate with toxicological implications.
Copper is an essential mineral, and the recommended dietary allowance of copper for human adults has been set at 900 µg/day.

Copper is also a ubiquitous element.
Blue Vitriol can be found in the environment and in foods and water.

Preparation and Occurrence of Blue Vitriol:
Copper sulphate is produced industrially by treating copper metal with hot concentrated sulfuric acid or copper oxides with dilute sulfuric acid.
For laboratory use, copper sulphate is usually purchased.
Copper sulphate can also be produced by slowly leaching low-grade copper ore in air; bacteria may be used to hasten the process.

Commercial copper sulphate is usually about 98% pure copper sulphate, and may contain traces of water.
Anhydrous copper sulphate is 39.81% copper and 60.19% sulphate by mass, and in Blue Vitriol blue, hydrous form, Blue Vitriol is 25.47% copper, 38.47% sulphate (12.82% sulfur) and 36.06% water by mass.

Four types of crystal size are provided based on Blue Vitriol usage:
Large crystals (10–40 mm), small crystals (2–10 mm), snow crystals (less than 2 mm), and windswept powder (less than 0.15 mm).

Manufacturing Methods of Blue Vitriol:
Action of dilute sulfuric acid on copper or copper oxide (often as oxide ores) in large quantities, with evaporation and crystallization.

Copper + sulphuric acid (salt formation); byproduct of copper electrolysis and etching process (product is generally only suitable for agricultural purposes)

Prepared most easily by the reaction of basic copper(II) compound with a sulfuric acid solution (100-200 g/l sulfuric acid); and copper metal, sulfuric acid and air the most common starting materials for the production of Blue Vitriol.

Copper(II) sulphate can be prepared by dissolution of oxides, carbonates, or hydroxides in sulfuric acid solutions.
Whereas copper metal does not displace hydrogen from acid solution, aeration or oxygenation of hot dilute aqueous sulfuric acid in the presence of copper metal is a commonly used commercial method for copper sulphate preparation.

Chemical Properties of Blue Vitriol:
Blue Vitriol decomposes before melting.
Blue Vitriol loses two water molecules upon heating at 63 °C (145 °F), followed by two more at 109 °C (228 °F) and the final water molecule at 200 °C (392 °F).

The chemistry of aqueous copper sulphate is simply that of copper aquo complex, since the sulphate is not bound to copper in such solutions.

Thus, such solutions react with concentrated hydrochloric acid to give tetrachlorocuprate(II):
Cu2+ + 4 Cl− → [CuCl4]2−

Similarly treatment of such solutions with zinc gives metallic copper, as described by this simplified equation:
CuSO4 + Zn → Cu + ZnSO4

A further illustration of such single metal replacement reactions occurs when a piece of iron is submerged in a solution of copper sulphate:
Fe + CuSO4 → FeSO4 + Cu

In high school and general chemistry education, copper sulphate is used as an electrolyte for galvanic cells, usually as a cathode solution.
For example, in a zinc/copper cell, copper ion in copper sulphate solution absorbs electron from zinc and forms metallic copper.

Cu2+ + 2e− → Cu (cathode), E°cell = 0.34 V

Copper sulphate is commonly included in teenager chemistry sets and undergraduate experiments.
Blue Vitriol is often used to grow crystals in schools and in copper plating experiments, despite Blue Vitriol toxicity.

Copper sulphate is often used to demonstrate an exothermic reaction, in which steel wool or magnesium ribbon is placed in an aqueous solution of CuSO4.
Blue Vitriol is used to demonstrate the principle of mineral hydration.

The pentahydrate form, which is blue, is heated, turning the copper sulphate into the anhydrous form which is white, while the water that was present in the pentahydrate form evaporates.
When water is then added to the anhydrous compound, Blue Vitriol turns back into the pentahydrate form, regaining Blue Vitriol blue color.
Copper(II) sulphate pentahydrate can easily be produced by crystallization from solution as copper(II) sulphate, which is hygroscopic.

Pharmacology and Biochemistry of Blue Vitriol:

MeSH Pharmacological Classification:

Antidotes:
Agents counteracting or neutralizing the action of POISONS.

Emetics:
Agents that cause vomiting.
They may act directly on the gastrointestinal tract, bringing about emesis through local irritant effects, or indirectly, through their effects on the chemoreceptor trigger zone in the postremal area near the medulla.

Handling and Storage of Blue Vitriol:

Nonfire Spill Response:

SMALL SPILLS AND LEAKAGE:
If you spill this chemical, you should dampen the solid spill material with water, then transfer the dampened material to a suitable container.
Use absorbent paper dampened with water to pick up any remaining material.

Seal your contaminated clothing and the absorbent paper in a vapor-tight plastic bag for eventual disposal.
Wash all contaminated surfaces with a soap and water solution.
Do not reenter the contaminated area until the Safety Officer (or other responsible person) has verified that the area has been properly cleaned.

STORAGE PRECAUTIONS:
You should store Blue Vitriol under ambient conditions and protect Blue Vitriol from moisture.

Reactivity Profile of Blue Vitriol:
Blue Vitriol can be dehydrated by heating.
Serves as a weak oxidizing agent.

Causes hydroxylamine to ignite.
Gains water readily.

The hydrated salt is vigorously reduced by hydroxylamine.
Both forms are incompatible with finely powdered metals.

Both are incompatible with magnesium, corrode steel and iron, may react with alkalis, phosphates, acetylene gas, hydrazine, or nitromethane, and may react with beta-naphthol, propylene glycol, sulphathiazole and triethanolamine if the pH exceeds 7.
Both act as acidic salts, corrode metals and irritate tissues.

First Aid Measures of Blue Vitriol:

EYES:
First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present.
Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center.

Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician.
IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop.

SKIN:
IMMEDIATELY flood affected skin with water while removing and isolating all contaminated clothing.
Gently wash all affected skin areas thoroughly with soap and water.
If symptoms such as redness or irritation develop, IMMEDIATELY call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital for treatment.

INHALATION:
IMMEDIATELY leave the contaminated area; take deep breaths of fresh air.
If symptoms (such as wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, or burning in the mouth, throat, or chest) develop, call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital.

Provide proper respiratory protection to rescuers entering an unknown atmosphere.
Whenever possible, Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) should be used; if not available, use a level of protection greater than or equal to that advised under Protective Clothing.

INGESTION:
Some heavy metals are VERY TOXIC POISONS, especially if their salts are very soluble in water (e.g., lead, chromium, mercury, bismuth, osmium, and arsenic).
IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center and locate activated charcoal, egg whites, or milk in case the medical advisor recommends administering one of them.

Also locate Ipecac syrup or a glass of salt water in case the medical advisor recommends inducing vomiting.
Usually, this is NOT RECOMMENDED outside of a physician's care.

If advice from a physician is not readily available and the victim is conscious and not convulsing, give the victim a glass of activated charcoal slurry in water or, if this is not available, a glass of milk, or beaten egg whites and IMMEDIATELY transport victim to a hospital.
If the victim is convulsing or unconscious, do not give anything by mouth, assure that the victim's airway is open and lay the victim on his/her side with the head lower than the body.

DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING.
IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital.

Fire Fighting of Blue Vitriol:
Fires involving Blue Vitriol can be controlled with a dry chemical, carbon dioxide or Halon extinguisher.
In case of fire in the surroundings, use appropriate extinguishing media.

Fire Fighting Procedures:

If material involved in fire:
Extinguish fire using agent suitable for type of surrounding fire (Material itself does not burn or burns with difficulty).

Accidental Release Measures of Blue Vitriol:

Isolation and Evacuation:

IMMEDIATE PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE:
Isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.

SPILL:
Increase the immediate precautionary measure distance, in the downwind direction, as necessary.

FIRE:
If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.
Also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

Spillage Disposal:

Personal protection:
Particulate filter respirator adapted to the airborne concentration of Blue Vitriol.
Do NOT let this chemical enter the environment.

Sweep spilled substance into covered containers.
If appropriate, moisten first to prevent dusting.

Cleanup Methods:

Environmental concerns - land spill:
Dig a pit, lagoon, or holding area to contain liquid or solid material.
If time permits, pits, ponds, lagoons, soak holes, or holding areas should be sealed with an impermeable flexible membrane liner.
Cover solids with a plastic sheet to prevent dissolving in rain or fire fighting water.

Environmental concerns - water spill:
Neutralize with agricultural lime (CaO), crushed limestone (CaCO3), or sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3).
Adjust pH to neutral (pH= 7).
Use mechanical dredges or lifts to remove immobilized masses of pollutants and precipitates.

Add slowly to a large container of water.
Stir in slight excess of soda ash.
Let stand for 24 hr.

Decant or siphon into another container & neutralize with 6 molar hydrochloric acid before washing down drain with large excess of water.
The sludge may be added to landfill.

Preventive Measures of Blue Vitriol:

Personnel protection:
Keep upwind.
Avoid breathing vapors or dusts.
Wash away any material which may have contacted the body with copious amounts of water or soap and water.

If material not involved in fire:
Keep material out of water sources & sewers.
Build dikes to contain flow as necessary.

The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses in industry is conflicting.
The benefit or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only upon Blue Vitriol, but also on factors including the form of Blue Vitriol, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses.
However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye.

In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn.
In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place.

Local exhaust ventilation should be applied wherever there is an incidence of point source emissions or dispersion of regulated contaminants in the work area.
Ventilation control of the contaminant as close to Blue Vitriol point of generation is both the most economical and safest method to minimize personnel exposure to airborne contaminants.

Identfiers of Blue Vitriol:
CAS Number:
7758-98-7 (anhydrous)
7758-99-8 (pentahydrate)
16448-28-5 (trihydrate)
19086-18-1 (heptahydrate)
ChEBI: CHEBI:23414
ChEMBL: ChEMBL604
ChemSpider: 22870
ECHA InfoCard: 100.028.952
EC Number: 231-847-6
Gmelin Reference: 8294
KEGG: C18713
PubChem CID: 24462
RTECS number:
GL8800000 (anhydrous)
GL8900000 (pentahydrate)
UNII: KUW2Q3U1VV (anhydrous)
LRX7AJ16DT (pentahydrate)
CompTox Dashboard (EPA): DTXSID6034479
InChI: InChI=1S/Cu.H2O4S/c;1-5(2,3)4/h;(H2,1,2,3,4)/q+2;/p-2
Key: ARUVKPQLZAKDPS-UHFFFAOYSA-L
InChI=1/Cu.H2O4S/c;1-5(2,3)4/h;(H2,1,2,3,4)/q+2;/p-2
Key: ARUVKPQLZAKDPS-NUQVWONBAI
SMILES: [O-]S(=O)(=O)[O-].[Cu+2]

Linear Formula: CuSO4 • 5H2O
MDL Number: MFCD00149681
EC No.: 231-847-6
Beilstein/Reaxys No.: N/A
Pubchem CID: 24463
IUPAC Name: copper; sulphate; pentahydrate
SMILES: O.O.O.O.O.[O-]S(=O)(=O)[O-].[Cu+2]
InchI Identifier: InChI=1S/Cu.H2O4S.5H2O/c;1-5(2,3)4;;;;;/h;(H2,1,2,3,4);5*1H2/q+2;;;;;;/p-2
InchI Key: JZCCFEFSEZPSOG-UHFFFAOYSA-L

CAS number: 7758-99-8
EC index number: 029-004-00-0
EC number: 231-847-6
Grade: ACS,ISO,Reag. Ph Eur
Hill Formula: CuO₄S * 5 H₂O
Chemical formula: CuSO₄ * 5 H₂O
Molar Mass: 249.68 g/mol
HS Code: 2833 25 00
Quality Level: MQ300

Linear Formula: CuSO4 · 5H2O
CAS Number: 7758-99-8
Molecular Weight: 249.69
EC Number: 231-847-6

Properties of Blue Vitriol:
Chemical formula: CuSO4 (anhydrous)
CuSO4·5H2O (pentahydrate)
Molar mass: 159.60 g/mol (anhydrous)
249.685 g/mol (pentahydrate)
Appearance: gray-white (anhydrous)
blue (pentahydrate)
Density: 3.60 g/cm3 (anhydrous)
2.286 g/cm3 (pentahydrate)
Melting point: 110 °C (230 °F; 383 K) decomposes
560 °C decomposes(pentahydrate)
Fully decomposes at 590 °C (anhydrous)

Boiling point: decomposes to cupric oxide at 650 °C
Solubility in water:
pentahydrate:
316 g/L (0 °C)
2033 g/L (100 °C)
anhydrous:
168 g/L (10 °C)
201 g/L (20 °C)
404 g/L (60 °C)
770 g/L (100 °C)

Magnetic susceptibility (χ): 1330·10−6 cm3/mol
Refractive index (nD): 1.724–1.739 (anhydrous)
1.514–1.544 (pentahydrate)
Density: 2.284 g/cm3
Melting Point: 110 °C Not applicable
pH value: 3.5 - 4.5 (50 g/l, H₂O, 20 °C)
Solubility: 317 g/l

Compound Formula: CuH10O9S
Molecular Weight: 249.685
Appearance: Blue crystals, lumps, or powder
Melting Point: 110 °C
Boiling Point: N/A
Density: 2.286 g/cm3
Solubility in H2O: N/A
Exact Mass: 248.93415
Monoisotopic Mass: 248.93415

Molecular Weight: 249.69 g/mol
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 5
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 9
Rotatable Bond Count: 0
Exact Mass: 248.934150 g/mol
Monoisotopic Mass: 248.934150 g/mol
Topological Polar Surface Area: 93.6Ų
Heavy Atom Count: 11
Complexity: 62.2
Isotope Atom Count: 0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 7
Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes

Specifications of Blue Vitriol:
Assay (iodometric): 99.0 - 100.5 %
Insoluble matter: ≤ 0.005 %
Chloride (Cl): ≤ 0.0005 %
Total nitrogen (N): ≤ 0.001 %
Ca (Calcium): ≤ 0.005 %
Fe (Iron): ≤ 0.003 %
K (Potassium): ≤ 0.001 %
Na (Sodium): ≤ 0.005 %
Ni (Nickel): ≤ 0.005 %
Pb (Lead): ≤ 0.005 %
Zn (Zinc): ≤ 0.03 %

Structure of Blue Vitriol:
Crystal structure: Orthorhombic (anhydrous, chalcocyanite), space group Pnma, oP24, a = 0.839 nm, b = 0.669 nm, c = 0.483 nm.
Triclinic (pentahydrate), space group P1, aP22, a = 0.5986 nm, b = 0.6141 nm, c = 1.0736 nm, α = 77.333°, β = 82.267°, γ = 72.567°

Thermochemistry of Blue Vitriol:
Std molarentropy (S⦵298): 5 J/(K·mol)
Std enthalpy offormation (ΔfH⦵298): −769.98 kJ/mol

Related compounds of Blue Vitriol:

Other cations:
Iron(II) sulfate
Manganese(II) sulfate
Nickel(II) sulfate
Zinc sulfate

Names of Blue Vitriol:

Regulatory process names:
Copper sulfate pentahydrate
Copper sulphate pentahydrate
copper sulphate pentahydrate
Sulfuric acid copper(2+) salt (1:1), hydrate (1:5)

Translated names:
Bakar sulfat pentahidrat (hr)
bakrov sulfat pentahidrat (hr)
Bakrov sulfat pentahidrat (sl)
bakrov sulfat pentahidrat (sl)
Copper sulphate pentahydrate (no)
Kobbersulfatpentahydrat (da)
kobbersulfatpentahydrat (da)
Kopersulfaat-pentahydraat (nl)
kopersulfaat-pentahydraat (nl)
Kopparsulfat pentahydrat (sv)
kopparsulfatpentahydrat (sv)
Kuparisulfaattipentahydraatti (fi)
kuparisulfaattipentahydraatti (fi)
Kupfersulfat-Pentahydrat (de)
Pentahydrat siarczanu miedzi (pl)
pentahydrat siarczanu miedzi (pl)
Pentahydrát síranu meďnatého (sk)
pentahydrát síranu meďnatého (sk)
Réz-szulfát-pentahidrát (hu)
réz-szulfát-pentahidrát (hu)
Solfato di rame pentaidrato (it)
solfato di rame pentaidrato (it)
sulfat de cupru pentahidrat (ro)
Sulfat de cupru pentahidratat (ro)
Sulfat tar-ram pentaidrat (mt)
sulfat tar-ram pentaidrat (mt)
Sulfate de cuivre pentahydraté (fr)
sulfate de cuivre pentahydraté (fr)
Sulfato de cobre penta-hidratado (pt)
Sulfato de cobre pentahidratado (es)
sulfato de cobre, penta-hidratado (pt)
Síran měďnatý, pentahydrát (cs)
síran měďnatý, pentahydrát (cs)
Vara sulfāta pentahidrāts (lv)
vara sulfāta pentahidrāts (lv)
Vario sulfato pentahidratas (lt)
vario sulfato pentahidratas (lt)
Vasksulfaat-pentahüdraat (et)
Vasksulfaatpentahüdraat (et)
Θειικός χαλκός, πενταένυδρος (el)
πενταένυδρος θειικός χαλκός (el)
Меден сулфат пентахидрат (bg)
меден сулфат пентахидрат (bg)

IUPAC names:
copper (2+) sulphate
Copper (II) sufate pentahydrate
Copper (II) Sulfate Pentahydrate
Copper (II) sulfate pentahydrate
COPPER SULFATE PENTAHYDRATE
Copper sulfate pentahydrate
copper sulfate pentahydrate
Copper Sulfate, Pentahydrate, Granular, FCC
Copper sulphate
COPPER SULPHATE PENTAHYDRATE
Copper sulphate pentahydrate
copper sulphate pentahydrate
Copper sulphate, pentahydrate
Copper(2+) sulfate
Copper(II) sulfate
Copper(II) sulfate pentahydrate
copper(II) sulfate pentahydrate
Copper(II) sulfate, pentahydrate (1:1:5)
copper;sulfate;pentahydrate
Cu(2)-sulfate 5H2O
CUPRIC SULFATE
Cupric sulfate pentahydrate
Ferrous(II)sulfate pentahydrate
Kupfer(II)-sulfat pentahydrat
Sulfuric acid copper(2+) salt (1:1), hydrate (1:5)
SULFURIC ACID COPPER(2+) SALT (1:1), PENTAHYDRATE
Sulfuric acid copper(2+) salt (1:1), pentahydrate
Copper(II) sulfate

Other names:
Copper sulfate pentahydrate
copper sulphate 5H2O
copper sulphate pentahydrate
Sulfuric acid, copper(2+) salt (1:1), pentahydrate
Cupric sulphate
Blue vitriol (pentahydrate)
Bluestone (pentahydrate)
Bonattite (trihydrate mineral)
Boothite (heptahydrate mineral)
Chalcanthite (pentahydrate mineral)
Chalcocyanite (mineral)
Copper Sulphate pentahydrate

Other identifiers:
029-023-00-4
17829-58-2
7758-99-8

Synonyms of Copper sulphate pentahydrate:
Copper(II) sulfate pentahydrate
7758-99-8
Copper sulfate pentahydrate
Cupric sulfate pentahydrate
Blue vitriol
Calcanthite
Copper(2+) sulfate pentahydrate
Copper (II) Sulfate pentahydrate
Bluestone
Triangle
Vencedor
Copper(II) sulfate, pentahydrate
Blue Copperas
Blue Vicking
Salzburg vitriol
Blue copper AS
copper;sulfate;pentahydrate
Caswell No. 256
Kupfervitriol
Kupfervitriol [German]
Cupric Sulfate [USP]
Copper(2+) sulfate (1:1) pentahydrate
CuSO4.5H2O
copper sulphate pentahydrate
Copper sulfate, pentahydrate
CuSO4(H2O)5
CCRIS 5556
HSDB 2968
Kupfersulfat-pentahydrat
Kupfersulfat-pentahydrat [German]
Copper sulfate (CuSO4) pentahydrate
copper sulphate(5.H2O)
UNII-LRX7AJ16DT
MFCD00149681
LRX7AJ16DT
EPA Pesticide Chemical Code 024401
Sentry AQ mardel coppersafe
Cupric sulfate (pentahydrate)
copper(II) sulphate pentahydrate
Sulfuric acid, copper(2+) salt, pentahydrate
copper (2+) sulfate pentahydrate
copper(2+) sulfate--water (1/5)
Sulfuric acid copper(2+) salt (1:1), pentahydrate
Sulfuric acid, copper(2+) salt (1:1), pentahydrate
Cupric sulfate (USP)
COPPERFINE-ZINC
Cupric sulfate (TN)
NATURAL CHALCANTHITE
Cupric sulphate pentahydrate
copper sulfate-penta hydrate
Copper(II)sulfatepentahydrate
copper(II)sulfate pentahydrate
COPPER SULFATE [VANDF]
copper(II)sulphate pentahydrate
copper(II)sulphate-pentahydrate
CUPRIC SULFATE [VANDF]
copper(11) sulfate pentahydrate
DTXSID9031066
Cu.H2-O4-S.5H2-O
CUPRUM SULPHURICUM [HPUS]
copper (II) sulphate pentahydrate
copper(2+) sulfate, pentahydrate
JZCCFEFSEZPSOG-UHFFFAOYSA-L
Copper (II) sulfate, pentahydrate
CUPRIC SULFATE [ORANGE BOOK]
AKOS025243248
LS-1724
CUPRIC SULFATE PENTAHYDRATE [MI]
COPPER(2+) SULPHATE PENTAHYDRATE
COPPER (AS CUPRIC SULFATE) [VANDF]
COPPER SULFATE PENTAHYDRATE [WHO-DD]
FT-0624051
Copper(II) sulfate pentahydrate, ACS reagent
D03613
COPPER(2+) SULPHATE (1:1) PENTAHYDRATE
COPPER SULFATE PENTAHYDRATE [EP MONOGRAPH]
Q6135414
Sulfuric acid copper(2) salt (1:1), pentahydrate
SULFURIC ACID, COPPER (2+) SALT, PENTAHYDRATE
Copper(II) sulfate pentahydrate (99.999%-Cu) PURATREM
Copper(II) sulfate pentahydrate, Trace metals grade, 99.995%
SULFURIC ACID, COPPER (2+) SALT (1:1), PENTAHYDRATE
Copper(II) sulfate pentahydrate [Wiki]
231-847-6 [EINECS]
7758-99-8 [RN]
Copper sulfate pentahydrate
copper sulphate pentahydrate
copper(2+) sulfate (1:1) pentahydrate
Copper(2+) sulfate hydrate (1:1:5) [ACD/IUPAC Name]
copper(II) sulfate, pentahydrate
copper(ii) sulphate pentahydrate
Kupfer(2+)sulfathydrat (1:1:5) [German] [ACD/IUPAC Name]
Sulfate de cuivre(2+), hydrate (1:1:5) [French] [ACD/IUPAC Name]
Sulfuric acid, copper(2+) salt (1:1), pentahydrate
bakır sülfat pentahidrat [Turkish]
Blue copper AS
Blue Copperas
Blue Vicking
Blue Vitriol
Calcanthite
Copper (II) sulfate pentahydrate
Copper sulfate, pentahydrate
copper sulphate(5.H2O)
COPPER(2+) ION PENTAHYDRATE SULFATE
copper(2+) sulfate pentahydrate
COPPER(2+) SULFATE, PENTAHYDRATE
coppersulfatepentahydrate
Cupric sulfate [USP]
cupric sulfate pentahydrate
CUPRIC SULFATE, PENTAHYDRATE
CuSO4.5H2O
Kupfersulfat-pentahydrat [German]
Kupfervitriol [German]
MFCD00149681 [MDL number]
Roman vitriol
Salzburg vitriol
Sulfuric acid, copper(2+) salt, pentahydrate
Sulfuric acid, copper(II) salt (1:1) pentahydrate
Vencedor

Blueberry Extract is a natural botanical ingredient derived from the fruit of the Vaccinium corymbosum plant, known for its rich antioxidant content, including vitamins C and E, and anthocyanins.
Blueberry Extract is recognized for its ability to protect the skin from oxidative stress, promote an even skin tone, and provide anti-aging benefits, making it a valuable addition to skincare and personal care formulations.
This versatile extract offers both therapeutic and cosmetic benefits, helping to maintain healthy, youthful, and radiant skin.

CAS Number: 84082-34-8
EC Number: 281-678-7

Synonyms: Blueberry Extract, Vaccinium Corymbosum Extract, Blueberry Fruit Extract, Highbush Blueberry Extract, Blueberry Skin Extract, Blueberry Juice Extract, Blueberry Antioxidant Extract, Blueberry Active, Vaccinium Fruit Extract, Blueberry Phytoextract, Blueberry Phytocomplex, Blueberry Bioactive Extract, Blueberry Herbal Extract, Blueberry Polyphenol Extract, Vaccinium Corymbosum Phytocomplex



APPLICATIONS


Blueberry Extract is extensively used in the formulation of anti-aging creams, providing potent antioxidants that help reduce the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles.
Blueberry Extract is favored in the creation of brightening serums, where it helps to even skin tone and improve radiance.
Blueberry Extract is utilized in the development of moisturizers, offering antioxidant protection and hydration for dry and mature skin.

Blueberry Extract is widely used in the production of sunscreens, providing additional protection against UV-induced oxidative stress and free radicals.
Blueberry Extract is employed in the formulation of eye creams, providing targeted care that reduces puffiness and dark circles.
Blueberry Extract is essential in the creation of facial oils, offering nourishing and protective benefits that enhance skin health and vitality.

Blueberry Extract is utilized in the production of after-sun products, providing soothing and protective benefits to sun-exposed skin.
Blueberry Extract is a key ingredient in the formulation of protective serums, offering antioxidant protection that helps to neutralize free radicals and prevent premature aging.
Blueberry Extract is used in the creation of facial mists, providing a refreshing and antioxidant boost to the skin throughout the day.

Blueberry Extract is applied in the formulation of face masks, providing intensive care that revitalizes and refreshes the skin.
Blueberry Extract is employed in the production of body lotions, providing all-over antioxidant protection and promoting skin firmness.
Blueberry Extract is used in the development of calming creams, providing deep relief and antioxidant care for reactive skin.

Blueberry Extract is widely utilized in the formulation of scalp treatments, providing antioxidant support that promotes a healthy scalp and stronger hair.
Blueberry Extract is a key component in the creation of prebiotic skincare products, supporting the skin’s microbiome while providing antioxidant and protective benefits.
Blueberry Extract is used in the production of lip care products, providing hydration and antioxidant protection for soft, smooth lips.

Blueberry Extract is employed in the formulation of hand creams, offering antioxidant care that helps to maintain skin softness and reduce signs of aging.
Blueberry Extract is applied in the creation of daily wear creams, offering balanced hydration, protection, and anti-aging benefits for everyday use.
Blueberry Extract is utilized in the development of skin repair treatments, providing intensive care that helps to restore and protect damaged or aging skin.

Blueberry Extract is found in the formulation of facial oils, offering nourishing care that supports skin health and improves skin resilience.
Blueberry Extract is used in the production of soothing gels, providing instant relief from irritation while delivering antioxidant protection.
Blueberry Extract is a key ingredient in the creation of multipurpose balms, providing versatile care for sensitive areas such as lips, hands, and face.

Blueberry Extract is widely used in the formulation of anti-inflammatory skincare products, offering soothing and protective benefits for sensitive skin.
Blueberry Extract is employed in the development of nourishing body butters, offering rich hydration and antioxidant protection for dry, rough skin.
Blueberry Extract is applied in the production of anti-aging serums, offering deep hydration and antioxidant care that helps to maintain youthful-looking skin.

Blueberry Extract is utilized in the creation of facial oils, offering nourishing care that supports skin health and reduces oxidative stress.
Blueberry Extract is found in the formulation of sensitive skin repair treatments, providing targeted care for areas prone to irritation and discomfort.
Blueberry Extract is used in the production of sun care products, providing antioxidant protection and hydration that preserves skin health.



DESCRIPTION


Blueberry Extract is a natural botanical ingredient derived from the fruit of the Vaccinium corymbosum plant, known for its rich antioxidant content, including vitamins C and E, and anthocyanins.
Blueberry Extract is recognized for its ability to protect the skin from oxidative stress, promote an even skin tone, and provide anti-aging benefits, making it a valuable addition to skincare and personal care formulations.

Blueberry Extract offers additional benefits such as improving skin texture and promoting a healthy, radiant complexion, ensuring long-lasting protection against environmental damage.
Blueberry Extract is often incorporated into formulations designed to provide comprehensive care for mature and environmentally stressed skin, offering both immediate and long-term benefits.
Blueberry Extract is recognized for its ability to enhance the overall health and appearance of the skin, leaving it smooth, firm, and glowing.

Blueberry Extract is commonly used in both traditional and innovative skincare formulations, providing a reliable solution for maintaining youthful, protected skin.
Blueberry Extract is valued for its ability to support the skin's natural defenses, making it a key ingredient in products that aim to protect and revitalize the skin.
Blueberry Extract is a versatile ingredient that can be used in a variety of products, including creams, lotions, serums, and oils.

Blueberry Extract is an ideal choice for products targeting aging, dull, and environmentally stressed skin, as it provides gentle yet effective antioxidant protection and skin rejuvenation.
Blueberry Extract is known for its compatibility with other skincare actives, allowing it to be easily integrated into multi-functional formulations.
Blueberry Extract is often chosen for formulations that require a balance between nourishment, protection, and antioxidant care, ensuring comprehensive skin benefits.

Blueberry Extract enhances the overall effectiveness of personal care products by providing rich antioxidants, protective care, and skin rejuvenation in one ingredient.
Blueberry Extract is a reliable ingredient for creating products that offer a pleasant user experience, with noticeable improvements in skin texture, tone, and radiance.
Blueberry Extract is an essential component in innovative skincare products that stand out in the market for their performance, safety, and ability to protect and rejuvenate the skin.



PROPERTIES


Chemical Formula: N/A (Natural extract)
Common Name: Blueberry Extract (Vaccinium Corymbosum Extract)
Molecular Structure:
Appearance: Dark blue to purple liquid or powder
Density: Approx. 1.00-1.05 g/cm³ (for liquid extract)
Melting Point: N/A (liquid or powder form)
Solubility: Soluble in water and alcohols; insoluble in oils
Flash Point: >100°C (for liquid extract)
Reactivity: Stable under normal conditions; no known reactivity issues
Chemical Stability: Stable under recommended storage conditions
Storage Temperature: Store between 15-25°C in a cool, dry place
Vapor Pressure: Low (for liquid extract)



FIRST AID


Inhalation:
If Blueberry Extract is inhaled, move the affected person to fresh air immediately.
If breathing difficulties persist, seek immediate medical attention.
If the person is not breathing, administer artificial respiration.
Keep the affected person warm and at rest.

Skin Contact:
Wash the affected area with soap and water.
If skin irritation persists, seek medical attention.

Eye Contact:
In case of eye contact, flush the eyes with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes, lifting upper and lower eyelids.
Seek immediate medical attention if irritation or redness persists.
Remove contact lenses if present and easy to do; continue rinsing.

Ingestion:
If Blueberry Extract is ingested, do not induce vomiting unless directed to do so by medical personnel.
Rinse the mouth thoroughly with water.
Seek immediate medical attention.
If the person is conscious, give small sips of water to drink.

Note to Physicians:
Treat symptomatically.
No specific antidote.
Provide supportive care.



HANDLING AND STORAGE


Handling:

Personal Protection:
Wear appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) such as gloves and safety goggles if handling large quantities.
Use in a well-ventilated area to avoid inhalation of vapors.

Ventilation:
Ensure adequate ventilation when handling large amounts of Blueberry Extract to control airborne concentrations below occupational exposure limits.

Avoidance:
Avoid direct contact with eyes and prolonged skin contact.
Do not eat, drink, or smoke while handling Blueberry Extract.
Wash hands thoroughly after handling.

Spill and Leak Procedures:
Contain spills to prevent further release and minimize exposure.
Absorb with inert material (e.g., sand, vermiculite) and collect for disposal.
Dispose of in accordance with local regulations.

Storage:
Store Blueberry Extract in a cool, dry, well-ventilated area away from incompatible materials (see SDS for specific details).
Keep containers tightly closed when not in use to prevent contamination.
Store away from heat sources, direct sunlight, and ignition sources.

Handling Cautions:
Avoid inhalation of vapors and direct contact with skin and eyes.
Use explosion-proof equipment in areas where vapors may be present.


Storage:

Temperature:
Store Blueberry Extract at temperatures between 15-25°C as recommended by the manufacturer.
Avoid exposure to extreme temperatures.

Containers:
Use approved containers made of compatible materials.
Check for leaks or damage in storage containers regularly.

Separation:
Store Blueberry Extract away from incompatible materials, including strong oxidizers.

Handling Equipment:
Use dedicated equipment for handling Blueberry Extract to avoid cross-contamination.
Ensure all handling equipment is in good condition.

Security Measures:
Restrict access to storage areas.
Follow all applicable local regulations regarding the storage of cosmetic ingredients.

Emergency Response:
Have emergency response equipment and materials readily available, including spill cleanup materials, fire extinguishers, and emergency eyewash stations.

Borates, Tetrasodium Salts, Decahydrate;Sodium Tetraborate Decahydrate, Sodium Pyroborate Decahydrate; Sodium Tetraborate Decahydrate; Disodium Tetraborate Decahydrate; Sodium Borate Decahydrate; Fused Borax; Dinatriumtetraborat; Tetraborato de disodio; Tétraborate de disodium CAS NO:1303-96-4

SYNONYMS borageoilfromboragoofficianalis*seeds;Boragoofficinalis,extract;CPO BORAGE OIL;BORAGE EXTRACT;BORAGE OIL;BORAGE SEED;Borago officinalis, ext.;BORAGO OFFICINALIS SEED EXTRACT CAS NO:84012-16-8

borax; Borax; Borates, Tetrasodium Salts, Decahydrate; Sodium Tetraborate Decahydrate, Sodium Pyroborate Decahydrate; Sodium Tetraborate Decahydrate; Disodium Tetraborate Decahydrate; Sodium Borate Decahydrate; Fused Borax; Dinatriumtetraborat; Tetraborato de disodio ; Tétraborate de disodium cas no: 1330-43-4

Borax is a powdery white substance, also known as sodium borate, sodium tetraborate, or disodium tetraborate.
Borax’s widely used as a household cleaner and a booster for laundry detergent.
Borax’s a combination of boron, sodium, and oxygen.

CAS Number: 1303-96-4
EC Number: 603-411-9
Molecular Weight: 201.22
Molar Mass: 201.22 g/mol

Borax (also referred to as sodium borate, tincal /ˈtɪŋkəl/ and tincar /ˈtɪŋkər/) is a salt (ionic compound), a hydrated or anhydrous borate of sodium, with the chemical formula Na2H20B4O17.
Borax is a colorless crystalline solid, that dissolves in water to make a basic solution.

Borax is commonly available in powder or granular form and has many industrial and household uses, including as a pesticide, as a metal soldering flux, as a component of glass, enamel, and pottery glazes, for tanning of skins and hides, for artificial aging of wood, as a preservative against wood fungus, and as a pharmaceutic alkalizer.
In chemical laboratories, Borax is used as a buffering agent.

The terms tincal and tincar refer to native Borax, historically mined from dry lake beds in various parts of Asia.

Borax is registered under the REACH Regulation and is manufactured in and / or imported to the European Economic Area, at ≥ 100 000 tonnes per annum.
Borax is used by consumers, in articles, by professional workers (widespread uses), in formulation or re-packing, at industrial sites and in manufacturing.

Borax is a powdery white substance, also known as sodium borate, sodium tetraborate, or disodium tetraborate.
Borax’s widely used as a household cleaner and a booster for laundry detergent.
Borax’s a combination of boron, sodium, and oxygen.

Borax is often found in dry lake beds in places like California’s Death Valley, where the water evaporated and left behind deposits of minerals.

Boric acid is made from the same chemical compound as Borax and even looks like Borax.
But while Borax is commonly used in cleaning, boric acid is mainly used as a pesticide.
Boric acid kills insects by targeting their stomachs and nervous systems.

Both Borax and boric acid in loose powder form can be harmful if swallowed, particularly for children.
They can also irritate your skin.

Applications of Borax:
Borax (Na2B4O7) can be used as a co-catalyst for the oxidation of alcohols to corresponding carbonyl compounds in greener non-chlorinated solvents in the presence of TEMPO/NaOCl.
Borax is also used as a structure-directing agent as well as a catalyst in the preparation of carbon aerogels using glucose as the carbon precursor.

Borax, 10-hydrate, Na2B4O7*10H2O (sodium tetraborate decahydrate, decahydrate, borax) is a source of boric oxide and widely used in various sectors of national economy.

Borax is used for production of specialized glass, fiber glass and glass fiber cloth.
Borax contributes to blend malting, diminishes melt viscosity, prevents from devitrification, which leads to increased end product durability, mechanic, chemical and thermal exposure resistance.
Borax application contributes to fiber glass hardening, chemical stability, improved thermal and sound-proof properties.

When producing enamels and glazes, Borax is used as a source of boric oxide.
In glazes and enamels, Borax is an inorganic binder.

Metallurgy - Borax is used as a source of boric oxide – antioxidant.

Gold mining - During processing gold ore, anhydrous Borax is primarily used.
Effect of anhydrous Borax: increased gold yield, improved quality of ingots.

Borax is actively used when producing cooling liquid, lubricants and brake fluids, as Borax forms a complex compound on metal surfaces acting as a protection barrier from corrosion.

Borax is used in construction as a metal construction corrosion inhibitor.
When producing green fiber, adhesives, chipboards, as antipyren antiseptic.

Borax is a stock component in production of sodium perborate, a basic oxygen containing beaching agent in powdered synthetic detergents, polishes, ointments.

Uses of Borax:
Borax is used as tablets or powder to kill larvae in livestock confinements and crawling insects in residences.
Borax is used as a fluxing agent, a buffering agent, a biocide (preservative, antiseptic, insecticide, fungicide, herbicide, algicide, nematicide), a fireproofing agent, a corrosion inhibitor, a tanning agent, and a textile bleaching agent.

Borax is used to manufacture glazes, enamels, borosilicate glass, fertilizers, detergents, antifreeze, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics.
Borax is used in manufacture of glass, enamels, & other ceramic products.

Borax is used in pest control solutions because Borax is toxic to ants.
Because Borax is slow-acting, worker ants will carry the Borax to their nests and poison the rest of the colony.

Borate ions (commonly supplied as boric acid) are used in biochemical and chemical laboratories to make buffers, e.g. for polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of DNA and RNA, such as TBE buffer (borate buffered tris-hydroxymethylaminomethonium) or the newer SB buffer or BBS buffer (borate buffered saline) in coating procedures.
Borate buffers (usually at pH 8) are also used as preferential equilibration solutions in dimethyl pimelimidate (DMP) based crosslinking reactions.

Borax as a source of borate has been used to take advantage of the co-complexing ability of borate with other agents in water to form complex ions with various substances.
Borate and a suitable polymer bed are used to chromatograph non-glycated hemoglobin differentially from glycated hemoglobin (chiefly HbA1c), which is an indicator of long-term hyperglycemia in diabetes mellitus.

Borax alone does not have a high affinity for hardness cations, although Borax has been used for water-softening.

Borax's chemical equation for water-softening is given below:
Ca+2(aq) + Na2B4O7(aq) → CaB4O7(s)↓ + 2 Na+(aq)
Mg+2(aq) + Na2B4O7(aq) → MgB4O7(s)↓ + 2 Na+(aq)

The sodium ions introduced do not make water "hard".
This method is suitable for removing both temporary and permanent types of hardness.

A mixture of Borax and ammonium chloride is used as a flux when welding iron and steel.
Borax lowers the melting point of the unwanted iron oxide (scale), allowing Borax to run off.

Borax is also used mixed with water as a flux when soldering jewelry metals such as gold or silver, where Borax allows the molten solder to wet the metal and flow evenly into the joint.
Borax is also a good flux for "pre-tinning" tungsten with zinc, making the tungsten soft-solderable.
Borax is often used as a flux for forge welding.

In artisanal gold mining, Borax is sometimes used as part of a process known as the Borax method (as a flux) meant to eliminate the need for toxic mercury in the gold extraction process, although Borax cannot directly replace mercury.
Borax was reportedly used by gold miners in parts of the Philippines in the 1900s.
There is evidence that, in addition to reducing the environmental impact, this method achieves better gold recovery for suitable ores and is less expensive.

This Borax method is used in northern Luzon in the Philippines, but miners have been reluctant to adopt Borax elsewhere for reasons that are not well understood.
The method has also been promoted in Bolivia and Tanzania.

A rubbery polymer sometimes called Slime, Flubber, 'gluep' or 'glurch' (or erroneously called Silly Putty, which is based on silicone polymers), can be made by cross-linking polyvinyl alcohol with Borax.
Making flubber from polyvinyl acetate-based glues, such as Elmer's Glue, and Borax is a common elementary science demonstration.

Borax, given the E number E285, is used as a food additive but this use is banned in some countries, such as Australia, China, Thailand and the United States.
As a consequence, certain foods, such as caviar, produced for sale in the United States contain higher levels of salt to assist preservation.

In addition to Borax's use as a preservative, Borax imparts a firm, rubbery texture to food.
In China, Borax (Chinese: 硼砂; pinyin: péng shā or Chinese: 月石; pinyin: yuè shí) has been found in foods including wheat and rice noodles named lamian (Chinese: 拉面; pinyin: lāmiàn), shahe fen (Chinese: 沙河粉; pinyin: shāhéfěn), char kway teow (Chinese: 粿條; pinyin: guǒ tiáo), and chee cheong fun (Chinese: 肠粉; pinyin: chángfěn).

In Indonesia, Borax is a common, but forbidden, additive to such foods as noodles, bakso (meatballs), and steamed rice.
When consumed with boric acid, numerous studies have demonstrated a negative association between Borax and various types of cancers.

Boric acid and Borax are low in toxicity for acute oral exposures, at approximately the same acute toxicity as salt.
The average dose for asymptomatic ingestion cases, which accounts for 88% of all ingestions, is around 0.9 grams.
However, the range of reported asymptomatic doses is wide, from 0.01 to 88.8 g.

Biocidal Uses:
Borax was previously approved for use as a biocide in the EEA and/or Switzerland, and this approval has now expired, for: wood preservation.

Widespread uses by professional workers:
Borax is used in the following products: lubricants and greases, inks and toners, fertilisers, photo-chemicals, washing & cleaning products, biocides (e.g. disinfectants, pest control products), coating products and laboratory chemicals.
Borax is used in the following areas: building & construction work, agriculture, forestry and fishing, printing and recorded media reproduction and formulation of mixtures and/or re-packaging.

Borax is used for the manufacture of: fabricated metal products, machinery and vehicles and chemicals.
Other release to the environment of Borax is likely to occur from: indoor use (e.g. machine wash liquids/detergents, automotive care products, paints and coating or adhesives, fragrances and air fresheners) and outdoor use.

Uses at industrial sites:
Borax is used in the following products: pH regulators and water treatment products, welding & soldering products, laboratory chemicals and water treatment chemicals.
Borax has an industrial use resulting in manufacture of another substance (use of intermediates).

Borax is used in the following areas: building & construction work and formulation of mixtures and/or re-packaging.
Borax is used for the manufacture of: chemicals, mineral products (e.g. plasters, cement), machinery and vehicles, metals and fabricated metal products.
Release to the environment of Borax can occur from industrial use: in the production of articles, as an intermediate step in further manufacturing of another substance (use of intermediates), in processing aids at industrial sites, as processing aid, formulation of mixtures and manufacturing of Borax.

Industry Uses:
Adsorbents and absorbents
Agricultural chemicals (non-pesticidal)
Filler
Finishing agents
Fuels and fuel additives
Intermediates
Lubricants and lubricant additives
Lubricating agent
Not Known or Reasonably Ascertainable
Oxidizing/reducing agents
Processing aids, not otherwise listed
Viscosity adjustors

Consumer Uses:
Borax is used in the following products: lubricants and greases, washing & cleaning products, anti-freeze products, heat transfer fluids and adhesives and sealants.
Borax has an industrial use resulting in manufacture of another substance (use of intermediates).
Other release to the environment of Borax is likely to occur from: indoor use (e.g. machine wash liquids/detergents, automotive care products, paints and coating or adhesives, fragrances and air fresheners), outdoor use, indoor use in long-life materials with low release rate (e.g. flooring, furniture, toys, construction materials, curtains, foot-wear, leather products, paper and cardboard products, electronic equipment), outdoor use in long-life materials with low release rate (e.g. metal, wooden and plastic construction and building materials), indoor use in close systems with minimal release (e.g. cooling liquids in refrigerators, oil-based electric heaters) and outdoor use in close systems with minimal release (e.g. hydraulic liquids in automotive suspension, lubricants in motor oil and break fluids).

Other Consumer Uses:
Adhesion/cohesion promoter
Adhesives and sealant chemicals
Adsorbents and absorbents
Agricultural chemicals (non-pesticidal)
Filler
Fixing agent (mordant)
Intermediates
Lubricants and lubricant additives
Oxidizing/reducing agents
Processing aids not otherwise specified

Other uses include:
Borax is used as ingredient in enamel glazes
Borax is used in component of glass, pottery, and ceramics

Borax is used as an additive in ceramic slips and glazes to improve fit on wet, greenware, and bisque
Borax is used in fire retardant

Borax is used in anti-fungal compound for cellulose insulation
Borax is used in othproofing 10% solution for wool

Pulverized for the prevention of stubborn pests (e.g. German cockroaches) in closets, pipe and cable inlets, wall panelling gaps, and inaccessible locations where ordinary pesticides are undesirable
Borax is used in precursor for sodium perborate monohydrate that is used in detergents, as well as for boric acid and other borates

Borax is used in tackifier ingredient in casein, starch and dextrin-based adhesives
Borax is used in precursor for boric acid, a tackifier ingredient in polyvinyl acetate, polyvinyl alcohol-based adhesives

Borax is used in make indelible ink for dip pens by dissolving shellac into heated Borax
Borax is used in curing agent for snake skins

Curing agent for salmon eggs, for use in sport fishing for salmon
Borax is swimming pool buffering agent to control pH

Neutron absorber, are used in nuclear reactors and spent fuel pools to control reactivity and to shut down a nuclear chain reaction
Borax is used as a micronutrient fertilizer to correct boron-deficient soils

Borax is preservative in taxidermy
Borax is used in color fires with a green tint

Borax is used in traditionally used to coat dry-cured meats such as hams to improve the appearance and discourage flies
Borax is used by blacksmiths in forge welding

Borax is used as a flux for melting metals and alloys in casting to draw out impurities and prevent oxidation
Borax is used as a woodworm treatment (diluted in water)

Borax is used in particle physics as an additive to nuclear emulsion, to extend the latent image lifetime of charged particle tracks.
The first observation of the pion, which was awarded the 1950 Nobel Prize, used this type of emulsion.

Industrial Processes with risk of exposure:
Acid and Alkali Cleaning of Metals
Using Disinfectants or Biocides
Farming (Pesticides)
Glass Manufacturing

Chemistry of Borax:
From the chemical perspective, Borax contains the [B4O5(OH)4]2− ion.
In this structure, there are two four-coordinate boron centers and two three-coordinate boron centers.

Borax is a proton conductor at temperatures above 21 °C.
Conductivity is maximum along the b-axis.

Borax is also easily converted to boric acid and other borates, which have many applications.

Borax's reaction with hydrochloric acid to form boric acid is:
Na2B4O7·10H2O + 2 HCl → 4 H3BO3 + 2 NaCl + 5 H2O
rem :Na2B4O5(OH)4·8H2O + 2 HCl → 4 B(OH)3 + 2 NaCl + 5H2O

Borax is sufficiently stable to find use as a primary standard for acid-base titrimetry.

Molten Borax dissolves many metal oxides to form glasses.
This property is important for Borax's uses in metallurgy and for the Borax bead test of qualitative chemical analysis.

Borax is soluble in a variety of solvents; however, Borax is notably insoluble in ethanol.

The term Borax properly refers to the so-called "decahydrate" Na2B4O7·10H2O, but that name is not consistent with Borax's structure.
Borax is actually octahydrate.

The anion is not tetraborate [B4O7]2− but tetrahydroxy tetraborate [B4O5(OH)4]2−, so the more correct formula should be Na2B4O5(OH)4·8H2O.
However, the term may be applied also to the related compounds.

Borax "pentahydrate" has the formula Na2B4O7·5H2O, which is actually a trihydrate Na2B4O5(OH)4·3H2O.
Borax is a colorless solid with a density is 1.880 kg/m3 that crystallizes from water solutions above 60.8 °C in the rhombohedral crystal system.

Borax occurs naturally as the mineral tinkhanite.
Borax can be obtained by heating the decahydrate above 61 °C.

Borax "dihydrate" has the formula Na2B4O7·2H2O, which is actually anhydrous, with the correct formula Na2B4O5(OH)4.
Borax can be obtained by heating the "decahydrate" or "pentahydrate" to above 116-120 °C.

Anhydrous Borax is Borax proper, with formula Na2B4O7.
Borax can be obtained by heating any hydrate to 300 °C.

Borax has one amorphous (glassy) form and three crystalline forms -- α, β, and γ, with melting points of 1015, 993 and 936 K respectively.
α-Na2B4O7 is the stable form.

Natural sources of Borax:
Borax occurs naturally in evaporite deposits produced by the repeated evaporation of seasonal lakes.
The most commercially important deposits are found in: Turkey; Boron, California; and Searles Lake, California.

Also, Borax has been found at many other locations in the Southwestern United States, the Atacama desert in Chile, newly discovered deposits in Bolivia, and in Tibet and Romania.
Borax can also be produced synthetically from other boron compounds.

Naturally occurring Borax (known by the trade name Rasorite–46 in the United States and many other countries) is refined by a process of recrystallization.

Manufacturing Methods of Borax:
Anhydrous Borax is produced from Borax's hydrated forms by fusion.
Calcining is usually an intermediate step in the procsess.

Processing of sodium borate ores by crushing, heating, mechanical separation, selective crystallization, and finally flotation of Borax decahydrate or pentahydrate from the resultant concentrated Borax liquor

Borax containing 5 or 10 molecules of water is produced mainly from sodium-containing borate ores.
The mined ore is crushed and ground before dissolution in a hot recycled aqueous solution containing some Borax.

Insoluble gangue (clay particles) present in the hot slurry is separated off to produce a clear concentrated Borax solution.
Evaporative cooling of this solution to selected temperatures results in crystallization of the desired products, which are then separated from the residual liquor and dried.

General Manufacturing Information of Borax:

Industry Processing Sectors:
Agriculture, Forestry, Fishing and Hunting
All Other Chemical Product and Preparation Manufacturing
Miscellaneous Manufacturing
Non-metallic Mineral Product Manufacturing (includes clay, glass, cement, concrete, lime, gypsum, and other non-metallic mineral product manufacturing)
Not Known or Reasonably Ascertainable
Pesticide, Fertilizer, and Other Agricultural Chemical Manufacturing
Petroleum Lubricating Oil and Grease Manufacturing
Primary Metal Manufacturing
Services
Utilities
Wholesale and Retail Trade
Wood Product Manufacturing

History of Borax:
Borax was first discovered in dry lake beds in Tibet.
Native tincal from Tibet, Persia, and other parts of Asia was traded via the Silk Road to the Arabian Peninsula in the 8th century AD.

Etymology of Borax:
The English word borax is Latinized: the Middle English form was boras, from Old French boras, bourras.
That may have been from Medieval Latin baurach (another English spelling), borac(-/um/em), borax, along with Spanish borrax (> borraj) and Italian borrace, in the 9th century.

The words tincal and tincar were adopted into English in the 17th century from Malay tingkal and from Urdu/Persian Arabic تنکار‎ tinkār/tankār; thus the two forms in English.
These all appear to be related to the Sanskrit टांकण tānkana.

Handling and storage of Borax:

Advice on safe handling:
Work under hood.
Do not inhale substance/mixture.

Hygiene measures:
Immediately change contaminated clothing.
Apply preventive skin protection.
Wash hands and face after working with substance.

Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:

Storage conditions:
Tightly closed.
Keep in a well-ventilated place.
Keep locked up or in an area accessible only to qualified or authorized persons.

Storage class:
Storage class (TRGS 510): 6.1D: Non-combustible, acute toxic Cat.3 / toxic hazardous materials or hazardous materials causing chronic effects

Stability and Reactivity of Borax:

Reactivity:
No data available

Chemical stability:
Borax is chemically stable under standard ambient conditions (room temperature).

Possibility of hazardous reactions:

Violent reactions possible with:
Strong oxidising agents
Acids
Metallic salts

First Aid Measures of Borax:

General advice:
Show Borax safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.

After inhalation:
Fresh air.
Call in physician.

In case of skin contact:
Take off immediately all contaminated clothing.
Rinse skin with water/ shower.
Consult a physician.

After eye contact:
Rinse out with plenty of water.
Call in ophthalmologist.
Remove contact lenses.

After swallowing:
Immediately make victim drink water (two glasses at most).
Consult a physician.

Firefighting Measures of Borax:

Suitable extinguishing media:
Use extinguishing measures that are appropriate to local circumstances and the surrounding environment.

Unsuitable extinguishing media:
For Borax/mixture no limitations of extinguishing agents are given.

Special hazards arising from Borax or mixture:
Borane/boron oxides
Sodium oxides

Not combustible.
Ambient fire may liberate hazardous vapours.

Advice for firefighters:
Stay in danger area only with self-contained breathing apparatus.
Prevent skin contact by keeping a safe distance or by wearing suitable protective clothing.

Further information:
Suppress (knock down) gases/vapors/mists with a water spray jet.
Prevent fire extinguishing water from contaminating surface water or the ground water system.

Accidental Release Measures of Borax:

Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures:

Advice for non-emergency personnel:
Avoid inhalation of dusts. Avoid substance contact.
Ensure adequate ventilation.
Evacuate the danger area, observe emergency procedures, consult an expert.

Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.

Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Cover drains.
Collect, bind, and pump off spills.

Observe possible material restrictions.
Take up carefully.

Dispose of properly.
Clean up affected area.
Avoid generation of dusts.

Cleanup Methods of Borax:
Sweep spilled substance into containers.
Carefully collect remainder, then remove to safe place. (Extra personal protection: P2 filter respirator for harmful particles).

Disposal Methods of Borax:
The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational exposure or environmental contamination.
Recycle any unused portion of Borax for Sodium tetraborate's approved use or return Borax to the manufacturer or supplier.

Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider:
Borax's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic, and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.

Identifiers of Borax:
CAS Number: 1303-96-4
ChEBI: CHEBI:86222
ChEMBL: ChEMBL3833375
ChemSpider: 17339255
EC Number: 603-411-9
E number: E285 (preservatives)
KEGG: D03243
PubChem CID: 16211214
RTECS number: VZ2275000
UNII: 91MBZ8H3QO
InChI: InChI=1S/B4O7.2Na.10H2O/c5-1-7-3-9-2(6)10-4(8-1)11-3;;;;;;;;;;;;/h;;;10*1H2/q-2;2*+1;;;;;;;;;;
Key: CDMADVZSLOHIFP-UHFFFAOYSA-N
InChI=1/B4O7.2Na.10H2O/c5-1-7-3-9-2(6)10-4(8-1)11-3;;;;;;;;;;;;/h;;;10*1H2/q-2;2*+1;;;;;;;;;;
Key: CDMADVZSLOHIFP-UHFFFAOYAP
SMILES: [Na+].[Na+].O0B(O)O[B-]1(O)OB(O)O[B-]0(O)O1.O.O.O.O.O.O.O.O

Synonym(s): Borax, fused
Linear Formula: Na2B4O7
CAS Number: 1330-43-4
Molecular Weight: 201.22
EC Number: 215-540-4
MDL number: MFCD00081185
PubChem Substance ID: 24853258

CAS number: 1330-43-4
EC index number: 005-011-00-4
EC number: 215-540-4
Hill Formula: B₄Na₂O₇
Chemical formula: Na₂B₄O₇
Molar Mass: 201.22 g/mol
HS Code: 2840 11 00
Quality Level: MQ100

EC / List no.: 215-540-4
CAS no.: 1330-43-4
Mol. formula: B4Na2O7

Properties of Borax:
Chemical formula: Na2B4O5(OH)4·10H2O
Molar mass: 381.36 g·mol−1
Appearance: White or colorless crystalline solid
Density: 1.73 g/cm3 (decahydrate, solid)
Melting point: 743 °C (1,369 °F; 1,016 K) (anhydrous)
75 °C (decahydrate, decomposes)
Boiling point: 1,575 °C (2,867 °F; 1,848 K) (anhydrous)
Solubility in water: 31.7 g/L
Magnetic susceptibility (χ): −85.0·10−6 cm3/mol (anhydrous): p.4.135 
Refractive index (nD): n1=1.447, n2=1.469, n3=1.472 (decahydrate): p.4.139 

Quality Level: 200
Assay: 99%
Form: solid
mp: 741 °C (lit.)
Density: 2.367 g/mL at 25 °C (lit.)
SMILES string: [Na+].[Na+].[O-]B1Ob2ob([O-])ob(O1)o2
InChI: 1S/B4O7.2Na/c5-1-7-3-9-2(6)10-4(8-1)11-3;;/q-2;2*+1
InChI key: UQGFMSUEHSUPRD-UHFFFAOYSA-N

Density: 2.367 g/cm3 (20 °C)
Melting Point: 741 °C
pH value: 9.2 (25 g/l, H₂O, 20 °C)
Vapor pressure: 7.3 hPa (1200 °C)
Bulk density: 700 kg/m3
Solubility: 25.6 g/l

Molecular Weight: 201.2 g/mol
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 0
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 7
Rotatable Bond Count: 0
Exact Mass: 201.9811616 g/mol
Monoisotopic Mass: 201.9811616 g/mol
Topological Polar Surface Area: 92.3Ų
Heavy Atom Count: 13
Complexity: 121
Isotope Atom Count: 0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 3
Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes

Specifications of Borax:
Assay (acidimetric): ≥ 98.0 %
Chloride (Cl): ≤ 0.001 %
Phosphate (PO₄): ≤ 0.002 %
Sulfate (SO₄): ≤ 0.005 %
Heavy metals (as Pb): ≤ 0.002 %
Ca (Calcium): ≤ 0.005 %
Fe (Iron): ≤ 0.001 %

Structure of Borax:
Crystal structure: Monoclinic, mS92, No. 15
Space group: C2/c
Point group: 2/m

Lattice constant:
a = 1.1885 nm, b = 1.0654 nm, c = 1.2206 nm
α = 90°, β = 106.623°°, γ = 90°

Lattice volume (V): 1.4810 nm3
Formula units (Z): 4

Related Products of Borax:
(2'S)-Nicotine 1-Oxide-d4
rac-Nicotine 1-Oxide-d4
1,7-Dimethyl-1H-imidazo[4,5-g]quinoxalin-2-amine
1,7-Dimethyl-1H-imidazo[4,5-g]quinoxalin-2-amine-d3
3,4-Dichlorophenyldipropionamide

Related compounds of Borax:
Boric acid
sodium perborate

Other anions:
Sodium aluminate

Other cations:
Lithium tetraborate

Names of Borax:

Regulatory process names:
borax decahydrate
borax pentahydrate
boric acid, disodium salt
disodium tetraborate decahydrate
disodium tetraborate pentahydrate
Disodium tetraborate, anhydrous
Disodium tetraborate, anhydrous
disodium tetraborate, anhydrous
disodium tetraborate, anhydrous; boric acid, disodium salt
Sodium borate
Sodium tetraborate
sodium tetraborate

Translated names:
acid boric, sare disodică(borat de sodiu) (ro)
acide borique anhydrique, sel de disodium (fr)
acido borico, sale disodico (it)
aċidu boriku, melħ disodju (mt)
bezvodý tetraboritan disodný (sk)
booraksdekahüdraat (et)
booraksidekahydraatti (fi)
booraksipentahydraatti (fi)
boorakspentahüdraat (et)
boorhape, dinaatriumsool (et)
boorihapon dinatriumsuola (fi)
boorzuur, dinatriumzout (nl)
borace decaidrato (it)
borace pentaidrato (it)
boraka dekahidrāts (lv)
boraka pentahidrāts (lv)
boraks dekahidrat (hr)
boraks dekahidrat (sl)
boraks pentahidrat (hr)
boraks pentahidrat (sl)
boraksdecahydrat (no)
borakso dekahidratas (lt)
borakso pentahidratas (lt)
borakspentahydrat (no)
borax decahidratat (ro)
borax decahydrat (da)
borax decahydrate (mt)
borax dekahydrát (cs)
borax décahydrate (fr)
borax pentahidratat (ro)
borax pentahydrat (da)
borax pentahydrate (fr)
borax pentahydrate (mt)
borax pentahydrát (cs)
boraxdecahydraat (nl)
Boraxdecahydrat (de)
boraxdekahydrat (sv)
boraxpentahydraat (nl)
Boraxpentahydrat (de)
boraxpentahydrat (sv)
borna kiselina, dinatrijeva sol (hr)
boro rūgšties dinatrio druska (lt)
borova kislina, dinatrijeva sol (sl)
borskābe, dinātrija sāls (lv)
borsyra, dinatriumsalt (sv)
borsyre, dinatriumsalt (no)
borsyredinatriumsalt (da)
Borsäure, Dinatriumsalz (de)
bórax deca-hidratado (pt)
bórax penta-hidratado (pt)
bórax, decahidrato (es)
bórax, dekahydrát (sk)
bórax, pentahidrato (es)
bórax, pentahydrát (sk)
bórax-dekahidrát (hu)
bórax-pentahidrát (hu)
bórsav, dinátrium-só (hu)
dekahydrat boraksu (pl)
dekahydrat tetraboranu disodu (pl)
dekahydrát tetraboritanu disodného (sk)
dinaatriumtetraboraat, veevaba (et)
dinaatriumtetraboraatdekahüdraat (et)
dinaatriumtetraboraatpentahüdraat (et)
dinatrijev tetraborat dekahidrat (hr)
dinatrijev tetraborat dekahidrat, (sl)
dinatrijev tetraborat pentahidrat (hr)
dinatrijev tetraborat pentahidrat, (sl)
dinatrijev tetraborat, bezvodni (hr)
dinatrijev tetraborat, brezvodni (sl)
dinatrio tetraboratas, bevandenis (lt)
dinatrio tetraborato dekahidratas (lt)
dinatrio tetraborato pentahidratas (lt)
dinatriumtetraboraat, watervrij (nl)
dinatriumtetraboraatdecahydraat (nl)
dinatriumtetraboraatpentahydraat (nl)
Dinatriumtetraboraatti, vedetön (fi)
Dinatriumtetraboraattidekahydraatti (fi)
Dinatriumtetraboraattipentahydraatti (fi)
dinatriumtetraborat decahydrat (da)
dinatriumtetraborat pentahydrat (da)
dinatriumtetraborat, dekahydrat (sv)
dinatriumtetraborat, vandfrit (da)
dinatriumtetraborat, vannfri (no)
dinatriumtetraborat, vattenfritt (sv)
Dinatriumtetraborat, wasserfrei (de)
Dinatriumtetraboratdecahydrat (de)
dinatriumtetraboratdecahydrat (no)
Dinatriumtetraboratpentahydrat (de)
dinatriumtetraboratpentahydrat (no)
dinatriumtetraboratpentahydrat (sv)
dinátrium-tetraborát-dekahidrát (hu)
dinátrium-tetraborát-pentahidrát (hu)
dinátrum-tetraborát, vízmentes (hu)
dinātrija tetraborāta pentahidrāts (lv)
dinātrija tetraborāts, bezūdens (lv)
dinātrijatetraborāta dekahidrāts (lv)
disodium tetraborate decahydrate (mt)
disodium tetraborate pentahydrate (mt)
disodium tetraborate, anhydrous (mt)
disodná sůl kyseliny ortoborité (cs)
kwas borowy, sól disodowa (pl)
kyselina boritá, disodná soľ (sk)
pentahydrat boraksu (pl)
pentahydrat tetraboranu disodu (pl)
pentahydrát tetraboritanu disodného (sk)
sal dissódico de ácido bórico (pt)
tetraboran disodu, bezwodny (pl)
tetraborat de disodiu decahidratat (ro)
tetraborat de disodiu pentahidratat (ro)
tetraborat de disodiu, anhidru (ro)
tetraborato de dissódio anidro (pt)
tetraborato de dissódio decahidratado (pt)
tetraborato de dissódio pentahidratado (pt)
tetraborato di disodio decaidrato (it)
tetraborato di disodio, anidro (it)
tetraborato disódico anhidro (es)
tetraborato disódico, decahidrato (es)
tetraborato disódico, pentahidrato (es)
tetraboratodi disodio pentaidrato (it)
tetraboritan disodný dekahydrát (cs)
tetraboritan disodný pentahydrát (cs)
tetraboritan sodný, bezvodý (cs)
tétraborate de disodium décahydraté;borax décahydraté (fr)
tétraborate de disodium, anhydre; acide borique, sel de disodium (fr)
tétraborate de disodium, pentahydrate;borax, pentahydrate (fr)Other
ácido bórico, sal disódica (es)
δεκαένυδρο τετραβορικό δινάτριο (el)
δεκαένυδρος βόρακας (el)
Διδύναμο μετά νατρίου άλας βορικού οξέος (el)
Διδύναμο μετά νατρίου άλας τετραβορικού οξέος, άνυδρο (el)
πενταένυδρο τετραβορικό δινάτριο (el)
πενταένυδρος βόρακας (el)
боракс декахидрат (bg)
боракс пентахидрат (bg)
борна киселина, динатриева сол (bg)
динатриев тетраборат декахидрат (bg)
динатриев тетраборат пентахидрат (bg)
динатриев тетраборат, безводен (bg)

CAS names:
Boron sodium oxide (B4Na2O7)

IUPAC names:
4-octylbenzoic acid
Borax
Borax decahydrate
borax decahydrate
borax pentahydrate
boric acid, disodium salt
di-Sodium tetraborate anhydrous
di-Sodium tetraborate decahydrate
disodium 1,7-dioxotetraboroxane-3,5-bis(olate)
Disodium [oxido (oxoboranyloxy)boranyl]oxy-oxoboranyloxyborinate decahydrate
Disodium [oxido(oxoboranyloxy)boranyl] oxy-oxobranyl oxyborinate
Disodium [oxido(oxoboranyloxy)boranyl]oxy-oxoboranyloxyborinate
disodium [oxido(oxoboranyloxy)boranyl]oxy-oxoboranyloxyborinate
disodium [oxido(oxoboranyloxy)boranyl]oxy-oxoboranyloxyborinate decahydrate
disodium bicyclo[3.3.1]tetraboroxane-3,7-bis(olate)
Disodium tetraborate
disodium tetraborate
Disodium tetraborate anhydrous
disodium tetraborate anhydrous
Disodium Tetraborate Decahydrate
Disodium tetraborate decahydrate
disodium tetraborate decahydrate
Disodium tetraborate decahydrate Borax decahydrate
disodium tetraborate decahydrate borax decahydrate
disodium tetraborate pentahydrate
Disodium tetraborate,
Disodium tetraborate, anhydrous
disodium tetraborate, anhydrous
disodium tetraborate, anhydrous boric acid, disodium salt
Disodium Tetraborate, Anydrous
Disodium tetraborate, decahydrate
Na2-tetraborate
Sodium Borate
Sodium Borate Decahydrate
Sodium Tetraborate
Sodium tetraborate
Sodium Tetraborate Decahydrate
Sodium tetraborate decahydrate
sodium tetraborate decahydrate
Sodium tetraborate pentahydrate
sodium tetraborate pentahydrate
tetraborato disódico, decahidrato
disodium;3,7-dioxido-2,4,6,8,9-pentaoxa-1,3,5,7-tetraborabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane;decahydrate

Other names:
Borax decahydrate
Sodium borate decahydrate
Sodium tetraborate decahydrate
Sodium tetrahydroxy tetraborate hexahydrate

Other identifiers:
005-011-00-4
005-011-01-1
005-011-02-9
1039387-27-3
1039387-27-3
115372-65-1
115372-65-1
1186126-93-1
1186126-93-1
1189141-72-7
1189141-72-7
12045-54-4
12045-54-4
12179-04-3
1242163-02-5
1242163-02-5
1247014-60-3
1247014-60-3
12589-17-2
12589-17-2
1262222-67-2
1262222-67-2
1262281-53-7
1262281-53-7
1268472-42-9
1268472-42-9
1303-96-4
1314012-56-0
1314012-56-0
1315317-92-0
1315317-92-0
1330-43-4

Synonyms of Borax:
1330-43-4
Borax Anhydrous
Borax glass
Borax, fused
Boric acid (H2B4O7), sodium salt
Boron sodium oxide (B4Na2O7)
Na2B4O7
Sodium Tetraborate
Sodium Tetraborate, Anhydrous
Sodiumtetraborate
Sodium borate anhydrous
Anhydrous borax
Sodium biborate
Fused borax
Sodium pyroborate
Sodium borate, anhydrous
8191EN8ZMD
Sodium tetraborate (Na2B4O7)
MFCD00081185
Boric acid (H2B4O7), disodium salt
disodium;3,7-dioxido-2,4,6,8,9-pentaoxa-1,3,5,7-tetraborabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane
12267-73-1
disodium;[oxido(oxoboranyloxy)boranyl]oxy-oxoboranyloxyborinate
MFCD00163147
Komex
Borax, anhydrous
Borax, dehydrated
Sodium boron oxide
Rasorite 65
Fused sodium borate
Boric acid, disodium salt
SODIUM BORATE [MI]
UNII-8191EN8ZMD
Borate-buffered saline (5X)
SODIUM BORATE [WHO-DD]
HSDB 5025
SODIUM TETRABORATE [HSDB]
DTXSID101014358
FR 28
SODIUM TETRABORATE [VANDF]
EINECS 215-540-4
MFCD07784974
AKOS015903865
AKOS030228253
DB14505
Sodium tetraborate, anhydrous, Puratronic
FT-0696539
Sodium tetraborate,Trace metals grade 99.95%
J-006292
DISODIUM BICYCLO[3.3.1]TETRABOROXANE-3,7-BIS(OLATE)
1310383-93-7

SYNONYMS Borax; Borates, Tetrasodium Salts, Decahydrate Sodium Tetraborate Decahydrate, Sodium Pyroborate Decahydrate; Sodium Tetraborate Decahydrate; Disodium Tetraborate Decahydrate; Sodium Borate Decahydrate; Fused Borax; CAS:1303-96-4

Synonyms: decasodium,tetraborate,pentahydrate;SODIUM TETRABORATE PENTAHYDRATE;NEOBOR(R);GRANUBOR(R);FERTIBOR(R);BORAX PENTAHYDRATE;BORAX 5H2O TECHNICAL GRADE;BORAX PENTAHYDRATE-99.9% MIN CAS: 12179-04-3

SYNONYMS Boracic Acid, Hydrogen Borate, Orthoboric Acid; Boracic acid; Hydrogen orthoborate; Trihydroxyborane CAS NO. 10043-35-3

Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) has a role as an astringent.
Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) is a conjugate acid of a dihydrogenborate.
Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) has the chemical formula H3BO3, sometimes written B(OH)3.


CAS Number: 10043-35-3
EC Number: 233-139-2
MDL number: MFCD00011337
E number: E284 (preservatives)
Chemical formula: BH3O3
Molecular Formula: BH3O3 / H3BO3 / B(OH)3



SYNONYMS:
Boric acid, Orthoboric acid, Boracic acid, Sassolite, Borofax, Trihydroxyborane, Boranetriol, Hydrogen borate, Acidum boricum, BORIC ACID, Orthoboric acid, 10043-35-3, Boracic acid, Borofax, Boron hydroxide, Boron trihydroxide, Boric acid (H3BO3), Basilit B, Boric acid (BH3O3), 11113-50-1, Trihydroxyborone, Orthoborsaeure, Borsaeure, Borsaure, Trihydroxyborane, Orthoboric acid (B(OH)3), Optibor, Acidum boricum, NCI-C56417, component of Aci-Jel, Boric acid (VAN), Bluboro, Boricum acidum, Caswell No. 109, trihydroxidoboron, Boric acid flakes, B(OH)3, CCRIS 855, NSC 81726, HSDB 1432, Orthoboric acid (H3BO3), EINECS 233-139-2, UNII-R57ZHV85D4, MFCD00011337, NSC-81726, Boric acid (TN), EPA Pesticide Chemical Code 011001, INS NO.284, R57ZHV85D4, CHEBI:33118, AI3-02406, INS-284, (10B)Orthoboric acid, Boric acid (h(sub 3)bo(sub 3)), H3BO3, DTXSID1020194, E-284, EC 233-139-2, [B(OH)3], NSC81726, NCGC00090745-02, BORIC ACID (II), BORIC ACID [II], Orthboric Acid, BORIC ACID (MART.), BORIC ACID [MART.], BORIC ACID (USP-RS), BORIC ACID [USP-RS], DTXCID10194, BORIC ACID (EP IMPURITY), BORIC ACID [EP IMPURITY], BORIC ACID (EP MONOGRAPH), BORIC ACID [EP MONOGRAPH], (B(OH)3), ortho-boric acid, Boric acid [USAN:JAN], hydrogen orthoborate, BO3, CAS-10043-35-3, Boric acid [JAN:NF], BORIC ACID, ACS, Canagyn, acido borico, Orthoborc acd, The Killer, Boric acid, V-Bella, HYLAFEM, Bluboro (Salt/Mix), Homeopathic Antifungal, Boric acid ACS grade, GYNOX-SOFT, Boric acid, Puratronic?, WLN: QBQQ, BORIC ACID [MI], Boric acid, ACS reagent, BORIC ACID [JAN], Heptaoxotetra-Borate(2-), bmse000941, Boric acid (JP15/NF), Boric acid (JP17/NF), BORIC ACID [INCI], Acidum boricum (Salt/Mix), BORIC ACID [VANDF], Boric acid, NF/USP grade, BORIC ACID [WHO-DD], Boric acid, biochemical grade, BIDD:ER0252, Boric Acid, BORICUM ACIDUM [HPUS], CHEMBL42403, BORIC ACID (B(OH)3), Boric acid Electrophoresis grade, Collyrium Eye Wash (Salt/Mix), HYLAFEMBORICUM ACIDUM 3X, BDBM39817, KGBXLFKZBHKPEV-UHFFFAOYSA-, Boric acid, 99.9% metals basis, BCP21018, Boric acid, 99.99% metals basis, Boric acid, BioXtra, >=99.5%, EINECS 237-478-7, Tox21_111004, Tox21_202185, Tox21_301000, 1332-77-0 (di-potassium salt), MFCD00151271, Boric acid, 99.998% metals basis, AKOS015833571, Boric acid, ACS reagent, >=99.5%, DB11326, USEPA/OPP Pesticide Code: 011001, Boric acid, 99.97% trace metals basis, Boric acid, USP, 99.5-100.5%, NCGC00090745-01, NCGC00090745-03, NCGC00090745-04, NCGC00090745-05, NCGC00254902-01, NCGC00259734-01, Boric acid, ReagentPlus(R), >=99.5%, BP-13473, SY319258, Boric acid, 99.999% trace metals basis, Boric acid, SAJ first grade, >=99.5%, Boric acid, for electrophoresis, >=99.5%, Boric acid, JIS special grade, >=99.5%, Boric acid, Vetec(TM) reagent grade, 98%, InChI=1/BH3O3/c2-1(3)4/h2-4H, NS00013411, Boric acid, tablet, 1 g boric acid per tablet, D01089, A800201, Q187045, J-000132, J-523836, Boric acid, >=99.5%, suitable for amino acid analysis, Boric acid, NIST(R) SRM(R) 951a, isotopic standard, Boric acid, NIST(R) SRM(R) 973, acidimetric standard, Boric acid, BioUltra, for molecular biology, >=99.5% (T), Boric acid, United States Pharmacopeia (USP) Reference Standard, Boric acid, cell culture tested, plant cell culture tested, >=99.5%, Boric acid, Biotechnology Performance Certified, >=99.5% (titration), Cell Culture Tested, Boric acid, p.a., ACS reagent, reag. ISO, reag. Ph. Eur., 99.5-100.5%, Boric acid, BioReagent, for molecular biology, suitable for cell culture, suitable for plant cell culture, >=99.5%, Boric acid, puriss. p.a., ACS reagent, reag. ISO, reag. Ph. Eur., buffer substance, >=99.8%, Boric acid, puriss., meets analytical specification of Ph. Eur., BP, NF, 99.5-100.5%, powder, orthoboric acid, boracic acid, borofax, boron hydroxide, boron trihydroxide, basilit b, trihydroxyborone, h3bo3, flea prufe, 11113-50-1, Boric acid, Boracic acid, Orthoboric acid, H3-BO3, Boracic acid, Boric acid (BH3O3), Boric acid (H3BO3), Borofax, Boron hydroxide, Boron trihydroxide, NCI-C56417, Orthoboric acid (B(OH)3), Borsaure, B(OH)3, Basilit B,



Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) is a precursor material for other boron compounds.
The mixture of Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) and silicone oil is useful in the production of silly putty.
Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) also known as hydrogen borate, boracic acid, orthoboric acid and acidum boricum.


Most commonly Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) is used as an antiseptic, insecticide, flame retardant, neutron absorber and precursor to other chemicals.
Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) comes in the form of colourless crystals or a white powder that dissolves in water.
Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) also occurs in combination with other minerals such as borax and boracite.


In its mineral state, Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) is known as sassolit.
Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) is a weakly acidic hydrate of boric oxide with mild antiseptic, antifungal, and antiviral properties.
Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) is a white, amorphous powder orcolorless, crystalline solid.


Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) is soluble in water; solubility=4.7 g/100 mL at20℃.
Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) has multiple uses in several industries, the pharmaceutical, glass, ceramic and cosmetics industries being some of them.
Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid), also known as orthoboric acid or hydrogen borate, is a chemical compound that can be produced through a series of chemical reactions.


One common method for its production involves the reaction between borax (sodium borate) and sulfuric acid, resulting in Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) as the desired product and sodium Sulphate (Na2SO4) as a byproduct.
Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) is a member of boric acids.


Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) has a role as an astringent.
Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) is a conjugate acid of a dihydrogenborate.
Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) and its sodium borate salts are pesticides that we can find in nature and many products.


Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) and its sodium salts each combine boron with other elements in a different way.
In general, their toxicities each depend on the amount of boron they contain.
Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) and its sodium salts can be used to control a wide variety of pests.


These include insects, spiders, mites, algae, molds, fungi, and weeds.
Products that contain Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) have been registered for use in the United States since 1948.
Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid), also called hydrogen borate, boracic acid, orthoboric acid and acidum boricum, is a weak, monobasic Lewis acid of boron, which is often used as an antiseptic, insecticide, flame retardant, neutron absorber, or precursor to other chemical compounds.


Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) has the chemical formula H3BO3 (sometimes written B(OH)3), and exists in the form of colorless crystals or a white powder that dissolves in water.
When occurring as a mineral, Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) is called sassolite.


Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid), also called boracic acid or orthoboric acid or acidum boricum, is a weak acid often used as an antiseptic, insecticide, flame retardant, in nuclear power plants to control the fission rate of uranium, and as a precursor of other chemical compounds.
Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) exists in the form of colorless crystals or a white powder and dissolves in water.


Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) has the chemical formula H3BO3, sometimes written B(OH)3.
When occurring as a mineral, Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) is called sassolite.
Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) is an insecticide that works well in cracks and crevices.


Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) is an inorganic compound that is a weak monobasic Lewis acid of boron.
Although in some chemical reactions it acts as a tribasic acid.
Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) is also known as hydrogen borate, boracic acid and orthoboric acid.


Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid)'s IUPAC name is trihydrooxidoboron.
When Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) occurs as a mineral in nature, it is called sassolite.
Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) is a crystalline solid at room temperature.


Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) is found as a constituent of many naturally occurring minerals such as borax, boracite, ulexite and colemanite.
Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid)'s salts are found in seawater.
Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) is also found in all fruits and many plants.


Wilhelm Homberg first prepared Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) crystals in 1702.
He gave it the name sal sedativum Hombergi (sedative salt of Homberg).
Although Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) compounds have been used since the time of the ancient Greeks for cleaning, preserving food and other activities.


Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid), also known as boracic acid or orthoboric acid, is a naturally occurring compound containing the elements boron, oxygen, and hydrogen (H3BO3).
Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) crystals are white, odorless, and nearly tasteless.


Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) looks like fine table salt in the granular form or like baby powder in the powdered form.
Borates, the general term associated with boron containing minerals such as borax and Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid), most commonly originate in dried salt lakebeds of deserts or arid areas (such as Death Valley, CA, Turkey, and China) or other geographic regions that expose similar deposits (such as the Andes Mountains in South America).


Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) is a chemical compound containing boron, hydrogen and oxygen.
Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) is a mild acid.
Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) exists in the form of colorless crystals or a white powder and dissolves in water.


Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) is a weak, monobasic Lewis acid of boron.
Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) is an odourless and naturally occurring powder in its original form.
Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) is quite popular and used widely as a safe alternative to chemical insecticides for pest control in many parts of the world.


Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) is found mainly in its free state in some volcanic areas.
Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) is also found as a constituent of many naturally occurring minerals such as boracite, borax, colemanite and ulexite (boronatrocalcite).


Alternatively, Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) and its salts are found in seawater.
Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) is also present in different types of fruits.
The first synthesis of Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) was performed by Wilhelm Homberg.


He used borax, and with the action of mineral acids, he synthesised the compound.
Interestingly, if you look at history, the use of borates and Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) by the ancient Greeks can be seen.
Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid), also called hydrogen borate, boracic acid, orthoboric acid or acidum boricum is a weak acid of boron often used as an antiseptic, insecticide, flame retardant, or a neutron absorber, and a precursor of other chemical compounds.


Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid)'s chemical formula is H3BO3.
Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) exists in the form of colorless crystals or a white powder and dissolves in water.
When occurring as a mineral, Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) is called sassolite.


Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) is found in its native form in certain volcanic districts such as Tuscany, the Lipari Islands, and Nevada.
Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) is generally mixed with steam from fissures in the ground and is also found as a constituent of many minerals (borax, boracite, borontrocaicite and colemanite).


The presence of Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) and its salts has been noted in seawater.
Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) also exists in plants and especially in almost all fruit.
Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid), also known as hydrogen borate, is a weak monobasic Lewis acid of boron with the chemical formula H3BO3.


Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) is known to exhibit some antibacterial activity against infections such as bacterial vaginosis and candidiasis
Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) is a monobasic Lewis acid with the chemical formula H3BO3.
Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) is an acid-containing compounds of boron, oxygen, and hydrogen.


Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) is also known as acidum boricum, hydrogen borate, boracic acid, and orthoboric acid.
Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) is a weak acid and has antiviral, antifungal, and antiseptic properties.
Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) is soluble in water and does not have any characteristic odour.


Under standard conditions, Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) exists either as a colourless crystal or in a white powdery form.
Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) can be prepared by reacting borax with hydrochloric acid.
It can be noted that Wilhelm Homberg was the first person to prepare Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) from borax.


Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) is an odorless white solid.
Melting point of Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) is 171 °C.
Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) sinks and mixes with water.


Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) has a role as an astringent.
Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) is a conjugate acid of a dihydrogenborate.
Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid), also known as hydrogen borate, is a weak monobasic Lewis acid of boron with the chemical formula H3BO3.


Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) is typically utilized in industrial processing and manufacturing, but is also used as an additive in pharmaceutical products, cosmetics, lotions, soaps, mouthwash, toothpaste, astringents, and eyewashes.
Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) is known to exhibit some antibacterial activity against infections such as bacterial vaginosis and candidiasis.


Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) is a natural product found in Caenorhabditis elegans with data available.
Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) is a weakly acidic hydrate of boric oxide with mild antiseptic, antifungal, and antiviral properties.
The exact mechanism of action of Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) is unknown; generally cytotoxic to all cells.


Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) also called hydrogen borate, boracic acid, orthoboric acid is a weak acid of boron often used as an antiseptic, insecticide, flame retardant, neutron absorber, or precursor to other chemical compounds.
Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) has the chemical formula H3BO3 (sometimes written B(OH)3), and exists in the form of colorless crystals or a white powder that dissolves in water.


When occurring as a mineral, Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) is called sassolite.
Borate is a food contaminant deriving from paper and paperboard in contact with food.
Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) has limited use as an antibacterial agent in caviar.


Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid), more specifically orthoboric acid, is a compound of boron, oxygen, and hydrogen with formula B(OH)3.
Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) may also be called hydrogen orthoborate, trihydroxidoboron or boracic acid.
Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) is a weak acid and has antiviral, antifungal, and antiseptic properties.


Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) is usually encountered as colorless crystals or a white powder, that dissolves in water, and occurs in nature as the mineral sassolite.
Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) is a weak acid that yields various borate anions and salts, and can react with alcohols to form borate esters.



USES and APPLICATIONS of BORIC ACID (ORTHO BORIC ACID):
The primary industrial use of Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) is in the manufacture of monofilament fiberglass usually referred to as textile fiberglass.
Textile fiberglass is used to reinforce plastics in applications that range from boats, to industrial piping to computer circuit boards.
Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) is used as a Nuclear Poison in modern PWR type Nuclear Reactors as it Reduce Fission Process by Reducing Neutrons Flux.


Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) is used in PWR Nuclear Reactor's Coolant water for Controlling Reactor Power as well as to Perform Emergency Reactor Shutdown.
In the jewelry industry, Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) is often used in combination with denatured alcohol to reduce surface oxidation and thus formation of firescale on metals during annealing and soldering operations.[citation needed]


Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) is used in the production of the glass in LCD flat panel displays.
In electroplating, Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) is used as part of some proprietary formulas.
One such known formula calls for about a 1 to 10 ratio of H3BO3 to NiSO4, a very small portion of sodium lauryl sulfate and a small portion of H2SO4.


The solution of Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) and borax in 4:5 ratio is used as a fire retarding agent of wood by impregnation.
Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) is also used in the manufacturing of ramming mass, a fine silica-containing powder used for producing induction furnace linings and ceramics.


Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) is added to borax for use as welding flux by blacksmiths.
Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid), in combination with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) or silicone oil, is used to manufacture Silly Putty.
Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) is also present in the list of chemical additives used for hydraulic fracturing (fracking) in the Marcellus Shale in Pennsylvania.


Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) is often used in conjunction with guar gum as cross-linking and gelling agent for controlling the viscosity and the rheology of the fracking fluid injected at high pressure in the well.
Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) is important to control the fluid viscosity for keeping in suspension on long transport distances the grains of the propping agents aimed at maintaining the cracks in the shales sufficiently open to facilitate the gas extraction after the hydraulic pressure is relieved.


The rheological properties of borate cross-linked guar gum hydrogel mainly depend on the pH value.
Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) is used in some expulsion-type electrical fuses as a de-ionization/extinguishing agent.
During an electrical fault in an expulsion-type fuse, a plasma arc is generated by the disintegration and rapid spring-loaded separation of the fusible element, which is typically a specialized metal rod that passes through a compressed mass of Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) within the fuse assembly.


The high-temperature plasma causes the Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) to rapidly decompose into water vapor and boric anhydride, and in-turn, the vaporization products de-ionize the plasma, helping to interrupt the electrical fault.
We have been using Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) since ancient times.


Presently Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) is mainly used in industries.
Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) is used in the manufacturing of monofilament fibreglass.
Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) is used in the jewellery industry in combination with denatured alcohol.


Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) is used in the production of glass in LCD flat panel displays.
Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) is used in electroplating.
Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) mixture is used as a fire retarding agent.


Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) is used in the manufacturing of ramming mass.
Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) has medicinal uses as well such as it reduces the harmful effect of HF.
Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) mixed with borax is used for welding flux by blacksmiths.


Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) is often used as an antiseptic, insecticide, flame retardant, neutron absorber etc.
Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) is used to prevent or destroy existing wet and dry rot in timbers.
Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) is used as a primary buffer system in swimming pools.


Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) is used in some nuclear power plants as a neutron poison.
Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid)'s mixture with petroleum or vegetable oil works as an excellent lubricant.
For medical uses, Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) solutions used as an eye wash or on abraded skin are known to be especially toxic to infants, especially after repeated use because of its slow elimination rate.


Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) can be used as an antiseptic for minor burns or cuts and is sometimes used in dressings or salves or is applied in a very dilute solution as an eye wash in a 1.5% solution of sterilized water.
For insecticidal uses, Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) acts as a stomach poison affecting the insects' metabolism, and the dry powder is abrasive to the insects' exoskeleton.


Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) is also made into a paste or gel form as a powerful and effective insecticide much safer to humans than many other insecticides.
The paste or gel has attractants in Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) to attract insects.


Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) slowly causes dehydration.
For preservation uses, Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) prevents and destroys existing wet and dry rot in timbers.
Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) can be used in combination with an ethylene glycol carrier to treat external wood against fungal and insect attack.


Concentrates of borate-based treatments can be used to prevent slime, mycelium and algae growth, even in marine environments.
Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) is added to salt in the curing of cattle hides, calfskins and sheepskins.
This helps to control bacteria development and helps to control insects.


For industrial uses, the primary use of Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) is in the manufacture of monofilament fiberglass usually referred to as textile fiberglass.
Textile fiberglass is used to reinforce plastics in applications that range from boats, to industrial piping to computer circuit boards.


Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) is used in nuclear power plants as a neutron poison to slow down the rate at which fission is occurring.
In the jewelry industry, Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) is often used in combination with denatured alcohol to reduce surface oxidation and firescale from forming on metals during annealing and soldering operations.


Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) is used in the production of the glass in LCD flat panel displays.
Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) is used extensively in pest control.
Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) is used in the production of monofilament fibreglass or heat-resistant boron silicate glasses.


Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) is used in the production of glass in LCD flat panel displays.
Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) is used as a preservative for various food items.
Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) is used in the medical field as an antiseptic.


Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) is used in the manufacture of enamels and glazes in pottery.
Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) is also used in some nuclear power plants as a neutron poison.
Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) is used in the treatment or prevention of boron deficiencies in plants.


Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) is used in pyrotechnics to prevent amide-forming reactions between aluminium and nitrates, and as a colourant to make fire green.
External wood can be treated with Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) to prevent fungal and Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) is used in electroplating as part of some proprietary formulas.


Yeast infections: This is another most common way to use Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) at home.
Health Benefits of Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid): They are not only used in the household, they are said to have anti-arthritic properties and help promote bone and joint health


Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) is a very important tool in pest control and has been used extensively for a long period of time.
Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) is used in the manufacture of monofilament fibreglass or heat-resistant boron silicate glasses.
Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) is used in the production of glass in LCD flat panel displays.


Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) is used as a preservative for milk and other food items.
Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) is used in the medical field as an antiseptic.
Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) is used in the manufacture of enamels and glazes in pottery.


Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) is also used in some nuclear power plants as a neutron poison.
In the treatment or prevention of boron deficiencies in plants.
Boron is commonly used in pyrotechnics for preventing amide-forming reactions between aluminium and nitrates.


Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) in small quantities is added to the mixture to neutralise alkaline amides that can react with aluminium.
Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) is also used as a colourant to make fire green.
External wood can be treated with this acid to prevent fungal and insect attacks.


Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) is used in electroplating as part of some proprietary formulas.
Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) is used in the manufacture of textile fibreglass
Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) is used in the production of the flat panel display


Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) is used to neutralize the active hydrofluoric acid
Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) is used by blacksmiths as welding flux
Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) is used in electroplating


Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) is used in the jewellery industry
Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) is used in the manufacture of silly putty
Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) is used as an Insecticidal


Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) is used as an antiseptic and antibacterial
Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) is used on carrom boards as a dry lubricant
Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) is used as a neutron poison in some nuclear plants


Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) is used to preserve grains like wheat and rice
In the list of the chemical additives that are used for hydraulic fracturing (also known as fracking), it is not uncommon for Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) to be present.


Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) is also used as a cross-linking and gelling agent in combination with guar gum and is known to regulate the viscosity and rheology of the drilling fluid which is pumped at high pressure in wells.
Furthermore, Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) is of vital importance to regulate the fluid viscosity that helps to keep the grains of the propping agents suspended for long transport distances in order to keep the cracks in the shales sufficiently open.


Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) facilitates the extraction of gas after relieving the hydraulic pressure.
Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) is one of the most commonly produced borates and is widely used throughout the world in the pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries, as a nutritional supplement, flame retardant, in the manufacture of glass and fiberglass, and in the production of wood preservatives to control pests and fungus.


A dilute water solution of Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) is usually employed as a mild antiseptic and eyewash.
Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) is employed in leather manufacture, electroplating and cosmetics.
Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) is involved in the production of monofilament fiberglass which finds applications in boats, industrial piping, LCD flat panel displays and computer circuit boards.


Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) is in combination with sodium tetraborate decahydrate (borax) and is used as a welding flux by blacksmiths.
There are many home uses for Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) when it is used alone or in combination with other chemicals.
Since Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) is less toxic, it is easy to handle at home, but you have to be careful about it.


Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) can be used to treat yeast infections and acne, for eyewash by treating any bacterial infection and soothing inflamed eyes, and as a cleanser, deodorizer, stain remover, disinfectant and mold killer.
Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) can be used as a pesticide to control a variety of pests, as a fungicide for citrus, and as an herbicide along rights-of-way.


Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) can be used for the manufacture of textile fiberglass, household glass products and the glass used in LCD displays, to reinforce plastics in various products (boats, computer circuit boards and pipes), as a flame retardant, and as a pH buffer agent in plating.
Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) is a precursor material for other boron compounds.


Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) is used for weatherproofing wood and fireproofing fabrics; as a preservative; manufacture of cements, crockery, porcelain, enamels, glass, borates, leather, carpets, hats, soaps, artificial gems; in nickeling baths; cosmetics; printing and dyeing, painting; photography; for impregnating wicks; electric condensers; hardening steel.


Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) is also used as insecticide for cockroaches and black carpet beetles.
Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) can be used to study molecular biology, DNA and RNA purification, biological buffers and molecular biology reagents.
Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) has been used to test the toxic effects of boron on growth and antioxidant system parameters of maize roots.


A dilute water solution of Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) is usually employed as a mild antiseptic and eyewash.
Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) is too employed in leather manufacture, electroplating, and cosmetics.
Antiseptic: Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) is used as an antiseptic and preservative in some ophthalmic solutions and skincare products.


Pest Control: Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) is employed as an insecticide to control ants, cockroaches, and other pests.
Flame Retardant: Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) can be used as a flame retardant in certain applications.
Flux in Welding: Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) is used as a flux in welding and soldering operations.


Wood Preservation: Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) is used to protect wood from fungal and insect infestations.
Borosilicate Glass: Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) is a key ingredient in the production of borosilicate glass, which has high thermal resistance and is used for laboratory glassware, cookware, and glass art.


Pharmaceuticals: Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) has pharmaceutical applications, including in the production of eye drops and as an ingredient in some medicines.
Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) is efficient against waterbugs, silverfish, and termites, in addition to cockroaches and ants.


As a result, Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) products are used by the global population.
Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) was used mainly for preserving food and cleaning.
The more that is learned about the beneficial properties of Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid), the more it is being used in a wide range of consumer and industrial products.


Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) is typically utilized in industrial processing and manufacturing, but is also used as an additive in pharmaceutical products, cosmetics, lotions, soaps, mouthwash, toothpaste, astringents, and eyewashes 4.
Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) is often used as an antiseptic, insecticide, flame retardant, neutron absorber, or precursor to other boron compounds.


The term "Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid)" is also used generically for any oxoacid of boron, such as metaboric acid HBO2 and tetraboric acid H2B4O7.
As an antibacterial compound, Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) can also be used as an acne treatment.
Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) is also used as prevention of athlete's foot, by inserting powder in the socks or stockings.


Various preparations can be used to treat some kinds of otitis externa (ear infection) in both humans and animals.
The preservative in urine sample bottles in the UK is Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid).
Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) is one of the most commonly used substances that can counteract the harmful effects of reactive hydrofluoric acid (HF) after an accidental contact with the skin.


Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) works by forcing the free F− anions into the inert tetrafluoroborate anion.
This process defeats the extreme toxicity of hydrofluoric acid, particularly its ability to sequester ionic calcium from blood serum which can lead to cardiac arrest and bone decomposition; such an event can occur from just minor skin contact with HF.
Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) is used in the treatment of yeast infections and cold sores.


-Medical uses of Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid):
Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) can be used as an antiseptic for minor burns or cuts and is sometimes used in salves and dressings, such as boracic lint.
Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) is applied in a very dilute solution as an eye wash.

Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) vaginal suppositories can be used for recurrent candidiasis due to non-albicans candida as a second line treatment when conventional treatment has failed.
Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) is less effective than conventional treatment overall.

Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) largely spares lactobacilli within the vagina.
As TOL-463, Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) is under development as an intravaginal medication for the treatment for vulvovaginal candidiasis.


-pH buffer uses of Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid):
Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) in equilibrium with its conjugate base the borate ion is widely used (in the concentration range 50–100 ppm boron equivalents) as a primary or adjunct pH buffer system in swimming pools.

Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) is a weak acid, with pKa (the pH at which buffering is strongest because the free acid and borate ion are in equal concentrations) of 9.24 in pure water at 25 °C.
But apparent pKa is substantially lower in swimming pool or ocean waters because of interactions with various other molecules in solution.

It will be around 9.0 in a salt-water pool.
No matter which form of soluble boron is added, within the acceptable range of pH and boron concentration for swimming pools, Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) is the predominant form in aqueous solution, as shown in the accompanying figure.

The Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) – borate system can be useful as a primary buffer system (substituting for the bicarbonate system with pKa1 = 6.0 and pKa2 = 9.4 under typical salt-water pool conditions) in pools with salt-water chlorine generators that tend to show upward drift in pH from a working range of pH 7.5–8.2.

Buffer capacity is greater against rising pH (towards the pKa around 9.0), as illustrated in the accompanying graph.
The use of Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) in this concentration range does not allow any reduction in free HOCl concentration needed for pool sanitation, but it may add marginally to the photo-protective effects of cyanuric acid and confer other benefits through anti-corrosive activity or perceived water softness, depending on overall pool solute composition.


-Lubrication uses of Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid):
Colloidal suspensions of nanoparticles of Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) dissolved in petroleum or vegetable oil can form a remarkable lubricant on ceramic or metal surfaces with a coefficient of sliding friction that decreases with increasing pressure to a value ranging from 0.10 to 0.02.
Self-lubricating B(OH)3 films result from a spontaneous chemical reaction between water molecules and B2O3 coatings in a humid environment.
Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) is used to lubricate carrom and novuss boards, allowing for faster play.


-Insecticidal uses of Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid):
Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) was first registered in the US as an insecticide in 1948 for control of cockroaches, termites, fire ants, fleas, silverfish, and many other insects.
Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) is generally considered to be safe to use in household kitchens to control cockroaches and ants.

Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) acts as a stomach poison affecting the insects' metabolism, and the dry powder is abrasive to the insects' exoskeletons.
Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) also has the reputation as "the gift that keeps on killing" in that cockroaches that cross over lightly dusted areas do not die immediately, but that the effect is like shards of glass cutting them apart.

This often allows a roach to go back to the nest where Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) soon dies.
Cockroaches, being cannibalistic, eat others killed by contact or consumption of Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid), consuming the powder trapped in the dead roach and killing them, too.


-Preservation uses of Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid):
In combination with its use as an insecticide, Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) also prevents and destroys existing wet and dry rot in timbers.
Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) can be used in combination with an ethylene glycol carrier to treat external wood against fungal and insect attack.

Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) is possible to buy borate-impregnated rods for insertion into wood via drill holes where dampness and moisture is known to collect and sit.
Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) is available in a gel form and injectable paste form for treating rot affected wood without the need to replace the timber.

Concentrates of borate-based treatments can be used to prevent slime, mycelium, and algae growth, even in marine environments.
Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) is added to salt in the curing of cattle hides, calfskins, and sheepskins.
This helps to control bacterial development, and helps to control insects.


-Pharmaceutical Applications of Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid):
Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) is used as an antimicrobial preservative in eye drops, cosmetic products, ointments, and topical creams.
Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) is also used as an antimicrobial preservative in foods.

Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) and borate have good buffering capacity and are used to control pH; they have been used for this purpose in external preparations such as eye drops.

Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) has also been used therapeutically in the form of suppositories to treat yeast infections.
In dilute concentrations Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) is used as a mild antiseptic, with weak bacteriostatic and fungistatic properties, although it has generally been superseded by more effective and less toxic disinfectants.


-Nuclear power uses of Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid):
Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) is used in some nuclear power plants as a neutron poison.
The boron in Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) reduces the probability of thermal fission by absorbing some thermal neutrons.

Fission chain reactions are generally driven by the probability that free neutrons will result in fission and is determined by the material and geometric properties of the reactor.
Natural boron consists of approximately 20% boron-10 and 80% boron-11 isotopes. Boron-10 has a high cross-section for absorption of low energy (thermal) neutrons.

By increasing Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) concentration in the reactor coolant, the probability that a neutron will cause fission is reduced.
Changes in Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) concentration can effectively regulate the rate of fission taking place in the reactor.

During normal at power operation, Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) is used only in pressurized water reactors (PWRs), whereas boiling water reactors (BWRs) employ control rod pattern and coolant flow for power control, although BWRs can use an aqueous solution of Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) and borax or sodium pentaborate for an emergency shutdown system if the control rods fail to insert.

Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) may be dissolved in spent fuel pools used to store spent fuel elements.
The concentration is high enough to keep neutron multiplication at a minimum.
Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) was dumped over Reactor 4 of the Chernobyl nuclear power plant after its meltdown to prevent another reaction from occurring.


-Pyrotechnics uses of Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid):
Boron is used in pyrotechnics to prevent the amide-forming reaction between aluminium and nitrates.
A small amount of Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) is added to the composition to neutralize alkaline amides that can react with the aluminium.

Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) can be used as a colorant to make fire green.
For example, when dissolved in methanol Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) is popularly used by fire jugglers and fire spinners to create a deep green flame much stronger than copper sulfate.


-Agriculture uses of Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid):
Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) is used to treat or prevent boron deficiencies in plants.
Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) is also used in preservation of grains such as rice and wheat.


-Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) as a Medicine:
Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) is widely used as an antiseptic for the treatment of minor cuts and burns.
Furthermore, this compound is also used in medical dressings and salves.

Very dilute solutions of Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) can be used as an eyewash.
Owing to its antibacterial properties, Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) can also be used for the treatment of acne in humans.
In its powdered form, Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) can also be sprinkled into socks and shoes to prevent the athlete’s foot (tinea pedis).


-Biochem/physiol Actions of Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid):
Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) has antibacterial and fungicidal properties.
Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) is used in the periodontal therapy as an irrigation solution as it elicits bactericidal effects in microbial biofilms in root canal.

Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) may favor osteoblastic activity and inhibit bone loss.
Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) inhibits Candida albicans fungal infection and has potential to treat vaginal infection.


-Get rid of worms:
Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid), along with sugar, can be used to kill ants and other worms.
This mixture is made into small balls and placed in their paths.
It is one of the useful home uses of Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid).
Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) is also used to get rid of cockroaches as a mixture with bacon fat.


-Soap eyes:
Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) along with warm water and a little Epsom salt is also one of the home uses of boric acid.
Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) is used to treat barley and other eye infections.


-Ear drops:
Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid), vinegar and distilled water can be used to destroy the fungi formed after swimming.
This is another home use of Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid).


-Antiseptic:
Any small wounds can be treated with a little Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) and distilled water.
Most people use it as a home remedy, although self-medication is not recommended.
They are also used with other ingredients in hospitals.


-Fleas:
Another household use of Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) is to get rid of fleas from the carpet.
By using Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) on carpets, the lice will get borax and eventually die.


-Wood preservatives uses of Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid):
Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) inhibits the growth of the fungus; thus protecting the furniture, protecting it from worms and termites that can attack it.
This is one way to use Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) at home.


-Ear rinse for dogs:
Along with other ingredients, Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) can be used as an ear rinse for dogs.
Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) is available at pharmacies.
This is one of the common household uses of Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid).


-Pharmaceuticals and Cosmetics uses of Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid):
Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) is a mild antiseptic as well as a mild acid that inhibits the growth of microorganisms on the external surfaces of the body.
Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) is commonly used in contact lens solutions, eye disinfectants, vaginal remedies, baby powder, anti-aging preparations and similar external applications.


-Nutritional Supplements uses of Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid):
Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) and other borates are increasingly being used in over-the-counter nutritional supplements as a source of boron.
Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) is thought that boron has a potential therapeutic value in promoting bone and joint health as well as having a limiting effect on arthritis symptoms.

It is important to note that the health effects of Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) and boron-based supplements are based on very new studies and/or are based solely on the claims of the manufacturers of the supplements.
It should not be implied that Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) should be directly ingested as a supplement or for any other reason.


-Flame Retardants uses of Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid):
Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) inhibits the release of combustible gases from burning cellulosic materials, such as cotton, wood, and paper-based products.
Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) also releases chemically bonded water to further reduce combustion.
A carbon char is formed that further inhibits combustion.

Futons, mattresses, upholstered furniture, insulation, and gypsum board are common consumer items that use Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) as a flame retardant.
Plastics, textiles, specialty coatings, and other industrial products also contain Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) to strengthen their ability to withstand exposure to flames.


-Glass and Fiberglass uses of Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid):
Heat resistant, borosilicate, and other specialty glasses rely on Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) and other similar borates to increase the chemical and temperature resistance of the glass.

Halogen light bulbs, ovenware, microwavable glassware, laboratory glassware, and many everyday glass items are enhanced by the addition of Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid).
Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) also aids in the fiberization process of fiberglass, which is used in fiberglass insulation as well as in textile fiberglass (a fabric-like material commonly used in skis, circuit boards, and other similar applications).


-Wood Preservatives and Pest Control uses of Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid):
Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) is a common source of boron compounds when used in the formulation of products that control fungus and insects.
Fungi are plants that contain no chlorophyll and must have an outside source of food (such as wood cellulose).

Boron compounds inhibit the growth of fungus and have been demonstrated to be a reliable wood preservative.
Similarly, Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) is used in swimming pools and spas as a safer and “softer feeling” substitute for chlorine.
Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid), borax, and other salts are commonly used to soften pool water and prevent contamination.

Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) is a natural and increasingly popular insect control product.
Unlike hornet or ant sprays, Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) does not kill bugs on contact using highly toxic chemicals.
Rather, Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) acts as a desiccant that dehydrates many insects by causing tiny cracks or fissures in their exoskeletons.

This eventually dries them out.
The “saltiness” of Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) also interferes with their very simple electrolytic metabolism.


-Other Uses of Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid):
Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) is commonly used in metallurgy to harden and treat steel alloys as well as to aid in the application of metal plating materials.
Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) is used in ceramic and enamel coatings, in adhesives, as a lubricant, and in many other consumer and industrial products.



PROPERTIES OF BORIC ACID (ORTHO BORIC ACID):
Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) is a white crystalline solid usually found in powder form.
Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) has a feeling of soft soapy touch.
Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) is sparingly soluble in cold water but highly soluble in hot water.
Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) tends to behave as a very weak acid.
Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) dehydrates when heated above 170 °C and goes on to form metaboric acid.



STRUCTURE OF BORIC ACID (ORTHO BORIC ACID):
Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) has a trigonal structure.
If we look at the chemical formula of Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid), it is BH3O3.
Here, the three oxygen atoms form a trigonal planar geometry around the boron.

The B-O bond length is 136 pm, and the O-H is 97 pm.
The molecular point group is C3h.
Crystalline Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) is made up of layers of B(OH)3 molecules that are held together by hydrogen bonds of length 272 pm.
The distance between two adjacent layers is 318 pm.



PREPARATION OF BORIC ACID (ORTHO BORIC ACID):
There are two common methods for the preparation of Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid).

*Using borax:
Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) can be obtained by treating a hot concentrated solution of borax with either sulphuric acid or hydrochloric acid.
As a result of the solution on concentration, crystals of Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) are formed.
Na2B4O7·10H2O + 2 HCl → 4 B(OH)3 [or H3BO3] + 2 NaCl + 5 H2O

*Hydrolysis of boron compounds:
Another method that can be used is hydrolysis.
Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) can be performed on boron compounds such as hydrides, halides and nitrides.
B2H6 + 6 H2O → 2 B(OH)3 + 6 H2
BX3 + 3 H2O → B(OH)3 + 3 HX (X = Cl, Br, I)



STRUCTURE OF BORIC ACID (ORTHO BORIC ACID):
Each Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) molecule features boron-oxygen single bonds.
The boron atom occupies the central position and is linked to three hydroxide groups.
The overall molecular geometry of Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) is trigonal planar.



HOW DOES BORIC ACID (ORTHO BORIC ACID) WORK?
Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) can kill insects if they eat it.
Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) disrupts their stomach and can affect their nervous system.
Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) can also scratch and damage the exterior of insects.

Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) and borax, a sodium borate salt, can kill plants by causing them to dry out.
Sodium metaborate, another sodium borate salt, stops plants from producing the energy they need from light.
Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) can also stop the growth of fungi, such as mold.
Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) prevents them from reproducing.



OCCURRENCE OF BORIC ACID (ORTHO BORIC ACID):
Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid), or sassolite, is found mainly in its free state in some volcanic districts, for example, in the Italian region of Tuscany, the Lipari Islands and the US state of Nevada.
In these volcanic settings Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) issues, mixed with steam, from fissures in the ground.

Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) is also found as a constituent of many naturally occurring minerals – borax, boracite, ulexite (boronatrocalcite) and colemanite.
Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) and its salts are found in seawater.
Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) is also found in plants, including almost all fruits.

Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) was first prepared by Wilhelm Homberg (1652–1715) from borax, by the action of mineral acids, and was given the name sal sedativum Hombergi ("sedative salt of Homberg").
However borates, including Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid), have been used since the time of the ancient Greeks for cleaning, preserving food, and other activities.



PREPARATION OF BORIC ACID (ORTHO BORIC ACID):
Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) may be prepared by reacting borax (sodium tetraborate decahydrate) with a mineral acid, such as hydrochloric acid:
Na2B4O7·10H2O + 2 HCl → 4 B(OH)3 [or H3BO3] + 2 NaCl + 5 H2O
It is also formed as a by product of hydrolysis of boron trihalides and diborane:
B2H6 + 6 H2O → 2 B(OH)3 + 6 H2
BX3 + 3 H2O → B(OH)3 + 3 HX (X = Cl, Br, I)



PREPARATION OF BORIC ACID (ORTHO BORIC ACID):
By Borax -
Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) is prepared by reaction of borax with mineral acid (or hydrochloric acid).
The reaction involved is given below.
Na2B4O7.10H2O + 2HCl →4B(OH)3 + 2NaCl + 5H2O

By Hydrolysis of Diborane -
Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) is also formed as a by-product of hydrolysis of diborane.
The reaction involved is given below.
B2H6 + 6H2O → 2B(OH)3 + 6H2

By Hydrolysis of Trihalide -
Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) is also formed as a by-product of hydrolysis of boron trihalides.
The reaction involved is given below.
BX3 + 3H2O → B(OH)3 + 3HX (X = Cl, Br, I)



WHAT ARE SOME PRODUCTS THAT CONTAIN BORIC ACID (ORTHO BORIC ACID)?
Products containing Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) can be liquids, granules, pellets, tablets, wettable powders, dusts, rods, or baits.
They are used indoors in places like homes, hospitals and commercial buildings.
They are also used in outdoor residential areas, sewage systems, and on food and non-food crops.

There are over five hundred products with Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) sold in the United States.
Several non-pesticide products containing Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) include soil amendments, fertilizers, household cleaners, laundry detergents, and personal care products.



CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF BORIC ACID (ORTHO BORIC ACID):
Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) has trigonal planar geometry due to three oxygen atoms around the boron.
In this bond length of B-O is 136pm and O-H is 97pm.



PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF BORIC ACID (ORTHO BORIC ACID):
Physical Properties of Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) are as follows.
Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) is a colourless or white crystalline solid at room temperature.
Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid)'s molar mass is 61.83 g/mol.

Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid)'s melting point is 170.9℃.
Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid)'s boiling point is 300℃.
Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) is soluble in water.



CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF BORIC ACID (ORTHO BORIC ACID):
Chemical Properties of Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) are as follows.
On heating Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) gives metaboric acid.
The reaction at 170℃ is given below.
H3BO3 → HBO2 + H2O

At 300℃, it gives tetraboric acid.
The reaction is given below.
4HBO2 → H2B4O7 + H2O

On heating above 330℃, it gives boron trioxide.
The reaction is given below.
H2B4O7→ 2B2O3 + H2O

Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) reacts with alcohol and gives borate esters.
The reaction is given below.
B(OH)3 + 3ROH → B(OR)3 + 3H2O

Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) also dissolves in anhydrous sulfuric acid.
The reaction is given below.
B(OH)3 + 6H2SO4→ B(HSO4)4- + 2HSO4- + 3H3O+



IS BORIC ACID (ORTHO BORIC ACID) A SAFE SUBSTANCE?
Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) is ecologically friendly because it is a naturally occurring substance.
Because it is a non-toxic substance, Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) is safe for pets and wildlife.



PREPARATION OF BORIC ACID (ORTHO BORIC ACID):
One of the simplest methods of preparing Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) is by reacting borax with any mineral acid (hydrochloric acid, for instance).
The chemical equation for this reaction can be written as:
Na2B4O7.10H2O + 2HCl → 4H3BO3 + 5H2O + 2NaCl
Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) can also be prepared from the hydrolysis of diborane and trihalides of boron (such as boron trichloride or boron trifluoride).



PROPERTIES OF BORIC ACID (ORTHO BORIC ACID):
Under standard conditions for temperature and pressure (STP), Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) exists as a white, crystalline solid that is fairly soluble in water.
The solubility of H3BO3 in water is temperature-dependent.

At a temperature of 25 °C, the solubility of Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) in water is 57 g/L.
However, when the water is heated to 100 °C, the solubility of Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) increases to approximately 275 g/L.
It can also be noted that Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) is sparingly soluble in pyridine and slightly soluble in acetone.

The conjugate base of Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) is the borate anion.
The acidity of solutions of Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) is known to increase with polyols containing cis-vicinal diols (like mannitol and glycerol).

The value of pK of B(OH)3 is known to extend to five orders of magnitude (from 9 to 4), under different concentrations of mannitol.
It can be noted that in the presence of mannitol, the solution of Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) with increased acidity can be referred to as mannitoboric acid.



PREPARATION METHODS FOR BORIC ACID (ORTHO BORIC ACID):
There are two common methods for the preparation of Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid).
Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) can be obtained by treating a hot concentrated solution of borax with either sulphuric acid or hydrochloric acid.
As the solution concentrates, crystals of Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) are formed.
Hydrolysis of boron compounds: Another common method is the hydrolysis of boron compounds such as hydrides, halides, and nitrides.



STORAGE AND HANDLING GUIDELINES OF BORIC ACID (ORTHO BORIC ACID):
Store Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) in a cool, dry place, away from moisture and direct sunlight.
Keep Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) in its original container, tightly sealed to prevent moisture absorption and contamination.
Store Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) away from incompatible materials, strong acids, and reducing agents.
When handling, wear appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE), including gloves and safety glasses.



SAFETY INFORMATION OF BORIC ACID (ORTHO BORIC ACID):
Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) is generally considered safe when used according to guidelines and regulations.
In case of contact, rinse thoroughly with water.
Keep Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) out of reach of children and pets.
Follow safety data sheet (SDS) provided by the manufacturer or supplier for detailed safety information and first-aid measures.



PURIFICATION METHODS OF BORIC ACID (ORTHO BORIC ACID):
Crystallise Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) three times from H2O (3mL/g) between 100o and 0o, after filtering through sintered glass.
Dry it to constant weight over metaboric acid in a desiccator.
It is steam volatile.

After two recrystallisations of ACS grade.
it had Ag at 0.2 ppm.
Its solubility (%) in H2O is 2.66 at 0o, 4.0 at 12o and 24 at 80o.
At 100o it loses H2O to form metaboric acid (HBO2).

When it is heated to redness or slowly to 200o, or over P2O5 in vacuo, it dehydrates to boric anhydride (B2O3) [1303-82-6] to give a white hard glass or crystals with m ~294o.
The glass softens on heating and liquefies at red heat.
Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) is an astringent, a fungicide and an antibacterial.



INCOMPATIBILITIES OF BORIC ACID (ORTHO BORIC ACID):
Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) decomposes in heat above 100 C, forming boric anhydride and water.
Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) is hygroscopic; it will absorb moisture from the air.
Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) aqueous solution is a weak acid; incompatible with strong reducing agents including alkali metals and metal hydrides (may generate explosive hydrogen gas); acetic anhydride, alkali carbonates, and hydroxides.

Attacks iron in the presence of moisture.
Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) is incompatible with water, strong bases and alkali metals.
Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) reacts violently with potassium and acid anhydrides.
It also forms a complex with glycerin, which is a stronger acid than Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid).



WASTE DISPOSAL OF BORIC ACID (ORTHO BORIC ACID):
Boric Acids (Ortho Boric Acid) may be recovered from organic process wastes as an alternative to disposal.



HISTORY OF BORIC ACID (ORTHO BORIC ACID):
Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) was first prepared by Wilhelm Homberg (1652–1715) from borax, by the action of mineral acids, and was given the name sal sedativum Hombergi ("sedative salt of Homberg").
However Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) and borates have been used since the time of the ancient Greeks for cleaning, preserving food, and other activities.



MOLECULAR AND CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF BORIC ACID (ORTHO BORIC ACID):
The three oxygen atoms form a trigonal planar geometry around the boron.
The B-O bond length is 136 pm and the O-H is 97 pm. The molecular point group is C3h.
Two crystalline forms of Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) are known: triclinic and hexagonal.
The former is the most common; the second, which is a bit more stable thermodynamically, can be obtained with a special preparation method.



TRICLINIC OF BORIC ACID (ORTHO BORIC ACID):
The triclinic form of Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) consists of layers of B(OH)3 molecules held together by hydrogen bonds with an O...O separation of 272 pm.
The distance between two adjacent layers is 318 pm



PREPARATION OF BORIC ACID (ORTHO BORIC ACID):
Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) may be prepared by reacting borax (sodium tetraborate decahydrate) with a mineral acid, such as hydrochloric acid:
Na2B4O7·10H2O + 2 HCl → 4 B(OH)3 + 2 NaCl + 5 H2O
Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) is also formed as a by product of hydrolysis of boron trihalides and diborane:
B2H6 + 6 H2O → 2 B(OH)3 + 6 H2
BX3 + 3 H2O → B(OH)3 + 3 HX (X = Cl, Br, I)



REACTIONS OF BORIC ACID (ORTHO BORIC ACID):
Pyrolysis:
When heated, Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) undergoes a three step dehydration.
The reported transition temperatures vary substantially from source to source.

When heated above 140 °C, Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) yields metaboric acid (HBO2) with loss of one water molecule:
B(OH)3 → HBO2 + H2O
Heating metaboric acid above about 180 °C eliminates another water molecule forming tetraboric acid, also called pyroboric acid (H2B4O7):

4 HBO2 → H2B4O7 + H2O
Further heating (to about 530 °C) leads to boron trioxide:

H2B4O7 → 2 B2O3 + H2O
Aqueous solution
When Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) is dissolved in water, it partially dissociates to give metaboric acid:

B(OH)3 ⇌ HBO2 + H2O
The solution is mildly acidic due to ionization of the acids:

B(OH)3 + H2O ⇌ [BO(OH)2]− + H3O+
HBO2 + H2O ⇌ [BO2]− + H3O+
However, Raman spectroscopy of strongly alkaline solutions has shown the presence of [B(OH)4]− ions, leading some to conclude that the acidity is exclusively due to the abstraction of OH− from water:

B(OH)3 + HO− ⇌ B(OH)−4
Equivalently,

B(OH)3 + H2O ⇌ B(OH)−4+ H+ (K = 7.3×10−10; pK = 9.14)
Or, more properly,
B(OH)3 + 2 H2O ⇌ B(OH)−4 + H3O+
This reaction occurs in two steps, with the neutral complex aquatrihydroxyboron B(OH)3(OH2) as an intermediate:

B(OH)3 + H2O → B(OH)3(OH2)
B(OH)3(OH2) + H2O + HO− → [B(OH)4]− + H3O+
This reaction may be characterized as Lewis acidity of boron toward [HO]−, rather than as Brønsted acidity.
However, some of its behaviour towards some chemical reactions suggest Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) to be tribasic acid in the Brønsted sense as well.

Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid), mixed with borax Na2B4O7·10H2O (more properly Na2B4O5(OH)4·8H2O) in the weight ratio of 4:5, is highly soluble in water, though they are not so soluble separately.



SULFURIC ACID SOLUTION OF BORIC ACID (ORTHO BORIC ACID):
Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) also dissolves in anhydrous sulfuric acid according to the equation:
B(OH)3 + 6 H2SO4 → [B(SO4H)4]− + 2 [HSO4]− + 3 H3O+
Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) is an extremely strong acid, even stronger than the original oleum.



ESTERIFICATION OF BORIC ACID (ORTHO BORIC ACID):
Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) reacts with alcohols to form borate esters, B(OR)3 where R is alkyl or aryl.
The reaction is typically driven by a dehydrating agent, such as concentrated sulfuric acid:

B(OH)3 + 3 ROH → B(OR)3 + 3 H2O
With vicinal diols
The acidity of Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) solutions is greatly increased in the presence of cis-vicinal diols (organic compounds containing similarly oriented hydroxyl groups in adjacent carbon atoms, (R1,R2)=C(OH)−C(OH)=(R3,R4)) such as glycerol and mannitol.

The tetrahydroxyborate anion formed in the dissolution spontaneously reacts with these diols to form relatively stable anion esters containing one or two five-member −B−O−C−C−O− rings.
For example, the reaction with mannitol H(HCOH)6H, whose two middle hydroxyls are in cis orientation, can be written as

B(OH)3 + H2O ⇌ [B(OH)4]− + H+
[B(OH)4]− + H(HCOH)6H ⇌ [B(OH)2(H(HCOH)2(HCO−)2(HCOH)2H)]− + 2 H2O
[B(OH)2(H(HCOH)2(HCO−)2(HCOH)2H)]− + H(HCOH)6H ⇌ [B(H(HCOH)2(HCO−)2(HCOH)2H)2]− + 2 H2O
Giving the overall reaction

B(OH)3 + 2 H(HCOH)6H ⇌ [B(H(HCOH)2(HCO−)2(HCOH)2H)2]− + 3 H2O + H+
The stability of these mannitoborate ester anions shifts the equilibrium of the right and thus increases the acidity of the solution by 5 orders of magnitude compared to that of pure boric oxide, lowering the pKa from 9 to below 4 for sufficient concentration of mannitol.

The resulting solution has been called mannitoboric acid.
The addition of mannitol to an initially neutral solution containing Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) or simple borates lowers its pH enough for it to be titrated by a strong base as NaOH, including with an automated a potentiometric titrator.

This property is used in analytical chemistry to determine the borate content of aqueous solutions, for example to monitor the depletion of Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) by neutrons in the water of the primary circuit of light-water reactor when the compound is added as a neutron poison during refueling operations.



PREPARATION OF BORIC ACID (ORTHO BORIC ACID):
Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) is produced from borax, colemanite, or other inorganic borates by reaction with sulfuric acid or hydrochloric acid, and cooling the solution to proper temperature:
Na2B4O7 ? 10Η2Ο + H2SO4 → 4H3BO3 + Na2SO4 + 5H2O

Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) also may be prepared by extraction of weak borax brine with a kerosene solution of an aromatic diol, such as 2-ethyl-1,3-hexanediol or 3-chloro- 2-hydroxy-5-(1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl)benzyl alcohol.
The diol-borate chelate formed separates into a kerosene phase.
Treatment with sulfuric acid yields Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) which partitions into aqueous phase and is purified by recrystallization.



PRODUCTION METHODS OF BORIC ACID (ORTHO BORIC ACID):
Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) occurs naturally as the mineral sassolite.
However, the majority of Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) is produced by reacting inorganic borates with sulfuric acid in an aqueous medium.
Sodium borate and partially refined calcium borate (colemanite) are the principal raw materials.
When Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) is made from colemanite, the fineground ore is vigorously stirred with mother liquor and sulfuric acid at about 908℃.
The by-product calcium sulfate is removed by filtration, and the Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) is crystallized by cooling the filtrate.



PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF BORIC ACID (ORTHO BORIC ACID):
Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) is a colorless, transparent triclinic crystal or white granule or powder; density 1.435 g/cm3; melts at 171°C under normal heating; however, slow heating causes loss of water; sparingly soluble in cold water (4.7% at 20°C); pH of 0.1M solution 5.1; readily dissolves in hot water (19.1% at 80°C and 27.5% at 100°C); also soluble in lower alcohols and moderately soluble in pyridine.



CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF BORIC ACID (ORTHO BORIC ACID):
Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) is a white powder or granules and odorless.
Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) is incompatible with potassium, acetic anhydride, alkalis, carbonates, and hydroxides.
Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) has uses in the production of textile fiberglass, flat panel displays, and eye drops.

Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) is recognized for its application as a pH buffer and as a moderate antiseptic agent and emulsifier.
Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) is a white, amorphous powder or colorless, crystalline solid.
Boric Acid (Ortho Boric Acid) occurs as a hygroscopic, white crystalline powder, colorless shiny plates, or white crystals.



PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of BORIC ACID (ORTHO BORIC ACID):
Chemical formula: BH3O3
Molar mass: 61.83 g/mol
Appearance: White crystalline solid
Density: 1.435 g/cm³
Melting point: 170.9 °C (339.6 °F; 444.0 K)
Boiling point: 300 °C (572 °F; 573 K)
Solubility in water:
2.52 g/100 mL (0 °C)
4.72 g/100 mL (20 °C)
5.7 g/100 mL (25 °C)
19.10 g/100 mL (80 °C)
27.53 g/100 mL (100 °C)
Solubility in other solvents:
Soluble in lower alcohols
Moderately soluble in pyridine
Very slightly soluble in acetone
log P: -0.29

Acidity (pKa): 9.24 (first proton), 12.4 (second), 13.3 (complete)
Conjugate base: Borate
Magnetic susceptibility (χ): -34.1·10^(-6) cm³/mol
Molecular Weight: 61.84 g/mol
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 3
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 3
Rotatable Bond Count: 0
Exact Mass: 62.0175241 g/mol
Monoisotopic Mass: 62.0175241 g/mol
Topological Polar Surface Area: 60.7 Ų
Heavy Atom Count: 4
Formal Charge: 0
Complexity: 8
Isotope Atom Count: 0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0

Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 1
Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes
Molecular Weight/ Molar Mass: 61.83 g/mol
Density: 1.435 g/cm³ (standard)
1.48 g/cm³ (at 23 °C)
Boiling Point: 158 °C
Melting Point:
300 °C (standard)
1000 °C (decomposition)
CAS Number: 10043-35-3
EC Index Number: 005-007-00-2
EC Number: 233-139-2
Hill Formula: BH₃O₃
Chemical Formula: H₃BO₃
HS Code: 2810 00 90
Quality Level: MQ200
Additional Properties:
pH Value: 5.1 (1.8 g/l, H₂O, 25 °C)
Vapor Pressure: Bulk Density: 400 - 600 kg/m³

Solubility: 49.2 g/l
Physical Properties:
Physical State: Crystalline
Color: White
Odor: Odorless
Melting Point/Freezing Point: 160 °C
Initial Boiling Point and Boiling Range: No data available
Flammability (Solid, Gas): Not flammable (solid)
Upper/Lower Flammability or Explosive Limits: No data available
Flash Point: Not applicable
Autoignition Temperature: No data available
Decomposition Temperature: No data available
Chemical Properties:
pH: 5.1 at 1.8 g/l at 25 °C
Solubility:
Water Solubility: 49.2 g/l at 20 °C, completely soluble
Partition Coefficient (n-Octanol/Water):
log Pow: -1.09 at 22 °C

Physical Properties:
Vapor Pressure: < 0.1 hPa at 25 °C
Density: 1.48 g/cm³ at 23 °C
Relative Density: 1.49 at 23 °C
Relative Vapor Density: No data available
Particle Characteristics: No data available
Explosive Properties: No data available
Oxidizing Properties: None
Safety Information:
Dissociation Constant: 8.94 at 20 °C
Chemical Properties (Recap):
IUPAC Names: Boric acid, Trihydroxidoboron
Chemical Formula: BH₃O₃
Molar Mass: 61.83 g/mol
Appearance: White crystalline solid
Density: 1.435 g/cm³
Melting Point: 170.9 °C
Boiling Point: 300 °C

Solubility in Water:
2.52 g/100 mL at 0 °C
4.72 g/100 mL at 20 °C
5.7 g/100 mL at 25 °C
19.10 g/100 mL at 80 °C
27.53 g/100 mL at 100 °C
Solubility in Other Solvents:
Soluble in lower alcohols
Moderately soluble in pyridine
CBNumber:CB6128144
Molecular Formula:BH3O3 Lewis structure
Molecular Weight:61.83
MDL Number:MFCD00236358
MOL File:10043-35-3.mol
Solubility: Slightly soluble in acetone and pyridine.
Molecular Shape: Trigonal planar
Dipole Moment: Zero
Appearance: White granular

Color: White
Melting Point: Approximately 185°C (decomposition)
Density: 1.435 g/cm³
Odor: Odorless
Flash Point: None
Assay Percent Range: 99.8%
Physical Form: Granular
Beilstein Number: 1697939
Formula Weight: 61.83 g/mol
Chemical Name or Material: Boric acid
Melting point: 160 °C (dec.) (lit.)
Boiling point: 219-220 °C (9.7513 mmHg)
Density: 1.440 g/cm³
Vapor pressure: 2.6 mm Hg (20 °C)
Storage temperature: Store at +5°C to +30°C.
Solubility: H2O: soluble
Form: working solution
pKa: 8.91±0.43 (Predicted)

Specific Gravity: 1.435
Color: ≤10 (APHA)
pH: 3.6-4.4 (25℃, saturated solution in H2O)
Odor: Odorless
pH Range: 3.8 - 4.8
Water Solubility: 49.5 g/L (20 ºC)
Sensitivity: Hygroscopic
λmax (Maximum Absorption Wavelength): λ: 260 nm Amax: 0.05, λ: 280 nm Amax: 0.05
Merck Index: 14,1336
BRN (Beilstein Registry Number): 1697939
Exposure limits: ACGIH: TWA 2 mg/m3; STEL 6 mg/m3
InChIKey: KGBXLFKZBHKPEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N
LogP: -1.09 at 22℃
Substances Added to Food (formerly EAFUS): BORIC ACID
CAS DataBase Reference: 10043-35-3(CAS DataBase Reference)
FDA UNII: R57ZHV85D4
NIST Chemistry Reference: B(OH)3(10043-35-3)
EPA Substance Registry System: Orthoboric acid (10043-35-3)



FIRST AID MEASURES of BORIC ACID (ORTHO BORIC ACID):
-Description of first-aid measures:
*General advice:
Show this material safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
*If inhaled:
After inhalation:
Fresh air.
Call in physician.
*In case of skin contact:
Take off immediately all contaminated clothing.
Rinse skin with water/ shower.
Consult a physician.
*In case of eye contact:
After eye contact:
Rinse out with plenty of water.
Call in ophthalmologist.
Remove contact lenses.
*If swallowed:
After swallowing:
Immediately make victim drink water (two glasses at most).
Consult a physician.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed:
No data available



ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of BORIC ACID (ORTHO BORIC ACID):
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Cover drains.
Collect, bind, and pump off spills.
Take up carefully.
Dispose of properly.



FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of BORIC ACID (ORTHO BORIC ACID):
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Use extinguishing measures that are appropriate to local circumstances and the surrounding environment.
*Unsuitable extinguishing media:
For this substance/mixture no limitations of extinguishing agents are given.
-Further information:
Prevent fire extinguishing water from contaminating surface water or the ground water system.



EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of BORIC ACID (ORTHO BORIC ACID):
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use Safety glasses.
*Skin protection:
Full contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Splash contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
*Body Protection:
protective clothing
-Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.



HANDLING and STORAGE of BORIC ACID (ORTHO BORIC ACID):
-Precautions for safe handling:
*Hygiene measures:
Immediately change contaminated clothing.
Wash hands and face after working with substance.
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
*Storage conditions:
Tightly closed.
Dry.
Keep in a well-ventilated place.
Keep locked up or in an area accessible only to qualified or authorized persons.
Recommended storage temperature see product label.
*Storage class:
Storage class (TRGS 510): 6.1D:
Non-combustible.



STABILITY and REACTIVITY of BORIC ACID (ORTHO BORIC ACID):
-Reactivity:
No data available
-Chemical stability:
The product is chemically stable under standard ambient conditions (room temperature) .
-Conditions to avoid:
no information available

Bornyl acetate is a naturally occurring organic compound with a pleasant, woody aroma, found in various essential oils, most notably in the oils of coniferous trees like pine, fir, and cedar, as well as in some herbs like rosemary and sage.
Bornyl acetate is prized for its aromatic properties and is a common ingredient in perfumery and fragrance industries, characterized by its fresh, earthy, and slightly floral notes.
Beyond its olfactory appeal, Bornyl acetate also boasts potential therapeutic benefits, including its purported ability to promote relaxation and reduce stress when used in aromatherapy.

CAS Number: 5413-60-5
EC Number: 219-700-4
Molecular Formula: C12H16O2
Molecular Weight: 192.25 g/mol

Synonyms: Bornyl acetate, 4,7-Methanoinden-6-ol, 3a,4,5,6,7,7a-hexahydro-, acetate, Dihydro-nordicyclopentadienyl acetate, Tricyclodecen-4-yl 8-acetate, 3a,4,5,6,7,7a-hexahydro-4,7-methanoinden-6-yl acetate, 4,7-Methano-1H-inden-5-ol, 3a,4,5,6,7,7a-hexahydro-, 5-acetate, 3a,4,5,6,7,7a-Hexahydro-4,7-methano-1H-inden-5-yl acetate, 4,7-Methanoinden-5-ol, 3a,4,5,6,7,7a-hexahydro-, acetate, Tricyclo(5.2.1.02,6)dec-3-en-9-yl acetate, Tricyclodecenyl acetate, Tricyclo(5.2.1.02,6)dec-4-en-8-yl acetate, tricyclodecenyl acetate, dihydrodicyclopentadiene acetate, Hexahydro-4,7-methanoinden-5(6)-yl acetate, 3a,4,5,6,7,7a-hexahydro-4,7-methanoinden-6-yl acetate, 4,7-Methano-1H-inden-6-ol, 3a,4,5,6,7,7a-hexahydro-, 6-acetate, 4,7-Methano-1H-inden-6-ol,3a,4,5,6,7,7a-hexahydro-,6-acetate, 4,7-Methanoinden-6-ol,3a,4,5,6,7,7a-hexahydro-,acetate, 4,7-Methano-1H-inden-6-ol,3a,4,5,6,7,7a-hexahydro-,acetate, Bornyl acetate, 4,7-Methano-3a,4,5,6,7,7a-hexahydroinden-6-yl acetate, Herbaflorat, NSC 6598, Greenyl acetate, 8-Acetoxytricyclo[5.2.1.02,6]dec-3-ene, Jasmacyclene, 3a,4,5,6,7,7a-Hexahydro-1H-4,7-methanoinden-6-yl acetate, Bornyl acetate, 5413-60-5, Jasmacyclen, 3a,4,5,6,7,7a-hexahydro-1H-4,7-methanoinden-6-yl acetate, Tricyclodecenyl acetate, Tricyclodecen-4-yl 8-acetate, 4,7-Methano-1H-inden-6-ol, 3a,4,5,6,7,7a-hexahydro-, acetate, Greenyl acetate, Dihydro-nordicyclopentadienyl acetate, 3a,4,5,6,7,7a-Hexahydro-4,7-methanoinden-6-yl acetate, 5232EN3X2F, NSC-6598, MFCD00135806, 4,7-Methanoinden-6-ol, 3a,4,5,6,7,7a-hexahydro-, acetate, 4,7-Methano-1H-inden-6-ol, 3a,4,5,6,7,7a-hexahydro-, 6-acetate, Herbaflorat, NSC 6598; Herbaflorat; Greenyl acetate, NSC 6598, EINECS 226-501-6, JASMACYCLENE, BRN 1949487, AI3-20146, SCHEMBL114981, UNII-5232EN3X2F, DTXSID4029270, NSC6598, Dihydro-nor-dicyclopentadienyl acetate, AKOS027276455, BS-42422, SY316742, J217.985G, NS00003520, 8-acetoxytricyclo[5,2,1,0 2,6]dec-3-ene, 8-tricyclo[5.2.1.02,6]dec-3-enyl acetate, E76501, EC 226-501-6, 8-ACETOXYTRICYCLO(5.2.1.02,6)DEC-3-ENE, W-105670, Q10878625, 3a,4,5,6,7,7a-hexahydro-1H-4,7-methanoinden-6-ylacetate, ACETIC ACID TRICYCLE(5.2.1.0(SUP 2,6))DECA-3-ENE-8-YL ESTER, 3A,4,5,6,7,7A-HEXAHYDRO-1H-4,7-METHANOINDEN-6-YL ACETATE, 4,7-METHANO-1H-INDEN-6-OL, 3A,4,5,6,7,7A-HEXAHYDRO-, 6-ACETATE, 4,7-METHANO-1H-INDEN-6-OL, 3A,4,5,6,7,7A-HEXAHYDRO-, ACETATE, 8-ACETOXYTRICYCLO(5.2.1.02,6)DEC-3-ENE, ACETIC ACID TRICYCLE(5.2.1.0(SUP 2,6))DECA-3-ENE-8-YL ESTER, GREENYL ACETATE, J217.985G, JASMACYCLENE, NSC-6598, Bornyl acetate, DIHYDRO-DICYCLOPENTADIENYL ACETATE, 4,7-Methano-1H-Inden-6-ol, 3a,4,5,6,7,7a-Hexahydro-, Acetate, Dihydro-Nordicyclopentadienyl Acetate, Tricyclodecen-4-yl 8-Acetate, Tricyclodecenyl Acetate (IFRA)

Bornyl acetate is a colorless to pale yellow liquid known for its distinctive woody and green scent.
Bornyl acetate is commonly used in the fragrance industry to create perfumes and scented personal care products like lotions and soaps.

With a chemical formula of C14H24O2, Bornyl acetate provides a fresh, slightly balsamic note that adds depth and complexity to aromatic formulations.
Bornyl acetate is valued for its stability and versatility, making it a popular choice among perfumers and cosmetic manufacturers.

Bornyl acetate is a light-floral green soapy compound.
Bornyl acetate is a clear to straw yellow liquid and is not present in nature.

Bornyl acetate is synthetic.
Bornyl acetate has a strong and lasting delicate fragrance and is used in flavor essences such as modulation lavandula angustifolia, the banksia rose, fragrance are strange, chypre, and for makeup.

Bornyl acetate is a naturally occurring organic compound with a pleasant, woody aroma.
Bornyl acetate is found in various essential oils, most notably in the oils of coniferous trees like pine, fir, and cedar, as well as in some herbs like rosemary and sage.
This ester is prized for its aromatic properties and is a common ingredient in perfumery and fragrance industries.

Bornyl acetate's fragrance profile is characterized by its fresh, earthy, and slightly floral notes, making it a popular choice for adding depth and complexity to perfumes, colognes, and scented products.
Beyond Bornyl acetate's olfactory appeal, Bornyl acetate also boasts potential therapeutic benefits, including its purported ability to promote relaxation and reduce stress when used in aromatherapy.
Bornyl acetate continues to be an essential component in the world of fragrance and aromatics, captivating our senses with its delightful scent.

Bornyl acetate is a fragrance.
Bornyl acetate is widely used in alcoholic lotions, antiperspirant, deo-stick, detergent perborate, hard surface cleaner, shampoo and soap.
The shelf life of Bornyl acetate is 24 months

Bornyl acetate is a naturally occurring organic compound with a pleasant, woody aroma.
Bornyl acetate is found in various essential oils, most notably in the oils of coniferous trees like pine, fir, and cedar, as well as in some herbs like rosemary and sage.

This ester is prized for Bornyl acetate's aromatic properties and is a common ingredient in perfumery and fragrance industries.
Bornyl acetate's fragrance profile is characterized by its fresh, earthy, and slightly floral notes, making it a popular choice for adding depth and complexity to perfumes, colognes, and scented products.

Beyond Bornyl acetate's olfactory appeal, Bornyl acetate also boasts potential therapeutic benefits, including its purported ability to promote relaxation and reduce stress when used in aromatherapy.
Bornyl acetate, continues to be an essential component in the world of fragrance and aromatics, captivating our senses with its delightful scent.

Bornyl acetate is a natural product found in Solanum lycopersicum with data available.
Bornyl acetate is cycloBornyl acetate jasmacyclene .

Bornyl acetate is light-floral green soapy.
Bornyl acetate is the ester that conforms to the formula: C12H16O2.

Bornyl acetate is a synthetic aromatic chemical.
Bornyl acetate has a shelf life of 24 months.

Uses of Bornyl acetate:
Bornyl acetate has a strong and lasting delicate fragrance and is used in flavor essences such as modulation lavandula angustifolia, the banksia rose, fragrance are strange, chypre, and for makeup .
Bornyl acetate is used fine fragrances, beauty care, hair care, laundry Care.

Bornyl acetate is an excellent modifier & provides floral accords an attractive green fruity volume with a sweet anise and wood background.
Bornyl acetate is used for perfuming soaps, detergents and air freshners.

Benefits and Uses:

Perfumery:
Bornyl acetate, with its woody and floral notes, is an essential component in high-end perfumes, providing a lasting and captivating fragrance.

Aromatherapy:
In aromatherapy, Bornyl acetate is utilized to create calming essential oil blends that promote relaxation and reduce stress.

Flavorings:
Bornyl acetate adds a subtle piney flavor to certain food and beverage products, enhancing their taste profiles.

Cosmetics:
Bornyl acetate is used in cosmetics such as lotions and creams to imbue them with a pleasant, nature-inspired scent, enhancing the user's sensory experience.

Cleaning Products:
Bornyl acetate's fresh and clean aroma makes Bornyl acetate a popular choice for adding fragrance to various household cleaning items, leaving spaces smelling rejuvenated.

Pharmaceuticals:
In some pharmaceutical preparations, Bornyl acetate is incorporated for both its fragrance and its potential calming effects, contributing to a more pleasant medication experience.

Industry Uses:
Odor agents
Fragrance

Consumer Uses:
Processing aids not otherwise specified
Odor agents
Fragrance

Molecular Structure of Bornyl acetate:
The molecular formula of Bornyl acetate is C12H16O2.
The IUPAC name of Bornyl acetate is 8-tricyclo [5.2.1.0 2,6 ]dec-3-enyl acetate.
The molecular weight of Bornyl acetate is 192.25 g/mol.

Physical And Chemical Properties of Bornyl acetate:
Bornyl acetate is a clear to straw yellow liquid.
Bornyl acetate is insoluble in water but soluble in alcohol.
Bornyl acetate is stable under normal conditions.

Synthesis of Bornyl acetate:
The synthetic method of Bornyl acetate involves a long production reaction scheme, which is considered dangerous and not suitable for industrial production due to its low synthetic yield.
A detailed synthetic method can be found in a patent.

General Manufacturing Information of Bornyl acetate:

Industry Processing Sectors:
Miscellaneous Manufacturing
Soap, Cleaning Compound, and Toilet Preparation Manufacturing
Other (requires additional information)
All Other Basic Organic Chemical Manufacturing
Wholesale and Retail Trade

Manufacturing Process of Bornyl acetate:
The extensive Bornyl acetate production cost report consists of the major industrial manufacturing process(es):

From Acetic Acid and Perchloric-Phosphoric acid:
The production process of Bornyl acetate begins with the chemical reaction between acetic acid and perchloric-phosphoric acid, yielding a mixture.
Bornyl acetate is then treated by the slow addition of acetic anhydride and dicyclopentadiene, which is then washed by using sodium hydroxide, sodium sulfite, and saturated salt followed by fractional distillation to yield Bornyl acetate at the end.

Bornyl acetate is produced through chemical synthesis.
The high chloride-phosphoric acid and acetic acid are added together in specific quantities.

After that, at a temperature of about 580C, acetic anhydride is added to the mixture, followed by the addition of dicyclopentadiene.
A temperature of 50-800C is maintained.

Further through vacuum fractionation, the products are washed by NaOH.
Hence, Bornyl acetate is obtained.

Bornyl acetate is a clear and colourless liquid.
The chemical formula of Bornyl acetate is C12H16O2.

The specific gravity of Bornyl acetate at 25 °C is 1.07 to 1.09.
The flash point of Bornyl acetate is 111°C.

Bornyl acetate is insoluble in water but is miscible in alcohol.
The molecular weight of Bornyl acetate is 192.25 g/mol.

Handling And Storage of Bornyl acetate:

Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:

Storage:
Keep in tightly closed container in a cool and dry place, protected from light.
When stored for more than 24 months, quality should be checked before use.

Storage conditions:
Tightly closed.
Dry.

Stability And Reactivity of Bornyl acetate:

Reactivity:
No data available

Chemical stability:
Bornyl acetate is chemically stable under standard ambient conditions (room temperature) .

Conditions to avoid:
no information available

Incompatible materials:
No data available

First Aid Measures of Bornyl acetate:

General advice:
Show this material safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.

If inhaled:

After inhalation:
Fresh air.

In case of skin contact:
Take off immediately all contaminated clothing.
Rinse skin with water/ shower.

In case of eye contact:

After eye contact:
Rinse out with plenty of water.
Call in ophthalmologist.
Remove contact lenses.

If swallowed:

After swallowing:
Immediately make victim drink water (two glasses at most).
Consult a physician.

Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed:
No data available

Fire Fighting Measures of Bornyl acetate:

Suitable extinguishing media:
Use extinguishing measures that are appropriate to local circumstances and the surrounding environment.

Unsuitable extinguishing media:
For this substance/mixture no limitations of extinguishing agents are given.

Further information:
Suppress (knock down) gases/vapors/mists with a water spray jet.
Prevent fire extinguishing water from contaminating surface water or the ground water system

Accidental Release Measures of Bornyl acetate:

Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.

Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Cover drains.
Collect, bind, and pump off spills.

Observe possible material restrictions.
Take up dry. Dispose of properly.
Clean up affected area.

Exposure Controls/Personal Protection of Bornyl acetate:

Personal protective equipment:

Eye/face protection:
Use equipment for eye protection.
Safety glasses

Skin protection:

Full contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,11 mm
Break through time: 480 min

Splash contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,11 mm
Break through time: 480 min

Body Protection:
protective clothing

Respiratory protection:
Recommended Filter type: Filter type P2

Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.

Identifiers of Bornyl acetate:
Molecular Formula: C12H16O2
DSSTOX Substance ID: DTXSID4029270
Molecular Weight: 192.25 g/mol
Physical Description: Liquid; Liquid, Other Solid
Product Name: Bornyl acetate
CAS RN: 5413-60-5
Product Name: 4,7-Methano-3a,4,5,6,7,7a-hexahydroinden-6-yl acetate
CAS No.: 5413-60-5
Molecular Formula: C12H16O2
InChIKey: RGVQNSFGUOIKFF-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Molecular Weight: 192.25 g/mol
Exact Mass: 192.25
EC Number: 226-501-6
UNII: 5232EN3X2F
NSC Number: 6598
DSSTox ID: DTXSID4029270

Molecular Weight: 192.25
Appearance: A colorless viscous liquid.
Boiling point: 288.25°C (rough estimate)
Density: 1.0240 (rough estimate)
Storage temp: Sealed in dry, Room Temperature
Water Solubility: 10μg/L at 30℃
Chemical Name: 3A,4,5,6,7,7A-HEXAHYDRO-4,7-METHANOINDEN-6-YL ACETATE
Chemical Formula: C12 H16 O2
Family: Floral
CAS N°: 5413-60-5
EINECS N°: 226-501-6
FEMA N°: -

Properties of Bornyl acetate:
Molecular Weight: 192.25 g/mol
XLogP3-AA: 2.2
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 0
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 2
Rotatable Bond Count: 2
Exact Mass: 192.115029749 g/mol
Monoisotopic Mass: 192.115029749 g/mol
Topological Polar Surface Area: 26.3 Ų
Heavy Atom Count: 14
Complexity: 295
Isotope Atom Count: 0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 5
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 1
Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes

Beilstein Number: 1949487
MDL: MFCD00135806
XlogP3-AA: 2.20 (est)
Molecular Weight: 192.25792000
Formula: C12 H16 O2
AL number: 3046
CAS number: To be assigned
CAS number (unlabelled): 5413-60-5
Molecular Formula: C12H16O2
Molecular Weight: 194.24
Assay: 95% min.
Appearance: colorless to pale yellow clear liquid (est)
Assay: 96.00 to 100.00 sum of isomers

Flash Point: > 100°C
Refractive Index ND20: [1.492 - 1.498]
Specific Gravity (D20/20): [1.072 - 1.082]
Purity: > 98% (SUM OF ISOMERS)
Molecular Weight: 192
Chemical Formula: C12H16O2
CAS Number: 5413-60-5
Color: Clear Colorless Liquid
Shelf Life: 12 months
Form: Liquid
IUPAC Name: 8-tricyclo[5.2.1.02,6]dec-3-enyl acetate
InChI: InChI=1S/C12H16O2/c1-7(13)14-12-6-8-5-11(12)10-4-2-3-9(8)10/h2-3,8-12H,4-6H2,1H3
InChI Key: RGVQNSFGUOIKFF-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Canonical SMILES: CC(=O)OC1CC2CC1C3C2C=CC3

Specifications of Bornyl acetate:
APPEARANCE AT 20°C: Clear moible liquid
COLOR: Colorless to pale yellow
ODOR: Fruit,green,wood,anise,floral,ozone
OPTICAL ROTATION (°): -0,5 / 0,5
DENSITY AT 20°C (G/ML)): 1,068 - 1,078
REFRACTIVE INDEX ND20: 1,4930 - 1,4970
FLASHPOINT (°C): 116
SOLUBILITY: Soluble in ethanol 96º
ASSAY (% GC): Sum of isomers > 98
ACID VALUE (MG KOH/G): < 1

BORON NITRIDE, N° CAS : 10043-11-5, Nom INCI : BORON NITRIDE, Nom chimique : Boron nitride, N° EINECS/ELINCS : 233-136-6. Agent Absorbant : Absorbe l'eau (ou l'huile) sous forme dissoute ou en fines particules. Opacifiant : Réduit la transparence ou la translucidité des cosmétiques. Agent d'entretien de la peau : Maintient la peau en bon état

Boron Nitride = BN

CAS Number: 10043-11-5
EC Number: 233-136-6
Chemical formula: BN
Molar mass: 24.82 g/mol

Boron nitride is a thermally and chemically resistant refractory compound of boron and nitrogen with the chemical formula BN.
Boron Nitride exists in various crystalline forms that are isoelectronic to a similarly structured carbon lattice.
The hexagonal form corresponding to graphite is the most stable and soft among BN polymorphs, and is therefore used as a lubricant and an additive to cosmetic products.
The cubic (zincblende aka sphalerite structure) variety analogous to diamond is called c-BN; Boron Nitride is softer than diamond, but Boron Nitrides thermal and chemical stability is superior.
The rare wurtzite BN modification is similar to lonsdaleite but slightly softer than the cubic form.

Boron nitride (BN is a synthetic material, which although discovered in the early 19th century was not developed as a commercial material until the latter half of the 20th century.
Boron and nitrogen are neighbours of carbon in the periodic table - in combination boron and nitrogen have the same number of outer shell electrons - the atomic radii of boron and nitrogen are similar to that of carbon.
Boron Nitride is not surprising therefore that boron nitride and carbon exhibit similarity in their crystal structure.
In the same way that carbon exists as graphite and diamond, boron nitride can be synthesised in hexagonal and cubic forms.

The synthesis of hexagonal boron nitride powder is achieved by nitridation or ammonalysis of boric oxide at elevated temperature.
Cubic boron nitride is formed by high pressure, high temperature treatment of hexagonal BN.

Hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) is the equivalent in structure of graphite.
Like graphite Boron Nitrides plate like microstructure and layered lattice structure give Boron Nitride good lubricating properties.
h-BN is resistant to sintering and is usually formed by hot pressing.

Cubic boron nitride (C-BN) has the same structure as diamond and Boron Nitrides properties mirror those of diamond.
Indeed C-BN is the second hardest material next to diamond.
C-BN was first synthesised in 1957, but Boron Nitride is only in the last 15 years that commercial production of C-BN has developed.

Boron nitride is a non-toxic thermal and chemical refractory compound with high electrical resistance, and is most commonly available in colorless crystal or white powder form.
Boron Nitride is an advanced ceramic material and is often referred to as “white graphene” or “inorganic graphite”.
In this article, Let’s discuss the production, general properties, and uses of boron nitride.

Boron nitride (BN) is a binary chemical compound, consisting of equal numbers of boron and nitrogen atoms.
Boron Nitrides empirical formula is therefore BN.
Boron nitride is isoelectronic with carbon and, like carbon, boron nitrides exists as various polymorphic forms, one of which is analogous to diamond and one analogous to graphite.
The diamond-like polymorph is one of the hardest materials known and the graphite-like polymorph is a useful lubricant.

Boron Nitride (BN) is a popular inorganic compound capable of showing different forms and properties.
Similar to many other inorganic compounds, BN has found an important place in the world of chemistry.
However, the potential of BN was discovered later in history compared to other inorganic compounds such as oxides of boron and iron, chlorides, or ammonia.

This delay could be attributed to the fact that BN is not found in nature and actually obtained in the laboratory environment.
BN was first produced at the beginning of the 18th century.
However, Boron Nitrides commercial use did not start until the 1940s.
Since then, Boron Nitride is widely produced and utilized in different industries.

Boron nitride attracts attention due to Boron Nitrides electronic comparability to the world-famous element carbon.
Much like carbon, BN shares the same number of electrons between neighbouring atoms.
Furthermore, BN takes on similar structural properties to carbon.
A surprising equivalence between different phases of BN and phases of carbon based materials is observed.

BN products can exist in several different phases including amorphous (a-BN), hexagonal (h-BN), turbostratic (t-BN), rhombohedral (r-BN), monoclinic (m-BN), orthorhombic (o-BN), wurtzite (w-BN), and cubic (c-BN) phases.
Amongst the different polymorphic forms of BN hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) and cubic boron nitride (c-BN) attract the most attention due to their stability, similarity to different phases of carbon based materials, and desirable properties.
Hexagonal boron nitride is often associated with graphite-like carbon based materials while c-BN is often associated with the diamond-like carbon structure.
The first samples of c-BN were produced from hexagonal boron nitride using high pressure and high temperature process in the presence of catalyst in 1957.

After this discovery, much more sophisticated production methods have been developed for the production of c-BN.
But, commercial availability of c-BN was not obtained up until 1969.
Since then, desirable properties of cubic boron nitride have been utilized in several different industries.

Boron nitride (BN) is a binary chemical compound, consisting of equal numbers of boron and nitrogen atoms.
The empirical formula is therefore BN.
Boron nitride is isoelectronic to the elemental forms of carbon and isomorphism occurs between the two species.
That is boron nitride possess three polymorphic forms; one analogous to diamond, one analogous to graphite and ones analogous to the fullerenes.
The diamond-like allotrope of boron nitride is one of the hardest materials known but is softer than materials such as diamond, ultrahard fullerite, and aggregated diamond nanorods.

A hexagonal boron nitride nanosheet (BNNS) is an atomic-thick 2D material that exhibits many interesting properties such as high chemical stability and excellent mechanical and thermal properties.
In Chapter One, the authors introduce two methods for the exfoliation of BNNS from hexagonal boron nitride (hBN).
Then, methodologies for the surface functionalization and nanocomposite construction are demonstrated by two BNNS based nanocomposites.
The catalytic performance of the BNNS based nanocomposites is also evaluated and discussed in detail.

Chapter two evaluates the formation of rolled hexagonal boron nitride nano-sheets (h-BN nanoscrolls) on their unique morphology, magnetic properties and applications.
Due to the high chemical and thermal stabilities, as well as atomically smooth surfaces with free of dangling bonds, hBN has been used as barriers, passivation and support layers in 2D electronic devices, to maximize the electrical and optical characterization of 2D materials.
However, there still remains a challenge in obtaining large-area and high-quality hBN film for real 2D electronic devices.
Chapter Three focuses on chemical vapor deposition (CVD), a promising method to overcome these limitations.

Chapter Four discusses how a boron doped armchair graphene ribbon has been shown by cyclic voltammetry to be a potential catalyst to replace platinum, however the reaction catalyzed was not identified.
The authors use density functional calculations to show the reaction catalyzed is likely dissociation of HO2.
Chapter Five reveals a novel and industrially feasible route to incorporate boron nitride nanoparticles (BNNPs) in radiation-shielding aerospace structural materials.

Chapter Six deals with the preparation and characterization of boron nitride nanotube (BNNT)-reinforced biopolyester matrices.
The morphology, hydrophilicity, biodegradability, cytotoxicity, thermal, mechanical, tribological and antibacterial properties of the resulting nanocomposites are discussed in detail.
Chapter Seven presents theoretical estimations regarding the compressive buckling response of single walled boron nitride nanotubes (SWBNNTs), which have a similar crystal structure as single walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs).

Moreover, SWBNNTs have excellent mechanical, insulating and dielectric properties.
Finally, Chapter Eight shows how the different exchange mechanisms can be distinguished and measured by studying solid films where part of the 3He is replaced by immobile Ne atoms.
The authors also show how the formation energy of vacancies and vacancy tunneling frequency can be obtained from NMR studies at high temperature.

Boron Nitride is an advanced synthetic ceramic material available in solid and powder form.
Boron Nitrides unique properties – from high heat capacity and outstanding thermal conductivity to easy machinability, lubricity, low dielectric constant and superior dielectric strength – make boron nitride a truly outstanding material.

In Boron Nitrides solid form, boron nitride is often referred to as “white graphite” because Boron Nitride has a microstructure similar to that of graphite.
However, unlike graphite, boron nitride is an excellent electrical insulator that has a higher oxidation temperature.
Boron Nitride offers high thermal conductivity and good thermal shock resistance and can be easily machined to close tolerances in virtually any shape.
After machining, Boron Nitride is ready for use without additional heat treating or firing operations.

Boron Nitride is a graphite-like, crystalline material that has light-diffusing and texture improving properties.
Boron Nitride is quite the multi-tasker as Boron Nitride can blur imperfections, add an exceptional creamy feel to products and act as a mattifying agent.

In powder makeup products (think blushers, highlighters), Boron Nitride enhances the skin feel and improves the color pay-off.
In lipsticks, Boron Nitride gives a creamy feel and a better color on the lips.

First Aid Measures of Boron Nitride:

General Measures: Remove patient from area of exposure.
Inhalation: Remove to fresh air, keep warm and quiet, give oxygen if breathing is difficult.
Seek medical attention.

Because of excellent thermal and chemical stability, boron nitride ceramics are used in high-temperature equipment and metal casting.
Boron nitride has potential use in nanotechnology.

The empirical formula of boron nitride (BN) is deceptive.
BN is not at all like other diatomic molecules such as carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrogen chloride (HCl).
Rather, Boron Nitride has much in common with carbon, whose representation as the monatomic C is also misleading.

BN, like carbon, has multiple structural forms.
BN’s most stable structure, hBN (shown), is isoelectronic with graphite and has the same hexagonal structure with similar softness and lubricant properties.
hBN can also be produced in graphene-like sheets that can be formed into nanotubes.

In contrast, cubic BN (cBN) is isoelectronic with diamond.
Boron Nitride is not quite as hard, but Boron Nitride is more thermally and chemically stable.
Boron Nitride is also much easier to make.
Unlike diamond, Boron Nitride is insoluble in metals at high temperatures, making Boron Nitride a useful abrasive and oxidation-resistant metal coating.
There is also an amorphous form (aBN), equivalent to amorphous carbon (see below).

BN is primarily a synthetic material, although a naturally occurring deposit has been reported.
Attempts to make pure BN date to the early 20th century, but commercially acceptable forms have been produced only in the past 70 years.
In a 1958 patent to the Carborundum Company (Lewiston, NY), Kenneth M. Taylor prepared molded shapes of BN by heating boric acid (H3BO3) with a metal salt of an oxyacid such as phosphate in the presence of ammonia to form a BN “mix”, which was then compressed into shape.

Today, similar methods are in use that begin with boric trioxide (B2O3) or H3BO3 and use ammonia or urea as the nitrogen source.
All synthetic methods produce a somewhat impure aBN, which is purified and converted to hBN by heating at temperatures higher than used in the synthesis.
Similarly, to the preparation of synthetic diamond, hBN is converted to cBN under high pressure and temperature.

Boron nitride (BN) is a chemical compound that is isoelectronic and isostructural to carbon with equal composition of boron and nitrogen atoms.

Cubical boron nitride (cBN) is the second hardest material known behind diamond.
Boron Nitrides abrasive properties are tremendously relevant for tools in cutting and grinding processes.
In a high pressure/high temperature (HP/HT) process, the rather soft boron nitride (BN) is transformed into the cubic crystal system, where Boron Nitride resembles the structure of diamond (Klocke and König, 2008; Heisel et al., 2014).

After transformation, Boron Nitrides hardness reaches approximately 70 GPa or 3000 HV and a thermal stability up to 2000 °C (Heisel et al., 2014; Uhlmann et al., 2013).
Furthermore, cBN is chemically inert and will not oxidize unless the temperatures exceed 1200 °C.
Currently, the most used cutting materials based on boron nitride can be classified by high cBN-containing and low cBN-containing grades.
High cBN-containing grades consist of 80 to 90% cBN in a metallic W–Co binder phase or ceramic titanium or aluminum based binder phase.

Low cBN-containing grades consist of 45 to 65% cBN and a titanium carbide or titanium nitride based ceramic binder phase (Klocke and König, 2008; Heisel et al., 2014).
Tools containing cBN are preferred for the machining of various materials such as hardened steel, with a hardness of 55 HRC to 68 HRC, sintered metals and cobalt-based superalloys (Klocke and König, 2008).
Compared to diamond, cBN has a significantly lower chemical affinity towards iron or cobalt.
Therefore, Boron Nitride shows higher wear resistance when machining materials consisting of these elements (Marinescu et al., 2006).

boron nitride, (chemical formula BN), synthetically produced crystalline compound of boron and nitrogen, an industrial ceramic material of limited but important application, principally in electrical insulators and cutting tools.
Boron Nitride is made in two crystallographic forms, hexagonal boron nitride (H-BN) and cubic boron nitride (C-BN).

H-BN is prepared by several methods, including the heating of boric oxide (B2O3) with ammonia (NH3).
Boron Nitride is a platy powder consisting, at the molecular level, of sheets of hexagonal rings that slide easily past one another.
This structure, similar to that of the carbon mineral graphite (see the Figure), makes H-BN a soft, lubricious material; unlike graphite, though, H-BN is noted for Boron Nitrides low electric conductivity and high thermal conductivity.
H-BN is frequently molded and then hot-pressed into shapes such as electrical insulators and melting crucibles.
Boron Nitride also can be applied with a liquid binder as a temperature-resistant coating for metallurgical, ceramic, or polymer processing machinery.

C-BN is most often made in the form of small crystals by subjecting H-BN to extremely high pressure (six to nine gigapascals) and temperature (1,500° to 2,000° C, or 2,730° to 3,630° F).
Boron Nitride is second only to diamond in hardness (approaching the maximum of 10 on the Mohs hardness scale) and, like synthetic diamond, is often bonded onto metallic or metallic-ceramic cutting tools for the machining of hard steels.
Owing to Boron Nitrides high oxidation temperature (above 1,900° C, or 3,450° F), Boron Nitride has a much higher working temperature than diamond (which oxidizes above 800° C, or 1,475° F).

Ingestion: Rinse mouth with water.
Do not induce vomiting.
Seek medical attention.
Never induce vomiting or give anything by mouth to an unconscious person.

Skin: Remove contaminated clothing, brush material off skin, wash affected area with soap and water.
Seek medical attention if irritation develops or persists.
Eyes: Flush eyes with lukewarm water, including under upper and lower eyelids, for at least 15 minutes.
Seek medical attention if irritation develops or persists.

Most Important Symptoms/Effects, Acute and Delayed:
May cause irritation.
See section 11 for more information.
Indication of Immediate Medical Attention and Special Treatment:
No other relevant information available.

Firefighting Measures of Boron Nitride:
Extinguishing Media: Use suitable extinguishing agent for surrounding materials and type of fire.
Unsuitable Extinguishing Media: No information available.
Specific Hazards Arising from the Material: May release toxic fumes if involved in a fire.
Special Protective Equipment and Precautions for Firefighters: Wear full face, self-contained breathing apparatus and full protective clothing.

Accidental Relase Measures of Boron Nitride:
Personal Precautions, Protective Equipment, and Emergency Procedures: Wear appropriate respiratory and protective equipment specified.
Isolate spill area and provide ventilation.
Avoid breathing dust or fume.

Avoid contact with skin and eyes.
Methods and Materials for Containment and Cleaning Up: Avoid creating dust.
Scoop or vacuum up spill using a vacuum system equipped with a high efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filtration system and place in a properly labeled closed container for further handling and disposal.
Environmental Precautions: Do not allow to enter drains or to be released to the environment.

Handling And Storages of Boron Nitride:
Precautions for Safe Handling: Avoid creating dust.
Provide adequate ventilation if dusts are created.
Avoid breathing dust or fumes.

Avoid contact with skin and eyes.
Wash thoroughly before eating or smoking.
Conditions for Safe Storage: Store in a cool, dry area.
Store material tightly sealed in properly labeled containers.
Do not store together with oxidizers.

Exposure Controls And Personal Protection of Boron Nitride:
Engineering Controls: Ensure adequate ventilation to maintain exposures below occupational limits.
Whenever possible the use of local exhaust ventilation or other engineering controls is the preferred method of controlling exposure to airborne dust and fume to meet established occupational exposure limits.
Use good housekeeping and sanitation practices.

Do not use tobacco or food in work area.
Wash thoroughly before eating or smoking.
Do not blow dust off clothing or skin with compressed air.

Individual Protection Measures, Such as Personal Protective Equipment:
Respiratory Protection: Use suitable respirator when high concentrations are present.
Eye Protection: Safety glasses
Skin Protection: Impermeable gloves, protective work clothing as necessary.

Material Advantages of Boron Nitride:

To make solid shapes, hBN powders and binders are hot-pressed in billets up to 490mm x 490mm x 410mm at pressures up to 2000 psi and temperatures up to 2000°C.
This process forms a material that is dense and easily machined and ready to use.
Boron Nitride is available in virtually any custom shape that can be machined and has unique characteristics and physical properties which make Boron Nitride valuable for solving tough problems in a wide range of industrial applications.
Excellent thermal shock resistance
High electrical resistivity – excluding aerosols, paints, and ZSBN
Low density

High thermal conductivity
Anisotropic (thermal conductance is different in different planes relative to pressing direction)
Corrosion resistant

Good chemical inertness
High temperature material
Non-wetting

High dielectric breakdown strength, >40 KV/mm
Low dielectric constant, k=4
Excellent machinability

Significance of Boron Nitride in Composites and Its Applications
Boron nitride (BN) exists in several polymorphic forms such as a-BN, h-BN, t-BN, r-BN, m-BN, o-BN, w-BN, and c-BN phases.
Among them, c-BN and h-BN are the most common ceramic powders used in composites to ensure enhanced material properties.
Cubic boron nitride (c-BN) has exceptional properties such as hardness, strength than relating with other ceramics so that are most commonly used as abrasives and in cutting tool applications.

c-BN possesses the second highest thermal conductivity after diamond and relatively low dielectric constant.
Hence pioneer preliminary research in AMCs proven substitute composites than virgin AA 6061 traditionally used for fins in heat sinks.
Moreover, poly-crystalline c-BN (PCBN) tools are most suitable for various machining tasks due to their unmatch-able mechanical properties.
h-BN also finds Boron Nitrides own unique applications where polymer composites for high temperature applications and sp 3 bonding in extreme temperature and compression conditions.

Structure and Chemistry of 2D Materials of Boron Nitride:
BNNSs can also be exfoliated in liquid phase, known as solution processing.
In 2008, Han et al. sonicated h-BN crystals in an organic solution and yielded one- to few-layer single-crystalline BN.
Subsequently, large-scale solution exfoliation of BNNSs was demonstrated using DMF as the solvent.

Liquid exfoliation can also be carried out in water without using any surfactants or organic molecules.
Choosing an appropriate solvent is crucial for exfoliating BNNSs with desired properties.
Production yield, lateral size, and number of layers can be significantly varied depending on the type of solvent used.

In addition, modifying BNNSs with functional groups can affect the interaction between the solvent and bulk BN, enhancing product quality.
Today, solution exfoliation methods are frequently carried out using mixed solvents and electric fields or microwaves to improve controllability.
Liquid exfoliation is an efficient process to prepare large amounts of BNNSs.
However, controlling the number of h-BN layers is very difficult, and sonication usually reduces the size of BNNS flakes.

Discovery of graphene and beyond
Boron nitride (BN), consisting of boron–nitrogen covalent bonds, was commonly used as a refractory material.
Isoelectronic to sp2 carbon lattice, BN was generally compared with carbon allotropes.

The cubic form of BN (c-BN) has a diamond-like crystalline arrangement and the bulk crystal of h-BN is analogous to graphite crystal.
The 2-D sheets of h-BN are the most stable and soft among Boron Nitrides polymorphs, and bonding in h-BN is similar to that in aromatic compounds, but Boron Nitrides considerably less covalency and higher ionic character make Boron Nitride one of the best proton conductors but also an electrical insulator.
Boron Nitrides thermal conductivity is the highest among all electrical insulators (Fig. 1.7).

Atomically thin h-BN sheets, also called “white graphene” can be synthesized by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) of molecular precursors, such as ammonia–borate.
Exfoliation of bulk h-BN under suitable conditions was also demonstrated for large-scale applications in coatings and cosmetics including, but not limited to, lipsticks and lip balms.
h-BN is used as a substrate to grow large-area graphene films because of Boron Nitrides low lattice mismatch with graphene (1.7%).

Nanolayers of h-BN display excellent thermal stability, chemical inertness, and high optical transparency, when compared with those of graphene.
In contrast to electronically conductive graphene, h-BN layers are insulators (band gap ~6 eV) because of the absence of the π-electrons and they show fire-retardant abilities.
The layers of h-BN have unusually high proton conduction rates and when combined with high electrical resistance, these could be useful for fuel cell applications.
Hence, inorganic analogues of graphene, such as h-BN, have paved the way to discover atomic layers of other elements with tunable properties and these include transition metal dichalogenides (TMDs) which are described next.

Porous Materials and Nanomaterials of Boron Nitride:
Boron nitride (BN) ceramics are resistant to chemical attack and molten metals, have high thermal stability in air, and have anisotropic thermal conductivity that are suitable for widespread use in the fabrication of high-temperature crucibles.
BN can exist as multiple phases, and the hexagonal BN (hBN) phase is stable at room temperature.
hBN is the low-density phase that has been widely used as a heat resistant and electrically insulating material.

The hBN phase has a direct bandgap of 5.97 eV and efficiently emits deep UV light.10,42,43 hBN is isostructural to graphite, displaying expected anisotropic mechanical properties, such as facile cleavage and low hardness.
hBN has greater chemical and thermal stabilities than GaN and AlN, which also hold potential as wide-bandgap materials.
BN has two other forms: one isostructural to the cubic zinc blende structure and the other hexagonal and wurtzite-like.
The two forms, referred to as cBN and wBN, are stable at high pressures and temperatures, but can exist at room temperature in a metastable state.

A turbostratic phase, tBN, has also been characterized.
This structure is semicrystalline and lacks ordering in the third dimension, as Boron Nitride is analogous to turbostratic carbon black.
BN offers the lowest density (2.26 g cm−1) among nonoxide ceramics, and introducing porosity into such materials can benefit high-temperature composites and catalyst supports.
Furthermore, BN ceramics hold potential for applications in corrosive environments that are not suited for oxide ceramics.

Porous BN materials, which can be ordered47, or disordered, are most commonly synthesized using hard templates, such as carbon or silica, and advancing porous BN materials requires further development of synthetic techniques.
Fibers, coatings, and foams cannot be prepared from BN powders, as they are with Si3N4 and SiC.
In the past decade, several synthetic avenues have been explored.

Porous BN has been prepared from polymeric precursors as well-crystallized, regularly grained powder.
A mesoporous BN ceramic comprised of hBN crystallites with sizes between 24 and 45 Å has been synthesized using chemical vapor deposition and mesoporous silica as a hard template.
Another mesoporous hBN with low ordering of the porous texture has been synthesized using carbon templating.

A double nanocasting process via a carbonaceous template as a medium starting from zeolite Y (Faujasite) produced an amorphous BN with bimodal micro- and mesoporosity and a surface area of 570 m2 g−1.
The amorphous nature is attributed to the nanometric confinement within the zeolite pores.
This synthetic process involves coupling chemical vapor deposition and polymeric-derived ceramic routes.

In yet another study, mesoporous BN was obtained using a polymerization method in the presence of surfactants.
A method for acquiring mesoporous tBN with interesting cathodoluminescent behavior has been developed.

Many synthetic techniques of BN employ borane-based molecular precursors that are toxic and expensive.
In an effort to avoid these starting materials, amorphous BN was synthesized by placing B2O3 in a graphite crucible, covering with activated carbon, and heating at 1580 °C under a stream of nitrogen.
An intermediate BxCyNz undergoes further heat treatment in air at 600 °C to produce pure BN with a Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface area of 167.8 m2 g−1 and an average pore radius of 3.216 nm.

Mesoporous BN can be synthesized by polymerization of a molecular BN precursor, tri(methylamino)borazine (MAB), in a solution of cationic surfactant, cetyl-trimethylammonium bromide (CTAB).
MAB is introduced into a solution of CTAB and then heated at 120 °C to induce polycondensation reactions resulting in a gel.
The solvent is eliminated in vacuo and ceramization is carried out with ammonia at 1000 °C, followed by further thermal treatment.
The resulting BN material has a surface area of 800 m2 g−1 and pores that are 6.0 nm in diameter, with a mesoporosity that is retained up to 1600 °C.
Within the last 10 years, BN with pore diameters ranging from 2.552 to 25 nm51 have been reported.

Abrasives and Abrasive Tools of Boron Nitride:
Boron nitride (B4N) is a crystalline material synthesized from boric anhydride and pure low-ash carbon material in electric furnaces at 1,800°C− 2,500°C (3,300°F–4,500°F).
Boron Nitrides hardness is about 3,800 HV and Boron Nitride has a good cutting ability in the form of loose grains.
However, a low oxidation temperature, of 430°C (800°F), prevents the use of boron nitride for grinding wheels.
Boron Nitride is used exclusively in the form of pastes for sintered carbide lapping, or as grit for sandblasting.

Amorphous form (a-BN) of Boron Nitride:
The amorphous form of boron nitride (a-BN) is non-crystalline, lacking any long-distance regularity in the arrangement of Boron Nitrides atoms.
Boron Nitride is analogous to amorphous carbon.

All other forms of boron nitride are crystalline.

Hexagonal form (h-BN) of Boron Nitride:
The most stable crystalline form is the hexagonal one, also called h-BN, α-BN, g-BN, and graphitic boron nitride.
Hexagonal boron nitride (point group = D6h; space group = P63/mmc) has a layered structure similar to graphite.
Within each layer, boron and nitrogen atoms are bound by strong covalent bonds, whereas the layers are held together by weak van der Waals forces.
The interlayer "registry" of these sheets differs, however, from the pattern seen for graphite, because the atoms are eclipsed, with boron atoms lying over and above nitrogen atoms.

This registry reflects the local polarity of the B–N bonds, as well as interlayer N-donor/B-acceptor characteristics.
Likewise, many metastable forms consisting of differently stacked polytypes exist.
Therefore, h-BN and graphite are very close neighbors, and the material can accommodate carbon as a substituent element to form BNCs.
BC6N hybrids have been synthesized, where carbon substitutes for some B and N atoms.

Cubic form (c-BN) of Boron Nitride:
Cubic boron nitride has a crystal structure analogous to that of diamond.
Consistent with diamond being less stable than graphite, the cubic form is less stable than the hexagonal form, but the conversion rate between the two is negligible at room temperature, as Boron Nitride is for diamond.
The cubic form has the sphalerite crystal structure, the same as that of diamond (with ordered B and N atoms), and is also called β-BN or c-BN.

Wurtzite form (w-BN) of Boron Nitride:
The wurtzite form of boron nitride (w-BN; point group = C6v; space group = P63mc) has the same structure as lonsdaleite, a rare hexagonal polymorph of carbon.
As in the cubic form, the boron and nitrogen atoms are grouped into tetrahedra.

In the wurtzite form, the boron and nitrogen atoms are grouped into 6-membered rings.
In the cubic form all rings are in the chair configuration, whereas in w-BN the rings between 'layers' are in boat configuration.
Earlier optimistic reports predicted that the wurtzite form was very strong, and was estimated by a simulation as potentially having a strength 18% stronger than that of diamond.
Since only small amounts of the mineral exist in nature, this has not yet been experimentally verified.
Recent studies measured w-BN hardness at 46 GPa, slightly harder than commercial borides but softer than the cubic form of boron nitride.

Properties of Boron Nitride:
The substance is composed of hexagonal structures that appear in crystalline form and is usually compared to graphite.
Boron Nitride may come in the form of a flat lattice or a cubic structure, both of which retain the chemical and heat resistance that boron nitride is known for.

Heat and chemical resistance: The compound has a melting point of 2,973°C and a thermal expansion coefficient significantly above that of diamond.
Its hexagonal form resists decomposition even when exposed to 1000°C in ambient air.
Boron nitride doesn’t dissolve in common acids.

Thermal conductivity: At 1700 to 2000 W/mK, boron nitride has a thermal conductivity that is comparable with that of graphene, a similarly hexagon-latticed compound but made up of carbon atoms.
Lubricating property: Boron nitride has the ability to boost the coefficient of friction of lubricating oil, while reducing the potential for wear.
Density: Depending on Boron Nitrides form, Boron Nitrides density ranges from 2.1 to 3.5 g/cm3.

Physical of Boron Nitride:
The partly ionic structure of BN layers in h-BN reduces covalency and electrical conductivity, whereas the interlayer interaction increases resulting in higher hardness of h-BN relative to graphite.
The reduced electron-delocalization in hexagonal-BN is also indicated by Boron Nitrides absence of color and a large band gap.
Very different bonding – strong covalent within the basal planes (planes where boron and nitrogen atoms are covalently bonded) and weak between them – causes high anisotropy of most properties of h-BN.

For example, the hardness, electrical and thermal conductivity are much higher within the planes than perpendicular to them.
On the contrary, the properties of c-BN and w-BN are more homogeneous and isotropic.

Those materials are extremely hard, with the hardness of bulk c-BN being slightly smaller and w-BN even higher than that of diamond.
Polycrystalline c-BN with grain sizes on the order of 10 nm is also reported to have Vickers hardness comparable or higher than diamond.
Because of much better stability to heat and transition metals, c-BN surpasses diamond in mechanical applications, such as machining steel.
The thermal conductivity of BN is among the highest of all electric insulators (see table).

Boron nitride can be doped p-type with beryllium and n-type with boron, sulfur, silicon or if co-doped with carbon and nitrogen.
Both hexagonal and cubic BN are wide-gap semiconductors with a band-gap energy corresponding to the UV region.
If voltage is applied to h-BN or c-BN, then Boron Nitride emits UV light in the range 215–250 nm and therefore can potentially be used as light-emitting diodes (LEDs) or lasers.

Little is known on melting behavior of boron nitride.
Boron Nitride sublimates at 2973 °C at normal pressure releasing nitrogen gas and boron, but melts at elevated pressure.

Thermal stability of Boron Nitride:
Hexagonal and cubic BN (and probably w-BN) show remarkable chemical and thermal stabilities.
For example, h-BN is stable to decomposition at temperatures up to 1000 °C in air, 1400 °C in vacuum, and 2800 °C in an inert atmosphere.

Thermal stability of c-BN can be summarized as follows:
In air or oxygen: B2O3 protective layer prevents further oxidation to ~1300 °C; no conversion to hexagonal form at 1400 °C.
In nitrogen: some conversion to h-BN at 1525 °C after 12 h.
In vacuum (10−5 Pa): conversion to h-BN at 1550–1600 °C.

Chemical stability of Boron Nitride:
Boron nitride is insoluble in the usual acids, but is soluble in alkaline molten salts and nitrides, such as LiOH, KOH, NaOH-Na2CO3, NaNO3, Li3N, Mg3N2, Sr3N2, Ba3N2 or Li3BN2, which are therefore used to etch BN.

Thermal conductivity of Boron Nitride:
The theoretical thermal conductivity of hexagonal boron nitride nanoribbons (BNNRs) can approach 1700–2000 W/(m⋅K), which has the same order of magnitude as the experimental measured value for graphene, and can be comparable to the theoretical calculations for graphene nanoribbons.
Moreover, the thermal transport in the BNNRs is anisotropic.
The thermal conductivity of zigzag-edged BNNRs is about 20% larger than that of armchair-edged nanoribbons at room temperature.

Natural occurrence of Boron Nitride:
In 2009, a naturally occurring boron nitride mineral in the cubic form (c-BN) was reported in Tibet, and the name qingsongite proposed.
The substance was found in dispersed micron-sized inclusions in chromium-rich rocks.
In 2013, the International Mineralogical Association affirmed the mineral and the name.

Properties & Production of Boron Nitride:
Boron nitride (BN) is produced synthetically by the reaction of boric acid or boron oxide and nitrogen in the air.
Boron nitride uses are vast because of Boron Nitrides unique properties, such as good thermal shock resistance, non-toxicity, high thermal conductivity, chemical inertness, etc.
Boron Nitride also has a very high melting point (2,973°C).

BN is a chemical compound with an equal number of boron and nitrogen, possessing different properties than other atomic molecules (carbon dioxide (CO) and hydrogen chloride (HCI)), in that Boron Nitride has much to do with carbon.
And just like carbon, BN exists in crystalline forms, which are Hexagonal boron nitride, cubic boron nitride, and wurtzite boron nitride.
Boron Nitride can be adapted into different shapes (bars, rods, and plates), different forms (powder, solid-liquid, aerosol spray forms), and the grades vary as well (A, AX, 05, HP, M, and M26).

Among all crystalline forms of boron nitride, the most common phases are hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN), which comes in a graphite-like structure, and cubic boron nitride (c-BN), which has a diamond-like structure.
Having established a clear definition of boron nitride, let’s go to the different forms of boron nitride, and their uses.

Synthesis of Boron Nitride:
Preparation and reactivity of hexagonal BN
Boron nitride is produced synthetically.

Hexagonal boron nitride is obtained by the reacting boron trioxide (B2O3) or boric acid (H3BO3) with ammonia (NH3) or urea (CO(NH2)2) in a nitrogen atmosphere:[28]
B2O3 + 2 NH3 → 2 BN + 3 H2O (T = 900 °C)
B(OH)3 + NH3 → BN + 3 H2O (T = 900 °C)
B2O3 + CO(NH2)2 → 2 BN + CO2 + 2 H2O (T > 1000 °C)
B2O3 + 3 CaB6 + 10 N2 → 20 BN + 3 CaO (T > 1500 °C)

The resulting disordered (amorphous) boron nitride contains 92–95% BN and 5–8% B2O3.
The remaining B2O3 can be evaporated in a second step at temperatures > 1500 °C in order to achieve BN concentration >98%.
Such annealing also crystallizes BN, the size of the crystallites increasing with the annealing temperature.

BN parts can be fabricated inexpensively by hot-pressing with subsequent machining.
The parts are made from boron nitride powders adding boron oxide for better compressibility.
Thin films of boron nitride can be obtained by chemical vapor deposition from boron trichloride and nitrogen precursors.
Combustion of boron powder in nitrogen plasma at 5500 °C yields ultrafine boron nitride used for lubricants and toners.

Boron nitride reacts with iodine fluoride in trichlorofluoromethane at −30 °C to produce an extremely sensitive contact explosive, NI3, in low yield.
Boron nitride reacts with nitrides of lithium, alkaline earth metals and lanthanides to form nitridoborate compounds.
For example:
Li3N + BN → Li3BN2

Intercalation of hexagonal BN
Similar to graphite, various molecules, such as NH3 or alkali metals, can be intercalated into hexagonal boron nitride, that is inserted between Boron Nitrides layers.
Both experiment and theory suggest the intercalation is much more difficult for BN than for graphite.

Preparation of cubic BN
Synthesis of c-BN uses same methods as that of diamond: cubic boron nitride is produced by treating hexagonal boron nitride at high pressure and temperature, much as synthetic diamond is produced from graphite.
Direct conversion of hexagonal boron nitride to the cubic form has been observed at pressures between 5 and 18 GPa and temperatures between 1730 and 3230 °C, that is similar parameters as for direct graphite-diamond conversion.
The addition of a small amount of boron oxide can lower the required pressure to 4–7 GPa and temperature to 1500 °C.

As in diamond synthesis, to further reduce the conversion pressures and temperatures, a catalyst is added, such as lithium, potassium, or magnesium, their nitrides, their fluoronitrides, water with ammonium compounds, or hydrazine.
Other industrial synthesis methods, again borrowed from diamond growth, use crystal growth in a temperature gradient, or explosive shock wave.
The shock wave method is used to produce material called heterodiamond, a superhard compound of boron, carbon, and nitrogen.

Low-pressure deposition of thin films of cubic boron nitride is possible.
As in diamond growth, the major problem is to suppress the growth of hexagonal phases (h-BN or graphite, respectively).
Whereas in diamond growth this is achieved by adding hydrogen gas, boron trifluoride is used for c-BN.
Ion beam deposition, plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition, pulsed laser deposition, reactive sputtering, and other physical vapor deposition methods are used as well.

Preparation of wurtzite BN
Wurtzite BN can be obtained via static high-pressure or dynamic shock methods.
The limits of Boron Nitrides stability are not well defined.
Both c-BN and w-BN are formed by compressing h-BN, but formation of w-BN occurs at much lower temperatures close to 1700 °C.

Production statistics of Boron Nitride:
Whereas the production and consumption figures for the raw materials used for BN synthesis, namely boric acid and boron trioxide, are well known (see boron), the corresponding numbers for the boron nitride are not listed in statistical reports.
An estimate for the 1999 world production is 300 to 350 metric tons.
The major producers and consumers of BN are located in the United States, Japan, China and Germany.
In 2000, prices varied from about $75–120/kg for standard industrial-quality h-BN and were about up to $200–400/kg for high purity BN grades.

Applications of Boron Nitride:

Boron Nitride Coating
Hexagonal boron nitride suspension has a high thermal conductivity.
Boron Nitride is not impregnated with molten metals and can be applied directly to the surface requiring protection, even if the surface is already hot.
Boron Nitride remains consistent at high temperatures and inert to metals, glass or molten salts.

This system is unique in Boron Nitrides properties, making Boron Nitride an ideal lubricant for hot parts and tools.
Boron Nitride is a release agent and an effective coating for all very hot materials.
Boron nitride remains effective up to 800°C in air and 1950°C in inert gas, making Boron Nitride a very good dry lubricant.
Boron Nitrides amazing features and ease of use have earned Boron Nitride the nickname "white graphite".

Specifications of Boron Nitride Coating:
High-temperature lubricant (1950°C)
High-temperature release agent
Protective coating for metals, ceramics, ceramic fibres and graphites

Facilitates casting of molten metals (aluminium, magnesium, zinc and lead)
Facilitates sliding of press tools at very high temperatures
Aerosol packaging for easy and universal use
Boron nitride (BN) is a semiconductor at high temperatures and an insulation at room temperature.

Usage of Boron Nitride Coating:
Clean the surfaces being coated, removing all splashes from melting or welding work
Shake the aerosol well

Spray about 70 cm from the surface being treated
Move the spray slowly and evenly
Apply in thin layers; if they are too thick the coat may crack
Boron Nitride is advisable to overlay several thin layers, waiting for each one to dry before applying the next

Thermocouple and probe protection
Protection for casting tools
High-temperature lubricant: foundry moulds, gasket wire drawing and more

Electrical insulation
Additive for silicone and resin to improve thermal conductivity
Release agent (metallurgy, metallisation industry, plastic injection moulds and more)

Protective layer for sintering and other applications
Coating to reduce friction and increase chemical inertness
BN 1012 is available as an aerosol or in a plastic bottle (5 and 10 litres)

Electrical insulators
The combination of high dielectric breakdown strength and volume resistivity lead to h-BN being used as an electrical insulator however Boron Nitrides’ tendency to oxidise at high temperatures often restrict Boron Nitrides use to vacuum and inert atmosphere operation.

Crucibles and reaction vessles
Boron Nitrides chemical inertness leads to application as thermocouple protection sheaths, crucibles and linings for reaction vessels though as above oxidation must be avoided.

Moulds and evaporating boats
h-BN is used in bulk form or as a coating for refractory moulds used in glass forming and in superplastic forming of titanium.
Boron Nitride is also used as a constituent in composite materials e.g. TiB2/BN composites for metal evaporation boats, and Si3N4/BN for break rings in continuous casting of steel.

Hot isostatic pressing
Boron Nitrides refractoriness combined with the fact that Boron Nitride is not wetted by molten glass lead to h-BN being used in the production of hot isostatically pressed (HIP’ed) material, most notable ceramics.
In this application preformed parts are coated in h-BN prior to glass encapsulation and HIP’ing.
This protects the part being HIP’ed from actually coming into contact with the glass, which in turn makes Boron Nitride easier to remove after HIP’ing.

Machine cutting tools and abrasives
Cutting tools and abrasive components particularly for use with low carbon ferrous metals have been developed using C-BN.
In this application the tools behave in a similar manner to polycrystalline diamond tools but can be used on iron and low carbon alloys without risk of reaction.

Substrates for electronic devices
C-BN is used for substrates for mounting high density and high power electronic components where the high thermal conductivity achieved allows efficient heat dissipation.

Wear resistant coatings
Due to Boron Nitrides high hardness and excellent wear resistant properties, coatings of C-BN have been developed.

Lubricant of Boron Nitride:
The hexagonal form of boron nitride is used as lubricant for paints, cosmetics, pencil lead, and cement for dental applications.
Boron Nitrides lubricating property occurs even in the absence of gas or water molecules within the compound layers, thereby making Boron Nitride a good component for vacuum systems.
Compared to graphite, BN has significantly better chemical stability and electrical conductivity.

Equipment in high-heat environments
Boron Nitrides exceptional resistance to heat lends the compound to a wide variety of applications involving extremely high temperatures.
Hexagonal boron nitride is being used to improve the lubricating properties of rubber, plastic, alloys, and ceramics.

In the case of plastics, inclusion of a BN component provides lower thermal expansion.
Boron Nitride may also be integrated into semiconductor substrates and microwave oven windows.
Boron nitride is an effective component of reaction vessels and crucibles because of Boron Nitrides thermochemical properties.

Semiconductor industry
With a bandgap ranging from 4.5 to 6.4 eV, boron nitride is an excellent wide-gap semiconductor material.
Boron Nitrides intrinsic thermal and dielectric properties make Boron Nitride a suitable substrate in developing metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors (MOSFETs) and semiconductors.

Abrasive and cutting implements
Due to the physical properties of cubic boron nitride, this polymorph is used as abrasive material for nickel, iron, and selected alloys in conditions where diamond was not found to be suitable (such as under extreme heat).
Boron Nitrides cubic BN form is incorporated in cutting-tool bits and grinding equipment.

Hexagonal BN
Hexagonal BN (h-BN) is the most widely used polymorph.
Boron Nitride is a good lubricant at both low and high temperatures (up to 900 °C, even in an oxidizing atmosphere).
h-BN lubricant is particularly useful when the electrical conductivity or chemical reactivity of graphite (alternative lubricant) would be problematic.
In internal combustion engines, where graphite could be oxidized and turn into carbon sludge, h-BN with Boron Nitrides superior thermal stability can be added to engine lubricant, however, with all nano-particles suspension, Brownian-motion settlement is a key problem and settlement can clog engine oil filters, which limits solid lubricants application in a combustion engine to only automotive race settings, where engine re-building is a common practice.

Since carbon has appreciable solubility in certain alloys (such as steels), which may lead to degradation of properties, BN is often superior for high temperature and/or high pressure applications.
Another advantage of h-BN over graphite is that Boron Nitrides lubricity does not require water or gas molecules trapped between the layers.
Therefore, h-BN lubricants can be used even in vacuum, e.g. in space applications.
The lubricating properties of fine-grained h-BN are used in cosmetics, paints, dental cements, and pencil leads.

Hexagonal BN was first used in cosmetics around 1940 in Japan.
However, because of Boron Nitrides high price, h-BN was soon abandoned for this application.
Boron Nitrides use was revitalized in the late 1990s with the optimization h-BN production processes, and currently h-BN is used by nearly all leading producers of cosmetic products for foundations, make-up, eye shadows, blushers, kohl pencils, lipsticks and other skincare products.

Because of Boron Nitrides excellent thermal and chemical stability, boron nitride ceramics are traditionally used as parts of high-temperature equipment.
h-BN can be included in ceramics, alloys, resins, plastics, rubbers, and other materials, giving them self-lubricating properties.
Such materials are suitable for construction of e.g. bearings and in steelmaking.

Plastics filled with BN have less thermal expansion as well as higher thermal conductivity and electrical resistivity.
Due to Boron Nitrides excellent dielectric and thermal properties, BN is used in electronics e.g. as a substrate for semiconductors, microwave-transparent windows, as a heat conductive yet electrically insulating filler in thermal pastes, and as a structural material for seals.
Many quantum devices use multilayer h-BN as a substrate material.
Boron Nitride can also be used as a dielectric in resistive random access memories.

Hexagonal BN is used in xerographic process and laser printers as a charge leakage barrier layer of the photo drum.
In the automotive industry, h-BN mixed with a binder (boron oxide) is used for sealing oxygen sensors, which provide feedback for adjusting fuel flow.
The binder utilizes the unique temperature stability and insulating properties of h-BN.

Parts can be made by hot pressing from four commercial grades of h-BN.
Grade HBN contains a boron oxide binder; Boron Nitride is usable up to 550–850 °C in oxidizing atmosphere and up to 1600 °C in vacuum, but due to the boron oxide content is sensitive to water.
Grade HBR uses a calcium borate binder and is usable at 1600 °C.
Grades HBC and HBT contain no binder and can be used up to 3000 °C.

Boron nitride nanosheets (h-BN) can be deposited by catalytic decomposition of borazine at a temperature ~1100 °C in a chemical vapor deposition setup, over areas up to about 10 cm2.
Owing to their hexagonal atomic structure, small lattice mismatch with graphene (~2%), and high uniformity they are used as substrates for graphene-based devices.
BN nanosheets are also excellent proton conductors.
Their high proton transport rate, combined with the high electrical resistance, may lead to applications in fuel cells and water electrolysis.

BN has been used since the mid-2000s as a bullet and bore lubricant in precision target rifle applications as an alternative to molybdenum disulfide coating, commonly referred to as "moly".
Boron Nitride is claimed to increase effective barrel life, increase intervals between bore cleaning, and decrease the deviation in point of impact between clean bore first shots and subsequent shots.

Cubic BN of Boron Nitride:
Cubic boron nitride (CBN or c-BN) is widely used as an abrasive.
Boron Nitrides usefulness arises from Boron Nitrides insolubility in iron, nickel, and related alloys at high temperatures, whereas diamond is soluble in these metals.
Polycrystalline c-BN (PCBN) abrasives are therefore used for machining steel, whereas diamond abrasives are preferred for aluminum alloys, ceramics, and stone.
When in contact with oxygen at high temperatures, BN forms a passivation layer of boron oxide.

Boron nitride binds well with metals, due to formation of interlayers of metal borides or nitrides.
Materials with cubic boron nitride crystals are often used in the tool bits of cutting tools.
For grinding applications, softer binders, e.g. resin, porous ceramics, and soft metals, are used.
Ceramic binders can be used as well.
Commercial products are known under names "Borazon" (by Hyperion Materials & Technologies), and "Elbor" or "Cubonite" (by Russian vendors).

Contrary to diamond, large c-BN pellets can be produced in a simple process (called sintering) of annealing c-BN powders in nitrogen flow at temperatures slightly below the BN decomposition temperature.
This ability of c-BN and h-BN powders to fuse allows cheap production of large BN parts.

Similar to diamond, the combination in c-BN of highest thermal conductivity and electrical resistivity is ideal for heat spreaders.
As cubic boron nitride consists of light atoms and is very robust chemically and mechanically, Boron Nitride is one of the popular materials for X-ray membranes: low mass results in small X-ray absorption, and good mechanical properties allow usage of thin membranes, thus further reducing the absorption.

Amorphous BN of Boron Nitride:
Layers of amorphous boron nitride (a-BN) are used in some semiconductor devices, e.g. MOSFETs.
They can be prepared by chemical decomposition of trichloroborazine with caesium, or by thermal chemical vapor deposition methods.
Thermal CVD can be also used for deposition of h-BN layers, or at high temperatures, c-BN.

Other forms of boron nitride

Atomically thin boron nitride
Hexagonal boron nitride can be exfoliated to mono or few atomic layer sheets.
Due to Boron Nitrides analogous structure to that of graphene, atomically thin boron nitride is sometimes called white graphene.

Mechanical properties of Boron Nitride:
Atomically thin boron nitride is one of the strongest electrically insulating materials.
Monolayer boron nitride has an average Young's modulus of 0.865TPa and fracture strength of 70.5GPa, and in contrast to graphene, whose strength decreases dramatically with increased thickness, few-layer boron nitride sheets have a strength similar to that of monolayer boron nitride.

Thermal conductivity of Boron Nitride:
Atomically thin boron nitride has one of the highest thermal conductivity coefficients (751 W/mK at room temperature) among semiconductors and electrical insulators, and Boron Nitrides thermal conductivity increases with reduced thickness due to less intra-layer coupling.

Thermal stability of Boron Nitride:
The air stability of graphene shows a clear thickness dependence: monolayer graphene is reactive to oxygen at 250 °C, strongly doped at 300 °C, and etched at 450 °C; in contrast, bulk graphite is not oxidized until 800 °C.
Atomically thin boron nitride has much better oxidation resistance than graphene.
Monolayer boron nitride is not oxidized till 700 °C and can sustain up to 850 °C in air; bilayer and trilayer boron nitride nanosheets have slightly higher oxidation starting temperatures.
The excellent thermal stability, high impermeability to gas and liquid, and electrical insulation make atomically thin boron nitride potential coating materials for preventing surface oxidation and corrosion of metals and other two-dimensional (2D) materials, such as black phosphorus.

Better surface adsorption of Boron Nitride:
Atomically thin boron nitride has been found to have better surface adsorption capabilities than bulk hexagonal boron nitride.
According to theoretical and experimental studies, atomically thin boron nitride as an adsorbent experiences conformational changes upon surface adsorption of molecules, increasing adsorption energy and efficiency.
The synergic effect of the atomic thickness, high flexibility, stronger surface adsorption capability, electrical insulation, impermeability, high thermal and chemical stability of BN nanosheets can increase the Raman sensitivity by up to two orders, and in the meantime attain long-term stability and extraordinary reusability not achievable by other materials.

Dielectric properties of Boron Nitride:
Atomically thin hexagonal boron nitride is an excellent dielectric substrate for graphene, molybdenum disulfide (MoS2), and many other 2D material-based electronic and photonic devices.
As shown by electric force microscopy (EFM) studies, the electric field screening in atomically thin boron nitride shows a weak dependence on thickness, which is in line with the smooth decay of electric field inside few-layer boron nitride revealed by the first-principles calculations.

Raman characteristics of Boron Nitride:
Raman spectroscopy has been a useful tool to study a variety of 2D materials, and the Raman signature of high-quality atomically thin boron nitride was first reported by Gorbachev et al. in 2011. and Li et al.
However, the two reported Raman results of monolayer boron nitride did not agree with each other.

Cai et al., therefore, conducted systematic experimental and theoretical studies to reveal the intrinsic Raman spectrum of atomically thin boron nitride.
Boron Nitride reveals that atomically thin boron nitride without interaction with a substrate has a G band frequency similar to that of bulk hexagonal boron nitride, but strain induced by the substrate can cause Raman shifts.
Nevertheless, the Raman intensity of G band of atomically thin boron nitride can be used to estimate layer thickness and sample quality.

Boron nitride nanomesh
Boron nitride nanomesh is a nanostructured two-dimensional material.
Boron Nitride consists of a single BN layer, which forms by self-assembly a highly regular mesh after high-temperature exposure of a clean rhodium or ruthenium surface to borazine under ultra-high vacuum.

The nanomesh looks like an assembly of hexagonal pores.
The distance between two pore centers is 3.2 nm and the pore diameter is ~2 nm.
Other terms for this material are boronitrene or white graphene.

The boron nitride nanomesh is not only stable to decomposition under vacuum, air and some liquids, but also up to temperatures of 800 °C.
In addition, Boron Nitride shows the extraordinary ability to trap molecules and metallic clusters which have similar sizes to the nanomesh pores, forming a well-ordered array.
These characteristics promise interesting applications of the nanomesh in areas like catalysis, surface functionalisation, spintronics, quantum computing and data storage media like hard drives.

Boron nitride nanotubes
Boron nitride tubules were first made in 1989 by Shore and Dolan This work was patented in 1989 and published in 1989 thesis (Dolan) and then 1993 Science.
The 1989 work was also the first preparation of amorphous BN by B-trichloroborazine and cesium metal.

Boron nitride nanotubes were predicted in 1994 and experimentally discovered in 1995.
They can be imagined as a rolled up sheet of h-boron nitride.
Structurally, Boron Nitride is a close analog of the carbon nanotube, namely a long cylinder with diameter of several to hundred nanometers and length of many micrometers, except carbon atoms are alternately substituted by nitrogen and boron atoms.
However, the properties of BN nanotubes are very different: whereas carbon nanotubes can be metallic or semiconducting depending on the rolling direction and radius, a BN nanotube is an electrical insulator with a bandgap of ~5.5 eV, basically independent of tube chirality and morphology.
In addition, a layered BN structure is much more thermally and chemically stable than a graphitic carbon structure.

Boron nitride aerogel
Boron nitride aerogel is an aerogel made of highly porous BN.
Boron Nitride typically consists of a mixture of deformed BN nanotubes and nanosheets.

Boron Nitride can have a density as low as 0.6 mg/cm3 and a specific surface area as high as 1050 m2/g, and therefore has potential applications as an absorbent, catalyst support and gas storage medium.
BN aerogels are highly hydrophobic and can absorb up to 160 times their weight in oil.
They are resistant to oxidation in air at temperatures up to 1200 °C, and hence can be reused after the absorbed oil is burned out by flame.
BN aerogels can be prepared by template-assisted chemical vapor deposition using borazine as the feed gas.

Composites containing BN
Addition of boron nitride to silicon nitride ceramics improves the thermal shock resistance of the resulting material.
For the same purpose, BN is added also to silicon nitride-alumina and titanium nitride-alumina ceramics.
Other materials being reinforced with BN include alumina and zirconia, borosilicate glasses, glass ceramics, enamels, and composite ceramics with titanium boride-boron nitride, titanium boride-aluminium nitride-boron nitride, and silicon carbide-boron nitride composition.

Health issues of Boron Nitride:
Boron nitride (along with Si3N4, NbN, and BNC) is reported to show weak fibrogenic activity, and to cause pneumoconiosis when inhaled in particulate form.
The maximum concentration recommended for nitrides of nonmetals is 10 mg/m3 for BN and 4 for AlN or ZrN.

Identifiers of Boron Nitride:
CAS Number: 10043-11-5
ChEBI: CHEBI:50883
ECHA InfoCard: 100.030.111
EC Number: 233-136-6
Gmelin Reference: 216
MeSH: Elbor
RTECS number: ED7800000
UNII: 2U4T60A6YD
CompTox Dashboard (EPA): DTXSID5051498
InChI:
InChI=1S/BN/c1-2
Key: PZNSFCLAULLKQX-UHFFFAOYSA-N
InChI=1S/B2N2/c1-3-2-4-1
Key: AMPXHBZZESCUCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N
InChI=1S/B3N3/c1-4-2-6-3-5-1
Key: WHDCVGLBMWOYDC-UHFFFAOYSA-N
InChI=1/BN/c1-2
Key: PZNSFCLAULLKQX-UHFFFAOYAL
SMILES:
Hexagonal (graphite) structure: [BH-]1=[nH+][B-]2=[nH+][BH-]=[n+]3[BH-]=[nH+][B-]4=[nH+][BH-]=[n+]5[BH-]=[nH+][B-]6=[nH+][BH-]=[n+]1[B-]7=[n+]2[B-]3=[n+]4[B-]5=[n+]67
Sphalerite structure: [NH+]12[B-][NH+]3[B-][NH+]([BH-]14)[BH-]1[N+]5([BH-]38)[B-]26[NH+]2[BH-]([N+]4)[NH+]1[B-][NH+]3[BH-]2[N+][BH-]([NH+]6[BH-]([NH+])[NH+]68)[NH+]([B-]6)[BH-]35
Wurtzite structure: [N+]7[BH-]2[N+][BH-]3[NH+]8[BH-]4[N+][BH-]5[N+][B-]78[N+]90[B-][NH+]5[B-][NH+]4[BH-]9[NH+]3[B-][NH+]2[B-]0

Molecular Weight: 24.82
Appearance: solid
Melting Point: 2527 °C
Boiling Point: N/A
Density: 1.9 to 2.1 g/cm3
True Density: 2.29 g/cm3
Size Range: N/A
Average Particle Size: 10 - 100 nm
Specific Surface Area: 10 – 75 m2/g
Morphology: Cubic or hexagonal
Solubility in H2O: N/A
Crystal Phase / Structure: N/A
Electrical Resistivity: 13 to 15 10x Ω-m
Poisson's Ratio: 0.11
Specific Heat: 840 to 1610 J/kg-K
Thermal Conductivity: 29 to 96 W/m-K
Thermal Expansion: 0.54 to 18 µm/m-K
Young's Modulus: 14 to 60 GPa

Properties of Boron Nitride:
Molecular Weight: .82
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count:
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 1
Rotatable Bond Count: 0
Exact Mass: 25.0123792
Monoisotopic Mass: 25.0123792
Topological Polar Surface Area: 23.8 Ų
Heavy Atom Count: 2
Formal Charge: 0
Complexity: 10
Isotope Atom Count: 0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 1
Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes

Chemical formula: BN
Molar mass: 24.82 g/mol
Appearance: Colorless crystals
Density: 2.1 g/cm3 (h-BN); 3.45 g/cm3 (c-BN)
Melting point: 2,973 °C (5,383 °F; 3,246 K) sublimates (c-BN)
Solubility in water: Insoluble
Electron mobility: 200 cm2/(V·s) (c-BN)
Refractive index (nD): 1.8 (h-BN); 2.1 (c-BN)

Structure of Boron Nitride:
Boron nitride exists in multiple forms that differ in the arrangement of the boron and nitrogen atoms, giving rise to varying bulk properties of the material.

Crystal structure of Boron Nitride:
Hexagonal, sphalerite, wurtzite

Thermochemistry of Boron Nitride:
Heat capacity (C): 19.7 J/(K·mol)
Std molar entropy (So298): 14.8 J/K mol
Std enthalpy offormation (ΔfH⦵298): −254.4 kJ/mol
Gibbs free energy (ΔfG˚): −228.4 kJ/mol

Names of Boron Nitride:

IUPAC name of Boron Nitride:
Boron nitride

Synonyms of Boron Nitride:
Boron nitride
10043-11-5
Elbor
azanylidyneborane
Boron nitride (BN)
Denka boron nitride GP
Boron Nitride Nanotubes
MFCD00011317
BN
Borazon
Elboron
Kubonit
Boron Nitride dispersion
Wurzin
Boron nitride, low binder
Geksanit R
Hexanite R
Boron mononitride
Hexanit R
Super mighty M
Kubonit KR
Hexagonal boron nitride ink
Elbor R
Denka GP
Elbor RM
Sho BN
UHP-Ex
Sho BN HPS
SP 1 (Nitride)
BN 40SHP
KBN-H10
Elbor LO 10B1-100
BZN 550
EINECS 233-136-6
UNII-2U4T60A6YD
Bornitrid
nitrure de bore
nitruro de boro
Nano Boron Nitride
Boron nitride paste
Boron Nitride Nanopowder
Boron Nitride Micropowder
Boron Nitride NanoBarbs?
Boron Nitride Nanoparticles
EC 233-136-6
Hexagonal Boron Nitride Powder
[BN]
2U4T60A6YD
Boron Nitride Sputtering Target
DTXSID5051498
Nano Boron Nitride Nanoparticles
CHEBI:50883
Boron Nitride Powder, 99% Nano
Boron Nitride Nanotubes Properties
Boron Nitride Nanoparticle Dispersion
AKOS015833702
Boron nitride BN GRADE C (H?gan?s)
Boron nitride, Aerosol Refractory Paint
Boron nitride, powder, ~1 mum, 98%
Boron nitride BN GRADE A 01 (H?gan?s)
Boron nitride BN GRADE B 50 (H?gan?s)
Boron nitride BN GRADE F 15 (H?gan?s)
FT-0623177
Y1456
Boron Nitride Nanotubes (B) Bamboo structure
LUBRIFORM? Boron Nitride BN 10 (H?gan?s)
LUBRIFORM? Boron Nitride BN 15 (H?gan?s)
Boron Nitride (hBN) Aerosol Spray (13Oz/369g)
Boron Nitride Nanotubes (C) Cylindrical structure
Q410193
Boron nitride, Refractory Brushable Paint, BN 10%
Boron nitride, Refractory Brushable Paint, BN 31%
J-000130
Boron nitride, nanoplatelet, lateral dimensions Tantalum Molybdenum (Ta-Mo) Alloy Sputtering Targets
Boron Nitride Rod,Diameter (mm), 12.7,Length (mm), 300
Boron Nitride Rod,Diameter (mm), 6.4,Length (mm), 300
Boron nitride, ERM(R) certified Reference Material, powder
Boron Nitride Bar,Length (mm), 300,Width (mm), 12.7,Height (mm), 12.7
Boron Nitride Bar,Length (mm), 300,Width (mm), 6.4,Height (mm), 6.4
Boron Nitride Rectangular Plate,Length (mm), 125,Width (mm), 125,Thick (mm), 12.7
Boron Nitride Rectangular Plate,Length (mm), 125,Width (mm), 125,Thick (mm), 6.4
Boron nitride sputtering target, 76.2mm (3.0in) dia x 3.18mm (0.125in) thick
Boron nitride, nanopowder,
Boron nitride
10043-11-5 [RN]
158535-02-5 [RN]
174847-14-4 [RN]
Borane, nitrilo- [ACD/Index Name]
Boron nitride (B12N12)
Boron nitride (B3N3)
Nitriloboran [German] [ACD/IUPAC Name]
Nitriloborane [ACD/IUPAC Name]
Nitriloborane [French] [ACD/IUPAC Name]
165390-92-1 [RN]
233-136-6 [EINECS]
54824-38-3 [RN]
56939-87-8 [RN]
58799-13-6 [RN]
60569-72-4 [RN]
69495-08-5 [RN]
78666-05-4 [RN]
azanylidyneborane
BN 40SHP
BNNT
Borazon
Bornitrid
Boron mononitride
Boron nitride (BN)
Boron nitride BN GRADE A 01 (Höganäs)
Boron nitride BN GRADE B 50 (Höganäs)
Boron nitride BN GRADE C (Höganäs)
Boron nitride BN GRADE F 15 (Höganäs)
Boron Nitride dispersion
Boron Nitride NanoBarbsâ„¢
Boron Nitride Nanotubes
Boron nitride paste
Boron Nitride Powder, 99% Nano
Boron nitrite
boronnitride
Denka boron nitride GP
Denka GP
Elbor
Elbor LO 10B1-100
Elbor R
Elbor RM
Elboron
Geksanit R
Hexagonal boron nitride ink
Hexanit R
Hexanite R
https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=CHEBI:50883
KBN-H10
Kubonit
Kubonit KR
MFCD00011317 [MDL number]
Multiwalled boron nitride nanotubes
nitrure de bore
nitruro de boro
Sho BN
Sho BN HPS
SP 1
SP 1 (Nitride)
Super mighty M
UHP-Ex
Wurzin

MeSH of Boron Nitride:
boron nitride
elbor

arlacel 985 brij 72 brij S2 hetoxol STA-2 lipocol S-2 nikkol BS-2 2- octadecoxyethanol (peg-2) peg-2 stearyl ether poly(oxy-1,2-ethanediyl), .alpha.-octadecyl-.omega.-hydroxy- (2 mol EO average molar ratio) polyethylene glycol (2) stearyl ether polyoxyethylene (2) stearyl alcohol ether polyoxyethylene (2) stearyl ether tego alkanol S 2 P cas:9005-00-9

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CAS Number: 631-69-6
EC Number: 293-888-1

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DESCRIPTION


Boswellia Serrata Extract is a natural botanical ingredient derived from the resin of the Boswellia serrata tree, known for its potent anti-inflammatory and soothing properties.
Boswellia Serrata Extract is recognized for its ability to reduce inflammation, soothe irritated skin, and promote skin healing, making it a valuable addition to skincare and wellness formulations.

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Boswellia Serrata Extract is often chosen for formulations that require a balance between soothing, protection, and anti-inflammatory care, ensuring comprehensive skin benefits.

Boswellia Serrata Extract enhances the overall effectiveness of personal care products by providing anti-inflammatory, soothing, and protective benefits in one ingredient.
Boswellia Serrata Extract is a reliable ingredient for creating products that offer a pleasant user experience, with noticeable improvements in skin comfort, tone, and texture.
Boswellia Serrata Extract is an essential component in innovative skincare products that stand out in the market for their performance, safety, and ability to soothe and heal the skin.



PROPERTIES


Chemical Formula: N/A (Natural extract)
Common Name: Boswellia Serrata Extract (Indian Frankincense Extract)
Molecular Structure:
Appearance: Light yellow to brown liquid or powder
Density: Approx. 1.00-1.05 g/cm³ (for liquid extract)
Melting Point: N/A (liquid or powder form)
Solubility: Soluble in water and alcohols; insoluble in oils
Flash Point: >100°C (for liquid extract)
Reactivity: Stable under normal conditions; no known reactivity issues
Chemical Stability: Stable under recommended storage conditions
Storage Temperature: Store between 15-25°C in a cool, dry place
Vapor Pressure: Low (for liquid extract)



FIRST AID


Inhalation:
If Boswellia Serrata Extract is inhaled, move the affected person to fresh air immediately.
If breathing difficulties persist, seek immediate medical attention.
If the person is not breathing, administer artificial respiration.
Keep the affected person warm and at rest.

Skin Contact:
Wash the affected area with soap and water.
If skin irritation persists, seek medical attention.

Eye Contact:
In case of eye contact, flush the eyes with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes, lifting upper and lower eyelids.
Seek immediate medical attention if irritation or redness persists.
Remove contact lenses if present and easy to do; continue rinsing.

Ingestion:
If Boswellia Serrata Extract is ingested, do not induce vomiting unless directed to do so by medical personnel.
Rinse the mouth thoroughly with water.
Seek immediate medical attention.
If the person is conscious, give small sips of water to drink.

Note to Physicians:
Treat symptomatically.
No specific antidote.
Provide supportive care.



HANDLING AND STORAGE


Handling:

Personal Protection:
Wear appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) such as gloves and safety goggles if handling large quantities.
Use in a well-ventilated area to avoid inhalation of vapors.

Ventilation:
Ensure adequate ventilation when handling large amounts of Boswellia Serrata Extract to control airborne concentrations below occupational exposure limits.

Avoidance:
Avoid direct contact with eyes and prolonged skin contact.
Do not eat, drink, or smoke while handling Boswellia Serrata Extract.
Wash hands thoroughly after handling.

Spill and Leak Procedures:
Contain spills to prevent further release and minimize exposure.
Absorb with inert material (e.g., sand, vermiculite) and collect for disposal.
Dispose of in accordance with local regulations.

Storage:
Store Boswellia Serrata Extract in a cool, dry, well-ventilated area away from incompatible materials (see SDS for specific details).
Keep containers tightly closed when not in use to prevent contamination.
Store away from heat sources, direct sunlight, and ignition sources.

BLACKBERRY SEED & MEAL; rubus fruticosus leaf; european blackberry leaf; rubus bergii leaf CAS NO:84787-69-9

BLACKBERRY OIL; Rubus fruticosus (Blackberry) Seed Oil; Rubus fruticosus L.; rubus bergii fruit extract; rubus myrianthus fruit extract; dewberry fruit extract CAS NO:84787-69-9

rapeseed oil; brassica campestris seed oil; brassica oleifera oil; rape seed oil; colza oil CAS NO:8002-13-9

brassica oleracea capitata leaf extract; cabbage leaf extract; extract of the leaves of the cabbage, brassica oleracea l. var. capitata, brassicaceae CAS NO: 89958-13-4

BRB Silanil 118 is methyltrimethoxysilane by BRB International BV.
BRB Silanil 118 can be applied as it is, diluted or as part of a formulated product e.g. surface coating on natural stones or other construction materials to form a silica-gel like binder (silicon dioxide) for substrate’s strength enhancement.
BRB Silanil 118 is easily hydrolyzed by water and moisture.

CAS: 1185-55-3
MF: C4H12O3Si
MW: 136.22
EINECS: 214-685-0

Synonyms
methyltrimethoxy-silan;Methyl-trithoxysilicane;Silane, methyltrimethoxy-;silanea-163;trimethoxymethyl-silan;Union carbide a-163;unioncarbidea-163;Z 6070;Methyltrimethoxysilane
;Trimethoxy(methyl)silane;1185-55-3;Trimethoxymethylsilane;Silane, trimethoxymethyl-;Union carbide A-163;SILANE, METHYLTRIMETHOXY-;Z 6070;methyl trimethoxysilane;0HI0D71MCI;DTXSID3027370;MFCD00008342;NSC-93883;Silane A-163;Dynasylan MTMS;methyl-trimethoxysilane;EINECS 214-685-0;CM9100;NSC 93883;25498-02-6;UNII-0HI0D71MCI;methyltrimetoxysilane;methyltrimethoxy silane;GLASCA B;trimethoxy-methyl-silane;EC 214-685-0,CH3Si(OCH3)3;SILQUEST A 1630;Trimethoxymethylsilane, 95%;Trimethoxymethylsilane, 98%;Methyltrimethoxysilane (MTM);SCHEMBL35033;(TRIMETHOXYSILYL)METHANE;DTXCID407370;CHEMBL3182654;BFXIKLCIZHOAAZ-UHFFFAOYSA-;NSC93883;WLN: 1O-SI-1&O1&O1;METHYLTRIMETHOXYSILANE [INCI];Tox21_200453;MFCD00081866;AKOS008901240;NCGC00248627-01;NCGC00258007-01;LS-13028;CAS-1185-55-3;M0660;NS00044808;E75871;EN300-218612;METHYLSILICON TRIMETHOXIDE (MESI(OME)3);Trimethoxymethylsilane, purum, >=98.0% (GC);Trimethoxymethylsilane, deposition grade, >=98%;A804054;DOW CORNING 7-5300 FILM-IN-PLACE COATING;J-003846;J-525101
;DOW CORNING (R) 7-5310 FILM-IN-PLACE BASE;Q21099559;InChI=1/C4H12O3Si/c1-5-8(4,6-2)7-3/h1-4H3
;2-(1-METHYLHYDRAZINO)-4,5-DIHYDRO-1H-IMIDAZOLEHYDROBROMIDE;25498-03-7

The silanol groups are highly reactive and ready to form siloxane bonds (Si-O-Si) by subsequent condensation reaction.
Trimethoxy (methyl) silane is an organosilicon compound.
BRB Silanil 118 can be used as a crosslinker in the preparation of polysiloxane polymers.
BRB Silanil 118 can also be used as an acid scavenge used in the formation of substituted azulenes from allenylsilanes and tropylium tetrafluoroborate.
BRB Silanil 118 can also be used as the precursor for synthesis of flexible silica aerogels.
BRB Silanil 118 is an organosilicon compound widely used as a precursor for the preparation of silica-based materials, which finds the applications in various fields.
Particularly in molecular assembly, linking nano building blocks, and selective synthesis oligosiloxane compounds.
BRB Silanil 118 can also be utilized as a crosslinker in the synthesis of polysiloxane polymers.
BRB Silanil 118 is an organosilicon compound with the formula CH3Si(OCH3)3.
BRB Silanil 118 is a colorless, free-flowing liquid.
BRB Silanil 118 is a crosslinker in the preparation of polysiloxane polymers.

BRB Silanil 118 Chemical Properties
Melting point: <-70°C
Boiling point: 102-104 °C(lit.)
Density: 0.955 g/mL at 25 °C(lit.)
Vapor pressure: 2990 hPa (20 °C)
Refractive index: n20/D 1.371(lit.)
Fp: 52 °F
Storage temp.: Store below +30°C.
Form: liquid
Color: colorless
Specific Gravity: 0.955
Water Solubility: decomposes
Hydrolytic Sensitivity 7: reacts slowly with moisture/water
Sensitive: Moisture Sensitive
BRN: 1736151
Stability: Stable, but moisture sensitive. Highly flammable.
Incompatible with water, strong acids, strong oxidizing agents.
InChIKey: BFXIKLCIZHOAAZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N
LogP: -2.4-0.7 at 20℃
CAS DataBase Reference: 1185-55-3(CAS DataBase Reference)
NIST Chemistry Reference: Silane, trimethoxymethyl-(1185-55-3)
EPA Substance Registry System: BRB Silanil 118 (1185-55-3)

Uses
BRB Silanil 118 in combination with iron nitrate altered the pore structure dramatically.
As the Crosslinking agent of RTV silicone rubber and glass fiber surface treatment agent and talk to agents outside of reinforced plastic laminated products in order to improve the mechanical strength, heat resistance, moisture resistance.
BRB Silanil 118 is used as an acid scavenger, for example in the formation of substituted azulenes from allenylsilanes and tropyl-ium tetrafluoroborate.
BRB Silanil 118 is a reagent used in they synthesis of electronic materials and organometallic compounds.
Used in the coating of carbon-fiber surfaces, as well as in the synthesis of nanocomposites.

BRB Silanil 118 is highly miscible with standard organic solvents, such as alcohols, hydrocarbons and acetone.
BRB Silanil 118 is practically insoluble in neutral water and reacts only slowly to form silanols and higher condensation products.
Addition of a hydrolytic catalyst (inorganic/organic acids, ammonia or amines) accelerates the hydrolysis of BRB Silanil 118 substantially.
As a Filler Modifier, BRB Silanil 118 is used mainly to render a wide range of surfaces and materials water repellent (e.g. mineral fillers, pigments, glass, cardboard).
BRB Silanil 118 may be used pure or in solution to treat fillers, using suitable mixing equipment.
BRB Silanil 118 may be necessary to first pre-treat the substrate with water and/or a catalyst.
BRB Silanil 118 is also used in the production of silicone resins and condensation-curing silicone rubber, used as an important component in sol-gel systems.
As one of the most common Alkoxy Crosslinkers, BRB Silanil 118 has high reactivity that precedes by nucleophilic substitution usually in the presence of acid or base catalysts.

Preparation
BRB Silanil 118 is usually prepared from methyltrichlorosilane and methanol:
CH3SiCl3 + 3 CH3OH → CH3Si(OCH3)3 + 3 HCl

DESCRIPTION:
BRB Silanil 258 by BRB International BV is an adhesion promoter based on an epoxy silane, 3-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane.
Possesses both organic and inorganic reactivity that allows it to react with or couple organic polymers and inorganic surfaces.
Designed to enhance bonding of a polymer coating to glass.
BRB Silanil 258 is recommended at a dosage level of 0.5-2.0 pph to promote unprimed adhesion


CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF BRB SILANIL 258:
Product Type: Adhesion Promoters / Bonding Agents > Organofunctional Silanes
Chemical Composition: 3-Glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane
CAS Number: 2530-83-8
Physical Form: Liquid
Appearance: Clear
Product Status: COMMERCIAL
Applications/ Recommended for:
Coatings
Coatings Markets > Other industries > Glass Coatings


HOW BRB SILANIL 258 WORK?:
Silanes are 2 step Reaction Chemical which most of them are monomer.
When store under inert gas (N2), Silanes will be non-reactive monomer in form of FG-Si-OR which -R or Akyl is non-reactive group .
However, Silanes can be hydrolyzed by moisture which -Si–OR will be changed to -Si- OH called “Silanol” group and be ready to react or bond to the substrates or the fillers .
The change of –Si-OR to -Si-OH is called “Hydrolysis” which is the 1st step of silane reaction .

2nd step of the reaction is “Condensation”.
After Hydrolysis , Silane contains “Silanol” group or Si-OH which is very reactive and ready to bond
to substrates or fillers.
This bonding step is called “Condensation” which is function of adhesion promoter to the substrates or coupling/dispersing agent to the fillers.


BENEFITS OF BRB SILANIL 258 IN PAINT AND COATINGS:
Increase Adhesion Performance to Substrate

Increase Crosslinking Density of Resin which affected to:
Increase hardness
Increase mar resistance*
Improve solvent, acid, alkaline resistance
Improve water resistance
Increase abrasion resistance or scrub resistance

Change Resin Properties:
Thermoplastics to near Thermosets

Disperse Pigments/Fillers:
Improve consistency of viscosity and able to have lower viscosity
Benefit to lower loading of pigments in the formulation

Bind Pigments/Fillers:
Act as coupling agent to pigments/fillers to improve scrub ability

BREOX TB 150 Chemical Description: Polyalklylene glycol high viscosity Excellent lubricity in every application: Breox TB 150 TB Outstanding performance, minimal friction, excellent thermal and oxidative stability – there are many reasons why the Breox TB 150 product range is ideally suited as a lubricant. Breox TB 150 belongs to the family of synthetic lubricants which are based on polyalkylene glycol (PAG). These are generally used when operating conditions go above and beyond the performance of other synthetic and mineral-based oils. These polyalkylene glycol-based oils ensure that processes run smoothly at all types of industrial plants. An important factor, among others, is the viscosity the lubricants have. With Breox TB 150 TB 120/150/195, BTC offers a range of water-soluble PAGs featuring various viscosity levels. “The Breox TB 150 TB series comprises the water-soluble products made from Breox TB 150 75W. Formulators thus save one step in the process and the products are easier to use,” says Gabriele Möller, Head of Business Management Europe at BTC for the Fuel & Lubricant Solutions division. Sustainable and biostable Using base oils from the Breox TB 150 series allows formulators to produce their own specific end products. Proven applications include the use as a thickening agent in fire-resistant hydraulic fluids: The Breox TB 150 types TB 120/150/195 all display excellent thickening properties, they are very effective when it comes to corrosion protection and they reduce the risk of fire. However, above all, the oil is particularly compatible for use with hoses and seals, which in turn reduces the risk of wear. “Lubricants with Breox TB 150 are very stable and thus do not have to be replaced as often as conventional ones,” says Möller. “This provides the oils with a very high degree of sustainability, especially since they are also biostable.” Use as a polymer in hardening agents Another possible application: Breox TB 150 TB 120/150/195 is also suited for use as a polymer in hardening agents, hence for surface treatment, for example in metal processing. This is where Breox TB 150 lubricants can make the best of their water solubility. By increasing or decreasing the concentration, the ideal formulation for any type of application can be created. “Breox TB 150 provides the end product with excellent lubricity in all of these cases, in every concentration and different viscosities,” Möller summarises. Additional information The following products are included in the Breox TB 150 TB series: Breox TB 150 TB 120 60% water-soluble solution of Breox 75 W 55000 viscosity of 2,600 mm²/s at 40°C Breox TB 150 TB 150 60% water-soluble solution of Breox 75 W 18000 viscosity of 2,850 mm²/s at 40°C Breox TB 150 TB 195 60% water-soluble solution of Breox 75 W 18000 viscosity of 850 mm²/s at 40°C The BREOX B-Series includes a range of mono-initiated propylene oxide homopolymers manufactured to have a viscosity range from 15 to 335 cSt at 40ºC. These products are widely used in the manufacture and formulation of various water insoluble lubricants such as Gear and calender lubricants Compressor lubricants Formulations for metal working Textile lubricants Product information from BASF. The BASF range of polyalkylene glycols are marketed under the Breox TB 150, Plurasafe® and Pluracol® brands. The range includes both linear and branched polymers of alkylene oxide. Breox TB 150 high-viscosity PAGs are linear random polymers of EO and PO while the Pluracol® high-viscosity PAGs are branched random polymers of EO and PO. Base stocks with kinematic viscosities at 40°C from 270 to 65,000 cSt are available. The high viscosity and low volatility of these products make them suitable for high-temperature lubrication. Applications include the formulation of water-based fire resistant hydraulic fluids and quenchants. Aqueous solutions of Breox TB 150 and Pluracol® high viscosity PAGs are available for ease of handling under the Breox TB 150 series. Polyalkylene Glycols (PAGs) Polyalkylene glycol base stocks are used in many lubricant applications including gear oils, fire resistant hydraulic fluids, compressor oils, quenchants, metalworking fluids, aluminum processing fluids, chain and textile lubricants. Their high thermal and oxidative stability, excellent lubricity, high film strength / load capacity, anti-wear properties, micropitting resistance, and shear stability make them an ideal choice as base stock for formulating high-performance industrial lubricants. The BASF range of polyalkylene glycols are marketed under the Breox TB 150, Plurasafe® and Pluracol® brands. The range includes both linear and branched polymers of alkylene oxide. Chemical Description: Polyalklylene glycol high viscosity Excellent lubricity in every application: Breox TB 150 TB Outstanding performance, minimal friction, excellent thermal and oxidative stability – there are many reasons why the Breox TB 150 product range is ideally suited as a lubricant. Breox TB 150 belongs to the family of synthetic lubricants which are based on polyalkylene glycol (PAG). These are generally used when operating conditions go above and beyond the performance of other synthetic and mineral-based oils. These polyalkylene glycol-based oils ensure that processes run smoothly at all types of industrial plants. An important factor, among others, is the viscosity the lubricants have. With Breox TB 150 TB 120/150/195, BTC offers a range of water-soluble PAGs featuring various viscosity levels. “The Breox TB 150 TB series comprises the water-soluble products made from Breox TB 150 75W. Formulators thus save one step in the process and the products are easier to use,” says Gabriele Möller, Head of Business Management Europe at BTC for the Fuel & Lubricant Solutions division. Sustainable and biostable Using base oils from the Breox TB 150 series allows formulators to produce their own specific end products. Proven applications include the use as a thickening agent in fire-resistant hydraulic fluids: The Breox TB 150 types TB 120/150/195 all display excellent thickening properties, they are very effective when it comes to corrosion protection and they reduce the risk of fire. However, above all, the oil is particularly compatible for use with hoses and seals, which in turn reduces the risk of wear. “Lubricants with Breox TB 150 are very stable and thus do not have to be replaced as often as conventional ones,” says Möller. “This provides the oils with a very high degree of sustainability, especially since they are also biostable.” Use as a polymer in hardening agents Another possible application: Breox TB 150 TB 120/150/195 is also suited for use as a polymer in hardening agents, hence for surface treatment, for example in metal processing. This is where Breox TB 150 lubricants can make the best of their water solubility. By increasing or decreasing the concentration, the ideal formulation for any type of application can be created. “Breox TB 150 provides the end product with excellent lubricity in all of these cases, in every concentration and different viscosities,” Möller summarises. Additional information The following products are included in the Breox TB 150 TB series: Breox TB 150 TB 120 60% water-soluble solution of Breox 75 W 55000 viscosity of 2,600 mm²/s at 40°C Breox TB 150 TB 150 60% water-soluble solution of Breox 75 W 18000 viscosity of 2,850 mm²/s at 40°C Breox TB 150 TB 195 60% water-soluble solution of Breox 75 W 18000 viscosity of 850 mm²/s at 40°C The BREOX B-Series includes a range of mono-initiated propylene oxide homopolymers manufactured to have a viscosity range from 15 to 335 cSt at 40ºC. These products are widely used in the manufacture and formulation of various water insoluble lubricants such as Gear and calender lubricants Compressor lubricants Formulations for metal working Textile lubricants Product information from BASF. The BASF range of polyalkylene glycols are marketed under the Breox TB 150, Plurasafe® and Pluracol® brands. The range includes both linear and branched polymers of alkylene oxide. Breox TB 150 high-viscosity PAGs are linear random polymers of EO and PO while the Pluracol® high-viscosity PAGs are branched random polymers of EO and PO. Base stocks with kinematic viscosities at 40°C from 270 to 65,000 cSt are available. The high viscosity and low volatility of these products make them suitable for high-temperature lubrication. Applications include the formulation of water-based fire resistant hydraulic fluids and quenchants. Aqueous solutions of Breox TB 150 and Pluracol® high viscosity PAGs are available for ease of handling under the Breox TB 150 series. Polyalkylene Glycols (PAGs) Polyalkylene glycol base stocks are used in many lubricant applications including gear oils, fire resistant hydraulic fluids, compressor oils, quenchants, metalworking fluids, aluminum processing fluids, chain and textile lubricants. Their high thermal and oxidative stability, excellent lubricity, high film strength / load capacity, anti-wear properties, micropitting resistance, and shear stability make them an ideal choice as base stock for formulating high-performance industrial lubricants. The BASF range of polyalkylene glycols are marketed under the Breox TB 150, Plurasafe® and Pluracol® brands. The range includes both linear and branched polymers of alkylene oxide. Chemical Description: Polyalklylene glycol high viscosity Excellent lubricity in every application: Breox TB 150 TB Outstanding performance, minimal friction, excellent thermal and oxidative stability – there are many reasons why the Breox TB 150 product range is ideally suited as a lubricant. Breox TB 150 belongs to the family of synthetic lubricants which are based on polyalkylene glycol (PAG). These are generally used when operating conditions go above and beyond the performance of other synthetic and mineral-based oils. These polyalkylene glycol-based oils ensure that processes run smoothly at all types of industrial plants. An important factor, among others, is the viscosity the lubricants have. With Breox TB 150 TB 120/150/195, BTC offers a range of water-soluble PAGs featuring various viscosity levels. “The Breox TB 150 TB series comprises the water-soluble products made from Breox TB 150 75W. Formulators thus save one step in the process and the products are easier to use,” says Gabriele Möller, Head of Business Management Europe at BTC for the Fuel & Lubricant Solutions division. Sustainable and biostable Using base oils from the Breox TB 150 series allows formulators to produce their own specific end products. Proven applications include the use as a thickening agent in fire-resistant hydraulic fluids: The Breox TB 150 types TB 120/150/195 all display excellent thickening properties, they are very effective when it comes to corrosion protection and they reduce the risk of fire. However, above all, the oil is particularly compatible for use with hoses and seals, which in turn reduces the risk of wear. “Lubricants with Breox TB 150 are very stable and thus do not have to be replaced as often as conventional ones,” says Möller. “This provides the oils with a very high degree of sustainability, especially since they are also biostable.” Use as a polymer in hardening agents Another possible application: Breox TB 150 TB 120/150/195 is also suited for use as a polymer in hardening agents, hence for surface treatment, for example in metal processing. This is where Breox TB 150 lubricants can make the best of their water solubility. By increasing or decreasing the concentration, the ideal formulation for any type of application can be created. “Breox TB 150 provides the end product with excellent lubricity in all of these cases, in every concentration and different viscosities,” Möller summarises. Additional information The following products are included in the Breox TB 150 TB series: Breox TB 150 TB 120 60% water-soluble solution of Breox 75 W 55000 viscosity of 2,600 mm²/s at 40°C Breox TB 150 TB 150 60% water-soluble solution of Breox 75 W 18000 viscosity of 2,850 mm²/s at 40°C Breox TB 150 TB 195 60% water-soluble solution of Breox 75 W 18000 viscosity of 850 mm²/s at 40°C The BREOX B-Series includes a range of mono-initiated propylene oxide homopolymers manufactured to have a viscosity range from 15 to 335 cSt at 40ºC. These products are widely used in the manufacture and formulation of various water insoluble lubricants such as Gear and calender lubricants Compressor lubricants Formulations for metal working Textile lubricants Product information from BASF. The BASF range of polyalkylene glycols are marketed under the Breox TB 150, Plurasafe® and Pluracol® brands. The range includes both linear and branched polymers of alkylene oxide. Breox TB 150 high-viscosity PAGs are linear random polymers of EO and PO while the Pluracol® high-viscosity PAGs are branched random polymers of EO and PO. Base stocks with kinematic viscosities at 40°C from 270 to 65,000 cSt are available. The high viscosity and low volatility of these products make them suitable for high-temperature lubrication. Applications include the formulation of water-based fire resistant hydraulic fluids and quenchants. Aqueous solutions of Breox TB 150 and Pluracol® high viscosity PAGs are available for ease of handling under the Breox TB 150 series. Polyalkylene Glycols (PAGs) Polyalkylene glycol base stocks are used in many lubricant applications including gear oils, fire resistant hydraulic fluids, compressor oils, quenchants, metalworking fluids, aluminum processing fluids, chain and textile lubricants. Their high thermal and oxidative stability, excellent lubricity, high film strength / load capacity, anti-wear properties, micropitting resistance, and shear stability make them an ideal choice as base stock for formulating high-performance industrial lubricants. The BASF range of polyalkylene glycols are marketed under the Breox TB 150, Plurasafe® and Pluracol® brands. The range includes both linear and branched polymers of alkylene oxide. Chemical Description: Polyalklylene glycol high viscosity Excellent lubricity in every application: Breox TB 150 TB Outstanding performance, minimal friction, excellent thermal and oxidative stability – there are many reasons why the Breox TB 150 product range is ideally suited as a lubricant. Breox TB 150 belongs to the family of synthetic lubricants which are based on polyalkylene glycol (PAG). These are generally used when operating conditions go above and beyond the performance of other synthetic and mineral-based oils. These polyalkylene glycol-based oils ensure that processes run smoothly at all types of industrial plants. An important factor, among others, is the viscosity the lubricants have. With Breox TB 150 TB 120/150/195, BTC offers a range of water-soluble PAGs featuring various viscosity levels. “The Breox TB 150 TB series comprises the water-soluble products made from Breox TB 150 75W. Formulators thus save one step in the process and the products are easier to use,” says Gabriele Möller, Head of Business Management Europe at BTC for the Fuel & Lubricant Solutions division. Sustainable and biostable Using base oils from the Breox TB 150 series allows formulators to produce their own specific end products. Proven applications include the use as a thickening agent in fire-resistant hydraulic fluids: The Breox TB 150 types TB 120/150/195 all display excellent thickening properties, they are very effective when it comes to corrosion protection and they reduce the risk of fire. However, above all, the oil is particularly compatible for use with hoses and seals, which in turn reduces the risk of wear. “Lubricants with Breox TB 150 are very stable and thus do not have to be replaced as often as conventional ones,” says Möller. “This provides the oils with a very high degree of sustainability, especially since they are also biostable.” Use as a polymer in hardening agents Another possible application: Breox TB 150 TB 120/150/195 is also suited for use as a polymer in hardening agents, hence for surface treatment, for example in metal processing. This is where Breox TB 150 lubricants can make the best of their water solubility. By increasing or decreasing the concentration, the ideal formulation for any type of application can be created. “Breox TB 150 provides the end product with excellent lubricity in all of these cases, in every concentration and different viscosities,” Möller summarises. Additional information The following products are included in the Breox TB 150 TB series: Breox TB 150 TB 120 60% water-soluble solution of Breox 75 W 55000 viscosity of 2,600 mm²/s at 40°C Breox TB 150 TB 150 60% water-soluble solution of Breox 75 W 18000 viscosity of 2,850 mm²/s at 40°C Breox TB 150 TB 195 60% water-soluble solution of Breox 75 W 18000 viscosity of 850 mm²/s at 40°C The BREOX B-Series includes a range of mono-initiated propylene oxide homopolymers manufactured to have a viscosity range from 15 to 335 cSt at 40ºC. These products are widely used in the manufacture and formulation of various water insoluble lubricants such as Gear and calender lubricants Compressor lubricants Formulations for metal working Textile lubricants Product information from BASF. The BASF range of polyalkylene glycols are marketed under the Breox TB 150, Plurasafe® and Pluracol® brands. The range includes both linear and branched polymers of alkylene oxide. Breox TB 150 high-viscosity PAGs are linear random polymers of EO and PO while the Pluracol® high-viscosity PAGs are branched random polymers of EO and PO. Base stocks with kinematic viscosities at 40°C from 270 to 65,000 cSt are available. The high viscosity and low volatility of these products make them suitable for high-temperature lubrication. Applications include the formulation of water-based fire resistant hydraulic fluids and quenchants. Aqueous solutions of Breox TB 150 and Pluracol® high viscosity PAGs are available for ease of handling under the Breox TB 150 series. Polyalkylene Glycols (PAGs) Polyalkylene glycol base stocks are used in many lubricant applications including gear oils, fire resistant hydraulic fluids, compressor oils, quenchants, metalworking fluids, aluminum processing fluids, chain and textile lubricants. Their high thermal and oxidative stability, excellent lubricity, high film strength / load capacity, anti-wear properties, micropitting resistance, and shear stability make them an ideal choice as base stock for formulating high-performance industrial lubricants. The BASF range of polyalkylene glycols are marketed under the Breox TB 150, Plurasafe® and Pluracol® brands. The range includes both linear and branched polymers of alkylene oxide.

BRAZIL NUT OIL REFINED; bertholletia excelsa seed oil; brazilian nut oil; brazilnut oil; bertholletia nobilis seed oil CAS NO:356065-50-4

2- octadecoxyethanol (peg-25) peg-25 stearyl ether poly(oxy-1,2-ethanediyl), .alpha.-octadecyl-.omega.-hydroxy- (25 mol EO average molar ratio) polyethylene glycol (25) stearyl ether polyoxyethylene (25) stearyl alcohol ether polyoxyethylene (25) stearyl ether CAS # 9005-00-9

Brilliant Blue FCF; Acid Blue 9; FD&C Blue No. 1; Erioglaucine disodium salt CAS NO : 3844-45-9

SYNONYMS Brilliant Blue G; C.I. Acid Blue 90; Coomassie brilliant blue; Hydrogen (4-(4-(p-ethoxy anilino)-4'-(ethyl(m-sulphonatobenzyl) amino)-2'-methylbenzhydrylene)-3-methyl cyclohexa- 2,5-dien -1-ylidene)(ethyl)(m-sulphonatobenzyl)ammonium monosodium salt; Coomassie Brilliant Blue G; C.I. 42655; Brilliant Blue Gand G 250; Xylene Brilliant Cyanin G; CAS NO:6104-58-1

BROMOCHLOROPHENE, N° CAS : 15435-29-7, Nom INCI : BROMOCHLOROPHENE, Nom chimique : 2,2'-Methylenebis(6-bromo-4-chlorophenol), N° EINECS/ELINCS : 239-446-8 Classification : Règlementé, Conservateur, La concentration maximale autorisée dans les préparations cosmétiques prêtes à l'emploi est de 0,1 %. Ses fonctions (INCI) : Antimicrobien : Aide à ralentir la croissance de micro-organismes sur la peau et s'oppose au développement des microbes. Déodorant : Réduit ou masque les odeurs corporelles désagréables .Conservateur : Inhibe le développement des micro-organismes dans les produits cosmétiques.

Bromide salt of sodium (sodium bromide) is a brominating agent mainly used in organic synthetic reactions as a bromide source.
Bromide salt of sodium (sodium bromide) is an inorganic compound that is a high-melting white, crystalline solid resembling sodium chloride.
Bromide salt of sodium (sodium bromide) is widely used as a source of the bromide ion and has numerous applications.

CAS Number: 7647-15-6
Molecular Formula: NaBr
Molecular Weight: 102.89
EINECS Number: 231-599-9

Synonyms: Sodium Bromide: 7647-15-6, Sedoneural, Bromide salt of sodium, Bromnatrium, Sodium bromide (NaBr), Trisodium tribromide, sodium;bromide, NaBr, Natrum bromatum, Caswell No. 750A, HSDB 5039, UNII-LC1V549NOM, EINECS 231-599-9, LC1V549NOM, NSC 77384, NSC-77384, EPA Pesticide Chemical Code 013907, Sodiumbromide, DTXSID3034903, CHEBI:63004, MFCD00003475, Sodium bromide [USP:JAN], CHEMBL1644694, DTXCID1014903, NSC 77384; Sanibrom 40, EC 231-599-9, Sodium bromide (USP:JAN), Bromnatrium [German], SODIUM BROMIDE (MART.), SODIUM BROMIDE [MART.], SODIUM BROMIDE (USP-RS), SODIUM BROMIDE [USP-RS], Sodium bromide [JAN], SODIUM BROMIDE (EP MONOGRAPH), SODIUM BROMIDE [EP MONOGRAPH], SODIUM BROMIDE (USP MONOGRAPH), SODIUM BROMIDE [USP MONOGRAPH], Natrium bromide, Sodium Bromide Powder, Sodium bromide (TN), Sodium bromide (JP17), Sodium bromide, ultra dry, Sodium bromide (Na3Br3), WLN: NA E, SODIUM BROMIDE [MI], Sodium bromide, ACS reagent, 12431-56-0, SODIUM BROMIDE [HSDB], NATRUM BROMATUM [HPUS], Density Standard 1251 kg/m3, SODIUM BROMIDE [WHO-DD], Sodium bromide, p.a., 99.0%, NSC77384, Tox21_301343, BR1200, AKOS024438090, Sodium bromide, BioXtra, >=99.0%, Sodium bromide, photo grade, compacted, USEPA/OPP Pesticide Code: 013907, NCGC00255632-01, Sodium bromide, ACS reagent, >=99.0%, Sodium bromide, ReagentPlus(R), >=99%, CAS-7647-15-6, CS-0013794, NS00075684, S0546, Sodium bromide, 99.9955% (metals basis), Sodium bromide, BioUltra, >=99.5% (AT), Isotopic standard for bromine, NIST SRM 977, Sodium bromide, SAJ first grade, >=99.0%, D02055, Q15768, Sodium bromide, >=99.99% trace metals basis, Sodium bromide, Vetec(TM) reagent grade, 98%, Sodium bromide, JIS special grade, 99.5-100.3%, Density Standard 1251 kg/m3, H&D Fitzgerald Ltd. Quality, Sodium bromide, United States Pharmacopeia (USP) Reference Standard, Sodium bromide, anhydrous, beads, -10 mesh, 99.999% trace metals basis, Sodium bromide, anhydrous, free-flowing, Redi-Dri(TM), ACS reagent, >=99%, Sodium bromide, anhydrous, free-flowing, Redi-Dri(TM), ReagentPlus(R), >=99%

Bromide salt of sodium (sodium bromide) crystallizes in the same cubic motif as NaCl, NaF, and NaI.
The anhydrous salt crystallizes above 50.7°C, while dihydrate salts (NaBr2H2O) crystallize out of water solution below 50.7°C.
Bromide salt of sodium (sodium bromide) is produced by treating sodium hydroxide with hydrogen bromide.

Bromide salt of sodium (sodium bromide) is widely used for the preparation of other bromides in organic synthesis and other areas.
Bromide salt of sodium (sodium bromide) is a source of the bromide nucleophile to convert alkyl chlorides to more reactive alkyl bromides by the Finkelstein reaction.
Additionally, it is used in photography for preparing light-sensitive silver bromide emulsions and as a bleaching and disinfecting agent for water treatment in swimming pools, health spas, and hot tubs.

However, it is important to note that sodium bromide possesses anticonvulsant properties, and high blood levels of bromides may cause serious neurologic and psychologic disturbances.
Skin rashes are common, and high blood levels of bromides may cause serious neurologic and psychologic disturbances.
The great danger of toxicity in patients on low salt diets. Sodium bromide is moderately toxic by ingestion.

Bromide salt of sodium (sodium bromide) is also used as a catalyst for the partial oxidation of hydrocarbons, for increasing the density of aqueous drilling fluids for oil wells, as an electrolyte component in sodium-halogen batteries, as a brominating agent in organic synthesis, in preparing bromide salts, and as a laboratory reagent.
Bromide salt of sodium (sodium bromide) is important to handle sodium bromide with care due to its potential toxicity and associated hazards.
Bromide salt of sodium (sodium bromide) is a colorless cubic crystal or white granular powder, and belongs to isometric system.

Bromide salt of sodium (sodium bromide) is odorless, and has slightly bitter and briny taste but high toxicity.
Bromide salt of sodium (sodium bromide) is easily to absorb moisture and caking but without deliquescence.
Bromide salt of sodium (sodium bromide) is slightly soluble in alcohol and easily soluble in water (at 100 °C, the solubility in 100ml water solubility is 121g), its aqueous solution is neutral with electronic conductivity.

The anhydrous Bromide salt of sodium (sodium bromide) crystal will be precipitated out at 51°C with dihydrate compound forming at temperature lower than 51 °C.
Its bromide ion can be substituted by fluorine, and chlorine. Under acidic conditions, it can be oxidized by oxygen and release free bromine; this process is taken advantage of by industry for producing bromine.
Bromide salt of sodium (sodium bromide) can have reaction with dilute sulfuric acid to produce hydrogen bromide.

However, Bromide salt of sodium (sodium bromide) is a strong acid which can’t be produced through the reaction with dilute sulfuric acid and can only made through high-boiling point acid to make low-boiling point acid.
However, should avoid to use concentrated sulfuric acid which has strong oxidation effect and thus converting bromine (-1) into bromine element and release reddish-brown gas.
This method can be used to identify sodium iodide (Heating sodium iodide and concentrated sulfuric acid together will release red-purple gases), Thereby, we can only take the concentrated phosphoric acid together with sodium bromine for heating to produce hydrogen bromine.

Bromide salt of sodium (sodium bromide) ions can enhance the inhibitor process of brain cortex, and promote their concentration.
Therefore, medically it can be used as tranquilizers, and hypnotic or anticonvulsant drugs.
When human swallow or inhale the compounds, it will cause harm to central nervous system, brain, and eye while causing irritation response of skin, eyes and also the respiratory tract.

Bromide salt of sodium (sodium bromide) is a colorless cubic crystal or white granular powder.
Bromide salt of sodium (sodium bromide) is odorless, and has slightly bitter and briny taste but high toxicity.
It is easily soluble in water (at 100 °C, the solubility in 100ml water solubility is 121g), but slightly soluble in alcohol.

Bromide salt of sodium (sodium bromide) is a brominating agent mainly used in organic synthetic reactions as a bromide source.
Bromide salt of sodium (sodium bromide) is a chemical compound that exists as a white crystalline solid at room temperature.
The compound is inorganic, soluble in water, and has the molecular formula NaBr.

Because Bromide salt of sodium (sodium bromide) is comprised of ionically bonded sodium atoms to bromine atoms, it is often used as a source of bromide ions.
Bromide salt of sodium (sodium bromide) is an inorganic compound with the formula NaBr.
Bromide salt of sodium (sodium bromide) is a high-melting white, crystalline solid that resembles sodium chloride.

Bromide salt of sodium (sodium bromide) is a widely used source of the bromide ion and has many applications.
Bromide salt of sodium (sodium bromide) Technical 25kg Sodium bromide is an inorganic compound with the formula NaBr.
It is a high-melting white, crystalline solid that resembles sodium chloride.

Bromide salt of sodium (sodium bromide) is a widely used source of the bromide ion and has many applications.
Bromide salt of sodium (sodium bromide) crystallizes in the same cubic motif as sodium chloride, sodium fluoride and sodium iodide.
The anhydrous salt crystallizes above 50.7 °C.

Dihydrate salts (NaBr·2H2O) crystallize out of water solution below 50.7 °C.
Bromide salt of sodium (sodium bromide) is produced by treating sodium hydroxide with hydrogen bromide.
Bromide salt of sodium (sodium bromide) can be used as a source of the chemical element bromine.

This can be accomplished by treating an aqueous solution of sodium bromide with chlorine gas: [2 NaBr + Cl2 → Br2 + 2 NaCl].
Until 1975, sodium bromide was used in medicine as a hypnotic, anticonvulsant, and sedative.
Bromide salt of sodium (sodium bromide) Technical is widely used in the preparation of other bromides in organic synthesis and other areas.

Bromide salt of sodium (sodium bromide) is a source of the bromide nucleophile, used to convert alkyl chlorides to be more reactive alkyl bromides, this is done via the Finkelstein reaction.
Bromide salt of sodium (sodium bromide) is also used to prepare the photosensitive salt, silver bromide, used in photography.
Bromide salt of sodium (sodium bromide) is also used in conjunction with chlorine as a disinfectant in both hot tubs and swimming pools.

Finally, because of its high solubility in water, Bromide salt of sodium (sodium bromide) is used to prepare dense drilling fluids that are used in oil wells to compensate a possible overpressure arising in the fluid column and to counteract the associated trend to blow out.
The presence of the Bromide salt of sodium (sodium bromide) cation also causes the bentonite added to the drilling fluid to swell, while the high ionic strength induces the bentonite flocculation.
Bromide salt of sodium (sodium bromide) can only be delivered to commercial premises

Bromide salt of sodium (sodium bromide) is produced by treating sodium hydroxide with hydrogen bromide.
Bromide salt of sodium (sodium bromide) can be used as a source of the chemical element bromine.
This can be accomplished by treating an aqueous solution of NaBr with chlorine gas: 2 NaBr + Cl2 → Br2 + 2 NaCl

Bromide salt of sodium (sodium bromide) is also known as Trisodium tribromide, Bromnatrium, 7647-15-6, NaBr, Bromide salt of sodium, Sedoneural, Sodium bromide (NaBr) and comes with Molecular Formula of BrNa and Molecular Weight of 102.893769.
Bromide salt of sodium (sodium bromide) is prepared through addition of excess bromine to sodium hydroxide solution that assists in formation of a mixture of bromide and bromine.

Post mixture, the reaction products are evaporated to dry state and further treated with carbon for reducing bromate to bromide.
Bromide salt of sodium (sodium bromide) is available in form of white crystals, granules, or powder/white, cubic crystal option and has feebly bitter taste.
Its other properties include Boiling Point of 1390°C, Melting Point of 755°C, Density/Specific Gravity of 3.21, pH of 6.5-8.0 and solubility in alcohol (moderate) and in water (94.6 g/100 g water at 25°C).

Bromide salt of sodium (sodium bromide) is a white granular salt that is very similar to it’s cousin sodium chloride – or regular salt.
And just like Bromide salt of sodium (sodium bromide)’s cousin, the important bit is the part that comes at the end of name – bromide.
Bromide salt of sodium (sodium bromide) is very similar to chlorine.

They are both halogens that are very good at sanitizing water.
But they do have some key differences between them.
One of the key differences is how they appear in pure form; chlorine is gas and bromine is a much heavier gas, to the point of being almost a liquid.

In water, they both behave very similarly.
Bromide salt of sodium (sodium bromide) added to water will form Hypobromous acid and Hydrobromic Acid, just like chlorine forms Hypochlorous acid and Hydrochloric acid.
And Hypobromous acid also disassociates based on pH to form hypobromite just like hypochlorous acid does to form hypochlorite.

Similarly, the “hypo” is considered to be the better form at disinfection.
Bromide salt of sodium (sodium bromide) is an inorganic compound with the formula NaBr.
Bromide salt of sodium (sodium bromide) is a high-melting white, crystalline solid that resembles sodium chloride.

Bromide salt of sodium (sodium bromide) is a widely used source of the bromide ion and has many applications.
Bromide salt of sodium (sodium bromide) is an inorganic compound in its dry form a white crystalline powder with a salty and somewhat bitter taste.
The chemical formula for sodium bromide in NaBr.

Bromide salt of sodium (sodium bromide) is a white crystal or white, granular powder having the odour of sulphur dioxide.
It does not occur as a natural solid due to its solubility, it is extracted from ocean water along with chlorides, iodides and halites.
Bromide salt of sodium (sodium bromide) possesses anticonvulsant properties of any bromide salt and is one of the most common salts of hydrobromic acid.

Bromide salt of sodium (sodium bromide) is represented by the chemical formula NaBr.
Bromide salt of sodium (sodium bromide) consists of a sodium cation (Na+) and a bromide anion (Br-).
It crystallizes in a cubic crystal lattice structure, similar to other alkali metal halides.

Physical Properties: Sodium bromide is a white, crystalline solid.
Bromide salt of sodium (sodium bromide) has a high melting point of 755°C (1,391°F) and a boiling point of 1,390°C (2,534°F).
The density of sodium bromide is approximately 3.2 g/cm³.

Bromide salt of sodium (sodium bromide) is soluble in water, with a solubility of about 905 g/L at 20°C.
Preparation: Sodium bromide is typically prepared by treating sodium hydroxide (NaOH) with hydrogen bromide (HBr).
The reaction can be represented by the equation: NaOH + HBr → NaBr + H2O.

Bromide salt of sodium (sodium bromide) can also be obtained as a byproduct in the production of other bromine compounds.
Bromide salt of sodium (sodium bromide) is used in the preparation of light-sensitive silver bromide emulsions for photographic films and papers.
Bromide salt of sodium (sodium bromide) is added to aqueous drilling fluids used in oil and gas drilling operations to increase the density and stabilize the fluid.

Bromide salt of sodium (sodium bromide) is used as a bleaching and disinfecting agent in water treatment for swimming pools, hot tubs, and spas.
Bromide salt of sodium (sodium bromide) is used as a source of bromide ions in organic synthesis reactions.
Bromide salt of sodium (sodium bromide) is particularly employed in the Finkelstein reaction to convert alkyl chlorides to alkyl bromides.

Bromide salt of sodium (sodium bromide) is used as a reagent in various laboratory procedures, such as titrations and chemical analysis.
While Bromide salt of sodium (sodium bromide) is generally considered safe when used appropriately, it is important to note that high levels of bromides in the blood can cause neurologic and psychologic disturbances.
Bromide salt of sodium (sodium bromide) is crucial to handle sodium bromide with care and follow appropriate safety precautions.

Melting point: 755 °C (lit.)
Boiling point: 1390 °C
Density: 3,203 g/cm3
vapor pressure: 1 mm Hg ( 806 °C)
refractive index: 1.6412
Flash point: 1390°C
storage temp.: Store at room temperature.
solubility: H2O: 1 M at 20 °C, clear, colorless
for: Powder
Specific Gravity: 3.21
color: White
PH: 5.74 (430g/l, H2O, 22.5℃)
Water Solubility: 905 g/L (20 ºC)
Sensitive: Hygroscopic
λmax: λ: 260 nm Amax: 0.01
λ: 280 nm Amax: 0.01
Merck: 14,8594
BRN: 3587179
Dielectric constant: 6.3399999999999999
Stability: Stable. Incompatible with strong acids. Hygroscopic.
InChIKey: JHJLBTNAGRQEKS-UHFFFAOYSA-M
LogP: 0 at 25℃

Bromide salt of sodium (sodium bromide) Solution is an inorganic compound with the formula NaBr.nH2O.
It is a high-boiling colorless, odorless liquid that resembles sodium chloride.
Bromide salt of sodium (sodium bromide) is a widely used source of the bromide ion and has many applications.

Bromide salt of sodium (sodium bromide) liquid is a single salt used to form clear- brine workover and completion fluids.
These fluids are used where formation pressures require densities from 8.4 to 12.8 lb/gal (1,007 to 1,534 kg/m) or where the formation waters contain high concentrations of bicarbonate and sulfate ions.
Bromide salt of sodium (sodium bromide) can be mixed with NaCl to obtain densities up to 12.8 lb/gal (1,534 kg/m).

Bromide salt of sodium (sodium bromide)/NaCl systems are more economical than pure NaBr solutions.
Bromide salt of sodium (sodium bromide), is a white, hygroscopic, crystalline solid with a bitter, saline taste.
Bromide salt of sodium (sodium bromide) is water soluble,with a melting point of 758°C (1400 OF).

Bromide salt of sodium (sodium bromide) is used in medicine as a sedative and in photography in the preparation of silver bromide emulsion on photographic plates or films.
Bromide salt of sodium (sodium bromide) occurs in seawater at an average concentration of 0.008%.
It also is found naturally in some salt deposits.

Bromide salt of sodium (sodium bromide) is used in photography for preparing light-sensitive silver bromide emulsions.
The salt also is used as a bleaching and disinfecting agent for water treatement in swimming pools, health spas, and hot tubs.
Other uses are as a catalyst for partial oxidation of hydrocarbons, for increasing density of aqueous drillng fluids for oil wells, as an electrolyte component in sodium-halogen batteries, as a brominating agent in organic synthesis, in preparing bromide salts, and as a laboratory reagent.

Bromide salt of sodium (sodium bromide) is used in medicine as a sedative and hypnotic.
Bromide salt of sodium (sodium bromide) is an inorganic sodium salt having bromide as the counterion.
It is a bromide salt and an inorganic sodium salt.

Bromide salt of sodium (sodium bromide) is used in photographic processingand in analytical chemistry.
Bromide salt of sodium (sodium bromide) is compatible with most non-metallic materials of construction such as polypropylene, polyethylene, fiberglass reinforced plastic (FRP), cellulose, cloth, coatings, rubbers, etc.
Metals can also be used provided the Bromide salt of sodium (sodium bromide) is kept dry.

If the Bromide salt of sodium (sodium bromide) becomes wet, steel will suffer general corrosion and stainless steels and aluminum will suffer pitting attack.
The rates of attack will depend upon the amount of oxygen present but in general will not be rapid.
Bromide salt of sodium (sodium bromide) is generally immediately available in most volumes.

High purity, submicron and nanopowder forms may be considered.
Most metal bromide compounds are water soluble for uses in water treatment, chemical analysis and in ultra high purity for certain crystal growth applications.
The bromide ion in an aqueous solution can be detected by adding carbon disulfide (CS2) and chlorine.

Bromide salt of sodium (sodium bromide) can be prepared by several methods.
Pure salt can be made by neutralizing sodium hydroxide or sodium carbonate with hydrobromic acid.
The solution is evaporated for crystallization:NaOH + HBr → NaBr + H2O NaCO3 + HBr → NaBr + CO2 + H2O

Bromide salt of sodium (sodium bromide) can be made by passing bromine through an aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide or carbonate in the presence of a reducing agent, such as ammonia, hydrazine, activated charcoal, or Fe2+ ion.
A typical method involves adding iron to bromine water to form ferrosoferric bromide, Fe[FeBr5].
This double salt is dissolved in excess water followed by addition of sodium carbonate.

Bromide salt of sodium (sodium bromide) mixture is filtered and the filtrate is evaporated to crystallize sodium bromide.
The overall reaction may be written as follows: 3Fe + 4Br2 + 4Na2CO3 → 8NaBr + FeCO3 + Fe2(CO3)3
Another method involves adding excess bromine to a solution of sodium hydroxide.

This forms Bromide salt of sodium (sodium bromide) and bromate.
Bromide salt of sodium (sodium bromide) solution is evapoated to dryness.
The bromate is reduced to bromide by heating with carbon: 3Br2 + 2NaOH + H2O → NaBr + NaBrO3 + 4HBr.

Production method:
Urea reduction: dissolve soda ash (sodium carbonate), urea in hot water, and fed into the reactor; gradually add bromine for reaction and generate Bromide salt of sodium (sodium bromide).
Then further add active carbon for decolorization; further undergo filtration, evaporation, crystallization, centrifugal separation, and drying to obtain sodium bromide products.
The reaction is as following：3Br2 + 3Na2CO3 + NH2CONH2 → 6NaBr + 4CO2 ↑ + N2 ↑ + 2H2O

Neutralization method: add about 40% hydrobromic acid into the reactor, stir and slowly add 40% caustic solution for neutralization to Ph 7.5~8 for generating sodium bromide; after isolated by centrifugation, evaporation, crystallization and centrifuged again separation, then we can obtain the final product of sodium bromide.
The reaction is: HBr + NaOH → NaBr + H2O

Uses:
Bromide salt of sodium (sodium bromide) can be used as raw material in the preparation of liquid photographic film; medically as sedative, the brominating agent in printing and dyeing; it can also be used in synthetic fragrances and other chemicals.
Photographic industry applies it for the preparation of liquid photosensitive film.
Bromide salt of sodium (sodium bromide) is medically used for the production of diuretics and sedatives.

Perfume industry uses it for the production of synthetic fragrances.
Printing and dyeing industry use Bromide salt of sodium (sodium bromide) as a brominating agent.
In addition, Bromide salt of sodium (sodium bromide) can be also be used for organic synthesis and so on.

Bromide salt of sodium (sodium bromide) is used for the photographic industry, spices, pharmaceutical and printing industries.
Bromide salt of sodium (sodium bromide) is used for the reagents for analysis, and can also be used for the synthesis of inorganic and organic compounds and pharmaceutical industry.
Bromide salt of sodium (sodium bromide) is sued for photographic film, medicines, perfumes, dyes and other industries.

Bromide salt of sodium (sodium bromide) can be applied to determination of trace cadmium and Manufacturing of bromide.
Bromide salt of sodium (sodium bromide) can also be applied to inorganic and organic synthesis, photogravure and pharmaceuticals.
Bromide salt of sodium (sodium bromide) is a high-tonnage chemical and one of the most important of the bromide salts (NaBr2).

High-purity grades are required in the formulation of silver bromide emulsions for photography.
The compound, usually in combination with hypochlorites, is used as a bleach, notably for cellulosics.
The production of sodium bromide simply involves the neutralization of HBr with NaOH or with sodium carbonate or bicarbonate.

Bromide salt of sodium (sodium bromide) is an inorganic compoiund used as a catalyst in the photoinduced polymerization of acrylates.
Bromide salt of sodium (sodium bromide) is the most useful inorganic bromide in industry.
Bromide salt of sodium (sodium bromide) is also used as a catalyst in TEMPO-mediated oxidation reactions.

Also known as Sedoneural, Bromide salt of sodium (sodium bromide) has been used as a hypnotic, anticonvulsant, and sedative in medicine, widely used as an anticonvulsant and a sedative in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.
Its action is due to the bromide ion, and for this reason potassium bromide is equally effective.
In 1975, bromides were removed from drugs in the U.S. such as Bromo-Seltzer due to toxicity.

Bromide salt of sodium (sodium bromide) is widely used as a source of the bromide ion in chemical synthesis.
It is particularly employed in the Finkelstein reaction to convert alkyl chlorides to more reactive alkyl bromides.
This reaction utilizes sodium bromide as the source of the bromide nucleophile, resulting in the production of alkyl bromides under suitable conditions.

Bromide salt of sodium (sodium bromide) is utilized in the preparation of light-sensitive silver bromide emulsions for photographic films and papers.
These emulsions play a crucial role in the development of photographic materials.
In the water treatment industry, Bromide salt of sodium (sodium bromide) serves as a bleaching and disinfecting agent.

Bromide salt of sodium (sodium bromide) is used for water treatment in swimming pools, health spas, and hot tubs, where its germicidal properties contribute to maintaining water quality.
Bromide salt of sodium (sodium bromide) finds significant use in the oil and gas drilling industry.
It is a principal consumer in this sector and is employed for various purposes related to drilling operations.

Bromide salt of sodium (sodium bromide) is utilized as an antiseptic and detergent in certain applications.
Its properties make it suitable for use in these capacities.
In laboratory settings, Bromide salt of sodium (sodium bromide) is employed as a reagent in pharmaceutical preparations and various chemical analyses.

Bromide salt of sodium (sodium bromide) serves as a valuable source of the bromide ion in chemical synthesis.
It is commonly employed in organic reactions, such as the Finkelstein reaction, to convert alkyl chlorides to more reactive alkyl bromides.
In the field of photography, Bromide salt of sodium (sodium bromide) is used in the preparation of light-sensitive silver bromide emulsions.

These emulsions are essential components in the production of photographic films and papers.
Bromide salt of sodium (sodium bromide) is employed as a bleaching and disinfecting agent in water treatment applications.
Bromide salt of sodium (sodium bromide) is utilized in maintaining water quality in swimming pools, health spas, and hot tubs.

Within the oil and gas industry, sodium bromide finds significant use in drilling operations.
Bromide salt of sodium (sodium bromide) is added to aqueous drilling fluids to increase density and stabilize the fluid during drilling processes.
Bromide salt of sodium (sodium bromide) is utilized in certain applications as an antiseptic and detergent due to its properties.

In laboratory settings, Bromide salt of sodium (sodium bromide) serves as a reagent in pharmaceutical preparations and various chemical analyses.
Bromide salt of sodium (sodium bromide) is sometimes utilized as a fire retardant in certain applications.
Its ability to inhibit or slow down the spread of fire makes it useful in specific fire safety measures.

Bromide salt of sodium (sodium bromide) is used in veterinary medicine as an anticonvulsant.
It can be prescribed to control seizures in animals, particularly dogs.
Bromide salt of sodium (sodium bromide) is employed as an electrolyte component in sodium-halogen batteries.

Bromide salt of sodium (sodium bromide) helps facilitate the flow of ions between the battery's electrodes, contributing to its overall functionality.
Bromide salt of sodium (sodium bromide) is utilized as a brominating agent in organic synthesis reactions.
Bromide salt of sodium (sodium bromide) can selectively introduce bromine atoms into organic compounds, enabling the synthesis of various brominated products.

Bromide salt of sodium (sodium bromide) can act as a catalyst in certain chemical reactions.
It can enhance the rate of a reaction without being consumed in the process.
In the petroleum industry, Bromide salt of sodium (sodium bromide) is used to increase the density of aqueous drilling fluids.

This helps to control pressure and prevent blowouts during oil and gas drilling operations.
Standard Reference Material: Sodium bromide is utilized as a standard reference material in analytical chemistry and quality control.
Bromide salt of sodium (sodium bromide) can be employed to calibrate instruments, validate analytical methods, and ensure accuracy in measurements.

Bromide salt of sodium (sodium bromide) is used as an isotopic standard for bromine in scientific research and analysis.
Bromide salt of sodium (sodium bromide) can be utilized as a reference material to compare and determine the isotopic composition of other bromine-containing compounds.

Safety Profile:
Moderately toxic by ingestion.
Experimental reproductive effects.
Incompatible with acids, alkaloidal and heavy-metal salts.

When heated to decomposition Bromide salt of sodium (sodium bromide) emits toxic fumes of Brand NazO.
Bromide salt of sodium (sodium bromide) has a very low toxicity with an oral LD50 estimated at 3.5 g/kg for rats.
However, this is a single-dose value.

Bromide salt of sodium (sodium bromide) ion is a cumulative toxin with a relatively long half life.
Bromide salt of sodium (sodium bromide) is considered a mild eye and skin irritant based on animal studies.
Bromine salts, including Bromide salt of sodium (sodium bromide), can act as central nervous system (CNS) depressants at doses of 1 to 2 grams per day.

High blood levels of bromides may cause serious neurologic and psychologic disturbances.
Bromide salt of sodium (sodium bromide) is important to handle sodium bromide with care due to its potential toxicity.

Bromide salt of sodium (sodium bromide) may have incompatibilities with strong acids and bromine trifluoride.
When sodium bromide decomposes, it can release hazardous substance

2-BROMO-2-NITRO-1,3-PROPANEDIOL; 2-Bronopol; Bronosol; Bronopol; Onyxide 500; Beta-Bromo-Beta-nitrotrimethyleneglycol; 2-Bromo-2-nitropropan-1,3-diol; Bronidiol; Bronocot; bronopol; Bronopolu; Bronotak; Lexgard bronopol CAS NO:52-51-7

Bromoform is a brominated organic solvent, colorless liquid at room temperature, with a high refractive index, very high density, and sweet odor is similar to that of chloroform.
Bromoform is widely used as a solvent for waxes, oils and greases.
Miscible with Bromoform, benzene, ethanol, petroleum ether, acetone, diethyl ether and oils.

CAS Number: 75-25-2
EC Number: 200-854-6
Molar Mass: 252.75 g/mol
Chemical Formula: CHBr3

Bromoform (CHBr3) is a brominated organic solvent, colorless liquid at room temperature, with a high refractive index, very high density, and sweet odor is similar to that of chloroform.
Bromoform is one of the four haloforms, the others being fluoroform, chloroform, and iodoform.

Bromoform can be prepared by the haloform reaction using acetone and sodium hypobromite, by the electrolysis of potassium bromide in ethanol, or by treating chloroform with aluminium bromide.
Currently Bromoform main use is as a laboratory reagent.

Bromoform is widely used as a solvent for waxes, oils and greases.
Bromoform is utilized for mineral ore separation in geological tests.

Bromoform is used as an intermediate in chemical synthesis as well as a laboratory reagent.
Bromoform is the ingredient of fire-resistant chemicals and fluid gauges.
Bromoform acts as a sedative and as cough reducing agent.

Bromoform is a brominated organic solvent with the formula CHBr3.
Bromoform has an odor similar to chloroform and Bromoform density is very high (2,89).
Miscible with chloroform, benzene, ethanol, petroleum ether, acetone, diethyl ether and oils.

Bromoform, also known as Tribromomethane or Methyl tribromide, is classified as a member of the Trihalomethanes.
Trihalomethanes are organic compounds in which exactly three of the four hydrogen atoms of methane (CH4) are replaced by halogen atoms.
Trace amounts of 1,2-dibromoethane occur naturally in the ocean, where Bromoform is formed probably by algae and kelp.

Bromoform is formally rated as an unfounded non-carcinogenic (IARC 3) potentially toxic compound.
Exposure to bromoform may occur from the consumption of chlorinated drinking water.

The acute (short-term) effects from inhalation or ingestion of high levels of bromoform in humans and animals consist of nervous system effects such as the slowing down of brain functions, and injury to the liver and kidney.
Chronic (long-term) animal studies indicate effects on the liver, kidney, and central nervous system (CNS) from oral exposure to bromoform.

Human data are considered inadequate in providing evidence of cancer by exposure to bromoform, while animal data indicate that long-term oral exposure can cause liver and intestinal tumors.
Bromoform has been classified as a Group B2, probable human carcinogen.
Most of the bromoform that enters the environment is formed as disinfection byproducts known as the trihalomethanes when chlorine is added to drinking water or swimming pools to kill bacteria.

In the past, Bromoform was used as a solvent, sedative and flame retardant, but now Bromoform is mainly used as a laboratory reagent.
Bromine is a halogen element with the symbol Br and atomic number 35.

Diatomic bromine does not occur naturally, but bromine salts can be found in crustal rock.
Bromoform is a pale yellow liquid at room temperature, with a high refractive index, very high density, and sweet odor is similar to that of chloroform.

Bromoform (CHBr3) is a brominated organic solvent, pale yellow liquid at room temperature, with a high refractive index, very highdensity, and sweet odor is similar to that of.
Bromoform is a trihalomethane, and is one of the four haloforms, the others beingfluoroform, and iodoform.

Bromoform can be prepared by the haloform reaction using acetone and sodium hypobromite, by the electrolysis of potassium bromide in ethanol, or by treating with aluminum bromide.
Currently Bromoform main use is as a laboratory reagent.

Bromoform is registered under the REACH Regulation and is manufactured in and / or imported to the European Economic Area, at ≥ 100 to < 1 000 tonnes per annum.
Bromoform is used in formulation or re-packing, at industrial sites and in manufacturing.

Bromoform (CHBr3) is a pale yellowish liquid with a sweet odor similar to chloroform, a halomethane or haloform.
Bromoform refractive index is 1.595 (20 °C, D).

Small amounts are formed naturally by plants in the ocean.
Bromoform is somewhat soluble in water and readily evaporates into the air.
Most of the bromoform that enters the environment is formed as byproducts when chlorine is added to drinking water to kill bacteria.

Bromoform is one of the trihalomethanes closely related with fluoroform, chloroform and iodoform.
Bromoform is soluble in about 800 parts water and is miscible with alcohol, benzene, chloroform, ether, petroleum ether, acetone, and oils.
Bromoform LD50 is 7.2 mmol/kg in mice, or 1.8g/kg.

Bromoform can be prepared by the haloform reaction using acetone and sodium hypobromite or by the electrolysis of alcoholic solution of potassium or sodium bromide.

Bromoform is used as a solvent and to make pharmaceuticals.
Often stabilized with 1 to 3% ethanol.

Applications of Bromoform:
Bromoform is widely used as a solvent for waxes, oils and greases.
Bromoform is utilized for mineral ore separation in geological tests.

Bromoform is used as an intermediate in chemical synthesis as well as a laboratory reagent.
Bromoform is the ingredient of fire-resistant chemicals and fluid gauges.
Bromoform acts as a sedative and as cough reducing agent.

Uses of Bromoform:
As a fluid for mineral ore separation; as a laboratory reagent; in the electronics industry for quality assurance programs; formerly as a sedative and antitussive

Bromoform is a colorless to yellow liquid with a density about three times that of water.
Bromoform has an odor and sweetish taste similar to chloroform and is not combustible.

Bromoform has been used as a degreasing solvent, in chemical synthesis, and in fire extinguishers, and is no longer used as a sedative for children with whooping cough.
Currently, bromoform is produced only in small amounts for use in laboratories and in geological and electronics testing.

In separating mixtures of minerals.
Bromoform is used as a fluid for mineral ore separation in geological tests, as a laboratory reagent, and in the electronics industry in quality assurance programs.

Bromoform was formerly used as a solvent for waxes, greases, and oils, as an ingredient in fire-resistant chemicals and in fluid gauges.
Bromoform was also used in the early part of this century as a medicine to help children with whooping cough get to sleep.
Currently, bromoform is only produced in small amounts for use in laboratories and in geological and electronics testing.

Bromoform is used as a fluid for mineral ore separation in geological tests, as a laboratory reagent, and in the electronics industry in quality assurance programs.
Bromoform was formerly used as a solvent for waxes, greases, and oils, as an ingredient in fire-resistant chemicals and in fluid gauges.
Bromoform has also been used as an intermediate in chemical synthesis, as a sedative, and as a cough suppression agent.

Only small quantities of bromoform are currently produced industrially in the United States.
In the past, Bromoform was used as a solvent, and flame retardant, but now Bromoform is mainly used as a laboratory reagent, for example as an extraction solvent.

Bromoform's high density makes Bromoform useful for separation of minerals by density.
When two samples are mixed with bromoform and then allowed to settle, the top layer will contain minerals lighter than bromoform, and the bottom layer will contain heavier minerals.
Slightly less dense minerals can be separated in the same way by mixing the bromoform with a small amount of a less dense and fully miscible solvent.

Bromoform is used as a fluid for mineral ore separation in geological tests, as a laboratory reagent, and in the electronics industry in quality assurance programs.
Bromoform has also been used as an intermediate in chemical synthesis, as a sedative, and as a cough suppression agent.

Only small quantities of bromoform are currently produced industrially in the United States.
In the past, Bromoform was used as a solvent, sedative and flame retardant, but now Bromoform is mainly used as a laboratory reagent, for example as an extraction solvent.

Bromoform also has medical uses; injections of bromoform are sometimes used instead of epinephrine to treat severe asthma cases.

Bromoform's high density makes Bromoform useful for separation of minerals by density.
When two samples are mixed with bromoform and then allowed to settle, the top layer will contain minerals less dense than bromoform, and the bottom layer will contain denser minerals.
Slightly less dense minerals can be separated in the same way by mixing the bromoform with a small amount of a less dense and miscible solvent.

Bromoform is known as an inhibitor of methanogenesis and is a common component of seaweed.
Following research by CSIRO and Bromoform spin-off FutureFeed, several companies are now growing seaweed, in particular from the genus Asparagopsis, to use as a feed additive for livestock to reduce methane emissions from ruminants.

Bromoform is used as a intermediate for pharmaceuticals and other organic compounds; also used as a solvent for waxes and oils.
Bromoform is used for synth of pharmaceuticals; used in shipbuilding, aircraft, and aerospace industries; used in fire extinguishers.

Bromoform is used as a heavy liquid floatation agent in mineral separation, sedimentary petrographical surveys, and purification of materials such as quartz.
Bromoform is used as an industrial solvent in liquid-solvent extractions, in nuclear magnetic resonance studies.
Bromoform is used as a catalyst, initiator, or sensitizer in polymer reactions, and in vulcanization of rubber.

Use Classification of Bromoform:
Hazardous Air Pollutants (HAPs)

Health Hazards - Carcinogens

Therapeutic Uses of Bromoform:
Bromoform was formerly used as an antiseptic and sedative.

Typical Properties of Bromoform:

Chemical Properties:
Bromoform is a colorless to pale yellow liquid with a high refractive index, very high density, and sweetish odor is similar to that of chloroform.
Bromoform is slightly soluble in water and is nonflammable.
Bromoform can form in drinking water as a by-product from the reaction of chlorine with dissolved organic matter and bromide ions.

Physical properties:
Clear, colorless to yellow liquid with a chloroform-like odor.
Odor threshold concentration in water is 0.3 mg/kg

Bromoform is a colorless to pale yellow liquid with a sweetish odor.
The chemical formula for bromoform is CBr3H and the molecular weight is 252.75 g/mol.

The vapor pressure for bromoform is 5 mm Hg at 20 °C, and Bromoform has an octanol/water partition coefficient(log Kow) of 2.38.
Bromoform has an odor threshold of 1.3 parts per million (ppm).

Bromoform is slightly soluble in water and is nonflammable.
Bromoform can form in drinking water as a by-product from the reaction of chlorine with dissolved organic matter and bromide ions.

Manufacturing Methods of Bromoform:
Prepared from acetone and sodium hypobromite.

By heating acetone or ethanol with bromine and alkali hyroxide and recovery of distillation (similar to acetone process of chloroform).

Analytic Laboratory Methods of Bromoform:
To support studies exploring the relation between exposure to trihalomethanes (THMs) and health effects, we have developed an automated analytical method using headspace solid-phase microextraction coupled with capillary gas chromatography and mass spectrometry.

This method quantitates trace levels of THMs (chloroform, bromodichloromethane, dibromochloromethane, and bromoform) and methyl tertiary-butyl ether in tap water.
Detection limits of less than 100 ng/L for all analytes and linear ranges of three orders of magnitude are adequate for measuring the THMs in tap water samples tested from across the United States.

Method: NIOSH 1003, Issue 3
Procedure: gas chromatography with flame ionization detection
Analyte: bromoform
Matrix: air
Detection Limit: 6.0 ug/sample.

Method: ASTM D5790
Procedure: gas chromatography/mass spectrometry
Analyte: bromoform
Matrix: treated drinking water, wastewater, and ground water
Detection Limit: 0.2 ug/L.

Method: EPA-EAD 601
Procedure: gas chromatography with electrolytic conductivity or microcoulometric detector
Analyte: bromoform
Matrix: municipal and industrial discharges
Detection Limit: 0.2 ug/L.

Clinical Laboratory Methods of Bromoform:
To support studies exploring the relation between exposure to trihalomethanes (THMs) and adverse health effects, an automated analytical method was developed using capillary gas chromatography (GC) and high-resolution mass spectrometry (MS) with selected ion mass detection and isotope-dilution techniques.
This method quantified trace levels of THMs (including chloroform, bromodichloromethane, dibromochloromethane, and bromoform) and methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) in human blood.

Analyte responses were adequate for measuring background levels after extraction of these volatile organic compounds with either purge-and-trap extraction or headspace solid-phase microextraction (SPME).
The SPME method was chosen because of Bromoform ease of use and higher throughput.

Detection limits for the SPME GC-MS method ranged from 0.3 to 2.4 ng/L, with linear ranges of three orders of magnitude.
This method proved adequate for measuring the THMs and MTBE in most blood samples tested from a diverse U.S. reference population.

Purification Methods of Bromoform:
The storage and stability of bromoform and chloroform are similar.
Ethanol, added as a stabilizer, is removed by washing with H2O or with saturated CaCl2 solution, and the CHBr3, after drying with CaCl2 or K2CO3, is fractionally distilled.

Prior to distillation, CHBr3 has also been washed with conc H2SO4 until the acid layer is no longer coloured, then dilute NaOH or NaHCO3, and H2O.
A further purification step is fractional crystallisation by partial freezing.

Structure of Bromoform:
The molecule adopts tetrahedral molecular geometry with C3v symmetry.

MeSH Pharmacological Classification of Bromoform:

Carcinogens:
Substances that increase the risk of NEOPLASMS in humans or animals.
Both genotoxic chemicals, which affect DNA directly, and nongenotoxic chemicals, which induce neoplasms by other mechanism, are included.

Teratogens:
An agent that causes the production of physical defects in the developing embryo.

Environment and Toxicology of Bromoform:
Natural production of bromoform by phytoplankton and seaweeds in the ocean is thought to be Bromoform predominant source in the environment.

However, locally significant amounts of bromoform enter the environment formed as disinfection byproducts known as trihalomethanes when chlorine is added to drinking water to kill bacteria.
Bromoform is somewhat soluble in water and readily evaporates into the air.

Bromoform is the main trihalomethane produced in beachfront salt water swimming pools with concentrations as high as 1.2 ppm (parts per million).
Concentrations in freshwater pools are 1000 times lower.
Occupational skin exposure limits are set at 0.5 ppm.

Bromoform may be hazardous to the environment, and special attention should be given to aquatic organisms.
Bromoform volatility and environmental persistence makes bromoform's release, either as liquid or vapor, strongly inadvisable.

Bromoform can be absorbed into the body by inhalation and through the skin.
Bromoform is irritating to the respiratory tract, the eyes, and the skin, and may cause effects on the central nervous system and liver, resulting in impaired functions.

Bromoform is soluble in about 800 parts water and is miscible with alcohol, benzene, chloroform, ether, petroleum ether, acetone, and oils.
Bromoform LD50 is 7.2 mmol/kg in mice, or 1.8g/kg.

The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) concluded that bromoform is not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity.
The EPA classified bromoform as a probable human carcinogen.

Safe Storage of Bromoform:
Separated from strong bases, oxidants, metals and food and feedstuffs.
Keep in the dark.
Ventilation along the floor.

Store only if stabilized.
Store in an area without drain or sewer access.
Provision to contain effluent from fire extinguishing.

Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place.
Containers which are opened must be carefully resealed and kept upright to prevent leakage.

Reactivity Profile of Bromoform:
Heating Bromoform to decomposition produces highly toxic fumes of carbon oxybromide (carbonyl bromide) and hydrogen bromide.
Reaction with powdered potassium or sodium hydroxide, Li or Na/K alloys, is violently exothermic.
Explosive reaction with crown ethers in the presence of potassium hydroxide.

Safety Profile of Bromoform:
Suspected carcinogen with experimental neoplastigenic data.
A human poison by ingestion.

Moderately toxic by intraperitoneal and subcutaneous routes.
Human mutation data reported.

Bromoform can damage the liver to a serious degree and cause death.
Bromoform has anesthetic properties simdar to those of chloroform, but is not sufficiently volatile for inhalation purposes and is far too toxic for human use.
As a sedative and antitussive Bromoform medicinal application has resulted in numerous poisonings.

Inhalation of small amounts causes irritation, provoking the flow of tears and saliva, and reddening of the face.
Abuse can lead to adhction and serious consequences.
Explosive reaction with crown ethers or potassium hydroxide.

Violent reaction with acetone or bases.
Incompatible with Li or NaK alloys.
When heated to decomposition Bromoform emits hghly toxic fumes of Br-.

First Aid of Bromoform:

EYES:
First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present.
Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center.

Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician.
IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop.

SKIN:
IMMEDIATELY flood affected skin with water while removing and isolating all contaminated clothing.
Gently wash all affected skin areas thoroughly with soap and water.

IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop.
IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital for treatment after washing the affected areas.

INHALATION:
IMMEDIATELY leave the contaminated area; take deep breaths of fresh air.
IMMEDIATELY call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, or burning in the mouth, throat, or chest) develop.

Provide proper respiratory protection to rescuers entering an unknown atmosphere.
Whenever possible, Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) should be used; if not available, use a level of protection greater than or equal to that advised under Protective Clothing.

INGESTION:
DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING.
If the victim is conscious and not convulsing, give 1 or 2 glasses of water to dilute the chemical and IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center.

Be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital if advised by a physician.
If the victim is convulsing or unconscious, do not give anything by mouth, ensure that the victim's airway is open and lay the victim on his/her side with the head lower than the body.

DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING.
IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital.

OTHER:
Since this chemical is a known or suspected carcinogen you should contact a physician for advice regarding the possible long term health effects and potential recommendation for medical monitoring.
Recommendations from the physician will depend upon the specific compound, Bromoform chemical, physical and toxicity properties, the exposure level, length of exposure, and the route of exposure.

Fire Fighting of Bromoform:

SMALL FIRE:
Dry chemical, CO2, water spray or regular foam.

LARGE FIRE:
Water spray, fog or regular foam.
Move containers from fire area if you can do Bromoform without risk.
Dike fire-control water for later disposal; do not scatter Bromoform.

FIRE INVOLVING TANKS OR CAR/TRAILER LOADS:
Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles.
Do not get water inside containers.

Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.
Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.

ALWAYS stay away from tanks engulfed in fire.
For massive fire, use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn.

Fire Fighting Procedures of Bromoform:

Suitable extinguishing media:
Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.

Advice for firefighters:
Wear self-contained breathing apparatus for firefighting if necessary.

If material on fire or involved in fire:
Do not extinguish fire unless flow can be stopped.
Extinguish fire using agent suitable for type of surrounding fire (Material itself does not burn or burns with difficulty.)

Use water in flooding quantities as fog.
Cool all affected containers with flooding quantities of water.

Apply water from as far a distance as possible.
Use foam, dry chemical, or carbon dioxide.
Keep run-off water out of sewers and water sources.

Isolation and Evacuation of Bromoform:
As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.

SPILL:
Increase, in the downwind direction, as necessary, the isolation distance shown above.

FIRE:
If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.
Also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

Spillage Disposal of Bromoform:

Personal protection:
Complete protective clothing including self-contained breathing apparatus.
Do NOT let this chemical enter the environment.

Collect leaking liquid in sealable containers.
Absorb remaining liquid in sand or inert absorbent.

Then store and dispose of according to local regulations.
Do NOT wash away into sewer.

Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures:
Wear respiratory protection.
Avoid breathing vapors, mist or gas.

Ensure adequate ventilation.
Evacuate personnel to safe areas.

Environmental precautions:
Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so.
Do not let product enter drains.
Discharge into the environment must be avoided.

Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Soak up with inert absorbent material and dispose of as hazardous waste.
Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.

Disposal Methods of Bromoform:
Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number U225, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste.

Wastewater from contaminant suppression, cleaning of protective clothing/equipment, or contaminated sites should be contained and evaluated for subject chemical or decomposition product concentrations.
Concentrations shall be lower than applicable environmental discharge or disposal criteria.

Alternatively, pretreatment and/or discharge to a permitted wastewater treatment facility is acceptable only after review by the governing authority and assurance that "pass through" violations will not occur.
Due consideration shall be given to remediation worker exposure (inhalation, dermal and ingestion) as well as fate during treatment, transfer and disposal.

If Bromoform is not practicable to manage the chemical in this fashion, Bromoform must be evaluated in accordance with EPA 40 CFR Part 261, specifically Subpart B, in order to determine the appropriate local, state and federal requirements for disposal.
Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company.

Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of Bromoform.
Dissolve or mix Bromoform with a combustible solvent and burn in a chemical incinerator equipped with an afterburner and scrubber; Contaminated packaging: Dispose of as unused product.

A potential candidate for rotary kiln incineration at a temperature range of 820 to 1,600 °C and residence times of seconds for liquids and gases, and hours for solids.
A potential candidate for liquid injection incineration at a temperature range of 650 to 1,600 °C and a residence time of 0.1 to 2 seconds.

A potential candidate for fluidized bed incineration at a temperature range of 450 to 980 °C and residence times of seconds for liquids and gases, and longer for solids.
If packaged as an aerosol, be careful when releasing in an incinerator or Bromoform will blow past the combustion zone.

Preventive Measures of Bromoform:

Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures:
Wear respiratory protection.
Avoid breathing vapors, mist or gas.

Ensure adequate ventilation.
Evacuate personnel to safe areas.

Environmental precautions:
Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so.
Do not let product enter drains.
Discharge into the environment must be avoided.

Precautions for safe handling:
Avoid contact with skin and eyes.
Avoid inhalation of vapor or mist.

Avoid contact with skin, eyes and clothing.
Wash hands before breaks and immediately after handling Bromoform.

Gloves must be inspected prior to use.
Use proper glove removal technique (without touching glove's outer surface) to avoid skin contact with Bromoform.
Dispose of contaminated gloves after use in accordance with applicable laws and good laboratory practices.

Nonfire Spill Response of Bromoform:
Do not touch or walk through spilled material.

Stop leak if you can do Bromoform without risk.
Fully encapsulating, vapor-protective clothing should be worn for spills and leaks with no fire.

SMALL SPILL:
Pick up with sand or other non-combustible absorbent material and place into containers for later disposal.

LARGE SPILL:
Dike far ahead of liquid spill for later disposal.
Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.

Identifiers of Bromoform:
CAS number: 75-25-2
EC index number: 602-007-00-X
EC number: 200-854-6
Hill Formula: CHBr₃
Molar Mass: 252.75 g/mol
HS Code: 2903 69 19
Quality Level: MQ200

Boiling point: 149.5 °C (1013 mbar)
Density: 2.89 g/cm3 (20 °C)
Flash point: 30 °C does not flash
Melting Point: 8.0 °C
Vapor pressure: 7.5 hPa (25 °C)
Solubility: 3.2 g/l

CAS Number: 75-25-2
Abbreviations: R-20B3
UN: 2515
Beilstein Reference: 1731048
ChEBI: CHEBI:38682
ChEMBL: ChEMBL345248
ChemSpider: 13838404
DrugBank: DB03054
ECHA InfoCard: 100.000.777
EC Number: 200-854-6
Gmelin Reference: 49500
KEGG: C14707
MeSH: bromoform
PubChem CID: 5558
RTECS number: PB5600000
UNII: TUT9J99IMU
UN number: 2515
CompTox Dashboard (EPA): DTXSID1021374
InChI: InChI=1S/CHBr3/c2-1(3)4/h1H
Key: DIKBFYAXUHHXCS-UHFFFAOYSA-N
SMILES: BrC(Br)Br

Properties of Bromoform:
Chemical formula: CHBr3
Molar mass: 252.731 g·mol−1
Appearance: Colorless liquid
Density: 2.89 g mL−1
Melting point: −4 to 16 °C; 25 to 61 °F; 269 to 289 K
Boiling point: 147 to 151 °C; 296 to 304 °F; 420 to 424 K
Solubility in water: 3.2 g L−1 (at 30 °C)
log P: 2.435
Vapor pressure: 670 Pa (at 20.0 °C)
Henry's law constant (kH): 17 μmol Pa−1 kg−1
Acidity (pKa): 13.7
Magnetic susceptibility (χ): -82.60·10−6 cm3/mol
Refractive index (nD): 1.595

Molecular Weight: 252.73
XLogP3-AA: 2.8
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 0
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 0
Rotatable Bond Count: 0
Exact Mass: 251.76079
Monoisotopic Mass: 249.76284
Topological Polar Surface Area: 0 Ų
Heavy Atom Count : 4
Complexity: 8
Isotope Atom Count: 0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 1
Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes

Specifications of Bromoform:
Assay (GC, area %) : ≥ 98.0 %
Identity (IR-spectrum): passes test
Density: 2.81
Melting Point: 8°C to 9°C
Boiling Point: 148°C to 150°C
Flash Point: None
UN Number: UN2515
Beilstein: 1731048
Merck Index: 14,1420
Refractive Index: 1.585
Quantity: 250g
Solubility Information: Slightly soluble in water.
Sensitivity: Light sensitive
Formula Weight: 252.73
Percent Purity: 97%
Chemical Name or Material: Bromoform, Stabilized with ethanol

Thermochemistry of Bromoform:
Heat capacity (C): 130.5 J K−1 mol−1
Std enthalpy of formation (ΔfH⦵298): 6.1–12.7 kJ mol−1
Std enthalpy of combustion (ΔcH⦵298): −549.1–−542.5 kJ mol−1

Related compounds of Bromoform:

Related alkanes:
Dibromomethane
Tetrabromomethane
1,1-Dibromoethane
1,2-Dibromoethane
Tetrabromoethane

Names of Bromoform:

Preferred IUPAC name:
Tribromomethane

Other names:
Bromoform
Methenyl tribromide
Methyl tribromide
Tribromomethane

Synonyms of Bromoform:
Tribromomethane
Methane tribromide
Methyl tribromide
Bromoform
tribromomethane
75-25-2
Methane, tribromo-
Tribrommethan
Methenyl tribromide
Methyl tribromide
Tribrommethaan
Tribromometan
Bromoforme
Bromoformio
CHBr3
RCRA waste number U225
NCI-C55130
UNII-TUT9J99IMU
NSC 8019
TUT9J99IMU
CHEBI:38682
MFCD00000128
Bromoforme
Bromoformio
Tribrommethaan
Tribrommethan
Tribromometan
CCRIS 98
Bromoform
MBR
HSDB 2517
EINECS 200-854-6
UN2515
RCRA waste no. U225
BRN 1731048
bromo form
AI3-28587
Tri bromo methane
WLN: EYEE
Bromoform, technical grade
DSSTox_CID_1374
DSSTox_RID_76118
DSSTox_GSID_21374
SCHEMBL18691
4-01-00-00082
BIDD:ER0622
Bromoform, puriss., 97.0%
CHEMBL345248
DTXSID1021374
NSC8019
Bromoform
AMY21869
BCP10566
Bromoform (stabilized with Ethanol)
NSC-8019
ZINC8101061
Tox21_200189
Bromoform 100 microg/mL in Methanol
Bromoform, 96%, stab. with ethanol
AKOS009031540
AT27291
Bromoform 5000 microg/mL in Methanol
DB03054
UN 2515
CAS-75-25-2
Bromoform, puriss., >=99.0% (GC)
NCGC00091318-01
NCGC00091318-02
NCGC00257743-01
BP-21414
I606
Tribromomethane (stabilized with Ethanol)
Tribromomethane 100 microg/mL in Methanol
B0806
FT-0623248
FT-0623471
S0653
T0348
Bromoform, amylene stabilized, analytical standard
Q409799
J-519947
Bromoform, contains 1-3% ethanol as stabilizer, 96%
F0001-1896
Bromoform - contains 60-120ppm 2-Methyl-2-butene as stabilizer
BROMOFORM (CONTAINS 60-120PPM 2-METHYL-2-BUTENE AS STABILIZER)
Bromoform, contains 60-120 ppm 2-methyl-2-butene as stabilizer, 99%
220-823-0
2909-52-6
Bromform
Bromoform
Bromoforme
Bromoformi
Bromoformio
Bromofórmio
Bromoformo
CHBr3
Methane, tribromo-
methyl tribromide
MFCD00000128
Tribrommethaan
Tribrommethan
tribromometano
tribromometano
tribromomethane
Tribromométhane
[75-25-2]
200-854-6MFCD00000128
4471-18-5
Bromoform - contains 60-120ppm 2-Methyl-2-butene as stabilizer
Bromoform|Tribromomethane
Bromoform-d
Bromoforme
Bromoforme
Bromoformio
Bromoformio
MBR
METHENYL TRIBROMIDE
Tri bromo methane
Tribrommethaan
Tribrommethaan
Tribrommethan
Tribrommethan
tribromo methane
Tribromometan
Tribromometan
Tribromomethane, Methane tribromide, Methyl tribromide
TRIBROMOMETHANE|TRIBROMOMETHANE
WLN: EYEE

MeSH of Bromoform:
bromoform
tribromomethane

borax; Borax; Borates, Tetrasodium Salts, Decahydrate; Sodium Tetraborate Decahydrate, Sodium Pyroborate Decahydrate; Sodium Tetraborate Decahydrate; Disodium Tetraborate Decahydrate; Sodium Borate Decahydrate; Fused Borax; Dinatriumtetraborat; Tetraborato de disodio ; Tétraborate de disodium cas no: 1330-43-4

Bronidox L is an almost colorless, transparent liquid preservative for use in surfactant preparations and a wide range of cosmetic rinse-off products.
Bronidox L is an antimicrobial chemical compound.


CAS Number: 30007-47-7
EC Number: 250-001-7
MDL number: MFCD00101855
INCI: Propylene Glycol (and) 5-Bromo-5-Nitro-1,3-Dioxane
Molecular Formula: C4H6BrNO4


Bronidox L acts as a preservative.
Bronidox L is the chemical compound 5-Bromo-5-Nitro-1,3-Dioxane.
Bronidox L is an antimicrobial chemical compound.


Bronidox L causes inhibition of enzyme activity in bacteria.
Bronidox L is corrosive to metals.
Bronidox L is suitable for use in surfactant preparations and a wide range of cosmetic rinse-off products.


Bronidox L is stable up to 40°C and pH range of 5-8.
Bronidox L shows broad spectrum activity against bacteria and fungi.
Due to its good compatibility with other cosmetic raw materials, Bronidox L can also be combined with other cosmetic preservatives.


Bronidox L is recommended for formulating bath & shower, hair cleansing and hand cleansing products.
Bronidox L is an almost colorless, transparent liquid preservative for use in surfactant preparations and a wide range of cosmetic rinse-off products.
Bronidox L is stable up to 40°C and not subject to changes in preparations with a pH range of 5 to 8.


Bronidox L is a high purity dry substance having ≥99.5% as per standard Gas Chromatography QC analysis (by original manufacturer.
Bronidox L is the only product.
Bronidox L is slowly soluble in water buffers.


Bronidox L can be introduced at any stage of preparing liquid buffer/formulation.
With respect to given slower solubility, we recommend adding Bronidox L in the very beginning, i.e. immediately to water, and then
proceed with other buffer/formulation components.


Allow for mixing during at least 2 hours which is enough for complete dissolving ( ~20 °C ) of BND at the highest recommended
concentration of 0,12% ( stabilized liquid protein concentrates, stable ready-to-use assay component formulations ).
Bronidox L is an almost coulorless, transparent liquid.


Bronidox L is suitable for the preservation of surfactant preparations which are rinsed off after application and do not contain secondary amines.
Bronidox L belongs to the class of organic compounds known as 1,3-dioxanes.
These are organic compounds containing 1,3-dioxane, an aliphatic six-member ring with two oxygen atoms in ring positions 1 and 3.


Bronidox L is an organobromide that is a nitrobromo derivative of dioxane.
Bronidox L is corrosive to metals.
Melting point of Bronidox L is 60 ° C.


Bronidox L is a cyclic ether of the group of molecules known as -oxanes.
This name is confused with a very similar notation used for many silicones: polydimthylsiloxane.
Keep Bronidox L container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place.


Bronidox L is an organobromide.
Bronidox L is a derivative of nitrobromo dioxane.
Bronidox L is corrosive to metals.


Bronidox L is a white solid with faint odor
Bronidox L is an organobromide that is a nitrobromo derivative of dioxane.
Bronidox L is corrosive to metals.


Bronidox L is registered under the REACH Regulation and is manufactured in and / or imported to the European Economic Area, at ≥ 10 to < 100 tonnes per annum.
Bronidox L is a chemical compound showing antimicrobial activity against gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria, yeast, and fungi


Bronidox L is capable of promoting the oxidation of essential protein thiols, causing inhibition of enzyme activity leading to the inhibition of microbial growth
Bronidox L, also known as 5-Bromo-5-nitro-1,3-dioxane, exhibits antimicrobial properties against a wide range of microorganisms including gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria, yeast, and fungi.


Bronidox L is commonly employed as a stabilizer and preservative in biological molecules and solutions, such as antibodies and antisera. Bronidox L finds application in rinse-off cosmetics, where it serves as a preserving agent.
Bronidox L is a white solid.


Bronidox L, also known as 5-Bromo-5-nitro-1,3-dioxane, exhibits antimicrobial properties against a wide range of microorganisms including gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria, yeast, and fungi.
Bronidox L is commonly employed as a stabilizer and preservative in biological molecules and solutions, such as antibodies and antisera. Bronidox L finds application in rinse-off cosmetics, where it serves as a preserving agent.


Bronidox L is a white powder.
The N-nitrosation potential of Bronidox L is similar to its metabolite, 2-bromo-2-nitropropane-1,3-diol.
Bronidox L is a substituted cyclic ether.


Bronidox L is a popular chemical for the water treatment.
Bronidox L is an antimicrobial agent.
Bronidox L works by inhibiting enzyme activity in bacteria.


Bronidox L is an antibacterial agent which is also very effective against yeast and fungi.
Bronidox L is stable enough for a few weeks during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs.
Bronidox L is soluble in DMSO.


Bronidox L is 10% 5-Bromo-5-nitro-1,3-dioxane in propylenglycol.
Although generally considered as rather neutral diol, propylenglycol (1,2-Propandiol)
Bronidox L may however interfere with some IVD applications .


Bronidox L is a high purity dry substance having ≥99.5% as per standard Gas Chromatography QC analysis (by original manufacturer.
Bronidox L is the only product.
Bronidox L is slowly soluble in water buffers.


Bronidox L can be introduced at any stage of preparing liquid buffer/formulation.
With respect to given slower solubility, we recommend adding Bronidox L in the very beginning, i.e. immediately to water, and then
proceed with other buffer/formulation components.


Allow for mixing during at least 2 hours which is enough for complete dissolving ( ~20 °C ) of BND at the highest recommended
concentration of 0,12% ( stabilized liquid protein concentrates, stable ready-to-use assay component formulations ).


Bronidox L is a chemical compound showing antimicrobial activity against gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria, yeast, and fungi.
Bronidox L is capable of promoting the oxidation of essential protein thiols, causing inhibition of enzyme activity leading to the inhibition of microbial growth.



USES and APPLICATIONS of BRONIDOX L:
Product Applications of Bronidox L: Bath & Shower, Hair Cleansing, Hand Cleansing.
Bronidox L is used a wide range of products in various personal care market segments such as Antiperspirant/Deodorants, Body Care, Oral Care, Sun Care, and more.


These high-performing products enable the development of formulations that fulfill consumer’s needs.
Bronidox L has broad spectrum activity against bacteria and fungi.
Due to its good compatibility with other cosmetic raw materials, Bronidox L can also be combined with other cosmetic preservatives.


Fungicide, Bronidox L is effective against yeast and other fungi.
Bronidox L is used in immunology for preserving antibodies and antisera in 0.1 - 0.5% concentration.
Bronidox L is used as preservative to avoid use of sodium azide.


Bronidox L is used Stabilizer.
Bronidox L has been used in cosmetics since the mid-1970s as a preservative for shampoos, foam bath, etc.
Bronidox L is used as Stabilizer, and Surfactant.


Bronidox L is used in immunology for preserving antibodies and antisera in 0.1 - 0.5% concentration.
Bronidox L is used as preservative to avoid use of sodium azide.
Bactericide uses of Bronidox L: Very effective against yeast and fungi.


Bronidox L is used in cosmetics since the mid-1970s as preservative for shampoos, foam bath, etc.
Maximum concentration of Bronidox L is 0.1 %.
Bronidox L is approved anti - microbial biocide/preservative in IVD, Pharma and Cosmetic industries.


Bronidox L is 10% 5-Bromo-5-nitro-1,3-dioxane in propylenglycol.
Although generally considered as rather neutral diol, propylenglycol (1,2-Propandiol)
Bronidox L may however interfere with some IVD applications .


Bronidox L is absolutely reliable anti -microbial biocide ideal for preserving liquid IVD formulations including reagents containing high protein, sugar and detergent concentrations that are particularly rich substrates prone to microbial deterioration.
Bronidox L has been used as a stabilizer and preserving agent for biological molecules and solutions, including antibodies and antisera


Bronidox L can be used alone or combined with methylisothiazolinone, which is also considered to be an effective preservative
Bronidox L is used leather auxiliary agents, water treatment chemicals, petroleum auxiliary agents, textile auxiliary agents, coating auxiliary agents, plastic auxiliary agents, others, rubber auxiliary agents, electronics chemicals, paper chemicals, surfactants.


Bronidox L has been used in cosmetics since the mid-1970s as a preservative for shampoos and baths, conditioners, liquid soaps, herbal extracts, clear soaps, and cloudy soaps.
Bronidox L is used as a preservative, surfacant, bactericide and preservative in immunosuppressants and cosmetics.


Bronidox L is used leather auxiliary agents, water treatment chemicals, petroleum additives, textile agent auxiliaries, coating auxiliaries, plastic auxiliaries, others, rubber auxiliary agent, electronics chemicals, paper chemicals, surface stimulants
Bronidox L is used as a stabilizer, surfacant, bactericide, and a preservative in immunology and cosmetics.


Bronidox L has been used in cosmetics since the mid-1970s as preservative for shampoos and foam baths.
Bronidox L is used as a stabilizer and preserving agent for biological molecules and solutions such as antibodies and antisera.
Bronidox L is used in a variety of rinse-off cosmetic.


Bronidox L can be used alone or in combination with methylisothiazolone.
Bronidox L is a powerful bactericidal agent and preservative that can be used in cosmetics.
Bronidox L is a liquid preservative.


Caused by a mixture of 1,2-propylene glycol and Bronidox L is suitable for use with surfactants that are washed off after use.
Bronidox L can withstand temperatures up to 40 ° C and does not change when used to prepare surfactants in the pH range of 5 to 8.
Bronidox L is an effective antimicrobial and preservative.


This is especially true of yeast and mold.
Bronidox L is slightly more soluble in water than alcohol.
But Bronidox L is present in the hair formula in such a low percentage that there is no concern about the build-up on the hair irrespective of the hair care routine. (no shampoo, low shampoo, etc.)


According to the EU, there are regulations for cosmetics that the maximum allowable concentration of the active substance is 0.1% (only in rinses for avoid birth nitrosoamine) is most commonly used with shampoo, shower cream, laundry detergent and fabric softener, etc.
Bronidox L is used by consumers, by professional workers (widespread uses) and in formulation or re-packing.


Bronidox L has been used in cosmetics since the mid-1970s as preservative for shampoos and foam baths.
Bronidox L is used as a stabilizer, surfacant, bactericide, and a preservative in immunology and cosmetics.
Bronidox L is used in the following products: perfumes and fragrances and cosmetics and personal care products.


Other release to the environment of Bronidox L is likely to occur from: indoor use as processing aid.
Bronidox L is used in the following products: laboratory chemicals.
Bronidox L is used in the following areas: health services.


Other release to the environment of Bronidox L is likely to occur from: indoor use as reactive substance.
Bronidox L is used in the following products: laboratory chemicals, perfumes and fragrances and cosmetics and personal care products.
Release to the environment of Bronidox L can occur from industrial use: formulation of mixtures.


Bronidox L is used as a stabilizer and preserving agent for biological molecules and solutions such as antibodies and antisera.
Bronidox L is used in a variety of rinse-off cosmetic.
Bronidox L can be used alone or in combination with methylisothiazolone.


Bronidox L has been used as a stabilizer and preserving agent for biological molecules and solutions, including antibodies and antisera
Bronidox L can be used alone or combined with methylisothiazolinone, which is also considered to be an effective preservative
Bronidox L is used as a stabilizer and preserving agent for biological molecules and solutions such as antibodies and antisera.


Bronidox L is used in a variety of rinse-off cosmetic.
Bronidox L can be used alone or in combination with methylisothiazolone.
Bronidox L can be used alone or in combination with methylisothiazolone to enhance its effectiveness.


Bronidox L is a bromine containing preservative commonly used in cosmetic products.
Bronidox L, an antimicrobial compound, is effective against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and fungi, including yeast.
Bronidox L inhibits enzyme activity and subsequent inhibition of microbial growth by the oxidation of essential protein thiol.


Bronidox L is An antibacterial agent.
Bronidox L can be used alone or in combination with methylisothiazolone to enhance its effectiveness.
In cosmetics and personal care products, Bronidox L is used as a preservative


Ingredients that prevent or retard bacterial growth, and thus protect cosmetic products from spoilage.
Bronidox L is used in bath, hair and personal cleanliness products.
Bronidox L functions as a preservative


Ingredients that prevent or retard bacterial growth, and thus protect cosmetic products from spoilage.
Bronidox L prevents or retards bacterial growth, and thus protects cosmetic and personal care products from spoilage.
Bronidox L is used shower gels, conditioners, shampoos, body scrubs, hair masks.


Bronidox L is absolutely reliable anti -microbial biocide ideal for preserving liquid IVD formulations including reagents containing high protein, sugar and detergent concentrations that are particularly rich substrates prone to microbial deterioration.
In recommended effective concentrations Bronidox L is unrestrictedly compatible with all processes, buffers and reaction steps in ELISA, Blotting and related tests.


Bronidox L goes not interfere in coating/adsorption, analyte capturing (from different specimens including serum/plasma, urine, saliva, diluted excrements, etc.), detection and substrate development(TMB, ECL).
Bronidox L shows antimicrobial activity against gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria, yeast, and fungi.


Bronidox L is used as a stabilizer and preserving agent for biological molecules and solutions such as antibodies and antisera.
Bronidox L is used in a variety of rinse-off cosmetic.
Bronidox L can be used alone or in combination with methylisothiazolone.


Bronidox L has been used as a stabilizer and preserving agent for biological molecules and solutions, including antibodies and antisera.
Bronidox L can be used alone or combined with methylisothiazolinone, which is also considered to be an effective preservative.
Bronidox L is approved anti-microbial biocide/preservative in
IVD, Pharma and Cosmetic industries.



FUNCTION OF BRONIDOX L:
*An antibacterial agent which is also very effective against yeast and fungi.
*Preservative.



CHEMICAL FUNCTION OF BRONIDOX L:
*Preservative



COMPOUND TYPE OF BRONIDOX L:
*Bromide Compound
*Inorganic Compound
*Lachrymator
*Organic Compound
*Organobromide
*Pesticide
*Synthetic Compound



ALTERNATIVE PARENTS OF BRONIDOX L:
*C-nitro compounds
*Propargyl-type 1,3-dipolar organic compounds
*Oxacyclic compounds
*Organic oxoazanium compounds
*Acetals
*Organopnictogen compounds
*Organonitrogen compounds
*Organobromides
*Organic oxides
*Hydrocarbon derivatives
*Alkyl bromides



SUBSTITUENTS OF BRONIDOX L:
*Meta-dioxane
*C-nitro compound
*Organic nitro compound
*Acetal
*Organic oxoazanium
*Allyl-type 1,3-dipolar organic compound
*Propargyl-type 1,3-dipolar organic compound
*Organic 1,3-dipolar compound
*Oxacycle
*Organooxygen compound
*Organonitrogen compound
*Organobromide
*Organic nitrogen compound
*Organohalogen compound
*Alkyl bromide
*Alkyl halide
*Organopnictogen compound
*Organic oxygen compound
*Hydrocarbon derivative
*Organic oxide
*Aliphatic heteromonocyclic compound



SOLUBILITY AND MISCIBILITY OF BRONIDOX L:
Ethylether: very soluble
Ethylalcohol: very soluble
Parrafin Oil: practically insoluble
Water: sparingly soluble (o.5% a.i.)



SCIENTIFIC FACTS OF BRONIDOX L:
*Bronidox L is a cyclic aliphatic ether
*An organic compound that contains an oxygen atom bound to two hydrocarbon groups.
*An ether compound is often represented by R-O-R’.
*Bronidox L is also used as a preservative
*Ingredients that prevent or retard bacterial growth, and thus protect cosmetic products from spoilage.
*in water systems, paints, cutting oils and in leather processing.



PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of BRONIDOX L:
Chemical formula: C4H6BrNO4
Molar mass: 211.999 g·mol−1
Appearance: White crystalline powder
Melting point: 60 °C (140 °F; 333 K), 58.5−62 °C
Solubility in water: insoluble
Physical state: solid
Color: No data available
Odor: No data available
Melting point/freezing point:
Melting point: 59 °C at 1.013,25 hPa
Initial boiling point and boiling range: 185,2 °C at 200 hPa
Flammability (solid, gas): The product is not flammable.
Upper/lower flammability or explosive limits: No data available
Flash point: No data available
Autoignition temperature: No data available

Decomposition temperature: No data available
pH: No data available
Viscosity
Viscosity, kinematic: No data available
Viscosity, dynamic: No data available
Water solubility: 4,77 g/l at 20 °C
Partition coefficient: n-octanol/water:
log Pow: 1,6 at 23 °C
Bioaccumulation is not expected.
Vapor pressure: 0,34 hPa at 50 °C
Density: 1,96 g/cm3 at 20 °C
Relative density: 1,96 at 20 °C
Relative vapor density: No data available
Particle characteristics: No data available
Explosive properties: No data available
Oxidizing properties: none

Other safety information:
Surface tension: 71 mN/m at 1g/l at 20 °C
Melting Point: 58°C to 61°C
Color: White
Solubility Information: Soluble in water at 12.5mg/ml
Formula Weight: 212
Percent Purity: 98%
Physical Form: Powder
Chemical Name or Material: 5-Bromo-5-nitro-1,3-dioxane
Chemical Formula: C4H6BrNO4
Average Molecular Mass: 211.999 g/mol
Monoisotopic Mass: 210.948 g/mol
CAS Registry Number: 30007-47-7
IUPAC Name: 5-bromo-5-nitro-1,3-dioxane

Traditional Name: 5-bromo-5-nitro-1,3-dioxane
SMILES: [O-][N+](=O)C1(Br)COCOC1
InChI Identifier: InChI=1S/C4H6BrNO4/c5-4(6(7)8)1-9-3-10-2-4/h1-3H2
InChI Key: InChIKey=XVBRCOKDZVQYAY-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Formula: C₄H₆BrNO₄
MW: 212.00 g/mol
Melting Pt: 58…61 °C
Storage Temperature: Refrigerator
MDL Number: MFCD00101855
CAS Number: 30007-47-7
EINECS: 250-001-7
Molecular Weight: 212.00 g/mol
XLogP3-AA: 0.3
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 0
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 4

Rotatable Bond Count: 0
Exact Mass: 210.94802 g/mol
Monoisotopic Mass: 210.94802 g/mol
Topological Polar Surface Area: 64.3Ų
Heavy Atom Count: 10
Formal Charge: 0
Complexity: 139
Isotope Atom Count: 0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 1
Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes

Melting point: 58-60 °C
Boiling point: 280.8±40.0 °C(Predicted)
Density: 1.070
vapor pressure: 1.6Pa at 20℃
refractive index: 1.6200 (estimate)
storage temp.: 2-8°C
solubility: DMF: 30 mg/ml; DMSO: 30 mg/ml;
DMSO:PBS(pH 7.2) (1:4): 0.2 mg/ml;
Ethanol: 25 mg/ml
form: neat
color: White to Almost white
Water Solubility: Soluble in water at 12.5mg/ml
InChI: InChI=1S/C4H6BrNO4/c5-4(6(7)8)1-9-3-10-2-4/h1-3H2
InChIKey: XVBRCOKDZVQYAY-UHFFFAOYSA-N

SMILES: O1CC(Br)([N+]([O-])=O)COC1
LogP: 1.6 at 23℃
CAS DataBase Reference: 30007-47-7(CAS DataBase Reference)
FDA UNII: U184I9QBNM
NIST Chemistry Reference: 1,3-Dioxane, 5-bromo-5-nitro-(30007-47-7)
EPA Substance Registry System: 1,3-Dioxane, 5-bromo-5-nitro- (30007-47-7)
Name: 5-Bromo-5-nitro-1,3-dioxane
EINECS: 250-001-7
CAS No.: 30007-47-7
Density: 1.83 g/cm3
PSA: 64.28000
LogP: 0.88180
Solubility: Soluble in water at 12.5mg/ml
Melting Point: 60 °C

Formula: C4H6BrNO4
Boiling Point: 280.8 °C at 760 mmHg
Molecular Weight: 212
Flash Point: 123.6 °C
Transport Information: N/A
Appearance: White crystalline powder
Safety: 36
Risk Codes: 22-38
Assay: 95.00 to 100.00
Food Chemicals Codex Listed: No
Boiling Point: 280.76 °C. @ 760.00 mm Hg (est)
Vapor Pressure: 0.004000 mmHg @ 25.00 °C. (est)
Flash Point: 254.00 °F. TCC ( 123.60 °C. ) (est)
logP (o/w): 0.749 (est)
Soluble in: water, 9423 mg/L @ 25 °C (est)



FIRST AID MEASURES of BRONIDOX L:
-Description of first-aid measures:
*General advice:
First aiders need to protect themselves.
Show this material safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
*If inhaled
After inhalation:
Fresh air.
Call in physician.
*In case of skin contact:
Take off immediately all contaminated clothing.
Rinse skin with water/ shower.
Call a physician immediately.
*In case of eye contact:
After eye contact:
Rinse out with plenty of water.
Immediately call in ophthalmologist.
Remove contact lenses.
*If swallowed:
After swallowing:
Make victim drink water.
Call a physician immediately.
Do not attempt to neutralise.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed:
No data available



ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of BRONIDOX L:
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Cover drains.
Collect, bind, and pump off spills.
Observe possible material restrictions.
Take up dry.
Dispose of properly.
Clean up affected area.



FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of BRONIDOX L:
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Water
Foam
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Dry powder
*Unsuitable extinguishing media:
For this substance/mixture no limitations of extinguishing agents are given.
-Further information:
Suppress (knock down) gases/vapors/mists with a water spray jet.
Prevent fire extinguishing water from contaminating surface water or the ground water system.



EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of BRONIDOX L:
-Control parameters:
--Ingredients with workplace control parameters:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use equipment for eye protection.
Tightly fitting safety goggles
*Skin protection:
Full contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Splash contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
*Body Protection:
protective clothing
*Respiratory protection
Recommended Filter type: Filter type P2
-Control of environmental exposure
Do not let product enter drains.



HANDLING and STORAGE of BRONIDOX L:
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
*Storage conditions:
Tightly closed.
Dry.
*Storage class:
Storage class (TRGS 510): 8B:
Non-combustible



STABILITY and REACTIVITY of BRONIDOX L:
-Chemical stability:
The product is chemically stable under standard ambient conditions (room temperature) .
-Possibility of hazardous reactions:
No data available
-Conditions to avoid:
no information available



SYNONYMS:
Propylene Glycol
5-Bromo-5-Nitro-1,3-Dioxane
Propylene Glycol
5-Bromo-5-Nitro-1,3-Dioxane
5-Brom-5-Nitro-1,3-Dioxan
5-Bromo-5-nitro-m-Dioxan
5-Bromo-5-nitro-m-Dioxane
1,3-Dioxane, 5-Bromo-5-Nitro-
BRONIDOX L5
BRONIDOX L
BND
BRONIDOX
BRONIDOX L
5-BROMO-5-NITRO-1,3-DIOXANE
3-Dioxane,5-bromo-5-nitro-1
5-Brom-5-nitro-1,3-dioxan
5-bromo-5-nitro-3-dioxane
5-bromo-5-nitro-m-dioxan
Bromonitrodioxane
Bronidox L
Bronidox, 1,3-Dioxane
5-bromo-5-nitro-
m-Dioxane
5-bromo-5-nitro- (8CI)
5-Bromo-5-nitro-1,3-dioxane
Bronidox
Bronidox L
Microcide I
5-Bromo-5-nitro-1,3-dioxane
m-Dioxane, 5-bromo-5-nitro-
5-Brom-5-nitro-1,3-dioxan
5-Bromo-5-nitro-m-dioxane
Bronidox
Bronidox L
5-Bromo-5-nitro-1,3-dioxane
30007-47-7
Bronidox
1,3-Dioxane, 5-bromo-5-nitro-
5-Bromo-5-nitro-m-dioxane
m-DIOXANE, 5-BROMO-5-NITRO-
5-Brom-5-nitro-1,3-dioxan
MFCD00101855
U184I9QBNM
DTXSID1044560
EINECS 250-001-7
UNII-U184I9QBNM
BRN 4668673
Bronidox L
MICROCIDE I
SCHEMBL97282
CHEMBL3185787
DTXCID9024560
SCHEMBL17347337
XVBRCOKDZVQYAY-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Tox21_301588
AKOS015834980
AKOS040744440
CS-W015032
HY-W014316
NCGC00255969-01
AS-15941
PD053603
SY014363
5-Bromo-5-nitro-1,3-dioxane, >=99%
CAS-30007-47-7
B3156
B3769
FT-0620143
5-BROMO-5-NITRO-1,3-DIOXANE [INCI]
D88989
EN300-7381687
5-Bromo-5-nitro-1,3-dioxane, analytical standard
Q-200534
Q4973879
BND
BRONIDOX
BRONIDOX L
MicrocideItm
5-bromo-5-nitro-m-dioxan
5-bromo-5-nitro-3-dioxane
5-Brom-5-nitro-1,3-dioxan
5-Bromo-5-nitro-m-dioxane
5-BROMO-5-NITRO-1,3-DIOXANE
3-Dioxane,5-bromo-5-nitro-1
5-bromo-5-nitro-1,3-dioxolane
5-BroMo-5-nitro-1,3-dioxane
5-Bromo-5-nitro-m-dioxane
5-bromo-5-nitro-1,3-dioxan
m-DIOXANE,5-BROMO-5-NITRO
1,3-Dioxane,5-bromo-5-nitro
Bronidox L
Unidox L