Crop protection, Food, Feed and Flavor Chemicals

BARIUM DINONYLNAPHTHALENESULFONATE (BARIUM PETROLEUM SULFONATE)
Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate) is an organometallic compound with extremely high chemical and thermal stability.
Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate) has excellent anti-rust properties for various metals and their parts.
Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate) is an efficient lubricant additive


CAS Number: 61790-48-5
EC Number: 263-140-3
Molecular Formula: RSO3Ba



SYNONYMS:
VANPLAST 202, VANPLAST PL, VANPLAST R, sulfonicacids,petroleum,bariumsalts, BARIUM PETROLEUM SULFONATE, sulfonic acids,petroleum, barium salts, sulfonicacids,petroleum,bariumsalts, vanplast pl, oil-solublepetroleum sulfonate, barium salt, vanplast r, barium petroleum sulfonate, vanplast 202



Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate) is a brown or dark brown thick liquid, prepared from nonylene and naphthalene.
Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate) provides the lubricant with good antirust and demulsifying performance, and oil solubility as well.


Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate) is an excellent oil-soluble anti-rust additive and anti-emulsifier.
Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate) is neutral and has a small effect on some acidic additives in oil products.
Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate) is refined by the production of white oil-derived scrap, sodium petroleum sulfonate and metathesized by cerium chloride.


Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate) is miscible with Oil and Solvent.
Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate) is an organometallic compound with extremely high chemical and thermal stability.
Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate) has excellent anti-rust properties for various metals and their parts.


Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate) is an efficient lubricant additive
Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate) is a sulfonate additive used in lubricating oils.
Sulfonates are multifunctional additives that perform a variety of functions, including detergents, dispersants and anti-wear properties.


Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate), in particular, contributes to the overall performance of the lubricant in several ways.
In modern industry, lubricants play a vital role, especially in reducing friction, reducing wear and enhancing cooling effects.
However, the function of lubricating oil is not perfect.


Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate) also has some problems, such as being easy to oxidize at high temperatures and emulsifying under high pressure.
To overcome these problems, lubricant additives emerged.


Among them, Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate) has become an efficient lubricant additive due to its unique properties.
Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate) is an organometallic compound with extremely high chemical and thermal stability.
Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate) can keep the performance of lubricating oil stable in high temperature and high pressure environments, effectively reducing friction and wear.


At the same time, Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate) also has good antioxidant and anti-emulsification properties, which can prevent the oxidation and emulsification of lubricating oil in high temperature and high pressure environments, thus extending the service life of lubricating oil.


In addition to its excellent chemical and physical properties, Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate) also has good lubricating properties.
Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate) can effectively reduce the friction coefficient, reduce friction resistance and improve mechanical efficiency.


In addition, Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate) can also enhance the cooling effect of lubricating oil, reduce the temperature of mechanical equipment, and improve its reliability.
Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate) is a versatile oil-soluble antirust additive used in rust preventive formulations.


Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate) has excellent anti-rust and anti-corrosion properties for ferrous metals.
Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate) has good oil-soluble stability and excellent demulsibility.
Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate) has an alkalinity reserve in the form of barium hydroxide Ba(OH)2 with a base value of approximately 45mgKOH/g to neutralize acidic components in lubricant oil.


Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate) is an excellent rust inhibitor and emulsifier.
Because Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate)'s chemical structure is different from that of basic barium dinonylnaphthalene sulfonate (T705), its base value is smaller than that of basic barium dinonylnaphthalene sulfonate T705, and it can neutralize some acidic additives in oil products.


It is also small, and Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate) will not produce precipitation when preparing a compounding agent.
Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate) contains lipophilic non-polar groups and hydrophilic polar groups.
Since most of the metal surfaces are charged, the hydrophilic groups will be adsorbed by various physical and chemical effects on metal surfaces.


During adsorption, the hydrophilic group is directed towards the metal and the lipophilic group is positioned away from the metal.
Since Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate) is adsorbed on the surface of Chemicalbook metal, on the one hand, the properties of the interface are changed, the energy state of the metal surface tends to be stable, and the corrosion rate is slowed down; on the other hand, the lipophilic group of this product forms a layer of hydrophobicity on the metal surface.


The protective film prevents the movement of charges and substances associated with the corrosion reaction, reducing the reaction rate.
Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate) provides the lubricant with good antirust and demulsifying performance, and oil solubility as well.


Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate) is a brown or dark brown thick liquid, prepared from nonylene and naphthalene.
Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate) provides the lubricant with good antirust and demulsifying performance, and oil solubility as well.


In addition to its anti-rust properties, Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate) also offers other benefits such as improved lubricity and anti-wear properties.
Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate) can reduce friction and wear on metal surfaces, resulting in improved efficiency and longer equipment life.


Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate) is an essential additive in lubricating oils, providing effective rust protection and enhancing the performance and durability of metal parts.
Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate) is a type of sulfonate surfactant that is often used as an additive in lubricating oils and greases.


Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate) is part of the family of metal sulfonates and is known for its detergency and dispersant properties.
Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate) is compatible with a wide range of lubricating oils and can be easily mixed into various formulations.


Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate) is typically added in small concentrations to achieve the desired level of rust protection.
Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate) is a highly effective anti-rust additive that provides long-lasting protection against corrosion.


Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate) is a versatile oil-soluble antirust additive used in rust preventive formulations.
Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate) has excellent anti-rust and anti-corrosion properties for ferrous metals.
Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate) has good oil-soluble stability and excellent demulsibility.


Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate) is an excellent antirust and demulsifying agent.
Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate) is a brown or dark brown thick liquid, prepared from nonylene and naphthalene.
Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate) provides the lubricant with good antirust and demulsifying performance, and oil solubility as well.



USES and APPLICATIONS of BARIUM DINONYLNAPHTHALENESULFONATE (BARIUM PETROLEUM SULFONATE):
Engine Oils: Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate) is commonly used in engine oils, where its detergent, dispersant, and corrosion inhibition properties help maintain a clean engine and protect against wear.
Industrial Oils: Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate) finds application in various industrial lubricants, including hydraulic fluids, gear oils, and metalworking fluids, where detergency, dispersancy, and corrosion protection are essential.


Marine Lubricants: Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate) is used in marine lubricants to provide detergency, dispersancy, and protection against deposits in marine engines and systems.
Specialized Lubricants: Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate) may be included in specialized lubricants where high detergency and dispersancy are required for specific applications.


It’s important to note that the use of barium-based additives, including Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate), has faced environmental concerns due to the toxicity of barium.
As a result, there has been a shift towards alternative additives with lower environmental impact.


Users should refer to the manufacturer’s recommendations and specifications for optimal usage and be aware of regulatory considerations.
Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate) is specially used in the production of anti-rust grease as an indispensable anti-rust additive.


Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate) is widely used in various mineral oils and synthetic oils;
Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate) is suited for blending anti-rust oil, gear oil, and oil-based metalworking fluid;
Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate) is used as a rust inhibitor and anti-emulsifier in anti-wear hydraulic oil; as a rust inhibitor in various greases.


Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate) is an excellent antirust and demulsifying agent.
Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate) can serve as antirust additive and emulsion breaker for antiwear hydraulic oils; antirust agent for industrial lubricating agent (such as paper machine oil, rock drill oil, steam turbine oil and circulation oil ) running in damp environment; and antirust agent for lubricating grease as well.


The dosage of Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate) is from 1.0% to 5.0%.
Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate) has the excellent anti-humidity, anti-salt spray, anti-brine and water replacement performances.


Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate) also has the fine anti-rust performance for the ferrous metals and non-ferrous metals.
Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate) has the good oil solubility when heated, and can form the preservative film on the surface of the metal to inhibit its corrosion and wear.


Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate) is primarily used in antirust oils such as replacement-type anti-rust oils, inter-process rust oils, seal oils, anti-rust lubricating oils and anti-corrosion grease, etc.
Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate) is used for blending antirust oils such as replacement-type anti-rust oils, inter-process antirust oils, seal oils, anti-rust lubricating oils and anti-corrosion grease, etc


Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate) mainly works as a Surface Active Agent, Emulsification & Dispersion of Liquid's, Wetting & Dispersion of Liquid – Solid System, Inhibition of Rust & Corrosion, Dispersion & Wetting of Solids.
Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate) is widely used in the manufacture of Soluble Cutting Oils, Emulsifiers of Soluble Cutting Oil, Rust Preventives, Leather Chemicals / Fat Liquor, Metal Treatment Chemicals, Textile Auxiliaries, ore Flotation Chemicals, Inks etc.


Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate) is used in anti-rust oils, for example, displacement type anti-rust oil, inter-process rust preventative oil, sealing anti-rust oil anti-rust grease, lubricating anti-rust dual-purpose oils or greases.
Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate) is suitable for anti-rust agent in anti-rust grease, such as the preparation of replacement type anti-rust oil, anti-rust oil in the process, storage of oil, and lubricating anti-rust oil and anti-rust grease.


Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate) is a widely used anti-rust additive.
Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate) can be used as an anti-rust additive for various lubricants and greases.
Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate) can also be used as an anti-emulsifier in lubricants.


Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate) can serve as antirust additive and emulsion breaker for antiwear hydraulic oils; antirust agent for industrial lubricating agent (such as paper machine oil, rock drill oil, steam turbine oil and circulation oil) running in damp environment;and antirust agent for lubricating grease as well.


Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate) is suit to dose in lubricant oil and grease.
Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate) is an excellent antirust and demulsifying agent.
Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate) is used as antirust agent in various petroleum and synthetic oils and greases; Petroleum ether cleaner.


Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate) is used water replacement antirust fluid, instrument oil and other antirust oil.
Rust agent, Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate) is used as paper engine oil, diamond engine oil, turbine oil, hydraulic press and instrument.


Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate) is used antirust agent for machine oil and other industrial lubricating oils used in water can also be used as Antirust additive for engine fuel.
Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate) has an alkalinity reserve in the form of barium hydroxide Ba(OH)2 with a base value of approximately 45mgKOH/g to neutralize acidic components in lubricant oil.


Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate) has a base value from barium hydroxide, which can result in slight corrosion to copper and some nonferrous metals.
In some extreme-pressure oil formulations, Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate) may slightly affect the oil's extreme-pressure performance.


Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate) is well compatible with other functional oil additives and when combined with zinc dialkyl dithiophosphate (ZDDP), high temperature antioxidant, Antiwear EP Additive and other Lubricant Additive Component, Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate) increases the rust-preventive performance of the anti-rust fluid products.


Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate) has good oil solubility,readily adhered to metal surfaces, and forms a protective film, preventing metal from corrosion and rusting.
Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate) has excellent anti-rust property for ferrous metal and non-ferrous metal.


Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate) has excellent demulsibility, clean and optimized antirust property, and is used for preparing industrial lubricating oil, lubricating grease, hydraulic oil, water-proof rust-proof oil and various protective oil products.
Since it does not create spots on the metal surface, Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate) is an ideal component of a high-grade rust-resistant formulation.


Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate) has a base value from barium hydroxide, which can result in slight corrosion to copper and some nonferrous metals.
In some extreme-pressure oil formulations, Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate) may slightly affect the oil's extreme-pressure performance.


Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate) is well compatible with other functional oil additives and when combined with zinc dialkyl dithiophosphate (ZDDP), high temperature antioxidant, Antiwear EP Additive and other Lubricant Additive Component, Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate) increases the rust-preventive performance of the anti-rust fluid products.


Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate) is used rust and corrosion inhibitor for various mineral oils, synthetic oil and grease.
Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate) has excellent moisture resistance & water displacement properties; it can also prevent black & non-ferrous metals from rustiness.


Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate) is used in formulations where high level of non-staining rust protection is required.
Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate) has good oil solubility after heating and forms a protective coating on the metal surface to protect the metals.


Application areas of Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate) are corrosion inhibitor in mill oils, rust preventatives, coatings and greases, demulsibility, non-staining.
Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate) is used as wetting agent, dispersant and corrosion inhibitor in engine oil, utilized for formulating greases, slushing oils, hydraulic fluids other industry products.


In practical applications, the addition amount of Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate) is usually 0.1%-0.5%.
This low-concentration addition does not increase the viscosity of the lubricant, but can significantly improve the performance of the lubricant.
By using Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate) as a lubricating oil additive, the service life of mechanical equipment can be effectively extended, production efficiency improved, and maintenance costs reduced.


Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate) is a powerful and sophisticated player in lubricant additives
As you rightly mentioned, Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate) are complex organometallic compounds that play an important role in the world of lubricant additives.


Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate) has a variety of benefits, but like any active ingredient, careful consideration is needed for optimal performance and compatibility.
Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate) is an excellent antirust and demulsifying agent.


Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate) can serve as antirust additive and emulsion breaker for antiwear hydraulic oils; antirust agent for industrial lubricating agent (such as paper machine oil, rock drill oil, steam turbine oil and circulation oil) running in damp environment;and antirust agent for lubricating grease as well.


Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate) is used in lubricating oils to prevent rust and corrosion on metal surfaces.
Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate) forms a protective film on the surface of the metal, preventing moisture and other corrosive elements from coming into contact with the metal.


Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate) is commonly used in automotive, industrial, and marine applications where metal parts are exposed to harsh environments.


Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate) works by forming a barrier between the metal surface and the surrounding environment, preventing moisture and other corrosive substances from reaching the metal.
Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate) helps to extend the lifespan of the metal parts and ensures smooth operation of machinery and equipment.


-Application Area of Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate):
*Corrosion inhibitor in mill oils
*Rust preventatives, coatings and greases
*Demulsibility
*Non-staining
*Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate) is used as wetting agent, dispersant and corrosion inhibitor in engine oil
*Utilized for formulating greases, slushing oils, hydraulic fluids other industry products.


-Applications of Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate) in lubricants:
*Engine Oils:
Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate) is widely used in gasoline and diesel engine oils, particularly those formulated for heavy-duty applications where engine cleanliness and wear resistance are critical.

*Transmission Fluid:
Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate)'s detergent and dispersing properties help smooth operation and extend the service life of transmissions and gearboxes.

*Greases:
Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate) can improve the performance and service life of greases used in a variety of industrial and automotive applications, ensuring efficient lubrication and protection in demanding environments.

*Metalworking Fluids:
In cutting and forming fluids, Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate) improves lubrication and reduces friction, protecting tools and enhancing machining processes.



ADVANTAGES OF BARIUM DINONYLNAPHTHALENESULFONATE (BARIUM PETROLEUM SULFONATE) IN LUBRICANTS:
*Cleanliness:
Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate) effectively removes and disperses sludge, carbon deposits and other contaminants on the engine surface, keeping it clean and preventing wear.
This means less engine wear, smoother operation, and potentially improved fuel efficiency.

*Dispersion:
Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate) suspends wear particles in the oil, preventing them from settling and causing wear on engine components.
This further extends engine life and minimizes maintenance requirements.

*Antioxidants:
Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate) slow down oil oxidation, which is the primary cause of oil degradation and the formation of harmful acids and sludge.
This extends the life of the lubricant, reduces the need for frequent oil changes, and maintains optimal engine performance.

*Anti-wear:
By forming a protective film on metal surfaces, Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate) minimizes friction and wear during operation.
This increases engine efficiency, protects critical components, and helps extend the overall life of the engine.

*Corrosion Inhibition:
Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate) protects metal components from rust and corrosion, further extending their service life and protecting the engine from costly damage.



PERFORMANCE PURPOSE OF BARIUM DINONYLNAPHTHALENESULFONATE (BARIUM PETROLEUM SULFONATE):
The basic properties of Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate) are similar to those of petroleum barium sulfonate and have certain anti-corrosion properties
*Brine impregnation performance, soluble in silicone oil, in the preparation of ferrous metals and brass
*The antirust oil has good oil solubility, lubricity and wear resistance
*Under wet condition, Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate) has good stability and good rust resistance to various metals.



THE KEY POINTS ABOUT BARIUM DINONYLNAPHTHALENESULFONATE (BARIUM PETROLEUM SULFONATE):
1. **Decontamination dispersion:**
Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate) is known for its detergency and dispersing properties.
Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate) helps keep your engine clean by preventing the formation of deposits, sludge and varnish.
This is critical to maintaining engine efficiency and longevity.

2. **Metal detergency:**
Sulfonates, including those based on barium, have metal cleaning properties.
They neutralize the acidic by-products formed during combustion and protect metal surfaces from corrosion and wear.

3. **Anti-wear performance:**
Although primarily used as a detergent and dispersant, Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate) may contribute to the antiwear properties of the lubricant.
Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate) can form a protective film on metal surfaces to reduce friction and wear.

4. **Base enhancement:**
Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate) increases the total base number (TBN) of the lubricant.
TBN is a measure of a lubricant’s acid-neutralizing ability, which is critical to preventing acid corrosion and keeping the oil alkaline.

5. **Application:**
These sulfonate additives are commonly used in engine oils, hydraulic oils and industrial lubricants.
Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate) is particularly effective in applications where detergency, dispersion and anti-wear properties are critical for optimal performance.

6. **Compatibility:**
Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate) is generally compatible with other additives commonly used in lubricant formulations.
However, compatibility should be confirmed within the specific formulation to ensure the desired performance is achieved without adverse effects.

7. **Regulatory Considerations:**
The use of barium-based additives, including barium sulfonate, may be subject to regulatory considerations due to environmental and toxicity concerns associated with barium.
Lubricant manufacturers must comply with regional regulations and specifications.

Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate) is important to note that the lubricant industry is constantly evolving and formulations may change based on technological advancements, environmental considerations and regulatory requirements.

Lubricant formulators carefully select and balance additives to meet specific performance requirements and industry standards.
The concentration of Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate) throughout the lubricant formulation is critical to achieve the desired benefits without compromising other properties.



PREPARATION OF BARIUM DINONYLNAPHTHALENESULFONATE (BARIUM PETROLEUM SULFONATE):
1. Hydrocarbonization process:
(1) Add 1 part of nonene into the nonene dripping tank.

(2) Combine naphthalene (40-60% by weight of nonene), hydrocarbon solvent (50-80% by weight of nonene), and anhydrous aluminum trichloride (2-6% by weight of nonene) %) and hydrochloric acid (0.1 to 0.5% of nonene by weight) are added into the alkylation reactor, stir to mix the materials evenly, and stir for 0.5 to 1 hour.
The temperature in the reactor is controlled between 20 and 60°C.

(3) Add nonene dropwise into the alkylation reaction kettle.
The dropping time is controlled at 2-6 hours, and the temperature is controlled between 25 and 80°C.
During the dripping process of nonene, add equal amounts in three times.
Anhydrous aluminum trichloride, the total amount added three times is the same as the weight of aluminum trichloride added in step (2).

(4) After nonene is added dropwise, continue the reaction at a temperature of 25 to 80°C for 1 to 5 hours to obtain a dinonylnaphthalene hydrocarbonization mixture.

(5) Water washing:
Add water (20-50% by weight of nonene) and nonane (10-30% by weight of nonene) into the hydrocarbonization kettle, and raise the temperature to keep the material temperature in the kettle at 60 ~90℃. Stop stirring after 0.5 to 1 hour, keep warm and settle.
The settling time is more than 4 hours, and a liquid divided into two layers is obtained.

(6) Alkali washing:
Remove the lower water in the hydrocarbonization kettle to obtain the upper hydrocarbonization liquid.
Add liquid caustic soda (weight: 2 to 5% of nonene, concentration: 30%) to this liquid, water ( The weight is nonene 10~30%), and the temperature is maintained between 60~90°C.

Stir for 0.5 to 1 hour, and control the pH value of the material between 13 and 14.
Stop stirring, and the static sedimentation will separate into two layers.
The time is more than 8 hours.

(7) Water washing:
Divide the lower layer of spent alkali water in the hydrocarbonization kettle, add water (20 to 50% of nonene by weight), keep the temperature at 60 to 90°C, and stir for 0.5 to 1 hour.
Stop stirring, keep warm and allow to settle for more than 2 hours.

(8) Separate the wastewater from the middle and lower layers of the hydrocarbonization tank to obtain the hydrocarbonization liquid containing dinonylnaphthalene.


2. Distillation process:
This process is to distill the dinonylnaphthalene hydrocarbonized liquid under reduced pressure.

The distillation step is to first add the dinonylnaphthalene hydrocarbonized liquid into the vacuum distillation kettle, then turn on the vacuum distillation system for distillation.

When the kettle pressure reaches -0.085~-0.095Mpa and the tower top temperature is 105~110°C, After the distillation of nonane is completed, switch the fractions; then start distilling the naphthalene and hydrocarbon solvent fractions.
When the kettle pressure is -0.097~-0.099Mpa and the tower top temperature is 220~240°C, the naphthalene and hydrocarbon solvent fractions have been distilled out portion, there is dinonylnaphthalene in the tower kettle.

At this time, the distillation is completed, and the circulation cooling system is opened.
When the temperature of the material in the kettle drops below 150°C, the bottom liquid is released, and a viscous liquid with a yellow and transparent appearance is obtained - 2 Nonylnaphthalene.


3. Sulfonation process
(1) Add the sulfonated gasoline and dinonylnaphthalene into the sulfonation kettle at a ratio of about 1:1 (weight ratio, generally the difference is 20%), and stir and mix evenly.

(2) Add nicotinic acid into the nicotinic acid dripping tank.
The weight is 1.2 to 1.5 times the weight of dinonylnaphthalene.
Add nicotinic acid dropwise into the sulfonation kettle, start the stirring reaction, and control the temperature in the sulfonation kettle.

Below 45°C, the dripping time of concentrated sulfuric acid is controlled to 3-4 hours.
After the dripping is completed, the reaction continues for 1-2 hours and then settles still for more than 8 hours.

(3) Remove the acid residue from the middle and lower layers of the sulfonation kettle, add the same amount of water as dinonylnaphthalene (weight ratio), stir and wash with water, control the temperature in the kettle at 40-80°C, and the time is 0.5 -1 hour, stop stirring and let stand for more than 4 hours.

(4) Separate the lower layer water in the sulfonation kettle, repeat the water washing process in process (3), and then wash it with water twice to obtain the intermediate dinonylnaphthalene sulfonic acid gasoline solution.


4. Saponification process
The saponification step is to add barium carbonate into the saponification reaction kettle, and then slowly add the intermediate dinonylnaphthalene sulfonic acid gasoline solution generated in the sulfonation step.
The added weight of barium carbonate is the second weight of the sulfonation step.

Add 0.15 to 0.30% of the weight of nonylnaphthalene, keep the reaction temperature of the materials in the saponification reactor at 60 to 90°C, and react in the reflux state for 2 to 4 hours.
After static settling, remove the lower layer water and then add it to the saponification reactor.

Barium hydroxide, stirring reaction, the reaction time is 1 to 3 hours, the reaction temperature of the material is kept at 60 to 90°C, after the reaction is completed, the temperature is heated and dehydrated, and then the base oil is added to the saponification reaction kettle.
The amount of base oil added is related to the sulfonation step.

The added weight of dinonylnaphthalene is roughly the same, and the temperature is raised to distill the gasoline to obtain Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate).

In the saponification step, the weight of barium hydroxide added to the saponification reaction kettle is 0.3 to 0.4 of the weight of dinonylnaphthalene added in the sulfonation step, and the reaction yields alkaline Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate).

In the saponification step, the weight of barium hydroxide added to the saponification reaction kettle is 0.007 to 0.009 of the weight of dinonylnaphthalene added in the sulfonation step, and the reaction yields neutral Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate).


5. Filtration: Filter the materials in the saponification kettle to obtain the neutral (or alkaline) finished product Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate).



PROPERTIES OF BARIUM DINONYLNAPHTHALENESULFONATE (BARIUM PETROLEUM SULFONATE):
*good oil solubility, forms a protective coating film on the metal surface against rust and corrosion.
*good moisture resistant, salt spray corrosion resistant, water displacement characteristics.
*excellent anti-rust property for ferrous metals and non-ferrous metals.



COMPATIBILITY OF BARIUM DINONYLNAPHTHALENESULFONATE (BARIUM PETROLEUM SULFONATE):
Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate) may not be compatible with all base oils and other additives.
Consult the lubricant manufacturer or an expert for a proper compatibility assessment to ensure Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate) blends seamlessly with existing formulations and does not cause unintended consequences.



KEY COMPONENTS OF BARIUM DINONYLNAPHTHALENESULFONATE (BARIUM PETROLEUM SULFONATE):
1. **Barium Salt:**
– Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate) is a salt of barium, where barium ions are combined with the sulfonic acid groups present in the dinonylnaphthalene structure.

2. **Dinonylnaphthalene Structure:**
– The hydrophobic (water-repelling) portion of the molecule is derived from dinonylnaphthalene, which is a hydrocarbon with a naphthalene ring.
This hydrophobic tail provides compatibility with non-polar substances.

3. **Sulfonic Acid Groups:**
– The sulfonic acid groups in the molecule contribute to its hydrophilic (water-attracting) properties.
These groups make Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate) effective in interacting with water-soluble components.



FUNCTIONS AND APPLICATION OF BARIUM DINONYLNAPHTHALENESULFONATE (BARIUM PETROLEUM SULFONATE):
1. **Detergency:**
– Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate) acts as a detergent, helping to keep engine components and machinery clean by preventing the formation of deposits, sludge, and varnish.

2. **Dispersancy:**
– The dispersant properties of this additive assist in keeping solid particles finely dispersed in the lubricating oil.
This prevents the agglomeration of particles and promotes a cleaner system.

3. **Corrosion Inhibition:**
– Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate) may provide corrosion protection by forming a protective film on metal surfaces, safeguarding against rust and corrosion.

4. **Neutralization of Acids:**
– Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate) can neutralize acidic by-products formed during the combustion process, helping to control the acidity of the oil and mitigate corrosive effects.

5. **Oxidative Stability:**
– Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate) may contribute to the oxidative stability of lubricating oils, resisting the formation of oxidation by-products that can degrade the oil over time.



THE FUTURE OF BARIUM DINONYLNAPHTHALENESULFONATE (BARIUM PETROLEUM SULFONATE):
Research continues to explore potential improvements to Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate):
*Greener formulations:
The development of Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate) derivatives that reduce environmental impact (possibly using bio-based materials or alternative chemicals) is a focus.

*Enhanced performance:
Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate) blends are optimized for specific applications to maximize benefits such as wear reduction, friction modification and oxidation stability.

*Multifunctional additives:
Research is underway to combine Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate) with other functions such as defoaming or extreme pressure protection to create multifunctional additives that meet complex lubrication needs.

in conclusion:
Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate) remains a valuable tool in the lubricant additive arsenal, providing significant benefits to engine performance, cleanliness and longevity.

However, Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate)'s effectiveness depends on responsible use, taking into account compatibility, potential disadvantages and environmental impact.

By understanding its benefits and limitations, consulting experts, and making informed choices, you can harness the power of Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate) to enhance your lubricants and extend their performance potential.
Remember, when it comes to Barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (Barium Petroleum Sulfonate) in lubricants, knowledge is power.

In short, barium dinonylnaphthalene sulfonate, as an efficient lubricant additive, has broad application prospects.
By using barium dinonylnaphthalene sulfonate as a lubricating oil additive, the performance of lubricating oil can be effectively improved, the service life of mechanical equipment can be extended, and maintenance costs can be reduced.



PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of BARIUM DINONYLNAPHTHALENESULFONATE (BARIUM PETROLEUM SULFONATE):
Appearance: Tan translucent viscous body; visual inspection.
Density (20 ℃): Kg/m³ not less than 1.0; 1.0 GB/T2540.
Flash point (opening) (℃) not lower than: 165 GB/T3536.
Viscosity (00 ℃) mm²/s not more than: 100-140 GB/T265.
Moisture% not more than: 0.10 GB/T260.
Mechanical mass% not more than: 0.10-0.15 GB/T511.
Barium content% not less than: 11.5-10.5 GB/T225.
Total base number mgKOH/g: 35-55 GB/T7304.
Wet box, grade: 96h GB/T2361; 72h.
Liquid phase corrosion: Rust-free; stainless steel GB/T11143.
Oil solubility: Qualified visual inspection.

Appearance: Clear, dark brown, viscous liquid.
Barium Sulfonate % wt: 50 min.
Barium % wt: 6.0 - 9.0.
H2O Content %: 1.0 max.
Inorganic Salt % wt: 1.0 max.
Density @ 15°C: 0.95 - 1.050.
Viscosity @ 100°C: 80-110.
Flash Point 100°C: 175 min.
Chemical Name: Barium petroleum sulfonate
CAS No.: 61790-48-5
Molecular Formula: RSO3Ba
Appearance: Translucent, semi-solid, or fluid.



FIRST AID MEASURES of BARIUM DINONYLNAPHTHALENESULFONATE (BARIUM PETROLEUM SULFONATE):
-Description of first-aid measures:
*General advice:
Show this material safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
*If inhaled:
After inhalation:
Fresh air.
*In case of skin contact:
Take off immediately all contaminated clothing.
Rinse skin with water/ shower.
Consult a physician.
*In case of eye contact:
After eye contact:
Rinse out with plenty of water.
Remove contact lenses.
*If swallowed:
After swallowing:
Immediately make victim drink water (two glasses at most).
Consult a physician.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed:
No data available



ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of BARIUM DINONYLNAPHTHALENESULFONATE (BARIUM PETROLEUM SULFONATE):
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Cover drains.
Collect, bind, and pump off spills.
Observe possible material restrictions.
Take up with liquid-absorbent material.
Dispose of properly.
Clean up affected area.



FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of BARIUM DINONYLNAPHTHALENESULFONATE (BARIUM PETROLEUM SULFONATE):
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Foam
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Dry powder
*Unsuitable extinguishing media:
For this substance/mixture no limitations of extinguishing agents are given.
-Further information:
Prevent fire extinguishing water from contaminating surface water or the ground water system.



EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of BARIUM DINONYLNAPHTHALENESULFONATE (BARIUM PETROLEUM SULFONATE):
-Control parameters:
--Ingredients with workplace control parameters:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use equipment for eye protection.
Safety glasses
*Skin protection:
required
*Body Protection:
protective clothing
*Respiratory protection:
Recommended Filter type: Filter type ABEK
-Control of environmental exposure
Do not let product enter drains.



HANDLING and STORAGE of BARIUM DINONYLNAPHTHALENESULFONATE (BARIUM PETROLEUM SULFONATE):
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
*Storage conditions:
Tightly closed.
Store at Room Temperature.



STABILITY and REACTIVITY of BARIUM DINONYLNAPHTHALENESULFONATE (BARIUM PETROLEUM SULFONATE):
-Chemical stability:
The product is chemically stable under standard ambient conditions (room temperature) .
-Possibility of hazardous reactions:
No data available


BARIUM HYDROXIDE
Barium dihydroxide; Hydroxyde de baryum; Bariumhydroxid; Hidróxido de bario; Aetzbaryt; barium(II) hydroxide; barium(2+) hydroxide; Barium hydroxide,anhydrous; Caustic baryta; Barium oxide hydrate octahydrate CAS NO:12230-71-
BARIUM PEROXIDE
Barium peroxide, is a grayish-white powder that is slightly soluble in water.
Barium peroxide is a dangerous fire and explosion risk in contact with organic materials and decomposes around 1450°F (787°C).
Barium peroxide is also toxic by ingestion, is a skin irritant, and should be kept cool and dry in storage.

CAS: 1304-29-6
MF: BaO2
MW: 169.33
EINECS: 215-128-4

The four-digit UN identification number is 1449.
The primary uses of barium peroxide are in bleaching, in thermal welding of aluminum, as an oxidizing agent, and in the dyeing of textiles.
A dense offwhitesolid, BaO2, prepared by carefullyheating barium oxide inoxygen; r.d. 4.96; m.p. 450°C.
Barium peroxide is used as a bleaching agent.
Withacids, hydrogen peroxide is formedand the reaction is used in the laboratorypreparation of hydrogen peroxide.
A grayish-white granular solid.
Insoluble in water.
Noncombustible, but accelerates the burning of combustible material.
Mixture with finely divided combustible material may be explosive.
Mixtures with combustible material may be ignited by friction or contact with moisture.

Barium peroxide is a catalyst for the oxidation of organic compounds in wastewater treatment.
In analytical chemistry, Barium peroxide is used to measure the concentration of water vapor in air and to determine the rate of transport properties.
Barium peroxide is also used as a catalyst during x-ray diffraction data analysis.
Barium peroxide has high resistance to antimicrobial agents.
Barium peroxide can be used for tumor treatment and hydrochloric acid production.
Barium peroxide is made from barium salt and hydrogen peroxide, which are reacted together at constant pressure.

Barium peroxide is an inorganic compound with the formula BaO2.
This white solid (gray when impure) is one of the most common inorganic peroxides, and Barium peroxide was the first peroxide compound discovered.
Being an oxidizer and giving a vivid green colour upon ignition (as do all barium compounds), it finds some use in fireworks; historically, Barium peroxide was also used as a precursor for hydrogen peroxide.
Barium peroxide is a peroxide, containing O2−2 subunits.
The solid is isomorphous to calcium carbide, CaC2.

Barium peroxide is an oxide of barium.
Barium peroxide is used in bleaching and to produce a green color in fireworks.
Barium is a metallic alkaline earth metal with the symbol Ba, and atomic number 56.
Barium peroxide never occurs in nature in its pure form due to its reactivity with air, but combines with other chemicals such as sulfur or carbon and oxygen to form barium compounds that may be found as minerals.
Barium peroxide appears as a grayish-white granular solid.

Barium peroxide Chemical Properties
Melting point: 450 °C
Boiling point: losesO2 at 800°C
Density: 4,96 g/cm3
Fp: 21 °C
Solubility: reacts with dilute acid solutions
Form: Powder
Specific Gravity: 4.96
Color: White
Odor: Odorless
Water Solubility: Insoluble in water
Sensitive: Moisture Sensitive
Merck: 14,989
Stability: Stable. Strong oxidizer - contact with combustible material may cause fire. Incompatible with organic materials, combustible materials, reducing agents, most common metals.
LogP: -0.425 (est)
CAS DataBase Reference: 1304-29-6(CAS DataBase Reference)
EPA Substance Registry System: Barium peroxide (Ba(O2)) (1304-29-6)

Physical properties
Barium peroxide is an iron gray or white powder.
Barium peroxide is slowly decomposed in air, forming the hydroxide and oxygen.
Barium peroxide does not dissolve in water, but can slowly hydrolyze, forming hydrogen peroxide in solution.
Barium peroxide is a strong oxidizing agent and will explode if direct contact with organic matter occurs.
Therefore, barium peroxide is always diluted to form a slurry before usage.
Barium peroxide is a strong oxidizing agent that is used for bleaching.
Barium peroxide contains O22- subunits wherein the oxygen atoms bond to each other as well as to the barium.

Preparation and use
Barium peroxide arises by the reversible reaction of O2 with barium oxide.
The peroxide forms around 500 °C and oxygen is released above 820 °C.

2 BaO + O2 ⇌ 2 BaO2
This reaction is the basis for the now-obsolete Brin process for separating oxygen from the atmosphere.
Other oxides, e.g. Na2O and SrO, behave similarly.
In another obsolete application, barium peroxide was once used to produce hydrogen peroxide via its reaction with sulfuric acid:

BaO2 + H2SO4 → H2O2 + BaSO4
The insoluble barium sulfate is filtered from the mixture.

Uses
Barium peroxide is used as a hydrogen peroxide source and oxygen oxidant, as well as a bleaching agent.
Barium peroxide's main usage has been for making hydrogen peroxide and oxygen, in organic syntheses, fabric printing and dyeing.
Barium peroxide is available commercially, primarily as the oxctahydrate (which is the more stable form of this peroxide).
Barium peroxide is a grayish-white dry powder that makes an excellent bleaching agent that can be stored in paper packages.
Barium peroxide's bleaching qualities are released when mixed with water.
Bleaching animal substances, vegetable fibers and straw; glass decolorizer; manufacture of H2O2 and oxygen; dyeing and printing textiles; with powdered aluminum in welding; in cathodes; in igniter compositions.
Oxidizing agent in organic synthesis.

Production Methods
Barium peroxide, BaO2, was the first-known peroxo compound.
Barium peroxide was used until mid-1900 in the manufacture of oxygen by the Brin process and of hydrogen peroxide by the Thenard reaction.

Barium peroxide is best prepared by reacting barium nitrate with sodium peroxide in a cold solution:
Ba(NO3)2+Na2O2+xH2O→BaO2·xH2O+2NaNO3
The hydrated form is usually the octahydrate.
If the anhydrate is desired, the hydrated peroxide is dried and then sintered at 350°C for 10 min or less:
4BaO2·xH2O+ heat→2BaO+2BaO2+xH2O+O2
About equal amounts of oxide and peroxide form.
The ratio is a function of the time and temperature of heating.
To separate the two forms, the heated mass is plunged into a large volume of water where the hydroxide is formed.
The peroxide is insoluble whereas the hydroxide is soluble, allowing the separation of the two by filtration.
The peroxide is then vacuum dried.

Reactivity Profile
Barium peroxide is a strong oxidizing agent.
Contact with water can produce a temperature and oxygen concentration high enough to ignite organic materials.
Reacts explosively with acetic anhydride due to the formation of acetyl peroxide.
Ignites when mixed with powdered aluminum, powdered magnesium or calcium-silicon alloys.
Wood may ignite with friction from the peroxide.
Decomposes when heated to 700°C to produce barium oxide and pure oxygen.
Forms highly reactive mixtures with fuel-type materials.

Health Hazard
Inhalation causes irritation of mucous membranes, throat, and nose.
Contact with eyes or skin causes severe burns.
Ingestion causes excessive salivation, vomiting, colic, diarrhea, convulsive tremors, slow, hard pulse, and elevated blood pressure; hemorrhages may occur in the stomach, intestines, and kidneys; muscular paralysis may follow.

Synonyms
BARIUM PEROXIDE
1304-29-6
barium(2+);peroxide
Barium dioxide
MFCD00003454
Barium binoxide
Barium superoxide
Barium oxide, per-
Bario (perossido di)
Bariumperoxid
Bariumperoxid [German]
Bariumperoxyde
Bariumperoxyde [Dutch]
Dioxyde de baryum
Dioxyde de baryum [French]
Peroxyde de baryum
Barium peroxide (Ba(O2))
Peroxyde de baryum [French]
HSDB 396
Bario (perossido di) [Italian]
EINECS 215-128-4
UN1449
Bariumsuperoxyd
UNII-T892KY013Y
Barium peroxide, anhydrous
Ba(O2)
T892KY013Y
Barium peroxide [UN1449] [Oxidizer]
BARIUM PETROLEUM SULFONATE
VANPLAST R;VANPLAST PL;VANPLAST 202;BARIUM PETROLEUM SULFONATE;sulfonicacids,petroleum,bariumsalts; Sulfonic acids, petroleum, barium salts; Sulfonic acids, petroleum, barium salts, overbased; EC 263-140-3 CAS NO:61790-48-5
BARIUM SULFATE (SYNTHETIC)
DESCRIPTION:
Barium sulfate (synthetic) (or sulphate) is the inorganic compound with the chemical formula BaSO4.
Barium sulfate (synthetic) is a white crystalline solid that is odorless and insoluble in water.
Barium sulfate (synthetic) occurs as the mineral barite, which is the main commercial source of barium and materials prepared from it.
The white opaque appearance and its high density are exploited in its main applications.


CAS Number, 7727-43-7
EC Number, 231-784-4


Barium Sulfate (BaSO₄), otherwise known as Blanc Fixe, is a heavy, white insoluble powder that is odorless and tasteless.
Barium sulfate (synthetic) has a strong ability for absorbing X-rays, with X-rays being impermeable to it.

Barium sulfate (synthetic) is the inorganic compound with the chemical formula BaSO4.
Barium sulfate (synthetic) is a white crystalline solid that is odorless and insoluble in water.
The white opaque appearance and its high density are exploited in its main applications.

Precipitated barium sulfate is widely applicable in the industries such as powder coating, paints coating, pigment, paper, plastic, rubber, ink, etc. for its purity, low oil absorption, high burning point, insolubility in water, precise PH value, longer shelf life, non-toxicity and effectiveness.
Precipitated barium sulphate is a synthetic barium sulphate precipitated with specified particle size.
These product can be used effectively for industrial paints, enamels and plastic material.

Barium sulfate (synthetic) is Also known as blanc fixe, this high purity, synthetically-produced barium sulphate product acts as an extender in the production of paints, coatings and plastics.
Barium sulfate (synthetic) is completely inert and possesses high resistance to outdoor exposure and other chemicals.
Barium Sulphate precipited has an extremely fine particle size of 0.7 µm and a narrow particle size distribution, ideally-suited for high gloss applications.


USES OF BARIUM SULFATE (SYNTHETIC):
Drilling fluids:
About 80% of the world's barium sulfate production, mostly purified mineral, is consumed as a component of oil well drilling fluid.
Barium sulfate (synthetic) increases the density of the fluid, increasing the hydrostatic pressure in the well and reducing the chance of a blowout.


Radiocontrast agent:
Barium sulfate (synthetic) in suspension is often used medically as a radiocontrast agent for X-ray imaging and other diagnostic procedures.
Barium sulfate (synthetic) is most often used in imaging of the GI tract during what is colloquially known as a "barium meal".
Barium sulfate (synthetic) is administered orally, or by enema, as a suspension of fine particles in a thick milk-like solution (often with sweetening and flavoring agents added).

Although barium is a heavy metal, and its water-soluble compounds are often highly toxic, the low solubility of barium sulfate protects the patient from absorbing harmful amounts of the metal.
Barium sulfate is also readily removed from the body, unlike Thorotrast, which it replaced.
Due to the relatively high atomic number (Z = 56) of barium, its compounds absorb X-rays more strongly than compounds derived from lighter nuclei.


Pigment:
The majority of synthetic barium sulfate is used as a component of white pigment for paints.
In oil paint, barium sulfate is almost transparent, and is used as a filler or to modify consistency.
One major manufacturer of artists' oil paint sells "permanent white" that contains a mixture of titanium white pigment (TiO2) and barium sulfate.

The combination of barium sulfate and zinc sulfide (ZnS) is the inorganic pigment called lithopone.
In photography it is used as a coating for certain photographic papers.
Barium sulfate (synthetic) is also used as a coating to diffuse light evenly.


Heat-reflecting paint:
Barium sulfate is highly reflective, of both visible and ultraviolet light.
Researchers used it as an ingredient in paint that reflects 98.1% of all solar radiation, thus cooling surfaces to which it has been applied.

This contrasts with commercially available white paints which can only reflect 80 - 90% of the sunlight.
By using hexagonal nanoplatelet boron nitride, the thickness of a coating was reduced to 0.15 mm.


Paper brightener:
A thin layer of barium sulfate called baryta is first coated on the base surface of most photographic paper to increase the reflectiveness of the image, with the first such paper introduced in 1884 in Germany.
The light-sensitive silver halide emulsion is then coated over the baryta layer.
The baryta coating limits the penetration of the emulsion into the fibers of the paper and makes the emulsion more even, resulting in more uniform blacks.

Further coatings may then be present for fixing and protection of the image.
Baryta has also been used to brighten papers intended for ink-jet printing.


Plastics filler:
Barium sulfate is commonly used as a filler for plastics to increase the density of the polymer in vibrational mass damping applications. In polypropylene and polystyrene plastics, it is used as a filler in proportions up to 70%.
Barium sulfate (synthetic) has an effect of increasing acid and alkali resistance and opacity.
Such composites are also used as X-ray shielding materials due to their enhanced radio-opacity.


In cases where machinability and weight are a concern, composites with high mass fraction (70–80%) of barium sulfate may be preferred to the more commonly used steel shields.


Niche uses:
Barium sulfate is used in soil testing.
Tests for soil pH and other qualities of soil use colored indicators, and small particles (usually clay) from the soil can cloud the test mixture and make it hard to see the color of the indicator.
Barium sulfate added to the mixture binds with these particles, making them heavier so they fall to the bottom, leaving a clearer solution.


In colorimetry, barium sulfate is used as a near-perfect diffuser when measuring light sources.
In metal casting, the moulds used are often coated with barium sulfate in order to prevent the molten metal from bonding with the mould.
Barium sulfate (synthetic) is also used in brake linings, anacoustic foams, powder coatings, and root canal filling.

Barium sulfate is an ingredient in the "rubber" pellets used by Chilean police.
This together with silica helps the pellet attain a 96.5 shore A hardness.


Catalyst support:
Barium sulfate is used as a catalyst support when selectively hydrogenating functional groups that are sensitive to overreduction.
With a low surface area, the contact time of the substrate with the catalyst is shorter and thus selectivity is achieved.
Palladium on barium sulfate is also used as a catalyst in the Rosenmund reduction.


Pyrotechnics:
As barium compounds emit a characteristic green light when heated at high temperature, barium salts are often used in green pyrotechnic formulas, although nitrate and chlorate salts are more common.
Barium sulfate is commonly used as a component of "strobe" pyrotechnic compositions.
Copper industry:
As barium sulfate has a high melting point and is insoluble in water, it is used as a release material in casting of copper anode plates.
The anode plates are cast in copper molds, so to avoid the direct contact of the liquid copper with the solid copper mold, a suspension of fine barium sulfate powder in water is used as a coating on the mold surface.
Thus, when the molten copper solidifies in form of an anode plate it can be easily released from its mold.


Radiometric measurements:
Barium sulfate is sometimes used (or else PTFE) to coat the interior of integrating spheres due to the high reflectance of the material and near Lambertian characteristics.


3D printing of firearms:
Barium sulfate is listed as among the acceptable materials by the BATF for the manufacturing of plastics firearms and/or components, to achieve compliance with the U.S. federal requirement that an X-ray machine may be able to accurately depict the shape of the plastic firearm or component.



APPLICATIONS OF BARIUM SULFATE (SYNTHETIC):
Barium sulfate has many commercial applications.
Barium sulfate (synthetic) is used to produce fine pigment particles of uniform size, known as “blanc fixe”.
Barium sulfate (synthetic) has been used as a drilling fluid, as a pigment in paints, and as a filler in plastics to improve the resistance against acid and acidity.

Barium sulfate (synthetic) is also used in heat-reflecting paint, rubber, glass, and paper manufacturing, as well as in radiometric measurements.
Barium sulfate (synthetic) is also used in medicine clinically as a radiocontrast agent for X-ray imaging and other diagnostic procedures and cosmetics as a sunscreen, amongst other applications.


Barium sulfate is added to various types of synthetic resins such as acryl resins as a light-diffusing material, and is thereby effective in diffusing light such as transmitted light and reflected light.

The barium sulfate is used for white plastic raw materials such as for resin pellets and translucent opaque reflection sheet (opalescence sheet).

Barium sulfate (synthetic) is now being developed as an additive (inorganic filler) such as for reflector plates and optical films.


PRODUCTION OF BARIUM SULFATE (SYNTHETIC):
Almost all of the barium consumed commercially is obtained from barite, which is often highly impure.
Barite is processed by thermo-chemical sulfate reduction (TSR), also known as carbothermal reduction (heating with coke) to give barium sulfide:
BaSO4 + 4 C → BaS + 4 CO
In contrast to barium sulfate, barium sulfide is soluble in water and readily converted to the oxide, carbonate, and halides.


To produce highly pure barium sulfate, the sulfide or chloride is treated with sulfuric acid or sulfate salts:
BaS + H2SO4 → BaSO4 + H2S
Barium sulfate produced in this way is often called blanc fixe, which is French for "permanent white".
Blanc fixe is the form of barium encountered in consumer products, such as paints.


In the laboratory barium sulfate is generated by combining solutions of barium ions and sulfate salts.
Because barium sulfate is the least toxic salt of barium due to its insolubility, wastes containing barium salts are sometimes treated with sodium sulfate to immobilize (detoxify) the barium.
Barium sulfate is one of the most insoluble salts of sulfate.

Its low solubility is exploited in qualitative inorganic analysis as a test for Ba2+ ions, as well as for sulfate.
Untreated raw materials such as natural baryte formed under hydrothermal conditions may contain many impurities, a.o., quartz, or even amorphous silica.


HISTORY OF BARIUM SULFATE (SYNTHETIC):
Barium sulfate is reduced to barium sulfide by carbon.
The accidental discovery of this conversion many centuries ago led to the discovery of the first synthetic phosphor.
The sulfide, unlike the sulfate, is water-soluble.


During the early part of the 20th century, during the Japanese colonization period, hokutolite was found to exist naturally in the Beitou hot-springs area near Taipei City, Taiwan.
Hokutolite is a radioactive mineral composed mostly of PbSO4 and BaSO4, but also containing traces of uranium, thorium and radium.
The Japanese harvested these elements for industrial uses, and also developed dozens of “therapeutic hot-spring baths” in the area


KEY APPLICATIONS OF BARIUM SULFATE (SYNTHETIC):
• Plastics and polymers
• Adhesives and Sealants
• Oil and Gas
• Pulp and paper
• Textile handling
• Lubricants
• Building & Construction products
• Paint and Coatings
• Rubber
• Floor coverings



SAFETY INFORMATION ABOUT BARIUM SULFATE (SYNTHETIC) :
First aid measures:
Description of first aid measures:
General advice:
Consult a physician.
Show this safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
Move out of dangerous area:

If inhaled:
If breathed in, move person into fresh air.
If not breathing, give artificial respiration.
Consult a physician.
In case of skin contact:
Take off contaminated clothing and shoes immediately.
Wash off with soap and plenty of water.
Consult a physician.

In case of eye contact:
Rinse thoroughly with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes and consult a physician.
Continue rinsing eyes during transport to hospital.

If swallowed:
Do NOT induce vomiting.
Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person.
Rinse mouth with water.
Consult a physician.

Firefighting measures:
Extinguishing media:
Suitable extinguishing media:
Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.
Special hazards arising from the substance or mixture
Carbon oxides, Nitrogen oxides (NOx), Hydrogen chloride gas

Advice for firefighters:
Wear self-contained breathing apparatus for firefighting if necessary.
Accidental release measures:
Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures
Use personal protective equipment.

Avoid breathing vapours, mist or gas.
Evacuate personnel to safe areas.

Environmental precautions:
Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so.
Do not let product enter drains.
Discharge into the environment must be avoided.

Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Soak up with inert absorbent material and dispose of as hazardous waste.
Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.

Handling and storage:
Precautions for safe handling:
Avoid inhalation of vapour or mist.

Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place.
Containers which are opened must be carefully resealed and kept upright to prevent leakage.
Storage class (TRGS 510): 8A: Combustible, corrosive hazardous materials

Exposure controls/personal protection:
Control parameters:
Components with workplace control parameters
Contains no substances with occupational exposure limit values.
Exposure controls:
Appropriate engineering controls:
Handle in accordance with good industrial hygiene and safety practice.
Wash hands before breaks and at the end of workday.

Personal protective equipment:
Eye/face protection:
Tightly fitting safety goggles.
Faceshield (8-inch minimum).
Use equipment for eye protection tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or EN 166(EU).

Skin protection:
Handle with gloves.
Gloves must be inspected prior to use.
Use proper glove
removal technique (without touching glove's outer surface) to avoid skin contact with this product.
Dispose of contaminated gloves after use in accordance with applicable laws and good laboratory practices.
Wash and dry hands.

Full contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0.11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Material tested:Dermatril (KCL 740 / Aldrich Z677272, Size M)
Splash contact
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0.11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Material tested:Dermatril (KCL 740 / Aldrich Z677272, Size M)
It should not be construed as offering an approval for any specific use scenario.

Body Protection:
Complete suit protecting against chemicals, The type of protective equipment must be selected according to the concentration and amount of the dangerous substance at the specific workplace.
Respiratory protection:
Where risk assessment shows air-purifying respirators are appropriate use a fullface respirator with multi-purpose combination (US) or type ABEK (EN 14387) respirator cartridges as a backup to engineering controls.

If the respirator is the sole means of protection, use a full-face supplied air respirator.
Use respirators and components tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or CEN (EU).
Control of environmental exposure
Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so.
Do not let product enter drains.
Discharge into the environment must be avoided.

Stability and reactivity:
Chemical stability:
Stable under recommended storage conditions.
Incompatible materials:
Strong oxidizing agents:
Hazardous decomposition products:
Hazardous decomposition products formed under fire conditions.
Carbon oxides, Nitrogen oxides (NOx), Hydrogen chloride gas.

Disposal considerations:
Waste treatment methods:
Product:
Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company.
Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material.
Contaminated packaging:
Dispose of as unused product





CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF BARIUM SULFATE (SYNTHETIC):
Chemical formula, BaSO4
Molar mass, 233.39 g/mol
Appearance, white crystalline
Odor, odorless
Density, 4.49 g/cm3
Melting point, 1,580 °C (2,880 °F; 1,850 K)
Boiling point, 1,600 °C (2,910 °F; 1,870 K) (decomposes)
Solubility in water, 0.2448 mg/100 mL (20 °C)
0.285 mg/100 mL (30 °C)
Solubility product (Ksp), 1.0842 × 10−10 (25 °C)
Solubility, insoluble in alcohol, soluble in concentrated, hot sulfuric acid
Magnetic susceptibility (χ), −71.3•10−6 cm3/mol
Refractive index (nD), 1.636 (alpha)
Structure,
Crystal structure, orthorhombic
Thermochemistry,
Heat capacity (C), 101.7 J/(mol K)
Std molar
entropy (S⦵298), 132 J/(mol•K)
Std enthalpy of
formation (ΔfH⦵298), −1465 kJ/mol
Molar Weight
233.38 g/mol
Melting Point
1,580°C
Boiling Point
1,600°C
Density
4.49 g/cm³
Forms
White, Crystalline
Storage
Room Temperature
Density
4.5 Gram per cubic centimeter(g/cm3)
Melting Point
1,580 degree centigrade
Solubility
Insoluble in water
Form
Powder
Molecular Formula
BaSO4
Grade
Industrial Grade
Usage
Barium sulfate (synthetic) is used to help doctors examine the esophagus (tube that connects the mouth and stomach), stomach, and intestine using x-rays or computed tomography.
Density, 4.5
DV50um, 0.5-0.7
Oil Absorption, 13
BaSO4, 98.5
Fe2O3, 0.004
CaO, 0.15
Al2O3, 0.01
Silicate, 0.01
Heavy Metal, 0.01
Salt Soluble, 0.2
Moisture, 0.2
L.O.I, 0.5
Whiteness, 98






Physical Properties:
1. Appearance: Synthetic barium sulfate is a white, odorless powder.
2. Density: Barium sulfate (synthetic) has a relatively high density of around 4.5 grams per cubic centimeter.
3. Melting Point: The melting point of synthetic barium sulfate is approximately 1,580 degree centigrade (2,876 degree fahrenheit).
4. Solubility: Barium sulfate is practically insoluble in water and organic solvents, making it highly resistant to dissolution.

Chemical Properties:
1. Chemical Formula: BaSO4
2. Stability: Synthetic barium sulfate is chemically stable and non reactive under normal conditions.
3. Acid Resistance: Barium sulfate (synthetic) is highly resistant to acids, including strong mineral acids such as hydrochloric acid and sulfuric acid.
4. Reactivity: Barium sulfate does not undergo significant chemical reactions with most common chemicals. However, it can react with certain strong reducing agents, such as powdered aluminum and magnesium, at high temperatures.


Other Properties:

1. Radiopacity: Barium sulfate has excellent radiopacity, making it useful as a contrast agent in X ray and CT scans.
Barium sulfate (synthetic) is not toxic and does not pose a risk to patients when used in medical imaging.

2. Particle Size and Purity: Synthetic barium sulfate particles can vary in size, typically ranging from nanometers to micrometers.
The purity of the compound depends on the manufacturing process and can be tailored for specific applications.

3. Insolubility: The insolubility of barium sulfate in the gastrointestinal tract makes it an effective agent for imaging studies of the digestive system, such as barium meals or barium enemas.

FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS ABOUT BARIUM SULFATE (SYNTHETIC):

Q: What is synthetic barium sulfate used for?

A: Synthetic barium sulfate has various applications.
Barium sulfate (synthetic) is commonly used as a filler in paints, coatings, and plastics to enhance their opacity, brightness, and resistance to weathering.
Barium sulfate (synthetic) is also used as a radiopaque contrast agent in medical imaging, such as X rays and CT scans.
In addition, barium sulfate is utilized in oil well drilling fluids as a weighting agent.

Q: Is synthetic barium sulfate toxic?

A: Synthetic barium sulfate is considered relatively non toxic.
Barium sulfate (synthetic) is not absorbed by the body and passes through the gastrointestinal tract without being metabolized.

However, in large amounts, Barium sulfate (synthetic) can cause harm if ingested or inhaled.
It is important to handle Barium sulfate (synthetic) with care, follow safety guidelines, and avoid direct contact or ingestion.

Q: Can synthetic barium sulfate be dissolved in water or other solvents?

A: No, synthetic barium sulfate is practically insoluble in water and organic solvents.
This insolubility is one of its desirable properties, as it allows it to be used as a stable and non reactive substance in various applications.

Q: Does synthetic barium sulfate have any environmental impacts?

A: Barium sulfate is generally considered environmentally inert and does not pose significant environmental risks.
However, as with any chemical substance, it is important to handle and dispose of it properly according to local regulations to prevent contamination of water or soil.

Q: Can synthetic barium sulfate be recycled or reprocessed?

A: Synthetic barium sulfate is not typically recycled or reprocessed due to its low cost and abundance.
After use, Barium sulfate (synthetic) is often disposed of as non hazardous waste following appropriate waste management procedures.

Q: Are there any alternatives to synthetic barium sulfate?

A: Yes, there are alternative materials that can serve similar purposes in various applications.
For example, in the medical field, alternative contrast agents may be used for specific imaging procedures.
In paint and coating industries, other fillers or opacifying agents can be employed.
The choice of alternative depends on the specific requirements and desired properties for a particular application.




BARIUM SULFIDE
BARIUM SULFIDE, N° CAS : 21109-95-5, Nom INCI : BARIUM SULFIDE, Nom chimique : Barium sulphide, N° EINECS/ELINCS : 244-214-4, Dépilatoire : Enlève les poils indésirables
BARIUM SULPHATE

Barium sulphate, commonly known as barite, is a naturally occurring mineral widely recognized for its high density and chemical inertness.
Barium sulphate appears as a white, odorless solid, with a distinctive appearance that sets it apart in various industrial applications.
Barium sulphate is practically insoluble in water, a characteristic that contributes to its stability in a wide range of environments.

CAS Number: 7727-43-7
EC Number: 231-784-4

Barite, Barium sulphate, Blanc fixe, Barytes, Barosperse, Cimbar, Barosperse SD-2, Barotek, Barytite, Lithopone, Barosperse HP, Barium(II) sulfate, Barium salt of sulfuric acid, Barosperse LV, Bolognian phosphorus, Heavy spar, Permanent White, Radiobarite, Thixogel VP, Blanc de baryte, Baryum, Barotrast, Micro Bar, Barytocalcite, Milwhite Baroid, Pine-Baryte, Micromax, Sulphuric acid - barium salt, Precipitated Barium sulphate, Barytes Powder, Barite 200 mesh, Plumbokupferite, Emathlite, Barium sulphate precipitated, Barium sulfuricum, HSDB 960, Pigment White 21, Sulfuric acid - barium salt (1:1), Barium(2+) sulfate, Biterite, White barite, Pigment White 22, Rhodacal B, Barosperse 10M, Barosperse 20M, Barosperse 50M, Barosperse 65M, Barosperse 80M, Blanc de blanc, Barosperse 60M, CCM 7761, Barosperse S-7, Barosperse C-7, Barosperse M-7, Barosperse 14M, Barosperse LCM, Barosperse B-7, Barosperse L-7, Barosperse P-7, Barosperse R-7



APPLICATIONS


Barium sulphate is employed in the production of high-density concrete used in nuclear facilities for its radiation shielding properties.
Its use in friction materials extends to industrial applications, such as heavy machinery brakes and clutches.
Barium sulphate enhances the density and strength of fiberboard, making it a valuable material in the construction industry.

Barium sulphate finds application in the manufacturing of coil coatings, contributing to the protection and aesthetics of metal coils.
In the production of electrostatic powder coatings, it aids in achieving a smooth and durable finish on various surfaces.

Barium sulphate is utilized in the textile industry as a sizing agent, providing stiffness to fabrics in processes like weaving.
Barium sulphate acts as a colorant in pyrotechnics, contributing to the vibrant green hues observed in certain fireworks displays.
Barium sulphate's role in anti-fouling paints for ships helps prevent the attachment of marine organisms, preserving hull integrity.

Barium sulphate is added to molding sands in metal casting processes to improve the molding properties and enhance casting outcomes.
In dentistry, Barium sulphate serves as a radiopaque contrast medium for imaging cavities and dental structures.
Liquid detergents benefit from Barium sulphate as a thickening agent, influencing viscosity for improved performance.

Barium sulphate contributes to the enhancement of ink absorption in specific types of paper, influencing print quality.
Its presence in agricultural soil testing aids in assessing soil properties and nutrient content for effective farming practices.
Barium sulphate is used in oil and gas exploration to increase the density of drilling fluids, ensuring wellbore stability.
Barium sulphate finds application in leather tanning processes, influencing the texture and properties of the final leather product.

Barium sulphate acts as a corrosion inhibitor, protecting metal surfaces in various applications from degradation.
In the production of carbon paper, Barium sulphate acts as a filler, impacting the transfer of ink to receiving sheets.
The ceramics industry benefits from Barium sulphate in glaze formulations, contributing to improved texture and visual effects.

Its addition to liquid fertilizers enhances granulation and handling characteristics in the agricultural sector.
Barium sulphate plays a role in the production of photocopying toner, influencing image development on paper.
Barium sulphate contributes to the brightness and appearance of metal surfaces, finding applications in various industries.
Barium sulphate is used in rubber compounding to enhance processing characteristics and improve the overall properties of rubber.

Barium sulphate is found in wood preservation treatments, improving the resistance of wood against environmental factors.
In the construction industry, it is utilized in certain sealants for improved adhesion and durability.
Barium sulphate may be incorporated into cavity wall insulation materials to enhance thermal performance in construction applications.


Barium sulphate can be used for several purposes:

Medical Imaging:
Barium sulphate is extensively used in medical imaging, particularly in contrast radiography, where it enhances X-ray visibility of the digestive system.

Drilling Fluids:
In the oil and gas industry, Barium sulphate serves as a weighting agent in drilling fluids, helping maintain wellbore stability during drilling operations.

Plastics Manufacturing:
Barium sulphate is employed as a filler in the production of plastics, enhancing their physical properties and contributing to strength and durability.

Paints and Coatings:
Barium sulphate is a common component in paints and coatings, improving opacity and overall performance in various applications.

Rubber Production:
In the rubber industry, Barium sulphate acts as a reinforcing filler, enhancing the strength and wear resistance of rubber products.

Automotive Brake Linings:
Due to its ability to improve friction and heat resistance, it is used in brake linings, contributing to the efficiency and durability of automotive braking systems.

Glass Manufacturing:
Barium sulphate serves as an additive in glass production, influencing the optical and physical properties of certain glass types.

Flame Retardants:
Barium sulphate is utilized as a flame retardant additive in various materials, providing enhanced fire resistance.

Radiation Shielding:
Its high density makes it effective for radiation shielding applications, protecting against ionizing radiation in medical and industrial settings.

Plasticizers:
In the plastics industry, Barium sulphate may be used in the production of plasticizers, contributing to flexibility and other desired properties.

Pharmaceutical Formulations:
Precipitated Barium sulphate, due to its purity, is used in pharmaceutical formulations, particularly in contrast agents for medical imaging.

Cosmetic Products:
Barium sulphate finds applications in cosmetic formulations, contributing to the texture and performance of certain cosmetic and skincare products.

Paper Coating:
Barium sulphate is used in paper coatings, improving printability and enhancing the appearance of printed materials.

Textile Industry:
In textiles, Barium sulphate may be employed as a filler or coating agent to improve certain properties of fabrics.

Electronics Manufacturing:
Barium sulphate can be used in electronics manufacturing processes where its unique properties contribute to specific applications.

Catalyst Support:
In some chemical processes, it may serve as a catalyst support, contributing to the efficiency of certain reactions.

Concrete Additive:
In construction, it may be used as an additive in concrete formulations to improve density and other properties.

Photography:
Barium sulphate has historical use in black and white photography as a coating on photographic paper.

Ceramics Industry:
Barium sulphate can be incorporated into ceramic formulations to modify properties such as density and thermal stability.

Adhesives:
Barium sulphate is used in the production of adhesives, contributing to their performance and durability.

Textile Printing:
In textile printing processes, it may be employed to enhance the quality and appearance of printed designs.

Battery Manufacturing:
Barium sulphate may find application in certain battery technologies where its properties are advantageous.

Metal Surface Treatment:
Barium sulphate can be used in metal surface treatments to improve corrosion resistance and appearance.

Water Treatment:
In water treatment processes, it may be used to clarify water by removing impurities through precipitation.

Powder Coatings:
Barium sulphate is used in the production of powder coatings, contributing to their texture and appearance on various surfaces.

Chemical Synthesis:
Barium sulphate is utilized in chemical synthesis as a reactant or catalyst support in specific reactions.

Epoxy Resins:
Barium sulphate may be incorporated into epoxy resin formulations to enhance properties such as hardness and chemical resistance.

Fuel Additives:
In some formulations, it serves as a fuel additive, impacting combustion characteristics.

Geotechnical Engineering:
Barium sulphate can be used in geotechnical engineering applications for soil stabilization.

Electrostatic Applications:
Due to its electrical insulating properties, it finds use in certain electrostatic applications.

X-ray Computed Tomography (CT) Scans:
Barium sulphate is sometimes used in medical CT scans as a contrast medium to enhance imaging.

Animal Digestive Tract Imaging:
In veterinary medicine, Barium sulphate is employed for imaging the digestive tract in animals.

Electrolyte Production:
Barium sulphate may be used in the production of electrolytes for certain electrochemical applications.

Heat Transfer Fluids:
Barium sulphate can be part of heat transfer fluids in certain industrial processes.

Fertilizer Additives:
In agriculture, it might be used as an additive in fertilizers to enhance specific properties.

Fiberboard Manufacturing:
Barium sulphate is used in the manufacturing of fiberboard to improve density and strength.

Concrete Sealers:
Barium sulphate is found in certain concrete sealers, providing protective and aesthetic benefits.

Textile Dyeing:
In textile dyeing processes, it may be used to modify the characteristics of dyes and improve color fastness.

Inkjet Printing:
Barium sulphate is employed in some inkjet printing formulations to achieve desirable print quality.

Pigment Dispersions:
Barium sulphate is used in the dispersion of pigments to maintain stability in paint formulations.

Anti-corrosion Coatings:
In the coatings industry, Barium sulphate can be part of anti-corrosion coatings for metal surfaces.

Ceramic Glazes:
In the ceramics industry, it is added to glazes to improve their texture and provide specific visual effects.

Agricultural Soil Testing:
Barium sulphate can be utilized in agricultural soil testing to assess soil properties and nutrient content.

Electrostatic Powder Coatings:
Barium sulphate is found in electrostatic powder coatings, providing durability and a smooth finish on surfaces.

Carbon Paper:
In the production of carbon paper, it acts as a filler, influencing the transfer of ink to the receiving sheet.

Corrosion Inhibitors:
Barium sulphate is used in certain formulations as a corrosion inhibitor to protect metal surfaces.

Metal Surface Brightening:
Barium sulphate may contribute to the brightness and appearance of metal surfaces in certain applications.

Fertilizer Production:
In the manufacturing of fertilizers, it is employed to improve granulation and handling characteristics.

Textile Sizing Agents:
Barium sulphate can be used as a sizing agent in textiles, providing stiffness and body to fabrics.

Photocopying:
Barium sulphate is part of the toner in some photocopying processes, influencing image development on paper.

Marble and Stone Polishing:
In the restoration of marble and stone surfaces, Barium sulphate is used in polishing compounds.

Rubber Compounding:
Barium sulphate finds use in rubber compounding to improve processing and enhance the properties of rubber.

Glass Fiber Reinforcements:
Barium sulphate can be incorporated into glass fiber reinforcements to improve strength and stability.

Fuel Cell Electrolytes:
Barium sulphate may be used in certain fuel cell applications as a component of electrolytes.

Magnetic Rubber:
In the production of magnetic rubber, Barium sulphate can serve as a filler to enhance magnetic properties.

Wood Preservation:
Barium sulphate is utilized in wood preservation treatments to improve the resistance of wood against environmental factors.

Construction Sealants:
Barium sulphate is found in some construction sealants, providing adhesion and durability.

Cavity Wall Insulation:
In the construction industry, it may be used as an additive in cavity wall insulation materials for improved thermal performance.



DESCRIPTION


Barium sulphate, commonly known as barite, is a naturally occurring mineral widely recognized for its high density and chemical inertness.
Barium sulphate appears as a white, odorless solid, with a distinctive appearance that sets it apart in various industrial applications.
Barium sulphate is practically insoluble in water, a characteristic that contributes to its stability in a wide range of environments.

As a major source of barium, Barium sulphate is mined and processed for various commercial uses, including those in the medical, industrial, and chemical sectors.
The mineral barite, from which Barium sulphate is derived, often forms in hydrothermal veins and sedimentary rocks.

Due to its radiopacity, Barium sulphate is extensively used in medical imaging, particularly in contrast radiography, aiding in the visualization of the digestive system.
In the industrial realm, it finds applications as a filler in the production of plastics, rubber, and resins, enhancing the physical properties of these materials.

Its opacity and ability to improve the performance of coatings make it a valuable ingredient in the manufacturing of paints and pigments.

Barium sulphate is integral in the oil and gas industry, where it acts as a weighting agent in drilling fluids to control wellbore stability.
Barium sulphate's flame-retardant properties contribute to its use in certain applications, providing an added layer of safety in various products.
Barium sulphate is involved in brake linings for its ability to enhance friction and heat resistance in this critical automotive component.
In the realm of glass production, it serves as an additive, influencing the optical and physical characteristics of certain glass types.

Its chemical inertness makes it suitable for applications where stability and non-reactivity are essential, contributing to its versatility.
Precipitated Barium sulphate, produced through chemical processes, is valued for its purity and consistent properties in various industries.

Barium sulphate plays a crucial role in the formulation of drilling muds, supporting the extraction of oil and gas resources from beneath the Earth's surface.
The unique physical and chemical properties of Barium sulphate make it a preferred choice in industries where high-density materials are required.

Its role in medical diagnostics involves the safe ingestion or administration of Barium sulphate to enhance X-ray contrast, aiding in diagnostic procedures.
The stability of Barium sulphate in diverse chemical environments ensures its reliability in various industrial processes and applications.
As a component in brake linings, it contributes to the durability and performance of braking systems in automotive applications.

Barium sulphate's prevalence in nature and ease of extraction make it an economically viable resource for numerous industries.
In the production of plastics, Barium sulphate acts as a reinforcing filler, improving strength and resistance to wear and tear.
Barium sulphate's use in radiation shielding applications highlights its effectiveness in protecting against ionizing radiation.
The purity and consistent properties of precipitated Barium sulphate contribute to its widespread use in pharmaceutical and cosmetic formulations.

Its extensive utilization across diverse sectors underscores its importance as a functional and reliable material in various industrial processes.
Barium sulphate, with its well-defined characteristics, continues to be a valuable resource in the pursuit of technological advancements and industrial innovation.



PROPERTIES


Chemical Formula: BaSO₄
Molecular Weight: 233.39 g/mol
Appearance: White crystalline solid
Density: 4.50 g/cm³
Melting Point: 1,580°C (2,876°F)
Boiling Point: Decomposes without boiling
Solubility in Water: Practically insoluble
Crystal Structure: Orthorhombic
Odor: Odorless
pH: Neutral (7 in aqueous suspension)
Hardness: 3 - 3.5 Mohs
Electrical Conductivity: Insulator
Thermal Conductivity: Low
Magnetic Properties: Non-magnetic
Refractive Index: 1.636
Opacity: High
Opacity to X-rays: High, used as a radiopaque contrast medium
Chemical Stability: Chemically inert
Flame Retardancy: Used as a flame retardant in certain applications
Electrical Insulating Properties: Exhibits electrical insulating characteristics
Hygroscopicity: Generally low
Decomposition: Decomposes at high temperatures



FIRST AID


Inhalation:

Move to Fresh Air:
If Barium sulphate dust is inhaled, immediately move the affected person to an area with fresh air.

Seek Medical Attention:
If respiratory irritation persists or if there are concerns about the extent of exposure, seek prompt medical attention.


Skin Contact:

Remove Contaminated Clothing:
If Barium sulphate comes into contact with the skin, remove contaminated clothing promptly.

Wash Skin:
Wash the affected skin area thoroughly with soap and water.

Seek Medical Attention:
If irritation or redness persists, seek medical advice.


Eye Contact:

Flush Eyes:
Immediately flush the eyes with gently flowing water for at least 15 minutes, holding the eyelids open to ensure thorough rinsing.


Seek Medical Attention:
Seek immediate medical attention if irritation, redness, or other symptoms persist.


Ingestion:

Do Not Induce Vomiting:
Do not induce vomiting unless directed to do so by medical personnel.

Seek Medical Attention:
Contact a poison control center or seek medical attention immediately.
Provide all relevant information about the substance ingested.


General Advice:

Personal Protective Equipment (PPE):
Always wear appropriate personal protective equipment, such as gloves and eye protection, when handling Barium sulphate.

Emergency Procedures:
Be familiar with emergency procedures and have access to emergency contact numbers, including those for poison control centers.

Medical Attention:
If there is any doubt or concern about the severity of exposure, seek medical attention promptly.



HANDLING AND STORAGE


Handling:

Personal Protective Equipment (PPE):
Wear appropriate PPE, including gloves, safety glasses or goggles, and protective clothing, to prevent skin and eye contact.

Ventilation:
Work in a well-ventilated area or use local exhaust ventilation systems to control airborne dust and minimize inhalation exposure.

Avoiding Dust Generation:
Minimize the generation of dust through handling practices such as avoiding unnecessary agitation and using equipment designed to contain dust.

Avoiding Ingestion:
Do not eat, drink, or smoke while handling Barium sulphate.
Wash hands thoroughly after handling.


Storage:

Segregation:
Store Barium sulphate away from incompatible substances, especially strong acids and bases, to prevent chemical reactions.

Dry Storage:
Keep the substance in a dry location to prevent the formation of clumps or lumps due to moisture absorption.

Temperature Control:
Store at ambient temperatures, avoiding extremes of heat or cold that could affect the physical properties of the substance.

Avoid Contamination:
Ensure that containers are tightly sealed to prevent contamination.
Store in labeled, dedicated containers.

Separation from Food and Feed:
Store Barium sulphate away from areas where food, feed, or beverages are stored or processed to avoid potential contamination.


Spill and Leak Procedures:


Containment:
In the event of a spill, contain the material to prevent further spread and contact with personnel or the environment.

Clean-up Procedures:
Use appropriate equipment (such as vacuum systems or wet methods) for cleaning up spills to minimize dust generation.

Personal Protective Equipment:
Wear suitable PPE during spill response, including gloves and protective clothing.

Disposal:
Dispose of contaminated materials in accordance with local, state, and federal regulations.


Emergency Procedures:

Emergency Contacts:
Keep emergency contact numbers, including those for medical assistance and relevant authorities, readily available.

First Aid:
Be familiar with first aid measures for exposure scenarios and ensure that appropriate first aid supplies are accessible.

Evacuation Procedures:
Understand and follow evacuation procedures in case of emergencies, and participate in regular emergency drills.

Barium Carbonate
Barium Chloride; Barium Dichloride Dihydrate; Barium muriate; Muryate of Barytes; Barium dichloride cas no: 10361-37-2
Barium Chloride
BaCl2;ba0108e;sba0108e;Ba 0108E;SBA 0108E;NCI-C61074;Dichlorobarium;BARIUM CHLORIDE;bariumdichloride;BariumChlorideAcs Cas no: 10361-37-2
Barium Hydroxide Octahydrate
Barium Hydroxide Octahydrate; barium dihydroxide; Hydroxyde de baryum; Bariumhydroxid; Hidróxido de bario; CAS NO: 12230-71-6
Barlox 12
BENZALKONIUM CHLORIDE; ZEPHIRAN CHLORIDE; Hyamine(R) 3500 50%; Bcl-2-like 7 protein; Hyamine(R) 3500 80% NF; alkyl(c14,3%c12,2%c16); Apoptosis regulator BAK; alkyl(60%c14,25%c12,15%c16); sigmacleanwaterbathtreatment; Bcl-2 homologous antagonist/killer; BENZALKONIUM CHLORIDE 17% SOLUTION; BENZYLDIMETHYLALKYLAMMONIUM CHLORIDE; alkyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chlorides; C12-C16ALKYLDIMETHYLBENZYLAMMONIUMCHLORIDE; Alkyl,C12-16dimethylbenzylammoniumchloride; alkyldimethylbenzylammoniumchloride(60%c14,; Alkyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride 80%; alkyl(c12-c16)dimethylbenzylammoniumchloride; alkyl(c14,3%c12,2%c16)dimethylbenzylammonium; benzyl C12-16 alkyldimethylammonium chloride; alkyl(c12-c16)dimethylbenzyl-ammoniuchlorides; benzyl-c12-c16-alkyldimethylammoniumchlorides; Anti-BAK, N-Terminal antibody produced in rabbit; alkyldimethylbenzylammoniumchloride(93%c14,4%c12,; alkyldimethylbenzylammoniumchloride(65%c12,25%c14,; alkyldimethylbenzylammoniumchloride(40%c12,40%c14,; N-Benzyl-N,N-dimethyl-1-tetradecanaminium chloride; alkyl(c14,3%c12,2%c16)dimethylbenzylammoniumchloride; N-Alkyl(C12-16)-N-benzyl-N,N-dimethylammoniumchloride; Anti-Mouse IgG (H+L)-Biotin antibody produced in rabbit; N-Alkyl-(C12-C16)-N-benzyl-N,N-dimethylammonium chloride; alkyl*dimethylbenzylammoniumchloride*(93%c14,4%c12,3%c16); alkyl(60%c14,25%c12,15%c16)dimethylbenzylammoniumchloride; ANTI-BAK (BH3 DOMAIN SPECIFIC) antibody produced in rabbit; Alkyl(40%C12,50%C14,10%C16)diMethylbenzylaMMoniuM chloride CAS NO:68424-85-1
Barquat 4280 Z


www.ataman-kimya.com
Barquat 4280 Z is a blend of alkyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chlorides and alkyl dimethyl ethylbenzyl ammonium chlorides.
When used as an active ingredient in FIFRA1 registered formulations such as hard surface disinfectants, sanitizers and/or certain types of water treatment formulations, this product has been found to provide superior biocidal action against a broad spectrum of microbial organisms such as: bacteria, fungi, viruses, and algae.
This “second” generation quaternary ammonium compound delivers potent germicidal action even in heavy organic soil loads.


BARQUAT 4280-Z
For Formulation Into Antimicrobial Products

Active Ingredients:
n-Alkyl (C14-60%, C16-30%, C12-5%, C18-5%) Dimethyl Benzyl Ammonium Chloride…..40.0%
n-Alkyl (C12-68%, C14-32%) Dimethyl Ethylbenzyl Ammonium Chloride ........................... 40.0%
* Other Ingredients .................................................................................................................. 20.0%
Total .................................................................................................................................... 100.0%

* Inert Ingredients
Ethyl alcohol: 10%
Water: 10%



n-alkyl (C12—C18) dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride
CAS No: 68391-01-5
CAS No: 53516-76-0*

*Different CAS numbers are used under different regulations. Please check with your Ataman Kimya contact.



n-alkyl (C12—C14) dimethyl ethylbenzyl ammonium chloride
CAS No: 85409-23-0


Barquat 4280 Z = ADBAC + ADEBAC




Alkyl Dimethyl Benzyl Ammonium Chloride is a quaternary ammonium based antimicrobial used as a disinfectant, sanitizer, germicide, deodorant, fungicide and algaecide.


Uses
Barquat 4280 is a quaternary ammonium based antimicrobial used as a disinfectant, sanitizer, germicide, deodorant, fungicide and algaecide.

Uses
Barquat 4280Z is a quaternary ammonium based antimicrobial used as a disinfectant, sanitizer, germicide, deodorant, fungicide and algaecide.



Typical Properties of Barquat 4280Z

Appearance: Clear, pale yellow to straw liquid
Color, (APHA): 200 Max.
pH, (10% active solution): 6.5-8.3
Flash Point, (Setaflash,°F): 117
Average Molecular Weight: 377
Specific Gravity @ 25°C: 0.94
Density in lbs./gal.: 7.84
Freezing Point,°F: 14
Physical State: Clear, pale yellow to straw liquid with a mild odor.

Congealing may occur during prolongedstorage at low temperatures; this is a reversible on warming with mixing.
Solubility: Freely Soluble in water, lower alcohols, ketones and glycols.



Barquat 4250z and 4280z Actives are blends of alkyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chlorides (ADBAC) and alkyl dimethyl ethylbenzyl ammonium chlorides (ADEBAC).
When used as an active ingredient in hard surface disinfectant formulations, these “third generation” quat blends provide good microbicidal efficacy against a broad spectrum of microorganisms, including bacteria, yeast and viruses.



Barquat 4280-Z
Lonza Specialty Ingredients
Alkyldimethylbenzylammoniumchlorides and Alkyldimethylethylbenzylammonium chlorides


OTHER PRODUCTS OF ATAMAN KIMYA THAT MIGHT BE OF INTEREST:

Product Form Regulatory Info.
Amphoterge KJ-2 Capric Imidazoline Dicarboxylate liquid
Amphoterge W* Coco Imidazoline Monocarboxylate liquid
Amphoterge W-2 Coco Imidazoline Dicarboxylate liquid
Amphoterge K-2 Coco Imidazoline Dicarboxylate liquid
Bardac 205 M Alkyl Dimethyl Benzyl and Dialkyl Dimethyl Ammonium Chloride liquid
Bardac 2050 Mixed Dialkyl Dimethyl Ammonium Chloride liquid
Bardac 208 M Alkyl Dimethyl Benzyl and Dialkyl Dimethyl Ammonium Chloride liquid
Bardac 2080 Mixed Dialkyl Dimethyl Ammonium Chloride liquid
Bardac 2250 Didecyl Dimethyl Ammonium Chloride liquid
Bardac 2270 E Didecyl Dimethyl Ammonium Chloride liquid
Bardac 2280 Didecyl Dimethyl Ammonium Chloride liquid
Barlox 10S Decyl Dimethyl Amine Oxide liquid
Barlox 12 Lauryl Dimethyl Amine Oxide (30% active) liquid
Barlox 1260 Lauryl Dimethyl Amine Oxide (60% active) liquid
Barlox 12i Isoalkyl Dimethyl Amine Oxide liquid
Barlox 12N Lauryl Dimethyl Amine Oxide (Naturally derived) liquid
Barlox 14 Myristyl Dimethyl Amine Oxide liquid
Barlox 16S Cetyl Dimethyl Amine Oxide liquid
Barlox 18S Octadecyl Dimethyl Amine Oxide liquid
Barquat 1552 Alkyl Dimethyl Benzyl Ammonium Chloride, Dialkyl Methyl Benzyl Ammonium Chloride liquid
Barquat 4250 Alkyl Dimethyl Benzyl Ammonium Chloride, Alkyl Dimethyl Ethyl Benzyl Ammonium Chloride liquid
Barquat 4250Z Alkyl Dimethyl Benzyl Ammonium Chloride, Alkyl Dimethyl Ethyl Benzyl Ammonium Chloride liquid
Barquat 4280 Alkyl Dimethyl Benzyl Ammonium Chloride, Alkyl Dimethyl Ethyl Benzyl Ammonium Chloride liquid
Barquat 4280Z Alkyl Dimethyl Benzyl Ammonium Chloride, Alkyl Dimethyl Ethyl Benzyl Ammonium Chloride liquid
Barquat 50-28 Alkyl Dimethyl Benzyl Ammonium Chloride liquid
Barquat 80-28 Alkyl Dimethyl Benzyl Ammonium Chloride liquid
Barquat MB-50 Alkyl Dimethyl Benzyl Ammonium Chloride liquid
Barquat MB-80 Alkyl Dimethyl Benzyl Ammonium Chloride liquid
Carboquat H Didecyl Dimethyl Ammonium Carbonate/Bicarbonate liquid
FMB 1210-5 Alkyl Dimethyl Benzyl Ammonium Chloride and Didecyl Dimethyl Ammonium Chloride liquid
FMB 1210-8 Alkyl Dimethyl Benzyl Ammonium Chloride and Didecyl Dimethyl Ammonium Chloride liquid
Barlox 8S Octyl Dimethyl Amine Oxide liquid
Hyamine 1622 50% Benzethonium Chloride liquid
Hyamine 1622 Crystals Benzethonium Chloride powder
Hyamine 3500 80% Alkyl Dimethyl Benzyl Ammonium Chloride liquid
JAQ Powdered Quat Myristyl ammonium chloride powder
Lonzabac 12.100 Tertiary Alkylamine liquid
Lonzabac 12.30 Tertiary Alkylamine liquid
Lonzagard Benzethonium Chloride Benzethonium Chloride USP powder
Uniquat 205M Alkyl Dimethyl Benzyl and Dialkyl Dimethyl Ammonium Chloride liquid
Uniquat 208M Alkyl Dimethyl Benzyl and Dialkyl Dimethyl Ammonium Chloride liquid
Uniquat 2250 Didecyl Dimethyl Ammonium Chloride liquid
Uniquat 2280 Didecyl Dimethyl Ammonium Chloride liquid
Uniquat 4250 Alkyl Dimethyl Benzyl Ammonium Chloride, Alkyl Dimethyl Ethyl Benzyl Ammonium Chloride liquid
Uniquat 4250-Z Alkyl Dimethyl Benzyl Ammonium Chloride, Alkyl Dimethyl Ethyl Benzyl Ammonium Chloride liquid
Uniquat 4280 Alkyl Dimethyl Benzyl Ammonium Chloride, Alkyl Dimethyl Ethyl Benzyl Ammonium Chloride liquid
Uniquat 4280-Z Alkyl Dimethyl Benzyl Ammonium Chloride, Alkyl Dimethyl Ethyl Benzyl Ammonium Chloride liquid
Uniquat 50-65 Alkyl Dimethyl Benzyl Ammonium Chloride liquid
Uniquat QAC-50 Alkyl Dimethyl Benzyl Ammonium Chloride liquid
Uniquat QAC-80 Alkyl Dimethyl Benzyl Ammonium Chloride liquid
Bardac 114 Blend of quaternaries Liquid
Bardac 205 M Blend of quaternaries Liquid
Bardac 205 M(I) Blend of quaternaries Liquid
Bardac 208 M Blend of quaternaries Liquid
Bardac 22 Didecyldimethylammonium chloride Liquid
Bardac 2280 Didecyldimethylammonium chloride Liquid
Bardac 2280i Didecyldimethylammonium chloride Liquid
Bardac 2240 Didecyldimethylammonium chloride Liquid
Bardac 2270 Didecyldimethylammonium chloride Liquid
Bardac 2270E Didecyldimethylammonium chloride Liquid
Bardap 26 Didecylmethylpoly(oxyethyl)-ammonium propionate Liquid
Barquat BAC 50 Alkyldimethylbenzylammonium chloride C12–C16 Liquid
Barquat BAC 80 Alkyldimethylbenzylammonium chloride C12–C16 Liquid
Barquat CB50 Alkyldimethylbenzylammonium chloride C12–C18 Liquid
Barquat CB80 Alkyldimethylbenzylammonium chloride C12–C18 Liquid
Barquat DM50 Alkyldimethylbenzylammonium chloride C12–C16 Liquid
Barquat DM50EP Alkyldimethylbenzylammonium chloride C12–C16 Liquid
Barquat DM80 Alkyldimethylbenzylammonium chloride C12–C16 Liquid
Barquat LB50 Alkyldimethylbenzylammonium chloride C12 Liquid
Barquat MB50 Alkyldimethylbenzylammonium chloride C12–C16 Liquid
Barquat MB80 Alkyldimethylbenzylammonium chloride C12–C16 Liquid
Barquat MS100 Alkyldimethylbenzylammonium chloride C14 Powder
Barquat 4250-Z Alkyldimethylbenzylammonium chlorides and Alkyldimethylethylbenzylammonium chlorides Liquid
Barquat 4280-Z Alkyldimethylbenzylammoniumchlorides and Alkyldimethylethylbenzylammonium chlorides Liquid
Lonzabac 12.100 Bis(3-aminopropyl)dodecylamine Liquid
Lonzabac 12.30 Bis(3-aminopropyl)dodecylamine Liquid
Lonzabac BG Poly(hexamethylene biguanide) hydrochloride Liquid
Lonzabac MP Magnesium monoperoxyphthalate 100 % Powder
Spectradyne Chlorhexidine digluconate Liquid
Vantocil IB Poly(hexamethylene biguanide) hydrochloride Liquid
Vantocil TG Poly(hexamethylene biguanide) hydrochloride Liquid
Cosmocil CQ Poly(hexamethylene biguanide) hydrochloride / Polyaminopropyl biguanide Liquid
Dantogard 2000 Dimethyloldimethylhydantoin Liquid
Dantogard Plus Dimethyloldimethylhydantoin + Iodopropynyl butylcarbamate Granules
Dantogard Plus liquid Dimethylol dimethyl hydantoin + Iodopropynyl butylcarbamate Liquid
Isocil 1.5 5-Chloro-2-methyl-[2H]-isothiazol-3-one + 2-Methyl-[2H]-isothiazol-3-one Liquid
Isocil Ultra 1.5 5-Chloro-2-methyl-[2H]-isothiazol-3-one + 2-Methyl-[2H]-isothiazol-3-one Liquid
Isocil 14 5-Chloro-2-methyl-[2H]-isothiazol-3-one + 2-Methyl-[2H]-isothiazol-3-one Liquid
Isocil Ultra 14 5-Chloro-2-methyl-[2H]-isothiazol-3-one + 2-Methyl-[2H]-isothiazol-3-one Liquid
Lonzagard Benzethoniumchloride USP Benzethonium chloride Powder
Lonzaserve ID Dimethyloldimethylhydantoin + 5-Chloro-2-methyl-[2H]-isothiazol-3-one Liquid
Omacide IPBC 30 DPG 3-lodopropynylbutylcarbamate Liquid
Proxel GXL 1,2-Benzisothiazol-3[2H]-one Liquid
Proxel LV 1,2-Benzisothiazol-3[2H]-one Liquid
Proxel AQ 1,2-Benzisothiazol-3[2H]-one Liquid
Proxel DMB 1,2-Benzisothiazol-3[2H]-one, 2-methyl- [2H] -isothiazol-3-one, MIT Liquid
Proxel BD20 1,2-Benzisothiazol-3[2H]-one Liquid
Proxel MB 1,2-Benzisothiazol-3[2H]-one, 2-methyl-[2H]-isothiazol-3-one Liquid
Proxel Press Paste 1,2-Benzisothiazol-3[2H]-one Powder / Paste
Sodium Omadine 40 % Sodium pyrithione Liquid
Amphoterge FM * Guanidine, N,N‘‘‘-1,3-propanediylbis-, N-coco alkyl derivatives Liquid
Barlox 10 S * Decyldimethylamine oxide Liquid
Barlox 12 * Cocoalkyldimethylamine oxide Liquid
CarboShield 1000E Didecyl dimethyl ammonium carbonate / bicarbonate Liquid
Lonzabac GA Guanidine, N,N‘‘‘-1,3-propanediylbis-, N-coco alkyl derivatives, diacetates Liquid



Bardac 114: Blend of quaternaries 50% - Liquid- Isopropanol, water / Unique blend for hard surface disinfection
Bardac 205 M: Blend of quaternaries 50% - Liquid- Ethanol, water / Blend of QACs for hard surface disinfection
Bardac 205 M(I): Blend of quaternaries 50 % - Liquid- Isopropanol, water / Blend of QACs for hard surface disinfection
Bardac 208 M: Blend of quaternaries 80% - Liquid- Ethanol, water / Blend of QACs for hard surface disinfection
Bardac 22: Didecyldimethylammonium chloride 50% - Liquid- Isopropanol, water / Multi purpose QAC
Bardac 2280: Didecyldimethylammonium chloride 80% - Liquid - Ethanol, water / Multi purpose QAC
Bardac 2280i: Didecyldimethylammonium chloride 80% - Liquid - Isopropanol, water / Multi purpose QAC
Bardac 2240: Didecyldimethylammonium chloride 40% - Liquid- Water / Multi purpose QAC
Bardac 2270: Didecyldimethylammonium chloride 70% - Liquid- Isopropanol, water / Multi purpose QAC
Bardac 2270E: Didecyldimethylammonium chloride 70% Liquid - Ethylene glycol, water / Multi purpose QAC
Bardap 26: Didecylmethylpoly(oxyethyl)-ammonium propionate 70% Liquid - Polyethylene glycol, Ethylene glycol Chloride / free QAC
Barquat BAC 50: Alkyldimethylbenzylammonium chloride C12–C16 50 % - Liquid- Water /Benzalkonium chloride
Barquat BAC 80: Alkyldimethylbenzylammonium chloride C12–C16 80 % - Liquid- Water, Ethanol /Benzalkonium chloride
Barquat CB50: Alkyldimethylbenzylammonium chloride C12–C18 50% - Liquid- Water/ Benzalkonium chloride
Barquat CB80: Alkyldimethylbenzylammonium chloride C12–C18 80% - Liquid- Isopropanol, water/ Benzalkonium chloride
Barquat DM50: Alkyldimethylbenzylammonium chloride C12–C16 50% - Liquid- Water / Benzalkonium chloride
Barquat DM50EP: Alkyldimethylbenzylammonium chloride C12–C16 50% - Liquid- Water /Benzalkonium chloride
Barquat DM80: Alkyldimethylbenzylammonium chloride C12–C16 80% - Liquid- Ethanol, water /Benzalkonium chloride
Barquat LB50: Alkyldimethylbenzylammonium chloride C12 50% - Liquid- Water /Benzalkonium chloride, low foaming
Barquat MB50: Alkyldimethylbenzylammonium chloride C12–C16 50% - Liquid- Water/ Benzalkonium chloride
Barquat MB80: Alkyldimethylbenzylammonium chloride C12–C16 80% - Liquid- Ethanol, water /Benzalkonium chloride
Barquat MS100: Alkyldimethylbenzylammonium chloride C14 > 98.5% - Powder – Benzalkonium chloride Barquat MS100
Barquat 4250-Z: Alkyldimethylbenzylammonium chlorides and Alkyldimethylethylbenzylammonium chlorides 50% - Liquid- Water / Provides superior biocidal action against a broad spectrum of microbial organisms Barquat 4250-Z
Barquat 4280-Z Alkyldimethylbenzylammoniumchlorides and Alkyldimethylethylbenzylammonium chlorides 80% - Liquid - Ethanol, water / Provides superior biocidal action against a broad spectrum of microbialorganisms Barquat 4280-Z
Carboquat HE: Didecyldimethylammonium carbonate/bicarbonate 50% Liquid- Propylene glycol,water, methanol / Chloride free QAC
Cosmocil PG: Poly(hexamethylene biguanide) hydrochloride /Polyhexanide 20% Liquid Water / Antimicrobial for Healthcare and pharmaceutical applications
Lonzabac 12.100: Bis(3-aminopropyl)dodecylamine 100% Liquid – Tertiary amine with mycobactericidal activity
Lonzabac 12.30: Bis(3-aminopropyl)dodecylamine 30% Liquid - Water /Tertiary amine with mycobactericidal activity
Lonzabac BG: Poly(hexamethylene biguanide) hydrochloride 20% Liquid - Water / Broad spectrum, fast-acting bactericide and virucide, non foaming disinfectant
Lonzabac MP: Magnesium monoperoxyphthalate 100% Powder – Oxygen releaser
Spectradyne: Chlorhexidine digluconate 20% Liquid - Water / Antimicrobial for healthcare applications
Vantocil IB: Poly(hexamethylene biguanide) hydrochloride: 20% Liquid - Water Broad spectrum, fast-acting bactericide and virucide, non foaming disinfectant
Vantocil TG Poly(hexamethylene biguanide) hydrochloride: 20% Liquid- Water



Preservatives

Cosmocil CQ: Poly(hexamethylene biguanide) hydrochloride / Polyaminopropyl biguanide 20% Liquid Water/ Antimicrobial for healthcare and ophthalmic applications Cosmocil CQ
Vantocil TG: Poly(hexamethylene biguanide) hydrochloride 20% Liquid Water / Effective preservative, particularly suited for wet wipes Vantocil TG
Dantogard 2000: Dimethyloldimethylhydantoin Proprietary blend Liquid Water / Patented preservative blend with a content of free formaldehyde lower than 0.1% Dantogard 2000
Dantogard Plus: liquid Dimethylol dimethyl hydantoin + Iodopropynyl butylcarbamate / Proprietary blend Liquid Water, butylene glycol / Patented preservative blend Dantogard Plus liquid
Isocil 1.5: 5-Chloro-2-methyl-[2H]-isothiazol-3-one + 2-Methyl-[2H]-isothiazol-3-one 1.5% Liquid Water / Broad spectrum non-foaming preservative Isocil 1.5
Isocil Ultra 1.5: 5-Chloro-2-methyl-[2H]-isothiazol-3-one + 2-Methyl-[2H]-isothiazol-3-one 1.5% Liquid Water / Broad spectrum non-foaming preservative, copper-free Isocil Ultra 1.5
Isocil 14: 5-Chloro-2-methyl-[2H]-isothiazol-3-one + 2-Methyl-[2H]-isothiazol-3-one 14% Liquid Water / Broad spectrum non-foaming preservative, copper-free Isocil 14
Isocil Ultra 14: 5-Chloro-2-methyl-[2H]-isothiazol-3-one + 2-Methyl-[2H]-isothiazol-3-one 14% Liquid Water / Broad spectrum non-foaming preservative, dilutable with water, copper-free Isocil Ultra 14
Lonzagard Benzethoniumchloride USP: Benzethonium chloride 100% Powder – Specifications meet USP requirements – Lonzagard Benzethoniumchloride USP
Lonzaserve ID: Dimethyloldimethylhydantoin + 5-Chloro-2-methyl-[2H]-isothiazol-3-one 71.5% Liquid Water / Cost effective preservative Lonzaserve ID
Omacide IPBC 30: DPG 3-lodopropynylbutylcarbamate 30% Liquid Dipropylene glycol / Broad spectrum fungicide, stable and effective over pH range 2-10 Omacide IPBC 30 DPG
Proxel GXL: 1,2-Benzisothiazol-3[2H]-one 20% Liquid / Dipropylene glycol Solution of BIT in DPG to preserve products from spoilage from bacteria, yeasts and fungi Proxel GXL
Proxel LV :1,2-Benzisothiazol-3[2H]-one 20% Liquid / Dipropylene glycol, water / Low viscosity equivalent to Proxel GXL, with less glycol, allowing lower cost, lower VOC, and easier pumping Proxel LV
Proxel AQ: 1,2-Benzisothiazol-3[2H]-one 9.25% Liquid / Water Aqueous solution of BIT, offering low viscosity and zero-VOC Proxel AQ
Proxel DMB: 1,2-Benzisothiazol-3[2H]-one, 2-methyl- [2H] -isothiazol-3-one, MIT 10% / Liquid Water Aqueous dispersion of BIT, with zero-VOC Proxel DMB
Proxel BD20: 1,2-Benzisothiazol-3[2H]-one 20% Liquid / Water Aqueous dispersion of BIT, with zero-VOC Proxel BD20
Proxel MB: 1,2-Benzisothiazol-3[2H]-one, 2-methyl-[2H]-isothiazol-3-one 5% Liquid / Water Blend to preserve against spoilage of bacteria, yeasts and fungi Proxel MB
Proxel BZ: 1,2-Benzisothiazol-3[2H]-one, zinc pyrithione 20% Liquid Water / Avoid CLP H208 sensitizing label on end products when dosed at typical use concentrations Proxel BZ
Proxel Press Paste: 1,2-Benzisothiazol-3[2H]-one: 80% Powder/paste – BIT paste for development of preservative formulations Proxel Press Paste
Sodium Omadine 40%: Sodium pyrithione 40% Liquid Water


Surfactants
Name Active Ingredients Concentration Form Solvent Remarks Name
Amphoterge FM: Guanidine, N,N‘‘‘-1,3-propanediylbis-, N-coco alkyl derivatives > 98.5% Liquid Isopropanol, water / Cationic surfactant to avoid sticky floor surface
Amphoterge K-2N: Disodium Cocoamphodipropionate 40% Liquid Water, methanol / Excellent detergency properties
Amphoterge KJ-2: Disodium Caproamphodipropionate and Disodium Cocoamphodipropionate 40% Liquid Water, methanol Low foaming, low irritant, high caustic tolerance
Amphoterge W-2: 1H-Imidazol-1-ethanol, 4,5-dihydro-, 2-norcoco alkyl derivs. 50% Liquid – High foaming, low irritant, high caustic tolerance
Barlox 10 S: Decyldimethylamine oxide 30% Liquid Water / Surfactant and multi function additive
Barlox 12: Cocoalkyldimethylamine oxide 30% Liquid Water /Surfactant and multi function additive


Other products ATAMAN KIMYA offers:

Aldo LF: Blend of anti-foaming agents – Liquid – Defoaming agent for aqueous based systems
Bardac LF: Dioctyldimethylammonium chloride 50% Liquid Ethanol, water Low foaming QAC for medical device formulations
CarboShield 1000E: Didecyl dimethyl ammonium carbonate/bicarbonate 50% Liquid Propylene glycol,methanol, water / Corrosion inhibitor Compatible with typical nonionic surfactants
Lonzabac GA Guanidine: N,N‘‘‘-1,3-propanediylbis-, N-coco alkyl derivatives, diacetates 80% Liquid Water, isopropanol




Regulatory process names
(C12-C18) Alkyldimethylbenzyl ammonium chloride

(C12-C18)Alkylbenzyldimethylammonium chloride

Alkyl (C12-18) dimethylbenzyl ammonium chloride (ADBAC (C12-18))

Alkyl(C12-C18)benzyldimethylammonium chloride

C12-18-Alkyldimethylbenzyl ammonium chlorides


N-Alkyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride (C12-C18)

Quaternary ammonium compounds, benzyl-C12-18-alkyldimethyl, chlorides

Quaternary ammonium compounds, benzyl-C12-18-alkyldimethyl, chlorides
This substance is identified by SDA Substance Name: C12-C18 alkyl benzyl dimethyl ammonium chloride and SDA Reporting Number: 16-052-00.


Translated names
Alkil (C12-18) chlorku dimetylobenzyloamonu (ADBAC (C12-18)) (pl)
Alkil (C12-18) dimetilbenzil amonijev klorid (ADBAC (C12-18) (hr)
Alkil (C12-18) dimetilbenzil amonio chloridas (ADBAC (C12-18)) (lt)
Alkil (C12-18) dimetilbenzilamonija hlorīds (ADBAC (C12-18)) (lv)
Alkil (C12–16) dimetil-benzil-ammónium-klorid (ADBAC [C12–18]) (hu)
Alkil (C12–18) dimetilbenzil amonijev klorid (ADBAC (C12–18)) (sl)
Alkyl (C12-18) dimethylbenzyl ammonium chloride (ADBAC (C12-18)) (mt)
Alkyl (C12-18) dimethylbenzyl ammonium chloride (ADBAC (C12-18)) (no)
alkyl(C12-18)benzyldimetylamónium-chlorid [ADBAC (C12-18)] (sk)
alkyl(C12-18)dimethylbenzylammoniumchlorid (ADBAC (C12-18)) (cs)
alkyl(C12-18)dimethylbenzylammoniumchlorid (ADBAC (C12-18)) (da)
Alkyl(C12-18)dimethylbenzylammoniumchlorid (ADBAC (C12-18)) (de)
Alkyl(C12-18)dimethylbenzylammoniumchloride (ADBAC (C12-18)) (nl)
Alkyl(C12-18)dimetylbensylammoniumklorid (ADBAC (C12-18)) (sv)
Alkyyli-(C12-18)-dimetyylibentsyyliammoniumkloridi (ADBAC(C12-18)) (fi)
C12–18-alküüldimetüülbensüülammooniumkloriid (ADBAC (C12–18)) (et)
Chlorure d'alkyl(C12-C18)diméthylbenzylammonium [ADBAC (C12-18)] (fr)
Cloreto de alquil(C12-18)dimetilbenzilamónio (ADBAC C12-18) (pt)
Cloruro de C12-18-alquildimetilbencilamonio (ADBAC (C12-18)) (es)
Clorură de alchil (C12-18) dimetilbenzil amoniu [ADBAC (C12-18)] (ro)
Composti di ammonio quaternario, benzil- C12-18 -alchildimetil, cloruri (ADBAC (C12-18) (it)
Χλωριούχο αλκυλο(C12-18)διμεθυλοβενζυλαμμώνιο (ADBAC (C12-18)) (el)
Алкил(C12-18)диметилбензиламониев хлорид (ADBAC (C12-18)) (bg)

IUPAC names
ALKYL DIMETHYL BENZYL AMMONIUM CHLORIDE
Alkyl Dimethyl Benzyl Ammonium Chloride
Alkyldimethylbenzyl ammonium chloride
Benzalkonium Chloride
Benzalkonium chloride
benzyl-dimethyl-tetradecylazanium chloride
C12-C18 alkyl benzyl dimethyl ammonium chloride
N-benzyl-N,N-dimethyl-C12-18-(evennumbered)-alkyl-1-aminium chloride
N-benzyl-N,N-dimethyltetradecan-1-aminium chloride
Quaternary ammonium compounds, benzyl-C12-18-alkyldimethyl, chlorides
Alkyl, C12-18, dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride




Regulatory process names
Alkyl (C12-C14) dimethyl(ethylbenzyl)ammonium chloride (ADEBAC (C12-C14))

Quaternary ammonium compounds, C12-14-alkyl[(ethylphenyl)methyl]dimethyl, chlorides

Quaternary ammonium compounds, C12-14-alkyl[(ethylphenyl)methyl]dimethyl, chlorides
Pre-Registration process


Translated names
Alkil (C12-C14) chlorku dimetylo(etylobenzylo)amonu (ADEBAC (C12-C14)) (pl)
Alkil (C12-C14) dimetil(etil-benzil)-ammónium-klorid (ADEBAC (C12-C14)) (hu)
Alkil (C12-C14) dimetil(etilbenzil)amonija hlorīds (ADEBAC (C12–C14)) (lv)
Alkil (C12-C14) dimetil(etilbenzil)amonijev klorid (ADEBAC (C12-C14)) (sl)
Alkil (C12-C14) dimetil(etilbenzil)amonio chloridas (ADEBAC (C12-C14)) (lt)
alkil (C12-C14) dimetil(etilbezil)amonijev klorid (ADEBAC (C12-C14)) (hr)
Alkyl (C12-C14) dimethyl(ethylbenzyl)ammonium chloride (ADEBAC (C12-C14)) (mt)
alkyl (C12-C14) dimethyl(ethylbenzyl)ammoniumchlorid (ADEBAC (C12-C14)) (cs)
Alkyl (C12-C14) dimetyl(etylbenzyl)ammoniumklorid (ADEBAC (C12-C14)) (no)
alkyl(C12-C14)dimethyl(ethylbenzyl)ammoniumchlorid (ADEBAC (C12-C14)) (da)
Alkyl(C12-C14)dimethyl(ethylbenzyl)ammoniumchlorid (ADEBAC (C12-C14)) (de)
Alkyl(C12-C14)dimethyl(ethylbenzyl)ammoniumchloride (ADEBAC (C12-C14)) (nl)
Alkyl(C12-C14)dimetyl(etylbensyl)ammoniumklorid (ADEBAC (C12-C14)) (sv)
alkyl(C12-C14)dimetyl(etylbenzyl)amónium-chlorid [ADEBAC (C12-C14)] (sk)
Alkyyli-(C12-C14)-dimetyyli(etyylibentsyyli)ammoniumkloridi (ADEBAC (C12-C14)) (fi)
C(C12-14)-alküüldimetüül(etüülbensüül)ammooniumkloriid (ADEBAC (C12-14)) (et)
Chlorure d'alkyl(C12-C14)diméthyl(éthylbenzyl)ammonium [ADEBAC (C12-C14)] (fr)
Cloreto de alquil(C12-C14)etilbenzilamónio (ADEBAC C12-C14) (pt)
Cloruro de C12-14-alquildimetil(etilbencil)amonio (ADEBAC (C12-14)) (es)
Cloruro di alchil(C12-C14)dimetil(etilbenzil)ammonio (ADEBAC (C12-C14)] (it)
Clorură de alchil (C12-C14) dimetil(etilbenzil)amoniu [ADEBAC (C12-C14)] (ro)
Χλωριούχο αλκυλο(C12-C14)διμεθυλο(αιθυλοβενζυλο)αμμώνιο [ADEBAC (C12-C14)] (el)
Алкил(C12-C14) диметил(етилбензил)амониев хлорид (ADEBAC (C12-C14)) (bg)

IUPAC names
ADEBAC; C12-14 Alkyl dimethyl ethylbenzyl ammonium chlorideEthyl-ADBAC
C12-C18 alkyl benzyl dimethyl ammonium chloride
N-(4-ethylbenzyl)-N,N-dimethyldodecan-1-aminium chloride
Quaternary ammonium compounds, C12-14-alkyl[(ethylphenyl)methyl]dimethyl, chlorides




BARQUAT CB-80


DESCRIPTION:

Barquat CB-80 Antimicrobials contains the active substance C12-18 Alkyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride (ADBAC).
The active is a cationic molecule offering good surfactant properties and can be formulated together with non-ionic- and/or amphoteric surfactants.
ADBAC has a broad antimicrobial efficacy against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, yeast, and enveloped viruses.

CAS No: 68391-01-5
EINECS: 269-919-4
Chemical Composition: N-Alkyl(C12-18)-N,N-dimethyl-N-benzylammonium chloride
Chemical Formula: C23H42ClN
Molecular Weight: 368.03928
BARQUAT CB-80=ALKYLBENZYLDIMETHYLAMMONIUM CHLORIDE

USES OF BARQUAT CB-80:
Barquat CB-80 is used as bacteriostat, deodorant, disinfectant and sanitizer, for water treatment, as algaecide, sanitizer and secondary oil recovery and as fungicide for wood protection.
High antimicrobial efficacy is maintained across a broad pH-range.
In formulated products, ADBAC is stable around a wide range of pH levels and is used in a number of applications such as food processing, institutional, veterinary, healthcare areas, and medical devices. Single-active C12-18 ADBAC products are available in different active concentrations and solvent combinations.

CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF BARQUAT CB-80:
Function: Anti-Microbial Agent
Chemical Family: Quaternary Ammonium Compounds
Certifications & Compliance: BPR Supported
End Uses: Disinfectant Products, Biocidal Products
Molecular Formula: C23H42ClN
Molar Mass: 368.03928
Density : 0.98
Boling Point: 100 °C
Solubility: Miscible with water and with ethanol (96 per cent). It froths copiously when shaken.
Appearance: Solution
Color: Clear colorless to faint yellow
Storage Condition: Room Temperature



SAFETY INFORMATION ABOUT BARQUAT CB-80:
First aid measures:
Description of first aid measures:
General advice:
Consult a physician.
Show this safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
Move out of dangerous area:

If inhaled:
If breathed in, move person into fresh air.
If not breathing, give artificial respiration.
Consult a physician.
In case of skin contact:
Take off contaminated clothing and shoes immediately.
Wash off with soap and plenty of water.
Consult a physician.

In case of eye contact:
Rinse thoroughly with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes and consult a physician.
Continue rinsing eyes during transport to hospital.

If swallowed:
Do NOT induce vomiting.
Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person.
Rinse mouth with water.
Consult a physician.

Firefighting measures:
Extinguishing media:
Suitable extinguishing media:
Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.
Special hazards arising from the substance or mixture
Carbon oxides, Nitrogen oxides (NOx), Hydrogen chloride gas

Advice for firefighters:
Wear self-contained breathing apparatus for firefighting if necessary.
Accidental release measures:
Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures
Use personal protective equipment.

Avoid breathing vapours, mist or gas.
Evacuate personnel to safe areas.

Environmental precautions:
Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so.
Do not let product enter drains.
Discharge into the environment must be avoided.

Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Soak up with inert absorbent material and dispose of as hazardous waste.
Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.

Handling and storage:
Precautions for safe handling:
Avoid inhalation of vapour or mist.

Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place.
Containers which are opened must be carefully resealed and kept upright to prevent leakage.
Storage class (TRGS 510): 8A: Combustible, corrosive hazardous materials

Exposure controls/personal protection:
Control parameters:
Components with workplace control parameters
Contains no substances with occupational exposure limit values.
Exposure controls:
Appropriate engineering controls:
Handle in accordance with good industrial hygiene and safety practice.
Wash hands before breaks and at the end of workday.

Personal protective equipment:
Eye/face protection:
Tightly fitting safety goggles.
Faceshield (8-inch minimum).
Use equipment for eye protection tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or EN 166(EU).

Skin protection:
Handle with gloves.
Gloves must be inspected prior to use.
Use proper glove
removal technique (without touching glove's outer surface) to avoid skin contact with this product.
Dispose of contaminated gloves after use in accordance with applicable laws and good laboratory practices.
Wash and dry hands.

Full contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0.11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Material tested:Dermatril (KCL 740 / Aldrich Z677272, Size M)
Splash contact
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0.11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Material tested:Dermatril (KCL 740 / Aldrich Z677272, Size M)
It should not be construed as offering an approval for any specific use scenario.

Body Protection:
Complete suit protecting against chemicals, The type of protective equipment must be selected according to the concentration and amount of the dangerous substance at the specific workplace.
Respiratory protection:
Where risk assessment shows air-purifying respirators are appropriate use a fullface respirator with multi-purpose combination (US) or type ABEK (EN 14387) respirator cartridges as a backup to engineering controls.

If the respirator is the sole means of protection, use a full-face supplied air respirator.
Use respirators and components tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or CEN (EU).
Control of environmental exposure
Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so.
Do not let product enter drains.
Discharge into the environment must be avoided.

Stability and reactivity:
Chemical stability:
Stable under recommended storage conditions.
Incompatible materials:
Strong oxidizing agents:
Hazardous decomposition products:
Hazardous decomposition products formed under fire conditions.
Carbon oxides, Nitrogen oxides (NOx), Hydrogen chloride gas.

Disposal considerations:
Waste treatment methods:
Product:
Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company.
Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material.
Contaminated packaging:
Dispose of as unused product.

SYNONYMS OF BARQUAT CB-80:
arquad htb 75
alkylbenzyldimethylammoniumchlorides, benzyl-c12-18-alkyldimethyl
maquat mc 1416
quaternary ammonium compounds, c12-18 alkylbenzyldimethyl,chlorides
barquat(r) cb-50
quaternaryammonium compounds, benzyl-c12-18-alkyldimethyl, chlorides
benzyl-c12-18-alkyldimethylammonium chlorides
barquat mx
dodigen226
bionol ro 50
benzalkoniumchloridesolution
btc 824
c12-18 alkylbenzyldimethyl, chlorides quaternary ammonium compds.
barquat(r) mx-80
barquat(r) cb-80
barquat(r) mx-50
n-benzyl-n,n-dimethyltetradecan-1-aminium chloride
barquat(r) 1552
benzyl-c12-18-alkyldimethyl, chlorides quaternary ammonium compounds
n-alkyl dimethylbenzyl nh4cl
zephiran chloride
benzalkonium chloride 50% pure
benzalkonii chloridum
diaserver zf 226

Barquat DM 50
Basic Chromium Sulphate; Chromium(III) sulfate; Basic chromium sulfate; chromic sulfate cas no: 10101-53-8
BARQUAT DM 50
DESCRIPTION:
Barquat DM 50 Antimicrobial contains the active substance C12-C16 Alkyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride (ADBAC).
The active is a cationic molecule offering good surfactant properties and can be formulated together with non-ionic and/or amphoteric surfactants.
ADBAC has a broad antimicrobial efficacy against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, yeast, and enveloped viruses.


CAS No.: 68424-85-1
EINECS(EC#): 270-325-2
Iupac Name:benzyl-dimethyl-tetradecylazanium;chloride
Molecular Weight:368.03928

ADBAC maintains its efficacy across a broad pH-range.
Single-active C12-C16 ADBAC products are available at different active concentrations, C-chain distributions and solvent combinations.


Chemical Composition:
Alkyl Dimethyl Benzyl Ammonium Chloride

Barquat DM 50 is used as bacteriostat, deodorant, disinfectant and sanitizer, for water treatment, as algaecide, sanitizer and for secondary oil recovery as well as fungicide for wood protection.

USAGE OF BARQUAT DM 50:
Barquat(R) 50-28 (also known as Benzalkonium Chloride) is a quaternary ammonium based antimicrobial used as a disinfectant, sanitizer, germicide, deodorant, fungicide and(or) algaecide.
Hyamine(R) has several application fields: disinfectant, sanitizer, germicide, deodorant, fungicide and algae Control. It can also be used as slime control for pulp and paper and fungicide for wood protection.
Uniquat(R) QAC is a blend of alkyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chlorides selected for performance as a cationic surfactant. It has applications in textile finishing, pulp and paper, sugar refining, water treatment, and household and/or industrial cleaners.



SAFETY INFORMATION ABOUT BARQUAT DM 50:
First aid measures:
Description of first aid measures:
General advice:
Consult a physician.
Show this safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
Move out of dangerous area:

If inhaled:
If breathed in, move person into fresh air.
If not breathing, give artificial respiration.
Consult a physician.
In case of skin contact:
Take off contaminated clothing and shoes immediately.
Wash off with soap and plenty of water.
Consult a physician.

In case of eye contact:
Rinse thoroughly with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes and consult a physician.
Continue rinsing eyes during transport to hospital.

If swallowed:
Do NOT induce vomiting.
Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person.
Rinse mouth with water.
Consult a physician.

Firefighting measures:
Extinguishing media:
Suitable extinguishing media:
Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.
Special hazards arising from the substance or mixture
Carbon oxides, Nitrogen oxides (NOx), Hydrogen chloride gas

Advice for firefighters:
Wear self-contained breathing apparatus for firefighting if necessary.
Accidental release measures:
Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures
Use personal protective equipment.

Avoid breathing vapours, mist or gas.
Evacuate personnel to safe areas.

Environmental precautions:
Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so.
Do not let product enter drains.
Discharge into the environment must be avoided.

Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Soak up with inert absorbent material and dispose of as hazardous waste.
Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.

Handling and storage:
Precautions for safe handling:
Avoid inhalation of vapour or mist.

Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place.
Containers which are opened must be carefully resealed and kept upright to prevent leakage.
Storage class (TRGS 510): 8A: Combustible, corrosive hazardous materials

Exposure controls/personal protection:
Control parameters:
Components with workplace control parameters
Contains no substances with occupational exposure limit values.
Exposure controls:
Appropriate engineering controls:
Handle in accordance with good industrial hygiene and safety practice.
Wash hands before breaks and at the end of workday.

Personal protective equipment:
Eye/face protection:
Tightly fitting safety goggles.
Faceshield (8-inch minimum).
Use equipment for eye protection tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or EN 166(EU).

Skin protection:
Handle with gloves.
Gloves must be inspected prior to use.
Use proper glove
removal technique (without touching glove's outer surface) to avoid skin contact with this product.
Dispose of contaminated gloves after use in accordance with applicable laws and good laboratory practices.
Wash and dry hands.

Full contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0.11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Material tested:Dermatril (KCL 740 / Aldrich Z677272, Size M)
Splash contact
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0.11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Material tested:Dermatril (KCL 740 / Aldrich Z677272, Size M)
It should not be construed as offering an approval for any specific use scenario.

Body Protection:
Complete suit protecting against chemicals, The type of protective equipment must be selected according to the concentration and amount of the dangerous substance at the specific workplace.
Respiratory protection:
Where risk assessment shows air-purifying respirators are appropriate use a fullface respirator with multi-purpose combination (US) or type ABEK (EN 14387) respirator cartridges as a backup to engineering controls.

If the respirator is the sole means of protection, use a full-face supplied air respirator.
Use respirators and components tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or CEN (EU).
Control of environmental exposure
Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so.
Do not let product enter drains.
Discharge into the environment must be avoided.

Stability and reactivity:
Chemical stability:
Stable under recommended storage conditions.
Incompatible materials:
Strong oxidizing agents:
Hazardous decomposition products:
Hazardous decomposition products formed under fire conditions.
Carbon oxides, Nitrogen oxides (NOx), Hydrogen chloride gas.

Disposal considerations:
Waste treatment methods:
Product:
Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company.
Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material.
Contaminated packaging:
Dispose of as unused product





SPECIFICATIONS OF BARQUAT DM 50:
Form: liquid
Active ingredient (%): 50
Density. 0.98
Melting point: 60-61 °C
Boiling point: 100 °C
Flash Point: 41 °C
Precise Quality: 367.30100
PSA: 0.00000
logP: 3.96810
Appearance: Clear to light-straw colored liquid
Storage: 2-8°C
Chemical Properties: Liquid
Color/Form:
Free-flowing powder
White crystalline powder
Decomposition:
When heated to decomposition it emits very toxic fumes of /nitrogen oxides and hydrogen chloride/.
Water Solubility: freely soluble in water
Stability: Stable under recommended storage conditions.
StorageTemp: 2-8°C
Molecular Weight: 368.03928g/mol
Molecular Formula: C23H42ClN
Compound Is Canonicalized: True
XLogP3-AA: null
Exact Mass: 367.3005780
Monoisotopic Mass: 367.3005780
Complexity: 265
Rotatable Bond Count: 15
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 0
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 1
Topological Polar Surface Area: 0
Heavy Atom Count: 25
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Isotope Atom Count: 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 2
Appearance at 20°C clear liquid
Colour (Apha) 200 max.
pH 10% aqueous solution 5.0 - 7.0
Assay (Titration, MW 360) 50.0 - 52.0 %
free Amine + Amine HCl 1.30 % max.
Odour mild
Density 0.98 g/ml
Average Molecular weight 360
Flash Point (Abel Pensky cc) > 100 °C
Surface tension (1% aqueous solution)
30 mN/m
Ionogenicity: cationic
Freeze thaw stability: good
Solubility soluble in water, lower alcohols, ketones and glycols Compatibility compatible with inorganic builders and nonionic surfactants
Setting point < - 0°C
Water 48 – 50 %

SYNONYMS OF BARQUAT DM 50:
Quaternary ammonium compounds,benzyl-C12-14-alkyldimethyl,chlorides
C12-14-alkylbenzyldimethylammonium chlorides
BAS 092-00E
Benzyl-C12-14-alkyldimethylammonium chlorides
Lutensit K-LC
B 50 (surfactant)
B 50
Protectol KLC 50
Protectol KLC 80
Protectol KLC
Alkylbenzyldimethylammonium chlorides,benzyl-C12-14-alkyldimethyl
Barquat DM 80
Cation G 50
G 50
G 50 (onium compound)
Dodigen 2808
Sanisol 5B
Acticide BAC 50M
BAC 50m
79177-05-2
445387-60-0;
1097616-29-9;1242175-65-0



Basic Chromium Sulphate
BATYL ALCOHOL, N° CAS : 544-62-7, Nom INCI : BATYL ALCOHOL, Nom chimique : 1,2-Propanediol, 3-(octadecyloxy)-, N° EINECS/ELINCS : 208-874-7, Classification : Alcool Emollient : Adoucit et assouplit la peau. Stabilisateur d'émulsion : Favorise le processus d'émulsification et améliore la stabilité et la durée de conservation de l'émulsion. Agent d'entretien de la peau : Maintient la peau en bon état
BAYBERRY EXTRACT
Bayberry extract offers cleansing, astringent and anti-bacterial properties.
Bayberry extract is a medium amber liquid with a characteristic odor.


CAS Number: 84929-34-0
EINECS number(s): 284-518-4
Botanical Name: Morella cerifera
INCI Names: MYRICA CERIFERA BARK EXTRACT
Scientific Name(s): Myrica cerifera and Myrica rubra



SYNONYMS:
Myrica Cerifera (Bayberry) Fruit Extract, Myrica Cerifera Fruit, Bayberry Extract, Myrica cerifera Extract, Wax Myrtle Extract, Candleberry Extract, Southern Bayberry Extract, Tallow Shrub Extract, Myrica Extract, Waxberry Extract, Myrica cerifera Bark Extract



Bayberry extract also is known as wax myrtle plant, candleberry, Chinese bayberry, red bayberry, waxberry, and yang-mei.
Bayberry extract offers cleansing, astringent and anti-bacterial properties.
Bayberry extract is a medium amber liquid with a characteristic odor.


Bayberry extract is an extract of the fruit of the bayberry, Myricacerifera.
Bayberry extract is the extract of the botanical Myrica Cerifera Bark in a base of propylene glycol.
Bayberry extract is a slightly viscous brown liquid that is soluble in water.


Bayberry extract has been evaluated for its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and cardiovascular effects, and has demonstrated activity in cancer and diabetes, with most data derived from animal or in vitro studies.
Because clinical data are lacking, Bayberry extract cannot be recommended for any indication.


Bayberry extract comes from the bluish-white edible berries of a flowering evergreen shrub that’s native to regions in North and Central America.
As with most berries, Bayberry extract is a rich source of antioxidants, some of which research has shown may play a role in helping to minimize bacterial infections.


These antioxidant compounds also have soothing properties and include proanthocyanidins, flavonoids, vitamin C, phenolic acids, and anthocyanins.
In fact, research has shown Bayberry extract can interrupt some of the pathways that drive acne-related inflammation (although it is not an acne treatment).
In terms of anti-aging, Bayberry extract plays a supporting role in helping to inhibit glycation, a process within skin’s surface where proteins improperly crosslink and lead to visible loss of resiliency.


This means the actual content of Bayberry extract is much lower, which gives you an idea how little is needed to get visible results.
Bayberry extract is also referred to as yumberry or Myrica rubra fruit extract.
The bayberry grows as a large evergreen shrub or small tree that is widely distributed throughout the southern and eastern US.


It is known for its small, bluish-white berries.
Plant parts used include the fruits, leaves, bark, and roots.
Geographical location and differing methods of harvesting, processing, and storage result in varying constituents in the juice and extract.


Energize your skin with Sea Fennel to help reduce redness and uneven tone.
Bayberry extract calms dry sensitive skin.
Bayberry extract works to sooth irritation and when combined with kelp it is the catch of the day for your skin.



USES and APPLICATIONS of BAYBERRY EXTRACT:
Bayberry extract is used Colds, Diarrhea, Nausea.
Sore throat, when Bayberry extract is used as a gargle.
Vaginal discharge, when Bayberry extract is used as a douche.


Skin ulcers and wounds, when Bayberry extract is applied to the skin.
Bayberry extract is used other conditions.
Recommended use level of Bayberry extract is 5-10% in skin care products.


Bayberry extract is used for external use only.
Despite safety concerns, some people take Bayberry extract for head colds, painful and swollen intestines (colitis), diarrhea, and nausea.
In large amounts, Bayberry extract is used to cause vomiting.


Some people also use Bayberry extract to stimulate the circulatory system.
Bayberry extract is sometimes used as a gargle for sore throat, as a douche for vaginal discharge, and as an ointment for skin ulcers and wounds.
In manufacturing, Bayberry extract taken from the berries is used in fragrances and candles.


Bayberry extract is used in creams, lotions, toners, moisturizers, and bath care products to soothe the skin.
Recommended of Bayberry extract for skin and hair care products with use level 5 - 10%
Historically, Bayberry extract has been used in folk medicine for its tonic, stimulant, and astringent properties, but the most popular use of this herb is for making candles.


Bayberry extract has been recommended for sore throats, spongy gums, and jaundice.
Snuffing the powder is supposed to relieve nasal congestion and cure nasal polyps.
Poultices made with the root bark are said to heal ulcers, cuts, bruises, insect bites, and skin inflammations.


Bayberry extract has also been used as an emetic after narcotic poisoning and as a remedy for hemorrhages and excessive menstruation.
The bark of the Bayberry has been used traditionally as an antimicrobial and as astringent remedy with soothing effect on inflamed mucosal tissues.
In folk medicine, Bayberry extract has been used internally as a tea for its tonic and stimulant properties, and in the treatment of diarrhea.


The dried root bark often is used medicinally.
The plant is astringent, which may account for its use in diarrhea, irritable bowel syndrome and colitis, as well as its topical use for wound healing. Bayberry extract also has been prepared as a gargle for treatment of sore throat, as mouthwash for spongy gums, or a paste for topical use on sores.


Usage levels of Bayberry extract are typically 0.5–2% where it’s part of a blend.
Bayberry extract is used in shower and bath.


-Traditional/Ethnobotanical uses of Bayberry extract:
Bayberry extract is best known for its berries, from which a wax is derived to make fragrant bayberry candles.
In folk medicine, Bayberry extract has been used as a tea for its tonic and stimulant properties, and for treating diarrhea.

Among Native Americans, the leaves were used to destroy parasitic worms, the leaves and stems were used for treating fever, and the roots were applied as a poultice.
It is also reported to have been used as a charm medicine to exorcise spirits of the dead and to prevent diseases.
The dried root bark often is used medicinally and as a dyeing/tanning agent.


-General uses of Bayberry extract:
Bayberry extract has been used traditionally for many conditions; however, clinical trials are lacking to validate these claims.
Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities have been demonstrated in only 1 small clinical trial and animal data.
Some protective effects on the liver were seen in 1 small study.



HOW DOES BAYBERRY EXTRACT WORK?
Bayberry extract contains chemicals called tannins.
These tannins have a drying effect on the skin.



FUNCTIONS OF BAYBERRY EXTRACT:
*Humectant
*Moisturizer
*Anti-inflammatory
*Soothing
*Regeneration booster
*Skin conditioning



CLAIMS OF BAYBERRY EXTRACT:
*Antimicrobials
*Astringents
*bio-based



BENEFITS OF BAYBERRY EXTRACT:
*Anti-Ageing,
*Soothing



CATEGORIES OF BAYBERRY EXTRACT:
*Antioxidant,
*Plant Extracts



BAYBERRY EXTRACT AT A GLANCE:
*Bluish-white edible berries derived from an evergreen shrub
*Potent source of antioxidants
*Helps soothe skin and protect against oxidative damage
*Plays a helpful role in minimizing glycation



PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of BAYBERRY EXTRACT:
Botanical Name: Morella cerifera
Part Used: Root bark
Fresh/Dry: Dry
Chemical/IUPAC Name: Extract derived from the bark of the Bayberry plant, commonly known as Myrica cerifera.
Physical and Chemical Properties:
Appearance: Fine brown powder
Solubility: Water-soluble
Extraction Method: Typically extracted using water or ethanol
Main Components: Myricetin, tannins, flavonoids
Boiling Point: N/A
Melting Point: N/A
Density: N/A
Molecular Formula: N/A
Molecular Weight: N/A



FIRST AID MEASURES of BAYBERRY EXTRACT:
-Description of first-aid measures
*General advice:
Show this material safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
*If inhaled:
After inhalation:
Fresh air.
*In case of skin contact:
Take off immediately all contaminated clothing.
Rinse skin with
water/ shower.
*In case of eye contact:
After eye contact:
Rinse out with plenty of water.
Call in ophthalmologist.
Remove contact lenses.
*If swallowed:
After swallowing:
Immediately make victim drink water (two glasses at most).
Consult a physician.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed.
No data available



ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of BAYBERRY EXTRACT:
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Cover drains.
Collect, bind, and pump off spills.
Observe possible material restrictions.
Take up dry.
Dispose of properly.
Clean up affected area.



FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of BAYBERRY EXTRACT:
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Foam
Dry powder
*Unsuitable extinguishing media:
For this substance/mixture no limitations of extinguishing agents are given.
-Further information:
Prevent fire extinguishing water from contaminating surface water or the ground water system.



EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of BAYBERRY EXTRACT:
-Control parameters:
--Ingredients with workplace control parameters:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use equipment for eye protection.
Safety glasses
*Body Protection:
protective clothing
*Respiratory protection:
Recommended Filter type: Filter A
-Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.



HANDLING and STORAGE of BAYBERRY EXTRACT:
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
*Storage conditions:
Tightly closed.
Dry.



STABILITY and REACTIVITY of BAYBERRY EXTRACT:
-Chemical stability:
The product is chemically stable under standard ambient conditions (room temperature) .
-Possibility of hazardous reactions:
No data available


BAYFERROX 318
BAYFERROX 318 = IRON (II,III) OXIDE = IRON OXIDE PIGMENT 318


CAS Number: 1317-61-9
EC Number: 215-277-5
Molecular Formula: Fe3O4
Product Type: Color Pigments


Bayferrox 318 is an iron oxide black pigment.
Bayferrox 318 is an inorganic pigment.
Bayferrox 318 is a black ore of IRON that forms opaque crystals and exerts strong magnetism.
Bayferrox 318 is manufactured using the Laux-process which stands for high quality and application advantages.


Bayferrox 318 is a micronized iron oxide black pigment.
Bayferrox 318 has well-balanced properties concerning dispersibility, applicable heat resistance, shade and tinting strength.
Bayferrox 318 is an iron oxide black pigment in powder form.
Bayferrox 318 is delivered as powder and can be applied for the coloration of a wide variety of construction materials.


Bayferrox 318 is a high performance pigment.
Bayferrox 318 is obtained by heating ferrous sulfate to above 1000℃.
Bayferrox 318 is derived from the action of air, water vapor or carbon dioxide on iron.
Bayferrox 318 is a synthetic iron oxide with the color index name Pigment Black 11 (PBk11).


Bayferrox 318 is manufactured using the Laux process, which leads to products with recognized high quality and application advantages.
Bayferrox 318 is very resistant to color change during high energy dispersion processes.
Bayferrox 318 is Very low proportion of pigment agglomerates due to micronization.
Bayferrox 318 is manufactured using the Laux-process which stands for high quality and application advantages.


Bayferrox 318 is insoluble in acid solution, and is easily oxidized to iron oxide (Fe2O3) in the air in a humid state.
Bayferrox 318 are inexpensive and durable pigments in paints, coatings and colored concretes.
Bayferrox 318 should be stored in a dry, ventilated and clean warehouse, lightly packed to prevent moisture and heat, and rain and moisture during transportation.


Bayferrox 318 belongs to the product range of High Performance Pigments and fulfills the higher requirements necessary in the paint and coating industry.
Bayferrox 318 is the resultant of the combined reaction of Iron (Fe) and Oxygen (O2).
Bayferrox 318 are widespread in nature and play an important role in many geological and biological processes.


Bayferrox 318 are used as iron ores, pigments, catalysts, and in thermite, and occur in hemoglobin.
Bayferrox 318 is a by-product from the acid regeneration plant, where in the spent acid from the pickling line is processed to recover and reuse the acid.


As a result of the manufacturing process (Laux-process), which includes a high temperature calcining step, Bayferrox 318 has a higher intrinsic hardness than other precipitated pigments as well as outstanding heat stability.
Bayferrox 318 is insoluble in water, alkaline solution and organic solvents such as ethanol and ether.



USES and APPLICATIONS of BAYFERROX 318:
Bayferrox 318 are used as dyes or colorants in a variety of precast concrete components and construction products and materials.
Concrete Roofing Tiles, Construction material, Facade Elements, Fibre Cement, In Situ Concrete, Mortar, Noise Barriers, Paving Stones, Plaster, and Screed.
Bayferrox 318 can be applied as Inorganic Pigments , Pigments & Dyes.


Bayferrox 318 is anti-corrosive and has inertness to alkali and chemicals which makes its very viable for making of paint, protective coating for steels, cement coloring, NPK Fertilizers, paving tiles.
Bayferrox 318 is used Plastics include thermosetting plastics, thermoplastic coloring and plastic runway, etc
Bayferrox 318 is also applied in the plastic industry in the field of Wood Plastic Composites.


Applications of Bayferrox 318: agriculture, ceramics, concrete vaults, constructions, facade elements, fiber cement, mortar, paving, bricks, tiles, construction materials, plaster, screed, etc.
The main applications for Bayferrox 318 are as follows: Automotive Coating, Coil Coating, Corrosion Protection, Decorative Paints, Emulsion Paints, Floorings, Industrial Coating, Paints & Coatings, Plastic Coating, Powder Coating, Roof tile Coating, Wood Coating.


Bayferrox 318 acts as a preparatory or protective coating that prevents rust formation on the ferrous metal surfaces exposed to humidity and air Payment.
Bayferrox 318 is widely used in many applications due as it is economical as compared to Synthetic Oxides.
Bayferrox 318 belongs to the product range of High Performance Pigments and fulfills the higher requirements necessary in the paint and coating industry.


In addition Bayferrox 318 is also applied in the plastic industry in the field of Wood Plastic Composites.
Bayferrox 318 can be used to color a wide variety of building materials.
Bayferrox 318 is delivered as powder and can be applied for the coloration of a wide variety of construction materials.
Use of Bayferrox 318: Colorants (pigments and dyestuffs), and inorganic


Applications of Bayferrox 318 includes Concrete Roofing Tiles, Construction material, Facade Elements, Fibre Cement, In Situ Concrete, Mortar, Noise Barriers, Paving Stones, Plaster, Screed.
Recommended use : Colorants (pigments and dyestuffs), inorganic
Bayferrox 318 can be used in the following industries Plastics , Paints & Coatings.


Bayferrox 318 is also suitable for industrial coatings, plastic coatings, roof tile coatings and wood coatings.
Application includes Paint,Coating,Construction Material,Paper
Applications of Bayferrox 318: Coating Pigment, Ink Pigments, Plastic & Rubber, DryPowder; PelletsLargeCrystals, OtherSolid, Pigment in paints, linoleum, ceramic glazes; in coloring glass; as a polishing compound; in the textile industry; in cathodes; as catalyst.


Bayferrox 318 is used as pigments and polishing agents, and can also be used in the manufacture of audio tapes and telecommunication equipment.
Bayferrox 318 directly added to the cement, for a variety of indoor and outdoor cement surface coloring, such as wall, balcony, ceiling and pillars, corridor, roads, parking lots, station, etc., as well as a variety of architectural pottery and glazed pottery, namely the face brick, floor tile, roof tile, panels, terrazzo, Mosaic brick, man-made marble, etc.


Applications of Bayferrox 318 includes Concrete Roofing Tiles, Construction, Construction material, Facade Elements, Fibre CementIn Situ Concrete, Mortar, Noise Barriers, Paving Stones, Plaster, Screed.
Applications of Bayferrox 318 includes Automotive Coating, Corrosion Protection, Decorative Paints, Emulsion Paints, Floorings, Industrial CoatingPaints & Coatings, Plastic and Rubber polymers, Plastic Coating, Plastic products, Roof tile Coating, Wood Coating, Wood Plastic Composites.


The main use of Bayferrox 318 is in soft-ferrite, paint, ceramic and glass manufacturing industries.
Bayferrox 318 is used in automotive coating, corrosion protection, decorative paints, floorings and emulsion paints.
Bayferrox 318 is used Building materials include walls, floors and marble, Paint materials include paints, preservatives, spray paint, Mosaic tiles, concrete production tiles, sidewalk tiles, colored tiles, etc.


Applications of Bayferrox 318 includes agriculture, ceramics, concrete vaults, constructions, facade elements, fiber cement, mortar, paving, bricks, tiles, construction materials, plaster, screed, etc.
Applications of Bayferrox 318: Red iron oxide is used for coloring of building, paint, plastic rubber, ink, porcelain, colored asphalt, paper dye, etc.



PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of BAYFERROX 318:
Color: Black
Delivery Form: Powder
Molar weight: 231.6
Color Index: 77499.0000
Fe3O4 Content [%]53: > 96.5
Loss on ignition at 1000 °C, 0.5 h [%] 5: < 5.0
Moisture content (after production) [%]: < 2.5
Particle shape: spherical
Predominant particle size [µm]: ~ 0.2
Oil absorption [g/100 g]: ~ 21
Tamped density [g/ml]: 0.8 - 1.2
Density [g/ml]: ~ 4.6
XLogP3: -0.48270
Appearance: black powder
Density: 5.15 g/cm3
Melting Point: 1538 °C(lit.)
Flash Point: 7 °C
Refractive Index: 3
Water Solubility: Insoluble in water and organic solvents.
soluble in concentrated mineral acids.
Molecular Weight:233.55
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count:2

Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count:4
Exact Mass:233.800115
Monoisotopic Mass:233.800115
Topological Polar Surface Area:74.6
Heavy Atom Count:7
Complexity:27.9
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count:3
Compound Is Canonicalized:Yes
Storage Conditions: 2-8°C
Appearance: Solid, powder
Colour: black
Odour: odourless
Odour Threshold: No data available
pH: 4 - 8
Concentration: 5 %
Melting point/range: 1,597 °C
Boiling point/boiling range: No data available
Flash point: No data available
Evaporation rate: No data available
Flammability (solid, gas): No data available
Upper explosion limit / Upper flammability limit: No data available
Lower explosion limit: No data available


Vapour pressure: No data available
Relative vapour density: No data available
Relative density: No data available
Density: 4.6 g/cm³ (20 °C)
Bulk density: 300 - 1,000 kg/m³
Water solubility: insoluble
Partition coefficient: noctanol/water: No data available
Ignition temperature: No data available
Decomposition temperature: > 80 °C




FIRST AID MEASURES of BAYFERROX 318:
-General advice:
Do not leave the victim unattended.
-If inhaled:
Move the victim to fresh air.
Loosen tight clothing such as a collar, tie, belt or waistband.
-In case of skin contact:
No special measures required.
-In case of eye contact:
Immediately flush eyes with plenty of water, occasionally lifting the upper and lower eyelids.
If easy to do, remove contact lens, if worn.
Continue to rinse for at least 10 minutes.
-If swallowed:
No special measures required.



ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of BAYFERROX 318:
-Environmental precautions:
*Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Sweep up and shovel.
Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.



FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of BAYFERROX 318:
-Suitable extinguishing media:
In case of fire, use water spray (fog), foam, dry chemical or CO₂.
-Unsuitable extinguishing media:
None known.
-Specific extinguishing methods:
Standard procedure for chemical fires.
Use extinguishing measures that are appropriate to local circumstances and the surrounding environment.



EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of BAYFERROX 318:
-Components with workplace control parameters:
Contains no substances with occupational exposure limit values.
-Engineering measures:
This information is not available.
-Personal protective equipment:
*Hand protection:
Wearing time : < 60 min
Material : Leather gloves
*Eye protection:
Safety glasses.



HANDLING and STORAGE of BAYFERROX 318:
-Advice on safe handling:
Smoking, eating and drinking should be prohibited in the application area.
*Hygiene measures:
When using do not eat, drink or smoke.
Wash face, hands and any exposed skin thoroughly after handling.
Wash contaminated clothing before reusing.
Hygiene measures General industrial hygiene practice.
-Conditions for safe storage:
Store in accordance with local regulations.
Store in original container protected from direct sunlight in a dry, cool and well-ventilated area, away from incompatible materials and food and drink.
Keep containers tightly closed in a dry, cool and wellventilated place.
*Recommended storage temperature: < 80 °C
-Further information on storage stability:
No decomposition if stored and applied as directed.



STABILITY and REACTIVITY of BAYFERROX 318:
-Reactivity:
No specific test data related to reactivity available for this product or its ingredients.
-Chemical stability:
No decomposition if stored and applied as directed.



SYNONYMS:
CI pigment black 11
Triiron tetraoxide
Black iron oxide pigment, C.I. PB 11
B FE 318
BAYFERROX 318
Iron oxide Pigment 318
Iron oxide (Fe3O4)
Ethiops iron
Ferrosoferric oxide
Triiron tetraoxide
Iron ferrite
MO 7029
Ferriferrous oxide (Fe3O4)
B FE 318
BAYFERROX 318
Iron oxide Pigment 318
Iron(II,III)oxide
Monodispersed magnetite microspheres
Iron(II) diiron(III) oxide
Fe NP NH2,FexOy,Magnetic iron
Bayferrox 318 M
73905-81-4
107720-80-9
118440-50-9
122391-58-6
139660-10-9
144856-04-2
170277-36-8
207621-21-4
208666-79-9
19674-87-0
224310-08-1
253310-51-9
514204-11-6
940941-19-5
942194-22-1
954415-69-1
1402398-17-7
1433983-76-6
1481694-60-3
1643773-71-0
1988696-47-4
2031170-98-4
2367641-45-8
2485759-59-7
Ferrofluid EMG
Ferrofluid EMG 705
Ferrofluid EMG 805
Magnetite (synthetic)
EPT 2000
TM 620
E 335
E 335 (oxide)
MB 22;TMB 105T
Bayferrox Black 318
EPT 1002
Bayferrox 316
Coating-Black 8318M (XA)
Coating-Black 8390 (XA)
Bayferrox 330
Bayferrox 330
BAYFERROX® 306
BAYFERROX® 318 M
IRON OXIDE BLACK
HYROX 318 BLACK
Coating-Black 318 (XA)
Coating-Black 760 (XA)
Coating-Black 8310 (XA)
Iron Oxide Black BK-5599
Iron oxide black pigment, synthetic, C.I. PB 11
Black iron oxide pigment, C.I. PB 11
Iron oxide black, C.I. Pigment Black 11
Iron oxide black
Triiron tetroxide
Iron oxide black
FW 17134
BK 5099
MO 4232
MO 8029
FW 1790
Ferriferrous oxide
MO 4431
BM 611
B 6 (oxide)
B 6
IO Black 318
EFV 100/200
MG-WS
Color MAT 220
Ferrix 8600
Iron oxide
AX 3000
EPP 2000
Bayferrox 8010
TEFV
TEFV 200/300
Z 250
TEFV 250/400
Bayferrox 330
Bayferrox 318
MION 37
MION 46
Bayferrox 306
MG-WMK
KFH-NA
MTA 740
MTA 230
KBN 400
SM 200 (oxide)
SM 200
MTS 010
MG 1306
MG 9300
Tarox BL 500
Tarox BL 200
Tarox BL 100
MG 1300
EC 371 (metal oxide)
EC 301
SPBL
Ferroferric oxide
BL-SP;MAT 230
MAT 305
Tarox EL 100
EPT 5000
SM 350
HR 370H
EMG 900
TTR 840
SM 400 (oxide)
MX 030A
BL 10 (oxide)
BL 400;MTC 01
BL 100
BL 10
S 2
MTC 01 (oxide)
Nanotek Fe3O4
Z 250 (oxide)
MF 100 (ferrite)
MF 100
MTS 305
LP
LH
Ferrofluid EMG 707
MTH 009F
EPT 305
Bayferrox 320
B 2550
EPM 012S1
ABL 205
MAT 206
BK 45
Ferroxide 77
Colortherm 303T
HR 390H
EPM 0045F
ABL 207
BL 100P
MTH 310
MTA 710
EMG 805
W 11
Duploxide 88P
MGR 22
Spherox
Magnox B 353
Dittany B 77499
Ferrotec EMG 705
Tarox Black BL 100
Bayoxide E 8709
SM 350NV
MTS 106
Tarox BL 100P
Bayoxide E 8713H
Bayoxide E 8706
E 8706
Bayoxide E 8710
IRON OXIDE BLACK G2330/TJ779
IRON OXIDE BLACK IOX B 03
Bayferrox 316
Bayferrox 306
Bayferrox 318
Iron Oxide Black 0098
Iron oxide black
Black iron oxide pigment
C.I. PB 11 - 77499

BAYFERROX 318 M
BAYFERROX 318 M = IRON (II,III) OXIDE


CAS Number: 1317-61-9
EC number: 215-277-5
Molecular Formula: Fe3O4




Bayferrox 318 M is a micronized iron oxide black pigment.
Bayferrox 318 M is a high performance pigment.
Bayferrox 318 M is a micronized iron oxide black pigment.
Bayferrox 318 M fulfills the higher requirements necessary in the paint and coating industry.


In addition Bayferrox 318 M is also applied in the plastic industry in the field of Wood Plastic Composites.
Bayferrox 318 M has well-balanced properties concerning dispersibility, applicable heat resistance, shade and tinting strength.
Bayferrox 318 M is a micronized iron oxide black pigment.
Bayferrox 318 M is a high performance pigment.


The micronised Bayferrox 318 M is a black pigment with well-balanced propertiesconceming dispersibility,heat resistance, shade and tinting strength.
Characteristics of Bayferrox 318 M is Optimised synthesis of shade, color strength and heat stability.
Bayferrox 318 M is an iron oxide black pigment.
Bayferrox 318 M is delivered as powder and can be applied for the coloration of a wide variety of construction materials.


Bayferrox 318 M is manufactured using the Laux-process which stands for high quality and application advantages.
As a result of the manufacturing process (Laux-process), which includes a high temperature calcining step, Bayferrox 318 M has a higher intrinsic hardness than other precipitated pigments as well as outstanding heat stability.
Bayferrox 318 M fulfills the higher requirements necessary in the paint and coating industry.


Bayferrox 318 M has well-balanced properties concerning dispersibility, applicable heat resistance, shade and tinting strength.
Bayferrox 318 M is Very low proportion of pigment agglomerates due to micronization.
Bayferrox 318 M is an iron oxide.|Iron (II,III) oxide (Fe3O4).
Bayferrox 318 M is a black ore of IRON that forms opaque crystals and exerts strong magnetism.


Bayferrox 318 M is obtained by heating ferrous sulfate to above 1000℃.
Bayferrox 318 M is derived from the action of air, water vapor or carbon dioxide on iron.
Bayferrox 318 M are widespread in nature and play an important role in many geological and biological processes.
Bayferrox 318 M is a synthetic iron oxide with the color index name Pigment Black 11 (PBk11).


Bayferrox 318 M is a micronized pigment.
Insoluble in water, alkaline solution and organic solvents such as ethanol and ether.
Bayferrox 318 M is insoluble in acid solution, and is easily oxidized to iron oxide (Fe2O3) in the air in a humid state.
Bayferrox 318 M should be stored in a dry, ventilated and clean warehouse, lightly packed to prevent moisture and heat, and rain and moisture during transportation.


Bayferrox 318 M is very resistant to color change during high energy dispersion processes.
Bayferrox 318 M is the resultant of the combined reaction of Iron (Fe) and Oxygen (O2).
Bayferrox 318 M is a by-product from the acid regeneration plant, where in the spent acid from the pickling line is processed to recover and reuse the acid.


Bayferrox 318 M is a micronized iron oxide black pigment.
Bayferrox 318 M is a high performance pigment.
Bayferrox 318 M is a micronized, black iron oxide pigment.
Bayferrox 318 M is an inorganic pigment.



USES and APPLICATIONS of BAYFERROX 318 M:
Bayferrox 318 M is used in automotive coating, corrosion protection, decorative paints, floorings and emulsion paints.
Bayferrox 318 M is used for Plastics include thermosetting plastics, thermoplastic coloring and plastic runway, etc
Bayferrox 318 M is also applied in the plastic industry in the field of Wood Plastic Composites.


Bayferrox 318 M is used for Coating Pigment, Ink Pigments, Plastic & Rubber, DryPowder; PelletsLargeCrystals, OtherSolid
Pigment in paints, linoleum, ceramic glazes; in coloring glass; as a polishing compound; in the textile industry; in cathodes; as catalyst.
Bayferrox 318 M is also suitable for industrial coatings, plastic coatings, roof tile coatings and wood coatings.
Used as Additive, Corrosion inhibitors, Pigment, Color pigments dyes, Inorganic.


Bayferrox 318 M acts as a preparatory or protective coating that prevents rust formation on the ferrous metal surfaces exposed to humidity and air Payment.
Bayferrox 318 M are used as dyes or colorants in a variety of precast concrete components and construction products and materials.
Bayferrox 318 M is used for coloring of building, paint, plastic rubber, ink, porcelain, colored asphalt, paper dye, etc.


Bayferrox 318 M is used for Building materials include walls, floors and marble, Paint materials include paints, preservatives, spray paint, Mosaic tiles, concrete production tiles, sidewalk tiles, colored tiles, etc.
Bayferrox 318 M is used in Coatings, Powder, Coatings Industrial, Automotive, Architectural.
Bayferrox 318 M can be used in the following industries Plastics , Paints & Coatings and used as Inorganic Pigments , Pigments & Dyes.


Applications of Bayferrox 318 M includes agriculture, ceramics, concrete vaults, constructions, facade elements, fiber cement, mortar, paving, bricks, tiles, construction materials, plaster, screed, etc.
Bayferrox 318 M is used as pigments and polishing agents, and can also be used in the manufacture of audio tapes and telecommunication equipment.


Bayferrox 318 M is widely used in many applications due as it is economical as compared to Synthetic Oxides.
Bayferrox 318 M is anti-corrosive and has inertness to alkali and chemicals which makes its very viable for making of paint, protective coating for steels, cement coloring, NPK Fertilizers, paving tiles.
Bayferrox 318 M can be applied as Inorganic Pigments , Pigments & Dyes.


Bayferrox 318 M is used in Concrete Roofing Tiles, Construction, Construction material, Facade Elements, Fibre CementIn Situ Concrete, Mortar, Noise Barriers, Paving Stones, Plaster, Screed.
Bayferrox 318 M is used in Automotive Coating, Corrosion Protection, Decorative Paints, Emulsion Paints, Floorings, Industrial CoatingPaints & Coatings, Plastic and Rubber polymers, Plastic Coating, Plastic products, Roof tile Coating, Wood Coating, Wood Plastic Composites.


Bayferrox 318 M is used in automotive coating, corrosion protection, decorative paints, floorings and emulsion paints.
Bayferrox 318 M is also suitable for industrial coatings, plastic coatings, roof tile coatings and wood coatings.
The main applications for Bayferrox 318 M are as follows: Automotive Coating, Coil Coating, Corrosion Protection, Decorative Paints, Emulsion Paints, Floorings, Industrial Coating, Paints & Coatings, Plastic Coating, Powder Coating, Roof tile Coating, Wood Coating.


The main use of Bayferrox 318 M is in soft-ferrite, paint, ceramic and glass manufacturing industries.
Used in automotive coating, corrosion protection, decorative paints, floorings and emulsion paints.
Bayferrox 318 M is also suitable for industrial coatings, plastic coatings, roof tile coatings and wood coatings.
Bayferrox 318 M is used in Paint, Coating, Construction Material, Paper.


Recommended use of Bayferrox 318 M is Colorants (pigments and dyestuffs), inorganic.
Bayferrox 318 M is used in Concrete Roofing Tiles, Construction material, Facade Elements, Fibre Cement, In Situ Concrete, Mortar, Noise Barriers, Paving Stones, Plaster, Screed.
Bayferrox 318 M can be used in the following industries Plastics , Paints & Coatings.


Bayferrox 318 M are used as iron ores, pigments, catalysts, and in thermite, and occur in hemoglobin.
Bayferrox 318 M are inexpensive and durable pigments in paints, coatings and colored concretes.
Use of Bayferrox 318 M: Colorants (pigments and dyestuffs), and inorganic.
Bayferrox 318 M is extensively used in construction.



PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of BAYFERROX 318 M:
Density: 4.6 g/ml
pH: 4 - 8
Humidity: Color index: pigment black 11 (77499)
Oil absorbtion: 21 %
Loss on ignition: Fe3O4 content: >96.8 %
water soluble content: <0.7%
XLogP3: -0.48270
Appearance: black powder
Density: 5.15 g/cm3
Melting Point: 1538 °C(lit.)
Flash Point: 7 °C

Refractive Index: 3
Water Solubility: Insoluble in water and organic solvents
Molecular Weight: 233.55
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 2
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 4
Exact Mass: 233.800115
Monoisotopic Mass: 233.800115
Topological Polar Surface Area: 74.6
Heavy Atom Count: 7
Complexity: 27.9
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 3
Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes

Storage Conditions: 2-8°C
APPEARANCE: BLACK POWDER
CONTENT OF Fe3O4: 90% min
pH VALUE: 5-8
DENSITY: 4.5 g/ml
SHADE: CLOSE TO STANDARD
OIL ABSORPTION: 10-20%
RESIDUE ON 320 MESH: 0.3% max
WATER SOLUBLE: 0.3% max
VOLATITE 105 °C: 1.0% max
TINTING STRENGTH: 98-102 %



FIRST AID MEASURES of BAYFERROX 318 M:
-If inhaled:
Move the victim to fresh air.
Get medical attention if symptoms occur.
Loosen tight clothing such as a collar, tie, belt or waistband.
-In case of skin contact:
No special measures required.
-In case of eye contact:
Immediately flush eyes with plenty of water, occasionally lifting the upper and lower eyelids.
If easy to do, remove contact lens, if worn.
Continue to rinse for at least 10 minutes.
-If swallowed:
No special measures required.



ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of BAYFERROX 318 M:
-Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures:
Use personal protective equipment.
-Environmental precautions:
*Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Sweep up and shovel.
Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.



FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of BAYFERROX 318 M:
-Suitable extinguishing media:
In case of fire, use water spray (fog), foam, dry chemical or CO₂.
-Unsuitable extinguishing media:
None known.
-Specific extinguishing methods:
Standard procedure for chemical fires.



EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of BAYFERROX 318 M:
-Engineering measures:
This information is not available.
-Personal protective equipment:
*Hand protection:
Wearing time : < 60 min
Material : Leather gloves
*Eye protection:
Safety glasses.



HANDLING and STORAGE of BAYFERROX 318 M:
-Advice on safe handling:
Smoking, eating and drinking should be prohibited in the application area.
-Hygiene measures:
When using do not eat, drink or smoke.
Wash contaminated clothing before reusing.
General industrial hygiene practice.
-Conditions for safe storage:
Store in accordance with local regulations.
Store in original container protected from direct sunlight in a dry, cool and well-ventilated area, away from incompatible materials and food and drink.
Keep containers tightly closed in a dry, cool and wellventilated place.
Electrical installations / working materials must comply with the technological safety standards.
*Recommended storage temperature: < 80 °C
-Further information on storage stability:
No decomposition if stored and applied as directed.



STABILITY and REACTIVITY of BAYFERROX 318 M:
-Reactivity:
No specific test data related to reactivity available for this product or its ingredients.
-Chemical stability:
No decomposition if stored and applied as directed.



SYNONYMS:
Triiron tetraoxide
Black iron oxide pigment, C.I. PB 11
B FE 318
BAYFERROX 318
BK 45
Ferroxide 77
Colortherm 303T
HR 390H
EPM 0045F
ABL 207
BL 100P
MTH 310
MTA 710
EMG 805
W 11
Duploxide 88P
MGR 22
Spherox
Magnox B 353
Dittany B 77499
Ferrotec EMG 705
Tarox Black BL 100
Bayoxide E 8709
SM 350NV
MTS 106
Tarox BL 100P
Bayoxide E 8713H
Bayoxide E 8706
E 8706
Bayoxide E 8710
Iron oxide Pigment 318
Iron oxide (Fe3O4)
Ethiops iron
Ferrosoferric oxide
Triiron tetraoxide
Iron ferrite
MO 7029
Ferriferrous oxide (Fe3O4)
Iron(II,III)oxide
Monodispersed magnetite microspheres
Iron(II) diiron(III) oxide
Fe NP NH2,FexOy,Magnetic iron
Bayferrox 318 M
Coating-Black 318 (XA)
Coating-Black 760 (XA)
Coating-Black 8310 (XA)
Coating-Black 8318M (XA)
Coating-Black 8390 (XA)
Bayferrox 330
Triiron tetroxide
Iron oxide black
FW 17134
BK 5099
MO 4232
MO 8029
FW 1790
Ferriferrous oxide
MO 4431
BM 611
B 6 (oxide)
B 6
IO Black 318
EFV 100/200
MG-WS
Color MAT 220
Ferrix 8600
Iron oxide
AX 3000
EPP 2000
Bayferrox 8010
TEFV
TEFV 200/300
Z 250
TEFV 250/400
Bayferrox 330
Bayferrox 318
MION 37
MION 46
Bayferrox 306
MG-WMK
Bayferrox 330
BAYFERROX® 306
BAYFERROX® 318 M
IRON OXIDE BLACK
HYROX 318 BLACK
IRON OXIDE BLACK G2330/TJ779
IRON OXIDE BLACK IOX B 03
Bayferrox 316
Bayferrox 306
Bayferrox 318
KFH-NA
MTA 740
MTA 230
KBN 400
SM 200 (oxide)
SM 200
Ferrofluid EMG
Ferrofluid EMG 705
Ferrofluid EMG 805
Magnetite (synthetic)
EPT 2000
TM 620
E 335
E 335 (oxide)
MB 22;TMB 105T
Bayferrox Black 318
EPT 1002
Bayferrox 316
MTS 010
MG 1306
MG 9300
Tarox BL 500
Tarox BL 200
Tarox BL 100
Iron Oxide Black 0098
Iron oxide black
Black iron oxide pigment
C.I. PB 11 - 77499
Iron Oxide Black BK-5599
Iron oxide black pigment, synthetic, C.I. PB 11
Black iron oxide pigment, C.I. PB 11
Iron oxide black, C.I. Pigment Black 11
Iron oxide black
CI pigment black 11
BAYFERROX 4330

Bayferrox 4330 is an iron oxide black pigment.
Bayferrox 4330 is delivered as powder and can be applied for the coloration of a wide variety from construction materials, paint & coating, plastics to paper etc.
Bayferrox 4330 is a trade name for a specific pigment that belongs to the family of iron oxide pigments.

CAS Number: 1317-61-9



APPLICATIONS


Bayferrox 4330 is used in the manufacturing of asphalt shingles, contributing to their black color and UV resistance.
Bayferrox 4330 finds application in the production of black-colored adhesives and sealants, enhancing their visual appeal.
Bayferrox 4330 is employed in the coloring of ceramic glazes, allowing for the creation of black ceramic tiles, pottery, and decorative items.

Bayferrox 4330 is used in the formulation of black-colored industrial markers and pens.
Bayferrox 4330 finds application in the production of black-colored rubber floorings, mats, and sports surfaces.

Bayferrox 4330 is utilized in the manufacturing of black-colored rubber gaskets and seals for various industries.
Bayferrox 4330 is employed in the coloring of black plastics used in electronic devices, appliances, and automotive components.

Bayferrox 4330 is used in the formulation of black coatings for metal surfaces to provide corrosion resistance and visual appeal.
Bayferrox 4330 finds application in the production of black-colored PVC pipes and fittings for plumbing and construction.
Bayferrox 4330 is used in the coloring of black synthetic fibers and textiles, including fabrics, carpets, and upholstery.

Bayferrox 4330 is employed in the formulation of black ink for printing banknotes and security documents.
Bayferrox 4330 finds application in the production of black-colored plastic films used in packaging and agricultural applications.

Bayferrox 4330 is used in the coloring of black automotive parts and components, such as interior trim and exterior body parts.
Bayferrox 4330 is employed in the production of black-colored coatings for steel structures, bridges, and industrial equipment.

Bayferrox 4330 finds application in the formulation of black inks for ballpoint pens, gel pens, and other writing instruments.
Bayferrox 4330 is used in the coloring of black candles, providing an aesthetically pleasing and consistent color.
Bayferrox 4330 is employed in the manufacturing of black-colored artificial leather and synthetic materials.

Bayferrox 4330 finds application in the production of black-colored electrical cables and wires.
Bayferrox 4330 is used in the coloring of black carbon paper and carbon-based copy materials.

Bayferrox 4330 is employed in the formulation of black-colored toners for laser printers and photocopiers.
Bayferrox 4330 finds application in the production of black-colored magnetic inks used in magnetic stripe cards and bank checks.

Bayferrox 4330 is used in the coloring of black-colored mortar joints in brick and stone masonry.
Bayferrox 4330 is employed in the manufacturing of black-colored safety equipment and protective gear.

Bayferrox 4330 finds application in the production of black-colored rubber mulch for landscaping and playground surfaces.
Bayferrox 4330 is used in the coloring of black automotive tires, providing a visually appealing and uniform black appearance.


Bayferrox 4330, an iron oxide black pigment, has various applications across different industries.
Here are some common applications of Bayferrox 4330:

Construction Materials:
Bayferrox 4330 is used for coloring a wide range of construction materials such as concrete, cement, mortars, bricks, paving stones, tiles, and architectural surfaces.
Bayferrox 4330 provides durable and consistent black coloration, enhancing the aesthetic appeal of these materials.

Coatings and Paints:
Bayferrox 4330 is employed in the formulation of coatings and paints, including architectural coatings, industrial coatings, automotive coatings, and protective coatings.
Bayferrox 4330 helps achieve a deep black color with excellent coverage and UV resistance.

Plastics and Masterbatches:
Bayferrox 4330 is utilized in the plastic industry for coloring plastic products and masterbatches.
Bayferrox 4330 imparts a black hue to plastics, including polyolefins, PVC, engineering plastics, and thermosetting plastics, enhancing their visual appeal.

Rubber Products:
Bayferrox 4330 is used for coloring rubber products such as tires, conveyor belts, gaskets, seals, and various rubber components.
Bayferrox 4330 improves the aesthetics and visual consistency of rubber materials.

Paper and Printing Inks:
Bayferrox 4330 finds application in the paper industry for coloring paper and paperboard.
Bayferrox 4330 is also used in printing inks, including offset inks, gravure inks, and flexographic inks, providing a strong and deep black color.

Cosmetics:
In the cosmetic industry, Bayferrox 4330 can be employed as a colorant in cosmetic formulations such as foundations, eyeliners, mascaras, and other makeup products where a black pigment is desired.

Art and Crafts:
The pigment is utilized by artists and crafters for various art and craft projects, including painting, sculpture, ceramics, and DIY crafts, where a black color is desired.


In addition to the applications mentioned earlier, Bayferrox 4330, an iron oxide black pigment, has other notable applications. Here are some additional uses:

Inkjet Printing:
Bayferrox 4330 is employed as a colorant in inkjet inks, contributing to the production of high-quality prints with deep black tones.
Bayferrox 4330 helps achieve sharp and well-defined images.

Tinting Systems:
Bayferrox 4330 is incorporated into tinting systems used in the paint and coating industry.
These systems allow for the custom coloration of paints and coatings by blending different pigments, including Bayferrox 4330, to achieve specific shades.

Industrial and Powder Coatings:
Bayferrox 4330 finds application in various industrial coatings and powder coatings, such as those used for metal surfaces, appliances, machinery, and furniture.
Bayferrox 4330 offers excellent adhesion and resistance to abrasion.

Wood Stains:
Bayferrox 4330 is used in wood stain formulations to provide a black or dark tint to wooden surfaces.
Bayferrox 4330 can be employed in interior and exterior wood staining applications.

Colorants for Building Materials:
Bayferrox 4330 is utilized as a colorant in various building materials beyond concrete and cement.
Bayferrox 4330 can be incorporated into products such as grouts, adhesives, renders, and stuccos to achieve black coloration.

Fertilizers:
In some cases, iron oxide black pigments like Bayferrox 4330 are added to fertilizers to impart a dark color, aiding in their visual identification and application control.

Asphalt and Bitumen Products:
Bayferrox 4330 is employed in the asphalt and bitumen industry for coloring asphalt mixtures and bitumen-based products.
Bayferrox 4330 helps achieve black coloration and enhances the visual appearance of roads, pavements, and roofing materials.

Magnetic Recording Media:
Bayferrox 4330 is sometimes used in the production of magnetic recording media, such as magnetic tapes and disks, where its magnetic properties contribute to data storage capabilities.


Bayferrox 4330 is extensively used for coloring construction materials, such as concrete, cement, and architectural surfaces.
Bayferrox 4330 imparts a deep and consistent black color to concrete products, including paving stones, tiles, and precast elements.

Bayferrox 4330 enhances the visual appeal of architectural surfaces, providing a sleek and modern aesthetic.
Bayferrox 4330 finds application in various coatings and paints, ranging from industrial coatings to automotive finishes.
Bayferrox 4330 contributes to the formulation of black paints and coatings with excellent coverage, durability, and resistance to weathering.

Bayferrox 4330 is employed in the plastic industry to color plastic products, masterbatches, and compounds.
Bayferrox 4330 helps achieve a rich black hue in plastics, such as polyolefins, PVC, and engineering plastics.

Bayferrox 4330 improves the visual consistency and appeal of rubber products, including tires, belts, and seals.
Bayferrox 4330 provides a black coloration that enhances the overall appearance and branding of rubber materials.

Bayferrox 4330 is used in the paper industry for coloring paper and paperboard, enabling the production of black-themed products.
Bayferrox 4330 is incorporated into printing inks, including offset, gravure, and flexographic inks, to achieve intense black prints.
Bayferrox 4330 is employed as a colorant in inkjet inks, resulting in high-quality prints with sharp black images.

Bayferrox 4330 is utilized in the formulation of cosmetic products, such as foundations, eyeliners, and mascaras.
Bayferrox 4330 adds a black pigment to cosmetic formulations, enhancing the visual impact and versatility of makeup products.

Bayferrox 4330 finds application in art and crafts projects, where artists and crafters use it to achieve black coloration in their creations.
Bayferrox 4330 is employed in tinting systems, allowing for custom coloration of paints and coatings by blending different pigments.

Bayferrox 4330 is used in industrial coatings, providing a durable and attractive black finish to metal surfaces, appliances, and machinery.
Bayferrox 4330 is utilized in powder coatings, offering excellent adhesion and resistance to abrasion in a black color.
Wood stain formulations benefit from the addition of Bayferrox 4330, as it provides a black or dark tint to wooden surfaces.

Bayferrox 4330 is used as a colorant in grouts, adhesives, renders, and stuccos, allowing for black coloration in various building materials.
Bayferrox 4330 can be added to fertilizers to provide a dark color, aiding in visual identification and application control.

Bayferrox 4330 is employed in the asphalt and bitumen industry, coloring asphalt mixtures and bitumen-based products for roads and roofing materials.
Bayferrox 4330 finds application in the production of magnetic recording media, such as tapes and disks, due to its magnetic properties.

Bayferrox 4330 is utilized in the formulation of industrial products, where a black pigment is desired for aesthetic or functional purposes.
Its versatility and reliability make Bayferrox 4330 a preferred choice for achieving intense and durable black coloration in a wide range of applications.



DESCRIPTION


Bayferrox 4330 is an iron oxide black pigment.
Bayferrox 4330 is delivered as powder and can be applied for the coloration of a wide variety from construction materials, paint & coating, plastics to paper etc.

Bayferrox 4330 is a trade name for a specific pigment that belongs to the family of iron oxide pigments.
Iron oxide pigments are inorganic compounds that are widely used as colorants in various applications due to their excellent color stability, durability, and chemical resistance. Bayferrox 4330 is a red iron oxide pigment, also known as synthetic iron oxide red.

Iron oxide pigments are commonly used in industries such as construction, coatings, paints, plastics, ceramics, and cosmetics.
They provide vibrant and long-lasting color to a wide range of products.
These pigments have high tinting strength, good dispersibility, and are resistant to fading, UV degradation, and weathering.


Bayferrox 4330 offers excellent color stability and resistance to fading.
Bayferrox 4330 is widely used for coloration in various industries and applications.

Bayferrox 4330 is commonly employed in the production of construction materials.
Bayferrox 4330 imparts a rich black hue to concrete and cement-based products.
Bayferrox 4330 provides durable coloration for architectural surfaces such as paving stones and tiles.

Bayferrox 4330 is also suitable for use in coatings and paints.
Bayferrox 4330 contributes to the formulation of black paints with excellent coverage.

Bayferrox 4330 is often utilized in the production of plastics and masterbatches.
Bayferrox 4330 can be incorporated into plastic products to achieve a deep black color.

Bayferrox 4330 offers good heat stability and compatibility with various plastic polymers.
Bayferrox 4330 finds application in the coloring of rubber products.

Bayferrox 4330 enhances the visual appeal of rubber components and materials.
Bayferrox 4330 is suitable for use in paper and printing inks.
Bayferrox 4330 imparts a strong black color to paper products and printing applications.

Bayferrox 4330 exhibits excellent lightfastness, ensuring long-lasting color retention.
Bayferrox 4330 is chemically stable and resistant to weathering.

Bayferrox 4330 has a low heavy metal content, meeting stringent regulatory requirements.
Bayferrox 4330 is non-toxic and environmentally friendly.

Bayferrox 4330 is easy to handle and disperse, facilitating efficient manufacturing processes.
Bayferrox 4330 offers consistent quality and reliable performance.

Bayferrox 4330 can be customized and blended with other pigments to achieve desired color effects.
Bayferrox 4330 is a trusted choice for achieving intense and durable black coloration.



PROPERTIES


Chemical Formula: Fe3O4 (Iron(II,III) oxide)
Molecular Weight: Approximately 231.53 g/mol
Appearance: Fine powder
Color: Deep black
Odor: Odorless
Density: 4.9 - 5.1 g/cm³
Melting Point: ~ 1,560 °C
Solubility: Insoluble in water and organic solvents
pH Value (10% suspension): ~ 6-9
Oil Absorption: ~ 12-18 g/100g
Tinting Strength: High
Weather Resistance: Excellent
Lightfastness: Excellent
Heat Stability: Stable at high temperatures
Chemical Stability: Chemically stable under normal conditions
Toxicity: Non-toxic when used as intended
Compatibility: Compatible with various binders and matrix materials
Dispersion: Easy to disperse in different media
Abrasion Resistance: Provides good resistance to abrasion
UV Resistance: Offers high resistance to UV degradation
Magnetic Properties: Non-magnetic
Particle Size Distribution: Controlled and tailored for specific applications
Heavy Metal Content: Low heavy metal content, complying with regulatory requirements
Moisture Sensitivity: Low sensitivity to moisture
Environmental Impact: Environmentally friendly with low environmental impact



FIRST AID


Inhalation:

If inhaled, remove the affected person to fresh air and ensure they are in a well-ventilated area.
If the person is experiencing difficulty breathing, provide oxygen if available and seek medical attention promptly.
If breathing has stopped, administer artificial respiration and seek immediate medical assistance.


Skin Contact:

In case of skin contact, immediately remove contaminated clothing and rinse the affected area with plenty of water.
Gently cleanse the skin using mild soap and lukewarm water, ensuring thorough rinsing.
If skin irritation or allergic reactions occur, seek medical advice and show the product's Safety Data Sheet (SDS) to the healthcare professional.


Eye Contact:

In case of eye contact, immediately rinse the eyes with gently flowing water for at least 15 minutes, holding the eyelids open to ensure thorough irrigation.
Remove contact lenses if present and easily removable.
Seek immediate medical attention, ensuring to bring along the container or label of the product for proper identification.


Ingestion:

If swallowed, do not induce vomiting unless instructed to do so by medical professionals.
Rinse the mouth thoroughly with water, ensuring not to swallow the water.
Seek immediate medical attention and provide the healthcare professional with the product's label or Safety Data Sheet (SDS).


General First Aid:

In all cases, regardless of the route of exposure, it is essential to seek medical attention promptly.
Provide the medical personnel with all relevant information about the product, including its name, composition, and any known hazards.
If assisting someone else, ensure your own safety first before rendering aid.
Keep the affected person calm and reassured during the first aid process.



HANDLING AND STORAGE


Handling:

Personal Protective Equipment (PPE):
Wear appropriate PPE, including safety goggles or glasses, gloves, and protective clothing, to minimize skin and eye contact during handling.

Ventilation:
Use the product in a well-ventilated area or ensure adequate local exhaust ventilation to control airborne dust levels.

Avoid Inhalation:
Avoid breathing in dust or fumes generated during handling. Use respiratory protection, such as a dust mask, if necessary.

Hygiene Practices:
Practice good personal hygiene, including thorough handwashing after handling the product.
Avoid eating, drinking, or smoking in areas where the product is handled.

Spill Management:
In the event of a spill, minimize dust generation and contain the spill using appropriate methods, such as vacuuming or sweeping with a damp cloth or mop.
Avoid creating airborne dust.
Dispose of the spilled material according to local regulations.

Static Electricity:
Take precautions to prevent the buildup of static electricity, as it can increase the risk of fire or explosion.
Use grounding devices when transferring or handling the product.


Storage:

Storage Conditions:
Store Bayferrox 4330 in a cool, dry, and well-ventilated area away from direct sunlight and incompatible materials.

Temperature:
Maintain storage temperatures within the recommended range specified by the manufacturer.

Moisture Control:
Protect the product from excessive moisture, as it may cause clumping or alteration of its properties.

Fire Safety:
Keep the product away from sources of ignition, open flames, and heat sources.

Packaging Integrity:
Ensure the integrity of the original packaging to prevent spills, contamination, or damage to the product.

Proper Labeling:
Clearly label the containers with the product name, batch number, date of manufacture, and any relevant safety information.

Separate from Incompatible Materials:
Store Bayferrox 4330 away from strong oxidizing agents, acids, and other incompatible substances, as it may react with them.

Accessibility:
Store the product in a designated area that is easily accessible and clearly marked.



SYNONYMS


Iron oxide black
Ferrosoferric oxide
Magnetite
Black iron oxide
Black pigment
Iron(II,III) oxide
Black oxide of iron
Fe3O4
Synthetic black iron oxide
Pigment Black 11
CI Pigment Black 11
C.I. 77499
Ferroxyde Noir
Nero Magnetico
Schwarz Eisenoxid
Eisen(II,III)-oxid Schwarz
Ferroxido de Hierro Negro
Ferrosoferric Oxide Black
Black Magnetic Oxide
Fe3O4 Black Pigment
Iron(II,III) Black Oxide
Synthetic Magnetite
Iron(II,III) Ferrous Ferric Oxide
Fe3O4 Black Powder
Ferroferric Oxide Black
Iron black
Black iron powder
Ferrous ferric oxide
Iron(II,III) black oxide
Fe3O4 pigment
Synthetic magnetite black
Black oxide of iron (II,III)
Black ferric oxide
Iron(II,III) magnetic black
Ferrosoferric black oxide
Magnetite black pigment
Black iron oxide powder
Fe3O4 black coloring
Magnetic iron oxide black
Black iron oxide pigment
Iron(II,III) oxide black
Synthetic black magnetite
Ferroferric black oxide
Black iron trioxide
Magnetic iron black pigment
Black ferric ferrous oxide
Iron(II,III) magnetite black
Fe3O4 black coloring agent
Synthetic iron oxide black
Ferrosoferric oxide black pigment
Ferrous iron oxide black
Fe3O4 black powder
Black magnetic iron pigment
Iron trioxide black
Ferrosoferric oxide black powder
Synthetic black iron oxide pigment
Black magnetic iron(II,III) oxide
Iron(II,III) oxide magnetic black
Ferrosoferric magnetic black
Iron(II,III) oxide black powder
Black ferric ferrous magnetic oxide
Fe3O4 magnetite black pigment
Synthetic black ferric oxide
Magnetic black iron trioxide
Black iron oxide coloring agent
Ferroferric magnetic black oxide
Iron(II,III) oxide black coloring
Fe3O4 black magnetic powder
Black iron magnetic pigment
Synthetic magnetite black powder
Ferrosoferric magnetic black pigment
Iron(II,III) black magnetic oxide
Fe3O4 black coloring powder
Black iron oxide magnetic pigment
Magnetic iron(II,III) oxide black
BAYFERROX 4905
Bayferrox 4905 is a greenish iron oxide yellow pigment.
Bayferrox 4905 is delivered as powder and can be applied for the coloration of a wide variety of construction materials.
Bayferrox 4905 displays a notably reduced oil absorption and excellent dispersibility.

CAS: 51274-00-1
MF: Fe2O3
MW: 159.69
EINECS: 257-098-5

Synonyms
C.I.Pigmentyellow42;Transparentironoxideyellow;RAW UMBER;ROUGE;SIENNA BURNT;SIENNA;NR RED IRON OXIDE;YELLOW FERRIC OXIDE;AC 2544;AZ138;Ariabel Yellow 300407;Bayferrox 3910;Bayferrox 3950;Bayferrox 420;Bayferrox 920;Bayferrox 930;Bayferrox Yellow 420;Burnt Sienna TY;C 7055;CM 3FA70ERH;CWD 8942;Cappoxyt Yellow 4214;Dittany Y 77492;EC 481;GA 7311;Goethite yellow;Iron Oxide Orange Transparent 188VN;Iron Oxide Yellow 214501;Iron Oxide Yellow 420;Iron OxideYellow Transp. 088VN;Iron hydroxide oxideyellow;L 1;L 1916;L 1918;LL 100PD;Mapico Yellow 1050;Mapico Yellow 5;Oxide Yellow 3910;PW 895;PY 42;R 131CN;Sicoflush P Yellow 1916;Sicotrans Gold L 1916;Sicotrans Yellow L 1918;Sicovit Yellow 10;Syn-Ox HTR 820;Synthetic yellow iron oxidepigment;Tarox Yellow Lemon;Timbasol PW 895;TodaColor Y 2;Toda Yellow 48;Unipure LC 182;Unisperse Yellow Oxide M-S;YB 3100;YO 2087;YZ 1688;Yellow YB 3100;Zh 1;Yellow iron oxide;

Bayferrox 4905 by Lanxess is a light yellow iron oxide pigment.
Bayferrox 4905 is an inorganic pigment.
Bayferrox 4905 is delivered as powder and can be applied for automotive coating, coil coating, decorative paints, emulsion paints, industrial coating, plastic coating, powder coating, roof tile coating and wood coating.
Bayferrox 4905, also known as Yellow Iron oxide is a yellow powder in the form of an alkaline oxide with comparatively stable chemical properties.
Bayferrox 4905 is is insoluble in water and alcohol, slightly soluble in acids but completely dissolves in concentrated hydrochloric acid.
When heated to 80℃, Bayferrox 4905 loses water and converts to red ferric oxide.
Bayferrox 4905 is used in coating, printing ink and paint, and also as a coloring agent for building material, rubber and paper-making.
Bayferrox 4905 is widely used due to its bright and pure colour, good weather proofing and high opacity.
Bayferrox 4905 is manufactured by the precipitation of ferric oxide hydroxide followed by purification through washing, drying and milling.
Bayferrox 4905 is a synthetic iron oxide alpha FeOOH with the color index PY 42 (yellow).
Bayferrox 4905 has a goethite structure and its pigment characteristics are outstanding lightfastness, tinting strength, color consistency, and weather stability.

Bayferrox 4905 Chemical Properties
Melting point: 1538 °C
Density: 5.24
Fp: >230 °F
Storage temp.: Room Temperature
Form:Powder
Color: yellow
Water Solubility: 1.65μg/L
Dielectric constant: 1.9(Ambient)
CAS DataBase Reference: 51274-00-1(CAS DataBase Reference)
EPA Substance Registry System: Bayferrox 4905 (51274-00-1)

Uses
Bayferrox 4905 is used in the topical solar composition protecting skin exposed to irradiation of high energy visible light.
Bayferrox 4905 is a high purity precipitated yellow iron oxide produced from specially selected raw materials under very tight process and quality control.
Designed to be used as a food and feed colorant in plastics, rubber and other high-purity applications.
Exhibits color-stability in processing temperatures below 180°C (365°F).
Complies with FDA 21CFR standards covering use in food contact articles and European Commission Directive 2008/128/EC Section E172 for iron oxides and hydroxides.
Offers reliability and consistent quality, stability under exposure to sunlight and UV radiation, and alkali, chemical and weather resistance.
Bayferrox 4905 is used for plastics and rubber applications.

Bayferrox 4905 is used for coloring of manu-marble and waterstone in the construction industry.
Bayferrox 4905 is also used as pigment of watercolors, greasepaint, paint and rubber.
Moreover, Bayferrox 4905 can be used as an intermediate for the manufacture of iron oxide red, iron black and so on.
When you are using this chemical, please be cautious about Bayferrox 4905 as the following: it is irritating to eyes, respiratory system and skin.
In case of contact with eyes, please rinse immediately with plenty of water and seek medical advice.
Bayferrox 4905 is used in coloring of paint, cement work piece, architecture surface, plastic and rubber, widely used in coloring of scagliola, terrazzo and fabricated rubber products, also used in water color, oil paint and architecture coating and paper.

Bayferrox 4905 is mainly used for paint, cement parts, building surface, plastic, rubber coloring
Inorganic yellow pigment.
Bayferrox 4905 is widely used for coloring artificial marble, terrazzo and rubber products.
Bayferrox 4905 is also used in the manufacture of watercolors, oils, paints and architectural coatings.
Bayferrox 4905 can be used to manufacture iron oxide pigment intermediates such as the preparation of iron oxide red, iron oxide black.
BAYFERROX 4920
Bayferrox 4920 is a yellow iron oxide pigment.
Bayferrox 4920 is an inorganic pigment.


CAS Number: 51274-00-1
EC number: 257-098-5
Chemical class: Synthetic iron hydroxide ※ - FeOOH



C.I. Pigment Yellow 42, Iron Oxide Orange Transparent 188VN, Iron Oxide Yellow Transp. 088VN, Mapico Yellow LL-XLO, Mapico Yellow 5, Iron Oxide Yellow 420,
Iron Yellow, Iron oxide yellow, Yellow iron oxide, Pure Yellow Oxide YO 6087, Mapico Yellow 1050, Zh 1, Cosmetic Yellow, Ariabel Yellow 300407, Iron hydroxide oxide yellow, Bayferrox 420, Pigment Yellow 42, L 1 (pigment), L 1, Toda Color Y 2, Sicotrans Yellow L 1915, Sicotrans Yellow L 1916, Synthetic yellow iron oxide pigment, Cappoxyt Yellow 4214, Cappoxyt Yellow 4214C, Sicoflush L Yellow 1916, Bayferrox 3950, Iron Oxide Yellow 214501, Bayferrox 920, Iron Yellow AZ 138, AZ 138, LL-XLO, Toda Color Yellow 48, Disperse HG 457, Sicotrans Gold L 1916, EC 481, Bayferrox 915, Bayferrox 3920, Bayferrox Yellow 420, YO 2087, Zh 1 (pigment), PW 895, Bayferrox 930, Bayferrox Yellow 3910, Bayferrox Yellow 415, Bayferrox 415, Oxide Yellow 3910, Bayferrox 3910, YB 3100, Yellow YB 3100, Sicovit Yellow 10, C.I. 77492, Mapico Yellow Lemon, Goethite yellow, Sicovit Yellow 10E172, Toda Yellow 48, Tarox Lemon, Tarox Yellow Lemon,
Unisperse Yellow Oxide M-S, L 1916, Sicotrans Yellow L 1918, L 1918, Sicoflush L Yellow 1916C4, Luconyl Yellow 1916, LB 100E172, Y 200M, Xfast Yellow 1916, Unipure LC 182, Bayferrox Yellow 920, Burnt Sienna TY, YZ 1688, Sicoflush P Yellow 1916, Dittany Y 77492, PY 42, Timbasol PW 895, Kobo Yellow WSJ 20EYAMP,
GA 7311, C 7055, Syn-Ox HTR 810, Syn-Ox HTR 820, LL 100PD, Bayferrox Yellow 3920, Tarox TRY 100, SunCROMA Yellow Iron Oxide, S 313, Iron Oxide Yellow 301, Iron Oxide Yellow 311, CWD 8942, Trans Oxide Yellow AC 2544, AC 2544, Bayferrox 3960, R 131CN, CM 3FA70ERH, CM 3F30TRY, R 2087, Y 10M, SunPURO Yellow, Unipure Yellow LC 181, YellowCap 1, Unipure Yellow LC 182, S 920, S 920 (pigment), Unipure Yellow LC 182EM, E 172 Yellow, Bayferrox Yellow 4920, Sicopharm Yellow, Iron Oxide Yellow 313, Tarox YP 1200P, TY 618, G 313M, G 131M, Yellow YP 1200P, YP 1200P, YL 01888D, Chromaflo 888-1810, Bayferrox Yellow 3905, Bayferrox 3905, Puricolor Yellow PYE 42, FZ 1000, 362R, Anchor FY 766, CTD 7201, Iron Yellow S 313, HP 6042, Xeracolor Yellow Oxide, Xeracolour Yellow Oxide, SunPuro Yellow C 33-9001, Ferric oxide, yellow, EMF Color Ochre HL, PS 86 1347, Sicotrans Gelb L 1915, Bayferrox 920C, Bayferrox Ochre 920C,
TANOP 100, SZ 7499, GEH 102, S 920M, WD-TIOY 30E, S 960, S 960 (pigment), Cappoxyt 4214X, Cappoxyt Yellow 4214X, Bayferrox 4905, CI 77492 yellow,
Creasperse Yellow CP 080, Ecosperse Oxide Yellow RA 100CN, Yellow Bayferrox 3920, WS-Y 042, Iron Yellow 313, Y 1003, YLO 1888D, YP 75FL, Cameleon Yellow, Bayferrox 4910, YLO 3288D, Bayferrox 4960, Bayferrox 3290, MF 5050 Yellow, Transparent Yellow Oxide 1852, R 132CN, Colanyl Oxide Yellow R 132CN, Colanyl R 132CN, Bayferrox Yellow L 3920, KH 70401, NX 512 Yellow, BTY 101W, Tarox LL 100HP, LL 100HP, G 313, Colortherm Yellow 20, SM 8810, Bayferrox, C.I. 77492,
C.I. Pigment Yellow 42, CathayCoat Yellow, CathayCoat Yellow Iron Oxide, CathayPure Yellow, CathayPure Yellow Iron oxide, Colortherm, FerroTint Yellow, FerroTint Yellow Iron Oxide, Ferroxon Yellow, GEH, Iron oxide yellow, Iron(III)oxide hydroxide, Lavanya Sooraj / Yellow Iron Oxide, Piirox GC913,
Piirox® A920, Piirox® I913, Piirox® K910M, Spectrum Yellow, Spectrum Yellow Iron Oxide, Sumicos Yellow 2213C, TAROX IRON OXIDE LEMON, TAROX IRON OXIDE LL-100DK, TAROX IRON OXIDE LL-100HP, TAROX IRON OXIDE LL-100P, TAROX IRON OXIDE LL-50, TAROX IRON OXIDE LL-XLO, TAROX IRON OXIDE OCHER 1P, TAROX IRON OXIDE STN-1, TAROX IRON OXIDE YM1100, Yellow Pigment G-2, Yellow iron oxide, Yellow iron oxide 313, Yellow pigment G-1, iron hydroxide oxide, iron hydroxide oxide yellow, ossido di ferro giallo, ossido di ferro giallo sintetico, synthetic yellow iron oxide,



Bayferrox 4920 is an inorganic pigment that can be mixed directly into concrete to create colored concrete.
Unlike methods that apply to the surface, the surface does not become glossy or fade due to strong wind, rain, or seawater.
Bayferrox 4920 is possible to create colored concrete while maintaining a very natural feel, that is, the texture of concrete.


Bayferrox 4920 is a synthetic iron oxide alpha FeOOH with the color index PY 42 (yellow).
This pigment, Bayferrox 4920, has a goethite structure and its pigment characteristics are outstanding lightfastness, tinting strength, color consistency, and weather stability.


Bayferrox 4920 is darker and somewhat redder compared to Bayferrox 4910.
Bayferrox 4920 is an iron hydroxide yellow pigment.
Bayferrox 4920 is an inorganic pigment.



USES and APPLICATIONS of BAYFERROX 4920:
Bayferrox 4920 is delivered to customers in powder form and can be used for coloring various building materials, paints and coatings, plastics, papers and other fields.
Bayferrox 4920 is delivered as powder and can be applied for the coloration of a wide variety from construction materials, paint & coating, plastics to paper etc.


Bayferrox 4920 is used Agriculture, Artifical Turf, Asphalt, Automotive Coating, Ceramic, Ceramic Stains, Coil Coating, Colored Plastics, Concrete Masonry Blocks, Concrete Roofing Tiles, Construction, Construction material, Corrosion Protection, and Decorative Paints.
Bayferrox 4920 is used Paint, Coating, Construction Material, Paper.


Bayferrox 4920 is used Emulsion Paints, Facade Elements, Fertilizers, Fibre Cement, Floorings, Foundry, Foundry Sands, In Situ Concrete, Industrial Coating, Laminate, Masterbatches, Mortar, Noise Barriers, Paints & Coatings, Paper Manufacture, Paper industry, Paving Stones, Plaster, and Plastic- and Rubberpolymers.


Bayferrox 4920 is used Plastic Coating, Plastic products, Powder Coating, Roofing Felts, Roof tile Coating, Sand-lime Bricks, and Screed.
Bayferrox 4920 is delivered as powder and can be applied for automotive coating, coil coating, decorative paints, emulsion paints, industrial coating, plastic coating, powder coating, roof tile coating and wood coating.



MAIN FEATURE OF BAYFERROX 4920:
*Type of yellow pigment
*Delivery form Powder



WHY ID BAYFERROX 4920 GOOD TO USE BAYFERROX INORGANIC PIGMENTS?
Bayferrox 4920 inorganic pigments are highly suitable for concrete coloring, with the following properties:

1. Good dispersibility:
Bayferrox 4920 is a pigment that mixes well with fine cement powder and is easily dispersed in concrete and mortar.

2. Must be alkali resistant:
Bayferrox 4920 does not react in any way to the strong alkalinity of cement, so there will be no discoloration or fading.

3. Light resistance and weather resistance:
Bayferrox 4920 is stable (light resistance) against sunlight and ultraviolet rays, and stable (weather resistance) against all conditions in the natural environment such as rain, wind, and temperature, so it will not change color or fade.

4. Excellent safety:
Test results have confirmed that Bayferrox 4920 is non-toxic and does not meet the classification criteria for hazards and hazards, and the environmental impact information has confirmed that it has no impact on fish, etc.


5.Do not significantly reduce the physical properties of concrete
Bayferrox 4920 does not react with cement and has no practical effect on the strength of concrete.
There is less decrease in workability and Bayferrox 4920 is easier to use.

6. High quality and concentration
Manufactured using unique manufacturing methods and quality control, ensuring consistently high quality.
Also, because Bayferrox 4920 has high coloring power, the amount added can be reduced.



INDUSTRIES OF BAYFERROX 4920:
*Paints and Coatings,
*Construction,
*Automotive and Transportation,
*Building and Construction,
*Electrical and Electronics,
*Consumer Goods



PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of BAYFERROX 4920:
Type: Yellow pigment
Delivery form: Powder
Chemical class: Synthetic iron hydroxide ※ - FeOOH
Colour Index: Pigment yellow 42 (77492)
CAS Number: 51274-00-1
REACH registration no: 01-2119457554-33-0000
Product Type: Color Pigments
Color: Yellow
Delivery Form: Powder
Molar weight: 89
Color Index: 77492.0000
REACH: 01-2119457554-33
CAS (CAS Number): 51274-00-1
Packaging Format: BFX

CAS-Number: 51274-00-1
APPEARANCE: Yellow
MELTING POINT: 1565 °C
TYPES: Non-Micronised
water soluble salt: <0.5%
Screen residue (0.045mm screen mesh): 0.05%
pH value: 4.0-7.0
α-FeOOH content: >99.1%
Loss after calcination at 1000 degrees Celsius for half an hour: <15%
Humidity (after processing): <1.0%
particle shape: Rod-shaped
Main particle size: 0.1-0.8µm
Oil absorption: 32g/100g
compacted density: 0.4g/ml

density: 4.0g/ml
Melting point: 1538 °C
Density: 5.24
Flash point: >230 °F
storage temp.: Room Temperature
form: Powder
color: yellow
Water Solubility: 1.65μg/L
Melting Point: 1538°C
Flash Point: >230°F
Density: 5.24
Appearance: pieces
Hazard Statements: Xi
Density: 5.24 g/cm3
PSA: N/A
LogP: N/A
Solubility: 1.65μg/L
Melting Point: 1538 °C
Formula: Fe2O3.H2O

Boiling Point: N/A
PSA: 0.00000
XLogP3: 0.00000
Appearance: pieces
Density: 5.24
Melting Point: 1538 °C
Flash Point: >230°F
APPEARANCE: DARK YELLOW POWDER
CONTENT OF Fe2O3: 86% min
pH VALUE: 3-7
SHADE: CLOSE TO STANDARD
OIL ABSORPTION: 25-35%
RESIDUE ON 320 MESH: 0.3% max
WATER SOLUBLE: 0.3% max
VOLATITE: 105 °C 1.0% max
TINTING STRENGTH: 98-102 %



FIRST AID MEASURES of BAYFERROX 4920:
-Description of first-aid measures:
*General advice:
Show this material safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
*If inhaled:
After inhalation:
Fresh air.
*In case of skin contact:
Take off immediately all contaminated clothing.
Rinse skin with water/ shower.
*In case of eye contact:
After eye contact:
Rinse out with plenty of water.
Call in ophthalmologist.
Remove contact lenses.
*If swallowed:
After swallowing:
Immediately make victim drink water (two glasses at most).
Consult a physician.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed:
No data available



ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of BAYFERROX 4920:
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Cover drains.
Collect, bind, and pump off spills.
Observe possible material restrictions.
Take up dry.
Dispose of properly.
Clean up affected area.



FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of BAYFERROX 4920:
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Water
Foam
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Dry powder
*Unsuitable extinguishing media:
For this substance/mixture no limitations of extinguishing agents are given.
-Further information:
Prevent fire extinguishing water from contaminating surface water or the ground water system.



EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of BAYFERROX 4920:
-Control parameters:
--Ingredients with workplace control parameters:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use equipment for eye protection.
Safety glasses
*Skin protection:
Full contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Splash contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
*Body Protection:
protective clothing
*Respiratory protection:
Recommended Filter type: Filter type P2
-Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.



HANDLING and STORAGE of BAYFERROX 4920:
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
*Storage conditions:
Tightly closed.
Dry.



STABILITY and REACTIVITY of BAYFERROX 4920:
-Chemical stability:
The product is chemically stable under standard ambient conditions (room temperature) .
-Incompatible materials:
No data available



BAYFERROX 4920
Bayferrox 4920 is a synthetic iron oxide alpha FeOOH with the color index PY 42 (yellow).
Bayferrox 4920 is an iron hydroxide yellow pigment.


CAS Number: 51274-00-1
EC number: 257-098-5


Bayferrox 4920 is a synthetic iron oxide inorganic pigment with a color index of Pigment Yellow 42.
Bayferrox 4920 has a goethite structure and its pigment characteristics are excellent light and weather resistance, good tinting strength, and Color consistency.


Bayferrox 4920's appearance is yellow powder.
Bayferrox 4920 is an iron hydroxide yellow pigment.
Bayferrox 4920 is an inorganic pigment.


Bayferrox 4920 is an iron oxide yellow pigment.
Bayferrox 4920 is delivered as powder and can be applied for the coloration of a wide variety of construction materials.
Bayferrox 4920 is a synthetic iron oxide alpha FeOOH with the color index PY 42 (yellow).


This pigment, Bayferrox 4920, has a goethite structure and its pigment characteristics are outstanding lightfastness, tinting strength, color consistency, and weather stability.
Bayferrox 4920 is an iron oxide yellow pigment.


Bayferrox 4920 is delivered as powder and can be applied for the coloration of a wide variety of construction materials.
Bayferrox 4920, also known as Yellow Iron oxide is a yellow powder in the form of an alkaline oxide with comparatively stable chemical properties.
Bayferrox 4920 is insoluble in water and alcohol, slightly soluble in acids but completely dissolves in concentrated hydrochloric acid. When heated to 80℃,

Bayferrox 4920 loses water and converts to red ferric oxide.
Bayferrox 4920 is a yellow powder.
Bayferrox 4920 is Non flammable.
Suggested storage of Bayferrox 4920: Store in clean, dry area at ambient temps.



USES and APPLICATIONS of BAYFERROX 4920:
Bayferrox 4920 is used in coloring of paint, cement work piece, architecture surface, plastic and rubber, widely used in coloring of scagliola, terrazzo and fabricated rubber products, also used in water color, oil paint and architecture coating and paper.
Bayferrox 4920 is used Pigment in paints, plastics, rubber products; colorant in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, food-grade polymers, foods.


Bayferrox 4920 is used in tiles, building materials, anti-corrosion coatings, decorative coatings, latex paints, fiber cement boards, fertilizers, floor coatings, on-site concrete, industrial coatings, laminates, masterbatch, mortar, paper industry, acoustic walls, cobblestones, plaster, plastics With rubber polymers, plastic coatings, plastic products, powder coatings, lime sand bricks, wood coatings, wood-plastic composite materials and other fields.


Bayferrox 4920 is delivered as powder and can be applied for automotive coating, coil coating, decorative paints, emulsion paints, industrial coating, plastic coating, powder coating, roof tile coating and wood coating.
Bayferrox 4920 is widely used in automotive coatings, ceramic glazes, coil coatings, colored plastics, concrete bricks, and concrete roofs.


Bayferrox 4920 is used Concrete Masonry Blocks, Concrete Roofing Tiles, Construction material, Facade Elements, Fibre Cement, In Situ Concrete, Mortar, Noise Barriers, Paving Stones, Plaster, Sand-lime Bricks, and Screed.
Bayferrox 4920 is used in the topical solar composition protecting skin exposed to irradiation of high energy visible light.


Bayferrox 4920 is used Agriculture, Architectural coatings, Automotive Coating, Colored Plastics, Concrete Masonry Blocks, Concrete Roofing Tiles, Construction, and Construction material.
Bayferrox 4920 is used Corrosion Protection, Decorative Paints, Emulsion Paints, Facade Elements, Fertilizers, and Fibre Cement.


Bayferrox 4920 is used Floorings, In Situ Concrete, Industrial Coating, Industrial Paints, Laminate, Masterbatches, and Mortar.
Bayferrox 4920 is used Noise Barriers, Paper Manufacture, Paving Stones, Plaster, Plastic Coating, Plastic products, Roof tile Coating, Sand-lime Bricks, and Screed, Wood Coating, and Wood Plastic Composites.


Bayferrox 4920 is used in coating, printing ink and paint, and also as a coloring agent for building material, rubber and paper-making.
Bayferrox 4920 is widely used due to its bright and pure colour, good weather proofing and high opacity.
Bayferrox 4920 is manufactured by the precipitation of ferric oxide hydroxide followed by purification through washing, drying and milling.
Bayferrox 4920 is used Antihyperparathyriod.



INDUSTRIES OF BAYFERROX 4920:
*Paints & Coatings,
*Construction,
*Automotive & Transportation,
*Building & Construction,
*Electrical & Electronics,
*Consumer Goods
*Product Groups
*Pigments & Dyes



PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of BAYFERROX 4920:
Type: Yellow pigment
Delivery form: Powder
Chemical class: Synthetic iron hydroxide ※ - FeOOH
Colour Index: Pigment yellow 42 (77492)
CAS Number: 51274-00-1
REACH registration no: 01-2119457554-33-0000
Product Type: Color Pigments
Color: Yellow
Delivery Form: Powder
Molar weight: 89
Color Index: 77492.0000
REACH: 01-2119457554-33
CAS (CAS Number): 51274-00-1
Packaging Format: BFX
CAS-Number: 51274-00-1
APPEARANCE: Yellow
MELTING POINT: 1565 °C
TYPES: Non-Micronised

water soluble salt: <0.5%
Screen residue (0.045mm screen mesh): 0.05%
pH value: 4.0-7.0
α-FeOOH content: >99.1%
Loss after calcination at 1000 degrees Celsius for half an hour: <15%
Humidity (after processing): <1.0%
particle shape: Rod-shaped
Main particle size: 0.1-0.8µm
Oil absorption: 32g/100g
compacted density: 0.4g/ml
density: 4.0g/ml
Melting point: 1538 °C
Density: 5.24
Flash point: >230 °F
storage temp.: Room Temperature
form: Powder
color: yellow
Water Solubility: 1.65μg/L

Melting Point: 1538°C
Flash Point: >230°F
Density: 5.24
Appearance: pieces
Hazard Statements: Xi
Density: 5.24 g/cm3
PSA: N/A
LogP: N/A
Solubility: 1.65μg/L
Melting Point: 1538 °C
Formula: Fe2O3.H2O
Boiling Point: N/A
PSA: 0.00000
XLogP3: 0.00000
Appearance: pieces
Density: 5.24
Melting Point: 1538 °C
Flash Point: >230°F



FIRST AID MEASURES of BAYFERROX 4920:
-Description of first-aid measures:
*General advice:
Show this material safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
*If inhaled:
After inhalation:
Fresh air.
*In case of skin contact:
Take off immediately all contaminated clothing.
Rinse skin with water/ shower.
*In case of eye contact:
After eye contact:
Rinse out with plenty of water.
Call in ophthalmologist.
Remove contact lenses.
*If swallowed:
After swallowing:
Immediately make victim drink water (two glasses at most).
Consult a physician.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed:
No data available



ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of BAYFERROX 4920:
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Cover drains.
Collect, bind, and pump off spills.
Observe possible material restrictions.
Take up dry.
Dispose of properly.
Clean up affected area.



FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of BAYFERROX 4920:
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Water
Foam
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Dry powder
*Unsuitable extinguishing media:
For this substance/mixture no limitations of extinguishing agents are given.
-Further information:
Prevent fire extinguishing water from contaminating surface water or the ground water system.



EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of BAYFERROX 4920:
-Control parameters:
--Ingredients with workplace control parameters:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use equipment for eye protection.
Safety glasses
*Skin protection:
Full contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Splash contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
*Body Protection:
protective clothing
*Respiratory protection:
Recommended Filter type: Filter type P2
-Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.



HANDLING and STORAGE of BAYFERROX 4920:
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
*Storage conditions:
Tightly closed.
Dry.



STABILITY and REACTIVITY of BAYFERROX 4920:
-Chemical stability:
The product is chemically stable under standard ambient conditions (room temperature) .
-Incompatible materials:
No data available



SYNONYMS:
C.I. Pigment Yellow 42
Iron Oxide Orange Transparent 188VN
Iron Oxide Yellow Transp. 088VN
Mapico Yellow LL-XLO
Mapico Yellow 5
Iron Oxide Yellow 420
Iron Yellow
Iron oxide yellow
Yellow iron oxide
Pure Yellow Oxide YO 6087
Mapico Yellow 1050
Zh 1
Cosmetic Yellow
Ariabel Yellow 300407
Iron hydroxide oxide yellow
Bayferrox 420
Pigment Yellow 42
L 1 (pigment)
L 1
Toda Color Y 2
Sicotrans Yellow L 1915
Sicotrans Yellow L 1916
Synthetic yellow iron oxide pigment
Cappoxyt Yellow 4214
Cappoxyt Yellow 4214C
Sicoflush L Yellow 1916
Bayferrox 3950
Iron Oxide Yellow 214501
Bayferrox 920
Iron Yellow AZ 138
AZ 138
LL-XLO
Toda Color Yellow 48
Disperse HG 457
Sicotrans Gold L 1916
EC 481
Bayferrox 915
Bayferrox 3920
Bayferrox Yellow 420
YO 2087
Zh 1 (pigment)
PW 895
Bayferrox 930
Bayferrox Yellow 3910
Bayferrox Yellow 415
Bayferrox 415
Oxide Yellow 3910
Bayferrox 3910
YB 3100
Yellow YB 3100
Sicovit Yellow 10
C.I. 77492
Mapico Yellow Lemon
Goethite yellow
Sicovit Yellow 10E172
Toda Yellow 48
Tarox Lemon
Tarox Yellow Lemon
Unisperse Yellow Oxide M-S
L 1916
Sicotrans Yellow L 1918
L 1918
Sicoflush L Yellow 1916C4
Luconyl Yellow 1916
LB 100E172
Y 200M
Xfast Yellow 1916
Unipure LC 182
Bayferrox Yellow 920
Burnt Sienna TY
YZ 1688
Sicoflush P Yellow 1916
Dittany Y 77492
PY 42
Timbasol PW 895
Kobo Yellow WSJ 20EYAMP
GA 7311
C 7055
Syn-Ox HTR 810
Syn-Ox HTR 820
LL 100PD
Bayferrox Yellow 3920
Tarox TRY 100
SunCROMA Yellow Iron Oxide
S 313
Iron Oxide Yellow 301
Iron Oxide Yellow 311
CWD 8942
Trans Oxide Yellow AC 2544
AC 2544
Bayferrox 3960
R 131CN
CM 3FA70ERH
CM 3F30TRY
R 2087
Y 10M
SunPURO Yellow
Unipure Yellow LC 181
YellowCap 1
Unipure Yellow LC 182
S 920
S 920 (pigment)
Unipure Yellow LC 182EM
E 172 Yellow
Bayferrox Yellow 4920
Sicopharm Yellow
Iron Oxide Yellow 313
Tarox YP 1200P
TY 618
G 313M
G 131M
Yellow YP 1200P
YP 1200P
YL 01888D
Chromaflo 888-1810
Bayferrox Yellow 3905
Bayferrox 3905
Puricolor Yellow PYE 42
FZ 1000
362R
Anchor FY 766
CTD 7201
Iron Yellow S 313
HP 6042
Xeracolor Yellow Oxide
Xeracolour Yellow Oxide
SunPuro Yellow C 33-9001
Ferric oxide, yellow
EMF Color Ochre HL
PS 86-1347
Sicotrans Gelb L 1915
Bayferrox 920C
Bayferrox Ochre 920C
TANOP 100
SZ 7499
GEH 102
S 920M
WD-TIOY 30E
S 960
S 960 (pigment)
Cappoxyt 4214X
Cappoxyt Yellow 4214X
Bayferrox 4905
CI 77492 yellow
Creasperse Yellow CP 080
Ecosperse Oxide Yellow RA 100CN
Yellow Bayferrox 3920
WS-Y 042
Iron Yellow 313
Y 1003
YLO 1888D
YP 75FL
Cameleon Yellow
Bayferrox 4910
YLO 3288D
Bayferrox 4960
Bayferrox 3290
MF 5050 Yellow
Transparent Yellow Oxide 1852
R 132CN
Colanyl Oxide Yellow R 132CN
Colanyl R 132CN
Bayferrox Yellow L 3920
KH 70401
NX 512 Yellow
BTY 101W
Tarox LL 100HP
LL 100HP
G 313
Colortherm Yellow 20
SM 8810
Bayferrox
C.I. 77492
C.I. Pigment Yellow 42
CathayCoat Yellow
CathayCoat Yellow Iron Oxide
CathayPure Yellow
CathayPure Yellow Iron oxide
Colortherm
FerroTint Yellow
FerroTint Yellow Iron Oxide
Ferroxon Yellow
GEH
Iron oxide yellow
Iron(III)oxide hydroxide
Lavanya Sooraj / Yellow Iron Oxide
Piirox GC913
Piirox® A920
Piirox® I913
Piirox® K910M
Spectrum Yellow
Spectrum Yellow Iron Oxide
Sumicos Yellow 2213C
TAROX IRON OXIDE LEMON
TAROX IRON OXIDE LL-100DK
TAROX IRON OXIDE LL-100HP
TAROX IRON OXIDE LL-100P
TAROX IRON OXIDE LL-50
TAROX IRON OXIDE LL-XLO
TAROX IRON OXIDE OCHER 1P
TAROX IRON OXIDE STN-1
TAROX IRON OXIDE YM1100
Yellow Pigment G-2
Yellow iron oxide
Yellow iron oxide 313
Yellow pigment G-1
iron hydroxide oxide
iron hydroxide oxide yellow
ossido di ferro giallo
ossido di ferro giallo sintetico
synthetic yellow iron oxide


BAYFERROX 4920
DESCRIPTION:
Bayferrox 4920 is an iron oxide yellow pigment.
Bayferrox 4920 is delivered as powder and can be applied for the coloration of a wide variety of construction materials.

CAS (CAS Number) : 51274-00-1
EC number: 257-098-5


Bayferrox 4920 is a synthetic iron oxide alpha FeOOH with the color index PY 42 (yellow).
This pigment has a goethite structure and its pigment characteristics are outstanding lightfastness, tinting strength, color consistency, and weather stability.
Bayferrox 4920 is darker and somewhat redder compared to Bayferrox® 4910


Bayferrox 4920 by Lanxess is an iron hydroxide yellow pigment.
Bayferrox 4920 is an inorganic pigment.
Bayferrox 4920 is delivered as powder and can be applied for automotive coating, coil coating, decorative paints, emulsion paints, industrial coating, plastic coating, powder coating, roof tile coating and wood coating.

Bayferrox 4920 LO is an iron oxide yellow pigment.
Bayferrox 4920 is delivered as powder and can be applied for the coloration of a wide variety of construction materials.


PRODUCT APPLICATIONS OF BAYFERROX 4920:
Automotive Coating
Laminate
Architectural coatings
Industrial Paints
Industrial Coating
Corrosion Protection
Plastic Coating
Fertilizers
Paper Manufacture
Emulsion Paints
Decorative Paints
Floorings
Roof tile Coating
Plastic products
Wood Plastic Composites
Colored Plastics
Masterbatches
Paving Stones
Noise Barriers
Facade Elements
Fibre Cement
Construction material
Screed
Mortar
Concrete Roofing Tiles
In Situ Concrete
Concrete Masonry Blocks
Sand-lime Bricks
Plaster
Wood Coating









CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF BAYFERROX 4920:

Brand
BAYFERROX®
Product Type
Color Pigments
Color
Yellow
Delivery Form
Powder
Molar weight
89
Color Index
77492.0000
REACH
01-2119457554-33
CAS (CAS Number)
51274-00-1
APPEARANCE DARK YELLOW POWDER
CONTENT OF Fe 2 O 3 86% min
pH VALUE 3-7
SHADE CLOSE TO STANDARD
OIL ABSORPTION 25-35%
RESIDUE ON 320 MESH 0.3% max
WATER SOLUBLE 0.3% max
VOLATITE 105 °C 1.0% max
TINTING STRENGTH 98-102 %


SAFETY INFORMATION ABOUT BAYFERROX 4920:
First aid measures:
Description of first aid measures:
General advice:
Consult a physician.
Show this safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
Move out of dangerous area:

If inhaled:
If breathed in, move person into fresh air.
If not breathing, give artificial respiration.
Consult a physician.
In case of skin contact:
Take off contaminated clothing and shoes immediately.
Wash off with soap and plenty of water.
Consult a physician.

In case of eye contact:
Rinse thoroughly with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes and consult a physician.
Continue rinsing eyes during transport to hospital.

If swallowed:
Do NOT induce vomiting.
Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person.
Rinse mouth with water.
Consult a physician.

Firefighting measures:
Extinguishing media:
Suitable extinguishing media:
Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.
Special hazards arising from the substance or mixture
Carbon oxides, Nitrogen oxides (NOx), Hydrogen chloride gas

Advice for firefighters:
Wear self-contained breathing apparatus for firefighting if necessary.
Accidental release measures:
Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures
Use personal protective equipment.

Avoid breathing vapours, mist or gas.
Evacuate personnel to safe areas.

Environmental precautions:
Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so.
Do not let product enter drains.
Discharge into the environment must be avoided.

Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Soak up with inert absorbent material and dispose of as hazardous waste.
Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.

Handling and storage:
Precautions for safe handling:
Avoid inhalation of vapour or mist.

Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place.
Containers which are opened must be carefully resealed and kept upright to prevent leakage.
Storage class (TRGS 510): 8A: Combustible, corrosive hazardous materials

Exposure controls/personal protection:
Control parameters:
Components with workplace control parameters
Contains no substances with occupational exposure limit values.
Exposure controls:
Appropriate engineering controls:
Handle in accordance with good industrial hygiene and safety practice.
Wash hands before breaks and at the end of workday.

Personal protective equipment:
Eye/face protection:
Tightly fitting safety goggles.
Faceshield (8-inch minimum).
Use equipment for eye protection tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or EN 166(EU).

Skin protection:
Handle with gloves.
Gloves must be inspected prior to use.
Use proper glove
removal technique (without touching glove's outer surface) to avoid skin contact with this product.
Dispose of contaminated gloves after use in accordance with applicable laws and good laboratory practices.
Wash and dry hands.

Full contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0.11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Material tested:Dermatril (KCL 740 / Aldrich Z677272, Size M)
Splash contact
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0.11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Material tested:Dermatril (KCL 740 / Aldrich Z677272, Size M)
It should not be construed as offering an approval for any specific use scenario.

Body Protection:
Complete suit protecting against chemicals, The type of protective equipment must be selected according to the concentration and amount of the dangerous substance at the specific workplace.
Respiratory protection:
Where risk assessment shows air-purifying respirators are appropriate use a fullface respirator with multi-purpose combination (US) or type ABEK (EN 14387) respirator cartridges as a backup to engineering controls.

If the respirator is the sole means of protection, use a full-face supplied air respirator.
Use respirators and components tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or CEN (EU).
Control of environmental exposure
Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so.
Do not let product enter drains.
Discharge into the environment must be avoided.

Stability and reactivity:
Chemical stability:
Stable under recommended storage conditions.
Incompatible materials:
Strong oxidizing agents:
Hazardous decomposition products:
Hazardous decomposition products formed under fire conditions.
Carbon oxides, Nitrogen oxides (NOx), Hydrogen chloride gas.

Disposal considerations:
Waste treatment methods:
Product:
Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company.
Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material.
Contaminated packaging:
Dispose of as unused product.


BAYFERROX 4920
Bayferrox 4920 is an iron oxide yellow pigment.
Bayferrox 4920 is an inorganic pigment.


CAS Number: 51274-00-1
EC number: 257-098-5
Chemical class Synthetic iron hydroxide ※ - FeOOH



SYNONYMS:
C.I. Pigment Yellow 42, Iron Oxide Orange Transparent 188VN, Iron Oxide Yellow Transp. 088VN, Mapico Yellow LL-XLO, Mapico Yellow 5, Iron Oxide Yellow 420,
Iron Yellow, Iron oxide yellow, Yellow iron oxide, Pure Yellow Oxide YO 6087, Mapico Yellow 1050, Zh 1, Cosmetic Yellow, Ariabel Yellow 300407, Iron hydroxide oxide yellow, Bayferrox 420, Pigment Yellow 42, L 1 (pigment), L 1, Toda Color Y 2, Sicotrans Yellow L 1915, Sicotrans Yellow L 1916, Synthetic yellow iron oxide pigment, Cappoxyt Yellow 4214, Cappoxyt Yellow 4214C, Sicoflush L Yellow 1916, Bayferrox 3950, Iron Oxide Yellow 214501, Bayferrox 920, Iron Yellow AZ 138, AZ 138, LL-XLO, Toda Color Yellow 48, Disperse HG 457, Sicotrans Gold L 1916, EC 481, Bayferrox 915, Bayferrox 3920, Bayferrox Yellow 420, YO 2087, Zh 1 (pigment), PW 895, Bayferrox 930, Bayferrox Yellow 3910, Bayferrox Yellow 415, Bayferrox 415, Oxide Yellow 3910, Bayferrox 3910, YB 3100, Yellow YB 3100, Sicovit Yellow 10, C.I. 77492, Mapico Yellow Lemon, Goethite yellow, Sicovit Yellow 10E172, Toda Yellow 48, Tarox Lemon, Tarox Yellow Lemon,
Unisperse Yellow Oxide M-S, L 1916, Sicotrans Yellow L 1918, L 1918, Sicoflush L Yellow 1916C4, Luconyl Yellow 1916, LB 100E172, Y 200M, Xfast Yellow 1916, Unipure LC 182, Bayferrox Yellow 920, Burnt Sienna TY, YZ 1688, Sicoflush P Yellow 1916, Dittany Y 77492, PY 42, Timbasol PW 895, Kobo Yellow WSJ 20EYAMP,
GA 7311, C 7055, Syn-Ox HTR 810, Syn-Ox HTR 820, LL 100PD, Bayferrox Yellow 3920, Tarox TRY 100, SunCROMA Yellow Iron Oxide, S 313, Iron Oxide Yellow 301, Iron Oxide Yellow 311, CWD 8942, Trans Oxide Yellow AC 2544, AC 2544, Bayferrox 3960, R 131CN, CM 3FA70ERH, CM 3F30TRY, R 2087, Y 10M, SunPURO Yellow, Unipure Yellow LC 181, YellowCap 1, Unipure Yellow LC 182, S 920, S 920 (pigment), Unipure Yellow LC 182EM, E 172 Yellow, Bayferrox Yellow 4920, Sicopharm Yellow, Iron Oxide Yellow 313, Tarox YP 1200P, TY 618, G 313M, G 131M, Yellow YP 1200P, YP 1200P, YL 01888D, Chromaflo 888-1810, Bayferrox Yellow 3905, Bayferrox 3905, Puricolor Yellow PYE 42, FZ 1000, 362R, Anchor FY 766, CTD 7201, Iron Yellow S 313, HP 6042, Xeracolor Yellow Oxide, Xeracolour Yellow Oxide, SunPuro Yellow C 33-9001, Ferric oxide, yellow, EMF Color Ochre HL, PS 86 1347, Sicotrans Gelb L 1915, Bayferrox 920C, Bayferrox Ochre 920C,
TANOP 100, SZ 7499, GEH 102, S 920M, WD-TIOY 30E, S 960, S 960 (pigment), Cappoxyt 4214X, Cappoxyt Yellow 4214X, Bayferrox 4905, CI 77492 yellow,
Creasperse Yellow CP 080, Ecosperse Oxide Yellow RA 100CN, Yellow Bayferrox 3920, WS-Y 042, Iron Yellow 313, Y 1003, YLO 1888D, YP 75FL, Cameleon Yellow, Bayferrox 4910, YLO 3288D, Bayferrox 4960, Bayferrox 3290, MF 5050 Yellow, Transparent Yellow Oxide 1852, R 132CN, Colanyl Oxide Yellow R 132CN, Colanyl R 132CN, Bayferrox Yellow L 3920, KH 70401, NX 512 Yellow, BTY 101W, Tarox LL 100HP, LL 100HP, G 313, Colortherm Yellow 20, SM 8810, Bayferrox, C.I. 77492,
C.I. Pigment Yellow 42, CathayCoat Yellow, CathayCoat Yellow Iron Oxide, CathayPure Yellow, CathayPure Yellow Iron oxide, Colortherm, FerroTint Yellow, FerroTint Yellow Iron Oxide, Ferroxon Yellow, GEH, Iron oxide yellow, Iron(III)oxide hydroxide, Lavanya Sooraj / Yellow Iron Oxide, Piirox GC913,
Piirox® A920, Piirox® I913, Piirox® K910M, Spectrum Yellow, Spectrum Yellow Iron Oxide, Sumicos Yellow 2213C, TAROX IRON OXIDE LEMON, TAROX IRON OXIDE LL-100DK, TAROX IRON OXIDE LL-100HP, TAROX IRON OXIDE LL-100P, TAROX IRON OXIDE LL-50, TAROX IRON OXIDE LL-XLO, TAROX IRON OXIDE OCHER 1P, TAROX IRON OXIDE STN-1, TAROX IRON OXIDE YM1100, Yellow Pigment G-2, Yellow iron oxide, Yellow iron oxide 313, Yellow pigment G-1, iron hydroxide oxide, iron hydroxide oxide yellow, ossido di ferro giallo, ossido di ferro giallo sintetico, synthetic yellow iron oxide,



Bayferrox 4920 is an iron hydroxide yellow pigment.
Bayferrox 4920 is an inorganic pigment.
Bayferrox 4920 is a synthetic iron oxide alpha FeOOH with the color index PY 42 (yellow).


Bayferrox 4920 has a goethite structure and its pigment characteristics are outstanding lightfastness, tinting strength, color consistency, and weather stability.
It is darker and somewhat redder compared to Bayferrox 4920.


Bayferrox 4920 is a finely milled iron oxide yellow pigment.
Bayferrox 4920 is an iron oxide yellow pigment.


Bayferrox 4920 is delivered as powder and can be applied for the coloration of a wide variety of construction materials.
Bayferrox 4920 is an iron oxide yellow pigment.



USES and APPLICATIONS of BAYFERROX 4920:
Bayferrox 4920 is used Agriculture, Artifical Turf, Asphalt, and Automotive Coating.
Bayferrox 4920 is used Ceramic, Ceramic Stains, Coil Coating, Colored Plastics, Concrete Masonry Blocks, and Concrete Roofing Tiles.
Bayferrox 4920 is used Construction, Construction material, Corrosion Protection, and Decorative Paints.


Bayferrox 4920 is used Emulsion Paints, Facade Elements, Fertilizers, Fibre Cement, Floorings, Foundry, and Foundry Sands.
Bayferrox 4920 is used in Situ Concrete, Industrial Coating, Laminate, Masterbatches, Mortar, and Noise Barriers.
Bayferrox 4920 is used Paints & Coatings, Paper Manufacture, Paper industry, Paving Stones, Plaster, and Plastic- and Rubberpolymers.


Bayferrox 4920 is used Plastic Coating, Plastic products, Powder Coating, Roofing Felts, Roof tile Coating, Sand-lime Bricks, and Screed.
Bayferrox 4920 is used Agriculture, Artifical Turf, Asphalt, Automotive Coating, Ceramic, and Ceramic Stains.
Bayferrox 4920 is used Coil Coating, Colored Plastics, Concrete Masonry Blocks, Concrete Roofing Tiles, Construction, and Construction material.


Bayferrox 4920 is used Corrosion Protection, Decorative Paints, Emulsion Paints, Facade Elements, Fertilizers, and Fibre Cement.
Bayferrox 4920 is used Floorings, Foundry, Foundry Sands, In Situ Concrete, Industrial Coating, and Laminate.
Bayferrox 4920 is used in many types of paints, including antirust paint, water-soluble indoor/outdoor paints and oil-based paints.


Bayferrox 4920 is used for dyeing construction materials, such as mosaic bricks, for concrete bricks, pavement, colorful tiles, roofing tiles and man-made marble.
Bayferrox 4920 is used colors for ceramic body.


Bayferrox 4920 is used in paper industry, esp. rice paper.
Bayferrox 4920 is used for surface coloration of plastic epoxy floor, color for pitch.
Bayferrox 4920 is used as a more fade-resistant dye for plastics.


Bayferrox 4920 is delivered as powder and can be applied for automotive coating, coil coating, decorative paints, emulsion paints, industrial coating, plastic coating, powder coating, roof tile coating and wood coating.
Bayferrox 4920 is delivered as powder and can be applied for the coloration of a wide variety from construction materials, paint & coating, plastics to paper etc.



KEY FEATURES OF BAYFERROX 4920:
Bayferrox 4920 is an iron oxide yellow pigment.
Bayferrox 4920 is delivered as powder and can be applied for the coloration of a wide variety from construction materials, paint & coating, plastics to paper etc.



INDUSTRIES OF BAYFERROX 4920:
*Paints and Coatings,
*Construction,
*Automotive and Transportation,
*Building and Construction,
*Electrical and Electronics,
*Consumer Goods



PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of BAYFERROX 4920:
Type: Yellow pigment
Delivery form: Powder
Chemical class: Synthetic iron hydroxide ※ - FeOOH
Colour Index: Pigment yellow 42 (77492)
CAS Number: 51274-00-1
REACH registration no: 01-2119457554-33-0000
Product Type: Color Pigments
Color: Yellow
Delivery Form: Powder
Molar weight: 89
Color Index: 77492.0000
REACH: 01-2119457554-33
CAS (CAS Number): 51274-00-1
Packaging Format: BFX

CAS-Number: 51274-00-1
APPEARANCE: Yellow
MELTING POINT: 1565 °C
TYPES: Non-Micronised
water soluble salt: <0.5%
Screen residue (0.045mm screen mesh): 0.05%
pH value: 4.0-7.0
α-FeOOH content: >99.1%
Loss after calcination at 1000 degrees Celsius for half an hour: <15%
Humidity (after processing): <1.0%
particle shape: Rod-shaped
Main particle size: 0.1-0.8µm
Oil absorption: 32g/100g
compacted density: 0.4g/ml

density: 4.0g/ml
Melting point: 1538 °C
Density: 5.24
Flash point: >230 °F
storage temp.: Room Temperature
form: Powder
color: yellow
Water Solubility: 1.65μg/L
Melting Point: 1538°C
Flash Point: >230°F
Density: 5.24
Appearance: pieces
Hazard Statements: Xi
Density: 5.24 g/cm3
PSA: N/A
LogP: N/A
Solubility: 1.65μg/L
Melting Point: 1538 °C
Formula: Fe2O3.H2O

Boiling Point: N/A
PSA: 0.00000
XLogP3: 0.00000
Appearance: pieces
Density: 5.24
Melting Point: 1538 °C
Flash Point: >230°F
APPEARANCE: DARK YELLOW POWDER
CONTENT OF Fe2O3: 86% min
pH VALUE: 3-7
SHADE: CLOSE TO STANDARD
OIL ABSORPTION: 25-35%
RESIDUE ON 320 MESH: 0.3% max
WATER SOLUBLE: 0.3% max
VOLATITE: 105 °C 1.0% max
TINTING STRENGTH: 98-102 %



FIRST AID MEASURES of BAYFERROX 4920:
-Description of first-aid measures:
*General advice:
Show this material safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
*If inhaled:
After inhalation:
Fresh air.
*In case of skin contact:
Take off immediately all contaminated clothing.
Rinse skin with water/ shower.
*In case of eye contact:
After eye contact:
Rinse out with plenty of water.
Call in ophthalmologist.
Remove contact lenses.
*If swallowed:
After swallowing:
Immediately make victim drink water (two glasses at most).
Consult a physician.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed:
No data available



ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of BAYFERROX 4920:
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Cover drains.
Collect, bind, and pump off spills.
Observe possible material restrictions.
Take up dry.
Dispose of properly.
Clean up affected area.



FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of BAYFERROX 4920:
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Water
Foam
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Dry powder
*Unsuitable extinguishing media:
For this substance/mixture no limitations of extinguishing agents are given.
-Further information:
Prevent fire extinguishing water from contaminating surface water or the ground water system.



EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of BAYFERROX 4920:
-Control parameters:
--Ingredients with workplace control parameters:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use equipment for eye protection.
Safety glasses
*Skin protection:
Full contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Splash contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
*Body Protection:
protective clothing
*Respiratory protection:
Recommended Filter type: Filter type P2
-Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.



HANDLING and STORAGE of BAYFERROX 4920:
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
*Storage conditions:
Tightly closed.
Dry.



STABILITY and REACTIVITY of BAYFERROX 4920:
-Chemical stability:
The product is chemically stable under standard ambient conditions (room temperature) .
-Incompatible materials:
No data available


BAYFERROX 4920
DESCRIPTION:
Bayferrox 4920 is an iron oxide yellow pigment.
Bayferrox 4920 is delivered as powder and can be applied for the coloration of a wide variety of construction materials.
Bayferrox 4920 is a synthetic iron oxide alpha FeOOH with the color index PY 42 (yellow).

CAS: 51274-00-1
IUPAC name: Iron(3+) Hydroxide Oxidandiide

Bayferrox 4920 has a goethite structure and its pigment characteristics are outstanding lightfastness, tinting strength, color consistency, and weather stability.
Bayferrox 4920 is darker and somewhat redder compared to Bayferrox 4910.

Bayferrox 4920 is an iron hydroxide yellow pigment.
Bayferrox 4920 is an inorganic pigment.
Bayferrox 4920 is delivered as powder and can be applied for automotive coating, coil coating, decorative paints, emulsion paints, industrial coating, plastic coating, powder coating, roof tile coating and wood coating.


APPLICATIONS OF BAYFERROX 4920:
BAYFERROX 4920 is used in Architectural coatings
BAYFERROX 4920 is used in Automotive Coating
BAYFERROX 4920 is used in Colored Plastics

BAYFERROX 4920 is used in Concrete Masonry Block
BAYFERROX 4920 is used in Concrete Roofing Tiles
BAYFERROX 4920 is used in Construction material

BAYFERROX 4920 is used in Corrosion Protection
BAYFERROX 4920 is used in Decorative Paints
BAYFERROX 4920 is used in Emulsion Paints

BAYFERROX 4920 is used in Facade Elements
BAYFERROX 4920 is used in Fertilizers
BAYFERROX 4920 is used in Fibre Cement

BAYFERROX 4920 is used in Floorings
BAYFERROX 4920 is used in In Situ Concrete
BAYFERROX 4920 is used in Industrial Coating

BAYFERROX 4920 is used in Industrial Paints
BAYFERROX 4920 is used in Laminate
BAYFERROX 4920 is used in Masterbatches

BAYFERROX 4920 is used in Mortar
BAYFERROX 4920 is used in Noise Barriers
BAYFERROX 4920 is used in Paper Manufacture

BAYFERROX 4920 is used in Paving Stones
BAYFERROX 4920 is used in Plaster
BAYFERROX 4920 is used in Plastic Coating

BAYFERROX 4920 is used in Plastic products
BAYFERROX 4920 is used in Roof tile Coating
BAYFERROX 4920 is used in Sand-lime Bricks

BAYFERROX 4920 is used in Screed
BAYFERROX 4920 is used in Wood Coating
BAYFERROX 4920 is used in Wood Plastic Composites



SAFETY INFORMATION ABOUT BAYFERROX 4920:
First aid measures:
Description of first aid measures:
General advice:
Consult a physician.
Show this safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
Move out of dangerous area:

If inhaled:
If breathed in, move person into fresh air.
If not breathing, give artificial respiration.
Consult a physician.
In case of skin contact:
Take off contaminated clothing and shoes immediately.
Wash off with soap and plenty of water.
Consult a physician.

In case of eye contact:
Rinse thoroughly with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes and consult a physician.
Continue rinsing eyes during transport to hospital.

If swallowed:
Do NOT induce vomiting.
Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person.
Rinse mouth with water.
Consult a physician.

Firefighting measures:
Extinguishing media:
Suitable extinguishing media:
Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.
Special hazards arising from the substance or mixture
Carbon oxides, Nitrogen oxides (NOx), Hydrogen chloride gas

Advice for firefighters:
Wear self-contained breathing apparatus for firefighting if necessary.
Accidental release measures:
Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures
Use personal protective equipment.

Avoid breathing vapours, mist or gas.
Evacuate personnel to safe areas.

Environmental precautions:
Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so.
Do not let product enter drains.
Discharge into the environment must be avoided.

Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Soak up with inert absorbent material and dispose of as hazardous waste.
Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.

Handling and storage:
Precautions for safe handling:
Avoid inhalation of vapour or mist.

Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place.
Containers which are opened must be carefully resealed and kept upright to prevent leakage.
Storage class (TRGS 510): 8A: Combustible, corrosive hazardous materials

Exposure controls/personal protection:
Control parameters:
Components with workplace control parameters
Contains no substances with occupational exposure limit values.
Exposure controls:
Appropriate engineering controls:
Handle in accordance with good industrial hygiene and safety practice.
Wash hands before breaks and at the end of workday.

Personal protective equipment:
Eye/face protection:
Tightly fitting safety goggles.
Faceshield (8-inch minimum).
Use equipment for eye protection tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or EN 166(EU).

Skin protection:
Handle with gloves.
Gloves must be inspected prior to use.
Use proper glove
removal technique (without touching glove's outer surface) to avoid skin contact with this product.
Dispose of contaminated gloves after use in accordance with applicable laws and good laboratory practices.
Wash and dry hands.

Full contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0.11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Material tested:Dermatril (KCL 740 / Aldrich Z677272, Size M)
Splash contact
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0.11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Material tested:Dermatril (KCL 740 / Aldrich Z677272, Size M)
It should not be construed as offering an approval for any specific use scenario.

Body Protection:
Complete suit protecting against chemicals, The type of protective equipment must be selected according to the concentration and amount of the dangerous substance at the specific workplace.
Respiratory protection:
Where risk assessment shows air-purifying respirators are appropriate use a fullface respirator with multi-purpose combination (US) or type ABEK (EN 14387) respirator cartridges as a backup to engineering controls.

If the respirator is the sole means of protection, use a full-face supplied air respirator.
Use respirators and components tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or CEN (EU).
Control of environmental exposure
Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so.
Do not let product enter drains.
Discharge into the environment must be avoided.

Stability and reactivity:
Chemical stability:
Stable under recommended storage conditions.
Incompatible materials:
Strong oxidizing agents:
Hazardous decomposition products:
Hazardous decomposition products formed under fire conditions.
Carbon oxides, Nitrogen oxides (NOx), Hydrogen chloride gas.

Disposal considerations:
Waste treatment methods:
Product:
Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company.
Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material.
Contaminated packaging:
Dispose of as unused product

CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF BAYFERROX 4920:
Molar weight: 89
Color Index: 77492.0000
Type: Yellow pigment
Delivery form: Powder
Chemical class: Synthetic iron hydroxide a - FeOOH
CAS-No.: 51274-00-1
Fe2O3 [%]: 86
SiO2 + Al2O3 [%]: 0.6
Loss on heating at 1000°C, ½ h [%]: 15.0
Water-soluble salts [%]: 0.5
Water content (ex works) [%]: 1.0
Oil absorption [g/100g] approx.: 32
Particle shape: acicular
Predominant particle size[µm]: 0.1× 0.8
Tamped apparent density [g/cm3]: approx. 0.4
Density [g/cm3] approx.: 4.0
Melting Point: 1538 °C
Density: 5.24
Appearance: Lemon Yellow To Brown Powder.
Formula: Fe2O3
Molecular Mass: 159.69
Exact Mass: 165.85400
Logp: -0.36140



BAYFERROX 920
Bayferrox 920 is in a granular form that is virtually dust-free and exhibits good free-flowing properties.
Bayferrox 920 is an iron oxide yellow pigment.
When Bayferrox 920 is heated to 80°C, it loses water and turns into red ferric oxide.

CAS Number: 51274-00-1
Molecular Formula: FeH3O3
Molecular Weight: 106.86702
EC Number: 257-098-5

Bayferrox 920 is an inorganic pigment.
Bayferrox 920s low viscosity makes it especially suitable for highly concentrated paste systems.
Bayferrox 920 by Lanxess is used in automotive coating, coil coating, decorative paints, emulsion paints, industrial coating, plastic coating, powder coating, roof tile coating and wood coating.

Bayferrox 920 form of delivery is powder.
Only high purity selected raw materials are used in the manufacturing process of Bayferrox 920.

Bayferrox 920 meets all the requirements of the cosmetic industry or for coloring cigarette butt papers.
Because Bayferrox 920 comes into direct contact with human skin, certain legal requirements must be met and a high level of protection provided.

The Z Classes of the Bayferrox series are subject to specific testing procedures and meet high dermatological standards.
Bayferrox 920 is an iron oxide yellow pigment.
Bayferrox 920 is delivered in powder form and can be applied to color a wide variety of building materials.

It should be noted that the packaging medium of Bayferrox 920 may have a much shorter shelf life than Bayferrox 920.
All recommendations and warnings on the packaging must be strictly followed.
Deviations from storage conditions can cause undesirable changes in the surface of packaging materials.

Bayferrox 920 is an iron oxide yellow pigment and they succumb to aging, which can compromise their abilities.
Bayferrox 920 is delivered in a granular form that is virtually dust-free and exhibits good free-flowing properties.

Bayferrox 920 can be used in a wide variety of applications and has a good price/performance ratio.
The Bayferrox 920 specifications of this delivery form are specifically designed for the coloring of concrete materials.
The production of Bayferrox 920 is based on the well-known Bayferrox pigments, which exhibit high tinting strength, lightness and tinting properties.

Bayferrox 920 has been specially developed for the coloring of impregnated and pressed laminate paper and meets high requirements.
Bayferrox 920 is tested on laminated paper and packed in water recyclable bags.

In this way, dust formation in the production process can be prevented.
Bayferrox 920 is a yellow powder in the form of alkaline oxide with relatively stable chemical properties.
Bayferrox 920 is insoluble in water and alcohol, slightly soluble in acids, completely soluble in concentrated form.

Bayferrox 920 is used as a coloring agent in coating, printing ink and paint, as well as in construction material, rubber and papermaking.
Bayferrox 920 is widely used because of its bright and pure color, good weather resistance and high opacity.

Bayferrox 920 is produced by precipitation of ferric oxide hydroxide followed by purification by washing, drying.
Bayferrox 920 are construction elements produced with synthetic and water-based paints, construction chemicals, plastic, rubber and cement.
Bayferrox 920 is produced in Bayferrox standards and with an innovative technology.

Bayferrox 920 is a micronized, yellow iron oxide pigment.
Bayferrox 920 is an inorganic pigment.
Bayferrox 920's low viscosity makes it particularly suitable for highly concentrated paste systems.

Bayferrox 920 is used in automotive coating, coil coating, decorative paints, emulsion paints, industrial coating, plastics.
Bayferrox 920 is an iron oxide pigment that is supplied in powder form and can be applied to color a wide variety of buildings.

Bayferrox 920 is specifically a red iron oxide pigment.
The exact shade of red can vary based on the formulation and manufacturing process.
Bayferrox 920 pigments are available in various shades of red, yellow, brown, and black, allowing for a wide range of color options.

APPEARANCE: Powder
Product Type: Color Pigments
Color: Yellow
Delivery Form: Powder
Molar weight: 89
Color Index: 77492.0000

Bayferrox 920 is an iron oxide yellow pigment.
Bayferrox 920 pigment granules are the result of a special manufacturing process.
Bayferrox 920 is free-flowing, which allows it to be easily discharged from silos, paper bags and bulk bags.

Because of Bayferrox 920s dust free character, storage and metering are clean.
Bayferrox 920 properties of this modern delivery form were designed especially for coloring of concrete materials.
The production is based on the well known Bayferrox 920 pigments which show high tinting strength, light fastness and excellent weather stability.

Bayferrox 920 also known as Pigment yellow 42 is yellow powder in the form of an alkaline oxide with comparatively stable chemical properties.
Bayferrox 920 is slightly soluble in acids but completely dissolves in concentrated hydrochloric acid.
Bayferrox 920 is used in coating, printing ink and paint, and also as a coloring agent for building material, rubber and paper-making.

Bayferrox 920 widely used due to its bright and pure colour, good weather proofing and high opacity.
It is manufactured by the precipitation of ferric oxide hydroxide followed by purification through washing, drying and milling.
Bayferrox 920 is a brand name for an iron oxide pigment that is produced by the company LANXESS.

Bayferrox 920 are synthetic compounds that are used to color a wide range of materials, including paints, coatings, plastics, ceramics, and construction materials.
These pigments are known for their durability, stability, and consistent color properties.
Bayferrox 920 is specifically a red iron oxide pigment.

The "920" in the name might refer to a specific formulation or variation of red iron oxide pigment produced by LANXESS.
The "Bayferrox" part of the name is a brand used by LANXESS for their line of iron oxide pigments.
Bayferrox 920 are commonly used in various applications due to their ability to provide stable and vibrant coloration.

In construction, Bayferrox 920 can be used to color concrete, mortar, and other building materials.
In the manufacturing of paints and coatings, iron oxide pigments like Bayferrox 920 can be used to achieve a range of red shades.

Bayferrox 920 are known for their stability and resistance to light, heat, and chemicals.
This makes them suitable for applications where color retention over time is important.
Bayferrox 920 are generally considered non-toxic and safe for use in various applications, including those that come into contact with food or are used in sensitive environments.

The particle size of Bayferrox 920 can influence properties like color intensity and dispersion.
Manufacturers offer a range of particle sizes tailored to different applications.
Bayferrox 920 are synthetically produced through controlled precipitation or thermal decomposition of iron salts.

This process allows for precise control over color and other properties.
Bayferrox 920, including Bayferrox 920, typically comply with various industry standards and regulations, such as those related to environmental impact, safety, and toxicity.

Uses
Bayferrox 920 is also used in paints, enamels, Porcelain Enamels, concrete colorants, plastics, rubber, and paper where permanent yellow is required.
Bayferrox 920 has excellent hiding power, absorbs ultraviolet light, is compatible with a broad range of vehicles, disperses well in aqueous and solvent systems, does not contain heavy metals.

Bayferrox 920, other applications are in Primers, Wood Primers, Dry Distemper, Cement Paints, Adhesives, Cement Flooring, Vinyl Flooring, Designer Tiles, Paving blocks, Cement Colours , Mosaic Tiles, Ceramics, Plastics (Plastics Asphalt), PVC, Rubber products ,Paper, Crayons, Leather, Glazes, Dadoes, Plaster works.
Bayferrox 920 is used elastomers , Textile, Inks, Fibre, Glass Polishing, Metal Polishing, Rouge Polishing, Optical Lens etc.

Bayferrox 920 commonly used to color concrete, bricks, pavers, tiles, and other construction materials.
These pigments are UV-stable and can withstand harsh weather conditions.
Bayferrox 920 are used in paints and coatings for both indoor and outdoor applications.

Bayferrox 920 are added to plastics and polymers to achieve desired colors in a variety of plastic products.
Bayferrox 920 used in the production of ceramic tiles, pottery, and other ceramic products.
Bayferrox 920 are used in printing inks, including offset, flexographic, and gravure inks.

Iron oxide pigments like Bayferrox 920 are commonly used to color concrete for various construction projects, including sidewalks, pavements, curbs, and architectural elements.
They provide long-lasting color that resists fading from exposure to sunlight and weather conditions.
Bayferrox 920 is used to color clay bricks, pavers, and other masonry products, enhancing their aesthetic appeal.

Roofing tiles and shingles can be colored with Bayferrox 920 to achieve desired hues that complement building designs.
Bayferrox 920 is used in paints for exterior and interior surfaces of buildings, offering a wide range of red shades that resist fading over time.
Bayferrox 920 find applications in industrial coatings for equipment, machinery, and infrastructure where durability and color stability are essential.

Bayferrox 920 can be used in automotive paints, providing vibrant colors for vehicle exteriors.
Bayferrox 920 are added to plastics and polymers to achieve a variety of colors in plastic products, including toys, packaging, consumer goods, and automotive components.

Bayferrox 920 is used to color ceramic tiles for walls, floors, and decorative applications.
Bayferrox 920 is used by artists and artisans to color clay and glazes for pottery, ceramics, and art projects.
Bayferrox 920 is used in various types of printing inks, including offset, flexographic, and gravure inks, for applications such as packaging, labels, and publications.

Bayferrox 920 can be used in wood stains and coatings to achieve consistent color on wood surfaces, such as furniture, decks, and outdoor structures.
Bayferrox 920 is used by artists, crafters, and hobbyists to add color to paints, pigments, and other artistic materials.

Bayferrox 920 can be used in dyeing and coloring textiles, providing a range of red hues.
In cosmetic products like makeup, Bayferrox 920 can be used to color lipsticks, eyeshadows, and other cosmetics.

Safety
Fine particles of Bayferrox 920 can become airborne during handling and processing.
Prolonged inhalation of these particles, especially in excessive amounts, can potentially irritate the respiratory system.
Proper ventilation and respiratory protection should be used when working with dusty or aerosolized pigments.

Direct contact with Bayferrox 920, particularly in powder form, can cause skin irritation, redness, and dermatitis.
Bayferrox 920's important to use appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) such as gloves and safety goggles when handling pigments.
While ingestion of small amounts of Bayferrox 920 is unlikely to cause harm, ingesting larger quantities can lead to stomach upset, nausea, or gastrointestinal discomfort.

Bayferrox 920 are not flammable on their own.
However, if dispersed in air as fine dust, they can potentially pose a dust explosion hazard under certain conditions.
Preventing dust buildup and controlling ignition sources are important for minimizing this risk.

Environmental Impact
Bayferrox 920 are generally considered to have low environmental impact.
They are stable compounds and are often used in industries where environmental considerations are important.
However, excessive release of pigment dust into the environment can contribute to air and water pollution.

Synonyms
Ferric oxide Yellow
Ferric oxide, yellow
Bayferrox 920
51274-00-1
UNII-EX438O2MRT
Iron hydroxide oxide yellow
Ferric oxide, yellow [NF]
Iron Oxide Yellow
EX438O2MRT
CCRIS 4378
EINECS 257-098-5
iron(3+);oxygen(2-);hydroxide;hydrate
Ferrox
EC 257-098-5
MAPICO YELLOW
IRON OXIDE,YELLOW
FERRIC OXIDE,YELLOW
HYDRATED FERRIC-OXIDE
FERRIC OXIDE, HYDRATED
INS NO.172(III)
INS-172(III)
FERRIC OXIDE YELLOW [II]
FERRIC OXYHYDROXIDE HYDRATE
HYDRATED IRON (III) OXIDE
IRON OXIDE,YELLOW [VANDF]
CI 77492 [INCI]
E-172(III)
SYNTHETIC YELLOW IRON OXIDE
FERRIC OXIDE,YELLOW [VANDF]
FERRIC OXIDE, HYDRATED [II]
FERRIC OXIDE (HYDRATE) [NF]
AKOS032950036
IRON(III) OXIDE-HYDROXIDE MONOHYDRATE
CI(1975) NO. 77492
Q27277405
105478-30-6
BDO (1,4-BUTANEDIOL)

BDO (1,4-butanediol), often abbreviated as BDO, is a chemical compound with the molecular formula C4H10O2.
BDO (1,4-butanediol) is a colorless, viscous liquid with a faint, characteristic odor.
BDO (1,4-butanediol) is a diol molecule, meaning it contains two hydroxyl (-OH) groups attached to adjacent carbon atoms.
BDO (1,4-butanediol) is a versatile intermediate chemical that is widely used in various industries.

CAS Number: 110-63-4
EC Number: 203-786-5

Butane-1,4-diol, 1,4-Butylene glycol, Tetramethylene glycol, Tetramethylene diol, 1,4-Dihydroxybutane, Butylene glycol, Succinic acid monoethyl ester, 1,4-Butanediol, Butane-1,4-diol, 1,4-Butylene glycol, Tetramethylene glycol, Tetramethylene diol, 1,4-Dihydroxybutane, Butylene glycol, Succinic acid monoethyl ester, 1,4-Butanediol, Butane-1,4-diol, 1,4-Butylene glycol, Tetramethylene glycol, Tetramethylene diol, 1,4-Dihydroxybutane, Butylene glycol, Succinic acid monoethyl ester, 1,4-Butanediol, Butane-1,4-diol, 1,4-Butylene glycol, Tetramethylene glycol, Tetramethylene diol, 1,4-Dihydroxybutane, Butylene glycol, Succinic acid monoethyl ester, 1,4-Butanediol, Butane-1,4-diol, 1,4-Butylene glycol, Tetramethylene glycol, Tetramethylene diol, 1,4-Dihydroxybutane, Butylene glycol, Succinic acid monoethyl ester



APPLICATIONS


BDO (1,4-butanediol) is primarily used as a precursor in the production of tetrahydrofuran (THF).
THF is a solvent widely used in chemical synthesis, polymer processing, and pharmaceutical formulations.
BDO (1,4-butanediol) is also a key intermediate in the synthesis of gamma-butyrolactone (GBL).

GBL is utilized in the production of pharmaceuticals, polymers, and agricultural chemicals.
Additionally, 1,4-butanediol is employed in the manufacture of polybutylene terephthalate (PBT) resins.

PBT resins are used in automotive components, electrical appliances, and consumer goods.
BDO (1,4-butanediol) serves as a solvent in various applications, including coatings, inks, and cleaning agents.
BDO (1,4-butanediol) is valued for its ability to dissolve a wide range of substances and its low volatility.
In the pharmaceutical industry, 1,4-butanediol is utilized as a solvent for drug formulations and as a chemical intermediate.

BDO (1,4-butanediol) is also used in the synthesis of certain medications and active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs).
BDO (1,4-butanediol) is a key component in the production of polyurethane elastomers and thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU).
Polyurethane elastomers are used in the manufacture of seals, gaskets, and flexible foams.

BDO (1,4-butanediol) is employed in applications such as footwear, automotive parts, and medical devices.
BDO (1,4-butanediol) acts as a chain extender and crosslinker in polyurethane polymerization reactions, enhancing mechanical properties.
BDO (1,4-butanediol) is utilized in the production of adhesives and sealants for bonding various substrates.
BDO (1,4-butanediol) is used in the synthesis of specialty chemicals and fine chemicals for diverse applications.

BDO (1,4-butanediol) undergoes chemical reactions such as esterification, etherification, and oxidation to produce derivatives with specific properties.
BDO (1,4-butanediol) is employed as a plasticizer in the production of flexible PVC (polyvinyl chloride) materials.
BDO (1,4-butanediol) improves the flexibility, durability, and processing characteristics of PVC products.

BDO (1,4-butanediol) is used in the formulation of personal care products such as cosmetics, hair care products, and skincare formulations.
BDO (1,4-butanediol) serves as a solvent, humectant, or viscosity modifier in cosmetic formulations.

BDO (1,4-butanediol) is utilized in the synthesis of specialty resins, coatings, and specialty chemicals.
BDO (1,4-butanediol) is employed in the production of specialty polyesters, polyols, and epoxy resins.

BDO (1,4-butanediol) is used in the synthesis of specialty lubricants and hydraulic fluids.
BDO (1,4-butanediol) plays a critical role in various industries, serving as a versatile chemical intermediate with diverse applications.

BDO (1,4-butanediol) is used in the production of printing inks and toners for the printing industry.
BDO (1,4-butanediol) serves as a solvent for dispersing pigments and resins in ink formulations.

BDO (1,4-butanediol) is employed in the formulation of specialty coatings for automotive, aerospace, and industrial applications.
BDO (1,4-butanediol) enhances the adhesion, durability, and corrosion resistance of coatings.
In the electronics industry, 1,4-butanediol is used in the production of circuit boards and electronic components.

BDO (1,4-butanediol) serves as a solvent for cleaning electronic equipment and removing flux residues.
BDO (1,4-butanediol) is utilized in the synthesis of specialty polymers such as polyesters and polyurethanes.

These polymers find applications in fibers, films, and molded parts for various industries.
BDO (1,4-butanediol) is used in the production of plasticizers for PVC (polyvinyl chloride) and other polymer materials.
BDO (1,4-butanediol) improves the flexibility and processability of PVC products.

In the textile industry, 1,4-butanediol is used as a dyeing auxiliary and leveling agent in textile dyeing processes.
BDO (1,4-butanediol) helps to achieve uniform dye penetration and color consistency in textile products.

BDO (1,4-butanediol) is employed in the formulation of hydraulic fluids and brake fluids for automotive and industrial applications.
BDO (1,4-butanediol) serves as a viscosity modifier and anti-corrosion agent in hydraulic systems.

BDO (1,4-butanediol) is used in the production of fuel additives and lubricant additives for improving engine performance and longevity.
BDO (1,4-butanediol) enhances fuel combustion efficiency and reduces engine wear and friction.

In the construction industry, 1,4-butanediol is used in the formulation of concrete admixtures and construction sealants.
BDO (1,4-butanediol) improves the workability, strength, and durability of concrete mixes.

BDO (1,4-butanediol) is employed in the synthesis of specialty chemicals such as flavors, fragrances, and pharmaceutical intermediates.
BDO (1,4-butanediol) serves as a starting material for the production of fine chemicals with specific functional groups and properties.

BDO (1,4-butanediol) is used in the formulation of adhesives and sealants for construction, automotive, and aerospace applications.
BDO (1,4-butanediol) provides bonding strength, flexibility, and weather resistance to adhesive and sealant formulations.

BDO (1,4-butanediol) is employed in the production of food additives and flavor enhancers for the food industry.
BDO (1,4-butanediol) serves as a solvent, carrier, or flavor modifier in food formulations.
BDO (1,4-butanediol) is a versatile chemical with a wide range of applications across multiple industries, contributing to its importance and utility.



DESCRIPTION


BDO (1,4-butanediol), often abbreviated as BDO, is a chemical compound with the molecular formula C4H10O2.
BDO (1,4-butanediol) is a colorless, viscous liquid with a faint, characteristic odor.
BDO (1,4-butanediol) is a diol molecule, meaning it contains two hydroxyl (-OH) groups attached to adjacent carbon atoms.
BDO (1,4-butanediol) is a versatile intermediate chemical that is widely used in various industries.

BDO (1,4-butanediol) is primarily used as a precursor in the production of other chemicals.
BDO (1,4-butanediol) undergoes chemical reactions to form derivatives such as tetrahydrofuran (THF), gamma-butyrolactone (GBL), and polybutylene terephthalate (PBT), which have numerous industrial applications.

In addition to its role as a chemical intermediate, 1,4-butanediol is also used as a solvent in various applications such as coatings, inks, and cleaning agents.
BDO (1,4-butanediol) is valued for its ability to dissolve a wide range of substances and its low volatility.

Furthermore, 1,4-butanediol is utilized in the manufacture of polyurethane elastomers and thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU), which are widely used in the production of flexible foams, coatings, adhesives, and sealants.
BDO (1,4-butanediol) acts as a chain extender and crosslinker in the polymerization process, contributing to the mechanical properties and durability of polyurethane materials.

BDO (1,4-butanediol) is a colorless and odorless liquid.
BDO (1,4-butanediol) has a molecular formula of C4H10O2.
The chemical structure of 1,4-butanediol consists of four carbon atoms arranged in a straight chain with two hydroxyl (-OH) groups attached.
BDO (1,4-butanediol) is miscible with water, ethanol, and many organic solvents.

BDO (1,4-butanediol) has a relatively high boiling point of approximately 235 degrees Celsius and a low freezing point of around -74 degrees Celsius.
BDO (1,4-butanediol) is a diol molecule, meaning it contains two hydroxyl groups (-OH) attached to adjacent carbon atoms.

BDO (1,4-butanediol) is produced industrially through the catalytic hydrogenation of maleic anhydride or the hydrolysis of tetrahydrofuran (THF).
BDO (1,4-butanediol) is used as a precursor in the synthesis of various chemicals such as tetrahydrofuran (THF), gamma-butyrolactone (GBL), and polybutylene terephthalate (PBT).

BDO (1,4-butanediol) is commonly employed as a solvent in formulations for coatings, inks, and cleaning agents due to its excellent solvency properties.
BDO (1,4-butanediol) is also utilized as a chemical intermediate in the production of polyurethane elastomers and thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU).
BDO (1,4-butanediol) acts as a chain extender and crosslinker in polyurethane polymerization reactions, contributing to the mechanical properties and durability of polyurethane materials.

BDO (1,4-butanediol) is valued for its low volatility and ability to dissolve a wide range of substances.
BDO (1,4-butanediol) undergoes various chemical reactions including esterification, etherification, and oxidation, which expand its range of applications.

BDO (1,4-butanediol) is considered toxic and should be handled with care to avoid skin contact, inhalation, or ingestion.
The chemical industry is the primary consumer of 1,4-butanediol, where it serves as a key intermediate in the production of numerous products.

BDO (1,4-butanediol) is also used in the pharmaceutical industry for the synthesis of certain medications and drug formulations.
BDO (1,4-butanediol) is classified as a controlled substance in some jurisdictions due to its potential misuse in the illicit production of gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB), a central nervous system depressant.
BDO (1,4-butanediol) has a relatively low flashpoint and should be stored and handled away from ignition sources and open flames.

BDO (1,4-butanediol) is soluble in polar and nonpolar solvents, making it versatile for various applications in different industries.
BDO (1,4-butanediol) is hygroscopic and may absorb moisture from the air over time, affecting its properties and stability.

BDO (1,4-butanediol) is transported and stored in sealed containers to prevent contamination and evaporation.
BDO (1,4-butanediol) is commonly used in research laboratories and industrial settings as a versatile chemical reagent.



PROPERTIES


Chemical Formula: C4H10O2
Molecular Weight: Approximately 90.12 grams per mole
Physical State: Liquid at room temperature
Color: Colorless
Odor: Faint, characteristic odor
Taste: Sweet taste
Solubility in Water: Miscible
Solubility in Organic Solvents: Soluble in most organic solvents
Melting Point: Approximately -69 °C
Boiling Point: Approximately 235 °C
Density: Approximately 1.017 g/cm³
pH: Neutral
Viscosity: Relatively high viscosity
Refractive Index: Approximately 1.445
Flash Point: Approximately 121 °C (closed cup)
Autoignition Temperature: Approximately 315 °C
Vapor Pressure: Approximately 0.03 mmHg at 25 °C
Heat of Combustion: Approximately -2592 kJ/mol
Heat of Vaporization: Approximately 66.3 kJ/mol
Specific Heat Capacity: Approximately 2.51 J/g°C
Surface Tension: Approximately 54.8 mN/m at 20 °C
Dielectric Constant: Approximately 32 at 20 °C
Hygroscopicity: Low
Flammability: Non-flammable under normal conditions
Toxicity: Considered toxic if ingested, inhaled, or absorbed through the skin



FIRST AID


Inhalation:

If inhaled, immediately remove the affected person to fresh air.
Allow the person to rest in a well-ventilated area.
If breathing difficulties persist, seek medical attention promptly.
Provide oxygen if the person has difficulty breathing.


Skin Contact:

Remove contaminated clothing and shoes immediately.
Wash the affected area with plenty of soap and water for at least 15 minutes.
Rinse skin thoroughly to remove any traces of the substance.
If irritation, redness, or rash develops, seek medical advice.
Apply a soothing moisturizer or barrier cream to the affected area to help alleviate discomfort.


Eye Contact:

Flush eyes with lukewarm water, keeping eyelids open, for at least 15 minutes.
Remove contact lenses if present and easily removable.
Seek immediate medical attention if irritation, pain, or redness persists.
Protect the unaffected eye to prevent contamination.


Ingestion:

Rinse mouth with water and drink plenty of water to dilute the substance.
Do not induce vomiting unless instructed to do so by medical personnel.
Seek medical attention immediately and provide information on the ingested substance.
Do not give anything by mouth to an unconscious person.


General Advice:

Keep affected person calm and reassure them.
If seeking medical attention, provide the Safety Data Sheet (SDS) or product label information to healthcare providers.
If the substance has entered the respiratory tract, monitor for signs of respiratory distress and administer CPR if necessary.
Do not administer any medications unless directed by medical personnel.
If exposed to large quantities or experiencing severe symptoms, seek emergency medical assistance immediately.
Be prepared to provide information on the specific product, concentration, and duration of exposure when seeking medical advice.
If transporting an affected individual to a medical facility, ensure proper ventilation and monitor their condition closely.



HANDLING AND STORAGE


Handling:

Personal Protective Equipment (PPE):
Wear suitable protective clothing, including gloves, safety glasses, and a lab coat, when handling 1,4-butanediol to prevent skin contact and eye irritation.
Use respiratory protection, such as a dust mask or respirator, if handling in powdered form or in poorly ventilated areas to prevent inhalation of dust particles.

Ventilation:
Handle 1,4-butanediol in a well-ventilated area or under a fume hood to minimize exposure to airborne particles and vapors.
Ensure adequate ventilation in storage areas to prevent the accumulation of vapors and maintain air quality.

Avoidance of Contamination:
Prevent contamination of 1,4-butanediol by keeping containers tightly closed when not in use.
Do not allow the substance to come into contact with incompatible materials, such as strong oxidizing agents or bases, to avoid hazardous reactions.

Safe Handling Practices:
Avoid generating dust or aerosols when handling 1,4-butanediol.
Use appropriate handling tools, such as scoops or spatulas, to minimize skin contact and prevent spills.
Do not eat, drink, or smoke while handling 1,4-butanediol to prevent accidental ingestion.

Emergency Procedures:
Familiarize yourself and other personnel with emergency procedures in case of spills, leaks, or exposure incidents.
Have appropriate spill control measures, absorbent materials, and personal protective equipment readily available.


Storage:

Storage Conditions:
Store 1,4-butanediol in a cool, dry, well-ventilated area away from sources of heat, moisture, and direct sunlight.
Keep containers tightly closed when not in use to prevent contamination and moisture absorption.

Temperature and Humidity:
Maintain storage temperature within the recommended range (typically room temperature) to ensure stability and minimize degradation.
Avoid exposure to extreme temperatures or fluctuations, as this may affect the quality and shelf life of the product.

Compatibility:
Store 1,4-butanediol away from incompatible materials, such as strong oxidizing agents, alkalis, and reducing agents, to prevent hazardous reactions.
Segregate 1,4-butanediol from other chemicals to avoid cross-contamination and potential hazards.

Labeling and Identification:
Clearly label storage containers with the product name, hazard warnings, handling instructions, and date of receipt.
Ensure proper identification and labeling of 1,4-butanediol to prevent confusion and facilitate safe handling and storage.

Security Measures:
Restrict access to storage areas containing 1,4-butanediol to authorized personnel only.
Implement appropriate security measures, such as locked cabinets or storage rooms, to prevent unauthorized access or tampering.

Spill Containment and Cleanup:
Have spill containment kits, absorbent materials, and personal protective equipment readily available for spill cleanup.
Follow established spill cleanup procedures and disposal guidelines to minimize environmental impact and ensure safety.

Regulatory Compliance:
Store and handle 1,4-butanediol in compliance with local regulations, codes, and guidelines governing the storage and handling of hazardous substances.
Maintain accurate records of storage conditions, inventory levels, and handling procedures for regulatory compliance and safety auditing purposes.
BEARBERRY LEAF EXTRACT
Bearberry Leaf Extract is found in the maquis.
Bearberry Leaf Extract is a slightly viscous brown liquid that is soluble in water.


Cas Number: 84776-10-3
EC Number: 283-934-3
INCI Name: Arctostaphylos Uva-Ursi Leaf Extract
Botanical Name: Arctostaphylos Uva Ursi
Chem/IUPAC Name: Arctostaphylos Uva Ursi Leaf Extract



SYNONYMS:
arbutin, Arctostaphylos uva ursi, mountain cranberry, uva ursi, Arctostaphylos Uva Ursi Leaf Extract, Uva Ursi Extract, Bear Grape Extract, Arctostaphylos Extract, Bearberry Extract, Arbutin Extract, Arctostaphylos Leaf Powder, Bearberry Leaf Powder



Bearberry Leaf Extract is a hydroalcoholic extract of the leaves of Arctostaphylos Uva Ursi in Propylene Glycol.
Bearberry Leaf Extract is a slightly viscous brown liquid that is soluble in water.
Bearberry Leaf Extract is a hairy plant with red berries in small grains.


Bearberry Leaf Extract is 1-3 meters high.
Bearberry Leaf Extract has leaves in all seasons.
Bearberry Leaf Extract is found in the maquis.


Bearberry Leaf Extract's branches are reddish brown.
Bearberry Leaf Extract's leaves are similar to boxwood leaves.
Bearberry Leaf Extract contains Hydrochinone.


Bearberry Leaf Extract is collected and dried in the autumn months.
Bearberry Leaf Extract's flowers are in pink bunches.
Leaves of Bearberry Leaf Extract are used in home remedies.


Bearberry Leaf Extract is a prized botanical ingredient in cosmetics for its multitude of skincare benefits.
Bearberry Leaf Extract is a little plant with nice red berries that lives in the North and is also called bearberry or kinnikinnick.
As for skincare Bearberry Leaf Extract is interesting because it contains the well-known skin lightening agent arbutin.


The leaves contain 5-15% percent of Bearberry Leaf Extract and might be able to help fading brown spots on the skin.
Yes, it has a super cute name, but there’s more to Bearberry Leaf Extract than just that!
It has been having a moment in K-beauty thanks to the huge range of Bearberry Leaf Extract skin benefits, particularly in the world of anti-ageing.


Bearberry Leaf Extract comes from a shrub that produces red berries - who would have thought something so small would be so fantastic?
Bearberry Leaf Extract contains something called arbutin, which is where all of the magic comes from.
Bearberry Leaf Extract is an essential cosmetic raw material for skin care.


Bearberry Leaf Extract, derived from the plant, is a key ingredient in innovative and effective skincare products.
Bearberry Leaf Extract is particularly known for its intense moisturizing and antioxidant properties, making it ideal for anti-aging and reparative skincare lines.


Bearberry Leaf Extract is an extract of the leaves of the bearberry, Arctostaphylos uva ursi.
Bearberry Leaf Extract is made from the leaves of the bearberry plant.
Bearberry Leaf Extract is astringent in cosmetic preparations and skin care products.



USES and APPLICATIONS of BEARBERRY LEAF EXTRACT:
Packed with antioxidants, Bearberry Leaf Extract shields the skin from environmental stressors, preventing premature aging and promoting a youthful complexion.
Its natural astringent properties help tighten pores and regulate oil production, making Bearberry Leaf Extract ideal for acne-prone skin.


Additionally, Bearberry Leaf Extract is renowned for its skin-brightening effects, helping to reduce the appearance of dark spots and hyperpigmentation.
Bearberry Leaf Extract embodies nature's bounty, offering gentle yet effective skincare solutions for healthier, more radiant skin.
Bearberry Leaf Extract acts as an astringent, and antibacterial, circulatory stimulant and skin lightening active.


Bearberry Leaf Extract is used in shampoo and skin care.
Using Bearberry Leaf Extract in your products not only supports skin health, but also helps to reduce the visible signs of ageing.
Ideal for creams, lotions and serums, Bearberry Leaf Extract offers a range of benefits that make it an essential ingredient in the development of skincare products.


With its ability to strengthen the skin barrier and deeply moisturize the skin, Bearberry Leaf Extract is a preferred choice for formulations aimed at restoring skin elasticity and protecting against environmental aggressors.
Bearberry Leaf Extract's anti-inflammatory properties also help to soothe irritated or sensitive skin.


Bearberry Leaf Extract can be used in a variety of ways in skin care and hair cosmetics.
Bearberry Leaf Extract is a skin brightening botanical extract rich in vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants, including vitamin A, manganese, iron, silicon, and selenium.


Formulator shop Bearberry Leaf Extract is rich in beta arbutin which has skin lightening properties, β-Arbutin is said to demonstrate whitening effects by reducing the production of melanin pigments by working directly on tyrosinase in melanocytes.
Bearberry Leaf Extract is water soluble, add to water phase.


Bearberry Leaf Extract is reputed to have antibacterial and antioxidant properties that may be beneficial for cleansing the skin and improving its appearance and a safe alternative to hydroquinone.
Usage rate of Bearberry Leaf Extract is 0.5-10%.


Bearberry Leaf Extract is also used as a lightening agent to fade freckles or skin discoloration which may be caused by sun damage or hormonal conditions.
Bearberry Leaf Extract has antioxidant properties, and there is a small amount of research showing it can have dark spot fading properties.


-The suggested uses of bearberry include:
*Urinary tract infection and inflammation
*Bladder inflammation (cystitis)
*Enlarged prostate
*Bronchitis


-MEDICINE uses of Bearberry Leaf Extract:
Due to the antibacterial properties Bearberry Leaf Extract contains, it helps to regulate the immune system of individuals and to delay aging.
Bearberry Leaf Extract creates a natural diuretic effect for people with urinary problems, leading to more regular functioning of the kidneys and the removal of toxins in the body.

Bearberry Leaf Extract for people with disease like migraine are shown as the most important medicine.
In some regions, Bearberry Leaf Extract is burned and its smoke is said to take people's headaches.
Bearberry Leaf Extract is used in the treatment of diseases such as urinary tract inflammation.

The active ingredients in the currant plant
eliminate the risk of miscarriage during pregnancy . Bearberry Leaf Extract also plays an effective role in reducing the pains faced by expectant mothers during pregnancy .

This plant, which Bearberry Leaf Extract is widely used in medicine, acts as an ointment in the treatment of wounds and rashes that occur in the body.
Bearberry Leaf Extract helps prevent blood loss by providing blood to clot.

Scientists state that Bearberry Leaf Extract should be used in the treatment of diseases such as vaginitis and chronic diarrhea .
Bearberry Leaf Extract plays an effective role in the treatment of bronchitis disease.


-COSMETIC uses of Bearberry Leaf Extract:
*HAIR CARE:
Bearberry Leaf Extract nourishes hair.
Bearberry Leaf Extract adds sparkle to hair.

*SKIN CARE:
Bearberry Leaf Extract refreshes skin cells.
Bearberry Leaf Extract repairs damaged cells.
Bearberry Leaf Extract causes scars and scars on the skin.


-FOOD uses of Bearberry Leaf Extract:
Bearberry Leaf Extract gives aroma to food and beverages.
Bearberry Leaf Extract is used as a food supplement.


-VETERINARY MEDICINE uses of Bearberry Leaf Extract:
Bearberry Leaf Extract helps digestion
Bearberry Leaf Extract is used as an anti-inflammatory.
Bearberry Leaf Extract is used as antibacterial.
Bearberry Leaf Extract is used as a pain reliever.



ORIGIN OF BEARBERRY LEAF EXTRACT:
Europe and the rest of the world.
Organic goods are preferred.
Please note that this product contains biological ingredients whose biodegradability cannot be tested.
Such ingredients were therefore not taken into account in the assessment.



WHAT IS BEARBERRY LEAF EXTRACT, AND WHAT IS BEARBERRY LEAF EXTRACT USED FOR?
Bearberry Leaf Extract is the common name for Arctostaphylos uva ursi, an evergreen plant that grows in the alpine forests of North America, Europe, and Asia.

Bearberry leaves have been used by the indigenous people of America for centuries to treat urinary tract infections.
The name bearberry comes from the sour but edible berries of the plant that bears are known to be fond of.
Only the Bearberry Leaf Extract are used for medicinal purposes.

Studies indicate that Bearberry Leaf Extract may have antimicrobial, astringent, and antioxidant properties.
The therapeutic properties of Bearberry Leaf Extract come from the active substances the leaves contain, including arbutin, tannins, and hydroquinone.

Bearberry Leaf Extract supplements are available over the counter (OTC) as dried leaves, powder, or liquid extracts that can be taken orally.
Bearberry Leaf Extract is possibly effective for mild urinary tract inflammation, but there is little scientific evidence to support any of its other uses.



CLAIMS OF BEARBERRY LEAF EXTRACT:
*Antimicrobials
*Lightening / Whitening Agents
*Astringents



WHAT IS BEARBERRY LEAF EXTRACT USED FOR?
Bearberry Leaf Extract is a versatile ingredient in cosmetics, offering a range of benefits for skin health and beauty.
Bearberry Leaf Extract's anti-inflammatory properties soothe irritated skin, while its antimicrobial effects help combat acne.

Bearberry Leaf Extract's skin-brightening abilities reduce dark spots and hyperpigmentation, promoting a more even complexion.
Additionally, its astringent qualities tighten pores and regulate oil production, making Bearberry Leaf Extract ideal for oily skin.
Bearberry Leaf Extract also moisturizes the skin, leaving it soft and hydrated.



ORIGIN OF BEARBERRY LEAF EXTRACT:
Bearberry Leaf Extract is derived from the leaves of the bearberry plant through a careful extraction process.
The leaves are harvested and subjected to methods like solvent extraction or maceration, which Bearberry Leaf Extract the beneficial compounds from the plant material.

These compounds include arbutin, flavonoids, and tannins, which contribute to Bearberry Leaf Extract's skincare properties.
Bearberry Leaf Extract is then refined and purified for use in cosmetic formulations.



WHAT DOES BEARBERRY LEAF EXTRACT DO IN A FORMULATION?
*Antimicrobial
*Antioxidant
*Astringent
*Humectant
*Moisturising
*Skin conditioning



SAFETY PROFILE OF BEARBERRY LEAF EXTRACT:
Bearberry Leaf Extract is considered safe for cosmetic use when formulated appropriately.
However, individuals with sensitive skin should perform a patch test before widespread application.
As with any skincare ingredient, Bearberry Leaf Extract is crucial to use products within recommended concentrations and follow usage guidelines.
While adverse reactions are rare, consulting a dermatologist is advisable, especially for those with skin sensitivities or allergies.



ALTERNATIVES OF BEARBERRY LEAF EXTRACT:
*ASCORBIC ACID



THE BENEFITS OF BEARBERRY LEAF EXTRACT FOR SKIN:
You may have noticed we’re fans of Bearberry Leaf Extract for skin.
The main reason is Bearberry Leaf Extract's amazing anti-ageing properties.

One of the key components of cracking the anti-ageing code is steering clear of pigmentation.
If you’ll allow us to get a bit geeky for a second, arbutin breaks down into hydroquinone, which disrupts the enzyme that produces dark spots - talk about an underrated hero!

Bearberry Leaf Extract is a renowned skin-lightening ingredient.
In a nutshell, Bearberry Leaf Extract in skin care halts melanin production.

As a powerful antioxidant, Bearberry Leaf Extract fights free radicals which, put simply, are unstable atoms that damage the cells and break down collagen.
Collagen is what gives your skin a gorgeous, plump and youthful glow.

So yes, it is kind of important.
Free radicals on the other hand, are absolutely not.
Hence, having a team of antioxidant soldiers in the form of arbutin is going to make a world of difference.

Because it protects skin cells from free radicals which helps collagen production, Bearberry Leaf Extract in skin care plumps fine lines and wrinkles.
Bearberry Leaf Extract allows the body to produce collagen at its optimum level, so you can soak up all of those complements with your youthful-looking skin!

As a bonus to evening out the skin tone, reducing melanin and slowing the signs of ageing, Bearberry Leaf Extract in skincare is also anti-inflammatory, helping to heal irritated skin and fade scars.



INCLUDING BEARBERRY LEAF EXTRACT IN SKINCARE:
We’re going to guess you’re pretty impressed by the skin brightening and anti-ageing talents of arbutin in skin care by now - we sure are!
Finding products that are packed with the good stuff is going to seriously transform your skincare routine.


While we’re on the brightening train going full steam ahead, the Brightening Eye Serum revives tired eyes by lightening pigmentation.
Because the only bags we want are designer, this eye serum will keep dark circles away thanks to the magic of Bearberry Leaf Extract.

If you’re looking for the plumping benefits of Bearberry Leaf Extract, you really can’t go past the Golden Anti-Ageing Serum.
Yes, Bearberry Leaf Extract looks incredible, but there’s more to this serum than meets the eye (it’s not just a pretty face!).

The peptides and antioxidants reduce fine lines and wrinkles, all the while nourishing the skin.
Arbutin in skincare fights free radicals for firmer skin, which is a major win.

Bearberry Leaf Extract may go by many names, but its brightening and anti-ageing properties work just as well, no matter what you call it!
To find out more about the magic of this little berry, chat to one of our skincare experts!



PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of BEARBERRY LEAF EXTRACT:
Product name: Bear Grape Extract / Bearberry Extract
Botanical Name: Arctostaphylos Uva Ursi
Pearl Name: Arctostaphylos Uva Ursi Leaf Extract
Cas No: 84776-10-3
Einecs No: 283-934-3
Part Used: Leaf
Harvest time: Spring Summer
Product Form: Powder
Production Method: extraction
Solubility: Soluble in water
Viscosity: Low
Solubility: good in water
Liquid extract: grams (g) or milliliters (ml) are similar
Vegan
pH: 3.9-7.2
Density: 1.03-1.06
Refractometry: 1.28-1.43



FIRST AID MEASURES of BEARBERRY LEAF EXTRACT:
-Description of first-aid measures
*General advice:
Show this material safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
*If inhaled:
After inhalation:
Fresh air.
*In case of skin contact:
Take off immediately all contaminated clothing.
Rinse skin with
water/ shower.
*In case of eye contact:
After eye contact:
Rinse out with plenty of water.
Call in ophthalmologist.
Remove contact lenses.
*If swallowed:
After swallowing:
Immediately make victim drink water (two glasses at most).
Consult a physician.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed.
No data available



ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of BEARBERRY LEAF EXTRACT:
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Cover drains.
Collect, bind, and pump off spills.
Observe possible material restrictions.
Take up dry.
Dispose of properly.
Clean up affected area.



FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of BEARBERRY LEAF EXTRACT:
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Foam
Dry powder
*Unsuitable extinguishing media:
For this substance/mixture no limitations of extinguishing agents are given.
-Further information:
Prevent fire extinguishing water from contaminating surface water or the ground water system.



EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of BEARBERRY LEAF EXTRACT:
-Control parameters:
--Ingredients with workplace control parameters:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use equipment for eye protection.
Safety glasses
*Body Protection:
protective clothing
*Respiratory protection:
Recommended Filter type: Filter A
-Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.



HANDLING and STORAGE of BEARBERRY LEAF EXTRACT:
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
*Storage conditions:
Tightly closed.
Dry.



STABILITY and REACTIVITY of BEARBERRY LEAF EXTRACT:
-Chemical stability:
The product is chemically stable under standard ambient conditions (room temperature) .
-Possibility of hazardous reactions:
No data available


Beeswax
beeswax, Cera alba, Cas : 8012-89-3, EC : 232-383-7; Cas : 8006-40-4 (jaune); Cas No : 8012-89-3 (blanche). The wax obtained from the honeycomb of the bee. It consists primarily of myricyl palmitate, cerotic acid and esters and some high-carbon paraffins.Bee cappings, Beeswax absolute (Apis mellifera L.), Beeswax yellow, Beeswax, bleached, Cire d'abeille absolute. La cire d'abeille est la cire naturelle particulière sécrétée par les abeilles à miel. Elles l'utilisent pour construire les rayons de leur ruche afin d'y stocker le miel, le pollen et leur couvain. Chimiquement, la cire d'abeille se compose principalement d'esters d'acides gras et de divers alcools à longue chaîne.La cire d'abeille (nom scientifique : cera alba) est réalisée à partir des écailles blanches et transparentes qui apparaissent à l'ouverture des quatre paires de glandes cirières situées sous l'abdomen de l'abeille. La nouvelle cire est d'abord limpide et incolore, devenant opaque après la mastication et l'adult��ration avec le pollen par les abeilles ouvrières de la ruche. En outre, la cire devient progressivement plus jaune ou brun par l'incorporation d'huiles de pollen et de propolis. Les écailles de cire ont une largeur d'environ 3 mm et une épaisseur de 0,1 mm, et environ 1100 sont nécessaires pour former un gramme de cire. Pour que les abeilles cirières sécrètent de la cire, la température ambiante dans la ruche doit être de . Les cirières consomment 8 kg de miel pour pouvoir produire 1 kg de cire mais ce kilo de cire permettra ensuite de bâtir assez d'alvéoles pour contenir 27 kilos de miel. La cire d'abeille peut être extraite des cadres de la ruche (environ 100 à 200 g de cire par cadre fondu), ou des opercules des alvéoles de miel, en même temps que l'extraction de ce dernier. Les résidus de cire issus d'opercules ayant été produits par les abeilles dans l'année sont réputés produire une plus belle cire que celle, plus vieille, issue des cadres. La cire d'abeille (notamment celle des opercules) est récupérée par les apiculteurs par fusion à 64 °C, au moyen d'un cérificateur (électrique ou solaire) ou d'un four solaire7 qui permet de séparer la cire de ses impuretés et de ses résidus de miel. La cire peut encore être clarifiée par chauffage au bain-marie dans l'eau ou en mettant des bouts de cire directement dans de l'eau, ce qui permettra de nettoyer les cires noircies avec le temps. On fait chauffer l'eau et la cire jusqu'à ce que toute la cire ait fondu (en remuant régulièrement). La cire fondant à 64 °C, il est inutile de faire bouillir l'eau car la cire trop chauffée devient cassante et perd son élasticité. On laisse refroidir le mélange d'eau et de cire jusqu'à solidification de la cire. Lorsqu'on démoule, on a 3 phases : la cire solide au-dessus ; de l'eau "sale" en dessous ; et entre les 2, une phase d'impuretés non solubles (dont la propolis, des bouts d'abeilles, de la poussière, etc. ), qu'on gratte pour l'éliminer (certains s'en servent pour piéger les essaims qui sont attirés par l'odeur de la cire). Il est recommandé de recommencer la procédure 2 ou 3 fois avec la cire ainsi récupérée, pour la purifier de plus en plus. Attention, la cire sera difficile à nettoyer sur les outils et vêtements utilisés pendant son filtrage. Pour pouvoir être recyclée en cire gaufrée dans une ruche, seule la cire d'opercules fraîche peut être utilisée car elle est encore vierge de toutes pollutions. En effet, la cire est un corps gras qui retient beaucoup de molécules. En recyclant la vieille cire des rayons, on garderait des molécules toxiques (coumaphos, tau-fluvalinate, etc) pour les abeilles. Pour l'utilisation en bougie ou autre, on peut stériliser à 130 °C pendant 20 minutes. Attention à ne pas dépasser les 180 °C, température d'évaporation et risque d'inflammation de la cire d'abeille.
BEESWAX
DESCRIPTION:
Beeswax (also known as cera alba) is a natural wax produced by honey bees of the genus Apis.
The wax is formed into scales by eight wax-producing glands in the abdominal segments of worker bees, which discard it in or at the hive.
The hive workers collect and use it to form cells for honey storage and larval and pupal protection within the beehive.


Beeswax is a natural wax that worker bees secrete from glands under their abdomen.
The substance is produced as waxy scales that form thin sheets.
Beeswax can be chewed up by the worker bee and molded into any shape they choose.

Bees produce beeswax mainly to create honeycomb cells for storing honey and protecting eggs and larvae.
The wax acts as a valuable barrier to water and keeps out cold.
Beeswax has a chemical makeup comprising various long-chain alcohols and fatty acid esters.

Beeswax is a product made from the honeycomb of the honeybee and other bees.
The mixing of pollen oils into honeycomb wax turns the white wax into a yellow or brown color.
Beeswax is used for high cholesterol, pain, fungal skin infections, and other conditions.

But there is no good scientific research to support these uses.
In foods and beverages, white beeswax and beeswax absolute (yellow beeswax treated with alcohol) are used as stiffening agents.
In manufacturing, yellow and white beeswax are used as thickeners, emulsifiers, and as stiffening agents in cosmetics.

Beeswax absolute is used as a fragrance in soaps and perfumes.
White beeswax and beeswax absolute are also used to polish pills.


Beeswax is a substance made by honeybees.
Beeswax has many useful properties, not only for the success of the hive but also as a natural ingredient for consumer products.
Beeswax can be used for household items, but there are also biological benefits.

Bees play an important role in keeping our world functioning.
With the amount of pollination that they do, they contribute to various animal and plant species' survival, including our own.
Not only that, bee products are now an integral part of consumer products.
These products are growing in popularity, and help bring attention to all the work honeybees do for nature and people.

Besides growing in demand as a natural alternative to plastics and synthetic chemicals, beeswax is an important material used for building the beehive.
It is made to store food and house the young bee larvae.
Beeswax is made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, which are formed into long carbon chains.
This structure makes beeswax easy to sculpt once it’s been harvested and cleaned.

Worker bees make beeswax by turning their nectar and honey stores into compounds.
They work together and use their small bodies to make the product.
Those compounds are secreted from special glands on the bee's abdomen.

A lot of work goes into making beeswax.
Young worker bees spend most of their time making beeswax.
Bees use six pounds of honey to make one pound of wax.
The young worker bees cluster together to raise their body temperatures, which helps to make the wax easier to work with.


Beeswax is one of the natural waxes that have been used as a support ingredient in cosmetic and pharmaceutical formulations.
Although Beeswax has well-known healing properties, Beeswax remains a secondary and poorly valued product, particularly in South American countries' apiarian production.
In Latin America, for example, the apiarian activity can be traced back to stingless bees in pre-Columbian times.

Then, with the arrival of the Spaniards in the 16th century, honey bees (Apis mellifera iberian and A. m. mellifera) were introduced, which were joined afterward by other breeds such as A. m. ligustica and A. m. scutellata.
Over the years, honey has been the main product from the apiarian farmers, being beeswax a secondary product, mainly used for the regular renewal procedure of the hives.
Nowadays, beeswax's cosmetic and pharmaceutical use is found at the level of small laboratories and small businesses.

Unlike other hive products, beeswax is a substance produced 100% by worker bees.
They produce what are called wax scales thanks to specific glands located on their abdomen.
Mixed with saliva, the wax scales take on a more homogeneous and smoother appearance, which then serves as a polishing, protective and softening agent.
Like propolis or royal jelly, beeswax plays an important role in maintaining the good health of the hive and protecting it from external aggression.


Chemically, beeswax consists mainly of esters of fatty acids and various long-chain alcohols.
Beeswax has been used since prehistory as the first plastic, as a lubricant and waterproofing agent, in lost wax casting of metals and glass, as a polish for wood and leather, for making candles, as an ingredient in cosmetics and as an artistic medium in encaustic painting.

Beeswax is edible, having similarly negligible toxicity to plant waxes, and is approved for food use in most countries and in the European Union under the E number E901.
However, due to its inability to be broken down by the human digestive system, Beeswax has insignificant nutritional value

PRODUCTION OF BEESWAX:
Beeswax is formed by worker bees, which secrete it from eight wax-producing mirror glands on the inner sides of the sternites (the ventral shield or plate of each segment of the body) on abdominal segments 4 to 7.
The sizes of these wax glands depend on the age of the worker, and after many daily flights, these glands gradually begin to atrophy.

The new wax is initially glass-clear and colorless, becoming opaque after chewing and being contaminated with pollen by the hive worker bees, becoming progressively yellower or browner by incorporation of pollen oils and propolis.
The wax scales are about three millimetres (0.12 in) across and 0.1 mm (0.0039 in) thick, and about 1100 are needed to make a gram of wax.
Worker bees use the beeswax to build honeycomb cells.
For the wax-making bees to secrete wax, the ambient temperature in the hive must be 33 to 36 °C (91 to 97 °F).

The book Beeswax Production, Harvesting, Processing and Products suggests one kilogram (2.2 lb) of beeswax is sufficient to store 22 kg (49 lb) of honey.
Another study estimated that one kilogram (2.2 lb) of wax can store 24 to 30 kg (53 to 66 lb) of honey.

Sugars from honey are metabolized into beeswax in wax-gland-associated fat cells.
The amount of honey used by bees to produce wax has not been accurately determined, but according to Whitcomb's 1946 experiment, 6.66 to 8.80 kg (14.7 to 19.4 lb) of honey yields one kilogram (2.2 lb) of wax.

PROCESSING OF BEESWAX:
Beeswax as a product for human use may come from cappings cut off the cells in the process of extraction, from old comb that is scrapped, or from unwanted burr comb and brace comb removed from a hive.
Its color varies from nearly white to brownish, but most often is a shade of yellow, depending on purity, the region, and the type of flowers gathered by the bees.
The wax from the brood comb of the honey bee hive tends to be darker than wax from the honeycomb because impurities accumulate more quickly in the brood comb.

Due to the impurities, the wax must be rendered before further use.
The leftovers are called slumgum, and is derived from old breeding rubbish (pupa casings, cocoons, shed larva skins, etc.), bee droppings, propolis, and general rubbish.
The wax may be clarified further by heating in water.
As with petroleum waxes, it may be softened by dilution with mineral oil or vegetable oil to make it more workable at room temperature.


HISTORY OF BEESWAX:
While we discovered the benefits and properties of beehive products relatively recently, they were commonly used across the different civilisations which preceded us.
The first traces of the use of beeswax have been found in Turkey, where it was discovered on pottery shards dating to seven thousand years ago.
Other discoveries also lead us to believe that beeswax was used traditionally during pre-Neolithic then Neolithic periods.


In the present day, beeswax has many uses.
Beeswax is often found in the cosmetics sector, where it serves as a protective and softening agent. Beeswax is also used to make candles, as well as being used as a food additive.
Zero waste proponents also use Beeswax to create “bee-wrap”, an alternative to plastic containers for preserving food in a more ecological way.

CHARACTERISTICS OF BEESWAX:
Beeswax has a very rich composition: Beeswax contains over 300 different molecules!
Beeswax mainly contains alcohol esters, fatty acids and sugars, as well as a significant quantity of vitamin A.
Produced at the heart of the hive, Beeswax also contains traces of propolis, pollen and other elements.


When Beeswax is produced by bees, beeswax is white, but it progressively takes on a darker tint from contact with the pollen and propolis found in the hive.
Beeswax is a valued substance in industry, as Beeswax is very easy to work with.
Malleable at room temperature, Beeswax becomes liquid when it is melted.
Beeswax can also be kept for a long time, and its different properties make it a popular ingredient.

BENEFITS OF BEESWAX FOR THE SKIN AND HAIR:
The softening, emulsifying and protective properties of beeswax are particularly valuable for helping to nourish the skin and contribute to naturally maintaining its elasticity and flexibility.

Rich in fatty acids, Beeswax is widely found in the formulation of cosmetic treatments intended for dry skin and mature skin.
Beeswax is also a key ingredient in lip balms and hand creams.
Applied on the skin, Beeswax gives instant comfort thanks to its softening action and provides lasting protection against external aggression such as the cold or wind.

In addition to being recommended in facial and body treatments, beeswax can also be used on the hair to nourish ends and facilitate styling, in association with other ingredients.
To enjoy the benefits of beeswax, we have integrated it in some of our cosmetic products.
You can therefore find Beeswax alongside other hive products in our hand cream, our lip balm and even our moisturising day cream for normal skin.















PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF BEESWAX:
Beeswax is a fragrant solid at room temperature.
The colors are light yellow, medium yellow, or dark brown and white.
Beeswax is a tough wax formed from a mixture of several chemical compounds.

Beeswax has a relatively low melting point range of 62 to 64 °C (144 to 147 °F).
If beeswax is heated above 85 °C (185 °F) discoloration occurs.
The flash point of beeswax is 204.4 °C (400 °F).


Triacontanyl palmitate, a wax ester, is a major component of beeswax.
When natural beeswax is cold, it is brittle, and its fracture is dry and granular.
At room temperature (conventionally taken as about 20 °C (68 °F)), it is tenacious and it softens further at human body temperature (37 °C (99 °F)).

Beeswax is an inert material with high plasticity at a relatively low temperature (around 32ºC).
Its melting point is not constant since the composition varies slightly depending on its origin.
Typical values are between (62 °C to 65 °C).

Its relative density at 15 ºC is reported between 0.958 g/cm3 to 0.970 g/cm3, while its thermal conductivity is approximately 0.25 W/m.K.
Beeswax is also known that the viscosity at 100 °C is less than 20 mPa.
The boiling point is unknown and has a flash point at temperatures higher than 180 °C.

PHARMACEUTICAL PROPERTIES OF BEESWAX:
Sterols present in beeswax are therapeutically beneficial compounds effective in lowering cholesterol levels.
The incorporation of sterols into different foods may be convenient.
Beeswax is used for delicate skin care in cosmetology, especially when it is dry.
Beeswax cleans the epidermis and softens and nourishes the dermis, thus preventing skin aging.

Products that contain beeswax soften the skin.
White wax typically enters the composition of nourishing, astringent, cleansing creams and skin masks.
The therapeutic properties of beeswax were already known in antiquity.

In his famous "Canon of medicine," Avicenna cites several medicine formulas whose composition includes beeswax.
In addition, archeological evidence of beeswax ointments has been found from as early as the 16th century.

Nowadays, beeswax continues to occupy a prominent place in medicine preparations.
According to Pharmacopoeia, plasters, ointments and creams should be prepared in pharmacies with a beeswax base.
In addition, the white wax is included in the composition of creams, astringents, cleaning, whitening, and facial masks.

In the United States, chewing gum (combs wax) is attributed to have specific valuable properties, among others, to activate the secretion of saliva and gastric juice, eliminate dental stones, and reduce nicotine concentrations in smokers.
Recently, beeswax has been used to encapsulate drugs and flavors.


BEESWAX PURIFICATION:
As found in combs, beeswax is yellow and has a particular smell similar to honey.
Its purification is carried out through several procedures reported in the literature.
The purification procedure consists in melting beeswax in a water bath at a temperature higher than 60 ºC.

Then beeswax is bleached through a variety of methods, among them: exposition to the sun, through diatomaceous earth and activated carbon, or with sulfuric acid.
The molten beeswax is then poured on a vessel and partially submerged in temperate water while slowly mixing, and the impurities are scraped off the surface.
The purified beeswax is white and translucent and has thin edges.

BEESWAX FORMULATION FOR CREAMS AND OINTMENTS:

In general, to obtain a dermo-cosmetic cream, the components of each phase must be mixed separately at a temperature close to 60 ºC, then incorporated one phase into the other under mixing, cool, and homogenize.
However, the preparation is more straightforward for ointments as a single phase.
The procedure consists basically in melting the beeswax at a temperature higher than 65 ºC and adding the formulation components.

In this sense, the cream or ointment components must be chosen according to the objective pursued with the application on the skin.
Thus, beeswax can be used as a component in moisturizing creams for burns, stretch marks, wrinkles, cellulite, lip balms, and even sunscreen formulations


CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF BEESWAX:
An approximate chemical formula for beeswax is C15H31COOC30H61.
Its main constituents are palmitate, palmitoleate, and oleate esters of long-chain (30–32 carbons) aliphatic alcohols, with the ratio of triacontanyl palmitate CH3(CH2)29O-CO-(CH2)14CH3 to cerotic acid CH3(CH2)24COOH, the two principal constituents, being 6:1.
Beeswax can be classified generally into European and Oriental types.

The saponification value is lower (3–5) for European beeswax, and higher (8–9) for Oriental types.
The analytical characterization can be done by high-temperature gas chromatography.





Production of Beeswax:
In 2020, world production of beeswax was 62,116 tonnes, led by India with 38% of the total.

USES OF BEESWAX:
Beeswax has numerous uses.
The wax has over 300 natural compounds in it, and has a pleasant scent.
This makes it a popular material to use in human goods.

Candles:
Beeswax burns more beautifully than any other wax.
It exudes a faint, natural fragrance of honey and pollen.
When candles are made with the proper size of wicking, they are smokeless, dripless, and burn with a bright flame.
The aroma can be accentuated when mixed with essential oils.

Pure beeswax candles can clean the air by releasing negative ions into the air.
These negative ions can bind with toxins and help remove them from the air.
Beeswax candles are often especially helpful for those with asthma or allergies and they are effective at removing common allergens like dust and dander from the air.

Whilst beeswax candles are more expensive than paraffin wax ones, they burn more slowly so they last much longer.

Prevents Rust:
Coat things like hand tools, cast iron pieces and shovels to prevent them from rusting out.
You can even rub the wax on the wooden handle of your shovel to help protect against wear and tear.
Beeswax also prevents bronze items from getting tarnished.

Cheese Waxing:
Beeswax is the best natural cover for cheeses.
It works well for sealing because it has a low melting point.

Waxed Thread:
Plain thread can be rubbed against a cube of wax, coating the thread in the wax.
The wax on the thread provides lubrication that can make sewing easier.

Coating Nails & Screws:
Nails and screws coated with beeswax help not splinter the wood.

Wood Lubricant:
Rub the wax on sliding glass doors, windows or drawers that tend to stick to restore smooth movement.
Beeswax is also a fantastic lubricant for oiling very old furniture joints.

Envelope Seal:
Traditionally beeswax was used as an envelope seal.
This use would be great for an invitation to traditional events such as weddings.

Waterproof Shoes and Boots:
Rub the beeswax over the entire shoe.
Next, use a blow dryer to melt the wax all over the shoe then let set for about 5 minutes before wearing!

DIY Shoe Polish:
Restore leather products such as boots, shoes, wallets, bags, and more with this basic shoe polish formula.

Beeswax For Hair:
Beeswax is used as a remedy for dry hair, to help start and maintain dreadlocks and as a wax for a man’s beard or mustache.

Grease Cookie Sheets:
If you have a block of wax, you can simply rub it over your pans and use it in place of butter or oil. (Beeswax is edible so this is perfectly safe.)
It works best if you warm the sheet a bit first.
Over time the pan will take on a permanent coat of wax, eliminating the need to grease every time.

Furniture Polish:
To make beeswax furniture polish melt 1 T. of grated beeswax, stir in 3 T. of coconut oil until melted.
When this cools and hardens, use a clean cloth to rub it onto your wood furniture.
Then using another cloth, buff the furniture until all residue is removed.

Reusable Food Wrap:
An alternative to plastic wrap…..make your own beeswax coated cotton material.
The warmth of your hands allows you to mould the beeswax to whatever shape you want and it stays there.
When refrigerated it forms a firm cover to protect your leftovers.

Care For Wooden Utensils:
Make spoon (or board) butter out of mineral oil and natural beeswax.
Smooth it into your spoons, spatulas, boards and bowls.
Let them sit for a couple of hours, then rub down with a clean cloth and return them to normal use.

Cosmetics:
Beeswax is often added to creams, lotions, soaps, and lipstick.
This is because it can improve skin's softness and hydration, and has antibiotic properties.
This ingredient is increasingly seen in skincare items, as a natural alternative that is safe for sensitive skin.

Food coverings:
Beeswax has become an alternative coating to other kinds of wax for candies, fruits, nuts, and coffee beans to name a few.
You can find natural beeswax covers in the grocery store, which are reusable alternatives to plastic wrap.
Beeswax is thus becoming more popular among people who are switching to sustainable lifestyles.

Polish:
Beeswax has been used in furniture and shoe polish, but there are many technical uses for beeswax.
Beeswax is also been used to care for leather products.
The different types of compounds found in beeswax make it a versatile product.

Candles:
Beeswax can be used as candle wax.
Beeswax is naturally scented and makes for nice, natural candles.
Candles made with beeswax were once popular.
Now people have moved on to easier, more sustainable waves for candles.

Honeybees are powerhouses capable of making all sorts of wonderful things.
Buying local is a great way to support your area's bees.
You can also check to see that your bee products are sustainably sourced.
These actions may benefit both your surrounding environment and local economy.


Candle-making has long involved the use of beeswax, which burns readily and cleanly, and this material was traditionally prescribed for the making of the Paschal candle or "Easter candle".
Beeswax candles are purported to be superior to other wax candles, because they burn brighter and longer, do not bend, and burn cleaner.
Beeswax is further recommended for the making of other candles used in the liturgy of the Roman Catholic Church.
Beeswax is also the candle constituent of choice in the Eastern Orthodox Church.

Refined beeswax plays a prominent role in art materials both as a binder in encaustic paint and as a stabilizer in oil paint to add body.

Beeswax is an ingredient in surgical bone wax, which is used during surgery to control bleeding from bone surfaces; shoe polish and furniture polish can both use beeswax as a component, dissolved in turpentine or sometimes blended with linseed oil or tung oil; modeling waxes can also use beeswax as a component; pure beeswax can also be used as an organic surfboard wax.
Beeswax blended with pine rosin is used for waxing, and can serve as an adhesive to attach reed plates to the structure inside a squeezebox.
Beeswax can also be used to make Cutler's resin, an adhesive used to glue handles onto cutlery knives.

Beeswax is used in Eastern Europe in egg decoration; it is used for writing, via resist dyeing, on batik eggs (as in pysanky) and for making beaded eggs.
Beeswax is used by percussionists to make a surface on tambourines for thumb rolls.
Beeswax can also be used as a metal injection moulding binder component along with other polymeric binder materials.


Beeswax was formerly used in the manufacture of phonograph cylinders.
Beeswax may still be used to seal formal legal or royal decree and academic parchments such as placing an awarding stamp imprimatur of the university upon completion of postgraduate degrees.

Purified and bleached beeswax is used in the production of food, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals.
The three main types of beeswax products are yellow, white, and beeswax absolute.
Yellow beeswax is the crude product obtained from the honeycomb, white beeswax is bleached or filtered yellow beeswax, and beeswax absolute is yellow beeswax treated with alcohol.

In food preparation, Beeswax is used as a coating for cheese; by sealing out the air, protection is given against spoilage (mold growth).
Beeswax may also be used as a food additive E901, in small quantities acting as a glazing agent, which serves to prevent water loss, or used to provide surface protection for some fruits.

Soft gelatin capsules and tablet coatings may also use E901.
Beeswax is also a common ingredient of natural chewing gum.
The wax monoesters in beeswax are poorly hydrolysed in the guts of humans and other mammals, so they have insignificant nutritional value.
Some birds, such as honeyguides, can digest beeswax.
Beeswax is the main diet of wax moth larvae.

The use of beeswax in skin care and cosmetics has been increasing.
A German study found beeswax to be superior to similar barrier creams (usually mineral oil-based creams such as petroleum jelly), when used according to its protocol.
Beeswax is used in lip balm, lip gloss, hand creams, salves, and moisturizers; and in cosmetics such as eye shadow, blush, and eye liner.
Beeswax is also an important ingredient in moustache wax and hair pomades, which make hair look sleek and shiny.

In oil spill control, beeswax is processed to create Petroleum Remediation Product (PRP).
Beeswax is used to absorb oil or petroleum-based pollutants from water.



Beeswax has played an essential role in history and popular tradition for many years.
Historically, beeswax has been used for candle manufacture; beeswax also was used in letter envelopes seals, sculpture making, and sealing coffins, among other applications.
Due to beeswax characteristics, properties and benefits, beeswax is used in both handcrafted and industrial products.
Industry uses beeswax as an insulating and hydrophobic component of numerous products.
For example, beeswax is used in electrical cables to isolate copper from moisture, in electronic circuits, to protect leather, in the preparation of varnishes, inks, matches, and protective waxes for cuttings.

Beeswax goes into the composition of ointments and creams as a fat base and thickener.
The major use in this field is depilating wax, a mixture of beeswax and resins.
Beeswax has anti-inflammatory and healing properties and is thus widely used in cosmetic and pharmaceutical products.

Beeswax is used to cover sewing cords in shoe production, paperboards, and even in some cultures to produce dried meat.
Beeswax is also used in shoe polishes and creams to protect cans from acidic attacks from fruit juices and other corrosive agents.
Beeswax is used to make models for pieces in jewelry and sculpture modeling due to its malleability.

Beeswax in some Asia and African countries is used to create batik fabrics and manufacture small metal ornaments through the molten wax method.
Companies such as Stockmar and Filana use beeswax to make wax crayons.
Additionally, candelilla wax has been proposed in beeswax crayon formulations.
Stockmar also manufactures modeling beeswax.







HISTORICAL USES OF BEESWAX:
Beeswax was among the first plastics to be used, alongside other natural polymers such as gutta-percha, horn, tortoiseshell, and shellac.
For thousands of years, beeswax has had a wide variety of applications; it has been found in the tombs of Egypt, in wrecked Viking ships, and in Roman ruins.
Beeswax never goes bad and can be heated and reused.

Historically, it has been used:
• As candles - the oldest intact beeswax candles north of the Alps were found in the Alamannic graveyard of Oberflacht, Germany, dating to 6th/7th century AD
• In the manufacture of cosmetics
• As a modelling material in the lost-wax casting process, or cire perdue
• For wax tablets used for a variety of writing purposes
• In encaustic paintings such as the Fayum mummy portraits
• In bow making
• To strengthen and preserve sewing thread, cordage, shoe laces, etc.
• As a component of sealing wax
• To strengthen and to forestall splitting and cracking of wind instrument reeds
• To form the mouthpieces of a didgeridoo, and the frets on the Philippine kutiyapi – a type of boat lute
• As a sealant or lubricant for bullets in cap and ball firearms
• To stabilize the military explosive Torpex – before being replaced by a petroleum-based product
• In producing Javanese batik
• As an ancient form of dental tooth filling
• As the joint filler in the slate bed of pool and billiard tables.





BENEFITS OF BEESWAX:
Beeswax has numerous benefits for honeybees and their hives.
This material plays an important role in the honeybee colony's function and health.

The good news is that it's also useful to humans.
Beeswax has been shown to have multiple therapeutic properties.
The natural components of beeswax also give it healing properties.

Beeswax products are used on the exterior of your skin.
Unlike honey, it's not meant to be consumed.
Some of these include:

• Healing bruises
• Reducing inflammation
• Treating burns
There is a long history in European and Asian usage of beeswax in traditional medicine.
More modern researchers are studying the antimicrobial properties of beeswax, and some studies have shown a reduction of the effect of salmonella and staphylococcus.

Another benefit of beeswax is its low irritant content.
This makes it popular in cosmetics and makeup.
Because of beeswax's softening and protective properties, it's safe for many skin types.

All natural:
Coming from the honeycomb of the honeybee, beeswax is a completely all-natural substance straight from Mother Nature.
Honeybees consume honey and pollen to produce the wax.
Beeswax takes about eight pounds of honey to produce just one pound of beeswax.

Antibacterial:
Like honey, beeswax has antibacterial properties helping keep things clean and reducing risks of contamination.
This makes Beeswax a common ingredient in skin treatments, salves, and more.

Antifungal:
Beeswax is also thought to have antifungal properties preventing the growth of yeasts and other fungi.

Edible:
While it wouldn’t provide you with many nutrients, beeswax is non-toxic and safe if ingested which is one of the reasons Beeswax makes an excellent lip balm.

Better even when burned:
Unlike candles made from other wax, beeswax candles burn brighter and cleaner as they emit negative ions that are known to help purify the air.
Beeswax also smells great when burned without any added chemicals or scents, as it’s naturally aromatic from the honey and flower nectar that’s found in the honeycomb.


Waterproof:
Beeswax has been used throughout history as a sealant and waterproofing agent for items like belts, tents, and shoes.
By rubbing beeswax onto a surface like leather or canvas and then heating it, the wax seeps into the materials’ fibers and blocks water from passing through.

Moisturising:
A common ingredient in lotions, salves, and balms, beeswax helps lock in moisture making it a great defense against dry skin, lips, or hair.


Eco-friendly:
Since beeswax comes directly from bees and is non-toxic, beeswax is completely environmentally friendly and an important ingredient in a range of eco-friendly products.
Also, we use beeswax to make our beeswax wraps and beeswax food bags.

Never goes bad:
Propolis in Beeswax:
Beeswax contains a natural, powerful protective substance called propolis, which shields beeswax from ever going bad.
Made by the bees by combining tree resin with wax flakes and pollen, propolis is used to used fix and strengthen the beehive while protecting the hive with an antiseptic barrier – the name propolis comes from the Greek meaning “defense of the city.”
These protective qualities are so effective that unspoiled beeswax has even been found in ancient tombs.
That said, it is possible for commercial or homemade beeswax products that also include other ingredients to go bad.

Beeswax and its beneficial properties:
With so many beneficial properties, beeswax is a healthy and harmless alternative to plastic for storing food.
Beeswax wraps use the natural power of beeswax to protect and store your food in a safe way as a plastic wrap alternative.
Since beeswax is waterproof, it keeps unwanted moisture out of food while trapping the food’s natural moisture in.

Meanwhile, its antibacterial and antifungal properties keep bacteria and germs at bay while the fact that it’s all-natural and nontoxic means that, unlike chemical-filled plastics, it’s safe to have close to your food.
Many people even use beeswax to seal fresh cheeses for aging – you can’t get much closer than that.




COLLECTION OF BEESWAX
To make good beeswax candles, it is important to ensure that the best beeswax is obtained.
The beekeepers collect honey and beeswax simultaneously.
They first begin by emptying the frames of the beehive that are covered with beeswax in the form of cappings and then they scratch off all the beeswax to collect the sweet old honey and move on to the next step.

The wax obtained from the beehive is first boiled and then filtered to eliminate any sort of impurities.
After ensuring that the best batch of beeswax has been obtained, the candle-making process begins.


COMMONLY ASKED QUESTIONS ABOUT BEESWAX:
Does harvesting beeswax harm the bees?:
Bees work hard to make beeswax for their colony, not for humans.
When we take it without concern for sustainability, this heavily impacts the bee colony.
They may not be able to create enough food for winter if the honeycomb is plundered.

It is possible to harvest surplus beeswax without overworking the bees.
Excess wax collection allows the bees to build fresh honeycomb that is free from disease and best for nurturing future bee generations.

What is beeswax used for?:
Beeswax has a wide range of uses, including candle-making, environmentally-friendly food wrap, and skincare products.
Beeswax is also good for conditioning wood, rust prevention, and unsticking zippers.

Are bees killed for beeswax?:
Beeswax removal from a hive does not kill any bees.
When beekeepers use sustainable practices, they only take excess wax that won’t strain the colony.

Is beeswax the same as honey?:
Beeswax and honey are not the same, but they often go hand in hand.
Bees produce honey as a food source for the colony, while beeswax is used to construct honeycomb and other parts of the hive, like queen cells.
To extract honey from a beehive, you’ll also need to take the honeycomb.


WHAT IS BEESWAX AND WHY DO BEES MAKE IT?
Whether you’re a beekeeper or simply a curious person, you may wonder about honeybees and their intricate and remarkable behaviors.
You’re probably familiar with honey, but that doesn’t mean you understand other bee products.
Beeswax is an incredible substance, and it serves a few different purposes within a beehive.
Although you may not understand much about it at the moment, it’s beneficial to know what beeswax is and why bees make it.

WHAT IS BEESWAX?
Many people wonder what beeswax actually is—in simple terms, it’s what bees use to build the insides of their hives.
Because bees love to build nice homes for themselves, you can think of beeswax as bricks and concrete for bees.

There are many more things to learn about beeswax, from its purposes to how bees make it.
Explore everything you need to know about this spectacular bee product.

WHERE DOES IT COME FROM?
You may or may not be familiar with the honey-making process; either way, you might not know that beeswax comes directly from bees.
That’s right—they make the substance with their bodies and use it for various purposes and tasks around their homes inside the hives.
Whether you know quite a bit or only a little about bees, you’re probably interested in how exactly bees make beeswax; discover the intriguing process of making beeswax.

HOW AND WHY DO BEES MAKE IT?
The process begins in a field full of nectar-rich trees, plants, or flowers.
Bees forage local plants for nectar and pollen to make a few different products for their hives.
With that said, a bee’s diet consists mostly of honey, which is why the colony makes as much as it possibly can during the spring, summer, and early fall seasons.

However, the colony can’t possibly eat all of the honey they make right away.
Therefore, the bees need a place to put their surplus and save it for later.
Because honey never spoils, it’s the perfect substance to save throughout the winter so the colony can survive.

This leads to the need for beeswax.
Believe it or not, bees use honey to create beeswax, which they then use to build combs to store their surplus honey.

Interestingly, honeybees have special wax-producing glands on their abdomens, which converts the honey they eat into wax.
The wax exits their bodies through small pores, and it appears as small transparent flakes on their abdomens.
You may be wondering why beeswax has a yellowish color—it’s because the wax must go through another process before it becomes usable.

Bees transfer these wax flakes to their mouths and chew on them.
Their saliva helps soften the wax, and it’s also responsible for the color change you see in the finished product.
Once they have soft, flexible wax, the bees can use it to build the honeycombs you see within their hives.





CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF BEESWAX:
Wax content type Percentage
Hydrocarbons 14%
Monoesters 35%
Diesters 14%
Triesters 3%
Hydroxy monoesters 4%
Hydroxy polyesters 8%
Acid esters 1%
Acid polyesters 2%
Free fatty acids 12%
Free fatty alcohols 1%
Unidentified 6%


BEESWAX WHITE
EINECS 275-286-5; beeswax synthetic CAS NO:71243-51-1
BEHENETH-10
docosanol; ethoxylated, 10 mol EO (average molar ratio); nikkol BB-10 cas no: 26636-40-8
BEHENETH-25
Beheneth-25 methacrylate; UNII-108R05PWG6; Polyethylene glycol (25) behenyl ether methacrylate cas no:115047-92-2
BEHENIC ACID
Behenic acid is a major component of ben oil (or behen oil), which is extracted from the seeds of the drumstick tree (Moringa oleifera).
Behenic acid is so named from the Persian month Bahman, when the roots of this tree were harvested.
Behenic acid is also present in some other oils and oil-bearing plants, including rapeseed (canola) and peanut oil and skins.

CAS Number: 112-85-6
Molecular Formula: C22H44O2
Molecular Weight: 340.58
EINECS Number: 204-010-8

Synonyms: Docosanoic acid, Behenic acid, 112-85-6, 1-Docosanoic acid, N-DOCOSANOIC ACID, Hydrofol Acid 560, Hydrofol 2022-55, Glycon B-70, Docosoic acid, Hystrene 5522, Hystrene 9022, Glycon B 70, Prifrac 2989, Behensaeure, Docosansaeure, Dokosansaeure, Docosanic acid, CHEBI:28941, HSDB 5578, Edenor C 22-85R, EINECS 204-010-8, NSC 32364, UNII-H390488X0A, CRODACID B, ORISTAR BA, AI3-52709, C22:0, NSC-32364, H390488X0A, EXL 5, PRIFRAC 2987, NAA 22S, NAA 222S, DTXSID3026930, Docosanoic acid (Chunks or pellets or flakes), EC 204-010-8, NSC32364, MFCD00002807, FA 22:0, B 95, CH3-(CH2)20-COOH, CH3-[CH2]20-COOH, n-Docosanoate, 1-Docosanoate, docosanoyl alcohol, fatty acid 22:0, Behenic acid, 99%, Prifac 2987, Behenic Acid, Technical, Docosanoic acid, ?99%, BEHENIC ACID [MI], SCHEMBL6579, EXL-5, Behenic acid; Docosanoic acid, DOCOSANOIC ACID [HSDB], DTXCID306930, CHEMBL1173474, AGP-103, Behenic acid, analytical standard, BBL025601, BDBM50488776, LMFA01010022, s5381, STL146320, AKOS005720830, CCG-267927, CS-W013765, HY-W013049, NCGC00475914-02, AS-54401, B-95, B1248, B1747, D0963, FT-0745232, NS00005465, C08281, P50011, A854667, Q422590, W-108636, BEHENIC ACID (CONSTITUENT OF BORAGE SEED OIL), E2AAC59F-4B8D-460C-9C6E-E4E82C905122, 08O

Monomolecular films of stearic and behenic acid were formed on substrates 0.1M in sodium chloride, sodium bicarbonate or sodium phosphate and were investigated by IR analysis.
Behenic acid (also docosanoic acid) is a carboxylic acid, the saturated fatty acid with formula C21H43COOH.
In appearance, Behenic acid consists of white solid although impure samples appear yellowish.

Behenic acid is estimated that one ton of peanut skins contains 13 pounds (5.9 kg) of behenic acid.
As a dietary oil, behenic acid is poorly absorbed.
In spite of its low bioavailability compared with oleic acid, behenic acid is a cholesterol-raising saturated fatty acid in humans.

Behenic acid is a saturated fatty acid used as a chemical intermediate in the synthesis of various compounds.
Monomolecular films of stearic and behenic acid were formed on substrates 0.1M in sodium chloride, sodium bicarbonate or sodium phosphate and were investigated by IR analysis.
Behenic acid was used to investigate the phase behavior of long-chain acids in supercritical propane.

Behenic acid was also used in fabrication of metallic Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) films.
Behenic acid, also docosanoic acid, is a normal carboxylic acid, a fatty acid with formula C21H43COOH.
Behenic acid is an important constituent of the behen oil extracted from the seeds of the Ben-oil tree, and it is so named from the Persian month Bahman when the roots of this tree were harvested.

Behenic acid has been identified in the human placenta (PMID:32033212 ).
Behenic acid is a fatty acid that is used as a thickener, cleansing agent, and opacifier in cosmetics.
Also known as Behenic acid, this ingredient may be plant-derived or synthetic.

Behenic acid’s a major component of moringa oil and is also found in peanut oil.
The saturated nature of this long-chain (more than 20 carbon molecules) wax-like fatty acid is what gives it opacifying and texture-enhancing properties.
Behenic acid is sometimes used as an alternative to stearic acid, a decision dependent on desired aesthetics.

Despite this being a saturated fatty acid, its lower molecular weight and affinity for skin enable it to enhance the penetration of other ingredients without posing a risk of irritation.
Although also categorized as a surfactant (cleansing agent) behenic acid is typically used with pure surfactants to create fatty acid-enhanced oil-gel textures that can capably yet gently remove excess oil and long-wearing, more tenacious ingredients.
Usage levels of behenic acid in cosmetics range from 0.024–22%.

Products like lipstick that may lead to incidental ingestion may contain up to 14% behenic acid.
All of these amounts are considered safe for skin.
Behenic acid, also known as docosanoate, C22:0 or 1-docosanoic acid, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as very long-chain fatty acids.

These are fatty acids with an aliphatic tail that contains at least 22 carbon atoms.
Behenic acid is a very hydrophobic molecule, practically insoluble in water, and relatively neutral.
In appearance, it consists of white to cream color crystals or powder with a melting point of 80 °C and boiling point of 306 °C.

Behenic acid is a major component of Ben oil (or behen oil), which is extracted from the seeds of the Ben-oil tree (Moringa oleifera).
Behenic acid is also found in canola oil and peanut oil.
As a dietary oil, behenic acid is poorly absorbed.

In spite of its low bioavailability compared with oleic acid, behenic acid is a cholesterol-raising (LDL) saturated fatty acid in humans and is therefore not a suitable substitute for palmitic acid in manufactured triacylglycerols.
Behenic acid is often used to give hair conditioners and moisturizers their smoothing properties.
Behenic acid is also used in lubricating oils, and as a solvent evaporation retarder in paint removers.

Behenic acid amide is used as an anti-foaming agent in detergents, floor polishes and dripless candles.
Behenic acid is a saturated fatty acid that is derived from the oil extracts of plants and used as a component of conditioning agents.
Behenic acid is also a part of a novel complex of lipophilic ingredients developed for the treatment of dry skin.

The properties of behenic acid were studied in comparison to others fatty acids and it was found that behenic acid does not inhibit the UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) 1A1 enzyme.
The high levels of behenic acid in patients with low-grade glial tumors is an important indicator of the persistence of tissue integrity and tissue resistance.
Therefore, behenic acid levels can be a prognostic factor in glial tumors.

Behenic acid is a fatty acid that has been used as a fluorescence probe for the detection of water vapor.
Behenic acid has shown to have antibacterial efficacy against bacteria including Acinetobacter baumannii, Staphylococcus aureus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
Behenic acid is also known to inhibit the synthesis of fatty acids in rat liver microsomes and to have biological properties such as the ability to induce hepatic steatosis.

This fatty acid is found in some lichens and can be purified from them using an analytical method involving constant-pressure liquid chromatography.
Behenic acid is also found in behen oil, which is produced by pressing nuts from the seed of the beech tree.
Behenic acid is used to give hair conditioners and moisturizers their smoothing properties.

Behenic acid is also used to investigate the phase behavior of long-chain acids in supercritical propane.
Behenic acid is poorly absorbed, and a cholesterol-raising saturated fatty acid in humans.
Behenic acid is made of white free flowing flakes with a characteristic odor.

Behenic acid is ideal for use in personal care products.
Behenic acid is a major component of ben oil (Moringa oleifera) and can also be found in peanut oil, rapeseed oil, and cottonseed oil.
Present in various animal fats, though in smaller quantities compared to vegetable oils.

Behenic acid is used in moisturizers, lotions, and creams for its emollient properties.
Behenic acid helps to soften and smooth the skin by forming a protective barrier that reduces water loss.
Commonly found in conditioners and hair treatments, behenic acid helps to improve hair texture, making it smoother and more manageable.

Included in facial and body cleansers for its ability to enhance the product's texture and provide a smooth application.
Behenic acid is used as an emulsifier in pharmaceutical formulations to ensure the even distribution of active ingredients in creams, ointments, and lotions.
Helps to increase the viscosity of topical formulations, providing a desirable consistency.

Behenic acid and its derivatives are used in the formulation of industrial lubricants and greases due to their high melting point and stability.
Utilized in the production of surfactants and detergents for their ability to reduce surface tension and improve cleaning efficiency.
Behenic acid is used as a plasticizer in the manufacturing of plastics to improve their flexibility and durability.

Employed as a food additive and preservative due to its anti-oxidative properties, though its use in this industry is limited compared to other applications.
Behenic acid is highly effective at providing long-lasting moisture to the skin and hair.
Helps to smooth rough skin and improve the texture of hair.

Enhances the stability of emulsions in cosmetic and pharmaceutical formulations.
Generally considered safe for use in cosmetics and personal care products.

However, as with any ingredient, Behenic acid should be used within recommended concentrations to avoid skin irritation.
Behenic acid is biodegradable and does not pose significant environmental risks when used in household and personal care products.

Melting point: 72-80 °C(lit.)
Boiling point: 306°C 60mm
Density d4100: 0.8221
vapor pressure: 0Pa at 25℃
refractive index: nD100 1.4270
Flash point: 306°C/60mm
storage temp.: Sealed in dry,Room Temperature
solubility: chloroform: soluble50mg/mL, clear
form: Crystalline Powder
pka: 4.78±0.10(Predicted)
color: White to slightly yellow
Odor: faint odor
Water Solubility: Soluble in DMF (~3 mg/ml), hot methanol, water (0.15 mg/ml at 25°C), chloroform, and ethanol (2.18 mg/ml at 25°C).
Merck: 14,1023
BRN: 1792887
Stability: Stable. Combustible. Incompatible with bases, oxidizing agents, reducing agents.
InChIKey: UKMSUNONTOPOIO-UHFFFAOYSA-N
LogP: 4.121-9.91 at 25℃

Behenic acid, also known as docosanoic acid, is a long-chain saturated fatty acid with 22 carbon atoms.
Behenic acid has the chemical formula CH3(CH2)20COOH and is commonly found in various natural sources such as vegetable oils and animal fats.
Behenic acid is used in anti-aging creams and serums to help reduce the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles by providing deep hydration and improving skin elasticity.

Included in lip balms and lipsticks for its ability to create a smooth, protective layer that prevents moisture loss and protects lips from environmental damage.
Found in shaving creams and gels to provide a smooth glide, reducing irritation and leaving the skin feeling soft and moisturized.
Behenic acid is used in medicated creams and ointments to treat conditions such as eczema, psoriasis, and dry skin by providing a moisturizing barrier and reducing inflammation.

Employed in the coating of pharmaceutical capsules to improve their stability and control the release of active ingredients.
Behenic acid is used in metalworking fluids to enhance lubrication and cooling during machining processes, extending the life of tools and improving the quality of finished products.
Behenic acid is used in the production of textile finishes and softeners to improve the feel and durability of fabrics.

Acts as a processing aid in the manufacture of plastics and rubber, improving their flexibility, smoothness, and overall performance.
Behenic acid is sometimes included in nutraceutical products for its potential health benefits, including improving cardiovascular health and providing energy.
Behenic acid is used in some food preservation applications due to its antioxidant properties, which help to extend the shelf life of food products.

Behenic acid's long hydrocarbon chain makes it hydrophobic, which contributes to its excellent emollient properties.
The carboxyl group (-COOH) at one end of the molecule allows it to interact with other ingredients in formulations, enhancing stability and texture.
Behenic acid can be derived from natural sources through extraction and purification processes, or it can be synthesized through chemical reactions involving hydrocarbons and carboxylation.

Various derivatives of behenic acid, such as behenyl alcohol and behenamide, are used in formulations to provide similar benefits with different physical and chemical properties tailored to specific applications.
Behenic acid is often sourced from renewable vegetable oils, such as moringa oil and peanut oil, making it a sustainable choice for formulators focused on eco-friendly ingredients.
As a naturally occurring fatty acid, behenic acid is biodegradable and breaks down into harmless components in the environment, minimizing its ecological impact.

Advances in green chemistry are enabling more sustainable and efficient methods for extracting and synthesizing behenic acid, reducing the environmental footprint of its production.
Ongoing research is focused on enhancing the properties of behenic acid through novel formulation techniques, such as encapsulation and nano-emulsion, to improve its delivery and efficacy in cosmetic and pharmaceutical applications.
Studies are exploring the potential health benefits of behenic acid, particularly its role in improving skin barrier function, reducing inflammation, and providing long-lasting hydration.

Behenic acid is a carboxylic acid, the saturated fatty acid with formula C21H43COOH.
In appearance, it consists of white solid although impure samples appear yellowish.
Behenic acid is a saturated fatty acid having 22 carbon atoms.

Thus, Behenic acid is an SOS TAG and is analogous to POP, POSt, and StOSt.
However, Behenic acid has a melting point of 56°C and can act as a seed for the crystallization of the cocoa butter TAG into the beta (V) form.
With such a high melting point, Behenic acid crystals survive melting of the chocolate and provide seeds for subsequent crystallization into the stable form.

Behenic acid is used to synthesize behenyl behenate, a hydrating agent present in many skin and hair care formulations.
Diet rich in behenic acid was found to increase serum LDL cholesterol levels in human participants.
On the contrary, structured triacylglycerols containing behenic acid tend to reduce fat deposition in rats.

Capranin, a behenic acid-containing triacylglycerol, is a low-calorie fat substitute used for candy making.
Behenic acid is a linear straight-chain 22 carbon saturated fatty acid.
Behenic acid occurs naturally in behen oil which is extracted from seeds of the drumstick tree (Moringa oleifera).

Behenic acid, also docosanoic acid, is a normal carboxylic acid, a fatty acid with formula C21H43COOH.
In appearance, Behenic acid consists of white to cream color crystals or powder with a melting point of 74-78°C and boiling point of 306°C.
Behenic acid is a major component of Ben oil, also known as behen oil or Moringa oil, which is extracted from the seeds of Moringa oleifera and is used in cosmetics.

The name “behenic” derives from the Persian mount Bahman, where the seeds of this tree were harvested.
Behenic acid belongs to the group of saturated fatty acids (no double bond, so its shorthand notation is 22:0).
Behenic acid is also a member of the group called very long chain fatty acids (VLCFA), from 20 carbon atoms onwards.

Uses:
Behenic acid is a long-chain fatty acid used in product formulations to form a viscous emulsion.
Behenic acid is considered a non-comedogenic raw material.
Behenic acid is used to give hair conditioners and moisturizers their smoothing properties.

Behenic acid is also used to investigate the phase behavior of long-chain acids in supercritical propane.
Behenic acid is a long-chain fatty acid,it has the following purposes: Waxes, textiles, pharmaceuticals, emulsifiers, and personal care products, lubricants, esters, chemical synthesis, and specialties.
Commercially, behenic acid is often used to give hair conditioners and moisturizers their smoothing properties.

Behenic acid is also used in lubricating oils, and as a solvent evaporation retarder in paint removers.
Its amide is used as an anti-foaming agent in detergents, floor polishes and dripless candles. Reduction of behenic acid yields behenyl alcohol.
Behenic acid is a natural product with one of the highest concentrations of behenic acid, and is used in hair conditioners.

Behenic acid is used to give hair conditioners and moisturizers their smoothing properties.
Behenic acid is also used to investigate the phase behavior of long-chain acids in supercritical propane.
Acts as an emollient, providing long-lasting moisture and improving skin softness and smoothness.

Helps reduce the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles by providing deep hydration and improving skin elasticity.
Forms a protective barrier to prevent moisture loss and protect lips from environmental damage.
Provides a smooth glide, reducing irritation and leaving the skin feeling soft and moisturized.

Improves hair texture, making it smoother and more manageable.
Adds shine and reduces frizz by coating the hair shaft and locking in moisture.
Behenic acid enhances the texture, making the product easier to apply and leaving the skin feeling smooth.

Behenic acid s used in treatments for conditions like eczema and psoriasis due to its moisturizing and anti-inflammatory properties.
Enhances the efficacy and application of topical anesthetics.
Improves the stability of pharmaceutical capsules and controls the release of active ingredients.

Behenic acid enhances lubrication and cooling during machining processes, improving tool life and product quality.
Provides stability and high melting point, making it suitable for high-temperature applications.
Improves the feel and durability of fabrics.

Behenic acid enhances the flexibility, smoothness, and overall performance of plastics and rubber.
Behenic acid is used in the production of detergents and cleaning agents to reduce surface tension and improve cleaning efficiency.
Used in some food preservation applications due to its antioxidant properties, extending the shelf life of food products.

Behenic acid included in health supplements for its potential cardiovascular benefits and energy-providing properties.
Enhancing the delivery and efficacy of behenic acid in various applications.
Exploring more eco-friendly extraction and synthesis methods to reduce environmental impact.

Behenic acid is used in moisturizers, creams, and lotions to provide deep hydration and improve skin texture.
Behenic acid forms a protective barrier on the skin, preventing moisture loss and enhancing softness.
Found in anti-aging products for its ability to smooth fine lines and wrinkles by improving skin elasticity and firmness.

Supports the skin's natural barrier function, making it suitable for products aimed at repairing dry or damaged skin.
Adds moisture and improves the manageability of hair by smoothing the cuticles and reducing frizz.
Provides intensive hydration and helps strengthen hair shafts, reducing breakage and improving overall hair health.

Behenic acid acts as a conditioning agent to soften and protect lips from chapping and environmental damage.
Enhances the texture and feel of lipsticks, providing a smooth application and long-lasting color.
Provides a lubricating effect for a smooth shave, while moisturizing the skin and reducing irritation.

Behenic acid's soothing properties make it suitable for topical treatments of inflammatory skin conditions like eczema and psoriasis.
Included in formulations for wound healing, dermatitis treatments, and medicated ointments.
Enhances the stability and shelf life of pharmaceutical capsules, ensuring the controlled release of active ingredients.

Behenic acid is used as a lubricant additive to improve cutting and machining processes by reducing friction and heat buildup.
Provides viscosity and stability, enhancing the performance of industrial machinery in various operating conditions.
Softens fabrics and reduces static electricity, improving the feel and comfort of textiles.

Behenic acid acts as a plasticizer in plastics and rubber manufacturing, enhancing flexibility, durability, and processing efficiency.
Behenic acid is used in formulations for detergents and cleaning products to improve solubility and dispersal of active ingredients, enhancing cleaning performance.
Behenic acid is used as an antioxidant to preserve food products and extend shelf life.

Included in dietary supplements for its potential health benefits, such as supporting cardiovascular health and energy metabolism.
Research is exploring the use of behenic acid in advanced materials such as bio-based polymers, coatings, and biomedical applications due to its biocompatibility and functional properties.
Focus on sustainable sourcing and production methods to reduce environmental impact and promote eco-friendly formulations.

Safety Profile:
Behenic acid, especially in its pure form, can potentially cause skin irritation or sensitization in individuals with sensitive skin or allergies.
Behenic acid is recommended to use products containing behenic acid within recommended concentrations and discontinue use if irritation occurs.
Direct contact with behenic acid may cause eye irritation.

In case of accidental contact, flush eyes thoroughly with water and seek medical attention if irritation persists.
Inhalation of behenic acid dust or aerosols may cause respiratory irritation, particularly in high concentrations or prolonged exposure.
Adequate ventilation should be ensured when handling powders or aerosolized forms of behenic acid.

While not typically a concern in normal use scenarios, ingestion of large quantities of behenic acid may cause gastrointestinal irritation.
Behenic acid is important to handle behenic acid-containing products according to safety guidelines to prevent accidental ingestion.

Behenic acid is biodegradable and not considered hazardous to the environment under normal use conditions.
However, as with any chemical substance, spills or large-scale releases into the environment should be avoided to prevent potential ecological impact.


BEHENIC ACID (DOCOSANOIC ACID)
Behenic Acid (Docosanoic acid) is a fatty acid that has been used as a fluorescence probe for the detection of water vapor.
Behenic Acid (Docosanoic acid) has shown to have antibacterial efficacy against bacteria including Acinetobacter baumannii, Staphylococcus aureus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
Behenic Acid (Docosanoic acid) is also known to inhibit the synthesis of fatty acids in rat liver microsomes and to have biological properties such as the ability to induce hepatic steatosis.

CAS: 112-85-6
MF: C22H44O2
MW: 340.58
EINECS: 204-010-8

Synonyms
N-DOCOSANOIC ACID;BEHENIC ACID;CARBOXYLIC ACID C22;Hydrofol acid;Iron(III) arsenite, pentahydrate;Iron(III) o-arsenite, pentahydrate;Docosanoic acid, 85%, tech.;1-Docosanoic acid;Docosanoic acid;Behenic acid;112-85-6;1-Docosanoic acid;N-DOCOSANOIC ACID;Hydrofol Acid 560;Hydrofol 2022-55;Glycon B-70;Docosoic acid;Hystrene 5522;Hystrene 9022;Glycon B 70;Prifrac 2989;Behensaeure;Docosansaeure;Dokosansaeure;Docosanic acid;CHEBI:28941;HSDB 5578;Edenor C 22-85R;EINECS 204-010-8;NSC 32364;UNII-H390488X0A;CRODACID B;ORISTAR BA;AI3-52709;C22:0;NSC-32364;1219804-98-4;H390488X0A;Docosanoic-12,12,13,13-d4 Acid;EXL 5;PRIFRAC 2987;NAA 22S;NAA 222S;DTXSID3026930;Docosanoic acid (Chunks or pellets or flakes);EC 204-010-8;1193721-65-1;1193721-67-3;NSC32364;MFCD00002807;FA 22:0;B 95;DOCOSANOIC-7,7,8,8-D4 ACID;DOCOSANOIC-22,22,22-D3 ACID;CH3-(CH2)20-COOH;CH3-[CH2]20-COOH;n-Docosanoate;1-Docosanoate;docosanoyl alcohol;fatty acid 22:0;Behenic acid, 99%;Prifac 2987;Behenic Acid, Technical;Docosanoic acid, ?99%;BEHENIC ACID [MI];SCHEMBL6579;BEHENIC ACID [INCI];EXL-5;Behenic acid; Docosanoic acid;DOCOSANOIC ACID [HSDB];DTXCID306930;CHEMBL1173474;AGP-103;Behenic acid, analytical standard;BDBM50488776;LMFA01010022;s5381;AKOS005720830;CCG-267927;CS-W013765;HY-W013049;NCGC00475914-02;AS-54401;B-95;B1248;B1747;D0963;FT-0745232;NS00005465;C08281;P50011;A854667;Q422590;W-108636;BEHENIC ACID (CONSTITUENT OF BORAGE SEED OIL);E2AAC59F-4B8D-460C-9C6E-E4E82C905122;08O

Behenic Acid (Docosanoic acid) is found in some lichens and can be purified from them using an analytical method involving constant-pressure liquid chromatography.
Behenic Acid (Docosanoic acid) is also found in behen oil, which is produced by pressing nuts from the seed of the beech tree.
A straight-chain, C22, long-chain saturated fatty acid.
Monomolecular films of stearic and behenic acid were formed on substrates 0.1M in sodium chloride, sodium bicarbonate or sodium phosphate and were investigated by IR analysis.
Behenic Acid (Docosanoic acid) is a carboxylic acid, the saturated fatty acid with formula C21H43COOH.
In appearance, Behenic Acid (Docosanoic acid) consists of white solid although impure samples appear yellowish.

At 9%, Behenic Acid (Docosanoic acid) is a major component of ben oil (or behen oil), which is extracted from the seeds of the drumstick tree (Moringa oleifera).
Behenic Acid (Docosanoic acid) is so named from the Persian month Bahman, when the roots of this tree were harvested.
Behenic Acid (Docosanoic acid) is also present in some other oils and oil-bearing plants, including rapeseed (canola) and peanut oil and skins.
Behenic Acid (Docosanoic acid) is estimated that one ton of peanut skins contains 13 pounds (5.9 kg) of behenic acid.

Behenic Acid (Docosanoic acid) is a fatty acid that is used as a thickener, cleansing agent, and opacifier in cosmetics.
Also known as Behenic Acid (Docosanoic acid), this ingredient may be plant-derived or synthetic.
Behenic Acid (Docosanoic acid)’s a major component of moringa oil and is also found in peanut oil.
The saturated nature of this long-chain (more than 20 carbon molecules) wax-like fatty acid is what gives Behenic Acid (Docosanoic acid) opacifying and texture-enhancing properties.
Behenic Acid (Docosanoic acid) is sometimes used as an alternative to stearic acid, a decision dependent on desired aesthetics.

Despite this being a saturated fatty acid, its lower molecular weight and affinity for skin enable Behenic Acid (Docosanoic acid) to enhance the penetration of other ingredients without posing a risk of irritation.
Although also categorized as a surfactant (cleansing agent) behenic acid is typically used with pure surfactants to create fatty acid-enhanced oil-gel textures that can capably yet gently remove excess oil and long-wearing, more tenacious ingredients.
Usage levels of behenic acid in cosmetics range from 0.024–22%.
Products like lipstick that may lead to incidental ingestion may contain up to 14% behenic acid. All of these amounts are considered safe for skin.

Docosanoic acidBehenic Acid (Docosanoic acid) has a role as a plant metabolite.
Behenic Acid (Docosanoic acid) is a straight-chain saturated fatty acid and a long-chain fatty acid.
Behenic Acid (Docosanoic acid) is a conjugate acid of a behenate.
Behenic acid, also known as docosanoic acid, is a saturated fatty acid that belongs to the group of oleochemicals.
This versatile fatty acid distinguishes itself by its unique chemical structure, exceptional stability, and its resistance to oxidation.
These properties make behenic acid a sought-after raw material in various industries.
The fatty acid is often extracted from plant oils and animal fats.

Behenic Acid (Docosanoic acid) Chemical Properties
Melting point: 72-80 °C(lit.)
Boiling point: 306°C 60mm
Density: d4100 0.8221
Vapor pressure: 0Pa at 25℃
Refractive index: nD100 1.4270
Fp: 306°C/60mm
Storage temp.: Sealed in dry,Room Temperature
Solubility: chloroform: soluble50mg/mL, clear
Form: Crystalline Powder
Pka: 4.78±0.10(Predicted)
Color: White to slightly yellow
Odor: faint odor
Water Solubility: Soluble in DMF (~3 mg/ml), hot methanol, water (0.15 mg/ml at 25°C), chloroform, and ethanol (2.18 mg/ml at 25°C).
Merck: 14,1023
BRN: 1792887
Stability: Stable. Combustible. Incompatible with bases, oxidizing agents, reducing agents.
InChIKey: UKMSUNONTOPOIO-UHFFFAOYSA-N
LogP: 4.121-9.91 at 25℃
CAS DataBase Reference: 112-85-6(CAS DataBase Reference)
NIST Chemistry Reference: Behenic Acid (Docosanoic acid) (112-85-6)
EPA Substance Registry System: Behenic Acid (Docosanoic acid) (112-85-6)

As a dietary oil, Behenic Acid (Docosanoic acid) is poorly absorbed.
In spite of its low bioavailability compared with oleic acid, Behenic Acid (Docosanoic acid) is a cholesterol-raising saturated fatty acid in humans.

Uses
Behenic Acid (Docosanoic acid) is a long-chain fatty acid,it has the following purposes: Waxes, textiles, pharmaceuticals, emulsifiers, and personal care products, lubricants, esters, chemical synthesis, and specialties.
Behenic Acid (Docosanoic acid) is a long-chain fatty acid used in product formulations to form a viscous emulsion.
Behenic Acid (Docosanoic acid) is considered a non-comedogenic raw material.
Behenic Acid (Docosanoic acid) is used to give hair conditioners and moisturizers their smoothing properties.
Behenic Acid (Docosanoic acid) is also used to investigate the phase behavior of long-chain acids in supercritical propane.

Commercially, Behenic Acid (Docosanoic acid) is often used to give hair conditioners and moisturizers their smoothing properties.
Behenic Acid (Docosanoic acid) is also used in lubricating oils, and as a solvent evaporation retarder in paint removers.
Behenic Acid (Docosanoic acid)'s amide is used as an anti-foaming agent in detergents, floor polishes and dripless candles.
Reduction of behenic acid yields behenyl alcohol.
Pracaxi oil (from the seeds of Pentaclethra macroloba) is a natural product with one of the highest concentrations of behenic acid, and is used in hair conditioners.

Production
Behenic Acid (Docosanoic acid) is produced through a process known as hydrogenation.
In this process, unsaturated fatty acids, such as oleic acid, are converted into saturated fatty acids, including behenic acid.
This process is crucial because Behenic Acid (Docosanoic acid) ensures that behenic acid has the correct chemical composition and properties expected in various industries.
The final product can be either a white powder or a liquid, depending on how pure Behenic Acid (Docosanoic acid) is and its intended use.
The powdered form is often used in the cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries, while the liquid variant is preferred for industrial applications.

Behenic Acid (Docosanoic acid) in Various Branches
Behenic Acid (Docosanoic acid) is a versatile fatty acid that finds application across various industries due to its unique chemical properties.
In the cosmetic industry, Behenic Acid (Docosanoic acid) is primarily utilized for its moisturizing properties and stability.
Behenic Acid (Docosanoic acid) is added to skincare products such as creams, lotions, and lip balms.
Behenic Acid (Docosanoic acid) helps keep the skin hydrated and contributes to the texture and consistency of the products.

In the pharmaceutical industry, Behenic Acid (Docosanoic acid) is commonly used as an ingredient in the formulation of medications and ointments.
The stability of this fatty acid ensures that medicinal products have a longer shelf life without spoilage or loss of efficacy.
Behenic Acid (Docosanoic acid) enhances the effectiveness of topical preparations and can aid in the treatment of skin conditions.

Lastly, Behenic Acid (Docosanoic acid) is also widely employed in industrial sectors, such as the production of coatings and inks.
Behenic Acid (Docosanoic acid) serves as a lubricant and can improve the viscosity of these materials, optimizing performance.
Furthermore, Behenic Acid (Docosanoic acid) is used in the textile industry to soften fibers and enhance the texture of fabrics.
BEHENTRIMONIUM CHLORIDE
Docosanyl Trimethylammonium Chloride; Behentrimonium Chloride ; n,n,n-Trimethyl-Behenyl aminium chloride; Behenyl Trimethyl Ammonium Chloride; Behentrimonium Chloride; Varisoft BT 85 cas no: 17301-53-0
BEHENYL ALCOHOL
Behenyl alcohol also referred to as 1-docosanol, is a 22-carbon aliphatic alcohol, that works as a thickening, opacifying, emollient, and emulsifying agent that can be made synthetically or from plants.
Behenyl alcohol is a saturated fatty alcohol as an emollient, emulsifier, and thickener.


CAS Number: 661-19-8
EC Number: 211-546-6
MDL Number: MFCD00002939
Chem/IUPAC Name: Docosan-1-ol
Chemical formula: C22H46O


Behenyl Alcohol is a saturated fatty alcohol containing 22 carbon atoms, used traditionally as an emollient, emulsifier, and thickener in cosmetics.
In July 2000, Behenyl Alcohol was approved for medical use in the United States as an antiviral agent for reducing the duration of cold sores.
Behenyl Alcohol is an over-the-counter medication (OTC).


Behenyl Alcohol functions as a hydrating component as well.
Behenyl Alcohol is a fatty alcohol that is unlike the drying alcohols.


Behenyl Alcohol is a waxy, white solid in its unprocessed state.
Behenyl alcohol is produced via a high-temperature, high-pressure, catalytic hydrogenation of fatty acids, and can also be produced via the Ziegler process.
Alternatively, Behenyl Alcohol can also be obtained from vegetable sources.


Behenyl Alcohol is registered under the REACH Regulation and is manufactured in and / or imported to the European Economic Area, at ≥ 10 000 to < 100 000 tonnes per annum.
Behenyl Alcohol, also known as docosanol, is a colorless, waxy solid.


Behenyl Alcohol’s usually found naturally from vegetables, in their long-chain fatty acid mixture.
A fatty alcohol (the non-drying type with a long oil loving chain of 22 carbon atoms) that is used to increase the viscosity of the formula and Behenyl Alcohol also helps the oily and the watery parts to stay nicely mixed together (called emulsion stabilizing).


Behenyl alcohol or Docosanol is a fatty alcohol.
Behenyl alcohol, also known as docosanol, is a large fatty straight-chain alcohol.
Behenyl alcohol, also known as 1-docosanol, is a synthetic or plant-derived thickening agent and emulsifier used in cosmetics.


Behenyl Alcohol also serves as a hydrating ingredient.
Behenyl Alcohol’s considered a fatty alcohol not related to drying forms of alcohol.
In its raw form Behenyl Alcohol is a white, waxy solid.


Behenyl alcohol also referred to as 1-docosanol, is a 22-carbon aliphatic alcohol, that works as a thickening, opacifying, emollient, and emulsifying agent that can be made synthetically or from plants.
Behenyl alcohol is a saturated fatty alcohol of vegetable origin, used to regulate viscosity in formulations.


Behenyl Alcohol is a natural, vegetable source long chain fatty alcohol used to regulate viscosity in formulations.
Behenyl Alcohol is produced from vegetable sources and is derived from non-genetically modified plants.
Behenyl Alcohol is GMO-free (not containing genetically modified DNA).


Production of Behenyl Alcohol is by chemical reaction typical of the industrial process of fatty alcohol production.
Behenyl Alcohol is a natural vegetable source saturated fatty alcohol used to regulate viscosity in formulations.
Behenyl alcohol, also known as docosanol, is saturated fatty alcohol with 22 carbons.


Fatty alcohols are a group of ingredients that are often misunderstood, mostly due to their name.
Despite having alcohol in their name, fatty alcohols actually help to effectively condition and soften the skin and hair.
Fatty alcohols have a high molecular weight, straight-chain primary alcohols derived from natural fats and oils.


Behenyl alcohol is derived from vegetable sources such as corn, but it can also be synthetically produced.
Behenyl alcohol is primarily used in face moisturizers and body lotions, but can also be found in deodorant, lipstick, foundation, and hair care products.
In addition to use in the cosmetic industry, behenyl alcohol is available as a nutritional supplement and a pharmaceutical antiviral agent.


In the OTC cold sore medication, docosanol has been shown to reduce the duration of cold sores caused by the herpes simplex virus.
Behenyl alcohol, also known as 1-docosanol, is a synthetic or plant-derived thickening agent and emulsifier used in cosmetics.
Behenyl Alcohol also serves as a hydrating ingredient.


Behenyl Alcohol’s considered a fatty alcohol not related to drying forms of alcohol.
In its raw form Behenyl Alcohol is a white, waxy solid.
The Cosmetic Ingredient Review panel has deemed behenyl alcohol to be safe for topical application as used in cosmetics.


Behenyl Alcohol (BA) is a consistency giving agent.
Behenyl Alcohol is a hydrophilic wax.
Behenyl alcohol is a plant-based emulsifier and thickening agent.


Behenyl Alcohol is considered a fatty alcohol which is by far the best type of alcohol for skin care and cosmetics.
However, the greatest thing about fatty alcohols is they aren't drying or irritating on your skin, as some other alcohols might be.
Instead, because of the "fatty" part of the molecule, they also act as an emollient.


Behenyl alcohol is actually a really common ingredient, and unfortunately can be made synthetically as well.
Behenyl Alcohol is important to look out for natural behenyl alcohol in your products, but all in all, this is one of the best fatty alcohols and is healthy for your skin.


This means that they protect your skin and keep the moisture in your skin.
Behenyl alcohol is an opacifying ingredient which gives excellent spreadability to cosmetic products as well as being an emulsifier and antimicrobal
Behenyl alcohol is a saturated fatty acid naturally derived from vegetable sources such as corn.


Behenyl has a very special thickening property to allow the final product to have a more desirable and spreadable texture.
Whilst opacity and thickness can be seen as a matter of persona preference, Behenyl alcohol enhances the spreadability of the final product and thus the effectiveness of the final cosmetic formulations.


In 2000 Docosanol was approved by the Food and Drug administration (FDA) in the the US as a pharmaceutical antiviral agent for reducing the duration of cold sores caused by the herpes simplex virus in some brands of OTC medication.
Behenyl alcohol helps to retain skin moisture, improving the hydrated look of the ski, forming a natural protective layer.


Behenyl alcohol does not leave a greasy feel after application in the way other emollients can, instead leaving the skin feeling soft and hydrated.
Behenyl alcohol acts as an emollient in hair care products, helping to increase the moisture content in the hair and improve manageability.
Behenyl alcohol is a vegan ingredient, derived from vegetable sources.


Behenyl Alcohol (BA) is a consistency giving agent.
Behenyl Alcohol is a hydrophilic wax.
Behenyl Alcohol is a vegan ingredient, derived from vegetable sources.


Behenyl Alcohol is biocompatible (COSMOS standard).
Behenyl Alcohol has a very special thickening property to allow the final product to have a more desirable and spreadable texture.
Behenyl alcohol has 22 carbons and is also known as Docosanol (the key ingredient in formulations for herpes).


Whilst opacity and thickness can be seen as a matter of persona preference, Behenyl alcohol enhances the spreadability of the final product and thus the effectiveness of the final cosmetic formulations.
Behenyl alcohol, also known as docosanol, is a large fatty straight-chain alcohol.


In cosmetic and skin care formulations, Behenyl Alcohol is used as an opacifying ingredient, thickener and emulsifier.
Behenyl alcohol also works as an emulsifier to prevent the oil and water phases of a product from separating.
Behenyl Alcohol is a white to light yellow wax pellets


Behenyl Alcohol contains stearyl alcohol (1-octadecanol) as alcoholic component.
Behenyl Alcohol contains behenyl alcohol (1-docosanol) as alcoholic component.
"Alcohol" refers generally to the alcohols R-OH derived from the corresponding hydrocarbons R-H.


Behenyl Alcohol is a white, waxy solid and functions as a thickener, binding agent, solubilizer and gellant.
Many Formulations incorporate Behenyl Alcohol because of its unique sensory properties and non-greasy feel
Behenyl Alcohol is usually derived from the fats in vegetable oils.


Behenyl alcohol is a long chain linear fatty alcohol (with 22 carn atoms) derived from natural raw materials such as rapeseed or coconut oils.
Behenyl Alcohol is a waxy solid at room temperature used in skin and hair care formulations as a thickener, emulsifier, binding agent, solubilizer, and gallant.


In addition, Behenyl Alcohol is a perfect base for dispersing abrasive particles in mechanical exfoliators.
Readily biodegradable and metabolized as regular fat, Behenyl alcohol is safe for the skin and the environment.
Behenyl alcohol is not a regular, drying ‘alcohol’.


Behenyl Alcohol's a ‘fatty’ alcohol that’s vegetable derived.
Behenyl Alcohol is a thickener or thickener in the cream and looks like flakes when mixed with Cream Maker Any kind will add texture to the cream.
Behenyl Alcohol has a heavier cream.


Behenyl Alcohol gives a thicker creamy texture
Behenyl Alcohol serves as a co-emulsifier in that it helps the main emulsifier to bind the oil and the water together to further stabilize the mix.
Behenyl alcohol adds a creaminess to the body of emulsions and increases viscosity.


Behenyl Alcohol can also improve or thicken the texture of whipped butters too.
Behenyl Alcohol is a long-chain primary fatty alcohol that is docosane substituted by a hydroxy group at position 1.
Behenyl Alcohol has a role as an antiviral agent.


Behenyl Alcohol is a long-chain primary fatty alcohol and a fatty alcohol 22:0.
Behenyl Alcohol derives from a hydride of a docosane.
Behenyl Alcohol is a natural product found in Populus tremula, Hypericum laricifolium, and other organisms with data available.


Behenyl Alcohol is a saturated 22-carbon aliphatic alcohol with antiviral activity.
Behenyl Alcohol has a distinct mechanism of action and inhibits fusion between the plasma membrane and the herpes simplex virus envelope, thereby preventing viral entry into cells and subsequent viral activity and replication.


Behenyl Alcohol is used topically in the treatment of recurrent herpes simplex labialis episodes and relieves associated pain and may help heal sores faster.
Behenyl Alcohol is a saturated fatty alcoholused traditionally as an emollient, emulsifier, and thickener in cosmetics, nutritional supplement.


In 2000, Behenyl Alcohol was approved by the US as medicine to reduce the duration of cold sores.
Behenyl Alcohol is easily soluble in methanol, diethyl ether, n-octanol.
Behenyl Alcohol is partially soluble in hot water, acetone.


Behenyl Alcohol is very slightly soluble in cold water.
Behenyl Alcohol is a binder and an emulsion stabilizer.
Behenyl Alcohol may be derived either synthetically or from plants.



USES and APPLICATIONS of BEHENYL ALCOHOL:
Behenyl Alcohol is used Consumer Products, Blends, Detergents, Ethoxylation, Household Cleaners, Sulfonation, Surfactants, Food & Pharma, Nutritional Supplements, Lubricants, Fluids & Oilfield, Industrial, Personal Care, Blends, Emollients, Emulsifiers, and Esters.
Cosmetic Uses of Behenyl Alcohol: binding agents, emulsion stabilisers, skin conditioning - emollient, and viscosity controlling agents


Behenyl Alcohol is used by consumers, in articles, by professional workers (widespread uses), in formulation or re-packing, at industrial sites and in manufacturing.
Behenyl Alcohol is used in the following products: washing & cleaning products, coating products, biocides (e.g. disinfectants, pest control products), anti-freeze products, finger paints, lubricants and greases and polishes and waxes.


Release to the environment of Behenyl Alcoholcan occur from industrial use: of articles where the substances are not intended to be released and where the conditions of use do not promote release and industrial abrasion processing with low release rate (e.g. cutting of textile, cutting, machining or grinding of metal).


Other release to the environment of Behenyl Alcohol is likely to occur from: indoor use in long-life materials with low release rate (e.g. flooring, furniture, toys, construction materials, curtains, foot-wear, leather products, paper and cardboard products, electronic equipment) and outdoor use in long-life materials with low release rate (e.g. metal, wooden and plastic construction and building materials).


Behenyl Alcohol can be found in products with material based on: stone, plaster, cement, glass or ceramic (e.g. dishes, pots/pans, food storage containers, construction and isolation material) and plastic (e.g. food packaging and storage, toys, mobile phones).
Behenyl Alcohol has an industrial use resulting in manufacture of another substance (use of intermediates).


Behenyl Alcohol is used in the following products: lubricants and greases, coating products, fillers, putties, plasters, modelling clay, biocides (e.g. disinfectants, pest control products), adhesives and sealants, non-metal-surface treatment products, air care products, anti-freeze products, washing & cleaning products and welding & soldering products.


Other release to the environment of Behenyl Alcohol is likely to occur from: indoor use (e.g. machine wash liquids/detergents, automotive care products, paints and coating or adhesives, fragrances and air fresheners) and outdoor use.
Behenyl Alcohol is used in the following areas: building & construction work.


Behenyl Alcohol is used for the manufacture of: , machinery and vehicles, mineral products (e.g. plasters, cement), furniture, rubber products and plastic products.
Other release to the environment of Behenyl Alcohol is likely to occur from: indoor use (e.g. machine wash liquids/detergents, automotive care products, paints and coating or adhesives, fragrances and air fresheners) and outdoor use.


Behenyl Alcohol is used in the following products: pH regulators and water treatment products, laboratory chemicals, cosmetics and personal care products, perfumes and fragrances and polymers.
Release to the environment of Behenyl Alcohol can occur from industrial use: formulation of mixtures, formulation in materials and as an intermediate step in further manufacturing of another substance (use of intermediates).


Behenyl Alcohol is used in the following products: lubricants and greases, fillers, putties, plasters, modelling clay, adhesives and sealants, coating products and non-metal-surface treatment products.
Behenyl Alcohol is used in the following areas: building & construction work.


Behenyl Alcohol is used for the manufacture of: chemicals, , mineral products (e.g. plasters, cement) and machinery and vehicles.
Release to the environment of Behenyl Alcohol can occur from industrial use: in processing aids at industrial sites, in the production of articles, as an intermediate step in further manufacturing of another substance (use of intermediates), as processing aid and of substances in closed systems with minimal release.


Behenyl Alcohol is a white, waxy pellets and functions as a thickener, binding agent, solubilizer and gellant.
Behenyl Alcohol is produced from Vegetable sources from Non-GMO plants.
Behenyl Alcohol can be used in color cosmetics, sunscreens, skin and hair care.


You will commonly find this product in formulations that include SPF products, mascaras, sticks, lip balms, emulsions, hair products and antiperspirants.
Behenyl Alcohol can also be used in anhydrous formulations such as scrubs and butters.
Thanks to excellent emulsifying properties, Behenyl alcohol produces stable emulsions which stay unchanged in temperature changes (including viscosity) while exhibiting superior mildness and safety for the skin.


In addition, Behenyl Alcohol thickens and improves the sensory profile of the application, imparting a velvety-soft feel to the skin.
Combined with the same length fatty acid, Behenic acid, it forms waxy oleo-gels with a pleasant feel that can dissolve and carry natural oils and active ingredients.


In decorative cosmetics, Behenyl alcohol is used as a pigment dispersing and wetting agent that helps ease spreading and sticking on the skin's surface.
Behenyl Alcohol is widely used in facial creams, masks, and lotions, as well as in hair, eye, and body care applications.
Behenyl alcohol is, in my opinion, a better thickener to use in comparison to cetyl alcohol.


Behenyl Alcohol, too, is used to make emulsions thick and creamy, but it adds what can be described as a “velvety” dry but moisturized feeling to the creams I’ve made.
Behenyl Alcohol is used to increase the stability of emulsion, increase the viscosity of creams or lotions, help add moisturizer to the formula, giving the formula a butter-like texture, giving it a smooth feel.


Behenyl Alcohol is an occlusive emollient or helps to coat the skin.
To reduce the chance of water loss of the skin, Behenyl Alcohol is a moisturizer in the body.
Behenyl Alcohol must be used with any type of Cream Maker because it cannot combine water and oil.


Behenyl Alcohol is used for lotion or cream products.
Behenyl Alcohol is used as an emulsifier that also keeps the oil and liquid parts of a solution from separating.
Behenyl Alcohol's other functions include altering the thickness of a liquid, increasing foaming capacity, and stabilizing foams.


When applied to the skin, Behenyl Alcohol gives it a smooth feel and helps prevent moisture loss.
Many products incorporate Behenyl Alcohol because of its unique sensory properties and non-greasy feel after application.
Behenyl Alcohol's mainly used in face/body lotions and creams, but can also be found in deodorant, lipstick and foundation


Behenyl Alcohol is used as raw material for surfactants, conditioners, disinfectants, for plasticizers.
Behenyl Alcohol is used oil base for lubricants of synthetic resin, and for emulsifiers of emulsion polymerization.
Behenyl Alcohol is used as Raw material for creams/ointment, metal rolling oil, etc.


Release to the environment of Behenyl Alcohol can occur from industrial use: manufacturing of the substance, formulation of mixtures, formulation in materials, in processing aids at industrial sites, in the production of articles, as an intermediate step in further manufacturing of another substance (use of intermediates), as processing aid, for thermoplastic manufacture, as processing aid and of substances in closed systems with minimal release.


Behenyl alcohol works as a texture enhancer to improve the appearance and feel of the product.
Behenyl Alcohol is also an opacifier and a thickener-cum-stabilizer which helps to regulate the viscosity of the product.
Behenyl Alcohol is also an emollient and an emulsifier for cosmetics and personal care products.


Behenyl Alcohol also works as a stabilizer and is used in personal care products like scrubs and body butters.
Behenyl Alcohol is used in cosmetics as an emulsifier to keep oily parts well mixed with other liquids.
Behenyl Alcohol is also used as a thickener, to increase the foaming capacity of a product or to improve the stability of a foam.


Behenyl Alcohol makes the skin soft and its touch remains non-greasy after application.
Behenyl Alcohol is authorized in organic.
In drugs, Behenyl Alcohol is used as an antiviral against herpes.


In cosmetic and skin care formulations, Behenyl Alcohol is used as an opacifying ingredient, thickener, and emulsifier.
As an opacifying agent, behenyl alcohol is used to reduce the clear or transparent appearance of cosmetic products.
Behenyl Alcohol's thickening property allows products to achieve a more desirable, spreadable texture.


Behenyl alcohol also works as an emulsifier to prevent the oil and water phases of a product from separating.
This works to improve the consistency of a product, which enables an even distribution of topical skincare benefits.
Behenyl Alcohol is used to thicken and stabilize formulations.


Behenyl Alcohol will produce elegant emulsions and impart a soft, velvety feel to the skin.
Behenyl Alcohol can be used in water-in-oil emulsions, oil-in-water emulsions, and anhydrous formulations-----cream, lotion, ointment, body butter, salt scrubs.


Behenyl Alcohol acts as a thickener and stabilizer and can be used as a co-emulsifier.
Behenyl Alcohol can be used in water-in-oil emulsions, oil-in-water emulsions and anhydrous formulations such as ointments, body butters and peelings.
Behenyl Alcohol produces elegant emulsions and gives the skin a soft, velvety feel.


Behenyl Alcohol functions as a thickener and stabilizer and may be used as a co-emulsifier.
Behenyl Alcohol may be used in anhydrous formulations such as ointments, body butters and scrubs.
Behenyl Alcohol functions as a thickener and stabilizer and may be used as a co-emulsifier.


Behenyl Alcohol will produce elegant emulsions and impart a soft, velvety feel to the skin.
Behenyl alcohol is a fatty alcohol used in skincare and cosmetic products to help soften the skin and improve the texture and consistency of the formulation.


Behenyl Alcohol's main four uses are as an opacifying ingredient, thickener, emollient, and emulsifier.
Behenyl Alcohol can also serve as a co-emulsifier in some formulations.
Behenyl Alcohol may be used in water-in-oil emulsions, oil-in-water emulsions, and anhydrous formulations such as ointments, body butters and scrubs.


Behenyl Alcohol is used in cosmetic O/W emulsions for viscosity regulation.
Behenyl Alcohol has used application in antiperspirants & deodorants, sun-care (after-sun, sun-protection, self-tanning), color-, body & face care and face cleansing formulations.


Also used in baby care & cleansing and conditioning formulations.
To achieve the correct texture with your formulation, the addition of just 0.5% Behenyl alcohol can help radically change the texture and feel of your cosmetic product.


Behenyl Alcohol adds texture and thickness without increasing greasiness.
Behenyl Alcohol is an opacifying ingredient which gives excellent spreadability to cosmetic products as well as being an emulsifier in cosmetics to aid skin feel and hydration, manage hair manageability, as an effective co-emulsifier, texture adjustment and improved spreadability of your cosmetic formulation.


Behenyl Alcohol helps to retain skin moisture, improving the hydrated look of the skin, forming a natural protective layer.
Behenyl Alcohol does not leave a greasy feel after application in the way other emollients can, instead leaving the skin feeling soft and hydrated.
Behenyl Alcohol is a vegan ingredient, derived from vegetable sources. Biocompatible (COSMOS standard).


Behenyl Alcohol has a very special thickening property to allow the final product to have a more desirable and spreadable texture.
Whilst opacity and thickness can be seen as a matter of persona preference, Behenyl alcohol enhances the spreadability of the final product and thus the effectiveness of the final cosmetic formulations.


Behenyl Alcohol is primarily used as an emulsifier, emollient, thickener and opacifying ingredient and is found mainly in face moisturisers and body lotions, it can however also be used in deodorant, lipstick, foundation and hair care products.
Behenyl Alcohol acts an emollient in hair care products, helping to increase the moisture content in the hair and improve manageability.


Behenyl Alcohol is compatible with most other cosmetic ingredients in cosmetic formulations and as such can be used as a co-emulsifier with other emulsifiers to increase stability and skin feel.
Behenyl alcohol tends to have a stabilising effect on emulsions.


Behenyl alcohol (Docosanol) has high antimicrobial activity and is used in cosmetics to aid skin feel and hydration hydration, manage hair manageability, as an effective co-emulsifier, texture adjustment and improved spreadability of your cosmetic formulation.
As an emulsifier, behenyl alcohol, holds the water and oils together in cosmetics.


Behenyl Alcohol is typically made from the fats in vegetable oils.
Behenyl alcohol is primarily used as an emulsifier, emollient, thickener and opacifying ingredient and is found mainly in face moisturisers and body lotions, it can however also be used in deodorant, lipstick, foundation and hair care products.


Behenyl alcohol has a very high antimicrobial activity, hence its use in herpes formulations.
When used in hair care formulas, Behenyl alcohol can be used to increase the slip of hair and thus Behenyl alcohol is useful in detangling hair care formulations.


Behenyl alcohol is compatible with most other cosmetic ingredients in cosmetic formulations and as such can be used as a co-emulsifier with other emulsifiers to increase stability and skin feel.
Behenyl alcohol tends to have a stabilising effect on emulsions.


Behenyl Alcohol is used in cosmetic O/W emulsions for viscosity regulation.
Behenyl Alcohol use application in antiperspirants & deodorants, sun-care (after-sun, sun-protection, self-tanning), color-, body & face care and face cleansing formulations.


Behenyl Alcohol is also used in baby care & cleansing and conditioning formulations.
To achieve the correct texture with your formulation, the addition of just 0.5% Behenyl alcohol can help radically change the texture and feel of your cosmetic product.


Behenyl Alcohol adds texture and thickness without increasing greasiness.
Behenyl Alcohol is an opacifying ingredient which gives excellent spreadability to cosmetic products as well as being an emulsifier in cosmetics to aid skin feel and hydration, manage hair manageability, as an effective co-emulsifier, texture adjustment and improved spreadability of your cosmetic formulation.


Behenyl Alcohol does not leave a greasy feel after application in the way other emollients can, instead leaving the skin feeling soft and hydrated.
Behenyl Alcohol is primarily used as an emulsifier, emollient, thickener and opacifying ingredient and is found mainly in face moisturisers and body lotions, it can however also be used in deodorant, lipstick, foundation and hair care products.


Behenyl Alcohol acts an emollient in hair care products, helping to increase the moisture content in the hair and improve manageability.
Behenyl Alcohol is compatible with most other cosmetic ingredients in cosmetic formulations and as such can be used as a co-emulsifier with other emulsifiers to increase stability and skin feel.


Behenyl alcohol tends to have a stabilising effect on emulsions.
Being a mixed form of fatty acids that is used to increase a formula's viscosity, to stabilize emulsions, as a binder while leaving a soft, smooth feel to the skin.


Behenyl Alcohol can be used in almost any formulation.
Behenyl Alcohol is a binder and an emulsion stabilizer.
Behenyl Alcohol is also used to increase a formulation’s viscosity.


Behenyl Alcohol may be used for any number of purposes in a cosmetic formulation, including as an emollient, a binder, an emulsion stabilizer, or to increase a product’s viscosity.
Behenyl Alcohol may be derived either synthetically or from plants.


Behenyl Alcohol works as a surfactant in cosmetics.
Behenyl Alcohol cream has also been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration as a safe and effective topical treatment for herpes labialis
Behenyl Alcohol is used as Anti Viral Agent in Topical Applications such as Cold Sore Treatment.


Behenyl Alcohol is also used as an Emollient, Emulsifier, and Thickener.
Behenyl Alcohol is a drug used for topical treatment for recurrent herpes simplex labialis episodes (episodes of cold sores or fever blisters).
A saturated 22-carbon aliphatic alcohol, Behenyl Alcohol exhibits antiviral activity against many lipid enveloped viruses including herpes simplex virus (HSV).


Behenyl Alcohol helps to retain skin moisture, improving the hydrated look of the ski, forming a natural protective layer.
Behenyl Alcohol inhibits fusion between the plasma membrane and the herpes simplex virus (HSV) envelope, thereby preventing viral entry into cells and subsequent viral replication.


Behenyl Alcohol is a saturated fatty acid, used in cosmetics as an emollient, emulsifier, surfactant and thickening agent, as well as a nutritional supplement, inhibits virus production, with an ED50 of 1.7 mg/ml.
Behenyl Alcohol is also used to increase a formulation’s viscosity.


This is a mixture of fatty alcohols.
Behenyl alcohol may be used for any number of purposes in a cosmetic formulation, including as an emollient, a binder, an emulsion stabilizer, or to increase a product’s viscosity.


-Skin care:
Behenyl Alcohol works as an emollient to soften and soothe the skin.
After topical application, Behenyl Alcohol forms a protective layer on the skin’s surface that prevents moisture loss and keeps the skin hydrated


-Hair care:
Behenyl Alcohol works as an emollient in hair products to increase the hair’s moisture content and makes it more manageable



FUNCTION OF BEHENYL ALCOHOL:
*Solid moisturizing and fatliquoring agent, moisturizing the skin, making the skin smooth and smooth.
*Behenyl Alcohol is a good viscosity stabilizer and can form a film on the hair, brightening the hair.
*Cosmetic products have the functions of moisturizing, solubilizing, and dispersing pigments.
*Behenyl Alcohol is used as a viscosity regulator.



USE AND BENEFITS OF BEHENYL ALCOHOL:
Behenyl Alcohol has one characteristic of making a layer over water to minimize evaporation.
This is particularly useful in hot weather.
Same way Behenyl Alcohol does not let moisture evaporate from skin or hair’s surface, thus act as emollient.

Behenyl Alcohol is similar to other members of the behenic group a good emulsion stabilizer.
Behenyl Alcohol is used as viscosity increasing agent.
Behenyl Alcohol is used in formulations such as ointments, scrubs, and body butter.



CHARACTERISTICS OF BEHENYL ALCOHOL:
Behenyl Alcohol is a long carbon chain Saturated fat alcohol, which is white solid crystal, particle or wax block, insoluble in water, soluble in mineral oil.
Melting point of Behenyl Alcohol is 68-72 ºC.
Boiling point of Behenyl Alcohol is 180 ° C/0.22 mmHg.

The raw material of Behenyl Alcohol for preparation comes from the seeds of Brassicaceae plants.
Behenyl has a very special thickening property to allow the final product to have a more desirable and spreadable texture.
Whilst opacity and thickness can be seen as a matter of persona preference, Behenyl alcohol enhances the spreadability of the final product and thus the effectiveness of the final cosmetic formulations.



FUNCTIONS OF BEHENYL ALCOHOL:
*Binding agent :
Behenyl Alcohol allows the cohesion of different cosmetic ingredients
*Emollient :
Behenyl Alcohol softens and smoothes the skin

*Emulsion stabilising :
Behenyl Alcohol promotes the emulsification process and improves the stability and shelf life of the emulsion
*Viscosity controlling :
Behenyl Alcohol increases or decreases the viscosity of cosmetics

*SURFACTANT - EMULSIFYING:
Behenyl Alcohol allows the formation of finely dispersed mixtures of oil and water (emulsions)
*Due to Behenyl Alcohol's consistency giving characteristics, the product is mainly used for viscosity regulation in cosmetic O/W emulsions.



BENEFITS OF BEHENYL ALCOHOL:
Behenyl Alcohol has the properties of an emulsifier, helping to keep the water and oil phases of the formula blended together.
Behenyl Alcohol also acts as an emollient, preventing moisture from evaporating from the surface of the skin, and providing a pleasant texture to the skin when the product is applied.



MIXING METHOD OF BEHENYL ALCOHOL:
Behenyl Alcohol melts with heat about 70 degrees to become liquid and mixed in oil (oil-phase)



IS BEHENYL ALCOHOL SAFE?
The safety of behenyl alcohol has been assessed by the Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel.
The CIR Expert Panel evaluated the scientific data and concluded that behenyl alcohol is safe for use in cosmetics and personal care products.
In 2005, the Expert Panel considered available new data on behenyl alcohol and the other fatty alcohols and reaffirmed the above conclusion.
Cosmetic formulations containing these fatty alcohols were not dermal irritants or sensitizers.



PRODUCTS TO USE BEHENYL ALCOHOL IN:
*Moisture Cream
*Moisture Lotion
*Body Butter
*Cleanser
*Face Mask
*Skin Peels
*Shower Gel
*Shampoo
*Conditioner



SAFETY PROFILE OF BEHENYL ALCOHOL:
The Cosmetic Ingredient Review (CIR) Expert Panel has examined the toxicity of long-chain aliphatic alcohols, including behenyl alcohol.
After reviewing the available research, the CIR Expert Panel came to the conclusion that these fatty alcohols were suitable for use as cosmetic ingredients.
Behenyl Alcohol does not cause skin irritation or sensitization.



ALTERNATIVES OF BEHENYL ALCOHOL:
*CETEARYL ALCOHOL
*CETYL ALCOHOL
*MYRISTYL ALCOHOL
*OLEYL ALCOHOL



WHAT DOES BEHENYL ALCOHOL DO IN A FORMULATION?
*Emollient
*Emulsifying
*Opacifying
*Viscosity controlling



HISTORY OF BEHENYL ALCOHOL:
The drug was approved as a cream for oral herpes after clinical trials by the FDA in July 2000.
It was shown to shorten the healing by 17.5 hours on average (95% confidence interval: 2 to 22 hours) in a placebo-controlled trial.
Another trial showed no effect when treating the infected backs of guinea pigs.



BEHENYL ALCOHOL AT A GLANCE:
*Is considered a fatty, non-drying form of alcohol
*Is used as a thickener and moisturising ingredient in cosmetics
*Also known as 1-docosanol
*Has been ruled safe as used in cosmetics



MECHANISM OF ACTION OF BEHENYL ALCOHOL:
Behenyl Alcohol is thought to act by inhibiting the fusion of the human host cell with the viral envelope of the herpes virus, thus preventing its replication.



IS BEHENYL ALCOHOL VEGAN?
Behenyl alcohol is a vegan ingredient.
Behenyl Alcohol is derived from vegetable sources, such as vegetable oils.



DOES BEHENYL ALCOHOL IRRITATE OR DRY OUT YOUR SKIN?
Due to its name, behenyl alcohol is often misunderstood.
Behenyl Alcohol is often lumped in with alcohol-based ingredients such as alcohol denat or ethanol which can be drying or irritating to some skin types.
However behenyl alcohol is actually a fatty alcohol which is a different class of ingredient altogether.
In fact, fatty alcohols, unlike traditional alcohol in skincare, are actually known to effectively condition and soften the skin and hair.



EMULSIFIER, BEHENYL ALCOHOL:
Another function of behenyl alcohol is as an emulsifier.
Emulsifiers are necessary for products that contain both water and oil components.
As an emulsifier, behenyl alcohol consists of a water-loving hydrophilic head and an oil-loving hydrophobic tail.
The hydrophilic head is directed to the water-based ingredients and the hydrophobic tail to the oil-based ingredients.
Behenyl alcohol reduces the surface tension by positioning itself at the oil/water or air/water interface, which has a stabilizing effect on the emulsion.



EMMOLIENT, BEHENYL ALCOHOL:
Behenyl alcohol is used as an emollient in cosmetic formulations because of its ability to soften and soothe the skin.
After topical application, behenyl alcohol forms a protective layer on the skin that helps to prevent moisture loss.
This helps to trap moisture in the skin, improving the hydrated appearance of the skin.

Plus, behenyl alcohol does not leave a greasy feel after application as other emollients can.
Similarly, behenyl alcohol functions as an emollient in hair care products, working to increase the hair’s moisture content and improve manageability.
Behenyl alcohol can also provide slip to hair conditioners which allows you to detangle your hair better.



TEXTURE, BEHENYL ALCOHOL:
The texture, appearance, and feel of a product can have a big impact on how pleasant the product is to use.
Elements such as opacity and thickness are an important part of the formulating process.
For the most part, these elements are purely sensory.

However, the thickness of a product can have a mild impact on how evenly key ingredients are spread across the skin.
As an opacifying agent and a thickener, behenyl alcohol can be added to clear or transparent cosmetic formulations to render them more resistant to visible light.

This results in a creamy-looking formulation, think your facial moisturizer with that rich- light texture and color.
Behenyl alcohol’s thickening property allows products to achieve a more desirable, spreadable texture.
Thus, manufacturers will add behenyl alcohol to formulations to create a thick, smooth, and creamy product.



COMPARISON BETWEEN BEHENYL ALCOHOL AND CETEARYL ALCOHOL:
1. Behenyl Alcohol has a melting point (Melting Point) higher than Cetearyl Alcohol in the mixing process will require higher heat by melting at 70 degrees
2. Behenyl Alcohol will give the formula texture.
That is hard, similar to Butter, when compared to Cetearyl Alcohol, it gives a softer texture.



BEHENYL ALCOHOL, THE GOOD:
Behenyl alcohol helps the skin to retain moisture, improving the hydrated look of the skin.
Behenyl Alcohol also has many benefits to the texture and sensory feel of products.



BEHENYL ALCOHOL, THE NOT SO GOOD:
Nothing to keep an eye on here.



WHO IS BEHENYL ALCOHOL FOR?
All skin types except those that have an identified allergy to Behenyl Alcohol.



SYNERGETIC INGREDIENTS, BEHENYL ALCOHOL:
Behenyl Alcohol works well with most ingredients



BEHENYL ALCOHOL, KEEP AN EYE ON:
Despite having alcohol in its name, behenyl alcohol is not a drying ingredient.
This is because Behenyl Alcohol is a fatty alcohol.
Keep an eye out for other fatty alcohols such as Cetearyl Alcohol, Stearyl Alcohol, and Cetyl Alcohol.



IS BEHENYL ALCOHOL GOOD FOR SKIN?
In cosmetic and skincare formulations, behenyl alcohol functions as an opacifying ingredient, thickener, emollient, and emulsifier.



PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of BEHENYL ALCOHOL:
Chemical formula: C22H46O
Molar mass: 326.609 g·mol−1
Melting point: 70 °C; 158 °F; 343 K
Boiling point: 180 °C; 356 °F; 453 K at 29 Pa
log P: 10.009
Chemical formula: C22H46O
Molar mass: 326.609 g·mol−1
Melting point: 70 °C; 158 °F; 343 K
Boiling point: 180 °C; 356 °F; 453 K at 29 Pa
log P: 10.009
Appearance Form: powder
Color: white
Odor: No data available
Odor Threshold: No data available
pH: No data available
Melting point/freezing point:
Melting point/range: 65 - 72 °C
Initial boiling point and boiling range: 180 °C at 0,29 hPa
Flash point: No data available
Evaporation rate: No data available
Beilstein Number: 1770470

MDL: MFCD00002939
XlogP3: 10.50 (est)
Molecular Weight: 326.60782000
Formula: C22 H46 O
Flammability (solid, gas): No data available
Upper/lower flammability or explosive limits: No data available
Vapor pressure: No data available
Vapor density: No data available
Relative density: 0,854 at 20 °C
Water solubility: 0,001 g/l at 23 °C
Partition coefficient:
n-octanol/water: log Pow: 8,3 at 20 °C
Autoignition temperature: 256 °C
Decomposition temperature: No data available
Viscosity
Viscosity, kinematic: No data available
Viscosity, dynamic: No data available
Explosive properties: No data available
Appearance: white solid (est)
Assay: 98.00 to 100.00
Food Chemicals Codex Listed: No
Melting Point: 72.00 to 73.00 °C. @ 760.00 mm Hg

Boiling Point: 375.00 to 376.00 °C. @ 760.00 mm Hg (est)
Boiling Point: 180.00 °C. @ 0.22 mm Hg
Flash Point: 289.00 °F. TCC ( 142.50 °C. ) (est)
logP (o/w): 10.009 (est)
Soluble in: water, 0.0001496 mg/L @ 25 °C (est)
Melting Point: 65-72 °C(lit.)
Boiling Point: 180 °C0.22 mm Hg(lit.)
Density: d75 0.8063 g/ml; d85 0.7986 g/ml; d95 0.7911 g/ml
Refractive Index: n75 1.4360
Storage Tem.: Store below +30°C.
Solubility: Chloroform (Slightly), Ethyl Acetate (Slightly)
Acidity Coefficient: 15.20±0.10(Predicted)
Form: Pellets or Tablets
Color: White
Water solubility: Insoluble
Stability: Stable.
IUPAC Name: docosan-1-ol
Category: Fatty Alcohols
Molecular Formula: C22H46O
Molecular Weight: 326.56
Boiling Point: 180 °C 0.22 mmHg (lit.)

Melting Point: 65-72 °C (lit.)
Density: 0.8063 g/ml at 75 °C; 0.7986 g/ml at 85 °C; 0.7911 g/ml at 95 °C
Solubility: Slightly soluble in ether; very soluble in ethanol, methanol, petroleum ether;
soluble in chloroform;Insoluble in water;In water, 7.5X10-5 mg/L at 25 °C 9 (est);1.96e-05 g/L
InChI: InChI=1S/C22H46O/c1-2-3-4-5-6-7-8-9-10-11-12-13-14-15-16-17-18-19-20-21-22-23/h23H,2-22H2,1H3
InChI Key: NOPFSRXAKWQILS-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Appearance: Solid
Storage: Room temperature
Oxidizing properties: No data available
Other safety information:
Surface tension 66,5 mN/m at 25 °C
Molecular Weight: 326.6
XLogP3: 10.5
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 1
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 1
Rotatable Bond Count: 20
Exact Mass: 326.354866087
Monoisotopic Mass: 326.354866087
Topological Polar Surface Area: 20.2 Ų
Heavy Atom Count: 23
Formal Charge: 0

Complexity: 190
Isotope Atom Count: 0
Molecular Formula / Molecular Weight: C22H46O = 326.61
Physical State (20 deg.C): Solid
CAS RN: 661-19-8
Reaxys Registry Number: 1770470
PubChem Substance ID: 87567551
SDBS (AIST Spectral DB): 7647
MDL Number: MFCD00002939
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 1
Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes
Appearance: white solid (est)
Assay: 98.00 to 100.00
Food Chemicals Codex Listed: No
CAS Number: 661-19-8
Molecular Formula: C₂₂H₄₆O
Appearance: White to Off-White Solid

Melting Point: 70-73°C
Molecular Weight: 326.6
Storage: 4°C
Solubility: Chloroform (Slightly), Ethyl Acetate (Slightly), Methanol (Slightly)
Melting Point: 72.00 to 73.00 °C. @ 760.00 mm Hg
Boiling Point: 375.00 to 376.00 °C. @ 760.00 mm Hg (est)
Boiling Point: 180.00 °C. @ 0.22 mm Hg
Flash Point: 289.00 °F. TCC ( 142.50 °C. ) (est)
logP (o/w): 10.009 (est)
Soluble in: water, 0.0001496 mg/L @ 25 °C (est)
Boiling Point: 375-376°C at 760 mm Hg
Melting Point: 65-72°C
Solubility: Insoluble in water
Soluble in ethanol, methanol, petroleum ether
Molecular Weight: 326.6 g/mol
XLogP3: 10.5
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 1
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 1
Rotatable Bond Count: 20
Exact Mass: 326.354866087 g/mol
Monoisotopic Mass: 326.354866087 g/mol
Topological Polar Surface Area: 20.2Ų

Heavy Atom Count: 23
Formal Charge: 0
Complexity: 190
Isotope Atom Count: 0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 1
Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes
CAS number: 661-19-8
EC number: 211-546-6
Hill Formula: C₂₂H₄₆O
Molar Mass: 326.61 g/mol
HS Code: 2905 19 00
Boiling point: 180 °C (0.29 hPa)
Flash point: 210 °C
Melting Point: 71 °C



FIRST AID MEASURES of BEHENYL ALCOHOL:
-Description of first-aid measures:
*General advice:
Consult a physician.
*If inhaled:
If breathed in, move person into fresh air.
Consult a physician.
*In case of skin contact:
Wash off with soap and plenty of water.
Consult a physician.
*In case of eye contact:
Flush eyes with water as a precaution.
*If swallowed:
Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person.
Rinse mouth with water.
Consult a physician.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed:
No data available



ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of BEHENYL ALCOHOL:
-Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures:
Use personal protective equipment.
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Sweep up and shovel.
Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.



FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of BEHENYL ALCOHOL:
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.
-Further information:
No data available



EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of BEHENYL ALCOHOL:
-Control parameters:
--Ingredients with workplace control parameters:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use equipment for eye protection.
*Skin protection:
Handle with gloves.
Wash and dry hands.
-Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.



HANDLING and STORAGE of BEHENYL ALCOHOL:
-Precautions for safe handling:
*Hygiene measures:
Handle in accordance with good industrial hygiene and safety practice.
Wash hands before breaks and at the end of workday.
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
*Storage conditions:
Store in cool place.
Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place.



STABILITY and REACTIVITY of BEHENYL ALCOHOL:
-Reactivity:
No data available
-Chemical stability:
Stable under recommended storage conditions.
-Possibility of hazardous reactions:
No data available
-Conditions to avoid:
No data available



SYNONYMS:
Docosan-1-ol
Behenic alcohol
Behenyl alcohol
Cachalot BE-22
1-Docosanol
n-Docosanol
Docosyl alcohol
Emery 3304
1-Docosanol
Behenyl alcohol
Docosan-1-ol
Other names
Behenic alcohol
Behenyl alcohol
Cachalot BE-22
1-Docosanol
n-Docosanol
Docosyl alcohol
Emery 3304
Loxiol VPG 1451
Abreva
Behenic alcohol
Behenyl alcohol
Cachalot BE-22
Docosan-1-ol
Docosanol-(1)
Docosyl alcohol
Lanette 22
Lidavol
n-Docosanol
NAA 422
Tadenan
IK 2
AI3-36489
BEHENYL ALCOHOL
AI3-36489
BEHENIC ALCOHOL
1-DOCOSANOL
DOCOSYL ALCOHOL
IK-2
TADENAN
BRN 1770470
EINECS 211-546-6
EMERY 3304
HSDB 5739
LOXIOL VPG 1451
NACOL 22-97
NSC 8407
STENOL 1822
STENOL 1822A
1-DOCOSANOL
Docosanol
docosan-1-ol
Behenyl alcohol
661-19-8
Behenic alcohol
n-Docosanol
Abreva
Docosyl alcohol
Tadenan
Lidavol
Stenol 1822
Lanette 22
Docosanol
Lidakol
Stenol 1822A
Nacol 22-97
IK 2
30303-65-2
NAA 422
NSC 8407
NSC-8407
9G1OE216XY
CHEBI:31000
NCGC00159370-02
Docosanol (VAN)
Erazaban
Herepair
IK.2
Healip
Cachalot BE-22
Abreva (TN)
HSDB 5739
Loxiol VPG 1451
EINECS 211-546-6
BRN 1770470
UNII-9G1OE216XY
AI3-36489
CCRIS 8943
n-Docosan-1-ol
C22 Alcohol
Docosanol-(1)
MFCD00002939
1-Docosanol, 98%
DSSTox_CID_7286
N-DOCOSANOL
DOCOSANOL
EC 211-546-6
DOCOSANOL
DSSTox_RID_78387
DSSTox_GSID_27286
SCHEMBL51925
4-01-00-01906
BEHENYL ALCOHOL
DOCOSANOL
CHEMBL1200453
DTXSID4027286
NSC8407
HMS2093P22
Pharmakon1600-01505729
HY-B0222
ZINC6920384
Tox21_111611
LMFA05000008
NSC759235
s1637
AKOS015902887
CCG-213539
DB00632
NSC-759235
NCGC00159370-03
NCGC00159370-04
NCGC00159370-05
1-Docosanol, purum, >=97.0% (GC)
AC-19852
CAS-661-19-8
SBI-0206938.P001
A8416
AM20100601
D0964
FT-0622609
D03884
D70615
AB01563123_01
AB01563123_02
SR-05000001915
Q3033497
SR-05000001915-1
A3D72D45-625E-49B5-B0FC-394010B3485D
Loxiol VPG 1451
1-Docosanol
Docosyl alcohol
Docosanol-(1)
Cachalot BE-22
Loxiol VPG 1451
Docosan-1-ol
Behenyl alcohol
n-Docosanol
Abreva
Docosanol
IK 2
Lanette 22
NAA 422
Nacol 22-97
NSC 8407
Stenol 1822
Stenol 1822A
Tadenan
Dehydag wax 22 (lanette)
Emery 3304
N-Eicosanol
1-DOCOSANOL
Docosanol
docosan-1-ol
Behenyl alcohol
661-19-8
Behenic alcohol
n-Docosanol
Abreva
Docosyl alcohol
Tadenan
Lidavol
Stenol 1822
Lanette 22
Docosanol [USAN]
Lidakol
Stenol 1822A
Nacol 22-97
IK 2
30303-65-2
C22H46O
NAA 422
NSC 8407
Docosanol (Abreva)
Docosanol (USAN)
NSC-8407
9G1OE216XY
DTXSID4027286
CHEBI:31000
NCGC00159370-02
Docosanol (VAN)
Erazaban
Herepair
IK.2
Healip
Docosanol (Abreua)
Cachalot BE-22
Abreva (TN)
HSDB 5739
Loxiol VPG 1451
EINECS 211-546-6
BRN 1770470
UNII-9G1OE216XY
AI3-36489
BEHENYL ALCOHOL, 98%
CCRIS 8943
n-Docosan-1-ol
Docosanol-(1)
MFCD00002939
1-Docosanol, 98%
DOCOSANOL [II]
DOCOSANOL [HSDB]
DOCOSANOL [VANDF]
N-DOCOSANOL [MI]
DOCOSANOL [MART.]
EC 211-546-6
DOCOSANOL [WHO-DD]
SCHEMBL51925
4-01-00-01906 (Beilstein Handbook Reference)
BEHENYL ALCOHOL [INCI]
DTXCID907286
DOCOSANOL [ORANGE BOOK]
CHEMBL1200453
NSC8407
HMS2093P22
Pharmakon1600-01505729
HY-B0222
Tox21_111611
LMFA05000008
NSC759235
s1637
AKOS015902887
CCG-213539
DB00632
NSC-759235
Behenyl alcohol
AI3-36489
Behenic alcohol
1-Docosanol
Docosyl alcohol
IK-2
Tadenan
NCGC00159370-03
NCGC00159370-04
NCGC00159370-05
1-Docosanol, purum, >=97.0% (GC)
AC-19852
CAS-661-19-8
SBI-0206938.P001
AM20100601
D0964
FT-0622609
D03884
D70615
AB01563123_01
AB01563123_02
EN300-6495479
SR-05000001915
Q3033497
SR-05000001915-1
A3D72D45-625E-49B5-B0FC-394010B3485D
InChI=1/C22H46O/c1-2-3-4-5-6-7-8-9-10-11-12-13-14-15-16-17-18-19-20-21-22-23/h23H,2-22H2,1H
1-DOCOSANOL
ALCOHOL C22
BEHENYL ALCOHOL
DOCOSANOL
DOCOSANOL, N-
JARCOL 22
N-DOCOSANOL
Behenic alcohol
behenicalcohol
Cachalot BE-22
Dehydag wax 22 (lanette)
Docosan-1-ol
Docosanol-(1)
Docosyl alcohol
docosylalcohol
Emery 3304
ik2
lidavol
Loxiol VPG 1451
tadenan
Behenyl alcohol
Docosyl alcohol
NSC 8407
1-Docosonol
n-Docosanol
Docosanol
Behenic alcohol
Behenic Alcohol
Behenyl Alcohol
Docosyl alcohol
Docosan-1-ol
Docosanol
1-Docosonol
Abreva
Behenic Alcohol
Behenyl 80 Alcohol
Behenyl Alc. 80
Behenyl Alcohol
Conol 2265
Conol 2280
Docosanol
Docosyl Alcohol
Hainol 22S
IK 2
IK 2 (alcohol)
Kalcohl 220
Kalcohl 22080
Kalcol 22080
Lanette 22
NAA 422
NSC 8407
Nacol 22-97
Nacol 22-98
Nacol C 22
Stenol 1822
Stenol 1822A
Tadenan
Toho BH 65
n-Docosanol



BEHENYL ALCOHOL
BEHENYL ALCOHOL = 1-DOCOSANOL


CAS Number: 661-19-8
EC Number: 211-546-6
Chem/IUPAC Name: Docosan-1-ol
Linear Formula: CH3(CH2)21OH / C22H46O


Behenyl Alcohol is a saturated fatty alcohol as an emollient, emulsifier, and thickener.
Behenyl Alcohol is a fatty alcohol (the non-drying type with a long oil loving chain of 22 carbon atoms) that is used to increase the viscosity of the formula and it also helps the oily and the watery parts to stay nicely mixed together (called emulsion stabilizing).
Behenyl Alcohol is a natural, vegetable source long chain fatty alcohol used to regulate viscosity in formulations.


Behenyl Alcohol is produced from vegetable sources and is derived from non-genetically modified plants.
Behenyl Alcohol is GMO-free (not containing genetically modified DNA).
Behenyl Alcohol is an opacifying ingredient which gives excellent spreadability to cosmetic products as well as being an emulsifier and antimicrobal


Behenyl alcohol is a saturated fatty acid naturally derived from vegetable sources such as corn.
Behenyl alcohol has 22 carbons and is also known as Docosanol (the key ingredient in formulations for herpes).
Behenyl has a very special thickening property to allow the final product to have a more desirable and spreadable texture.
Whilst opacity and thickness can be seen as a matter of persona preference, Behenyl alcohol enhances the spreadability of the final product and thus the effectiveness of the final cosmetic formulations.


Behenyl alcohol is a vegan ingredient, derived from vegetable sources.
Behenyl has a very special thickening property to allow the final product to have a more desirable and spreadable texture. Whilst opacity and thickness can be seen as a matter of persona preference, Behenyl alcohol enhances the spreadability of the final product and thus the effectiveness of the final cosmetic formulations.


Behenyl alcohol, also known as 1-docosanol, is a synthetic or plant-derived thickening agent and emulsifier used in cosmetics.
Behenyl Alcohol also serves as a hydrating ingredient.
Behenyl Alcohol’s considered a fatty alcohol not related to drying forms of alcohol.
In Behenyl Alcohol's raw form it is a white, waxy solid.


The Cosmetic Ingredient Review panel has deemed behenyl alcohol to be safe for topical application as used in cosmetics.
Behenyl Alcohol, which is a 22-carbon saturated fatty alcohol that inhibits intracellular penetration of lipid enveloped viruses, is approved as a cream for the treatment of herpes labialis.
Behenyl alcohol or Docosanol is a fatty alcohol.


Behenyl Alcohol makes the skin soft and its feel remains non-greasy after application.
Behenyl Alcohol is authorized in organic.
Behenyl alcohol is a saturated fatty alcohol of vegetable origin, used to regulate viscosity in formulations.
Behenyl Alcohol produces elegant emulsions and gives the skin a soft, velvety feel.


Behenyl Alcohol is considered a fatty, non-drying form of alcohol
Behenyl Alcohol is also known as 1-docosanol
Behenyl Alcohol has been ruled safe as used in cosmetics
The CIR (Cosmetic Ingredient Review) in an annual report published in 2008, concluded that fatty alcohols are safe.


Behenyl Alcohol is very safe; mild for skin; viscosity does not change much with temperature and thus forms a stable emulsion
Behenyl Alcohol is the largest fatty alcohol in this group with 22 carbons.
Behenyl Alcohol is a white, waxy solid with a minimum concentration of 70-80 percent of behenyl alcohol.
Behenyl Alcohol blend was produced to reduce the crystalline structure which enhances the functionality.


The Cosmetic Ingredient Review panel has deemed behenyl alcohol to be safe for topical application as used in cosmetics.
Behenyl Alcohol is a saturated fatty alcohol containing 22 carbon atoms, used traditionally as an emollient, emulsifier, and thickener in cosmetics.
Behenyl alcohol, also known as docosanol, is a large fatty straight-chain alcohol.


Behenyl Alcohol’s considered a fatty alcohol not related to drying forms of alcohol.
In it's raw form Behenyl Alcohol is a white, waxy solid.
Newly-released data on the Behenyl Alcohol Market shows that global sales are expected to reach around US$ 158.5 Mn by the end of 2022, registering a Y-o-Y growth of approximately 1.4 %.


Behenyl alcohol is a plant-based emulsifier and thickening agent.
Behenyl Alcohol is considered a fatty alcohol which is by far the best type of alcohol for skin care and cosmetics.
This is because Behenyl Alcohol acts as both an emulsifier and emollient.
As an emulsifier, behenyl alcohol, holds the water and oils together in cosmetics.


Behenyl Alcohol is typically made from the fats in vegetable oils.
Behenyl alcohol is actually a really common ingredient, and unfortunately can be made synthetically as well.
Behenyl Alcohol is important to look out for natural behenyl alcohol in your products, but all in all, this is one of the best fatty alcohols and is healthy for your skin.


Behenyl Alcohol is considered a fatty, non-drying form of alcohol
Behenyl Alcohol is also known as 1-docosanol
Has been ruled safe as used in cosmetics
Behenyl Alcohol helps to retain skin moisture, improving the hydrated look of the ski, forming a natural protective layer.


Behenyl Alcohol does not leave a greasy feel after application in the way other emollients can, instead leaving the skin feeling soft and hydrated.
Behenyl Alcohol is a vegan ingredient, derived from vegetable sources.
Behenyl Alcohol is biocompatible (COSMOS standard).


Behenyl Alcohol is a consistency giving agent.
Behenyl Alcohol is a hydrophilic wax.
Behenyl Alcohol is a saturated 22-carbon aliphatic alcohol with antiviral activity.
Behenyl Alcoholhas a distinct mechanism of action and inhibits fusion between the plasma membrane and the herpes simplex virus envelope, thereby preventing viral entry into cells and subsequent viral activity and replication.


Behenyl Alcohol is a natural product found in Populus tremula, Hypericum laricifolium, and other organisms with data available.
Behenyl Alcohol is an emulsifier that also keeps the oil and liquid parts of a solution from separating.
Behenyl alcohol, also known as docosanol, is a colorless, waxy solid.
Behenyl Alcohol’s usually found naturally from vegetables, in their long-chain fatty acid mixture.


Behenyl Alcohol has one characteristic of making a layer over water to minimize evaporation.
This is particularly useful in hot weather.
Same way it does not let moisture evaporate from skin or hair’s surface, thus act as emollient.
Behenyl Alcohol is similar to other members of the behenic group a good emulsion stabilizer.


Behenyl alcohol, or docosanol, is a saturated fatty alcohol usually obtained from vegetable sources and non-genetically modified plants.
Behenyl Alcohol is a natural vegetable source saturated fatty alcohol used to regulate viscosity in formulations.
Behenyl alcohol, also known as docosanol, is saturated fatty alcohol with 22 carbons.
Fatty alcohols are a group of ingredients that are often misunderstood, mostly due to their name.


Fatty alcohols have a high molecular weight, straight-chain primary alcohols derived from natural fats and oils.
Behenyl alcohol is derived from vegetable sources such as corn, but it can also be synthetically produced.
Behenyl Alcohol or behenyl alcohol is of natural origin and is part of the family of fatty alcohols.
The INCI names "alcohol" which are preceded by a term ending with the suffix "-yl" are fatty alcohols .
Example : Cetyl alcohol or myrstyl alcohol.


Behenyl alcohol is found in vegetables, in the mixture of long chain fatty acids.
Behenyl Alcohol is colorless and waxy.
Behenyl Alcohol is a long-chain primary fatty alcohol that is docosane substituted by a hydroxy group at position 1.
Behenyl Alcohol has a role as an antiviral agent.


Behenyl Alcohol is a long-chain primary fatty alcohol and a fatty alcohol 22:0.
Behenyl Alcohol derives from a hydride of a docosane.
Behenyl Alcohol, also known as docosanol, is a large fatty straight-chain alcohol.
Behenyl Alcohol is a white, waxy solid that functions as a thickener, binding agent, solubilizer and gellant for low viscosity fluids.
Behenyl Alcohol contains a small amount of fatty alcohols for unique properties while formulating.


Behenyl Alcohol has a heavier cream.
Behenyl Alcohol gives a thicker creamy texture
Behenyl Alcohol is a natural vegetable source saturated fatty alcohol used to regulate viscosity in formulations.
Behenyl alcohol is a long chain linear fatty alcohol (with 22 carn atoms) derived from natural raw materials such as rapeseed or coconut oils.
Readily biodegradable and metabolized as regular fat, Behenyl alcohol is safe for the skin and the environment.


Behenyl Alcohol is a saturated 22-carbon aliphatic alcohol with antiviral activity.
Behenyl Alcohol is a natural product found in Populus tremula, Hypericum laricifolium, and other organisms with data available.
Behenyl Alcohol is easily soluble in methanol, diethyl ether, n-octanol.
Behenyl Alcohol is partially soluble in hot water, acetone.


Behenyl Alcohol is very slightly soluble in cold water.
Behenyl Alcohol, also known as behenyl alcohol, is a saturated fatty alcohol containing 22 carbon atoms, used traditionally as an emollient, emulsifier, and thickener in cosmetics.
In July 2000, Behenyl Alcohol was approved for medical use in the United States as an antiviral agent for reducing the duration of cold sores.
Behenyl Alcohol is an over-the-counter medication.


Behenyl Alcohol is an aliphatic alcohol that inhibits fusion between the plasma membrane and the HSV envelope, thereby preventing viral entry into cells and viral replication.
Behenyl Alcohol is a unique chemical compound also known as behenyl alcohol.
Behenyl Alcohol is a saturated fatty alcoholused traditionally as an emollient, emulsifier, and thickener in cosmetics, nutritional supplement.


Behenyl Alcohol can reduce the duration of symptoms attributed to cold sores and fever blisters caused by HSV, however, Behenyl Alcohol is not virucidal.
A saturated 22-carbon aliphatic alcohol, Behenyl Alcohol exhibits antiviral activity against many lipid enveloped viruses including herpes simplex virus (HSV).
Behenyl Alcohol inhibits fusion between the plasma membrane and the herpes simplex virus (HSV) envelope, thereby preventing viral entry into cells and subsequent viral replication.



USES and APPLICATIONS of BEHENYL ALCOHOL:
Behenyl Alcohol functions as a thickener and stabilizer and may be used as a co-emulsifier.
Behenyl Alcohol may be used in anhydrous formulations such as ointments, body butters and scrubs.
Behenyl alcohol (Docosanol) has high antimicrobial activity and is used in cosmetics to aid skin feel and hydration hydration, manage hair manageability, as an effective co-emulsifier, texture adjustment and improved spreadability of your cosmetic formulation.


Behenyl alcohol is primarily used as an emulsifier, emollient, thickener and opacifying ingredient and is found mainly in face moisturisers and body lotions, it can however also be used in deodorant, lipstick, foundation and hair care products.
Behenyl alcohol has a very high antimicrobial activity, hence its use in herpes formulations.
Behenyl alcohol is compatible with most other cosmetic ingredients in cosmetic formulations and as such can be used as a co-emulsifier with other emulsifiers to increase stability and skin feel.


Behenyl alcohol tends to have a stabilising effect on emulsions.
Behenyl alcohol helps to retain skin moisture, improving the hydrated look of the ski, forming a natural protective layer.
Behenyl alcohol does not leave a greasy feel after application in the way other emollients can, instead leaving the skin feeling soft and hydrated.


Behenyl Alcohol is used as a thickener and moisturizing ingredient in cosmetics.
Behenyl alcohol acts an emollient in hair care products, helping to increase the moisture content in the hair and improve manageability.
When used in hair care formulas, Behenyl alcohol can be used to increase the slip of hair and thus Behenyl alcohol is useful in detangling hair care formulations.


Behenyl Alcohol is used improving texture, improve spreadability.
Behenyl Alcohol adds texture and thickness without increasing greasiness.
Behenyl Alcohol is used in cosmetics as an emulsifier to allow the oily parts to remain well mixed with other liquids.
Behenyl Alcohol is also used as a thickener, to increase the foaming capacity of a product or to improve the stability of a foam.


In medicines, Behenyl Alcohol is used as an antiviral against herpes.
Behenyl Alcohol is used as a thickener and moisturising ingredient in cosmetics.
Behenyl Alcohol acts as a thickener and stabilizer and can be used as a co-emulsifier.
Behenyl Alcohol can be used in water-in-oil emulsions, oil-in-water emulsions and anhydrous formulations such as ointments, body butters and peelings.


Behenyl Alcohol functions as a thickener, binding agent, solubilizer and gellant.
Behenyl Alcohol can be used in color cosmetics, sunscreens, skin and hair care.
Behenyl Alcohol uses include SPF products, mascaras, sticks, lip balms, emulsions, hair products and antiperspirants.
This highly desirable, long chain fatty alcohol, Behenyl Alcohol is used to thicken and stabilize formulations.


Behenyl Alcohol can also serve as a co-emulsifier in some formulations.
Behenyl Alcohol will produce elegant emulsions and impart a soft, velvety feel to the skin.
Behenyl Alcohol can be used in water-in-oil emulsions, oil-in-water emulsions, and anhydrous formulations-----cream, lotion, ointment, body butter, salt scrubs.


In cosmetic and skin care formulations, it is used as an opacifying ingredient, thickener, and emulsifier.
As an opacifying agent, behenyl alcohol is used to reduce the clear or transparent appearance of cosmetic products.
Behenyl Alcohol's thickening property allows products to achieve a more desirable, spreadable texture.
Behenyl alcohol also works as an emulsifier to prevent the oil and water phases of a product from separating.


This works to improve the consistency of a product, which enables an even distribution of topical skincare benefits.
Behenyl alcohol, also known as 1-docosanol, is a synthetic or plant-derived thickening agent and emulsifier used in cosmetics.
Behenyl Alcohol also serves as a hydrating ingredient.
Behenyl Alcoholis used topically in the treatment of recurrent herpes simplex labialis episodes and relieves associated pain and may help heal sores faster.


A saturated 22-carbon aliphatic alcohol, docosanol exhibits antiviral activity against many lipid enveloped viruses including herpes simplex virus (HSV).
Behenyl Alcoholinhibits fusion between the plasma membrane and the herpes simplex virus (HSV) envelope, thereby preventing viral entry into cells and subsequent viral replication.
Behenyl Alcohols other functions include altering the thickness of a liquid, increasing foaming capacity, and stabilizing foams.


When applied to the skin, it gives it a smooth feel and helps prevent moisture loss.
Many products incorporate this ingredient because of its unique sensory properties and non-greasy feel after application.
Behenyl Alcohol's mainly used in face/body lotions and creams, but can also be found in deodorant, lipstick and foundation.
Behenyl Alcohol is used as viscosity increasing agent.


Behenyl Alcohol is used in formulations such as ointments, scrubs, and body butter.
Behenyl alcohol is used to thicken and stabilize formulations.
Behenyl alcohol can also serve as a co-emulsifier in some formulations.
Behenyl Alcohol can be used in water-in-oil emulsions, oil-in-water emulsions, and anhydrous formulations cream, lotion, ointment, body butter, salt scrubs.


Behenyl Alcohol is widely used in cosmetic and skincare products, such as deodorants, lotions, lipsticks, foundations, ointments, body butter and scrubs, as a binding, thickening, emulsifying and opacifying agent.
Behenyl alcohol aids in reducing the transparency of the product and thickening the consistency to obtain a spreadable texture.
Behenyl Alcohol is applied to the face and body for nourishing the skin and preventing moisture loss.


Behenyl Alcohol is used in cosmetic O/W emulsions for viscosity regulation.
Behenyl Alcohol use application in antiperspirants & deodorants, sun-care (after-sun, sun-protection, self-tanning), color-, body & face care and face cleansing formulations.
Behenyl Alcohol is also used in baby care & cleansing and conditioning formulations.


To achieve the correct texture with your formulation, the addition of just 0.5% Behenyl alcohol can help radically change the texture and feel of your cosmetic product.
Behenyl Alcohol adds texture and thickness without increasing greasiness.
Behenyl Alcohol is an opacifying ingredient which gives excellent spreadability to cosmetic products as well as being an emulsifier in cosmetics to aid skin feel and hydration, manage hair manageability, as an effective co-emulsifier, texture adjustment and improved spreadability of your cosmetic formulation.


Behenyl alcohol is primarily used in face moisturizers and body lotions, but can also be found in deodorant, lipstick, foundation, and hair care products.
Behenyl alcohol helps the skin to retain moisture, improving the hydrated look of the skin.
Behenyl alcohol also has many benefits to the texture and sensory feel of products.
Behenyl alcohol functions as a thickener and stabilizer and may be used as a co-emulsifier.


Behenyl alcohol may be used in water-in-oil emulsions, oil-in-water emulsions, and anhydrous formulations such as ointments, body butters and scrubs.
Behenyl alcohol will produce elegant emulsions and impart a soft, velvety feel to the skin.
Despite having alcohol in their name, fatty alcohols actually help to effectively condition and soften the skin and hair.


Behenyl alcohol is a fatty alcohol used in skincare and cosmetic products to help soften the skin and improve the texture and consistency of the formulation.
Behenyl alcohol's main four uses are as an opacifying ingredient, thickener, emollient, and emulsifier.
Behenyl alcohol is present in many treatments, such as perfumes, body care or hair coloring.


Behenyl Alcohol is used as a preservative to protect the mixture from contamination.
Behenyl Alcohol also neutralizes bacteria, calms inflammation and deodorizes.
In cosmetic and skin care formulations, Behenyl Alcohol is used as an opacifying ingredient, thickener and emulsifier.
Behenyl alcohol also works as an emulsifier to prevent the oil and water phases of a product from separating.


Being a mixed form of fatty acids that is used to increase a formula's viscosity, to stabilize emulsions, as a binder while leaving a soft, smooth feel to the skin.
Behenyl Alcohol Can be used in almost any formulation.
A saturated fatty alcohol.
Behenyl Alcohol is used as an emollient, emulsifier, and thickener in cosmetics.


Behenyl Alcohol is used to increase the stability of emulsion, increase the viscosity of creams or lotions, help add moisturizer to the formula, giving the formula a butter-like texture, giving it a smooth feel.
Behenyl Alcohol is a thickener or thickener in the cream, looks like flakes when mixed with Cream Maker Any kind will add texture to the cream.
Behenyl Alcohol is occlusive emollient or helps to coat the skin.


To reduce the chance of water loss of the skin, Behenyl Alcohol is a moisturizer in the body.
Behenyl alcohol must be used with any type of Cream Maker because Behenyl alcohol cannot combine water and oil.
Behenyl Alcohol functions as a thickener and stabilizer and may be used as a co-emulsifier.
Behenyl Alcohol may be used in water-in-oil emulsions, oil-in-water emulsions, and anhydrous formulations such as ointments, body butters and scrubs.


Behenyl Alcohol will produce elegant emulsions and impart a soft, velvety feel to the skin.
Behenyl Alcohol is a waxy solid at room temperature used in skin and hair care formulations as a thickener, emulsifier, binding agent, solubilizer, and gallant.
Thanks to excellent emulsifying properties, Behenyl alcohol produces stable emulsions which stay unchanged in temperature changes (including viscosity) while exhibiting superior mildness and safety for the skin.


In addition, Behenyl Alcohol thickens and improves the sensory profile of the application, imparting a velvety-soft feel to the skin.
Combined with the same length fatty acid, Behenic acid, it forms waxy oleo-gels with a pleasant feel that can dissolve and carry natural oils and active ingredients.
In decorative cosmetics, Behenyl alcohol is used as a pigment dispersing and wetting agent that helps ease spreading and sticking on the skin's surface.


In addition, Behenyl Alcohol is a perfect base for dispersing abrasive particles in mechanical exfoliators.
Behenyl Alcohol is widely used in facial creams, masks, and lotions, as well as in hair, eye, and body care applications.
Behenyl Alcohol has a distinct mechanism of action and inhibits fusion between the plasma membrane and the herpes simplex virus envelope, thereby preventing viral entry into cells and subsequent viral activity and replication.


Behenyl Alcohol is used topically in the treatment of recurrent herpes simplex labialis episodes and relieves associated pain and may help heal sores faster.
Behenyl Alcohol is a drug used for topical treatment for recurrent herpes simplex labialis episodes (episodes of cold sores or fever blisters).
A saturated 22-carbon aliphatic alcohol, Behenyl Alcohol exhibits antiviral activity against many lipid enveloped viruses including herpes simplex virus (HSV).


Behenyl Alcohol inhibits fusion between the plasma membrane and the herpes simplex virus (HSV) envelope, thereby preventing viral entry into cells and subsequent viral replication.
Behenyl Alcohol is an antiviral used to treat orofacial herpes sores.
Behenyl Alcohol is used to treat the symptoms of herpes simplex virus infections around the mouth.


Although Behenyl Alcohol will not cure herpes simplex, it may help relieve the pain and discomfort and may help the sores (if any) heal faster.
Behenyl Alcohol is a generic over-the-counter topical drug used to treat cold sores and fever blisters due to herpes simplex infection.
Behenyl Alcohol is used to treat "cold sores/fever blisters" (herpes labialis).
Behenyl Alcohol can speed up healing of the sores and decrease symptoms (such as tingling, pain, burning, itching).


Behenyl Alcohol works by blocking the virus that causes the cold sores (herpes simplex) from entering the healthy skin cells and growing in number.
This medication does not cure herpes and does not prevent passing the infection to someone else.
Behenyl Alcohol does not prevent a future occurrence.


Treats fever blisters and cold sores caused by herpes simplex.
This medicine is an antiviral.
Behenyl Alcohol is used treats cold sores/fever blisters on the face or lips shortens healing time and duration of symptoms: tingling, pain, burning, and/or itching


Behenyl Alcohol prevents herpes simplex virus from entering cells by preventing viral particles from fusing with cell membranes.
Behenyl Alcohol treats cold sores/fever blisters, Shortens healing time.
Behenyl Alcohol is used healing cream for treating cold sores and fever blisters on the face or lips.
Behenyl Alcohol shortens the duration of tingling, pain, burning and itching symptoms


Delivers best results when treated at the first tingle.
Behenyl Alcohol is a drug used for topical treatment for recurrent herpes simplex labialis episodes (episodes of cold sores or fever blisters).
Behenyl Alcohol speeds the healing of cold sores and fever blisters on the face or lips.
Behenyl Alcohol also relieves the accompanying symptoms, including tingling, pain, burning, and itching.


Behenyl Alcohol works by inhibiting fusion between the human cell plasma membrane and the herpes simplex virus (HSV) envelope, thereby preventing viral entry into cells and subsequent viral replication.
Unlike other cold-sore antivirals, Behenyl Alcohol does not act directly on the virus, and as such it is unlikely it will produce drug resistant mutants of HSV.


Behenyl Alcohol is used for the topical treatment of recurrent oral-facial herpes simplex episodes (cold sores or fever blisters).
Behenyl Alcohol is a saturated fatty alcoholused traditionally as an emollient, emulsifier, and thickener in cosmetics, nutritional supplement.
Behenyl Alcohol is an over-the-counter medication used to treat cold sores and fever blisters.
Behenyl Alcohol belongs to a group of drugs called antivirals.


Behenyl Alcohol helps to protect healthy cells from the cold sore infection.
Behenyl Alcohol shortens healing time and duration of symptoms of cold sores/fever blisters.
Behenyl Alcohol treats cold sores and fever blisters in adults and children 12 years of age and older.
When used early, it could knock out your cold sore in 2½ days.


Behenyl Alcohol topical (for the skin) is used to treat cold sores on the face and lips.
Behenyl Alcohol is a saturated fatty alcohol used traditionally as an emollient, emulsifier, and thickener in cosmetics, and nutritional supplement; inhibitor of lipid-enveloped viruses including herpes simplex.


-Cosmetic effect of Behenyl Alcohol:
The so-called emollient fat.
When used in skin and hair care products, Behenyl Alcohol creates an occlusive layer (film) on their surface, which prevents excessive evaporation of water from the surface (this is an indirect moisturizing effect), thus conditioning the skin and hair.
Oils, softens, smoothes and tones the skin.
Behenyl Alcohol has an antiviral effect, which is why it is used during the treatment of herpes.
Behenyl Alcohol accelerates the healing of blisters.


-Behenyl Alcohol can be used neat or as derivatives in a wide range of cosmetic formulations for instance:
• Hair Care
• Skin Care
• Sun Care
• Colour Cosmetics
• Antitranspirants and Deodorants


-Applications of Behenyl Alcohol include but are not limited to:
*Lotions and creams
*Ointments
*Body butters
*Scrubs


-Consumer Products:
*Blends
*Detergents
*Ethoxylation


-Household Cleaners of Behenyl Alcohol:
*Sulfonation
*Surfactants
*Food & Pharma
*Nutritional Supplements
*Lubricants, Fluids & Oilfield
*Industrial


-Personal Care uses of Behenyl Alcohol:
*Blends
*Emollients
*Emulsifiers
*Esters


-Products to use Behenyl alcohol in:
*Moisture Cream
*Moisture Lotion
*Body Butter
*Cleanser
*Face Mask
*Skin Peels
*Shower Gel
*Shampoo
*Conditioner


-Cosmetic Uses of Behenyl Alcohol:
*binding agents
*emulsion stabilisers
*skin conditioning - emollient
*viscosity controlling agents


-Behenyl alcohol is used in treatments as:
*Emulsifying agent:
Behenyl Alcohol allows oily ingredients to be mixed with aqueous ingredients.
Behenyl Alcohol is also used as an emulsion stabilizer , that is to say, it promotes the emulsion while stabilizing it and improving its conservation;
*Thickening agent:
Behenyl Alcohol is used in treatments to increase the "foaming" capacity of the treatment or to improve the stability of the foam;
*Emollient agent:
Behenyl Alcohol softens and softens the skin;
*Verification Control Agent:
Behenyl Alcohol is used to increase or decrease care verification.



FEATURE IN THE BEHENYL ALCOHOL:
*Behenyl Alcohol is a binding component.
*Behenyl Alcohol stabilizes the emulsion, prevents its delamination, and as a result extends the shelf life of the product.
*Behenyl Alcohol affects the consistency of the cosmetic by increasing its viscosity.



FUNCTIONS OF BEHENYL ALCOHOL:
*Fixing agent:
Allows the cohesion of different cosmetic ingredients
*Emollient:
Softens and softens the skin
*Emulsion Stabilizer:
Aids the emulsification process and improves emulsion stability and shelf life
*Viscosity control agent:
Increases or decreases the viscosity of cosmetics



WHAT DOES BEHENYL ALCOHOL DO IN A FORMULATION?
*Binding
*Emollient
*Emulsion stabilising
*Viscosity controlling



CHARACTERISTICS of BEHENYL ALCOHOL:
*Emollient
*Viscosity modifier
*Skin conditioning agent
*Stabilizer



FEATURES of BEHENYL ALCOHOL:
• Co-emulsifier
• Viscosity controlling agent
• Emulsion stabilizer
• Feedstock for esters, amines and surfactants



COMPARISON BETWEEN BEHENYL ALCOHOL AND CETEARYL ALCOHOL:
1. Behenyl Alcohol has a melting point (Melting Point) higher than Cetearyl Alcohol in the mixing process will require higher heat by melting at 70 degrees
2. Behenyl Alcohol will give the formula texture.
That is hard, similar to Butter, when compared to Cetearyl Alcohol, it gives a softer texture.



PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of BEHENYL ALCOHOL:
Chemical formula: C22H46O
Molar mass: 326.609 g·mol−1
Melting point: 70 °C; 158 °F; 343 K
Boiling point: 180 °C; 356 °F; 453 K at 29 Pa
log P: 10.009
Appearance Form: powder
Color: white
Odor: No data available
Odor Threshold: No data available
pH: No data available
Melting point/freezing point:
Melting point/range: 65 - 72 °C
Initial boiling point and boiling range: 180 °C at 0,29 hPa
Flash point: No data available
Evaporation rate: No data available

Flammability (solid, gas): No data available
Upper/lower flammability or explosive limits: No data available
Vapor pressure: No data available
Vapor density: No data available
Relative density: 0,854 at 20 °C
Water solubility: 0,001 g/l at 23 °C
Partition coefficient:
n-octanol/water: log Pow: 8,3 at 20 °C
Autoignition temperature: 256 °C
Decomposition temperature: No data available
Viscosity
Viscosity, kinematic: No data available
Viscosity, dynamic: No data available
Explosive properties: No data available

Oxidizing properties: No data available
Other safety information:
Surface tension 66,5 mN/m at 25 °C
Molecular Weight: 326.6
XLogP3: 10.5
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 1
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 1
Rotatable Bond Count: 20
Exact Mass: 326.354866087
Monoisotopic Mass: 326.354866087
Topological Polar Surface Area: 20.2 Ų
Heavy Atom Count: 23
Formal Charge: 0
Complexity: 190
Isotope Atom Count: 0

Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 1
Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes
Appearance: white solid (est)
Assay: 98.00 to 100.00
Food Chemicals Codex Listed: No
Melting Point: 72.00 to 73.00 °C. @ 760.00 mm Hg
Boiling Point: 375.00 to 376.00 °C. @ 760.00 mm Hg (est)
Boiling Point: 180.00 °C. @ 0.22 mm Hg
Flash Point: 289.00 °F. TCC ( 142.50 °C. ) (est)
logP (o/w): 10.009 (est)
Soluble in: water, 0.0001496 mg/L @ 25 °C (est)



FIRST AID MEASURES of BEHENYL ALCOHOL:
-Description of first-aid measures:
*General advice:
Consult a physician.
Show this material safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
*If inhaled:
If breathed in, move person into fresh air.
Consult a physician.
*In case of skin contact:
Wash off with soap and plenty of water.
Consult a physician.
*In case of eye contact:
Flush eyes with water as a precaution.
*If swallowed:
Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person.
Rinse mouth with water.
Consult a physician.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed:
No data available



ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of BEHENYL ALCOHOL:
-Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures:
Use personal protective equipment.
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Sweep up and shovel.
Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.



FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of BEHENYL ALCOHOL:
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.
-Further information:
No data available



EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of BEHENYL ALCOHOL:
-Control parameters:
--Ingredients with workplace control parameters:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use equipment for eye protection.
*Skin protection:
Handle with gloves.
Wash and dry hands.
-Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.



HANDLING and STORAGE of BEHENYL ALCOHOL:
-Precautions for safe handling:
*Hygiene measures:
Handle in accordance with good industrial hygiene and safety practice.
Wash hands before breaks and at the end of workday.
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
*Storage conditions:
Store in cool place.
Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place.



STABILITY and REACTIVITY of BEHENYL ALCOHOL:
-Reactivity:
No data available
-Chemical stability:
Stable under recommended storage conditions.
-Possibility of hazardous reactions:
No data available
-Conditions to avoid:
No data available



SYNONYMS:
1-Docosanol
Behenyl alcohol
Docosan-1-ol
Other names
Behenic alcohol
Behenyl alcohol
Cachalot BE-22
1-Docosanol
n-Docosanol
Docosyl alcohol
Emery 3304
Loxiol VPG 1451
Abreva
Behenic alcohol
Behenyl alcohol
Cachalot BE-22
Docosan-1-ol
Docosanol-(1)
Docosyl alcohol
Lanette 22
Lidavol
n-Docosanol
NAA 422
Tadenan
IK 2
AI3-36489
BEHENYL ALCOHOL
AI3-36489
BEHENIC ALCOHOL
1-DOCOSANOL
DOCOSYL ALCOHOL
IK-2
TADENAN
BRN 1770470
EINECS 211-546-6
EMERY 3304
HSDB 5739
LOXIOL VPG 1451
NACOL 22-97
NSC 8407
STENOL 1822
STENOL 1822A
1-DOCOSANOL
Docosanol
docosan-1-ol
Behenyl alcohol
661-19-8
Behenic alcohol
n-Docosanol
Abreva
Docosyl alcohol
Tadenan
Lidavol
Stenol 1822
Lanette 22
Docosanol
Lidakol
Stenol 1822A
Nacol 22-97
IK 2
30303-65-2
NAA 422
NSC 8407
NSC-8407
9G1OE216XY
CHEBI:31000
NCGC00159370-02
Docosanol (VAN)
Erazaban
Herepair
IK.2
Healip
Cachalot BE-22
Abreva (TN)
HSDB 5739
Loxiol VPG 1451
EINECS 211-546-6
BRN 1770470
UNII-9G1OE216XY
AI3-36489
CCRIS 8943
n-Docosan-1-ol
C22 Alcohol
Docosanol-(1)
MFCD00002939
1-Docosanol, 98%
DSSTox_CID_7286
N-DOCOSANOL
DOCOSANOL
EC 211-546-6
DOCOSANOL
DSSTox_RID_78387
DSSTox_GSID_27286
SCHEMBL51925
4-01-00-01906
BEHENYL ALCOHOL
DOCOSANOL
CHEMBL1200453
DTXSID4027286
NSC8407
HMS2093P22
Pharmakon1600-01505729
HY-B0222
ZINC6920384
Tox21_111611
LMFA05000008
NSC759235
s1637
AKOS015902887
CCG-213539
DB00632
NSC-759235
NCGC00159370-03
NCGC00159370-04
NCGC00159370-05
1-Docosanol, purum, >=97.0% (GC)
AC-19852
CAS-661-19-8
SBI-0206938.P001
A8416
AM20100601
D0964
FT-0622609
D03884
D70615
AB01563123_01
AB01563123_02
SR-05000001915
Q3033497
SR-05000001915-1
A3D72D45-625E-49B5-B0FC-394010B3485D




BEHENYL ALCOHOL (DOCOSANOL)
Behenyl Alcohol (Docosanol) is a saturated fatty alcohol as an emollient, emulsifier, and thickener.



CAS Number: 661-19-8
EC Number: 211-546-6
MDL Number: MFCD00002939
Chem/IUPAC Name: Docosan-1-ol
Chemical formula: C22H46O



SYNONYMS:
1-Docosanol, Behenyl alcohol, Docosan-1-ol, Behenic alcohol, Behenyl alcohol, Cachalot BE-22, 1-Docosanol, n-Docosanol, Docosyl alcohol, Emery 3304, Loxiol VPG 1451, Abreva, Behenic alcohol, Behenyl alcohol, Cachalot BE-22, Docosan-1-ol, Docosanol-(1), Docosyl alcohol, Lanette 22, Lidavol, n-Docosanol, NAA 422, Tadenan, IK 2, AI3-36489, BEHENYL ALCOHOL, AI3-36489, BEHENIC ALCOHOL, 1-DOCOSANOL, DOCOSYL ALCOHOL, IK-2, TADENAN, BRN 1770470, EINECS 211-546-6, EMERY 3304, HSDB 5739, LOXIOL VPG 1451, NACOL 22-97, NSC 8407, STENOL 1822, STENOL 1822A, 1-DOCOSANOL, 1-Docosanol, Docosyl alcohol, Docosanol-(1), Cachalot BE-22, Loxiol VPG 1451, Docosan-1-ol, Behenyl alcohol, n-Docosanol, Abreva, Docosanol, IK 2, Lanette 22, NAA 422, Nacol 22-97, NSC 8407, Stenol 1822, Stenol 1822A, Tadenan, Dehydag wax 22 (lanette), Emery 3304, N-Eicosanol, Docosanol, docosan-1-ol, Behenyl alcohol, 661-19-8, Behenic alcohol, n-Docosanol, Abreva, Docosyl alcohol, Tadenan, Lidavol, Stenol 1822, Lanette 22, Docosanol, Lidakol, Stenol 1822A, Nacol 22-97, IK 2, 30303-65-2, NAA 422, NSC 8407, NSC-8407, 9G1OE216XY, CHEBI:31000, NCGC00159370-02, Docosanol (VAN), Erazaban, Herepair, IK.2, Healip, Cachalot BE-22, Abreva (TN), HSDB 5739, Loxiol VPG 1451, EINECS 211-546-6, BRN 1770470, UNII-9G1OE216XY, AI3-36489, CCRIS 8943, n-Docosan-1-ol, Docosanol-(1), MFCD00002939, 1-Docosanol, 98%, DSSTox_CID_7286, N-DOCOSANOL, DOCOSANOL, EC 211-546-6, DOCOSANOL, DSSTox_RID_78387, DSSTox_GSID_27286, SCHEMBL51925, 4-01-00-01906, BEHENYL ALCOHOL, DOCOSANOL, CHEMBL1200453, DTXSID4027286, NSC8407, HMS2093P22, Pharmakon1600-01505729, HY-B0222, ZINC6920384, Tox21_111611, LMFA05000008, NSC759235, s1637, AKOS015902887, CCG-213539, DB00632, NSC-759235, NCGC00159370-03, NCGC00159370-04, NCGC00159370-05, 1-Docosanol, purum, >=97.0% (GC), AC-19852, CAS-661-19-8, SBI-0206938.P001, A8416, AM20100601, D0964, FT-0622609, D03884, D70615, AB01563123_01, AB01563123_02, SR-05000001915, Q3033497, SR-05000001915-1, A3D72D45-625E-49B5-B0FC-394010B3485D, Loxiol VPG 1451, 1-Docosanol, Docosyl alcohol, Docosanol-(1), Cachalot BE-22, Loxiol VPG 1451, Docosan-1-ol, Behenyl alcohol, n-Docosanol, Abreva, Docosanol, IK 2, Lanette 22, NAA 422, Nacol 22-97, NSC 8407, Stenol 1822, Stenol 1822A, Tadenan, Dehydag wax 22 (lanette), Emery 3304, N-Eicosanol, 1-DOCOSANOL, Docosanol, docosan-1-ol, Behenyl alcohol, 661-19-8, Behenic alcohol, n-Docosanol, Abreva, Docosyl alcohol, Tadenan, Lidavol, Stenol 1822, Lanette 22, Docosanol [USAN], Lidakol, Stenol 1822A, Nacol 22-97, IK 2, 30303-65-2, C22H46O, NAA 422, NSC 8407, Docosanol (Abreva), Docosanol (USAN), NSC-8407, 9G1OE216XY, DTXSID4027286, CHEBI:31000, NCGC00159370-02, Docosanol (VAN), Erazaban, Herepair, IK.2, Healip, Docosanol (Abreua), Cachalot BE-22, Abreva (TN), HSDB 5739, Loxiol VPG 1451, EINECS 211-546-6, BRN 1770470, UNII-9G1OE216XY, AI3-36489, BEHENYL ALCOHOL, 98%, CCRIS 8943, n-Docosan-1-ol, Docosanol-(1), MFCD00002939, 1-Docosanol, 98%, DOCOSANOL [II], DOCOSANOL [HSDB], DOCOSANOL [VANDF], N-DOCOSANOL [MI], DOCOSANOL [MART.], EC 211-546-6, DOCOSANOL [WHO-DD], SCHEMBL51925, 4-01-00-01906 (Beilstein Handbook Reference), BEHENYL ALCOHOL [INCI], DTXCID907286, DOCOSANOL [ORANGE BOOK], CHEMBL1200453, NSC8407, HMS2093P22, Pharmakon1600-01505729, HY-B0222, Tox21_111611, LMFA05000008, NSC759235, s1637, AKOS015902887, CCG-213539, DB00632, NSC-759235, Behenyl alcohol, AI3-36489, Behenic alcohol, 1-Docosanol, Docosyl alcohol, IK-2, Tadenan, NCGC00159370-03, NCGC00159370-04, NCGC00159370-05, 1-Docosanol, purum, >=97.0% (GC), AC-19852, CAS-661-19-8, SBI-0206938.P001, AM20100601, D0964, FT-0622609, D03884, D70615, AB01563123_01, AB01563123_02, EN300-6495479, SR-05000001915, Q3033497, SR-05000001915-1, A3D72D45-625E-49B5-B0FC-394010B3485D, InChI=1/C22H46O/c1-2-3-4-5-6-7-8-9-10-11-12-13-14-15-16-17-18-19-20-21-22-23/h23H,2-22H2,1H, 1-DOCOSANOL, ALCOHOL C22, BEHENYL ALCOHOL, Abreva, Behenic alcohol, Behenyl alcohol, Cachalot BE-22, Docosan-1-ol, Docosanol-(1), Docosyl alcohol, Lanette 22, Lidavol, n-Docosanol, NAA 422, Tadenan, IK 2, AI3-36489, BEHENYL ALCOHOL, AI3-36489, BEHENIC ALCOHOL, 1-DOCOSANOL, DOCOSYL ALCOHOL, IK-2, TADENAN, BRN 1770470, EINECS 211-546-6, EMERY 3304, HSDB 5739, LOXIOL VPG 1451, NACOL 22-97, NSC 8407, STENOL 1822, STENOL 1822A



Behenyl Alcohol (Docosanol) is an opacifying ingredient which gives excellent spreadability to cosmetic products as well as being an emulsifier and antimicrobal
Behenyl Alcohol (Docosanol) is a saturated fatty acid naturally derived from vegetable sources such as corn.


Behenyl Alcohol (Docosanol) has 22 carbons and is also known as Docosanol (the key ingredient in formulations for herpes).
Behenyl has a very special thickening property to allow the final product to have a more desirable and spreadable texture.
Whilst opacity and thickness can be seen as a matter of persona preference, Behenyl Alcohol (Docosanol) enhances the spreadability of the final product and thus the effectiveness of the final cosmetic formulations.


Behenyl Alcohol (Docosanol) is a saturated 22-carbon aliphatic alcohol which exhibits antiviral activity against many lipid enveloped viruses including herpes simplex virus (HSV).
Behenyl Alcohol (Docosanol) speeds the healing of cold sores and fever blisters on the face or lips.


Behenyl Alcohol (Docosanol) also relieves the accompanying symptoms, including tingling, pain, burning, and itching.
Behenyl Alcohol (Docosanol) works by inhibiting fusion between the human cell plasma membrane and the herpes simplex virus (HSV) envelope, thereby preventing viral entry into cells and subsequent viral replication.


Unlike other cold-sore antivirals, Behenyl Alcohol (Docosanol) does not act directly on the virus, and as such it is unlikely it will produce drug resistant mutants of HSV.
Behenyl Alcohol (Docosanol), also known as 1-docosanol, is a synthetic or plant-derived thickening agent and emulsifier used in cosmetics.


Behenyl Alcohol (Docosanol) also serves as a hydrating ingredient.
Behenyl Alcohol (Docosanol)’s considered a fatty alcohol not related to drying forms of alcohol.
In its raw form Behenyl Alcohol (Docosanol) is a white, waxy solid.


The Cosmetic Ingredient Review panel has deemed Behenyl Alcohol (Docosanol) to be safe for topical application as used in cosmetics.
Behenyl Alcohol (Docosanol), also known as docosanol, is a large fatty straight-chain alcohol.
Behenyl Alcohol (Docosanol) is a saturated fatty alcohol used mainly as an antiviral agent, specifically for treatment of "cold sores" caused by the herpes simplex virus.


Behenyl Alcohol (Docosanol) is a long-chain primary fatty alcohol that is docosane substituted by a hydroxy group at position 1.
Behenyl Alcohol (Docosanol) is a non-prescription medicine approved by the FDA to shorten healing time of cold sores.
Behenyl Alcohol (Docosanol) has a role as a plant metabolite and an antiviral drug.


Behenyl Alcohol (Docosanol) is a long-chain primary fatty alcohol and a docosanol.
Behenyl Alcohol (Docosanol) is a natural product found in Mandragora autumnalis, Hibiscus cannabinus, and other organisms with data available.
Behenyl Alcohol (Docosanol) is a saturated 22-carbon aliphatic alcohol with antiviral activity.


Behenyl Alcohol (Docosanol) has a distinct mechanism of action and inhibits fusion between the plasma membrane and the herpes simplex virus envelope, thereby preventing viral entry into cells and subsequent viral activity and replication.
Behenyl Alcohol (Docosanol) is used topically in the treatment of recurrent herpes simplex labialis episodes and relieves associated pain and may help heal sores faster.


Behenyl Alcohol (Docosanol) is an excellent opacifying ingredient and enhances spreadability.
Behenyl Alcohol (Docosanol) could well be the ingredient your formulation and your skin is waiting for.
Behenyl Alcohol (Docosanol) is a plant derived thickening agent and emulsifier.


Behenyl Alcohol (Docosanol) is a saturated fatty alcohol with 22 carbons.
Behenyl Alcohol (Docosanol) also referred to as 1-docosanol, is a 22-carbon aliphatic alcohol, that works as a thickening, opacifying, emollient, and emulsifying agent that can be made synthetically or from plants.


Behenyl Alcohol (Docosanol) functions as a hydrating component as well.
Behenyl Alcohol (Docosanol) also works as a stabilizer and is used in personal care products like scrubs and body butters.
Behenyl Alcohol (Docosanol) is a fatty alcohol that is unlike the drying alcohols.


Behenyl Alcohol (Docosanol) is a waxy, white solid in its unprocessed state.
Behenyl Alcohol (Docosanol) is a saturated fatty alcohol with reported inhibitory activity against lipid-enveloped viruses, including herpes simplex virus (HSV).


Behenyl Alcohol (Docosanol) is a saturated fatty alcohol containing 22 carbon atoms, used traditionally as an emollient, emulsifier, and thickener in cosmetics.
In July 2000, Behenyl Alcohol (Docosanol) was approved for medical use in the United States as an antiviral agent for reducing the duration of cold sores.
Behenyl Alcohol (Docosanol) is an over-the-counter medication (OTC).



USES and APPLICATIONS of BEHENYL ALCOHOL (DOCOSANOL):
As a cosmetics company, we sell Behenyl Alcohol (Docosanol) for its cosmetic application and any use in a medical context would have to go through the appropriate regulatory mechanism as per your countries law.
When you are struggling to achieve the correct texture with your formulation, the addition of just 0.5% Behenyl Alcohol (Docosanol) can help radically change the texture and feel of your cosmetic product.


Behenyl Alcohol (Docosanol) adds texture and thickness without increasing greasiness.
Cosmetic Uses of Behenyl Alcohol (Docosanol): binding agents, emulsion stabilisers, skin conditioning - emollient, and viscosity controlling agents.
In cosmetic and skin care formulations, Behenyl Alcohol (Docosanol) is used as an opacifying ingredient, thickener, and emulsifier.


As an opacifying agent, Behenyl Alcohol (Docosanol) is used to reduce the clear or transparent appearance of cosmetic products.
Behenyl Alcohol (Docosanol)'s thickening property allows products to achieve a more desirable, spreadable texture.
Behenyl Alcohol (Docosanol) also works as an emulsifier to prevent the oil and water phases of a product from separating.


This works to improve the consistency of a product, which enables an even distribution of topical skincare benefits.
In cosmetic and skin care formulations, Behenyl Alcohol (Docosanol) is used as an opacifying ingredient, thickener and emulsifier.
Behenyl Alcohol (Docosanol) also works as an emulsifier to prevent the oil and water phases of a product from separating.


Being a mixed form of fatty acids that Behenyl Alcohol (Docosanol) is used to increase a formula's viscosity, to stabilize emulsions, as a binder while leaving a soft, smooth feel to the skin.
Behenyl Alcohol (Docosanol) can be used in almost any formulation.


Behenyl Alcohol (Docosanol) has high antimicrobial activity and is used in cosmetics to aid skin feel and hydration hydration, manage hair manageability, as an effective co-emulsifier, texture adjustment and improved spreadability of your cosmetic formulation.
Behenyl Alcohol (Docosanol) is normally administered topically in a cream containing a base and a 10% mix of the active ingredient.


Behenyl Alcohol (Docosanol) functions by inhibiting the fusion of the human host cell with the viral envelope of the herpes virus, thus preventing its replication.
Behenyl Alcohol (Docosanol) was approved for use after clinical trials by the FDA in July 2000.


Marketed by Avanir Pharmaceuticals under the brand name Abreva, Behenyl Alcohol (Docosanol) was the first over-the-counter antiviral drug approved for sale in the United States and Canada.
Behenyl Alcohol (Docosanol) is a drug used for topical treatment for recurrent herpes simplex labialis episodes (episodes of cold sores or fever blisters).


A saturated 22-carbon aliphatic alcohol, Behenyl Alcohol (Docosanol) exhibits antiviral activity against many lipid enveloped viruses including herpes simplex virus (HSV).
Behenyl Alcohol (Docosanol) inhibits fusion between the plasma membrane and the herpes simplex virus (HSV) envelope, thereby preventing viral entry into cells and subsequent viral replication.


Behenyl Alcohol (Docosanol) is used for the topical treatment of recurrent oral-facial herpes simplex episodes (cold sores or fever blisters).
Improving Spreadability of your cosmetic formulation
Behenyl Alcohol (Docosanol) has an excellent property of removing stickiness from products such as beeswax, whilst at the same time in can greasy products feel less greasy and improve the way they spread and absorb on the skin.


You will find Behenyl Alcohol (Docosanol) in many solid deodorant sticks, where the it takes the stickiness away from the product, whilst emulsifying the ingredients, including oils and providing antimicrobial properties.
Behenyl Alcohol (Docosanol) is a drug used for topical treatment for recurrent herpes simplex labialis episodes (episodes of cold sores or fever blisters).


A saturated 22-carbon aliphatic alcohol, Behenyl Alcohol (Docosanol) exhibits antiviral activity against many lipid enveloped viruses including herpes simplex virus (HSV).
Behenyl Alcohol (Docosanol) inhibits fusion between the plasma membrane and the herpes simplex virus (HSV) envelope, thereby preventing viral entry into cells and subsequent viral replication.



WHAT IS BEHENYL ALCOHOL (DOCOSANOL) USED FOR?
Behenyl Alcohol (Docosanol) works as a texture enhancer to improve the appearance and feel of the product.
Behenyl Alcohol (Docosanol) is also an opacifier and a thickener-cum-stabilizer which helps to regulate the viscosity of the product.
Behenyl Alcohol (Docosanol) is also an emollient and an emulsifier for cosmetics and personal care products.

*Skin care:
Behenyl Alcohol (Docosanol) works as an emollient to soften and soothe the skin.
After topical application, Behenyl Alcohol (Docosanol) forms a protective layer on the skin’s surface that prevents moisture loss and keeps the skin hydrated

*Hair care:
Behenyl Alcohol (Docosanol) works as an emollient in hair products to increase the hair’s moisture content and makes it more manageable



ORIGIN OF BEHENYL ALCOHOL (DOCOSANOL):
Behenyl Alcohol (Docosanol) is produced via a high-temperature, high-pressure, catalytic hydrogenation of fatty acids, and can also be produced via the Ziegler process.
Alternatively, Behenyl Alcohol (Docosanol) can also be obtained from vegetable sources.



WHAT DOES BEHENYL ALCOHOL (DOCOSANOL) DO IN A FORMULATION?
*Emollient
*Emulsifying
*Opacifying
*Viscosity controlling



ALTERNATIVES OF BEHENYL ALCOHOL (DOCOSANOL):
*CETEARYL ALCOHOL,
*CETYL ALCOHOL,
*MYRISTYL ALCOHOL,
*OLEYL ALCOHOL



BEHENYL ALCOHOL (DOCOSANOL) AT A GLANCE:
* Is considered a fatty, non-drying form of alcohol
* Is used as a thickener and moisturising ingredient in cosmetics
* Also known as 1-docosanol
* Has been ruled safe as used in cosmetics



WHAT PRODUCES IS BEHENYL ALCOHOL (DOCOSANOL) USED IN?
Behenyl Alcohol (Docosanol) can be used in anhydrous (products containing no water) and water based formulations.
Famously Behenyl Alcohol (Docosanol) is the main active ingredient in many cold sore and herpes products, where is used at 10%.
For this reason you will find Behenyl Alcohol (Docosanol) used in Balms and Creams, however it is also very useful in haircare products where it acts as an emollient increasing the moisture content in the hair.



WHERE TO USE BEHENYL ALCOHOL (DOCOSANOL):
Behenyl Alcohol (Docosanol) is primarily used as an emulsifier, emollient, thickener and opacifying ingredient and is found mainly in face moisturisers and body lotions, it can however also be used in deodorant, lipstick, foundation and hair care products.

Behenyl Alcohol (Docosanol) has a very high antimicrobial activity, hence its use in herpes formulations.
In 2000 Behenyl Alcohol (Docosanol) was approved by the Food and Drug administration (FDA) in the the US as a pharmaceutical antiviral agent for reducing the duration of cold sores caused by the herpes simplex virus in some brands of OTC medication.



MECHANISM OF ACTION OF BEHENYL ALCOHOL (DOCOSANOL):
Behenyl Alcohol (Docosanol) is thought to work by interfering with and stabilizing the host cell's surface phospholipids, preventing the fusion of the herpes virus's viral envelope with the human host cell.
This disrupted ability of the virus to fuse with the host cell membrane prevents entry and subsequent replication.



PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of BEHENYL ALCOHOL (DOCOSANOL):
Molecular Weight: 326.6
XLogP3: 10.5
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 1
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 1
Rotatable Bond Count: 20
Exact Mass: 326.354866087
Monoisotopic Mass: 326.354866087
Topological Polar Surface Area: 20.2 Ų
Heavy Atom Count: 23
Formal Charge: 0
CAS number: 661-19-8
EC number: 211-546-6
Hill Formula: C₂₂H₄₆O
Molar Mass: 326.61 g/mol
HS Code: 2905 19 00

Boiling point: 180 °C (0.29 hPa)
Flash point: 210 °C
Melting Point: 71 °C
Complexity: 190
Isotope Atom Count: 0
Molecular Formula / Molecular Weight: C22H46O = 326.61
Physical State (20 deg.C): Solid
CAS RN: 661-19-8
Reaxys Registry Number: 1770470
PubChem Substance ID: 87567551
SDBS (AIST Spectral DB): 7647
MDL Number: MFCD00002939
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0

Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 1
Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes
Appearance: white solid (est)
Assay: 98.00 to 100.00
Food Chemicals Codex Listed: No
CAS Number: 661-19-8
Molecular Formula: C₂₂H₄₆O
Appearance: White to Off-White Solid
Chemical formula: C22H46O
Molar mass: 326.609 g·mol−1
Melting point: 70 °C; 158 °F; 343 K
Boiling point: 180 °C; 356 °F; 453 K at 29 Pa
log P: 10.009
Chemical formula: C22H46O
Molar mass: 326.609 g·mol−1
Melting point: 70 °C; 158 °F; 343 K
Boiling point: 180 °C; 356 °F; 453 K at 29 Pa

log P: 10.009
Appearance Form: powder
Color: white
Odor: No data available
Odor Threshold: No data available
pH: No data available
Melting point/freezing point:
Melting point/range: 65 - 72 °C
Initial boiling point and boiling range: 180 °C at 0,29 hPa
Flash point: No data available
Evaporation rate: No data available
Beilstein Number: 1770470
MDL: MFCD00002939
XlogP3: 10.50 (est)
Molecular Weight: 326.60782000
Formula: C22 H46 O

Flammability (solid, gas): No data available
Upper/lower flammability or explosive limits: No data available
Vapor pressure: No data available
Vapor density: No data available
Relative density: 0,854 at 20 °C
Water solubility: 0,001 g/l at 23 °C
Partition coefficient:
n-octanol/water: log Pow: 8,3 at 20 °C
Autoignition temperature: 256 °C
Decomposition temperature: No data available
Viscosity
Viscosity, kinematic: No data available
Viscosity, dynamic: No data available
Explosive properties: No data available
Appearance: white solid (est)
Assay: 98.00 to 100.00
Food Chemicals Codex Listed: No
Melting Point: 72.00 to 73.00 °C. @ 760.00 mm Hg

Boiling Point: 375.00 to 376.00 °C. @ 760.00 mm Hg (est)
Boiling Point: 180.00 °C. @ 0.22 mm Hg
Flash Point: 289.00 °F. TCC ( 142.50 °C. ) (est)
logP (o/w): 10.009 (est)
Soluble in: water, 0.0001496 mg/L @ 25 °C (est)
Melting Point: 65-72 °C(lit.)
Boiling Point: 180 °C0.22 mm Hg(lit.)
Density: d75 0.8063 g/ml; d85 0.7986 g/ml; d95 0.7911 g/ml
Refractive Index: n75 1.4360
Storage Tem.: Store below +30°C.
Solubility: Chloroform (Slightly), Ethyl Acetate (Slightly)
Acidity Coefficient: 15.20±0.10(Predicted)
Form: Pellets or Tablets
Color: White
Water solubility: Insoluble
Stability: Stable.
IUPAC Name: docosan-1-ol

Category: Fatty Alcohols
Molecular Formula: C22H46O
Molecular Weight: 326.56
Boiling Point: 180 °C 0.22 mmHg (lit.)
Melting Point: 65-72 °C (lit.)
Density: 0.8063 g/ml at 75 °C; 0.7986 g/ml at 85 °C; 0.7911 g/ml at 95 °C
Solubility: Slightly soluble in ether; very soluble in ethanol, methanol, petroleum ether;
soluble in chloroform;Insoluble in water;In water, 7.5X10-5 mg/L at 25 °C 9 (est);1.96e-05 g/L
InChI: InChI=1S/C22H46O/c1-2-3-4-5-6-7-8-9-10-11-12-13-14-15-16-17-18-19-20-21-22-23/h23H,2-22H2,1H3
InChI Key: NOPFSRXAKWQILS-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Appearance: Solid
Storage: Room temperature
Oxidizing properties: No data available
Other safety information:
Surface tension 66,5 mN/m at 25 °C

Melting Point: 70-73°C
Molecular Weight: 326.6
Storage: 4°C
Solubility: Chloroform (Slightly), Ethyl Acetate (Slightly), Methanol (Slightly)
Melting Point: 72.00 to 73.00 °C. @ 760.00 mm Hg
Boiling Point: 375.00 to 376.00 °C. @ 760.00 mm Hg (est)
Boiling Point: 180.00 °C. @ 0.22 mm Hg
Flash Point: 289.00 °F. TCC ( 142.50 °C. ) (est)
logP (o/w): 10.009 (est)
Soluble in: water, 0.0001496 mg/L @ 25 °C (est)
Boiling Point: 375-376°C at 760 mm Hg
Melting Point: 65-72°C
Solubility: Insoluble in water
Soluble in ethanol, methanol, petroleum ether
Molecular Weight: 326.6 g/mol
XLogP3: 10.5
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 1
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 1
Rotatable Bond Count: 20
Exact Mass: 326.354866087 g/mol

Monoisotopic Mass: 326.354866087 g/mol
Topological Polar Surface Area: 20.2Ų
Heavy Atom Count: 23
Formal Charge: 0
Complexity: 190
Isotope Atom Count: 0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 1
Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes
CAS number: 661-19-8
EC number: 211-546-6
Hill Formula: C₂₂H₄₆O
Molar Mass: 326.61 g/mol
HS Code: 2905 19 00
Boiling point: 180 °C (0.29 hPa)
Flash point: 210 °C
Melting Point: 71 °C



FIRST AID MEASURES of BEHENYL ALCOHOL (DOCOSANOL):
-Description of first-aid measures:
*General advice:
Consult a physician.
*If inhaled:
If breathed in, move person into fresh air.
Consult a physician.
*In case of skin contact:
Wash off with soap and plenty of water.
Consult a physician.
*In case of eye contact:
Flush eyes with water as a precaution.
*If swallowed:
Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person.
Rinse mouth with water.
Consult a physician.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed:
No data available



ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of BEHENYL ALCOHOL (DOCOSANOL):
-Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures:
Use personal protective equipment.
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Sweep up and shovel.
Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.



FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of BEHENYL ALCOHOL (DOCOSANOL):
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.
-Further information:
No data available



EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of BEHENYL ALCOHOL (DOCOSANOL):
-Control parameters:
--Ingredients with workplace control parameters:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use equipment for eye protection.
*Skin protection:
Handle with gloves.
Wash and dry hands.
-Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.



HANDLING and STORAGE of BEHENYL ALCOHOL (DOCOSANOL):
-Precautions for safe handling:
*Hygiene measures:
Handle in accordance with good industrial hygiene and safety practice.
Wash hands before breaks and at the end of workday.
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
*Storage conditions:
Store in cool place.
Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place.



STABILITY and REACTIVITY of BEHENYL ALCOHOL (DOCOSANOL):
-Reactivity:
No data available
-Chemical stability:
Stable under recommended storage conditions.
-Possibility of hazardous reactions:
No data available
-Conditions to avoid:
No data available


BEHENYL BEHENATE
Behenyl behenate, derived from behenic acid, serves as an emollient and thickening agent in cosmetics, contributing to hydration and lubrication of the skin and hair while enhancing formulation stability and texture.
With its non-comedogenic and occlusive properties, Behenyl behenate is a preferred ingredient in skincare products, offering effective moisturization without clogging pores and forming a protective barrier to prevent moisture loss and improve skin hydration.
Behenyl behenate is widely used in creams, lotions, and hair care products, Behenyl behenate's versatility and compatibility with other ingredients make it an essential component in skincare formulations aimed at maintaining softness, smoothness, and overall skin health.

CAS Number: 17671-27-1
EC Number: 241-646-5
Molecular Formula: C44H88O2
Molecular Weight: 649.17

Synonyms: Behenyl behenate, Docosyl docosanoate, 17671-27-1, Docosanoic acid, docosyl ester, docosanyl docosanoate, UNII-K8NU647RJ0, K8NU647RJ0, WE(22:0/22:0), docosyl behenate, Pelemol BB, Starfol BB, EINECS 241-646-5, Kester Wax 72, EC 241-646-5, DTXSID0066242, SCHEMBL21352453, BCP32488, LMFA07010063, ZINC62239048, AS-60040, CS-0333826, D92929, Docosyl docosanoate;Docosanoic acid, docosyl ester, W-110461, Q27282094, UNII-Q47ST02F58 component NJIMZDGGLTUCPX-UHFFFAOYSA-N, behenic acid behenyl ester, docosanoic acid, docosyl ester, docosyl docosanoate, kester beads K-72 exfoliant, Behenyl behenate, DOCOSANOIC ACID, DOCOSYL ESTER, DOCOSYL DOCOSANOATE, DOCOSYL ESTER DOCOSANOIC ACID, 17671-27-1, 241-646-5, Behenyl behenate, Docosanoate de docosyle, Docosanoic acid, docosyl ester, Docosyl docosanoate, Docosyl-docosanoat, [17671-27-1], 18013-23-5, Behenic acid behenyl ester, BehenylBehenate, docosanoic acid docosyl ester, Docosanoic acid,docosyl ester, Docosanyl docosanoate, Docosyl behenate, EINECS 241-646-5, Kester Wax 72, MFCD00053778, Pelemol BB, Starfol BB

Behenyl behenate is a compound primarily used in cosmetics and personal care products as an emollient and thickening agent.
Behenyl behenate is derived from behenic acid, a long-chain fatty acid found in natural sources such as rapeseed oil, peanut oil, and ben oil.
Behenyl behenate functions to provide hydration and lubrication to the skin and hair, helping to maintain their softness and smoothness.

Additionally, Behenyl behenate helps to stabilize formulations and improve their texture.
Due to Behenyl behenate's beneficial properties and low likelihood of causing irritation, Behenyl behenate is commonly used in a variety of skincare products such as moisturizers, creams, lotions, and hair care products.

Behenyl behenate is a high purity monoester wax made from naturally derived feedstock.
Behenyl behenate can be used as natural structuring and gelling agent in various skin care products and color cosmetics.

Natural structuring and gelling agent with good film forming properties and good thermal stability (a very narrow thermal phase change).
Behenyl behenate can be used as a vegan replacement for beeswax, especially together with

Behenyl behenate is the wax-like ester of the fatty acid behenic acid and fatty alcohol behenyl alcohol.
This plant-derived or synthetic ingredient (Paula’s Choice uses the former) hydrates skin and adds occlusive properties to emulsions like creams and lotions, which help to prevent moisture loss.

Behenyl behenate is considered safe as used in cosmetics, including products meant for application to lips.
Usage levels in cosmetics range from 1–20%.

Interestingly, behenic acid is one of the fatty acids that occurs naturally in human sebum (oil), so Behenyl behenate considered bio-compatible with skin.
Behenyl behenate is also one of the saturated main fatty acids found in fish oil.

Behenyl behenate is an ester of Behenic Acid (q.v.) and Behenyl Alcohol (q.v.).

Behenyl behenate is a naturally derived, high purity mono-ester wax.
Behenyl behenate has good thermal stability, very narrow thermal phase change, film forming properties, and wide compatibility in different solvents.

This is the wax-like ester of the fatty acid behenic acid and fatty alcohol behenyl alcohol.
Behenyl behenate can be either plant derived or made synthetically, and adds moisture to the skin.

Behenyl behenate is also used in cosmetics as an occlusive, helping to prevent the loss of moisture in lotions and creams.
Behenyl behenate is considered safe to use in cosmetics.

Behenyl behenate, a compound derived from behenic acid, is classified as a fatty acid ester.
Behenyl behenate's long hydrocarbon chain structure gives it emollient properties, making it effective in moisturizing and softening the skin.
Additionally, Behenyl behenate acts as a thickening agent, improving the consistency and stability of cosmetic formulations.

Behenyl behenate is often preferred in skincare products due to its non-comedogenic nature, meaning it is less likely to clog pores or cause acne.
Behenyl behenate is also known for its occlusive properties, forming a protective barrier on the skin to prevent moisture loss and enhance skin hydration.

Behenyl behenate is widely used in various cosmetic and personal care products, including creams, lotions, serums, and hair care products, contributing to their texture, spreadability, and overall performance.
Behenyl behenate's versatility and compatibility with other ingredients make it a valuable component in skincare formulations aimed at providing hydration and improving skin texture.

Uses of Behenyl behenate:
Behenyl behenate is the wax-like ester of the fatty acid behenic acid and fatty alcohol behenyl alcohol.
This plant-derived or synthetic ingredient hydrates skin and also adds occlusive properties to emulsions like creams and lotions, which help to prevent moisture loss.

Behenyl behenate is a wax ester.
Behenyl behenate has possible applications as a non-hazardous, biodegradable industrial wood coating.

Lip products primarily for protection of Behenyl behenate:
Emollient
Skin conditioning
Skin-conditioning agent - occlusive
Softener and conditioner

Industry Uses:
Pigments
Toner
Wax for toner

Consumer Uses:
Ink, toner, and colorant products

Properties of Behenyl behenate:

Physical State:
Behenyl behenate is typically a white to off-white waxy solid at room temperature.

Odor:
Behenyl behenate may have a characteristic odor, though this can vary depending on the purity and processing of the compound.

Melting Point:
The melting point of Behenyl behenate typically falls within the range of 65°C to 75°C.

Solubility:
Behenyl behenate is insoluble in water but is soluble in oils and organic solvents such as ethanol, ether, and chloroform.

Emollient:
Behenyl behenate acts as an effective emollient, helping to soften and smooth the skin by forming a protective barrier that prevents moisture loss.

Thickening Agent:
Behenyl behenate also serves as a thickening agent in cosmetic formulations, contributing to the desired texture and consistency of products such as creams and lotions.

Stability:
Behenyl behenate helps stabilize formulations, improving their shelf life and preventing separation or degradation of ingredients.

Non-Comedogenic:
Behenyl behenate is generally considered non-comedogenic, meaning Behenyl behenate is unlikely to clog pores or contribute to acne formation.

Occlusive:
Due to its occlusive properties, Behenyl behenate forms a barrier on the skin's surface, reducing moisture loss and enhancing hydration.

Functions of Behenyl behenate:

Emollient:
Softens and softens the skin

Skin conditioning agent:
Keeps the skin in good condition

General Manufacturing Information of Behenyl behenate:

Industry Processing Sectors:
All other chemical product and preparation manufacturing
Printing and related support activities

Handling and Storage of Behenyl behenate:

Storage of Behenyl behenate:
can be stored at room temperature But close the lid of the bottle tightly.
Protected from sunlight or heat, the product has a shelf life of at least 2 years

Precautions for safe handling of Behenyl behenate:
Read and follow the manufacturer's instructions.
Avoid spillage, inhalation and contact with eyes and skin.

Keep well closed.
The usual precautions for handling chemicals should be observed.

Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities
Store in dry and cool area.
Store in a ventilated space.

Stability and Reactivity of Behenyl behenate:

Reactivity of Behenyl behenate:
The product contains no substances which can lead to hazardous reactions at normal use.

Chemical stability of Behenyl behenate:
The product is stable at normal storage and handling conditions.

Possibility of hazardous reactions of Behenyl behenate:
Not indicated

Conditions to avoid of Behenyl behenate:
Not indicated

Incompatible materials of Behenyl behenate:
Avoid contact with oxidizers.

Hazardous decomposition products:
Carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2) and harmful and irritating substances.

First Aid Measures of Behenyl behenate:

Description of first aid measures:

Generally:
In case of concern, or if symptoms persist, call doctor/physician.

Upon breathing in:
Inhalation of fumes from heated product: let the injured rest at a warm place with fresh air.
Contact the doctor if symptoms persist.

Upon contact with the eyes:
As a precaution, rinse the eye thoroughly with water; If symptoms occur, call a doctor/physician.

Upon skin contact:
Normal washing of the skin is considered sufficient; If nevertheless symptoms do occur, contact a physician.
Remove contaminated clothes.

Upon ingestion:
Flush nose, mouth and throat with water.
Upon ingestion of larger amounts, consult a doctor/physician.

Most important symptoms and effects, both acute and delayed:
Ingestion of large amounts of Behenyl behenate may cause nausea and vomiting.

Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed:
Symptomatic treatment.

Fire-Fighting Measures of Behenyl behenate:

Recommended extinguishing agents:
Extinguish with materials intended for the surrounding fire.

Unsuitable extinguishing agents:
Among common extinguishing agents there are none that are overtly unsuitable.

Special hazards arising from the substance or mixture:
Produces fumes containing harmful gases (carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide) when burning.
Behenyl behenate is not hazardous in the flammable sense.

Advice for fire-fighters:
In case of fire use a respirator mask.
Wear full protective clothing.
Protective measures should be taken regarding other material at the site of the fire.

Accidental Release Measures of Behenyl behenate:

Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures
Note that there is a risk of slipping if product is leaking/spilling.

Environmental precautions:
At amounts considered in this case, the product may be released into the natural environment without serious environmental consequences.
Large emissions should however be reported to the emergency services and the Environment Agency.

Methods and material for containment and cleaning up:
Small spills can be wiped up with a cloth or similar.

Then flush the spill site with water.
Larger spills should first be covered with sand or earth and then be collected.

Identifiers of Behenyl behenate:
CAS Index Name: Docosanoic acid, docosyl ester
Molecular formula: C44H88O2
Molecular weight: 649.17
Lipid number: C (22:0/22:0)
Smiles: O=C(OCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC)CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC
Isomeric Smiles: O(C(CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC)=O)CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC
InChI: InChI=1S/C44H88O2/c1-3-5-7-9-11-13-15-17-19-21-23-25-27-29-31-33-35-37-39-41-43-46-44(45)42-40-38-36-34-32-30-28-26-24-22-20-18-16-14-12-10-8-6-4-2/h3-43H2,1-2H3
InChIKey: InChIKey=NJIMZDGGLTUCPX-UHFFFAOYSA-N

Storage temp.: −20°C
SMILES string: CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCOC(=O)CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC

Properties of Behenyl behenate:
Molecular Weight: 649.2
XLogP3-AA: 21.7
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 0
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 2
Rotatable Bond Count: 42
Exact Mass: 648.67843205
Monoisotopic Mass: 648.67843205
Topological Polar Surface Area: 26.3 Ų
Heavy Atom Count: 46
Complexity: 544
Isotope Atom Count: 0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 1
Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes

Melting point 70 - 74°C (158 - 165°F).
Acid value < 2 mg KOH/g.
Saponification value 79 - 89 mg KOH/g.

Assay: 95.00 to 100.00
Food Chemicals Codex Listed: No
Boiling Point: 627.10 °C. @ 760.00 mm Hg (est)
Flash Point: 657.00 °F. TCC ( 347.40 °C. ) (est)
logP (o/w): 21.960 (est)
Soluble in: water, 2.335e-016 mg/L @ 25 °C (est)

Specifications of Behenyl behenate:
Appearance: White to off-white waxy solid
Odor: Characteristic
Melting Point: Typically between 65°C to 75°C
Acid Value: Not more than 1 mg KOH/g
Saponification Value: Typically between 170 to 180 mg KOH/g
Iodine Value: Not more than 1 g I2/100g
Hydroxyl Value: Not more than 5 mg KOH/g
Heavy Metals: Not more than 20 ppm
Loss on Drying: Not more than 0.5%
Purity (by GC): Typically not less than 95%
Solubility: Insoluble in water, soluble in oils and organic solvents
BENTONE 27
Bentone 27 non-animal organoclay is an organically modified hectorite designed to impart rheological control and suspension.
Bentone 27 is a highly efficient rheological additive for intermediate to high polarity systems such as cyclomethicones, esters, triglycerides, vegetable oils, alcohols and ketones.


Bentone 27 rheological additive is an organic derivative of hectorite clay.
Bentone 27 is specifically designed to improve thickening efficiency in
synthetic and other organic fluids of medium- to high-polarity.


INCI name of Bentone 27 (formerly CTFA adopted name) is Stearalkonium Hectorite.
Typically 5 - 8 % Bentone 27 rheological additive is required.
Bentone 27 rheological additives are an organic derivative of a hectorite clay.


Bentone 27 is designed for moderate to high-polarity organic systems and for synthetic binders.
Bentone 27 is an effective gellant for esters, vegetable oils, polyalkylene glycols and certain silicone fluids.
Bentone 27 increases viscosity.


Bentone 27 provides thixotropy.
Bentone 27 acts as a rheology modifier for medium to high polarity systems and for synthetic binders.
Bentone 27 provides sag resistance on vertical surfaces and penetration on porous substrates.


Bentone 27 improves flow and levelling and prevents pigment settling during storage, and prevents syneresis in thixotropic systems.
Bentone 27 has a shelf life of 4 years.
Bentone 27 non-animal organoclay is an organically modified hectorite designed to impart rheological control and suspension.


Bentone 27 is a highly efficient rheological additive for intermediate to high polarity systems such as cyclomethicones, esters, triglycerides, vegetable oils, alcohols and ketones.
Bentone 27 is an organic derivative of hectorite clay.



USES and APPLICATIONS of BENTONE 27:
Bentone 27 is an effective gellant for esters, vegetable oils, polyalkylene glycols and certain silicone fluids.
Bentone 27 is used for anti-corrosive paints, anti-fouling paints, foundry moulds paints, gravure and flexographic printing inks, industrial finishes, and wash primers.


Bentone 27 rheological additive is a modified hectorite organoclay for use in high-polarity aromatic and oxygenated solvent-borne paint and coating systems.
Bentone 27 rheological additive is an organic derivative of hectorite clay.
Bentone 27 is specifically designed to improve thickening efficiency in synthetic and other organic fluids of medium- to high polarity.


Bentone 27 is an effective gellant for esters, vegetable oils, polyalkylene glycols and certain silicone fluids.
Bentone 27 rheological additives can be readily blended into oils and fluids using normal grease equipment.
Bentone 27 produced must be sheared through a colloid mill or homogenizer to obtain the maximum yield.


Bentone 27 is used in ORGANOPHILIC GELLANT PROVIDING SUSPENSION OF ACTIVE INGREDIENTS, HEAT STABILITY AND VISCOSITY CONTROL TO COSMETIC FORMULATIONS
Bentone 27 is used as a rheology modifier: increases viscosity, provides thixotropy, improves flow and levelling, prevents pigment settling during storage, and prevents syneresis in thixotropic systems.


Bentone 27 is designed for solvent-based systems with moderate to high polarity, as well as for synthetic binders, adhesives and mastic compounds.
Bentone 27 is used as a rheological additive for moderate to high-polarity organic solvents.


-Applications of Bentone 27:
*Antiperspirants
*Colour Cosmetics
*Creams & Lotions
*Sunscreens
*Lipsticks
*Eye Products
*Facial Makeup
*Haircare Products
*Nail Lacquer


-Application of Bentone 27:
· Adhesives and mastic compounds
· Anti-corrosive paints
· Anti-fouling paints
· Cosmetics
· Foundry mould paints·
· Gravure and flexographic printing inks
· Industrial finishes
· Plastisols, organosols
· Wash primers



KEY PROPERTIES OF BENTONE 27:
· Increases viscosity
· Provides thixotropy
· Prevents pigment settling during storage
· Improves flow and levelling
· Controls sagging on vertical surfaces and penetration on porous substrates
· Prevents syneresis in thixotropic systems



BENTONE 27 RHEOLOGICAL ADDITIVES:
• Ease of manufacturing
• Resistance to melting
• Resistance to oil separation
• Excellent work stability
• Wide range of temperature applications



KEY PROPERTIES OF BENTONE 27:
-Bentone 27 rheological additive:
• non-animal origin
-Rheological attributes:
• predictable, reproducible and stable
• viscosity control
• shear-thinning flow
• excellent suspension of pigments and actives
• controlled alignment of special-effect
-pigments:
• thermostable rheology
• reduced syneresis
• improved emulsion stability
• light in colour
• non-abrasive



USE LEVELS OF BENTONE 27:
In paints of intermediate or high polarity, typical levels range between 0.2 and 1.0 % Bentone 27 (dry) based on total system weight.
In synthetic resins (epoxy, polyester), quantities to be added are between 0.5 and 1.0 %.



KEY PROPERTIES - BENTONE 27:
*rheological additive
*increases viscosity
*provides thixotropy
*prevents pigment settling during storage
*improves flow and levelling
*controls sagging on vertical surfaces and penetration on porous substrates
*prevents syneresis in thixotropic systems



BENTONE 27 PROPERTIES:
Bentone 27 rheological additive is first dispersed thoroughly in an organic liquid using high-shear.
An activator is then added and high shear mixing continued.
A method for developing optimum performance would be:
1. Charge the vessel with a portion of the organic liquid and begin agitation
2. Add Bentone 27 additive under agitation and mix for 5 minutes.
3. Add the required amount of polar additive and mix for 5 minutes.
4. Pass the mixture through high-shear equipment (continue high-shear mixing to optimise dispersion)
5. Combine gel with rest of the formulation ingredients



KEY PROPERTIES OF BENTONE 27:
· Highly efficient development of rheological properties
· Designed for use with esters and polar-based fluids
· Excellent anti settling features of weighting agents and water-soluble polymers used in slurries
· Is not harmful to the environment



PROCESS OF BENTONE 27:
Grease is generally manufactured at room temperature and requires no heat for the gelation of the oil.
The normal process briefly is:
1. mix the Bentone 27 into a portion or all of the base fluid
2. add a suitable polar activator* such as propylene carbonate, methanol or acetone
3. mix until a significant increase in viscosity occurs
4. add the remaining base fluid (if less than the total amount was used initially) and any other desired additives
5. mill
*Polar Activators



PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of BENTONE 27:
Composition: organically modified hectorite clay
Color: creamy white
Form: finely divided powder
Density: 1.80 g/cm³
Moisture: 3% Maximum
Chemical Description: TRIALKYLARYLAMMONIUM HECTORITE
Classification: Polymer Additives= FLOW CONTROL AGENT
Density: 15.0 LB/GAL
(Specific Gravity)= 1.8
Composition: organically modified hectorite
Colour: creamy white
Form: finely divided powder
Density: 1.8 g/cm3
Moisture: 3.0% max



FIRST AID MEASURES of BENTONE 27:
-Description of first-aid measures:
*General advice:
Consult a physician.
Show this material safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
*If inhaled:
If breathed in, move person into fresh air.
Consult a physician.
*In case of skin contact:
Wash off with soap and plenty of water.
Consult a physician.
*In case of eye contact:
Rinse thoroughly with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes and consult a physician.
*If swallowed:
Rinse mouth with water.
Consult a physician.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed:
No data available



ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of BENTONE 27:
-Environmental precautions:
Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so.
Do not let product enter drains.
Discharge into the environment must be avoided.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Sweep up and shovel.
Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.



FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of BENTONE 27:
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.
-Further information:
No data available



EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of BENTONE 27:
-Control parameters:
--Ingredients with workplace control parameters:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Face shield and safety glasses.
*Skin protection:
Handle with gloves.
Wash and dry hands.
Full contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Splash contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
*Body Protection:
Complete suit protecting against chemicals.
-Control of environmental exposure:
Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so.
Do not let product enter drains.
Discharge into the environment must be avoided.



HANDLING and STORAGE of BENTONE 27:
-Advice on safe handling:
Wash thoroughly after handling.
-Conditions for safe storage:
Keep tightly closed.
Keep in a dry, cool and well-ventilated place.
Use only explosion-proof equipment.



STABILITY and REACTIVITY of BENTONE 27:
-Reactivity:
No data available
-Chemical stability:
Stable under recommended storage conditions.
-Possibility of hazardous reactions:
No data available
-Conditions to avoid:
No data available
-Incompatible materials:
No data available


BENTONE EW
BENTONE EW


CAS Number: 3794-83-0, 89382-86-5
EC Number: 618-268-8
Product Type: Rheology Modifiers / Viscosity Modifiers / Thickeners > Organoclays
Chemical Composition: Highly beneficiated smectite clay


Bentone EW is a rheological additive for waterborne system.
Bentone EW is a highly beneficiated, easily dispersible smectite clay.
Bentone EW provides thermostable aqueous phase viscosity control and promotes fast water release.
Bentone EW imparts thixotropy and enhances texturing and stippling effects.


Bentone EW prevents hard settlement of pigments/ fillers and reduces syneresis.
Bentone EW offers excellent sag stability & slump control, outstanding workability and high amount of elasticity.
Bentone EW minimizes floating and flooding of pigments.
Bentone EW is designed for adhesive applications.


Bentone EW has a shelf life of 4 years from the date of manufacture.
Bentone EW additive is stable within the range pH 6-11.
Levels of use typical addition levels are 0.1-1.0 % Bentone EW additive by weight of total formulation, depending upon the degree of suspension, the rheological properties or viscosity required.


Bentone EW additive is a highly beneficiated, easily dispersible powdered smectite clay.
Bentone EW additive is easy to process.
No increased temperature is required.
Add Bentone EW to a vessel containing only water, pH 7.0 - 8.0.


If necessary, adjust pH level.
pH can be adjusted with appropriate alkali but triethanolamine can cause degelling.
High or low pH during dispersion can lead to inhomogeneous gel formations and reduced efficiency.
Mix at highest practicable speed for 10 minutes.


After sufficient hydration time, introduce glycols, defoamers, biocides, dispersants etc. (mix)
Add pigments, fillers, and active ingredients and disperse.
Bentone EW additive is a highly beneficiated, easily dispersible powdered smectite clay.
Bentone EW is suitable for the formulation of acrylic sealants.


Recommended dosage level of Bentone EW is 0.1-1.0%.
Bentone EW imparts thixotropic viscosity and good suspension control to the water phase of cosmetics.
Bentone EW is in compliance with ECOCERT;
The ecological and organic cosmetics standards.



USES and APPLICATIONS of BENTONE EW:
Bentone EW rheological additive is easily processed as a powder or pre-gel increases the viscosity of the aqueous phase and stabilises viscosity on ageing, at varying temperatures and under different shear conditions non-abrasive is stable over the pH range 6-11 imparts thermostable thixotropy/pseudo plasticity provides excellent suspension control reduces phase separation and syneresis is non-abrasive and imparts smooth silky feel to cosmetics and personal care products.


Bentone EW rheological additive is a refined and beneficiated hectorite clay based thickener for waterborne paint and aqueous coating systems.
Bentone EW has outstanding sag and suspension control and can be incorporated in the pre-gel.
Bentone EW additive is a highly beneficiated, easily dispersible powdered smectite clay.
Bentone EW imparts thixotropic viscosity and good suspension control to the water phase.


Bentone EW is a superplastic additive used to modify rheolgy in many consumer products.
Bentone EW is made by refining Hectorite.
Bentone EW is very difficult to mix pure Bentone with water, it is just so sticky and the water content is so high, it takes a week to dry a sample and it cracks into pieces during drying.


Bentone EW additive is a highly beneficiated, easily dispersible powdered smectite clay.
Bentone EW provides thermostable aqueous phase viscosity control and imparts thixotropy.
Bentone EW is easy to sue and can be incorporated as a powder or as an aqueous 3-4% pregel.
Key Applications of Bentone EW: adhesives • ceramic compounds • ceramic glazes • corrosion-inhibitive primers • cosmetics • latex paints • oil-in-water emulsions • paper coatings • polishes and cleaners


-Key applications of Bentone EW:
*Hair care
*Coatings
*Welding
*Ceramics
*Corrosion inhibitor and anti-scaling agent
*Adhesives and Sealants
*Polishing and cleaning
*Skin care products
*Cosmetic products
*Foundry
*Paint and Coatings


-Applications/ Recommended for:
*Adhesives > Water-based
*Sealants
*Polymers > Acrylics & Acrylic Copolymers


-Application performance of Bentone EW:
• enhances texturing and stippling effects
• improves workability/application of plasters
• no throwing power loss in electrostatic systems
• promotes fast water releaseimparts thixotropy


-Applications of Bentone EW:
*Oil-in-water emulsions
*Water-in-oil emulsions
*Creams
*Lotions
*Anti-perspirants
*Deodorants
*Colour cosmetics
*Face packs
*Facial make-up
*Sun-care products
*Hair-care products


-Applications of Bentone EW:
*Adhesives
*Ceramic compounds
*Ceramic glazes
*Corrosion-inhibitive primers
*Cosmetics
*Crop protection agents
*Electrodeposition coatings
*Latex paints
*Foundry paints/foundry resins (washes)
*Oil-in-water emulsions
*Other water-borne paint systems
*Paper coatings
*Polishes and cleaners
*Welding electrodes



KEY PROPERTIES OF BENTONE EW:
BENTONE EW rheological additive rheological properties:
• provides thermostable aqueous phase viscosity control
• imparts thixotropy



STABILITY OF BENTONE EW:
• electrolyte emulsions
• stabilises emulsions
• provides good stability in electrostatic coating baths
• prevents hard settlement of pigments/fillers
• reduces syneresis
• minimises floating/flooding of pigments easy to use
• can be incorporated as powder or as an aqueous 3 - 4 wt % (EW solids) pregel.



PROPERTIES OF BENTONE EW:
*Is easily processed as a powder or pre-gel
*Is stable over the pH range 6-11
*Is a thickener, provides excellent suspension control
*Is a thickener, reduces phase separation and syneresis



PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of BENTONE EW:
Physical Form: Powder, Soft
Appearance: Milky-white
Composition: highly beneficiated smectite clay
Color / Form: milky-white, soft powder
density approx.: 0.4 g/cm3
Particle Siz: min 94% thru 200 mesh
Form: liquid
Colour: colourless
Odour: odourless
Odour Threshold: Not applicable
pH ca.: 13 at 20 °C
Melting point: No information available.
Boiling point: No information available.
Flash point: Not applicable

Evaporation rate: No information available.
Flammability (solid, gas): No information available.
Lower explosion limit: Not applicable
Upper explosion limit: Not applicable
Vapour pressure: No information available.
Relative vapour density: No information available.
Density ca.: 1,20 g/cm3 at 20 °C
Relative density: No information available.
Water solubility at 20 °C: soluble
Partition coefficient: noctanol/water: No information available.
Auto-ignition temperature: No information available.
Decomposition temperature: No information available.
Viscosity, dynamic: No information available.
Explosive properties: Not classified as explosive.
Oxidizing properties: none



FIRST AID MEASURES of BENTONE EW:
-Description of first aid measures:
*After inhalation:
Fresh air.
Call in physician.
*In case of skin contact:
Take off immediately all contaminated clothing.
Rinse skin with water/ shower.
Call a physician immediately.
*After eye contact:
Rinse out with plenty of water.
Immediately call in ophthalmologist.
Remove contact lenses.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed:
No information available.



ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of BENTONE EW:
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Cover drains.
Collect, bind, and pump off spills.
Take up with liquid-absorbent and neutralising material.
Dispose of properly.



FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of BENTONE EW:
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Use extinguishing measures that are appropriate to local circumstances and the surrounding environment.
*Unsuitable extinguishing media:
For this substance/mixture no limitations of extinguishing agents are given.
-Further information:
Prevent fire extinguishing water from contaminating surface water or the ground water system.



EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of BENTONE EW:
-Exposure controls:
--Individual protection measures:
*Eye/face protection
Tightly fitting safety goggles
*Hand protection
full contact:
Glove material: Nitrile rubber
Glove thickness: 0,11 mm
Break through time: > 480 min
splash contact:
Glove material: Nitrile rubber
Glove thickness: 0,11 mm
Break through time: > 480 min
-Environmental exposure controls
Do not let product enter drains.



HANDLING and STORAGE of BENTONE EW:
-Precautions for safe handling:
*Advice on safe handling:
Observe label precautions.
*Hygiene measures:
Immediately change contaminated clothing.
Wash hands and face after working with substance.
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
Requirements for storage areas and containers.
No metal containers.
*Storage conditions:
Tightly closed.
Recommended storage temperature see product label.



STABILITY and REACTIVITY of BENTONE EW:
-Chemical stability:
The product is chemically stable under standard ambient conditions (room temperature) .
-Conditions to avoid:
no information available



SYNONYMS:
Phosphonic acid, (1-hydroxyethylidine) bis-
Tetrasodium salt
Hectorite
Hectorite Clay
Smectite Clay
BENTONITE
A type of clay that is used as an adsorbent in making paper.
The gelatinous suspension Bentonite forms with water is used to bind together the sand for making iron castings.
Chemically bentonite is an aluminosilicate of variable composition.

CAS: 1302-78-9
MF: Al2O3.4(SiO2).H2O
MW: 360.31
EINECS: 215-108-5

Bentonite is a very soft plastic clay consisting predominantly of montmorillonite, a fine particle-sized hydrous aluminum silicate and member of the smectite group.
Most bentonites are formed by the alteration of volcanic ash and rocks after intense contact with water.
Bentonite presents strong colloidal properties and increases its volume several times when coming into contact with water, creating a gelatinous and viscous substance.
Bentonite's specific properties include swelling, water absorption, viscosity, and thixotropy.
These properties are in demand in a huge range of industries served by Imerys, earning Bentonite the nickname ‘the mineral with a thousand uses’.

Bentonite is comprised primarily of the smectite group (montmorillonite) of clay minerals.
Bentonite is widely used in various industrial applications such as clarification of edible and mineral oils, paints, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals.
Bentonite is also used as an adsorbent for the elimination of pollutants from wastewater.
The swelling property of bentonite is used to produce viscous water suspensions for bonding, plasticizing, and suspending applications.
The presence of a large surface area of bentonite is due to the colloidal dispersion of the particles is the main reason for its application as an insecticide carrier, an emulsifier, and an emulsion stabilizer.

Bentonite is an absorbent swelling clay consisting mostly of montmorillonite (a type of smectite) which can either be Na-montmorillonite or Ca-montmorillonite.
Na-montmorillonite has a considerably greater swelling capacity than Ca-montmorillonite.

Bentonite usually forms from the weathering of volcanic ash in seawater, or by hydrothermal circulation through the porosity of volcanic ash beds, which converts (devitrification) the volcanic glass (obsidian, rhyolite, dacite) present in the ash into clay minerals.
In the mineral alteration process, a large fraction (up to 40-50 wt.%) of amorphous silica is dissolved and leached away, leaving the bentonite deposit in place.
Bentonite beds are white or pale blue or green (traces of reduced Fe2+) in fresh exposures, turning to a cream color and then yellow, red, or brown (traces of oxidized Fe3+) as the exposure is weathered further.

As a swelling clay, bentonite has the ability to absorb large quantities of water, which increases its volume by up to a factor of eight.
This makes bentonite beds unsuitable for building and road construction.
However, the swelling property is used to advantage in drilling mud and groundwater sealants.
The montmorillonite / smectite making up bentonite is an aluminium phyllosilicate mineral, which takes the form of microscopic platy grains.
These give the clay a very large total surface area, making bentonite a valuable adsorbent. The plates also adhere to each other when wet.
This gives the clay a cohesiveness that makes Bentonite useful as a binder and as an additive to improve the plasticity of kaolinite clay used for pottery.

One of the first findings of bentonite was in the Cretaceous Benton Shale near Rock River, Wyoming.
The Fort Benton Group, along with others in stratigraphic succession, was named after Fort Benton, Montana, in the mid-19th century by Fielding Bradford Meek and F. V. Hayden of the U.S. Geological Survey.
Bentonite has since been found in many other locations, including China and Greece (bentonite deposit of the Milos volcanic island in the Aegean Sea).
The total worldwide production of bentonite in 2018 was 20,400,000 metric tons.

Bentonite is a type of natural clay that is most famously used as an oil-absorbing agent in facial masks and other cosmetics.
While its absorbent properties are helpful for those with oily skin, Bentonite can be drying for other skin types (especially when used in very high amounts).
To overcome this, some formulators pair bentonite with hydrating/soothing ingredients.
These work to limit the absorbency of bentonite while still allowing skin to benefit without becoming dried out.

Bentonite Chemical Properties
Density: 2~3g/cm3
Solubility: Practically insoluble in water and in aqueous solutions. It swells with a little water forming a malleable mass.
Form: powder
Color: Light yellow or green, cream,pink, gray to black solid
Odor: odorless, sl. earthy taste
Water Solubility: Insoluble in water and forms a colloidal solution.
Merck: 14,1055
Dielectric constant: 8.1(Ambient)
Exposure limits ACGIH: TWA 1 mg/m3
Stability: Stable.
CAS DataBase Reference: 1302-78-9
EPA Substance Registry System: Bentonite (1302-78-9)

Bentonite is a crystalline, claylike mineral, and is available as an odorless, pale buff, or cream to grayish-colored fine powder, which is free from grit.
Bentonite consists of particles about 50–150 mm in size along with numerous particles about 1–2μm.
Microscopic examination of samples stained with alcoholic methylene blue solution reveals strongly stained blue particles.
Bentonite may have a slight earthy taste.
Bentonite is a light yellow, creamy, pale brown or gray to black powder or granules.

Uses
As of Fuller's earth; as emulsifier for oils; as a base for plasters.
Pharmaceutic aid (suspending agent).
Bentonite is used to regulate the viscosity and suspension properties of a cosmetic formulation.
Bentonite also acts as an overall formula stabilizer.
Bentonite’s water-absorption capabilities allow it to form a gelatinous mass.
Considered a noncomedogenic raw material, bentonite is a colloidal aluminum silicate clay.
Bentonite is a general purpose additive that is used as a pigment and colorant and to clarify and stabilize wine.

The main uses of bentonite are in drilling mud and as a binder, purifier, absorbent, and carrier for fertilizers or pesticides.
As of around 1990, almost half of the US production of bentonite was used as drilling mud.
Minor uses include filler, sealant, and catalyst in petroleum refining.
Calcium bentonite is sometimes marketed as fuller's earth, whose uses overlap with those of other forms of bentonite.

Agricultural Uses
Clays exist in many forms, of which montmorillonite is one form.
Kaolinite and montmorillonite, which are clay minerals, have different layer structures with differing abilities to absorb and retain water, and to adsorb and exchange cations.
Montmorillonites have an expanding structure (2: 1) and have high cation exchange capacity (80 to 120 mg per 100 g).
They have abundant black clay soils.
Other minerals in this group are biedellite and nontronite.

Bentonite, also known as montmorillonite, volcanic clay, soap clay and amargosite, is a soft, plastic, lightcolored, porous rock consisting largely of colloidal silica.
Composed essentially of clay minerals, Bentonite swells extensively when wet.
Bentonite belongs chiefly to the montmorillonite group and has two varieties: (a) sodium bentonite, with a high swelling capacity in water, and (b) calcium bentonite, with negligible swelling capacity.
Bentonite is used variously as a suspending aid, a gelatinous slurry to extinguish fire, a paint thickener, and as a sealant for earthen pots.
Bentonite is also widely used in metallurgy, soap manufacture, and in petroleum refining because of its high decolorizing power and strong adsorbing capacity.

Pharmaceutical Applications
Bentonite is a naturally occurring hydrated aluminum silicate used primarily in the formulation of suspensions, gels, and sols, for topical pharmaceutical applications.
Bentonite is also used to suspend powders in aqueous preparations and to prepare cream bases containing oil-in-water emulsifying agents.
Bentonite may also be used in oral pharmaceutical preparations, cosmetics, and food products.
In oral preparations, bentonite, and other similar silicate clays, can be used to adsorb cationic drugs and so retard their release.
Adsorbents are also used to mask the taste of certain drugs.
Bentonite has been investigated as a diagnostic agent for magnetic resonance imaging.
Therapeutically, bentonite has been investigated as an adsorbent for lithium poisoning.

Production Methods
Bentonite is a native, colloidal, hydrated aluminum silicate, found in regions of Canada and the USA.
The mined ore is processed to remove grit and nonswelling materials so that Bentonite is suitable for pharmaceutical applications.

Synonyms
MONTMORILLONITE
BENTONITE MAGMA
BENTONITE
BENTONITE (SODIUM FORM)
FULLERS EARTH
KWK KRYSTAL KLEAR
albagelpremiumusp4444
pengruntu
BENTONITE
Bitter almond oil; Benzenecarboxaldehyde; Benzaldehyde; Benzoic aldehyde; Artificial Almond Oil; Benzenecarbonal; Phenylmethanal; Almond artificial essential oil; Phenylmethanal benzenecarboxaldehyde; Benzadehyde; Benzene carbaldehyde; Phenylmethanal CAS NO: 100-52-7
BENZALDEHYDE
Benzaldehyde Jump to navigationJump to search Benzaldehyde Skeletal (structural) formula Ball-and-stick model Names Preferred IUPAC name Benzaldehyde[1] Systematic IUPAC name Benzenecarbaldehyde Other names Benzenecarboxaldehyde Phenylmethanal Benzoic aldehyde Identifiers CAS Number 100-52-7 check 3D model (JSmol) Interactive image Interactive image ChEBI CHEBI:17169 check ChEMBL ChEMBL15972 check ChemSpider 235 check ECHA InfoCard 100.002.601 Edit this at Wikidata EC Number 202-860-4 KEGG D02314 check PubChem CID 240 RTECS number CU437500 UNII TA269SD04T check UN number 1990 CompTox Dashboard (EPA) DTXSID8039241 Edit this at Wikidata InChI[show] SMILES[show] Properties Chemical formula C7H6O Molar mass 106.124 g·mol−1 Appearance colorless liquid strongly refractive Odor almond-like Density 1.044 g/mL, liquid Melting point −57.12[2] °C (−70.82 °F; 216.03 K) Boiling point 178.1 °C (352.6 °F; 451.2 K) Solubility in water 6.95 g/L (25 °C)[3] log P 1.64[4] Magnetic susceptibility (χ) -60.78·10−6 cm3/mol Refractive index (nD) 1.5456 Viscosity 1.321 cP (25 °C) Thermochemistry Std enthalpy of formation (ΔfH⦵298) −36.8 kJ/mol Std enthalpy of combustion (ΔcH⦵298) −3525.1 kJ/mol Hazards Safety data sheet J. T. Baker GHS pictograms GHS07: Harmful GHS Signal word Warning GHS hazard statements H302 GHS precautionary statements P264, P270, P301+312, P330, P501 NFPA 704 (fire diamond) NFPA 704 four-colored diamond 220 Flash point 64 °C (147 °F; 337 K) Autoignition temperature 192 °C (378 °F; 465 K) Explosive limits 1.4–8.5% Lethal dose or concentration (LD, LC): LD50 (median dose) 1300 mg/kg (rat, oral) Related compounds Related compounds Benzyl alcohol Benzoic acid Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa). check verify (what is check☒ ?) Infobox references Benzaldehyde (C6H5CHO) is an organic compound consisting of a benzene ring with a formyl substituent. It is the simplest aromatic aldehyde and one of the most industrially useful. It is a colorless liquid with a characteristic almond-like odor. The primary component of bitter almond oil, benzaldehyde can be extracted from a number of other natural sources.[5] Synthetic benzaldehyde is the flavoring agent in imitation almond extract, which is used to flavor cakes and other baked goods.[6] Contents 1 History 2 Production 3 Occurrence 4 Reactions 5 Uses 5.1 Niche uses 6 Safety 7 References 8 External links History Benzaldehyde was first extracted in 1803 by the French pharmacist Martrès. His experiments focused on elucidating the nature of amygdalin, the poisonous material found in bitter almonds, the fruit of Prunus dulcis.[7] Further work on the oil by Pierre Robiquet and Antoine Boutron-Charlard, two French chemists, produced benzaldehyde.[8] In 1832, Friedrich Wöhler and Justus von Liebig first synthesized benzaldehyde.[9] Production As of 1999, 7000 tonnes of synthetic and 100 tonnes of natural benzaldehyde were produced annually.[10] Liquid phase chlorination and oxidation of toluene are the main routes. Numerous other methods have been developed, such as the partial oxidation of benzyl alcohol, alkali hydrolysis of benzal chloride, and the carbonylation of benzene.[11] A significant quantity of natural benzaldehyde is produced from cinnamaldehyde obtained from cassia oil by the retro-aldol reaction:[10] the cinnamaldehyde is heated in an aqueous/alcoholic solution between 90 °C and 150 °C with a base (most commonly sodium carbonate or bicarbonate) for 5 to 80 hours,[12] followed by distillation of the formed benzaldehyde. This reaction also yields acetaldehyde. The natural status of benzaldehyde obtained in this way is controversial.[10] "Site-specific nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy", which evaluates 1H/2H isotope ratios, has been used to differentiate between naturally occurring and synthetic benzaldehyde.[13] Occurrence Benzaldehyde and similar chemicals occur naturally in many foods. Most of the benzaldehyde that people eat is from natural plant foods, such as almonds.[14] Almonds, apricots, apples, and cherry kernels contain significant amounts of amygdalin. This glycoside breaks up under enzyme catalysis into benzaldehyde, hydrogen cyanide and two equivalents of glucose. Amygdalin Amygdalin structure.svg 2 H 2O HCN Rightward reaction arrow with minor substrate(s) from top left and minor product(s) to top right benzaldehyde Benzaldehyde.png 2 × glucose 2 × Alpha-D-glucose-2D-skeletal-hexagon.png Benzaldehyde contributes to the scent of oyster mushrooms (Pleurotus ostreatus).[15] Reactions Benzaldehyde can be oxidized to benzoic acid; in fact "[B]enzaldehyde readily undergoes autoxidation to form benzoic acid on exposure to air at room temperature"[16] causing a common impurity in laboratory samples. Since the boiling point of benzoic acid is much higher than that of benzaldehyde, it may be purified by distillation. Benzyl alcohol can be formed from benzaldehyde by means of hydrogenation. Reaction of benzaldehyde with anhydrous sodium acetate and acetic anhydride yields cinnamic acid, while alcoholic potassium cyanide can be used to catalyze the condensation of benzaldehyde to benzoin. Benzaldehyde undergoes disproportionation upon treatment with concentrated alkali (Cannizzaro reaction): one molecule of the aldehyde is reduced to the benzyl alcohol and another molecule is simultaneously oxidized to benzoic acid. Cannizzaro reaction With diols, including many sugars, benzaldehyde condenses to form benzylidene acetals. Uses Benzaldehyde is commonly employed to confer almond flavor to foods and scented products. It is sometimes used in cosmetics products.[17] In industrial settings, benzaldehyde is used chiefly as a precursor to other organic compounds, ranging from pharmaceuticals to plastic additives. The aniline dye malachite green is prepared from benzaldehyde and dimethylaniline. Benzaldehyde is also a precursor to certain acridine dyes. Via aldol condensations, benzaldehyde is converted into derivatives of cinnamaldehyde and styrene. The synthesis of mandelic acid starts with the addition of hydrocyanic acid to benzaldehyde: mandelic acid synthesis The resulting cyanohydrin is hydrolysed to mandelic acid. (The scheme above depicts only one of the two formed enantiomers). Niche uses Benzaldehyde is used as a bee repellent.[18] A small amount of benzaldehyde solution is placed on a fume board near the honeycombs. The bees then move away from the honey combs to avoid the fumes.[19] The beekeeper can then remove the honey frames from the bee hive with less risk to both bees and beekeeper. Additionally, benzaldehyde is also used as a flavour chemical in JUUL e-cigarette pods, particularly the "Cool Mint", "Cool Cucumber", and "Fruit Medley" varieties. The concentration is relatively low, at ~1 μg/mL.[20] Safety As used in food, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, and soap, benzaldehyde is "generally regarded as safe" (GRAS) by the US FDA[21] and FEMA.[14] This status was reaffirmed after a review in 2005.[14] It is accepted in the European Union as a flavoring agent.[17] Toxicology studies indicate that it is safe and non-carcinogenic in the concentrations used for foods and cosmetics,[17] and may even have anti-carcinogenic (anti-cancer) properties.[17] For a 70 kg human, the lethal dose is estimated at 50 mL.[11] An acceptable daily intake of 15 mg/day has been identified for benzaldehyde by the United States Environmental Protection Agency.[22] Benzaldehyde does not accumulate in human tissues.[17] It is metabolized and then excreted in urine.[17] Benzaldehyde Chemical Properties,Uses,Production description Benzaldehyde is an organic compound, and is synthetized by the way that the hydrogen of benzene is substituted by aldehyde. It is the most simple, and also the most commonly used industrial aromatic aldehyde. It is a colorless liquid at room temperature and has a special almond odor. Benzaldehyde is a compound that aldehyde is directly linked to the phenyl group, because it has a similar bitter almond flavor. Benzaldehyde widely exists in plant, especially in the Rosaceae plants. It is mainly in the form of glycosides in plant stem bark, leaves or seeds, such as amygdalin, bitter almond, cherry, laurel, peach. Benzaldehyde is naturally in bitter almond oil, patchouli oil, hyacinth oil, cananga oil. The compound is also in the nutlets and nuts, and exists in the form of Amygdalin, which is combination of glycosides. The chemical properties of Benzaldehyde is similar to that of aliphatic aldehydes, but It is also different. Benzaldehyde cannot reduce fehling reagent. When the reducing fat is used to reduce the benzaldehyde, the main products are benzene methanol, four substituted for the ortho-glycol and two-phenyl ethylene glycol. In the presence of potassium cyanide, two molecules of benzaldehyde form benzoin by acceptance the hydrogen atom. The substitution reaction in aromatic nucleus of benzaldehyde is mainly the meta-position product. For example, the main product is the m-nitrobenzaldehyde , when benzaldehyde is nitrated. benzaldehyde structure benzaldehyde structure Chemical Properties Benzaldehyde is the main, characteristic component of bitter almond oil. It occurs in many other essential oils and is a colorless liquid with a bitter almond odor. In the absence of inhibitors, benzaldehyde undergoes autoxidation to perbenzoic acid, which reacts with a second molecule of benzaldehyde to yield benzoic acid. Hydrogenation of benzaldehyde yields benzyl alcohol, and condensation with aliphatic aldehydes leads to additional fragrance substances or their unsaturated intermediates.Unsaturated araliphatic acids are obtained through the Perkin reaction, for example, the reaction with acetic anhydride to give cinnamic acid. Benzaldehyde is used in aroma compositions for its bitter almond odor. It is the starting material for a large number of araliphatic fragrance and flavor materials. Uses 1. Benzaldehyde is an important raw material for medicine, dyestuff, perfume and resin industry. It also can be used as solvent, plasticizer and low temperature lubricant. In essence, it is mainly used for the deployment of food flavor. A small amount of benzaldehyde is daily use in flavor and flavor of tobacco. In spite of being widely used as commercial food condiment and industrial solvents, the main use of benzyl alcohol is still used to synthesize a variety of other compounds from pharmaceuticals to plastic additives. Benzyl alcohol is an important intermediate product in the production of perfumes, spices, and some aniline dyes. Mandelic acid was synthesized by benzaldehyde as the starting reagent: With the first hydrocyanic acid reacts with benzaldehyde, then mandelonitrile hydrolyzed to Racemic mandelic acid. Glacialist LaChepelle and Stillman reported Ice crystallization is inhibited by benzaldehyde and aldehydes ice in 1966, so as to prevent the thick frost formation (Depth Hoar). This process can prevent snowslide caused by the instability of the snow cover. However, this compound has not been used extensively, because of the destruction of vegetation and polluted water sources. 2.It is mainly used for the preparation of flavors, such as almond, cherry, peach, nuts, etc., the amount is up to 40%. As aromatizing agent canned cherry syrup, adding amount is sugar 3mL/kg. 3. Pharmaceutical, dyestuff, spice intermediates. For the production of oxygen based benzene formaldehyde, lauric acid, lauric aldehyde, malachite, benzyl benzoate, benzyl aniline and benzylidene acetone etc.. Used to tune the soap flavor, edible essence, etc. 4. As the head of the special aroma, it is used trace formula for fragrance, such as lilac, white, violet, jasmine, acacia, sunflower, sweet plum, orange flower, Tofu pudding etc.. Also it is used in soap. Also it can be used as edible spices for almond, coconut cream, berries, cherries, apricots, peaches, plums, walnuts, and vanilla bean, spicy flavor. Wine with flavors such as rum, brandy, etc. 5. Benzaldehyde is an intermediate of herbicide resistance, plant growth regulator, and anti-amine. 6. Used as a reagent for the determination of ozone, phenol, alkaloid and methylene. Used in the preparation of spices. Production Benzaldehyde can be prepared by a variety of ways. Obtained from natural essential oils by fractionation. Ozone oxidation and thiourea reduction reaction of natural cinnamon oil (containing cinnamaldehyde constituent 80% or more) Catalytic oxidation of Toluene Hydrolyze dichloromethane under alkaline conditions. reactions Benzaldehyde can be slowly oxidized to benzoic acid in air, so a small amount of hydroquinone is often added to prevent its oxidation. There is no α-H atom in the benzaldehyde molecule. Disproportionation reaction(Cannizarro reaction) may occur under the action of concentrated alkali: Heating benzaldehyde in the presence of catalyst of cyanide ion, it will occur bimolecular condensation: Chemical Properties Benzaldehyde is a colorless to yellow, oily liquid with an odor of bitter almonds. Benzaldehyde is commercially available in two grades: (i) pure benzaldehyde and (ii) and double-distilled benzaldehyde. The latter has applications in the pharmaceutical, perfume, and fl avor industries. Benzaldehyde may contain trace amounts of chlorine, water, benzoic acid, benzyl chloride, benzyl alcohol, and/or nitrobenzene. Benzaldehyde is ignited relatively easily on contact with hot surfaces. This has been attributed to the property of very low auto-ignition temperature. Benzaldehyde also undergoes autoxidation in air and is liable to self-heat. Benzaldehyde exists in nature, occurring in combined and uncombined forms in many plants. Benzaldehyde is also the main constituent of the essential oils obtained by pressing the kernels of peaches, cherries, apricots, and other fruits. Benzaldehyde is released into the environment in emissions from combustion processes, such as gasoline and diesel engines, incinerators, and wood burning. It is formed in the atmosphere through photochemical oxidation of toluene and other aromatic hydrocarbons. Benzaldehyde is corrosive to gray and ductile cast iron (10% solution), and all concentrations of lead. However, pure benzaldehyde is not corrosive to cast iron. Benzaldehyde does not attack most of the common metals, like stainless steels, aluminum, aluminum bronze, nickel and nickel-base alloys, bronze, naval brass, tantalum, titanium, and zirconium. On decomposition, benzaldehyde releases peroxybenzoic acid and benzoic acidBenzaldehyde is used in perfumes, soaps, foods, drinks, and other products; as a solvent for oils, resins, some cellulose ethers, cellulose acetate, and cellulose nitrate. The uses of benzaldehyde in industries are extensive. For instance, in the production of derivatives that are employed in the perfume and fl avor industries, like cinnamaldehyde, cinnamyl alcohol, cinnamic acid, benzylacetone, and benzyl benzoate, in the production of triphenylmethane dyes and the acridine dye, benzofl avin; as an intermediate in the pharmaceutical industry, for instance, to make chloramphenicol, ephedrin, and ampicillin, as an intermediate to make benzoin, benzylamine, benzyl alcohol, mandelic acid, and 4-phenyl-3-buten-2-one (benzylideneacetone), in photochemistry, as a corrosion inhibitor and dyeing auxiliary, in the electroplating industry, and in the production of agricultural chemicals Occurrence Present as cyanuric glucoside (amygdalin) in bitter almond, peach, apricot kernel and other Prunus species; amygdalin is also present in various parts of the following plants: Sambucus nigra, Chrysophyllum arlen, Anacyclus officinarnm, Anacyclus pedunculatus, Davallia brasiliensis, Lacuma deliciosa, Lacuma multiflora and others; free benzaldehyde has been reported found in several essential oils: hyacinth, citronella, orris, cinnamon, sassafras, labdanum and patchouli. Reported found in strawberry jam, leek (raw) (Allium porrum L.), crispbread, Camembert, Gruyere de Comte, provolone cheeses, black tea, salted and pickled plum, cooked trassi, Bantu beer, red sage (Texas sage) (S. coccinea Juss. Ex Murr.), arrack, scallop, hog plum (Spondias mombins L.), chekur (Alpinia sessilis Kon. = Kaemferia galanga) and other natural sources. Uses Benzaldehyde is used as an intermediatein the production of flavoring chemicals,such as cinnamaldehyde, cinnamalalcohol,and amyl- and hexylcinnamaldehyde for perfume,soap, and food flavor; synthetic penicillin,ampicillin, and ephedrine; and as araw material for the herbicide Avenge. Itoccurs in nature in the seeds of almonds,apricots, cherries, and peaches. It occurs intrace amounts in corn oil. Uses Manufacture of dyes, perfumery, cinnamic and mandelic acids, as solvent; in flavors. Uses Benzaldehyde is a flavoring agent which is liquid and colorless, and has an almond-like odor. it has a hot (burning) taste. it is oxidized to benzoic acid when exposed to air and deteriorates under light. it is miscible in volatile oils, fixed oils, ether, and alcohol; it is spar- ingly soluble in water. it is obtained by chemical synthesis and by natural occurrence in oils of bitter almond, peach, and apricot kernel. it is also termed benzoic aldehyde. Definition A yellow organic oil with a distinct almondlike odor. Benzenecarbaldehyde undergoes the reactions characteristic of aldehydes and may be synthesized in the laboratory by the usual methods of aldehyde synthesis. It is used as a food flavoring and in the manufacture of dyes and antibiotics, and can be readily manufactured by the chlorination of methylbenzene and the subsequent hydrolysis of (dichloromethyl) benzene: C6H5CH3 + Cl2 →C6H5CHCl2 C6H5CHCl2 + 2H2O →C6H5CH(OH)2+ 2HCl C6H5CH(OH)2 →C6H5CHO + H2O. Preparation Benzaldehyde is prepared by hydrolysis of benzal chloride, for example, in acidic media in the presence of a catalyst such as ferric chloride or in alkaline media with aqueous sodium carbonate. Part of the commercially available benzaldehyde originates from a technical process for phenol. In this process, benzaldehyde is a by-product in the oxidation, in air, of toluene to benzoic acid. Reactions Benzaldehyde reacts with many chemicals in a marked manner: (1) with ammonio-silver nitrate (“Tollen’s solution”) to form metallic silver, either as a black precipitate or as an adherent mirror film on glass (but does not reduce alkaline cupric solution, “Fehling’s solution”); (2) with rosaniline (fuchsine, magenta) that has been decolorized by sulfurous acid (“Schiff’s solution”), restoring the pink color of rosaniline; (3) with NaOH solution, yielding benzyl alcohol and sodium benzoate; (4) with NH4OH, yielding tribenzaldeamine (hydrobenzamide, (C6H5CH)3N2), white solid, mp 101 °C, (5) with aniline, yielding benzylideneaniline (“Schiff’s base” C6H5CH:NC6H5); (6) with sodium cyanide in alcohol, yielding benzoin C6H5·CHOHCOC6H5, white solid, mp 133 °C; (7) with hydroxylamine hydrochloride, yielding benzaldoximes C6H5CH:NOH, white solids, antioxime, mp 35 °C, syn-oxime, mp 130 °C; (8) with phenylhydrazine, yields benzaldehyde phenylhydrazone C6H5CH:NNHC6H5, pink solid, mp 156 °C; (9) with concentrated HNO3, yields metanitrobenzaldehyde NO2·C6H4CHO, white solid, mp 58 °C; (10) with concentrated H2SO4 yields metabenzaldehyde sulfonic acid C6H4CHO (SO3H)2, (11) with anhydrous sodium acetate and acetic anhydride at 180 °C, yielding sodium benzoate C6H5CHOONa (12) with sodium hydrogen sulfite, forming benzaldehyde sodium bisulfite C6H5CHOHSO3Na, a white solid, from which benzaldehyde is readily recoverable by treatment with sodium carbonate solution; (13) with acetaldehyde made slightly alkaline with NaOH, yielding cinnamic aldehyde C6H5CH:CHCHO, (14) with phosphorus pentachloride, yielding benzylidine chloride C6H5CHCl2. Aroma threshold values Detection: 100 ppb to 4.6 ppm; Recognition: 330 ppb to 4.1 ppm. Taste threshold values Taste characteristics at 50 ppm: sweet, oily, almond, cherry, nutty and woody Synthesis Reference(s) Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 12, p. 403, 1964 The Journal of Organic Chemistry, 58, p. 4732, 1993 DOI: 10.1021/jo00069a043 Synthetic Communications, 16, p. 43, 1986 DOI: 10.1080/00397918608057686 General Description A clear colorless to yellow liquid with a bitter almond odor. Flash point near 145°F. More denser than water and insoluble in water. Hence sinks in water. Vapors are heavier than air. The primary hazard is to the environment. Immediate steps should be taken to limit spread to the environment. Easily penetrates the soil to contaminate groundwater and nearby waterways. Used in flavoring and perfume making. Air & Water Reactions Oxidizes in air to form benzoic acid, which is moderately toxic by ingestion. Insoluble in water. Reactivity Profile A nontoxic, combustible liquid, reacts with oxidizing reagents. Benzaldehyde must be blanketed with an inert gas at all times since Benzaldehyde is oxidized readily by air to benzoic acid [Kirk-Othmer, 3rd ed., Vol. 3, 1978, p. 736]. In contact with strong acids or bases Benzaldehyde will undergo an exothermic condensation reaction [Sax, 9th ed., 1996, p. 327]. A violent reaction was observed on contact with peroxyacids (peroxyformic acid) [DiAns, J. et al., Ber., 1915, 48, p. 1136]. An explosion occurred when pyrrolidine, Benzaldehyde, and propionic acid were heated to form porphyrins. Hazard Highly toxic. Health Hazard Benzaldehyde exhibited low to moderate toxicityin test animals, the poisoning effectdepending on dosage. Ingestion of 50–60 mLmay be fatal to humans. Oral intake of a largedose can cause tremor, gastrointestinal pain,and kidney damage. Animal experimentsindicated that ingestion of this compoundby guinea pigs caused tremor, bleeding fromsmall intestine, and an increase in urine volume;in rats, ingestion resulted in somnolenceand coma. LD50 value, oral (guinea pigs): 1000 mg/kg LD50 value, oral (rats): 1300 mg/kg A 500-mg amount for a 24-hour periodresulted in moderate skin irritation in rabbits.Because of its low toxicity, high boilingpoint, and low vapor pressure, the healthhazard to humans from exposure to benzaldehydeis very low. Fire Hazard HIGHLY FLAMMABLE: Will be easily ignited by heat, sparks or flames. Vapors may form explosive mixtures with air. Vapors may travel to source of ignition and flash back. Most vapors are heavier than air. They will spread along ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks). Vapor explosion hazard indoors, outdoors or in sewers. Runoff to sewer may create fire or explosion hazard. Containers may explode when heated. Many liquids are lighter than water. Chemical Reactivity Reactivity with Water: No reaction; Reactivity with Common Materials: No reactions; Stability During Transport: Stable; Neutralizing Agents for Acids and Caustics: Not pertinent; Polymerization: Not pertinent; Inhibitor of Polymerization: Not pertinent. Pharmacology Benzaldehyde significantly inhibited peptic activity in artificial gastric juice in vitro (20-45% inhibition) and in vivo to the extent of 87% in normal healthy persons and ulcer patients (Kleeberg, 1959). As a freshly prepared 1:500 solution, it exerted a marked antispasmodic effect, relaxing the tonus and inhibiting contractions of various isolated smooth muscles of dog, cat, rat, rabbit, mouse, guinea-pig, pig and frog and of a few human tissues. Injected into rabbits and other animals it produced a marked relaxation of the intestines and urinary bladder and marked vasodilation of the splanchnic vessel. Injection of 4 ml of a 5% solution iv into a cat caused a fall in blood pressure and slowing of respiration. In dogs, 1 ml injected iv or sc or 2 ml/kg given orally produced only a slight slowing of respiration. Injection of larger doses iv produced only a drop in blood pressure, slight slowing of respiration and inhibition of intestinal contractions, with vasodilation of the splanchnic vessel. In rabbits, iv injection of 20 ml of a 0-2% solution did not produce dangerous results. Large injected doses of benzaldehyde exert their mosjt important toxic effects on the medulla, with slowing or paralysis of respiration. In the intact animal, the heart is very little affected; but benzaldehyde acts as a muscular depressant on isolated frog heart (Macht, 1922). Treatment of isolated rat striated muscle for 1-5 min with 30 mM-benzaldehyde increased the rate of propagation of contractures and the rate of structural breakdown of injured striated muscle fibres. After more prolonged application (for 30 min), the rapid propagation of contracture continued but the structural breakdown was inhibited (Busing, 1972). Benzaldehyde possessed definite local anaesthetic properties in the sciatic nerves of cats, dogs and frogs, in the eyes of rabbits and dogs (accompanied by irritation) and in the skin of frogs, but was considered unsuitable for practical use because of its rapid oxidation to benzoic acid (Macht, 1922). In a study of the toxic effects of cherry laurel water on mice and on isolated rat intestine, benzaldehyde was found to aid in the detoxication of HCN by the formation of C6H5?CH(OH)?CN (Lanza & Conte, 1964). Benzaldehyde did not act as a cross-linking (tanning) agent for corium and aorta, since in a 015 M solution it did not increase the observed in vitro hydrothermal shrinkage temperatures of goat skin and human, bovine and canine aortae (Milch, 1965). The intestinal absorption-rate coefficients of benzaldehyde and related compounds were determined by perfusion of aqueous solutions through the small intestines of anaesthetized rats (Nogami, Hanano & Yamada, 1968). No changes in gastric motor patterns, including gastric motility, were observed in rats after inhalation of "toxic levels" (not specified) of benzaldehyde from a liquid sample placed in a test chamber using recirculated air, or from a saturated paper applied to the trachea (Roth & Tansy, 1972). Benzaldehyde in a concentration of 0-1 mmol/litre caused a 16% depression of the frequency of electric-organ discharge in the mormyrid electric fish Gnathonemus moori (Walsh & Schopp, 1966). Safety Profile Poison by ingestion and intraperitoneal routes. Moderately toxic by subcutaneous route. An allergen. Acts as a feeble local anesthetic. Local contact may cause contact dermatitis. Causes central nervous system depression in small doses and convulsions in larger doses. A skin irritant. Questionable carcinogen with experimental tumorigenic data. Mutation data reported. Combustible liquid. To fight fire, use water (may be used as a blanket), alcohol, foam, dry chemical. A strong reducing agent. Reacts violently with peroxyformic acid and other oxidizers. See also ALDEHYDES. Chemical Synthesis Natural benzaldehyde is obtained by extraction and subsequent fractional distillation from botanical sources; synthetically, from benzyl chloride and lime or by oxidation of toluene Potential Exposure In manufacture of perfumes, dyes, and cinnamic acid; as solvent; in flavors. Metabolism Benzaldehyde was among 300 volatile constituents detected in the urine of ten adults . It is commonly converted to hippuric acid in vivo. In the rabbit and dog, hippuric acid appears to be the only metabolite there being practically no formation of benzoyl glucuronide. The conversion of benzaldehyde to benzoic acid in the rabbit follows first-order reaction kinetics storage Benzaldehyde should be kept stored in a tightly closed container and protected against physical damage. Storage of the chemical substance outside or in a detached area is preferred, whereas inside storage should be in a standard flammable liquids storage room or cabinet. Benzaldehyde should be kept separated from oxidizing materials. Also, storage and use areas should be no smoking areas. Containers of this material may be hazardous when empty since they retain product residues (vapors, liquid); observe all warnings and precautions listed for the product Shipping UN1990 Benzaldehyde, Hazard class: 9; Labels: 9—Miscellaneous hazardous material. Purification Methods To diminish its rate of oxidation, benzaldehyde usually contains additives such as hydroquinone or catechol. It can be purified via its bisulfite addition compound but usually distillation (under nitrogen at reduced pressure) is sufficient. Prior to distillation it is washed with NaOH or 10% Na2CO3 (until no more CO2 is evolved), then with saturated Na2SO3 and H2O, followed by drying with CaSO4, MgSO4 or CaCl2. [Beilstein 7 IV 505.] Incompatibilities The substance reacts with air, forming explosive peroxides. Reacts violently with performic acid, oxidants, aluminum, iron, bases, and phenol, causing fire and explosion hazard. May self-ignite if absorbed in combustible material with large surface area, or otherwise dispersed over large areas. Reacts with rust, amines, alkalies, strong bases, reducing agents such as hydrideds and active metals. Waste Disposal Incineration; add combustible solvent and spray into incinerator with afterburner. Precautions Workers should be careful when using benzaldehyde because there is a risk of spontaneous combustion. It may ignite spontaneously if it is absorbed onto rags, cleaning cloths, clothing, sawdust, diatomaceous earth (kieselguhr), activated charcoal, or other materials with large surface areas in workplaces. Workers should avoid handling the chemical substance and should not cut, puncture, or weld on or near the container. Exposure of benzaldehyde to air, light, heat, hot surfaces such as hot pipes, sparks, open flames, and other ignition sources should be avoided. Workers should wear proper personal protective clothing and equipment Benzaldehyde Preparation Products And Raw materials
Benzalkonium Chloride
SYNONYMS Alkylbenzyl-dimethylammonium chloride; Zephiran chloride; Ammonyx; Benirol; Bradophen; Cequartyl; Quaternary ammonium compounds, alkylbenzyldimethyl, chlorides; Zilkonium chloride; Alkyldimethylbenzylammonium chloride; Benzalconio cloruro; Benzalkonii chloridum; Benzalkonium A; Bio-quat; Chlorure de benzalkonium; Cloruro de benzalconio; Quaternium-1; Zephiral; Alkyl dimethyl ethylbenzyl ammonium chloride;Dodecyl Dimethyl Benzyl ammonium Chloride.CAS No. 8001-54-5, 63449-41-2, 139-07-1
Benzalkoni̇um Chloride 50%
Le dodécylbenzènesulfonate de sodium représente une série de composés organiques de formule C12H25C6H4SO3Na. Il s'agit d'un sel doté de propriétés tensioactives. C'est un composant majeur de nombreux détergents.L'acide alkylbenzène sulfonique linéaire est le tensioactif synthétique le plus produit. Les isomères branchés (ramifiés) sont minoritaires et moins utilisés parce qu'ils se biodégradent trop lentement.Benzenesulfonate, besylate, benzensulfonate, benzenesulphonate, benzene sulfonate. Benzenesulfonate is the simplest of the class of benzenesulfonates, in which the benzene nucleus carries no substituents. It is a conjugate base of a benzenesulfonic acid.Benzenesulfonic acid, C10-13-alkyl derivs., sodium salts; Substance identity: EC / List no.: 270-115-0; CAS no.: 68411-30-3; Mol. formula: (CH)9-12C7H7NaO3S; Benzenesulfonic acid, C10-13-alkyl derivs., sodium salts : 0110 N-ALKYLBENZOLSULFONSÄURE, NA-SALZ C10-13; Alkylbenzene sulphonate sodium salt; Benzene sulfonic acid, C10-C13 alkyl derivatives, sodium salt; benzenesulfonic acid; Benzenesulfonic acid C10-C13- alkyl derivs sodium salts; benzenesulfonic acid, 4-C10-13-sec-alkylderivs, sodium salt; Benzenesulfonic acid, C1-13-alkyl derivs., sodium salts; Benzenesulfonic acid, C10-13-alkyl derivs., sodium salts, Sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate, NaLAS, LASNa C10-13, LAS Na Salt; Benzenesulfonic acid, C10-13-alkyl derivs., sodium salts; Benzenesulfonic acid, C10-C14-alkyl-, sodium salts; Benzenesulfonic acid,C10-13-alkyl derivs,sodium salts; Benzenesulphonic acid, C10-; C13 alkyl derivs., sodium salts; DDBSS; LABSNa; LAS Na; LAS Na Salt; LASNa C10-13: Benzenesulfonic acid, C10-13-alkyl derivs., sodium salts (270-115-0); Linear Alkyl benzene Sulphonic acid, sodium salt; sodium 4-undecan-3-ylbenzenesulfonate; Sodium 4-undecylbenzenesulfonate; Sodium alkylbenzene sulfonate; Sodium Alkylbenzene Sulphonate; Sodium C10-13 linear alkyl benzene sulfonate; Sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate; Sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate; Sodium LAS; Sodium Linear Alkyl Benzene Sulfonate; Sodium, alkyl-(C10-C13)-benzenesulfonate; Sodiumalkyl (C10-13)benzenesulfonate Benzenesulfonic acid, mono-C10-14-alkyl derivs., sodium salts; Substance identity: EC / List no.: 285-600-2; CAS no.: 85117-50-6; Benzenesulfonic acid, mono-C10-14-alkyl derivs., sodium salts EC Inventory, ; ; Benzenesulfonic acid, mono-C1-14-alkyl derivs., sodium salts; Benzenesulfonic acid, mono-C10-14-alkyl derivs., sodium salt ; sodium 4-dodecan-3-ylbenzenesulfonate; sodium 4-dodecylbenzenesulfonate; Sodium C10-14 Linear Alkyl Benzene Solfonate; Sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate; Sodium salt of dodecylbenzenesulphonic acid
BENZENE
Benzene is a chemical that is a colorless or light yellow liquid at room temperature.
Benzene is an organic chemical compound with the molecular formula C6H6.
Benzene has a sweet odor and is highly flammable.

CAS Number: 71-43-2
EC Number: 200-753-7
Chemical Formula: C6H6
Molar Mass: 77.81 grams/mole

Benzene is a colorless or light-yellow liquid chemical at room temperature.
Benzene is used primarily as a solvent in the chemical and pharmaceutical industries, as a starting material and an intermediate in the synthesis of numerous chemicals, and in gasoline.

Benzene is produced by both natural and man-made processes.
Benzene is a natural component of crude oil, which is the main source of benzene produced today.
Other natural sources include gas emissions from volcanoes and forest fires.

Benzene is the simplest organic, aromatic hydrocarbon.
Benzene is one of the elementary petrochemicals and a natural constituent of crude oil.

Benzene has a gasoline-like odour and is a colourless liquid. Benzene is highly toxic and carcinogenic in nature.
Benzene is primarily used in the production of polystyrene.

Benzene is a naturally occurring substance produced by volcanoes and forest fires and present in many plants and animals, but benzene is also a major industrial chemical made from coal and oil.
As a pure chemical, benzene is a clear, colourless liquid.

In industry, benzene is used to make other chemicals as well as some types of plastics, detergents, and pesticides.
Benzene is also a component of gasoline.

Benzene is a colorless, flammable liquid with a sweet odor.
Benzene evaporates quickly when exposed to air.
Benzene is formed from natural processes, such as volcanoes and forest fires, but most people are exposed to benzene through human activities.

Benzene is one of the 20 most widely used chemicals in the United States.
Benzene is used mainly to make other chemicals, including plastics, resins, lubricants, rubbers, dyes, detergents, drugs, and pesticides.
In the past Benzene was also commonly used as an industrial solvent (a substance that can dissolve or extract other substances) and as a gasoline additive, but these uses have been greatly reduced in recent decades.

Benzene is also a natural part of crude oil and gasoline (and therefore motor vehicle exhaust), as well as cigarette smoke.

Benzene is registered under the REACH Regulation and is manufactured in and / or imported to the European Economic Area, for intermediate use only.
Benzene is used in articles, in formulation or re-packing, at industrial sites and in manufacturing.

Benzene (C6H6), simplest organic, aromatic hydrocarbon and parent compound of numerous important aromatic compounds.
Benzene is a colourless liquid with a characteristic odour and is primarily used in the production of polystyrene.

Benzene is highly toxic and is a known carcinogen.
Exposure to Benzene may cause leukemia.
As a result, there are strict controls on benzene emissions.

Benzene evaporates into the air very quickly.
Benzene vapor is heavier than air and may sink into low-lying areas.
Benzene dissolves only slightly in water and will float on top of water.

The benzene molecule is composed of six carbon atoms joined in a planar ring with one hydrogen atom attached to each.
Because Benzene contains only carbon and hydrogen atoms, benzene is classed as a hydrocarbon.

Benzene is a natural constituent of petroleum and is one of the elementary petrochemicals.
Due to the cyclic continuous pi bonds between the carbon atoms, benzene is classed as an aromatic hydrocarbon.

Benzene is a colorless and highly flammable liquid with a sweet smell, and is partially responsible for the aroma of gasoline.
Benzene is used primarily as a precursor to the manufacture of chemicals with more complex structure, such as ethylbenzene and cumene, of which billions of kilograms are produced annually.
Although benzene is a major industrial chemical, Benzene finds limited use in consumer items because of Benzene toxicity.

Benzene is formed from both natural processes and human activities.
Natural sources of benzene include volcanoes and forest fires.

Benzene is also a natural part of crude oil, gasoline, and cigarette smoke.
Benzene is widely used in the United States.
Benzene ranks in the top 20 chemicals for production volume.

Some industries use benzene to make other chemicals that are used to make plastics, resins, and nylon and synthetic fibers.
Benzene is also used to make some types of lubricants, rubbers, dyes, detergents, drugs, and pesticides.

Benzene is a clear, colorless, highly flammable and volatile, liquid aromatic hydrocarbon with a gasoline-like odor.
Benzene is found in crude oils and as a by-product of oil-refining processes.

In industry benzene is used as a solvent, as a chemical intermediate, and is used in the synthesis of numerous chemicals.
Exposure to Benzene causes neurological symptoms and affects the bone marrow causing aplastic anemia, excessive bleeding and damage to the immune system.
Benzene is a known human carcinogen and is linked to an increased risk of developing lymphatic and hematopoietic cancers, acute myelogenous leukemia, as well as chronic lymphocytic leukemia.

Benzene is a colorless liquid with a sweet odor.
Benzene evaporates into the air very quickly and dissolves slightly in water.

Benzene is highly flammable and is formed from both natural processes and human activities.
Benzene is widely used in the United States; Benzene ranks in the top 20 chemicals for production volume.

Some industries use benzene to make other chemicals which are used to make plastics, resins, and nylon and synthetic fibers.
Benzene is also used to make some types of rubbers, lubricants, dyes, detergents, drugs, and pesticides.

Natural sources of benzene include volcanoes and forest fires.
Benzene is also a natural part of crude oil, gasoline, and cigarette smoke.

Benzene appears as a clear colorless liquid with a petroleum-like odor.

Flash point less than 0 °F.
Less dense than water and slightly soluble in water.
Hence floats on water.
Vapors heavier than air.
are
Outdoor air contains low levels of benzene from tobacco smoke, gas stations, motor vehicle exhaust, and industrial emissions.
Indoor air generally contains levels of benzene higher than those in outdoor air.

The benzene in indoor air comes from products that contain benzene such as glues, paints, furniture wax, and detergents.
The air around hazardous waste sites or gas stations can contain higher levels of benzene than in other areas.

Benzene leaks from underground storage tanks or from hazardous waste sites containing benzene can contaminate well water.
People working in industries that make or use benzene may be exposed to the highest levels of Benzene.
A major source of benzene exposure is tobacco smoke.

Benzene works by causing cells not to work correctly.
For example, Benzene can cause bone marrow not to produce enough red blood cells, which can lead to anemia.

Also, Benzene can damage the immune system by changing blood levels of antibodies and causing the loss of white blood cells.
The seriousness of poisoning caused by benzene depends on the amount, route, and length of time of exposure, as well as the age and preexisting medical condition of the exposed person.

Uses of Benzene:
At one time, benzene was obtained almost entirely from coal tar.
However, since about 1950, these methods have been replaced by petroleum-based processes.

More than half of the benzene produced each year is converted to ethylbenzene, then to styrene, and then to polystyrene.
The next largest use of benzene is in the preparation of phenol.
Other uses include the preparation of aniline (for dyes) and dodecylbenzene (for detergents).

Benzene is used as a constituent in motor fuels; as a solvent for fats, waxes, resins, oils, inks, paints, plastics, and rubber; in the extraction of oils from seeds and nuts; and in photogravure printing.
Benzene is also used as a chemical intermediate.
Benzene is also used in the manufacture of detergents, explosives, pharmaceuticals, and dyestuffs.

Benzene was used in the past as a solvent in inks, rubber, lacquers, and paint removers.
Today, Benzene is used mainly in closed processes to synthesize organic chemicals.

Gasoline in some countries contains a high concentration of benzene (as high as 30%); the U.S. average is 1-3%.
Workers who remove or clean underground storage tanks may be exposed to significant levels.

Gasoline in North America now contains about 1% benzene.
The European Union (EU) reduced in 2000 the maximum allowed benzene content in gasoline from 5% to 1% by volume.
Mean exposures in the Swedish petroleum industry are well below the Swedish occupational exposure limits.

EPA restricts benzene emission from specific point sources.
Maximum contaminant level in drinking water is 5 ppb.
FDA prohibits the use of benzene in food.

Benzene is used in manufacture of industrial chemicals such as polymers, detergents, pesticides pharmaceuticals, dyes, plastics, resins.
Benzene is used organic solvent for waxes, resins, oils, natural rubber, etc.

Benzene is used for printing and lithography, paint, rubber, dry cleaning, adhesives and coatings, detergents.

Benzene is used to make chemicals used in the manufacture of industrial products such as dyes, detergents, explosives, pesticides, synthetic rubber, plastics, and pharmaceuticals.
Benzene is found in gasoline and trace amounts are found in cigarette smoke.

Benzene has been banned as an ingredient in products intended for use in the home, including toys.
Benzene has a sweet, aromatic, gasoline-like odor.

Most individuals can begin to smell benzene in air at 1.5 to 4.7 ppm.
The odor threshold generally provides adequate warning for acutely hazardous exposure concentrations but is inadequate for more chronic exposures.

Benzene is often used as an intermediate to make chemicals needed for the production of plastics, resins, and nylon and other synthetic fibers.
Benzene is also used to make some types of rubbers, lubricants, dyes, detergents, drugs, and pesticides.
Natural sources of benzene include emissions from volcanoes, forest fires, crude oil, gasoline, and cigarette smoke.

Benzene is used mainly as an intermediate to make other chemicals, above all ethylbenzene (and other alkylbenzenes), cumene, cyclohexane, and nitrobenzene.
In 1988 Benzene was reported that two-thirds of all chemicals on the American Chemical Society's lists contained at least one benzene ring.

More than half of the entire benzene production is processed into ethylbenzene, a precursor to styrene, which is used to make polymers and plastics like polystyrene.
Some 20% of the benzene production is used to manufacture cumene, which is needed to produce phenol and acetone for resins and adhesives.

Cyclohexane consumes around 10% of the world's benzene production.
Benzene is primarily used in the manufacture of nylon fibers, which are processed into textiles and engineering plastics.
Smaller amounts of benzene are used to make some types of rubbers, lubricants, dyes, detergents, drugs, explosives, and pesticides.

In 2013, the biggest consumer country of benzene was China, followed by the USA.
Benzene production is currently expanding in the Middle East and in Africa, whereas production capacities in Western Europe and North America are stagnating.

Toluene is now often used as a substitute for benzene, for instance as a fuel additive.
The solvent-properties of the two are similar, but toluene is less toxic and has a wider liquid range.
Toluene is also processed into benzene.

Component of gasoline:
As a gasoline (petrol) additive, benzene increases the octane rating and reduces knocking.
As a consequence, gasoline often contained several percent benzene before the 1950s, when tetraethyl lead replaced Benzene as the most widely used antiknock additive.

With the global phaseout of leaded gasoline, benzene has made a comeback as a gasoline additive in some nations.
In the United States, concern over Benzene negative health effects and the possibility of benzene entering the groundwater has led to stringent regulation of gasoline's benzene content, with limits typically around 1%.

European petrol specifications now contain the same 1% limit on benzene content.
The United States Environmental Protection Agency introduced new regulations in 2011 that lowered the benzene content in gasoline to 0.62%.

In many European languages, the word for petroleum or gasoline is an exact cognate of "benzene".

Industrial Processes with risk of exposure:
Metal Preparation and Pouring
Petroleum Production and Refining
Working with Glues and Adhesives
Firefighting
Leather Tanning and Processing
Burning Synthetic Polymers

Activities with risk of exposure:
Smoking cigarettes
Preparing and mounting animal skins (taxidermy)

Uses at industrial sites:
Benzene is used in the following products: coating products, fillers, putties, plasters, modelling clay, non-metal-surface treatment products, laboratory chemicals and polymers.
Benzene has an industrial use resulting in manufacture of another substance (use of intermediates).
Benzene is used in the following areas: formulation of mixtures and/or re-packaging.
Benzene is used for the manufacture of: rubber products and chemicals.
Release to the environment of Benzene can occur from industrial use: in the production of articles, as an intermediate step in further manufacturing of another substance (use of intermediates), formulation of mixtures and as processing aid.
Other release to the environment of Benzene is likely to occur from: indoor use.

Industry Uses of Benzene:
Adhesives and sealant chemicals
Catalyst
Cleaning agent
Flame retardants
Fuel
Fuel agents
Fuels and fuel additives
Functional fluids (closed systems)
Intermediate
Intermediates
Laboratory chemicals
Monomers
Plasticizers
Processing aids, specific to petroleum production
Solvent
Solvents (which become part of product formulation or mixture)

Consumer Uses of Benzene:
Catalyst
Etching agent
Fuel
Fuel agents
Fuels and fuel additives
Intermediate
Intermediates
Laboratory chemicals
Paint additives and coating additives not described by other categories
Plasticizer
Processing aids, specific to petroleum production
Solvent

Applications of Benzene:

Early Applications:
In the 19th and early 20th centuries, benzene was used as an after-shave lotion because of Benzene pleasant smell.
Prior to the 1920s, benzene was frequently used as an industrial solvent, especially for degreasing metal.
As Benzene toxicity became obvious, benzene was supplanted by other solvents, especially toluene (methylbenzene), which has similar physical properties but is not as carcinogenic.

In 1903, Ludwig Roselius popularized the use of benzene to decaffeinate coffee.
This discovery led to the production of Sanka.

This process was later discontinued.
Benzene was historically used as a significant component in many consumer products such as liquid wrench, several paint strippers, rubber cements, spot removers, and other products.
Manufacture of some of these benzene-containing formulations ceased in about 1950, although Liquid Wrench continued to contain significant amounts of benzene until the late 1970s.

Benefits of Benzene:
As a building block chemical, benzene is reacted with other chemicals to produce a variety of other chemistries, materials and, ultimately, consumer goods.

Benzene is used to make other chemicals like ethylbenzene, cumene and cyclohexane, which are then reacted and used in the manufacture of a variety of materials and plastics such as polystyrene, ABS, and nylon.
There can be many steps in the process that starts with the benzene molecule and ends with a completed material or consumer product.
For example, benzene is a building block used to make ethylbenzene, which is then used to make styrene, which is used to make polystyrene.

The end material, polystyrene, is a completely different material chemically than benzene.

For consumer products where benzene is used as a building block or intermediate, the benzene is typically fully reacted in a closed system, with little to no benzene remaining in the finished consumer product.
Benzene also is used to make some types of lubricants, rubbers, dyes, detergents, drugs, explosives and pesticides.

Benzene is naturally found in crude oil.
Crude oil is refined into gasoline by using heat, pressure and chemicals in the refinery to separate the spectrum of petroleum products from crude oil.
The refining process yields gasoline and a number of other petroleum products, including diesel and jet fuels, solvents, lubricating oils, many of which include small amounts of benzene.

Characteristics of Benzene:
Modern bonding models (valence-bond and molecular orbital theories) explain the structure and stability of benzene in terms of delocalization of six of Benzene electrons, where delocalization in this case refers to the attraction of an electron by all six carbons of the ring instead of just one or two of them. This delocalization causes the electrons to be more strongly held, making benzene more stable and less reactive than expected for an unsaturated hydrocarbon.
As a result, the hydrogenation of benzene occurs somewhat more slowly than the hydrogenation of alkenes (other organic compounds that contain carbon-carbon double bonds), and benzene is much more difficult to oxidize than alkenes.

Most of the reactions of benzene belong to a class called electrophilic aromatic substitution that leave the ring itself intact but replace one of the attached hydrogens.
These reactions are versatile and widely used to prepare derivatives of benzene.

Experimental studies, especially those employing X-ray diffraction, show benzene to have a planar structure with each carbon-carbon bond distance equal to 1.40 angstroms (Å).
This value is exactly halfway between the C=C distance (1.34 Å) and C—C distance (1.46 Å) of a C=C—C=C unit, suggesting a bond type midway between a double bond and a single bond (all bond angles are 120°).
Benzene has a boiling point of 80.1 °C (176.2 °F) and a melting point of 5.5 °C (41.9 °F), and Benzene is freely soluble in organic solvents, but only slightly soluble in water.

Occurrence of Benzene:
Trace amounts of benzene are found in petroleum and coal.
Benzene is a byproduct of the incomplete combustion of many materials.

For commercial use, until World War II, much of benzene was obtained as a by-product of coke production (or "coke-oven light oil") for the steel industry.
However, in the 1950s, increased demand for benzene, especially from the growing polymers industry, necessitated the production of benzene from petroleum.

Today, most benzene comes from the petrochemical industry, with only a small fraction being produced from coal.
Benzene molecules have been detected on Mars.

Reactions of Benzene:
The most common reactions of benzene involve substitution of a proton by other groups.
Electrophilic aromatic substitution is a general method of derivatizing benzene.
Benzene is sufficiently nucleophilic that Benzene undergoes substitution by acylium ions and alkyl carbocations to give substituted derivatives.

The most widely practiced example of this reaction is the ethylation of benzene.

Approximately 24,700,000 tons were produced in 1999.
Highly instructive but of far less industrial significance is the Friedel-Crafts alkylation of benzene (and many other aromatic rings) using an alkyl halide in the presence of a strong Lewis acid catalyst.

Similarly, the Friedel-Crafts acylation is a related example of electrophilic aromatic substitution.
The reaction involves the acylation of benzene (or many other aromatic rings) with an acyl chloride using a strong Lewis acid catalyst such as aluminium chloride or Iron(III) chloride.

Sulfonation, chlorination, nitration:
Using electrophilic aromatic substitution, many functional groups are introduced onto the benzene framework.
Sulfonation of benzene involves the use of oleum, a mixture of sulfuric acid with sulfur trioxide.

Sulfonated benzene derivatives are useful detergents.
In nitration, benzene reacts with nitronium ions (NO2+), which is a strong electrophile produced by combining sulfuric and nitric acids.

Nitrobenzene is the precursor to aniline.
Chlorination is achieved with chlorine to give chlorobenzene in the presence of a Lewis acid catalyst such as aluminium tri-chloride.

Hydrogenation:
Via hydrogenation, benzene and Benzene derivatives convert to cyclohexane and derivatives.
This reaction is achieved by the use of high pressures of hydrogen in the presence of heterogeneous catalysts, such as finely divided nickel.

Whereas alkenes can be hydrogenated near room temperatures, benzene and related compounds are more reluctant substrates, requiring temperatures >100 °C.
This reaction is practiced on a large scale industrially. In the absence of the catalyst, benzene is impervious to hydrogen.

Hydrogenation cannot be stopped to give cyclohexene or cyclohexadienes as these are superior substrates.
Birch reduction, a non catalytic process, however selectively hydrogenates benzene to the diene.

Metal complexes:
Benzene is an excellent ligand in the organometallic chemistry of low-valent metals.
Important examples include the sandwich and half-sandwich complexes, respectively, Cr(C6H6)2 and [RuCl2(C6H6)]2.

Resonance of Benzene:
The oscillating double bonds in the benzene ring are explained with the help of resonance structures as per valence bond theory.
All the carbon atoms in the benzene ring are sp2 hybridized.

One of the two sp2 hybridized orbitals of one atom overlaps with the sp2 orbital of adjacent carbon atom forming six C-C sigma bonds.
Other left sp2 hybridized orbitals combine with s orbital of hydrogen to form six C-H sigma bonds. Remaining unhybridized p orbitals of carbon atoms form π bonds with adjacent carbon atoms by lateral overlap.

This explains an equal possibility for the formation of C1 –C2, C3 – C4, C5 – C6 π bonds or C2 – C3, C4 – C5, C6-C1 π bonds.
The hybrid structure is represented by inserting a circle in the ring as shown below in the figure.
Hence, Benzene explains the formation of two resonance structures proposed by Kekule.

Aromaticity of Benzene:
Benzene is an aromatic compound, as the C-C bonds formed in the ring are not exactly single or double, rather they are of intermediate length.
Aromatic compounds are divided into two categories: benzenoids (one containing benzene ring) and non-benzenoids (those not containing benzene ring), provided they follow Huckel rule.

According to Huckel rule, for a ring to be aromatic Benzene should have the following property:
Planarity
Complete delocalization of the π electrons in the ring
Presence of (4n + 2) π electrons in the ring where n is an integer (n = 0, 1, 2, . . .)

Structure of Benzene:
X-ray diffraction shows that all six carbon-carbon bonds in benzene are of the same length, at 140 picometres (pm).
The C–C bond lengths are greater than a double bond (135 pm) but shorter than a single bond (147 pm).

This intermediate distance is caused by electron delocalization: the electrons for C=C bonding are distributed equally between each of the six carbon atoms.
Benzene has 6 hydrogen atoms, fewer than the corresponding parent alkane, hexane, which has 14.

Benzene and cyclohexane have a similar structure, only the ring of delocalized electrons and the loss of one hydrogen per carbon distinguishes Benzene from cyclohexane.
The molecule is planar.

The molecular orbital description involves the formation of three delocalized π orbitals spanning all six carbon atoms, while the valence bond description involves a superposition of resonance structures.
Benzene is likely that this stability contributes to the peculiar molecular and chemical properties known as aromaticity.
To accurately reflect the nature of the bonding, benzene is often depicted with a circle inside a hexagonal arrangement of carbon atoms.

Derivatives of benzene occur sufficiently often as a component of organic molecules, so much so that the Unicode Consortium has allocated a symbol in the Miscellaneous Technical block with the code U+232C (⌬) to represent Benzene with three double bonds, and U+23E3 (⏣) for a delocalized version.

Benzene derivatives:
Many important chemical compounds are derived from benzene by replacing one or more of Benzene hydrogen atoms with another functional group.
Examples of simple benzene derivatives are phenol, toluene, and aniline, abbreviated PhOH, PhMe, and PhNH2, respectively.

Linking benzene rings gives biphenyl, C6H5–C6H5.
Further loss of hydrogen gives "fused" aromatic hydrocarbons, such as naphthalene, anthracene, phenanthrene, and pyrene.
The limit of the fusion process is the hydrogen-free allotrope of carbon, graphite.

In heterocycles, carbon atoms in the benzene ring are replaced with other elements.
The most important variations contain nitrogen.

Replacing one CH with N gives the compound pyridine, C5H5N.
Although benzene and pyridine are structurally related, benzene cannot be converted into pyridine.
Replacement of a second CH bond with N gives, depending on the location of the second N, pyridazine, pyrimidine, or pyrazine.

Human Metabolite Information of Benzene:

Tissue Locations:
Bone Marrow
Epidermis
Leukocyte
Liver

History of Benzene:

Discovery:
The word "benzene" derives from "gum benzoin" (benzoin resin), an aromatic resin known since ancient times in Southeast Asia; and later to European pharmacists and perfumers in the 16th century via trade routes.
An acidic material was derived from benzoin by sublimation, and named "flowers of benzoin", or benzoic acid.

The hydrocarbon derived from benzoic acid thus acquired the name benzin, benzol, or benzene.
Michael Faraday first isolated and identified benzene in 1825 from the oily residue derived from the production of illuminating gas, giving Benzene the name bicarburet of hydrogen.

In 1833, Eilhard Mitscherlich produced Benzene by distilling benzoic acid (from gum benzoin) and lime.
He gave the compound the name benzin.

In 1836, the French chemist Auguste Laurent named Benzene "phène".
This word has become the root of the English word "phenol", which is hydroxylated benzene, and "phenyl", the radical formed by abstraction of a hydrogen atom (free radical H•) from benzene.

In 1845, Charles Blachford Mansfield, working under August Wilhelm von Hofmann, isolated benzene from coal tar.
Four years later, Mansfield began the first industrial-scale production of benzene, based on the coal-tar method.

Gradually, the sense developed among chemists that a number of substances were chemically related to benzene, comprising a diverse chemical family.
In 1855, Hofmann used the word "aromatic" to designate this family relationship, after a characteristic property of many of Benzene members.
In 1997, benzene was detected in deep space.

Ring formula of Benzene:
The empirical formula for benzene was long known, but Benzene highly polyunsaturated structure, with just one hydrogen atom for each carbon atom, was challenging to determine.
Archibald Scott Couper in 1858 and Johann Josef Loschmidt in 1861 suggested possible structures that contained multiple double bonds or multiple rings, but too little evidence was then available to help chemists decide on any particular structure.

In 1865, the German chemist Friedrich August Kekulé published a paper in French (for he was then teaching in Francophone Belgium) suggesting that the structure contained a ring of six carbon atoms with alternating single and double bonds.
The next year he published a much longer paper in German on the same subject.

Kekulé used evidence that had accumulated in the intervening years—namely, that there always appeared to be only one isomer of any monoderivative of benzene, and that there always appeared to be exactly three isomers of every disubstituted derivative—now understood to correspond to the ortho, meta, and para patterns of arene substitution—to argue in support of his proposed structure.
Kekulé's symmetrical ring could explain these curious facts, as well as benzene's 1:1 carbon-hydrogen ratio.

The new understanding of benzene, and hence of all aromatic compounds, proved to be so important for both pure and applied chemistry that in 1890 the German Chemical Society organized an elaborate appreciation in Kekulé's honor, celebrating the twenty-fifth anniversary of his first benzene paper.
Here Kekulé spoke of the creation of the theory.
He said that he had discovered the ring shape of the benzene molecule after having a reverie or day-dream of a snake biting Benzene own tail (this is a common symbol in many ancient cultures known as the Ouroboros or endless knot).

This vision, he said, came to him after years of studying the nature of carbon-carbon bonds.
This was seven years after he had solved the problem of how carbon atoms could bond to up to four other atoms at the same time.

Curiously, a similar, humorous depiction of benzene had appeared in 1886 in a pamphlet entitled Berichte der Durstigen Chemischen Gesellschaft (Journal of the Thirsty Chemical Society), a parody of the Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft, only the parody had monkeys seizing each other in a circle, rather than snakes as in Kekulé's anecdote.
Some historians have suggested that the parody was a lampoon of the snake anecdote, possibly already well known through oral transmission even if Benzene had not yet appeared in print.

Kekulé's 1890 speech in which this anecdote appeared has been translated into English.
If the anecdote is the memory of a real event, circumstances mentioned in the story suggest that Benzene must have happened early in 1862.

In 1929, the cyclic nature of benzene was finally confirmed by the crystallographer Kathleen Lonsdale using X-ray diffraction methods.
Using large crystals of hexamethylbenzene, a benzene derivative with the same core of six carbon atoms, Lonsdale obtained diffraction patterns.
Through calculating more than thirty parameters, Lonsdale demonstrated that the benzene ring could not be anything but a flat hexagon, and provided accurate distances for all carbon-carbon bonds in the molecule.

Nomenclature:
The German chemist Wilhelm Körner suggested the prefixes ortho-, meta-, para- to distinguish di-substituted benzene derivatives in 1867.
However, he did not use the prefixes to distinguish the relative positions of the substituents on a benzene ring.

Benzene was the German chemist Carl Gräbe who, in 1869, first used the prefixes ortho-, meta-, para- to denote specific relative locations of the substituents on a di-substituted aromatic ring (viz, naphthalene).
In 1870, the German chemist Viktor Meyer first applied Gräbe's nomenclature to benzene.

Production of Benzene:
Four chemical processes contribute to industrial benzene production: catalytic reforming, toluene hydrodealkylation, toluene disproportionation, and steam cracking etc.
According to the ATSDR Toxicological Profile for benzene, between 1978 and 1981, catalytic reformates accounted for approximately 44–50% of the total U.S benzene production.

Catalytic reforming:
In catalytic reforming, a mixture of hydrocarbons with boiling points between 60 and 200 °C is blended with hydrogen gas and then exposed to a bifunctional platinum chloride or rhenium chloride catalyst at 500–525 °C and pressures ranging from 8–50 atm.
Under these conditions, aliphatic hydrocarbons form rings and lose hydrogen to become aromatic hydrocarbons.

The aromatic products of the reaction are then separated from the reaction mixture (or reformate) by extraction with any one of a number of solvents, including diethylene glycol or sulfolane, and benzene is then separated from the other aromatics by distillation.
The extraction step of aromatics from the reformate is designed to produce aromatics with lowest non-aromatic components.
Recovery of the aromatics, commonly referred to as BTX (benzene, toluene and xylene isomers), involves such extraction and distillation steps.

In similar fashion to this catalytic reforming, UOP and BP commercialized a method from LPG (mainly propane and butane) to aromatics.

Toluene hydrodealkylation:
Toluene hydrodealkylation converts toluene to benzene.
In this hydrogen-intensive process, toluene is mixed with hydrogen, then passed over a chromium, molybdenum, or platinum oxide catalyst at 500–650 °C and 20–60 atm pressure.
Sometimes, higher temperatures are used instead of a catalyst (at the similar reaction condition).

Under these conditions, toluene undergoes dealkylation to benzene and methane:
C6H5CH3+H2⟶C6H6+CH4

This irreversible reaction is accompanied by an equilibrium side reaction that produces biphenyl (aka diphenyl) at higher temperature:
2 C6H6 ⇌ H2 + C6H5–C6H5

If the raw material stream contains much non-aromatic components (paraffins or naphthenes), those are likely decomposed to lower hydrocarbons such as methane, which increases the consumption of hydrogen.

A typical reaction yield exceeds 95%. Sometimes, xylenes and heavier aromatics are used in place of toluene, with similar efficiency.
This is often called "on-purpose" methodology to produce benzene, compared to conventional BTX (benzene-toluene-xylene) extraction processes.

Toluene disproportionation:
Toluene disproportionation (TDP) is the conversion of toluene to benzene and xylene.

Given that demand for para-xylene (p-xylene) substantially exceeds demand for other xylene isomers, a refinement of the TDP process called Selective TDP (STDP) may be used.
In this process, the xylene stream exiting the TDP unit is approximately 90% p-xylene.
In some systems, even the benzene-to-xylenes ratio is modified to favor xylenes.

Steam cracking:
Steam cracking is the process for producing ethylene and other alkenes from aliphatic hydrocarbons.
Depending on the feedstock used to produce the olefins, steam cracking can produce a benzene-rich liquid by-product called pyrolysis gasoline.
Pyrolysis gasoline can be blended with other hydrocarbons as a gasoline additive, or routed through an extraction process to recover BTX aromatics (benzene, toluene and xylenes).

Other methods:
Although of no commercial significance, many other routes to benzene exist.
Phenol and halobenzenes can be reduced with metals.

Benzoic acid and Benzene salts undergo decarboxylation to benzene.
The reaction of the diazonium compound derived from aniline with hypophosphorus acid gives benzene.

Alkyne trimerisation of acetylene gives benzene.
Complete decarboxylation of mellitic acid gives benzene.

General Manufacturing Information of Benzene:

Industry Processing Sectors:
Adhesive Manufacturing
All Other Basic Organic Chemical Manufacturing
All Other Chemical Product and Preparation Manufacturing
All other Petroleum and Coal Products Manufacturing
Computer and Electronic Product Manufacturing
Construction
Cyclic Crude and Intermediate Manufacturing
Not Known or Reasonably Ascertainable
Oil and Gas Drilling, Extraction, and Support activities
Other (requires additional information)
Petrochemical Manufacturing
Petroleum Refineries
Plastics Material and Resin Manufacturing
Plastics Product Manufacturing
Rubber Product Manufacturing
Soap, Cleaning Compound, and Toilet Preparation Manufacturing
Transportation Equipment Manufacturing
Wholesale and Retail Trade

Health effects of Benzene:
Benzene is classified as a carcinogen, which increases the risk of cancer and other illnesses, and is also a notorious cause of bone marrow failure.
Substantial quantities of epidemiologic, clinical, and laboratory data link benzene to aplastic anemia, acute leukemia, bone marrow abnormalities and cardiovascular disease.

The specific hematologic malignancies that benzene is associated with include: acute myeloid leukemia (AML), aplastic anemia, myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS), acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), and chronic myeloid leukemia (CML).

The American Petroleum Institute (API) stated in 1948 that "Benzene is generally considered that the only absolutely safe concentration for benzene is zero".
There is no safe exposure level; even tiny amounts can cause harm.

The US Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) classifies benzene as a human carcinogen.
Long-term exposure to excessive levels of benzene in the air causes leukemia, a potentially fatal cancer of the blood-forming organs.

In particular, acute myeloid leukemia or acute nonlymphocytic leukemia (AML & ANLL) is caused by benzene.
IARC rated benzene as "known to be carcinogenic to humans".

As benzene is ubiquitous in gasoline and hydrocarbon fuels that are in use everywhere, human exposure to benzene is a global health problem.
Benzene targets the liver, kidney, lung, heart and brain and can cause DNA strand breaks and chromosomal damage.

Benzene causes cancer in animals including humans.
Benzene has been shown to cause cancer in both sexes of multiple species of laboratory animals exposed via various routes.

Handling and Storage of Benzene:

Nonfire Spill Response:
ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area.
All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded.

Do not touch or walk through spilled material.
Stop leak if you can do Benzene without risk.

Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.
A vapor-suppressing foam may be used to reduce vapors.

Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers.
Use clean, non-sparking tools to collect absorbed material.

LARGE SPILL:
Dike far ahead of liquid spill for later disposal.
Water spray may reduce vapor, but may not prevent ignition in closed spaces.

Storage Conditions of Benzene:
Keep in well closed containers in a cool place and away from fire.
Storage site should be as close as practicable to lab in which carcinogens are to be used, so that only small quantities required for expt need to be carried.

Carcinogens should be kept in only one section of cupboard, an explosion-proof refrigerator or freezer (depending on chemicophysical properties) that bears appropriate label.
An inventory should be kept, showing quantity of carcinogen & date Benzene was acquired.
Facilities for dispensing should be contiguous to storage area.

Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place.
Containers which are opened must be carefully resealed and kept upright to prevent leakage.

First Aid Measures of Benzene:

EYES:
First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present.
Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center.

Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician.
IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop.

SKIN:
IMMEDIATELY flood affected skin with water while removing and isolating all contaminated clothing.
Gently wash all affected skin areas thoroughly with soap and water.

IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop.
IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital for treatment after washing the affected areas.

INHALATION:
IMMEDIATELY leave the contaminated area.
Take deep breaths of fresh air.

IMMEDIATELY call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, or burning in the mouth, throat, or chest) develop.
Provide proper respiratory protection to rescuers entering an unknown atmosphere.

Whenever possible, Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) should be used.
If not available, use a level of protection greater than or equal to that advised under Protective Clothing.

INGESTION:
DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING.
Volatile chemicals have a high risk of being aspirated into the victim's lungs during vomiting which increases the medical problems.

If the victim is conscious and not convulsing, give 1 or 2 glasses of water to dilute the chemical and IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center.
IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital.

If the victim is convulsing or unconscious, do not give anything by mouth, ensure that the victim's airway is open and lay the victim on his/her side with the head lower than the body.
DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING.
IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital.

OTHER:
Since this chemical is a known or suspected carcinogen you should contact a physician for advice regarding the possible long term health effects and potential recommendation for medical monitoring.
Recommendations from the physician will depend upon the specific compound, Benzene, physical and toxicity properties, the exposure level, length of exposure, and the route of exposure.

Fire Fighting of Benzene:

CAUTION:
The majority of these products have a very low flash point.
Use of water spray when fighting fire may be inefficient.

SMALL FIRE:
Dry chemical, CO2, water spray or regular foam.

LARGE FIRE:
Water spray, fog or regular foam. Avoid aiming straight or solid streams directly onto the product.
If Benzene can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire.

FIRE INVOLVING TANKS OR CAR/TRAILER LOADS:
Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles.
Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.

Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.
ALWAYS stay away from tanks engulfed in fire.

For massive fire, use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles.
If this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn.

Fire Fighting Procedures of Benzene:
Approach fire from upwind to avoid hazardous vapors.
Use water spray, dry chemical, foam, or carbon dioxide.
Use water spray to keep fire-exposed containers cool.

If material on fire or involved in fire:
Do not extinguish fire unless flow can be stopped.

Use water in flooding quantities as fog.
Solid streams of water may spread fire.

Cool all affected containers with flooding quantities of water.
Apply water from as far a distance as possible.
Use foam, dry chemical, or carbon dioxide.

Suitable extinguishing media:
Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.

Advice for firefighters:
Wear self contained breathing apparatus for fire fighting if necessary.
Use water spray to cool unopened containers.

Accidental Release Measures of Benzene:

IMMEDIATE PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE:
Isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions.

LARGE SPILL:
Consider initial downwind evacuation for at least 300 meters (1000 feet).

FIRE:
If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.
Also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

Spillage Disposal of Benzene:
Remove all ignition sources.
Evacuate danger area! Consult an expert!

Personal protection:
complete protective clothing including self-contained breathing apparatus.
Do NOT wash away into sewer.

Do NOT let this chemical enter the environment.
Collect leaking and spilled liquid in sealable containers as far as possible.

Absorb remaining liquid in sand or inert absorbent.
Then store and dispose of according to local regulations.

Cleanup Methods of Benzene:
For spills on water, contain with booms or barriers, use surface acting agents to thicken spilled materials.
Remove trapped materials with suction hoses.

Small spills of benzene can be taken up by sorption on carbon or synthetic sorbent resins.
Flush area with water.

For large quantities, if response is rapid, benzene can be skimmed off the surface.
Straw may be used to mop slicks.

A high-efficiency particulate arrestor (HEPA) or charcoal filters can be used to minimize amt of carcinogen in exhausted air ventilated safety cabinets, lab hoods, glove boxes or animal rooms.
Filter housing that is designed so that used filters can be transferred into plastic bag without contaminating maintenance staff is avail commercially.

Filters should be placed in plastic bags immediately after removal.
The plastic bag should be sealed immediately.

The sealed bag should be labelled properly.
Waste liquids should be placed or collected in proper containers for disposal.

The lid should be secured & the bottles properly labelled.
Once filled, bottles should be placed in plastic bag, so that outer surface is not contaminated.

The plastic bag should also be sealed & labelled.
Broken glassware should be decontaminated by solvent extraction, by chemical destruction, or in specially designed incinerators.

Identifiers of Benzene:
CAS Number: 71-43-2
ChEBI: CHEBI:16716
ChEMBL: ChEMBL277500
ChemSpider: 236
ECHA InfoCard: 100.000.685
EC Number: 200-753-7
KEGG: C01407
PubChem CID: 241
RTECS number: CY1400000
UNII: J64922108F
CompTox Dashboard (EPA): DTXSID3039242
InChIInChI=1S/C6H6/c1-2-4-6-5-3-1/h1-6H
Key: UHOVQNZJYSORNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N
SMILES: c1ccccc1

Chemical formula: C6H6
Molar mass: 77.81 grams/mole
Melting point: 5.5oC
Boiling point: 80.1oC

Properties of Benzene:
Chemical formula: C6H6
Molar mass: 78.114 g·mol−1
Appearance: Colorless liquid
Odor: sweet aromatic
Density: 0.8765(20) g/cm3
Melting point: 5.53 °C (41.95 °F; 278.68 K)
Boiling point: 80.1 °C (176.2 °F; 353.2 K)

Solubility in water:
1.53 g/L (0 °C)
1.81 g/L (9 °C)
1.79 g/L (15 °C)
1.84 g/L (30 °C)
2.26 g/L (61 °C)
3.94 g/L (100 °C)
21.7 g/kg (200 °C, 6.5 MPa)
17.8 g/kg (200 °C, 40 MPa)

Solubility: Soluble in alcohol, CHCl3, CCl4, diethyl ether, acetone, acetic acid

Solubility in ethanediol:
5.83 g/100 g (20 °C)
6.61 g/100 g (40 °C)
7.61 g/100 g (60 °C)

Solubility in ethanol:
20 °C, solution in ethanol: 1.2 mL/L (20% v/v)

Solubility in acetone:

20 °C, solution in aceton:
7.69 mL/L (38.46% v/v)
49.4 mL/L (62.5% v/v)
Solubility in diethylene glycol: 52 g/100 g (20 °C)
log P: 2.13

Vapor pressure:
12.7 kPa (25 °C)
24.4 kPa (40 °C)
181 kPa (100 °C)[8]

Conjugate acid: Benzenium
Conjugate base: Benzenide
UV-vis (λmax): 255 nm
Magnetic susceptibility (χ): −54.8·10−6 cm3/mol

Refractive index (nD):
1.5011 (20 °C)
1.4948 (30 °C)

Viscosity:
0.7528 cP (10 °C)
0.6076 cP (25 °C)
0.4965 cP (40 °C)
0.3075 cP (80 °C)

Molecular Weight: 78.11
XLogP3: 2.1
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 0
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 0
Rotatable Bond Count: 0
Exact Mass: 78.0469501914
Monoisotopic Mass: 78.0469501914
Topological Polar Surface Area: 0 Ų
Heavy Atom Count: 6
Complexity: 15.5
Isotope Atom Count: 0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 1
Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes

Structure of Benzene:
Molecular shape: Trigonal planar
Dipole moment: 0 D

Thermochemistry of Benzene:
Heat capacity (C): 134.8 J/mol·K
Std molar entropy (S⦵298): 173.26 J/mol·K[8]
Std enthalpy of formation (ΔfH⦵298): 48.7 kJ/mol
Std enthalpy of combustion (ΔcH⦵298): -3267.6 kJ/mol[8]

Related Compounds of Benzene:
Toluene
Borazine

Names of Benzene:

Regulatory process names:
Benzene
BENZENE
Benzene (Cyclohexatriene)
Benzène

Translated names:
benceno (es)
Benseen (et)
Bentseeni (fi)
benzeen (nl)
benzen (cs)
benzen (da)
benzen (hr)
benzen (no)
benzen (pl)
benzen (ro)
benzen (sl)
benzen (sv)
benzenas (lt)
benzene (it)
benzeno (pt)
Benzol (de)
benzol (hu)
benzols (lv)
benzène (fr)
benzén (sk)
βενζόλιο (el)
бензен (bg)

CAS name:
Benzene

IUPAC names:
BENZENE
Benzene
benzene
BENZENE
Benzene
benzene
Benzene / EC: 200-753-7
Benzene-1,3-diamine
Benzol
Benzol
Petroleum benzene

Trade names:
Annülene
Benceno
Benzen ropný
Benzene
benzene
Benzene (8CI, 9CI)
Benzene - E
Benzene SP
Benzol
Benzole
Coal naphtha
Cyclohexatriene
Petrobenzene
Petroleum benzene
Phene
Phenyl hydride
Pur Benzene
Pure benzene
Pyrobenzol
Pyrobenzole
Reinbenzol

Other names:
Benzol (historic/German)
Phenane
Phenylene hydride
Cyclohexa-1,3,5-triene; 1,3,5-Cyclohexatriene (theoretical resonance isomers)
Annulene
Phene (historic)

Synonyms of Benzene:
benzene
benzol
71-43-2
Cyclohexatriene
benzole
Pyrobenzole
Benzine
Benzen
Phenyl hydride
Coal naphtha
Pyrobenzol
Phene
Mineral naphtha
Bicarburet of hydrogen
Benzolene
Benzin
[6]Annulene
Motor benzol
Benzeen
Benzolo
Fenzen
Nitration benzene
(6)Annulene
Benzol 90
NCI-C55276
Rcra waste number U019
Benzinum
1,3,5-cyclohexatriene
NSC 67315
UN 1114
CHEBI:16716
phenylmanganese iodide
CHEMBL277500
MFCD00003009
NSC-67315
J64922108F
Benzeen [Dutch]
Benzen [Polish]
Fenzen [Czech]
Benzolo [Italian]
BNZ
Benzine (Obs.)
Benzin (Obs.)
Caswell No. 077
Benzene 100 microg/mL in Methanol
Benzene, ACS reagent, >=99.0%
Benzene, pure
CCRIS 70
54682-86-9
HSDB 35
62485-97-6
EINECS 200-753-7
UN1114
benzene,iodomanganese(1+)
EPA Pesticide Chemical Code 008801
Benzolum
Benzene (including benzene from gasoline)
p-benzene
benzene-
AI3-00808
C6H6
26181-88-4
1hyz
1swi
UNII-J64922108F
[6]-annulene
Benzene ACS Grade
Benzene, for HPLC
{[6]Annulene}
Ph-H
Phenyl; Phenyl Radical
2z9g
4i7j
BENZENE [VANDF]
BENZINUM [HPUS]
Benzene + aniline combo
BENZENE [HSDB]
BENZENE [IARC]
BENZENE (BENZOL)
BENZENE [MI]
BENZENE [MART.]
Benzene, labeled with carbon-14 and tritium
WLN: RH
BENZENE [USP-RS]
BENZENE [WHO-DD]
Epitope ID:116867
Benzene, purification grade
EC 200-753-7
Benzene, analytical standard
Benzene, LR, >=99%
ghl.PD_Mitscher_leg0.503
Benzene, anhydrous, 99.8%
Benzene, AR, >=99.5%
DTXSID3039242
3,4-DNH
1l83
220l
223l
Benzene 10 microg/mL in Methanol
ZINC967532
trans-N-Methylphenylcyclopropylamine
ACT02832
BCP26158
Benzene 20 microg/mL in Triacetin
Benzene, for HPLC, >=99.8%
Benzene, for HPLC, >=99.9%
NSC67315
Tox21_202487
1,3-Cyclohexadiene-5,6-diylradical
BDBM50167939
BM 613
STL264205
Benzene 5000 microg/mL in Methanol
Benzene, purum, >=99.0% (GC)
AKOS008967253
Benzene, SAJ first grade, >=99.0%
CAS-71-43-2
ACETONE IMPURITY C [EP IMPURITY]
Benzene [UN1114] [Flammable liquid]
Benzene, JIS special grade, >=99.5%
erythro-Phenyl-2-piperidyl-carbinol,(-)
NCGC00090744-01
NCGC00090744-02
NCGC00163890-01
NCGC00163890-02
NCGC00260036-01
trans-N, N-Dimethylphenylcyclopropylamine
Cc-34,(+/-)
RNG
DS-002542
B0020
FT-0622636
FT-0622637
FT-0622667
FT-0627856
FT-0657604
Q0038
Q2270
Benzene 30 microg/mL in N,N-Dimethylacetamide
Benzene, ACS spectrophotometric grade, >=99%
C01407
Benzene, ReagentPlus(R), thiophene free, >=99%
Benzene, puriss. p.a., Reag. Ph. Eur., >=99.7%
Q26841227
BIPERIDEN HYDROCHLORIDE IMPURITY F [EP IMPURITY]
Benzene, Pharmaceutical Secondary Standard; Certified Reference Material
Benzene, puriss., absolute, over molecular sieve (H2O <=0.005%), >=99.5% (GC)
25053-22-9
200-753-7 [EINECS]
71-43-2 [RN]
benzeen [Dutch]
Benzen [Czech]
Benzen [German]
Benzen [Turkish]
Benzene [ACD/Index Name] [ACD/IUPAC Name] [Wiki]
Benzène [French] [ACD/IUPAC Name]
Benzeno [Portuguese]
Benzine
Benzol [German] [ACD/IUPAC Name]
Benzolo [Italian]
MFCD00003009 [MDL number]
MFCD00198116 [MDL number]
Annulene
Benceno [Spanish] [ACD/IUPAC Name]
Benzinum
Benzolum
Bnz
(1,2,3,5-2H4)Benzene [ACD/IUPAC Name]
(2H)Benzene
(6)annulene
14941-52-7 [RN]
14941-53-8 [RN]
1684-46-4 [RN]
19467-24-4 [RN]
200-753-7MFCD00003009
462-80-6 [RN]
BENZENE (1,3,5-D3)
Benzene, anhydrous, ACS
Benzene-1,2,4,5-d4
Benzene-1,2,4-d3
Benzene-1,2-d2
Benzene-1,3-d2
Benzene-1,4-d2
Benzene-d2-1
Benzin
benzole
Benzolene
Phene
phenyl hydride
Pyrobenzol
Pyrobenzole
WLN: RH
BENZENE-1,4-DIOL
Benzene-1,4-diol = Hydroquinone = 1,4-Benzenediol = HQ = 1,4-Dihydroxybenzene

CAS Number: 123-31-9
EC Number: 204-617-8
Chemical formula: C6H6O2
Molar mass: 110.112 g·mol−1

Benzene-1,4-diol, also known as Hydroquinone or quinol, is an aromatic organic compound that is a type of phenol, a derivative of benzene, having the chemical formula C6H4(OH)2.
Benzene-1,4-diol has two hydroxyl groups bonded to a benzene ring in a para position.
Benzene-1,4-diol is a white granular solid.
Substituted derivatives of this parent compound are also referred to as Benzene-1,4-diols.
The name "Benzene-1,4-diol" was coined by Friedrich Wöhler in 1843

Benzene-1,4-diol is applied to the the skin to lighten areas that have darkened.
Benzene-1,4-diol also contain sunscreens.
Benzene-1,4-diol is an organic chemical that is normally produced industrially and has a very similar structure to the precursors of Melanin.
The most common use of Benzene-1,4-diol is in skin lightening products, although it can also be used in a technique for developing black and white photos.
Benzene-1,4-diol is the most commonly prescribed depigmenting agent worldwide.

Benzene-1,4-diol is a topical skin-bleaching agent used in the cosmetic treatment of hyperpigmented skin conditions.
The effect of skin lightening caused by hydroquinone is reversible when exposed to sunlight and therefore requires regular use until desired results are achieved.
Various preparations of Benzene-1,4-diol is available including creams, emulsions, gels, lotions and solutions.
Benzene-1,4-diol is available over the counter in a 2% cream and can be prescribed by your dermatologist in higher concentrations.

Mechanism of Benzene-1,4-diol:
Benzene-1,4-diol produces reversible lightening of the skin by interfering with melanin production by the melanocytes.
Specifically, inhibition of the enzymatic conversion of tyrosine to DOPA (dihydroxyphenylalanine) results in the desired chemical reduction of pigment.
Ultimately, this causes a decrease in the number of melanocytes and decreased transfer of melanin leading to lighter skin.

Uses of Benzene-1,4-diol:
Popularized by Benzene-1,4-diols usage as a photo-developer, hydroquinone can be used in any condition causing hyperpigmentation.
Common conditions of Benzene-1,4-diol include melasma, freckles, lentigines, age spots and acne scars.
Skin sensitivity to Benzene-1,4-diol may be determined before treatment by applying a small amount of cream to the hyperpigmented area and noting any redness or itching.
If no reaction occurs, initiate treatment.
As a general rule, always ensure the area is clean and dry then apply a thin film to the lesion and rub it into the skin well.
Hands should be washed after the application to avoid unwanted lightening of the fingers.

To maintain the desired affect, Benzene-1,4-diol should be used concurrently with a strong sunscreen.
Many preparations of Benzene-1,4-diol is available as a combination product.
Lightening of the skin should be noticed within 4 weeks of initiation, if no change is seen in 3 months, contact your dermatologist for further recommendations.

Benzene-1,4-diol is a chemical that a person can use to lighten their skin tone.
Benzene-1,4-diol is available as a cream, gel, lotion, or emulsion.
Benzene-1,4-diol is generally safe to use, but some people may experience side effects, such as dry skin.

Benzene-1,4-diol is a chemical that bleaches the skin.
Benzene-1,4-diol can come as a cream, emulsion, gel, or lotion.
A person can apply Benzene-1,4-diol directly to the skin.
Creams that contain 2% Benzene-1,4-diol are available to buy over the counter in most drugstores.
Stronger creams are available with a prescription from a doctor.
People may use Benzene-1,4-diol as a form of treatment for hyperpigmentation skin conditions, wherein some areas of skin grow darker than surrounding areas.

Some conditions that people may use Benzene-1,4-diol for include:
-Benzene-1,4-diol and Melasma
-People with melasma have brown or gray-brown patches on their skin.
-These patches tend to develop on the face, such as the cheeks or nose.
-They can also appear on areas of skin with high sun exposure, such as the forearms and neck.

Benzene-1,4-diol and Freckles:
Freckles are darker spots or patches that usually occur in fair skin.
Benzene-1,4-diol can become more noticeable with exposure to sunlight.

Benzene-1,4-diol and Lentigines:
Lentigines, or age spots, develop on areas of skin with the highest sun exposure.
For example, Benzene-1,4-diol can appear on the face or the backs of the hands.
They tend to be flat, dark, and between 0.2 centimeters (cm) and 2 cm in width.

Benzene-1,4-diol and acne scars:
Excess oil, dead skin cells, and bacteria can build up in skin pores and cause acne.
The body tries to repair the damage, but sometimes, it leaves scars.

Other uses of Benzene-1,4-diol:
Some people may want to lighten their skin for cosmetic reasons.
Benzene-1,4-diol can have benefits for confidence and self-esteem.
Benzene-1,4-diol is important to note that the above conditions are all harmless.

How does Benzene-1,4-diol work?
Melanin is a pigment that gives the skin and hair their color.
Benzene-1,4-diol is responsible for freckles and other dark patches on the skin.
Melanin is made by melanocytes, which are cells present in the skin and other parts of the body.
When a person applies Benzene-1,4-diol to the skin, it reduces the number of melanocytes.
Fewer melanocytes means that the body produces less melanin in the treated area.
The skin usually appears lighter within about 4 weeks.
Exposure to sunlight reverses the effects of hydroquinone.
Doctors recommend that people who use this product also use a strong sunscreen.

Benzene-1,4-diol is known to inhibit melanogenesis both in vitro and in vivo.
In this study, 2% and 5% Benzene-1,4-diol creams were topically applied to the hyperpigmented skin of 56 patients.
Benzene-1,4-diol was a moderately effective depigmenting agent in 80% of cases.
The 2% cream appeared to be as effective therapeutically as the 5% cream and to evoke untoward side effects (primary irritation) much less often.
Therapy with topically applied Benzene-1,4-diol did not lead to complete disappearance of pathological hypermelanosis, but results were satisfactory enough to help most patients become less self-conscious about their pigmentary abnormalities.

Benzene-1,4-diol production:
Benzene-1,4-diol is produced industrially by two main routes.
The most widely use of Benzene-1,4-diol route is similar to the cumene process in reaction mechanism and involves the dialkylation of benzene with propene to give 1,4-diisopropylbenzene.
This compound reacts with air to afford the bis(hydroperoxide), which is structurally similar to cumene hydroperoxide and rearranges in acid to give acetone and hydroquinone.
A second route involves hydroxylation of phenol over a catalyst.

Benzene-1,4-diol topical (for the skin) is used to lighten areas of darkened skin such as freckles, age spots, melasma (sun damage), or chloasma (darkened skin caused by hormonal changes).
Benzene-1,4-diol topical may also be used for purposes not listed in this medication guide.

The conversion uses hydrogen peroxide and affords a mixture of hydroquinone and catechol (benzene-1,2-diol):
C6H5OH + H2O2 → C6H4(OH)2 + H2O

Other, less common methods include:
A potentially significant synthesis of hydroquinone from acetylene and iron pentacarbonyl has been proposed.
Iron pentacarbonyl serves as a catalyst, rather than as a reagent, in the presence of free carbon monoxide gas.
Rhodium or ruthenium can substitute for iron as the catalyst with favorable chemical yields but are not typically used due to their cost of recovery from the reaction mixture.
Benzene-1,4-diol and its derivatives can also be prepared by oxidation of various phenols.

Examples include Elbs persulfate oxidation and Dakin oxidation:
Benzene-1,4-diol was first obtained in 1820 by the French chemists Pelletier and Caventou via the dry distillation of quinic acid.

Benzene-1,4-diol Reactions:
The reactivity of Benzene-1,4-diol's hydroxyl groups resembles that of other phenols, being weakly acidic.
The resulting conjugate base undergoes easy O-alkylation to give mono- and diethers.
Similarly, Benzene-1,4-diol is highly susceptible to ring substitution by Friedel–Crafts reactions such as alkylation.
This reaction is exploited en route to popular antioxidants such as 2-tert-butyl-4-methoxyphenol (BHA).
The useful dye quinizarin is produced by diacylation of Benzene-1,4-diol with phthalic anhydride.

Redox:
Benzene-1,4-diol undergoes oxidation under mild conditions to give benzoquinone.
This process of Benzene-1,4-diol can be reversed.
Some naturally occurring Benzene-1,4-diol derivatives exhibit this sort of reactivity, one example being coenzyme Q.
Industrially this reaction is exploited both with Benzene-1,4-diol itself but more often with its derivatives where one OH has been replaced by an amine.
When colorless Benzene-1,4-diol and benzoquinone, a bright yellow solid, are cocrystallized in a 1:1 ratio, a dark-green crystalline charge-transfer complex (melting point 171 °C) called quinhydrone (C6H6O2·C6H4O2) is formed.
Benzene-1,4-diol dissolves in hot water, where the two molecules dissociate in solution.

Amination:
An important reaction is the conversion of Benzene-1,4-diol to the mono- and diamine derivatives.
Methylaminophenol, used in photography, is produced in this way:
C6H4(OH)2 + CH3NH2 → HOC6H4NHCH3 + H2O
Similarly diamines, useful in the rubber industry as antiozone agents, are produced similarly from aniline:
C6H4(OH)2 + 2 C6H5NH2 → C6H4(N(H)C6H5)2 + 2 H2O

Benzene-1,4-diol uses:
Benzene-1,4-diol has a variety of uses principally associated with its action as a reducing agent that is soluble in water.
Benzene-1,4-diol is a major component in most black and white photographic developers for film and paper where, with the compound metol, it reduces silver halides to elemental silver.
There are various other uses associated with its reducing power.
As a polymerisation inhibitor, exploiting its antioxidant properties, Benzene-1,4-diol prevents polymerization of acrylic acid, methyl methacrylate, cyanoacrylate, and other monomers that are susceptible to radical-initiated polymerization.
By acting as a free radical scavenger, Benzene-1,4-diol serves to prolong the shelflife of light-sensitive resins such as preceramic polymers.
Benzene-1,4-diol can lose a hydrogen cation from both hydroxyl groups to form a diphenolate ion.
The disodium diphenolate salt of Benzene-1,4-diol is used as an alternating comonomer unit in the production of the polymer PEEK.

Skin depigmentation:
Benzene-1,4-diol is used as a topical application in skin whitening to reduce the color of skin.
Benzene-1,4-diol does not have the same predisposition to cause dermatitis as metol does.

While using Benzene-1,4-diol as a lightening agent can be effective with proper use, it can also cause skin sensitivity.
Using Benzene-1,4-diol a daily sunscreen with a high PPD (persistent pigment darkening) rating reduces the risk of further damage.
Benzene-1,4-diol is sometimes combined with alpha-hydroxy acids that exfoliate the skin to quicken the lightening process.
In the United States, topical treatments usually contain up to 2% in Benzene-1,4-diol.
Otherwise, higher concentrations (up to 4%) should be prescribed and used with caution.
While Benzene-1,4-diol remains widely prescribed for treatment of hyperpigmentation, questions raised about its safety profile by regulatory agencies in the EU, Japan, and USA encourage the search for other agents with comparable efficacy.
Several such agents are already available or under research, including azelaic acid, kojic acid, retinoids, cysteamine, topical steroids, glycolic acid, and other substances.
One of these, 4-butylresorcinol, has been proven to be more effective at treating melanin-related skin disorders by a wide margin, as well as safe enough to be made available over the counter.

What Is Benzene-1,4-diol?
Benzene-1,4-diol is the common name for the ingredient 1,4-dihydroxybenzene, and may be used safely in a variety of cosmetics.

Why is Benzene-1,4-diol used in cosmetics and personal care products?
Benzene-1,4-diol is used in cosmetics as an antioxidant, fragrance ingredient and oxidizing agent in hair dyes.
Benzene-1,4-diol may also be used as a stabilizer that inhibits the polymerization of the adhesive in artificial nails.

Natural occurrences:
Benzene-1,4-diols are one of the two primary reagents in the defensive glands of bombardier beetles, along with hydrogen peroxide (and perhaps other compounds, depending on the species), which collect in a reservoir.
The reservoir opens through a muscle-controlled valve onto a thick-walled reaction chamber.
This chamber is lined with cells that secrete catalases and peroxidases.
When the contents of the reservoir are forced into the reaction chamber, the catalases and peroxidases rapidly break down the hydrogen peroxide and catalyze the oxidation of the hydroquinones into p-quinones.
These reactions release free oxygen and generate enough heat to bring the mixture to the boiling point and vaporize about a fifth of it, producing a hot spray from the beetle's abdomen.
Farnesyl Benzene-1,4-diol derivatives are the principal irritants exuded by the poodle-dog bush, which can cause severe contact dermatitis in humans.
Benzene-1,4-diol is thought to be the active toxin in Agaricus hondensis mushrooms.
Benzene-1,4-diol has been shown to be one of the chemical constituents of the natural product propolis.
Benzene-1,4-diol is also one of the chemical compounds found in castoreum.
This compound is gathered from the beaver's castor sacs.
In bearberry (Arctostaphylos uva-ursi), arbutin is converted to Benzene-1,4-diol.

What is Benzene-1,4-diol?
Benzene-1,4-diol is an organic compound that can be found naturally in different fungi, plants and animals but was first synthetically produced in the 1800s for the purposes of developing black and white photography.
Later on, in the beginning of the 20th century, the effects of Benzene-1,4-diol on the skin as a melanin inhibitor, and antioxidant were discovered and the ingredient was put to use in topical skincare.
For the last 50+ years, Benzene-1,4-diol has been the gold standard for dark spot correcting and recommended by a number of board-certified dermatologists including SLMD founder, Dr. Sandra Lee, for reducing the appearance of pigmentation resulting from acne, melasma, and sun exposure.
Misinformation and confusion has caused Benzene-1,4-diol to become a controversial ingredient, but we’re here to set the record straight and share the right info with you!

IS Benzene-1,4-diol DANGEROUS?
The first misconception that Benzene-1,4-diol is dangerous stemmed from a controversy in South Africa, in 1980, after they identified products containing Hydroquinone to be hazardous.
As a result, South Africa placed a ban on the ingredient, and Japan, EU and Australia followed suit.
However, further research uncovered that these products they identified as hazardous also contained mercury and other illegal contaminants.
Therefore, there was no substantial evidence that the reason for this toxicity was due to the Benzene-1,4-diol, and plenty more research upholds Hydroquinone to be safe and effective when used topically!
A skin disorder known as exogenous ochronosis, which causes skin to darken with blue-black pigmentation, has been linked to the use of prescription strength Hydroquinone chronically (long-term) and at very high percentages.
Benzene-1,4-diol is important to note that this occurrence is very rare — there have been less than 40 cases recorded in the US.
For this reason, when using prescription strength HQs, dermatologists will recommend that after a couple months of use you take a break from the product before continuing your treatment.
Similarly, there has been no evidence or study that indicates that use of a topical Benzene-1,4-diol causes cancer in humans.
It is true that Benzene-1,4-diol should not be ingested orally in high doses, but as it's manufactured in its powdered form for topical skincare, it's a very stable, safe ingredient!

HOW DOES Benzene-1,4-diol WORK?
Benzene-1,4-diol works to reduce the appearance of dark spots over time by decreasing the production of melanin (the protein that gives your skin pigment) and increasing the breakdown of melanocytes (the cells that create melanin).
This works because Benzene-1,4-diol prevents the activity of tyrosinase, the enzyme needed to make melanin.
Melanin is a natural function of our skin — it’s how we get the pigment in our skin, eyes, and hair, but it becomes problematic when Melanocytes (which sit in the Dermis layer of our skin) are stimulated to release extra melanin that form dark spots on the top layer of our skin.
This process can be triggered by UV exposure and trauma (from picking at your skin).
Benzene-1,4-diol also has some antioxidant properties that help protect the skin from UV damage and brighten complexion.
Because Benzene-1,4-diol functions on the cell-level, it requires consistent use to see results — it is not bleaching your skin over time, just making the melanin production of your skin more even.

Benzene-1,4-diol’s safety has been assessed by the Cosmetic Ingredient Review (CIR) Expert Panel on four separate occasions since 1986.
CIR concluded that Benzene-1,4-diol is safe at concentrations of ≤ 1% in cosmetic formulations designed for discontinuous, brief use followed by rinsing from the skin and hair.
In addition, Benzene-1,4-diol is safe for use as a polymerization inhibitor in nail adhesives and in artificial nail coatings that are cured by LED light.
However, Benzene-1,4-diol is not safe for use in other leave-on cosmetic products.

What is Benzene-1,4-diol?
Benzene-1,4-diol is a skin-lightening agent.
Benzene-1,4-diol bleaches the skin, which can be helpful when treating different forms of hyperpigmentation.
Historically, there’s been some back-and-forth on the safety of Benzene-1,4-diol.
In 1982, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration recognized the ingredient as safe and effectiveTrusted Source.
Several years later, concerns about safety prompted retailers to pull Benzene-1,4-diol from the market.
The FDA went on to discover that many of the products in question contained contaminants like mercury.
They established that these contaminants were behind reports of adverse effects.
Since then, the FDA has confirmed that Benzene-1,4-diol can be safely sold over the counter (OTC) in 2 percent concentrations.
Read on to learn more about how it works, who might benefit from use, products to try, and more.

How does Benzene-1,4-diol work?
Benzene-1,4-diol bleaches your skin by decreasing the number of melanocytes present.
Melanocytes make melanin, which is what produces your skin tone.
In cases of hyperpigmentation, more melanin is present due to an increase in melanocyte production.
By controlling these melanocytes, your skin will become more evenly toned over time.
Benzene-1,4-diol takes about four weeks on average for the ingredient to take effect.
Benzene-1,4-diol may take several months of consistent use before you see full results.
If you don’t see any improvements within three months of OTC use, talk to your dermatologist.
They may be able to recommend a prescription-strength formula better suited to your needs.

What is Benzene-1,4-diol topical?
Benzene-1,4-diol decreases the formation of melanin in the skin.
Melanin is the pigment in skin that gives it a brown color.
Benzene-1,4-diol topical is used to lighten areas of darkened skin such as freckles, age spots, Chloasma, and Melasma.
Benzene-1,4-diol works by inhibiting an enzyme reaction in skin cells.

How should I use Benzene-1,4-diol topical?
Do not use Benzene-1,4-diol topical on skin that is sunburned, dry, chapped, or irritated, or on an open wound.
Benzene-1,4-diol could make these conditions worse.
Discontinue use if excessive irritation develops.
Apply the medication to clean, dry skin.
Dispense a pea size amount on the back of your hand, apply to cheeks, forehead and then to chin.
Blend in the product to cover face.
Avoid the corners of the mouth and nose; these areas can be irritated easily.
Apply to the affected area(s) morning and night.
For Melasma, once the discoloration has resolved or adequately faded, you may either discontinue use or continue weekly maintenance.
Benzene-1,4-diol may take 3 months or more to see improvements.
For Lentigines, use the creams for a maximum of 3 months.

What skin conditions can benefit from Benzene-1,4-diol?
Benzene-1,4-diol is used to treat skin conditions related to hyperpigmentation.

Benzene-1,4-diol includes:
-acne scars
-age spots
-freckles
-melasma
-post-inflammatory marks from psoriasis and eczema

Although hydroquinone can help fade red or brown spots that have lingered, Benzene-1,4-diol won’t help with active inflammation.
For example, Benzene-1,4-diol can help minimize acne scarring, but Benzene-1,4-diol won’t have an effect on redness from active breakouts.

What do I need to tell my doctor BEFORE I take Benzene-1,4-diol?
If you have an allergy to Benzene-1,4-diol or any other part of Benzene-1,4-diol.
If you are allergic to Benzene-1,4-diol; any part of hydroquinone; or any other drugs, foods, or substances.
Tell your doctor about the allergy and what signs you had.
Benzene-1,4-diol may interact with other drugs or health problems.

What is Benzene-1,4-diol?
Benzene-1,4-diol is a topical cream that is used to lighten dark patches of the skin (also called hyperpigmentation).
Benzene-1,4-diol is available as a prescription alone and as a combination cream containing a topical steroid and a topical retinoid.
In some countries, including the United States, Benzene-1,4-diol is available over the counter, most often in a 2-3% formulation.

What is Benzene-1,4-diol used for?
Benzene-1,4-diol is used to lighten dark patches of the skin.
These dark spots can be related or triggered by many factors including pregnancy, birth control pills, inflammation, and injury to the skin.
The most common use is for melasma, a condition in which people develop dark patches on the face and other areas of skin, such as the arms.

How is Benzene-1,4-diol used?
Safe use of Benzene-1,4-diol includes using it under the supervision of a dermatologist.
Benzene-1,4-diol should be applied only to the affected darkened areas of skin to avoid lightening of normal skin.
Benzene-1,4-diol should not be used for extended periods of time as it can cause a paradoxical darkening.
Cycling of use with breaks is recommended to limit overuse and the side effect known as exogenous ochronosis.

What else do I need to know about Benzene-1,4-diol?
Benzene-1,4-diol is an out of pocket expense as insurance will not cover this medication.
If using Benzene-1,4-diol to treat melasma, Benzene-1,4-diol should be used in combination with a broad-spectrum sunscreen SPF 30 or higher daily.
Sunscreen should be applied to the affected areas after Benzene-1,4-diol to avoid relapse of the condition.
Dark areas may recur if the cream is discontinued but this is less likely happen if sun protective measures are followed.

Tell your doctor and pharmacist about all of your drugs (prescription or OTC, natural products, vitamins) and health problems.
You must check to make sure that it is safe for you to take hydroquinone with all of your drugs and health problems.
Do not start, stop, or change the dose of any drug without checking with your doctor.

Benzene-1,4-diol cream is the standard depigmentation or skin lightening agent.
Clinically Benzene-1,4-diol is used to treat areas of dyschromia, such as in melasma, chloasma, solar lentigines, freckles, and post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation.
This activity outlines the indications, mechanism of action, methods of administration, important adverse effects, contraindications, and monitoring of Benzene-1,4-diol, so providers can direct patient therapy to optimal outcomes in conditions where it is indicated.

What is Benzene-1,4-diol?
Benzene-1,4-diol also known as tocopheryl acetate, hydroquinone is found in skin-lightening creams, serums, cleansers, and moisturizers.
"Benzene-1,4-diol is a topical skin treatment for melasma, freckles, age and sun spots, and even acne scars," Shafer says.
"Benzene-1,4-diol is used in combination with other acne products such as Retin-A, hydroquinone can help dramatically improve skin complexion.
"Shamban adds to this, reporting that Benzene-1,4-diol can also be used to lighten up freckles as well as post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation, which is usually seen after an injury such as a burn or inflammatory acne.

While Benzene-1,4-diol is effective at lightening spots, the results aren't immediate.
Benzene-1,4-diol may take a matter of weeks (or months) before results are discernible to the naked eye.
"Patients need to understand that the treatment is working at the cellular level to reduce the production of pigment," Shafer explains.
"So the effects take several weeks to realize.
As the old skin sheds and new skin is produced, the amount of pigment will be less, leading to a more even skin tone."

Benefits of Benzene-1,4-diol for Skin
Benzene-1,4-diol has several benefits for the skin.
Lightens dark spots (hyperpigmentation): Benzene-1,4-diol is one of the most effective ingredients to lighten hyperpigmentation.
"If you have dark areas from melasma, age spots, or brown spots left from acne, Benzene-1,4-diol helps by decreasing the formation of melanin in the skin (the pigment in the skin that gives it a dark color)," says Buttiglione.
Ng adds: "To date, Benzene-1,4-diol is considered the topical gold standard in dermatology for reducing hyperpigmentation."
Evens out skin tone: Because Benzene-1,4-diol lightens certain areas of the skin that are darkened, the end result is a more balanced, even complexion.

Treats melasma: "Benzene-1,4-diol serves as the backbone of any treatment for a wide variety of conditions, including melasma," notes Shamban.
"Melasma, which is manifested by patches of darker skin typically on the forehead, cheeks, and upper lip, often runs in families and is triggered by UV and visible light exposure often in combination with hormonal shifts such as birth control pills, pregnancy or hormone replacement therapy."
Benzene-1,4-diol can help rectify the side effects of melasma.

What do I do if I miss a dose?
-Put on a missed dose as soon as you think about Benzene-1,4-diol.
-If Benzene-1,4-diol is close to the time for your next dose, skip the missed dose and go back to your normal time.
-Do not put Benzene-1,4-diol on 2 doses or extra doses.

Preferred IUPAC name:
Benzene-1,4-diol

What is Benzene-1,4-diol?
Benzene-1,4-diol (hahy droh kwi NOHN) is applied to the the skin to lighten areas that have darkened.
Some products also contain sunscreens.
Benzene-1,4-diol may be used for other purposes; ask your health care provider or pharmacist if you have questions.

What should I tell my health care provider before I take Benzene-1,4-diol?
They need to know if you have any of these conditions:
-an unusual or allergic reaction to Benzene-1,4-diol, sunscreens, other medicines, foods, dyes, or preservatives
-pregnant or trying to get pregnant
-breast-feeding

How should I use Benzene-1,4-diol?
Benzene-1,4-diol is for external use only.
Do not take Benzene-1,4-diol by mouth.
Follow the directions on the prescription label.
Wash your hands before and after applying Hydroquinone.
Make sure the skin is clean and dry.
Apply Benzene-1,4-diol just enough to cover the affected area.
Rub in gently but completely.
Do not apply Benzene-1,4-diol near the eyes, mouth, or other areas of sensitive skin.
If accidental contact occurs, large amounts of water should be used to wash the affected area.
If the eyes are involved and eye irritation persists after thoroughly washing, contact your doctor.
If you are using other skin medicines, apply them at different times of the day.
Do not use Benzene-1,4-diol more often than directed.
Talk to your pediatrician regarding the use of Benzene-1,4-diol in children.
Special care may be needed.

Overdosage: If you think you have taken too much of Benzene-1,4-diol contact a poison control center or emergency room at once.

NOTE:
Benzene-1,4-diol is only for you.
Do not share Benzene-1,4-diol with others.

What may interact with Benzene-1,4-diol?
benzoyl peroxide
This list may not describe all possible interactions.
Give your health care provider a list of all the medicines, herbs, non-prescription drugs, or dietary supplements you use.
Also tell them if you smoke, drink alcohol, or use illegal drugs.
Some items may interact with Benzene-1,4-diol.

Benzene-1,4-diol, the major benzene metabolite, is a ubiquitous chemical in the environment due to its widespread application in human and industrial activities.
Benzene-1,4-diol can be used as a developing agent in photography, dye intermediate, stabilizer in paints, varnishes oils, and motor fuels.
In addition, Benzene-1,4-diol has been used as an antioxidant in the rubber and food industry.
From 1950s to 2001 Benzene-1,4-diol was applied in the commercially available cosmetic skin lightening formulations in European Union countries and since 1960s it was commercially available as a medical product.
Benzene-1,4-diol is also present in cosmetic formulations of products for coating finger nails and hair dyes.
On the other hand, Benzene-1,4-diol can be a component of high molecular aromatic compounds (e.g., resin), an intermediate, or appear as a degradation product generated by transformation of aromatic compounds.
Advanced oxidation processes (APOs) of aromatic compounds, particularly of phenol, yield several benzene derivatives, such as hydroquinone, catechol, and resorcinol, as intermediate metabolites of its transformation.
The formation of Benzene-1,4-diol and -benzoquinone at early stages of phenol oxidation increases the toxicity of phenol wastewaters, showing that these compounds were more toxic and less degradable than the original pollutant.
Meanwhile, in the oxidative degradation of Benzene-1,4-diol under a supercritical condition (409.9°C and 24.5 MPa) and subcritical condition (359.9°C and 24.5 MPa), -benzoquinone was to be an important intermediate.
Despite the toxic properties, a number of microorganisms can utilize Benzene-1,4-diol, especially under aerobic conditions, which has led to the development of low-cost treatment of polluted effluents.
The chemical method applied conventionally to the treatment of industrial wastewater used FeSO4 and H2O2; however, the application of this technology generates ferric sulfate, which enables recycled reactants.
Therefore, biological transformations are generally preferred for being considered as more economical and environmentally friendly.

What should I watch for while using Benzene-1,4-diol?
Contact your doctor or health care professional if your condition does not improve in the first two months or if you experience too much skin irritation.
Benzene-1,4-diol will work best if you avoid excessive exposure to sunlight and wear sunscreens and protective clothing.
Some Benzene-1,4-diol products contain sunscreens.
Use a sunscreen (SPF 15 or higher).
Do not use sun lamps or sun tanning beds or booths.
Do not apply Benzene-1,4-diol to sunburned areas or if you have a skin wound in the area of application.
Most cosmetics, sunscreens, and moisturizing lotions may be worn over Benzene-1,4-diol.
Wait several minutes after application of v before applying them.

What side effects may I notice from receiving Benzene-1,4-diol?
Side effects that you should report to your doctor or health care professional as soon as possible:
-severe burning, itching, crusting, or swelling of the treated areas
-unusual skin discoloration

Side effects that usually do not require medical attention (report to your doctor or health care professional if they continue or are bothersome):
-mild itching or stinging
-reddening of the skin
This list may not describe all possible side effects.

Benzene-1,4-diol is one of the most effective skin brightening agents in skincare.
However, Benzene-1,4-diol’s scientifically proven to have negative side effects.
Are the Benzene-1,4-diol dangers worth risking your health?
Snow White set the bar high when Benzene-1,4-diol comes to fair skin.
Many women want overall brighter complexions, and they’re enlisting the help of cosmetics marketed towards brightening dull skin and lightening dark spots.
Skin brightening is so popular and in demand that Benzene-1,4-diol’s become its own industry with Asian countries accounting for more than half of sales.

What is Benzene-1,4-diol?
Benzene-1,4-diol is a skin lightening agent frequently used in skin brightening spot treatments and face creams.
Benzene-1,4-diol’s been long established as the most effective ingredient for lightening skin, fading uneven skin tone, and improving dark spots.
How does Benzene-1,4-diol work? Benzene-1,4-diol bleaches the skin and, therefore, alters the skin tone.
Your skin tone is determined by the amount of melanocytes present in the skin.
Melanocytes are skin cells that create melanin, a dark brown or black pigment.
Melanin is also responsible for making skin appear tanned or darker when exposed to sunlight.
Melanin is beautiful, but Hydroquinone disagrees.
If bleaching your skin doesn’t sound safe to you, you’re right.
Hydroquinone’s not safe or healthy.
Yes, Benzene-1,4-diol works for its desired purposes, but Benzene-1,4-diol’s not good for your skin or body.
Despite its popularity and effectiveness, Benzene-1,4-diol use is controversial for health and safety reasons.

The skin lightener is as controversial as Benzene-1,4-diol is effective.
When incorporated into your complexion regimen properly, Benzene-1,4-diol decreases the production of melanin by inhibiting tyrosinase, an enzyme needed for melanin production, to decrease the appearance of hyperpigmentation.
Because of this, many people consider Benzene-1,4-diol to be a skin-bleaching ingredient.
According to Miami-based board-certified dermatologist Roberta Del Campo, it should be considered a "color blender" instead.

What are some things I need to know or do while I take Benzene-1,4-diol?
-Tell all of your health care providers that you take hydroquinone.
-This includes your doctors, nurses, pharmacists, and dentists.
-After stopping hydroquinone, some of the color change may come back.
-If you have a sulfite allergy, talk with your doctor.
-This medicine may cause harm if swallowed.
-If hydroquinone is swallowed, call a doctor or poison control center right away.
-Avoid sun, sunlamps, and tanning beds.
-Use sunscreen and wear clothing and eyewear that protects you from the sun.
-Tell your doctor if you are pregnant or plan on getting pregnant.
-You will need to talk about the benefits and risks of using hydroquinone while you are pregnant.
-Tell your doctor if you are breast-feeding.
-You will need to talk about any risks to your baby.

Boiling Point: 285.0°C to 287.0°C
Flash Point: 165°C
Packaging: Glass Bottle
Sulfated Ash: 0.05% max.
Quantity: 5g
Melting Point: 170.0°C to 174.0°C
Color: White
Density: 1.32
Infrared Spectrum: Authentic
Assay Percent Range: 99.4% min. (HPLC)
Linear Formula: C6H4(OH)2
Beilstein: 06,836
Fieser: 05,341; 14,249
Merck Index: 15,4845
Solubility Information:
Solubility in water: 70g/L in water (20°C).
Other solubilities: soluble in alcohol and ether,slightly soluble in benzene,readily soluble in ethanol,acetone and methanol
Formula Weight: 110.11
Physical Form: Needle-Like Crystals or Crystalline Powder
Percent Purity: 99.5%
Chemical Name or Material: Hydroquinone, p.a.

How is Benzene-1,4-diol best taken?
-Use Benzene-1,4-diol as ordered by your doctor.
-Do not take hydroquinone by mouth.
-Use Benzene-1,4-diol on your skin only.
-Keep out of your mouth, nose, and eyes (may burn).
-Wash your hands before and after using Hydroquinone.
-Do not wash your hands after use Benzene-1,4-diol if putting this on your hand.
-Clean affected part before use.
-Make sure to dry well.
-Put Hydroquinone a thin layer on the affected skin and rub in gently.
-Practice good skin care and avoid the sun.
-Do not use Benzene-1,4-diol coverings (bandages, dressings, make-up) unless told to do so by the doctor.
-Do not use Benzene-1,4-diol on irritated skin.

Is Benzene-1,4-diol safe for all skin types and tones?
Although Benzene-1,4-diol is generally well-tolerated, there are a few exceptions.
If you have dry or sensitive skin, you may find that Benzene-1,4-diol causes further dryness or irritation.
Benzene-1,4-diol usually tapers off as your skin adjusts to the ingredient.
People who have normal or oily skin are less likely to experience these side effects.
Benzene-1,4-diol tends to work best on fair skin tones.
If you have a medium-to-dark skin tone, talk with your dermatologist before use.
Benzene-1,4-diol may actually worsen hyperpigmentation in darker skin tones.

How effective is Benzene-1,4-diol?
In most cases, lightening of skin should be seen after four weeks of treatment.
Sometimes Benzene-1,4-diol may take longer to see any change, but if no bleaching effect is seen after three months of treatment, you should stop using hydroquinone.
To increase the effectiveness of Benzene-1,4-diol, you should stay out of the sun, or wear protective clothing and use an SPF15+ sunscreen when outdoors.
Do not use sunlamps or tanning salons.

How to use Benzene-1,4-diol
Consistency is key to treating hyperpigmentation.
You’ll want to use Benzene-1,4-diol every day for maximum results.
Follow all product instructions carefully.
Benzene-1,4-diol’s important to do a patch test before your first full application.
This will allow you to determine how your skin will react and whether it results in unwelcome side effects.
Benzene-1,4-diol is a white, odorless, crystalline solid with an extremely low vapor pressure.
Benzene-1,4-diol is moderately soluble in water and highly soluble in alcohol.
Benzene-1,4-diol occurs in the environment as a result of anthropogenic processes, as well as in natural products from plants and animals.
In the soil, Benzene-1,4-diol is expected to biodegrade under aerobic conditions.
Benzene-1,4-diol may be removed from the soil by oxidation processes or by direct photolysis on the surface.

What is the most important information I should know about Benzene-1,4-diol topical?
Follow all directions on your medicine label and package.
Tell each of your healthcare providers about all your medical conditions, allergies, and all medicines you use.

What is Benzene-1,4-diol topical?
Benzene-1,4-diol topical (for the skin) is used to lighten areas of darkened skin such as freckles, age spots, melasma (sun damage), or chloasma (darkened skin caused by hormonal changes).
Benzene-1,4-diol topical may also be used for purposes not listed in this medication guide.

What should I discuss with my healthcare provider before using Benzene-1,4-diol topical?
You should not use this medicine if you are allergic to Benzene-1,4-diol or peroxide.

Ask a doctor or pharmacist if Benzene-1,4-diol is safe to use if you have ever had:
-liver or kidney disease;
-asthma or sulfite allergy; or if you are using any antibiotic medicine.

Benzene-1,4-diol is a skin lightening agent available as either a pharmaceutical or a cosmeceutical.
Benzene-1,4-diols mechanism of action depends on its ability to inhibit tyrosinase synthesis, thereby inhibiting the production of melanin.
Other functions of Benzene-1,4-diol include its ability to inhibit DNA and RNA synthesis, and to degrade melanosomes.
Products sold at 2% concentration are available in more than 100 over-the-counter products, whereas those with a 3–10% concentration are prescription products and regulated as drugs.
New products on the market today use Benzene-1,4-diol in combination with topical retinoids and topical steroids for treatment of melasma and photopigmentation.
Benzene-1,4-diol has received scrutiny recently owing to Hydroquinones risk of ochronosis, a severe but rare side-effect.
Endogenous ochronosis is a manifestation of a rare metabolic disorder known as alkaptonuria, which results from a deficiency of homogentisic acid oxidase.
Exogenous ochronosis is a rare cutaneous side-effect of the long-term use of topical depigmenting agents such as hydroquinone.
Ochronosis is characterized by an asymptomatic blue–black pigmentation of skin and cartilage.
Although the exact cause of ochronosis from topical hydroquinone is not known, studies suggest that hydroquinone may inhibit homogentisic acid oxidase in the dermis, with the accumulation of homogentisic acid in the dermis causing ochronotic pigment deposition.
Other agents reported in the literature to cause exogenous ochronosis are antimalarials, resorcinol, phenol, mercury, and picric acid.

Benzene-1,4-diol is used as an inhibitor of polymerization.
Due to Benzene-1,4-diols outstanding photo developing properties, Hydroquinone is also used as a photo developer, and as a raw material in manufacturing dye intermediates.

Benzene-1,4-diol is used to lighten the dark patches of skin (also called hyperpigmentation, melasma, "liver spots," "age spots," freckles) caused by pregnancy, birth control pills, hormone medicine, or injury to the skin.
Benzene-1,4-diol works by blocking the process in the skin that leads to discoloration.

What is Benzene-1,4-diol?
Benzene-1,4-diol is an organic compound that’s used to treat a variety of discoloration-related skin conditions.
Benzene-1,4-diol’s a skin lightening agent that works by reducing your production of melanin. When used topically, hydroquinone can cause your skin to lighten in color.
Benzene-1,4-diol is widely used as a scar treatment.
Applied topically, Benzene-1,4-diol can cause darkened scars to lose some or all of their extra pigmentation, causing them to blend in and match the color of the surrounding skin.
Benzene-1,4-diol’s also used as a treatment for skin hyperpigmentation caused by UV exposure (spending too much time in the sun) and inflammation.
Topical Benzene-1,4-diol creams are available as prescription medication to treat melasma and other pigmentation-related skin conditions.
You can also buy limited strength Benzene-1,4-diol as an over-the-counter medicine in most pharmacies.

What is Benzene-1,4-diol used for?
Benzene-1,4-diol is a skin-bleaching agent that is used to lighten areas of darkened skin.
Benzene-1,4-diol decreases the formation of melanin in the skin.
Melanin is the pigment in skin that gives it a brown color.
Benzene-1,4-diol has been prescribed for your present skin condition only and should not be given to other people or used for other problems.

hydroquinone
1,4-benzenediol
Benzene-1,4-diol
123-31-9
Quinol
1,4-Dihydroxybenzene
p-Benzenediol
p-Hydroquinone
p-Hydroxyphenol
p-Dihydroxybenzene
4-Hydroxyphenol
Benzoquinol
Eldoquin
hydroquinol
Eldopaque
Phiaquin
p-Dioxybenzene
Dihydroquinone
Hydroquinole
Idrochinone
Tecquinol
Dihydroxybenzene
Solaquin forte
Benzohydroquinone
Arctuvin
Hidroquinone
Tequinol
Derma-Blanch
Tenox HQ
Hydrochinon
Hydrochinone
Artra
Eldopaque Forte
Eldoquin Forte
Diak 5
Benzene, p-dihydroxy-
1,4-Dihydroxy-benzol
Usaf ek-356
1,4-Diidrobenzene
p-Dioxobenzene
1,4-Dihydroxybenzen
para-Dioxybenzene
para-Hydroquinone
Pyrogentistic acid
1,4-Dihydroxy-benzeen
NCI-C55834
HE 5
para-Dihydroxybenzene
Black and White Bleaching Cream
Melanex
Idrochinone [Italian]
Hydrochinon [Czech, Polish]
1,4-Dihydroxybenzen [Czech]
1,4-Diidrobenzene [Italian]
Benzosemiquinone
1,4-Dihydroxy-benzeen [Dutch]
1,4-Dihydroxy-benzol [German]
UNII-XV74C1N1AE
NSC 9247
UN2662
Hydroquinone [USP]
CHEBI:17594
AI3-00072
4-DIHYDROXYBENZENE
MFCD00002339
HQ
CHEMBL537
XV74C1N1AE
1,4-Benzenediol, homopolymer
DTXSID7020716
NSC-9247
Hydroquinone [UN2662] [Poison]
Hydroquinone (USP)
NCGC00015523-02
beta-quinol
DSSTox_CID_716
DSSTox_RID_75754
DSSTox_GSID_20716
Eldopacque
Hydroquinone (Benzene-1,4-diol)
Epiquin
Sunvanish
p Benzendiol
p-Dihydroquinone
alpha-hydroquinone
para-Hydroxyphenol
26982-52-5
CAS-123-31-9
SMR000059154
CCRIS 714
1,4-Hydroxybenzene
HSDB 577
SR-01000075920
EINECS 204-617-8
hydroquinon
Hydroquinoue
hydroq uinone
hydroquinone gr
a-Hydroquinone
Black & White Bleaching Cream
p-Hydroxybenzene
b-Quinol
4-Benzenediol
Hydroquinone, HQ
.beta.-Quinol
1,4 benzenediol
Hydroquinone,(S)
p-dihydroxy benzene
HQE
Hydroquinone polymer
PLQ
Artra (Salt/Mix)
1, 4-Benzenediol
HYDROP
.alpha.-Hydroquinone
phenol derivative, 4
4-hydroxyphenyl alcohol
Spectrum_001757
4e3h
SpecPlus_000769
1,4-Dihydrobenzoquinone
ELDOQUIN (TN)
hydroquinone for synthesis
Spectrum2_001672
Spectrum3_000656
Spectrum4_000633
Spectrum5_001430
Lopac-H-9003
1,2 BENZOLDIOL
WLN: QR DQ
bmse000293
Epitope ID:116206
EC 204-617-8
Lopac0_000577
SCHEMBL15516
BSPBio_002291
KBioGR_001246
KBioSS_002237
1,4-Dihydroxybenzene, XIII
Hydroquinone-1,4-Benzenediol
MLS000069815
MLS001074911
BIDD:ER0340
DivK1c_006865
Hydroquinone, LR, >=99%
SPECTRUM1504237
Hydrochinon(CZECH, POLISH)
SPBio_001883
BDBM26190
Hydroquinone, puriss., 99.0%
KBio1_001809
KBio2_002237
KBio2_004805
KBio2_007373
KBio3_001511
NSC9247
Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone)
HMS1922H15
HMS2093E08
HMS3261D16
LABOTEST-BB LTBB001931
Pharmakon1600-01504237
HY-B0951
ZINC5133378
Tox21_110169
Tox21_202345
Tox21_300015
Tox21_500577
BBL011606
CCG-39082
NSC758707
s4580
STK397446
AKOS000119003
Tox21_110169_1
AM10548
AS00174
DB09526
LP00577
MCULE-3953269041
NSC-758707
SDCCGSBI-0050559.P003
UN 2662
Hydroquinone, ReagentPlus(R), >=99%
Hydroquinone, USP, 99.0-100.5%
NCGC00015523-01
NCGC00015523-03
NCGC00015523-04
NCGC00015523-05
NCGC00015523-06
NCGC00015523-07
NCGC00015523-08
NCGC00015523-09
NCGC00015523-10
NCGC00015523-11
NCGC00015523-12
NCGC00015523-13
NCGC00015523-19
NCGC00090880-01
NCGC00090880-02
NCGC00090880-03
NCGC00090880-04
NCGC00090880-05
NCGC00254037-01
NCGC00259894-01
NCGC00261262-01
BP-21160
DA-33570
Hydroquinone, ReagentPlus(R), >=99.5%
SBI-0050559.P002
Hydroquinone, SAJ first grade, >=99.0%
EU-0100577
FT-0606877
H0186
Hydroquinone, SAJ special grade, >=99.0%
Hydroquinone, meets USP testing specifications
C00530
D00073
H 9003
19538-EP2272837A1
19538-EP2284165A1
19538-EP2302015A1
19538-EP2305825A1
19538-EP2309584A1
19538-EP2311804A2
19538-EP2314576A1
19538-EP2314579A1
19538-EP2314584A1
19538-EP2315303A1
19538-EP2371803A1
19538-EP2377843A1
97871-EP2305685A1
AB00053361_08
122680-EP2295053A1
Q419164
J-00491
J-521469
SR-01000075920-1
SR-01000075920-4
Q27102742
Z57127551
094CADDB-59BF-4EDF-B278-59791B203EA2
F1908-0167
Hydroquinone, certified reference material, TraceCERT(R)
Hydroquinone, United States Pharmacopeia (USP) Reference Standard
Hydroquinone, Pharmaceutical Secondary Standard; Certified Reference Material
BENZENE-1,4-DIOL
Benzene-1,4-diol = Hydroquinone = 1,4-Benzenediol = HQ = 1,4-Dihydroxybenzene

CAS Number: 123-31-9
EC Number: 204-617-8
Chemical formula: C6H6O2
Molar mass: 110.112 g·mol−1

Benzene-1,4-diol is a chemical that a person can use to lighten their skin tone.
Benzene-1,4-diol is available as a cream, gel, lotion, or emulsion.
Benzene-1,4-diol is generally safe to use, but some people may experience side effects, such as dry skin.

Benzene-1,4-diol is a chemical that bleaches the skin.
Benzene-1,4-diol can come as a cream, emulsion, gel, or lotion.
A person can apply Benzene-1,4-diol directly to the skin.
Creams that contain 2% Benzene-1,4-diol are available to buy over the counter in most drugstores.
Stronger creams are available with a prescription from a doctor.
People may use Benzene-1,4-diol as a form of treatment for hyperpigmentation skin conditions, wherein some areas of skin grow darker than surrounding areas.

Some conditions that people may use Benzene-1,4-diol for include:
-Benzene-1,4-diol and Melasma
-People with melasma have brown or gray-brown patches on their skin.
-These patches tend to develop on the face, such as the cheeks or nose.
-They can also appear on areas of skin with high sun exposure, such as the forearms and neck.

Benzene-1,4-diol and Freckles:
Freckles are darker spots or patches that usually occur in fair skin.
Benzene-1,4-diol can become more noticeable with exposure to sunlight.

Benzene-1,4-diol and Lentigines:
Lentigines, or age spots, develop on areas of skin with the highest sun exposure.
For example, Benzene-1,4-diol can appear on the face or the backs of the hands.
They tend to be flat, dark, and between 0.2 centimeters (cm) and 2 cm in width.

Benzene-1,4-diol and acne scars:
Excess oil, dead skin cells, and bacteria can build up in skin pores and cause acne.
The body tries to repair the damage, but sometimes, it leaves scars.

Other uses of Benzene-1,4-diol:
Some people may want to lighten their skin for cosmetic reasons.
Benzene-1,4-diol can have benefits for confidence and self-esteem.
Benzene-1,4-diol is important to note that the above conditions are all harmless.

How does Benzene-1,4-diol work?
Melanin is a pigment that gives the skin and hair their color.
Benzene-1,4-diol is responsible for freckles and other dark patches on the skin.
Melanin is made by melanocytes, which are cells present in the skin and other parts of the body.
When a person applies Benzene-1,4-diol to the skin, it reduces the number of melanocytes.
Fewer melanocytes means that the body produces less melanin in the treated area.
The skin usually appears lighter within about 4 weeks.
Exposure to sunlight reverses the effects of hydroquinone.
Doctors recommend that people who use this product also use a strong sunscreen.

Benzene-1,4-diol, also known as Hydroquinone or quinol, is an aromatic organic compound that is a type of phenol, a derivative of benzene, having the chemical formula C6H4(OH)2.
Benzene-1,4-diol has two hydroxyl groups bonded to a benzene ring in a para position.
Benzene-1,4-diol is a white granular solid.
Substituted derivatives of this parent compound are also referred to as Benzene-1,4-diols.
The name "Benzene-1,4-diol" was coined by Friedrich Wöhler in 1843

Benzene-1,4-diol is applied to the the skin to lighten areas that have darkened.
Benzene-1,4-diol also contain sunscreens.
Benzene-1,4-diol is an organic chemical that is normally produced industrially and has a very similar structure to the precursors of Melanin.
The most common use of Benzene-1,4-diol is in skin lightening products, although it can also be used in a technique for developing black and white photos.
Benzene-1,4-diol is the most commonly prescribed depigmenting agent worldwide.

Benzene-1,4-diol is a topical skin-bleaching agent used in the cosmetic treatment of hyperpigmented skin conditions.
The effect of skin lightening caused by hydroquinone is reversible when exposed to sunlight and therefore requires regular use until desired results are achieved.
Various preparations of Benzene-1,4-diol is available including creams, emulsions, gels, lotions and solutions.
Benzene-1,4-diol is available over the counter in a 2% cream and can be prescribed by your dermatologist in higher concentrations.

Mechanism of Benzene-1,4-diol:
Benzene-1,4-diol produces reversible lightening of the skin by interfering with melanin production by the melanocytes.
Specifically, inhibition of the enzymatic conversion of tyrosine to DOPA (dihydroxyphenylalanine) results in the desired chemical reduction of pigment.
Ultimately, this causes a decrease in the number of melanocytes and decreased transfer of melanin leading to lighter skin.

Uses of Benzene-1,4-diol:
Popularized by Benzene-1,4-diols usage as a photo-developer, hydroquinone can be used in any condition causing hyperpigmentation.
Common conditions of Benzene-1,4-diol include melasma, freckles, lentigines, age spots and acne scars.
Skin sensitivity to Benzene-1,4-diol may be determined before treatment by applying a small amount of cream to the hyperpigmented area and noting any redness or itching.
If no reaction occurs, initiate treatment.
As a general rule, always ensure the area is clean and dry then apply a thin film to the lesion and rub it into the skin well.
Hands should be washed after the application to avoid unwanted lightening of the fingers.

To maintain the desired affect, Benzene-1,4-diol should be used concurrently with a strong sunscreen.
Many preparations of Benzene-1,4-diol is available as a combination product.
Lightening of the skin should be noticed within 4 weeks of initiation, if no change is seen in 3 months, contact your dermatologist for further recommendations.

Benzene-1,4-diol is known to inhibit melanogenesis both in vitro and in vivo.
In this study, 2% and 5% Benzene-1,4-diol creams were topically applied to the hyperpigmented skin of 56 patients.
Benzene-1,4-diol was a moderately effective depigmenting agent in 80% of cases.
The 2% cream appeared to be as effective therapeutically as the 5% cream and to evoke untoward side effects (primary irritation) much less often.
Therapy with topically applied Benzene-1,4-diol did not lead to complete disappearance of pathological hypermelanosis, but results were satisfactory enough to help most patients become less self-conscious about their pigmentary abnormalities.

Benzene-1,4-diol production:
Benzene-1,4-diol is produced industrially by two main routes.
The most widely use of Benzene-1,4-diol route is similar to the cumene process in reaction mechanism and involves the dialkylation of benzene with propene to give 1,4-diisopropylbenzene.
This compound reacts with air to afford the bis(hydroperoxide), which is structurally similar to cumene hydroperoxide and rearranges in acid to give acetone and hydroquinone.
A second route involves hydroxylation of phenol over a catalyst.

Benzene-1,4-diol topical (for the skin) is used to lighten areas of darkened skin such as freckles, age spots, melasma (sun damage), or chloasma (darkened skin caused by hormonal changes).
Benzene-1,4-diol topical may also be used for purposes not listed in this medication guide.

The conversion uses hydrogen peroxide and affords a mixture of hydroquinone and catechol (benzene-1,2-diol):
C6H5OH + H2O2 → C6H4(OH)2 + H2O

Other, less common methods include:
A potentially significant synthesis of hydroquinone from acetylene and iron pentacarbonyl has been proposed.
Iron pentacarbonyl serves as a catalyst, rather than as a reagent, in the presence of free carbon monoxide gas.
Rhodium or ruthenium can substitute for iron as the catalyst with favorable chemical yields but are not typically used due to their cost of recovery from the reaction mixture.
Benzene-1,4-diol and its derivatives can also be prepared by oxidation of various phenols.

Examples include Elbs persulfate oxidation and Dakin oxidation:
Benzene-1,4-diol was first obtained in 1820 by the French chemists Pelletier and Caventou via the dry distillation of quinic acid.

Benzene-1,4-diol Reactions:
The reactivity of Benzene-1,4-diol's hydroxyl groups resembles that of other phenols, being weakly acidic.
The resulting conjugate base undergoes easy O-alkylation to give mono- and diethers.
Similarly, Benzene-1,4-diol is highly susceptible to ring substitution by Friedel–Crafts reactions such as alkylation.
This reaction is exploited en route to popular antioxidants such as 2-tert-butyl-4-methoxyphenol (BHA).
The useful dye quinizarin is produced by diacylation of Benzene-1,4-diol with phthalic anhydride.

Redox:
Benzene-1,4-diol undergoes oxidation under mild conditions to give benzoquinone.
This process of Benzene-1,4-diol can be reversed.
Some naturally occurring Benzene-1,4-diol derivatives exhibit this sort of reactivity, one example being coenzyme Q.
Industrially this reaction is exploited both with Benzene-1,4-diol itself but more often with its derivatives where one OH has been replaced by an amine.
When colorless Benzene-1,4-diol and benzoquinone, a bright yellow solid, are cocrystallized in a 1:1 ratio, a dark-green crystalline charge-transfer complex (melting point 171 °C) called quinhydrone (C6H6O2·C6H4O2) is formed.
Benzene-1,4-diol dissolves in hot water, where the two molecules dissociate in solution.

Amination:
An important reaction is the conversion of Benzene-1,4-diol to the mono- and diamine derivatives.
Methylaminophenol, used in photography, is produced in this way:
C6H4(OH)2 + CH3NH2 → HOC6H4NHCH3 + H2O
Similarly diamines, useful in the rubber industry as antiozone agents, are produced similarly from aniline:
C6H4(OH)2 + 2 C6H5NH2 → C6H4(N(H)C6H5)2 + 2 H2O

Benzene-1,4-diol uses:
Benzene-1,4-diol has a variety of uses principally associated with its action as a reducing agent that is soluble in water.
Benzene-1,4-diol is a major component in most black and white photographic developers for film and paper where, with the compound metol, it reduces silver halides to elemental silver.
There are various other uses associated with its reducing power.
As a polymerisation inhibitor, exploiting its antioxidant properties, Benzene-1,4-diol prevents polymerization of acrylic acid, methyl methacrylate, cyanoacrylate, and other monomers that are susceptible to radical-initiated polymerization.
By acting as a free radical scavenger, Benzene-1,4-diol serves to prolong the shelflife of light-sensitive resins such as preceramic polymers.
Benzene-1,4-diol can lose a hydrogen cation from both hydroxyl groups to form a diphenolate ion.
The disodium diphenolate salt of Benzene-1,4-diol is used as an alternating comonomer unit in the production of the polymer PEEK.

Skin depigmentation:
Benzene-1,4-diol is used as a topical application in skin whitening to reduce the color of skin.
Benzene-1,4-diol does not have the same predisposition to cause dermatitis as metol does.

While using Benzene-1,4-diol as a lightening agent can be effective with proper use, it can also cause skin sensitivity.
Using Benzene-1,4-diol a daily sunscreen with a high PPD (persistent pigment darkening) rating reduces the risk of further damage.
Benzene-1,4-diol is sometimes combined with alpha-hydroxy acids that exfoliate the skin to quicken the lightening process.
In the United States, topical treatments usually contain up to 2% in Benzene-1,4-diol.
Otherwise, higher concentrations (up to 4%) should be prescribed and used with caution.
While Benzene-1,4-diol remains widely prescribed for treatment of hyperpigmentation, questions raised about its safety profile by regulatory agencies in the EU, Japan, and USA encourage the search for other agents with comparable efficacy.
Several such agents are already available or under research, including azelaic acid, kojic acid, retinoids, cysteamine, topical steroids, glycolic acid, and other substances.
One of these, 4-butylresorcinol, has been proven to be more effective at treating melanin-related skin disorders by a wide margin, as well as safe enough to be made available over the counter.

What Is Benzene-1,4-diol?
Benzene-1,4-diol is the common name for the ingredient 1,4-dihydroxybenzene, and may be used safely in a variety of cosmetics.

Why is Benzene-1,4-diol used in cosmetics and personal care products?
Benzene-1,4-diol is used in cosmetics as an antioxidant, fragrance ingredient and oxidizing agent in hair dyes.
Benzene-1,4-diol may also be used as a stabilizer that inhibits the polymerization of the adhesive in artificial nails.

Natural occurrences:
Benzene-1,4-diols are one of the two primary reagents in the defensive glands of bombardier beetles, along with hydrogen peroxide (and perhaps other compounds, depending on the species), which collect in a reservoir.
The reservoir opens through a muscle-controlled valve onto a thick-walled reaction chamber.
This chamber is lined with cells that secrete catalases and peroxidases.
When the contents of the reservoir are forced into the reaction chamber, the catalases and peroxidases rapidly break down the hydrogen peroxide and catalyze the oxidation of the hydroquinones into p-quinones.
These reactions release free oxygen and generate enough heat to bring the mixture to the boiling point and vaporize about a fifth of it, producing a hot spray from the beetle's abdomen.
Farnesyl Benzene-1,4-diol derivatives are the principal irritants exuded by the poodle-dog bush, which can cause severe contact dermatitis in humans.
Benzene-1,4-diol is thought to be the active toxin in Agaricus hondensis mushrooms.
Benzene-1,4-diol has been shown to be one of the chemical constituents of the natural product propolis.
Benzene-1,4-diol is also one of the chemical compounds found in castoreum.
This compound is gathered from the beaver's castor sacs.
In bearberry (Arctostaphylos uva-ursi), arbutin is converted to Benzene-1,4-diol.

What is Benzene-1,4-diol?
Benzene-1,4-diol is an organic compound that can be found naturally in different fungi, plants and animals but was first synthetically produced in the 1800s for the purposes of developing black and white photography.
Later on, in the beginning of the 20th century, the effects of Benzene-1,4-diol on the skin as a melanin inhibitor, and antioxidant were discovered and the ingredient was put to use in topical skincare.
For the last 50+ years, Benzene-1,4-diol has been the gold standard for dark spot correcting and recommended by a number of board-certified dermatologists including SLMD founder, Dr. Sandra Lee, for reducing the appearance of pigmentation resulting from acne, melasma, and sun exposure.
Misinformation and confusion has caused Benzene-1,4-diol to become a controversial ingredient, but we’re here to set the record straight and share the right info with you!

IS Benzene-1,4-diol DANGEROUS?
The first misconception that Benzene-1,4-diol is dangerous stemmed from a controversy in South Africa, in 1980, after they identified products containing Hydroquinone to be hazardous.
As a result, South Africa placed a ban on the ingredient, and Japan, EU and Australia followed suit.
However, further research uncovered that these products they identified as hazardous also contained mercury and other illegal contaminants.
Therefore, there was no substantial evidence that the reason for this toxicity was due to the Benzene-1,4-diol, and plenty more research upholds Hydroquinone to be safe and effective when used topically!
A skin disorder known as exogenous ochronosis, which causes skin to darken with blue-black pigmentation, has been linked to the use of prescription strength Hydroquinone chronically (long-term) and at very high percentages.
Benzene-1,4-diol is important to note that this occurrence is very rare — there have been less than 40 cases recorded in the US.
For this reason, when using prescription strength HQs, dermatologists will recommend that after a couple months of use you take a break from the product before continuing your treatment.
Similarly, there has been no evidence or study that indicates that use of a topical Benzene-1,4-diol causes cancer in humans.
It is true that Benzene-1,4-diol should not be ingested orally in high doses, but as it's manufactured in its powdered form for topical skincare, it's a very stable, safe ingredient!

HOW DOES Benzene-1,4-diol WORK?
Benzene-1,4-diol works to reduce the appearance of dark spots over time by decreasing the production of melanin (the protein that gives your skin pigment) and increasing the breakdown of melanocytes (the cells that create melanin).
This works because Benzene-1,4-diol prevents the activity of tyrosinase, the enzyme needed to make melanin.
Melanin is a natural function of our skin — it’s how we get the pigment in our skin, eyes, and hair, but it becomes problematic when Melanocytes (which sit in the Dermis layer of our skin) are stimulated to release extra melanin that form dark spots on the top layer of our skin.
This process can be triggered by UV exposure and trauma (from picking at your skin).
Benzene-1,4-diol also has some antioxidant properties that help protect the skin from UV damage and brighten complexion.
Because Benzene-1,4-diol functions on the cell-level, it requires consistent use to see results — it is not bleaching your skin over time, just making the melanin production of your skin more even.

Benzene-1,4-diol’s safety has been assessed by the Cosmetic Ingredient Review (CIR) Expert Panel on four separate occasions since 1986.
CIR concluded that Benzene-1,4-diol is safe at concentrations of ≤ 1% in cosmetic formulations designed for discontinuous, brief use followed by rinsing from the skin and hair.
In addition, Benzene-1,4-diol is safe for use as a polymerization inhibitor in nail adhesives and in artificial nail coatings that are cured by LED light.
However, Benzene-1,4-diol is not safe for use in other leave-on cosmetic products.

What is Benzene-1,4-diol?
Benzene-1,4-diol is a skin-lightening agent.
Benzene-1,4-diol bleaches the skin, which can be helpful when treating different forms of hyperpigmentation.
Historically, there’s been some back-and-forth on the safety of Benzene-1,4-diol.
In 1982, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration recognized the ingredient as safe and effectiveTrusted Source.
Several years later, concerns about safety prompted retailers to pull Benzene-1,4-diol from the market.
The FDA went on to discover that many of the products in question contained contaminants like mercury.
They established that these contaminants were behind reports of adverse effects.
Since then, the FDA has confirmed that Benzene-1,4-diol can be safely sold over the counter (OTC) in 2 percent concentrations.
Read on to learn more about how it works, who might benefit from use, products to try, and more.

How does Benzene-1,4-diol work?
Benzene-1,4-diol bleaches your skin by decreasing the number of melanocytes present.
Melanocytes make melanin, which is what produces your skin tone.
In cases of hyperpigmentation, more melanin is present due to an increase in melanocyte production.
By controlling these melanocytes, your skin will become more evenly toned over time.
Benzene-1,4-diol takes about four weeks on average for the ingredient to take effect.
Benzene-1,4-diol may take several months of consistent use before you see full results.
If you don’t see any improvements within three months of OTC use, talk to your dermatologist.
They may be able to recommend a prescription-strength formula better suited to your needs.

What is Benzene-1,4-diol topical?
Benzene-1,4-diol decreases the formation of melanin in the skin.
Melanin is the pigment in skin that gives it a brown color.
Benzene-1,4-diol topical is used to lighten areas of darkened skin such as freckles, age spots, Chloasma, and Melasma.
Benzene-1,4-diol works by inhibiting an enzyme reaction in skin cells.

How should I use Benzene-1,4-diol topical?
Do not use Benzene-1,4-diol topical on skin that is sunburned, dry, chapped, or irritated, or on an open wound.
Benzene-1,4-diol could make these conditions worse.
Discontinue use if excessive irritation develops.
Apply the medication to clean, dry skin.
Dispense a pea size amount on the back of your hand, apply to cheeks, forehead and then to chin.
Blend in the product to cover face.
Avoid the corners of the mouth and nose; these areas can be irritated easily.
Apply to the affected area(s) morning and night.
For Melasma, once the discoloration has resolved or adequately faded, you may either discontinue use or continue weekly maintenance.
Benzene-1,4-diol may take 3 months or more to see improvements.
For Lentigines, use the creams for a maximum of 3 months.

What skin conditions can benefit from Benzene-1,4-diol?
Benzene-1,4-diol is used to treat skin conditions related to hyperpigmentation.

Benzene-1,4-diol includes:
-acne scars
-age spots
-freckles
-melasma
-post-inflammatory marks from psoriasis and eczema

Although hydroquinone can help fade red or brown spots that have lingered, Benzene-1,4-diol won’t help with active inflammation.
For example, Benzene-1,4-diol can help minimize acne scarring, but Benzene-1,4-diol won’t have an effect on redness from active breakouts.

What do I need to tell my doctor BEFORE I take Benzene-1,4-diol?
If you have an allergy to Benzene-1,4-diol or any other part of Benzene-1,4-diol.
If you are allergic to Benzene-1,4-diol; any part of hydroquinone; or any other drugs, foods, or substances.
Tell your doctor about the allergy and what signs you had.
Benzene-1,4-diol may interact with other drugs or health problems.

What is Benzene-1,4-diol?
Benzene-1,4-diol is a topical cream that is used to lighten dark patches of the skin (also called hyperpigmentation).
Benzene-1,4-diol is available as a prescription alone and as a combination cream containing a topical steroid and a topical retinoid.
In some countries, including the United States, Benzene-1,4-diol is available over the counter, most often in a 2-3% formulation.

What is Benzene-1,4-diol used for?
Benzene-1,4-diol is used to lighten dark patches of the skin.
These dark spots can be related or triggered by many factors including pregnancy, birth control pills, inflammation, and injury to the skin.
The most common use is for melasma, a condition in which people develop dark patches on the face and other areas of skin, such as the arms.

How is Benzene-1,4-diol used?
Safe use of Benzene-1,4-diol includes using it under the supervision of a dermatologist.
Benzene-1,4-diol should be applied only to the affected darkened areas of skin to avoid lightening of normal skin.
Benzene-1,4-diol should not be used for extended periods of time as it can cause a paradoxical darkening.
Cycling of use with breaks is recommended to limit overuse and the side effect known as exogenous ochronosis.

What else do I need to know about Benzene-1,4-diol?
Benzene-1,4-diol is an out of pocket expense as insurance will not cover this medication.
If using Benzene-1,4-diol to treat melasma, Benzene-1,4-diol should be used in combination with a broad-spectrum sunscreen SPF 30 or higher daily.
Sunscreen should be applied to the affected areas after Benzene-1,4-diol to avoid relapse of the condition.
Dark areas may recur if the cream is discontinued but this is less likely happen if sun protective measures are followed.

Tell your doctor and pharmacist about all of your drugs (prescription or OTC, natural products, vitamins) and health problems.
You must check to make sure that it is safe for you to take hydroquinone with all of your drugs and health problems.
Do not start, stop, or change the dose of any drug without checking with your doctor.

Benzene-1,4-diol cream is the standard depigmentation or skin lightening agent.
Clinically Benzene-1,4-diol is used to treat areas of dyschromia, such as in melasma, chloasma, solar lentigines, freckles, and post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation.
This activity outlines the indications, mechanism of action, methods of administration, important adverse effects, contraindications, and monitoring of Benzene-1,4-diol, so providers can direct patient therapy to optimal outcomes in conditions where it is indicated.

What is Benzene-1,4-diol?
Benzene-1,4-diol also known as tocopheryl acetate, hydroquinone is found in skin-lightening creams, serums, cleansers, and moisturizers.
"Benzene-1,4-diol is a topical skin treatment for melasma, freckles, age and sun spots, and even acne scars," Shafer says.
"Benzene-1,4-diol is used in combination with other acne products such as Retin-A, hydroquinone can help dramatically improve skin complexion.
"Shamban adds to this, reporting that Benzene-1,4-diol can also be used to lighten up freckles as well as post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation, which is usually seen after an injury such as a burn or inflammatory acne.

While Benzene-1,4-diol is effective at lightening spots, the results aren't immediate.
Benzene-1,4-diol may take a matter of weeks (or months) before results are discernible to the naked eye.
"Patients need to understand that the treatment is working at the cellular level to reduce the production of pigment," Shafer explains.
"So the effects take several weeks to realize.
As the old skin sheds and new skin is produced, the amount of pigment will be less, leading to a more even skin tone."

Benefits of Benzene-1,4-diol for Skin
Benzene-1,4-diol has several benefits for the skin.
Lightens dark spots (hyperpigmentation): Benzene-1,4-diol is one of the most effective ingredients to lighten hyperpigmentation.
"If you have dark areas from melasma, age spots, or brown spots left from acne, Benzene-1,4-diol helps by decreasing the formation of melanin in the skin (the pigment in the skin that gives it a dark color)," says Buttiglione.
Ng adds: "To date, Benzene-1,4-diol is considered the topical gold standard in dermatology for reducing hyperpigmentation."
Evens out skin tone: Because Benzene-1,4-diol lightens certain areas of the skin that are darkened, the end result is a more balanced, even complexion.

Treats melasma: "Benzene-1,4-diol serves as the backbone of any treatment for a wide variety of conditions, including melasma," notes Shamban.
"Melasma, which is manifested by patches of darker skin typically on the forehead, cheeks, and upper lip, often runs in families and is triggered by UV and visible light exposure often in combination with hormonal shifts such as birth control pills, pregnancy or hormone replacement therapy."
Benzene-1,4-diol can help rectify the side effects of melasma.

What do I do if I miss a dose?
-Put on a missed dose as soon as you think about Benzene-1,4-diol.
-If Benzene-1,4-diol is close to the time for your next dose, skip the missed dose and go back to your normal time.
-Do not put Benzene-1,4-diol on 2 doses or extra doses.

Preferred IUPAC name:
Benzene-1,4-diol

What is Benzene-1,4-diol?
Benzene-1,4-diol (hahy droh kwi NOHN) is applied to the the skin to lighten areas that have darkened.
Some products also contain sunscreens.
Benzene-1,4-diol may be used for other purposes; ask your health care provider or pharmacist if you have questions.

What should I tell my health care provider before I take Benzene-1,4-diol?
They need to know if you have any of these conditions:
-an unusual or allergic reaction to Benzene-1,4-diol, sunscreens, other medicines, foods, dyes, or preservatives
-pregnant or trying to get pregnant
-breast-feeding

How should I use Benzene-1,4-diol?
Benzene-1,4-diol is for external use only.
Do not take Benzene-1,4-diol by mouth.
Follow the directions on the prescription label.
Wash your hands before and after applying Hydroquinone.
Make sure the skin is clean and dry.
Apply Benzene-1,4-diol just enough to cover the affected area.
Rub in gently but completely.
Do not apply Benzene-1,4-diol near the eyes, mouth, or other areas of sensitive skin.
If accidental contact occurs, large amounts of water should be used to wash the affected area.
If the eyes are involved and eye irritation persists after thoroughly washing, contact your doctor.
If you are using other skin medicines, apply them at different times of the day.
Do not use Benzene-1,4-diol more often than directed.
Talk to your pediatrician regarding the use of Benzene-1,4-diol in children.
Special care may be needed.

Overdosage: If you think you have taken too much of Benzene-1,4-diol contact a poison control center or emergency room at once.

NOTE:
Benzene-1,4-diol is only for you.
Do not share Benzene-1,4-diol with others.

What may interact with Benzene-1,4-diol?
benzoyl peroxide
This list may not describe all possible interactions.
Give your health care provider a list of all the medicines, herbs, non-prescription drugs, or dietary supplements you use.
Also tell them if you smoke, drink alcohol, or use illegal drugs.
Some items may interact with Benzene-1,4-diol.

Benzene-1,4-diol, the major benzene metabolite, is a ubiquitous chemical in the environment due to its widespread application in human and industrial activities.
Benzene-1,4-diol can be used as a developing agent in photography, dye intermediate, stabilizer in paints, varnishes oils, and motor fuels.
In addition, Benzene-1,4-diol has been used as an antioxidant in the rubber and food industry.
From 1950s to 2001 Benzene-1,4-diol was applied in the commercially available cosmetic skin lightening formulations in European Union countries and since 1960s it was commercially available as a medical product.
Benzene-1,4-diol is also present in cosmetic formulations of products for coating finger nails and hair dyes.
On the other hand, Benzene-1,4-diol can be a component of high molecular aromatic compounds (e.g., resin), an intermediate, or appear as a degradation product generated by transformation of aromatic compounds.
Advanced oxidation processes (APOs) of aromatic compounds, particularly of phenol, yield several benzene derivatives, such as hydroquinone, catechol, and resorcinol, as intermediate metabolites of its transformation.
The formation of Benzene-1,4-diol and -benzoquinone at early stages of phenol oxidation increases the toxicity of phenol wastewaters, showing that these compounds were more toxic and less degradable than the original pollutant.
Meanwhile, in the oxidative degradation of Benzene-1,4-diol under a supercritical condition (409.9°C and 24.5 MPa) and subcritical condition (359.9°C and 24.5 MPa), -benzoquinone was to be an important intermediate.
Despite the toxic properties, a number of microorganisms can utilize Benzene-1,4-diol, especially under aerobic conditions, which has led to the development of low-cost treatment of polluted effluents.
The chemical method applied conventionally to the treatment of industrial wastewater used FeSO4 and H2O2; however, the application of this technology generates ferric sulfate, which enables recycled reactants.
Therefore, biological transformations are generally preferred for being considered as more economical and environmentally friendly.

What should I watch for while using Benzene-1,4-diol?
Contact your doctor or health care professional if your condition does not improve in the first two months or if you experience too much skin irritation.
Benzene-1,4-diol will work best if you avoid excessive exposure to sunlight and wear sunscreens and protective clothing.
Some Benzene-1,4-diol products contain sunscreens.
Use a sunscreen (SPF 15 or higher).
Do not use sun lamps or sun tanning beds or booths.
Do not apply Benzene-1,4-diol to sunburned areas or if you have a skin wound in the area of application.
Most cosmetics, sunscreens, and moisturizing lotions may be worn over Benzene-1,4-diol.
Wait several minutes after application of v before applying them.

What side effects may I notice from receiving Benzene-1,4-diol?
Side effects that you should report to your doctor or health care professional as soon as possible:
-severe burning, itching, crusting, or swelling of the treated areas
-unusual skin discoloration

Side effects that usually do not require medical attention (report to your doctor or health care professional if they continue or are bothersome):
-mild itching or stinging
-reddening of the skin
This list may not describe all possible side effects.

Benzene-1,4-diol is one of the most effective skin brightening agents in skincare.
However, Benzene-1,4-diol’s scientifically proven to have negative side effects.
Are the Benzene-1,4-diol dangers worth risking your health?
Snow White set the bar high when Benzene-1,4-diol comes to fair skin.
Many women want overall brighter complexions, and they’re enlisting the help of cosmetics marketed towards brightening dull skin and lightening dark spots.
Skin brightening is so popular and in demand that Benzene-1,4-diol’s become its own industry with Asian countries accounting for more than half of sales.

What is Benzene-1,4-diol?
Benzene-1,4-diol is a skin lightening agent frequently used in skin brightening spot treatments and face creams.
Benzene-1,4-diol’s been long established as the most effective ingredient for lightening skin, fading uneven skin tone, and improving dark spots.
How does Benzene-1,4-diol work? Benzene-1,4-diol bleaches the skin and, therefore, alters the skin tone.
Your skin tone is determined by the amount of melanocytes present in the skin.
Melanocytes are skin cells that create melanin, a dark brown or black pigment.
Melanin is also responsible for making skin appear tanned or darker when exposed to sunlight.
Melanin is beautiful, but Hydroquinone disagrees.
If bleaching your skin doesn’t sound safe to you, you’re right.
Hydroquinone’s not safe or healthy.
Yes, Benzene-1,4-diol works for its desired purposes, but Benzene-1,4-diol’s not good for your skin or body.
Despite its popularity and effectiveness, Benzene-1,4-diol use is controversial for health and safety reasons.

The skin lightener is as controversial as Benzene-1,4-diol is effective.
When incorporated into your complexion regimen properly, Benzene-1,4-diol decreases the production of melanin by inhibiting tyrosinase, an enzyme needed for melanin production, to decrease the appearance of hyperpigmentation.
Because of this, many people consider Benzene-1,4-diol to be a skin-bleaching ingredient.
According to Miami-based board-certified dermatologist Roberta Del Campo, it should be considered a "color blender" instead.

What are some things I need to know or do while I take Benzene-1,4-diol?
-Tell all of your health care providers that you take hydroquinone.
-This includes your doctors, nurses, pharmacists, and dentists.
-After stopping hydroquinone, some of the color change may come back.
-If you have a sulfite allergy, talk with your doctor.
-This medicine may cause harm if swallowed.
-If hydroquinone is swallowed, call a doctor or poison control center right away.
-Avoid sun, sunlamps, and tanning beds.
-Use sunscreen and wear clothing and eyewear that protects you from the sun.
-Tell your doctor if you are pregnant or plan on getting pregnant.
-You will need to talk about the benefits and risks of using hydroquinone while you are pregnant.
-Tell your doctor if you are breast-feeding.
-You will need to talk about any risks to your baby.

Boiling Point: 285.0°C to 287.0°C
Flash Point: 165°C
Packaging: Glass Bottle
Sulfated Ash: 0.05% max.
Quantity: 5g
Melting Point: 170.0°C to 174.0°C
Color: White
Density: 1.32
Infrared Spectrum: Authentic
Assay Percent Range: 99.4% min. (HPLC)
Linear Formula: C6H4(OH)2
Beilstein: 06,836
Fieser: 05,341; 14,249
Merck Index: 15,4845
Solubility Information:
Solubility in water: 70g/L in water (20°C).
Other solubilities: soluble in alcohol and ether,slightly soluble in benzene,readily soluble in ethanol,acetone and methanol
Formula Weight: 110.11
Physical Form: Needle-Like Crystals or Crystalline Powder
Percent Purity: 99.5%
Chemical Name or Material: Hydroquinone, p.a.

How is Benzene-1,4-diol best taken?
-Use Benzene-1,4-diol as ordered by your doctor.
-Do not take hydroquinone by mouth.
-Use Benzene-1,4-diol on your skin only.
-Keep out of your mouth, nose, and eyes (may burn).
-Wash your hands before and after using Hydroquinone.
-Do not wash your hands after use Benzene-1,4-diol if putting this on your hand.
-Clean affected part before use.
-Make sure to dry well.
-Put Hydroquinone a thin layer on the affected skin and rub in gently.
-Practice good skin care and avoid the sun.
-Do not use Benzene-1,4-diol coverings (bandages, dressings, make-up) unless told to do so by the doctor.
-Do not use Benzene-1,4-diol on irritated skin.

Is Benzene-1,4-diol safe for all skin types and tones?
Although Benzene-1,4-diol is generally well-tolerated, there are a few exceptions.
If you have dry or sensitive skin, you may find that Benzene-1,4-diol causes further dryness or irritation.
Benzene-1,4-diol usually tapers off as your skin adjusts to the ingredient.
People who have normal or oily skin are less likely to experience these side effects.
Benzene-1,4-diol tends to work best on fair skin tones.
If you have a medium-to-dark skin tone, talk with your dermatologist before use.
Benzene-1,4-diol may actually worsen hyperpigmentation in darker skin tones.

How effective is Benzene-1,4-diol?
In most cases, lightening of skin should be seen after four weeks of treatment.
Sometimes Benzene-1,4-diol may take longer to see any change, but if no bleaching effect is seen after three months of treatment, you should stop using hydroquinone.
To increase the effectiveness of Benzene-1,4-diol, you should stay out of the sun, or wear protective clothing and use an SPF15+ sunscreen when outdoors.
Do not use sunlamps or tanning salons.

How to use Benzene-1,4-diol
Consistency is key to treating hyperpigmentation.
You’ll want to use Benzene-1,4-diol every day for maximum results.
Follow all product instructions carefully.
Benzene-1,4-diol’s important to do a patch test before your first full application.
This will allow you to determine how your skin will react and whether it results in unwelcome side effects.
Benzene-1,4-diol is a white, odorless, crystalline solid with an extremely low vapor pressure.
Benzene-1,4-diol is moderately soluble in water and highly soluble in alcohol.
Benzene-1,4-diol occurs in the environment as a result of anthropogenic processes, as well as in natural products from plants and animals.
In the soil, Benzene-1,4-diol is expected to biodegrade under aerobic conditions.
Benzene-1,4-diol may be removed from the soil by oxidation processes or by direct photolysis on the surface.

What is the most important information I should know about Benzene-1,4-diol topical?
Follow all directions on your medicine label and package.
Tell each of your healthcare providers about all your medical conditions, allergies, and all medicines you use.

What is Benzene-1,4-diol topical?
Benzene-1,4-diol topical (for the skin) is used to lighten areas of darkened skin such as freckles, age spots, melasma (sun damage), or chloasma (darkened skin caused by hormonal changes).
Benzene-1,4-diol topical may also be used for purposes not listed in this medication guide.

What should I discuss with my healthcare provider before using Benzene-1,4-diol topical?
You should not use this medicine if you are allergic to Benzene-1,4-diol or peroxide.

Ask a doctor or pharmacist if Benzene-1,4-diol is safe to use if you have ever had:
-liver or kidney disease;
-asthma or sulfite allergy; or if you are using any antibiotic medicine.

Benzene-1,4-diol is a skin lightening agent available as either a pharmaceutical or a cosmeceutical.
Benzene-1,4-diols mechanism of action depends on its ability to inhibit tyrosinase synthesis, thereby inhibiting the production of melanin.
Other functions of Benzene-1,4-diol include its ability to inhibit DNA and RNA synthesis, and to degrade melanosomes.
Products sold at 2% concentration are available in more than 100 over-the-counter products, whereas those with a 3–10% concentration are prescription products and regulated as drugs.
New products on the market today use Benzene-1,4-diol in combination with topical retinoids and topical steroids for treatment of melasma and photopigmentation.
Benzene-1,4-diol has received scrutiny recently owing to Hydroquinones risk of ochronosis, a severe but rare side-effect.
Endogenous ochronosis is a manifestation of a rare metabolic disorder known as alkaptonuria, which results from a deficiency of homogentisic acid oxidase.
Exogenous ochronosis is a rare cutaneous side-effect of the long-term use of topical depigmenting agents such as hydroquinone.
Ochronosis is characterized by an asymptomatic blue–black pigmentation of skin and cartilage.
Although the exact cause of ochronosis from topical hydroquinone is not known, studies suggest that hydroquinone may inhibit homogentisic acid oxidase in the dermis, with the accumulation of homogentisic acid in the dermis causing ochronotic pigment deposition.
Other agents reported in the literature to cause exogenous ochronosis are antimalarials, resorcinol, phenol, mercury, and picric acid.

Benzene-1,4-diol is used as an inhibitor of polymerization.
Due to Benzene-1,4-diols outstanding photo developing properties, Hydroquinone is also used as a photo developer, and as a raw material in manufacturing dye intermediates.

Benzene-1,4-diol is used to lighten the dark patches of skin (also called hyperpigmentation, melasma, "liver spots," "age spots," freckles) caused by pregnancy, birth control pills, hormone medicine, or injury to the skin.
Benzene-1,4-diol works by blocking the process in the skin that leads to discoloration.

What is Benzene-1,4-diol?
Benzene-1,4-diol is an organic compound that’s used to treat a variety of discoloration-related skin conditions.
Benzene-1,4-diol’s a skin lightening agent that works by reducing your production of melanin. When used topically, hydroquinone can cause your skin to lighten in color.
Benzene-1,4-diol is widely used as a scar treatment.
Applied topically, Benzene-1,4-diol can cause darkened scars to lose some or all of their extra pigmentation, causing them to blend in and match the color of the surrounding skin.
Benzene-1,4-diol’s also used as a treatment for skin hyperpigmentation caused by UV exposure (spending too much time in the sun) and inflammation.
Topical Benzene-1,4-diol creams are available as prescription medication to treat melasma and other pigmentation-related skin conditions.
You can also buy limited strength Benzene-1,4-diol as an over-the-counter medicine in most pharmacies.

What is Benzene-1,4-diol used for?
Benzene-1,4-diol is a skin-bleaching agent that is used to lighten areas of darkened skin.
Benzene-1,4-diol decreases the formation of melanin in the skin.
Melanin is the pigment in skin that gives it a brown color.
Benzene-1,4-diol has been prescribed for your present skin condition only and should not be given to other people or used for other problems.

hydroquinone
1,4-benzenediol
Benzene-1,4-diol
123-31-9
Quinol
1,4-Dihydroxybenzene
p-Benzenediol
p-Hydroquinone
p-Hydroxyphenol
p-Dihydroxybenzene
4-Hydroxyphenol
Benzoquinol
Eldoquin
hydroquinol
Eldopaque
Phiaquin
p-Dioxybenzene
Dihydroquinone
Hydroquinole
Idrochinone
Tecquinol
Dihydroxybenzene
Solaquin forte
Benzohydroquinone
Arctuvin
Hidroquinone
Tequinol
Derma-Blanch
Tenox HQ
Hydrochinon
Hydrochinone
Artra
Eldopaque Forte
Eldoquin Forte
Diak 5
Benzene, p-dihydroxy-
1,4-Dihydroxy-benzol
Usaf ek-356
1,4-Diidrobenzene
p-Dioxobenzene
1,4-Dihydroxybenzen
para-Dioxybenzene
para-Hydroquinone
Pyrogentistic acid
1,4-Dihydroxy-benzeen
NCI-C55834
HE 5
para-Dihydroxybenzene
Black and White Bleaching Cream
Melanex
Idrochinone [Italian]
Hydrochinon [Czech, Polish]
1,4-Dihydroxybenzen [Czech]
1,4-Diidrobenzene [Italian]
Benzosemiquinone
1,4-Dihydroxy-benzeen [Dutch]
1,4-Dihydroxy-benzol [German]
UNII-XV74C1N1AE
NSC 9247
UN2662
Hydroquinone [USP]
CHEBI:17594
AI3-00072
4-DIHYDROXYBENZENE
MFCD00002339
HQ
CHEMBL537
XV74C1N1AE
1,4-Benzenediol, homopolymer
DTXSID7020716
NSC-9247
Hydroquinone [UN2662] [Poison]
Hydroquinone (USP)
NCGC00015523-02
beta-quinol
DSSTox_CID_716
DSSTox_RID_75754
DSSTox_GSID_20716
Eldopacque
Hydroquinone (Benzene-1,4-diol)
Epiquin
Sunvanish
p Benzendiol
p-Dihydroquinone
alpha-hydroquinone
para-Hydroxyphenol
26982-52-5
CAS-123-31-9
SMR000059154
CCRIS 714
1,4-Hydroxybenzene
HSDB 577
SR-01000075920
EINECS 204-617-8
hydroquinon
Hydroquinoue
hydroq uinone
hydroquinone gr
a-Hydroquinone
Black & White Bleaching Cream
p-Hydroxybenzene
b-Quinol
4-Benzenediol
Hydroquinone, HQ
.beta.-Quinol
1,4 benzenediol
Hydroquinone,(S)
p-dihydroxy benzene
HQE
Hydroquinone polymer
PLQ
Artra (Salt/Mix)
1, 4-Benzenediol
HYDROP
.alpha.-Hydroquinone
phenol derivative, 4
4-hydroxyphenyl alcohol
Spectrum_001757
4e3h
SpecPlus_000769
1,4-Dihydrobenzoquinone
ELDOQUIN (TN)
hydroquinone for synthesis
Spectrum2_001672
Spectrum3_000656
Spectrum4_000633
Spectrum5_001430
Lopac-H-9003
1,2 BENZOLDIOL
WLN: QR DQ
bmse000293
Epitope ID:116206
EC 204-617-8
Lopac0_000577
SCHEMBL15516
BSPBio_002291
KBioGR_001246
KBioSS_002237
1,4-Dihydroxybenzene, XIII
Hydroquinone-1,4-Benzenediol
MLS000069815
MLS001074911
BIDD:ER0340
DivK1c_006865
Hydroquinone, LR, >=99%
SPECTRUM1504237
Hydrochinon(CZECH, POLISH)
SPBio_001883
BDBM26190
Hydroquinone, puriss., 99.0%
KBio1_001809
KBio2_002237
KBio2_004805
KBio2_007373
KBio3_001511
NSC9247
Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone)
HMS1922H15
HMS2093E08
HMS3261D16
LABOTEST-BB LTBB001931
Pharmakon1600-01504237
HY-B0951
ZINC5133378
Tox21_110169
Tox21_202345
Tox21_300015
Tox21_500577
BBL011606
CCG-39082
NSC758707
s4580
STK397446
AKOS000119003
Tox21_110169_1
AM10548
AS00174
DB09526
LP00577
MCULE-3953269041
NSC-758707
SDCCGSBI-0050559.P003
UN 2662
Hydroquinone, ReagentPlus(R), >=99%
Hydroquinone, USP, 99.0-100.5%
NCGC00015523-01
NCGC00015523-03
NCGC00015523-04
NCGC00015523-05
NCGC00015523-06
NCGC00015523-07
NCGC00015523-08
NCGC00015523-09
NCGC00015523-10
NCGC00015523-11
NCGC00015523-12
NCGC00015523-13
NCGC00015523-19
NCGC00090880-01
NCGC00090880-02
NCGC00090880-03
NCGC00090880-04
NCGC00090880-05
NCGC00254037-01
NCGC00259894-01
NCGC00261262-01
BP-21160
DA-33570
Hydroquinone, ReagentPlus(R), >=99.5%
SBI-0050559.P002
Hydroquinone, SAJ first grade, >=99.0%
EU-0100577
FT-0606877
H0186
Hydroquinone, SAJ special grade, >=99.0%
Hydroquinone, meets USP testing specifications
C00530
D00073
H 9003
19538-EP2272837A1
19538-EP2284165A1
19538-EP2302015A1
19538-EP2305825A1
19538-EP2309584A1
19538-EP2311804A2
19538-EP2314576A1
19538-EP2314579A1
19538-EP2314584A1
19538-EP2315303A1
19538-EP2371803A1
19538-EP2377843A1
97871-EP2305685A1
AB00053361_08
122680-EP2295053A1
Q419164
J-00491
J-521469
SR-01000075920-1
SR-01000075920-4
Q27102742
Z57127551
094CADDB-59BF-4EDF-B278-59791B203EA2
F1908-0167
Hydroquinone, certified reference material, TraceCERT(R)
Hydroquinone, United States Pharmacopeia (USP) Reference Standard
Hydroquinone, Pharmaceutical Secondary Standard; Certified Reference Material
BENZENE-1,4-DIOL (HYDROQUINONE)

Benzene-1,4-diol, commonly known as hydroquinone, is a chemical compound with the molecular formula C6H6O2.
Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) is an aromatic organic compound that consists of a benzene ring with two hydroxyl groups (-OH) substituted at positions 1 and 4.

CAS Number: 123-31-9
EC Number: 204-617-8

Synonyms: Hydroquinone, 1,4-Benzenediol, p-Dihydroxybenzene, Quinol, Artra, Eldopaque, Esoterica, Black and White Bleaching Cream, Aida, Benzohydroquinone, Benzoquinol, Benzohydroquinone, Bino, Benzoquinol, Dermogel, Eldoquin, Esterol, Hydrochinone, Hydrochinonium, Hydroquinol, Hydroquinole, Hydroquinolum, Idrochinone, Melanex, Novoquinon, Progallin-S, Solaquin, Tequinol, 1,4-Dihydroxybenzene, 1,4-Dihydroxybenzol, 1,4-Dioksybenzen, Aquinol, Arochin, Benzenediol, Benzohydroxybenzene, Benzoquinol, C.I. 76550, Conchinone, Diak 5, Dihydroxybenzene, Dihydroxybenzol, Eldoquin Forte, Eldoquin-CF, Erospray, Fourneau 309, Hidrochinona, Idrochinone, Idroquinone, 1,4-Dihydroxybenzène, 1,4-Dihydroxybenzol, 1,4-Dioksibenzen, 1,4-Dioksybenzen, 4-Hydroxiphenol, 4-Hydroxyphenol, alpha-Quinol, Benzene-1,4-diol, beta-Dihydroxybenzene, beta-Hydroquinone, Binit, Hydrochinon, Hydrochinonum, Hydroquinol, NCI-C56028, p-Diphenol, Quinol, Quinolium, Quinolum



APPLICATIONS


Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) is utilized in the production of colorless photographic developers for black and white film processing.
Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) serves as a key ingredient in the formulation of chemical peels used for exfoliation and skin rejuvenation.

In the automotive industry, hydroquinone is employed in the production of automotive coatings and paints.
Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) finds application in the synthesis of antioxidants for stabilizing food oils and fats to prevent rancidity.
Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) is used in the synthesis of rubber antioxidants to prolong the service life of rubber products.

In the field of analytical chemistry, hydroquinone is employed as a redox indicator in titration reactions.
Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) serves as a reagent in organic synthesis for the preparation of pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, and specialty chemicals.

Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) is utilized in the synthesis of antioxidants for extending the shelf life of cosmetics and personal care products.
Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) is used in the formulation of hair colorants and bleaching agents to lighten the hair.

Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) finds application in the production of electroplating solutions for metal surface treatments.
Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) serves as a reducing agent in the synthesis of various organic compounds, including dyes and fragrances.

In the food industry, hydroquinone is employed as an additive in beverages to prevent enzymatic browning.
Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) is used in the synthesis of pharmaceutical intermediates for the production of drugs treating various medical conditions.

Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) finds application in the preservation of fruits and vegetables to maintain their freshness and color.
Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) is utilized in the synthesis of flavoring agents and fragrance compounds for the food and cosmetic industries.

Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) is employed in the production of antioxidants for improving the stability of plasticizers in PVC products.
Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) serves as a stabilizer in the production of polyurethane foams to prevent degradation during processing and use.

In the printing industry, hydroquinone is used as a component of developer solutions for lithographic printing plates.
Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) finds application in the synthesis of dyes and pigments for coloring textiles, paper, and other materials.

Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) is employed in the formulation of anti-corrosion coatings for metal surfaces in marine and industrial applications.
Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) serves as a reducing agent in the synthesis of photographic chemicals such as reducers and intensifiers.

In the manufacturing of detergents and cleaning agents, hydroquinone is used as a stabilizer to maintain product quality.
Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) finds application in the production of plastic additives for improving the thermal and UV stability of plastics.

Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) is utilized in the formulation of adhesive and sealant products for bonding various substrates in construction and automotive applications.
Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone)'s versatility and diverse chemical properties make it an essential component in numerous industries, contributing to the development of a wide range of products and applications.

Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) is commonly used in skincare products as a skin-lightening agent to treat hyperpigmentation.
Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) is effective in reducing the appearance of dark spots, age spots, and melasma on the skin.

Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) is utilized in the formulation of creams, lotions, serums, and gels for topical application.
Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) acts by inhibiting the enzyme tyrosinase, which is involved in melanin production, leading to a lighter complexion.

Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) is also employed in the treatment of post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation caused by acne, eczema, or injury.
Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) is used in combination with other skin-lightening agents such as retinoids, corticosteroids, and glycolic acid for enhanced efficacy.

Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) is prescribed by dermatologists and skincare professionals for various dermatological conditions related to hyperpigmentation.
Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) is also utilized in the production of hair dyes to achieve lighter or bleached hair shades.

In the textile industry, hydroquinone is employed as a dye intermediate for the production of azo and sulfur dyes.
Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) is utilized in the manufacture of ink formulations for printing and writing applications.

Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) is used as a developing agent in black and white photography to produce photographic prints and negatives.
In the rubber industry, hydroquinone serves as a polymerization inhibitor to prevent unwanted cross-linking during the production of rubber products.
Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) is employed as a stabilizer for plastics, preventing degradation and discoloration due to exposure to light and heat.

Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) is utilized in the synthesis of pharmaceutical intermediates and active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs).
Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) serves as a precursor in the production of antioxidants such as tocopherols and ubiquinone.

Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) is used in analytical chemistry as a reagent for the determination of various compounds, including sugars and phenols.
Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) is employed in the preservation of foods and beverages as an antioxidant and antimicrobial agent.

Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) is utilized in chemical synthesis for the production of aromatic compounds, resins, and specialty chemicals.
In the petrochemical industry, hydroquinone is employed in the production of fuel additives and lubricants.

Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) is utilized in the synthesis of agrochemicals such as herbicides, fungicides, and insecticides.
Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) is employed in the production of adhesives, sealants, and coatings for industrial and commercial applications.

Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) serves as a reducing agent in organic synthesis reactions to convert nitro compounds to amines.
Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) is used in the manufacture of antioxidants for cosmetics, personal care products, and food packaging materials.

Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) is employed in the production of photographic chemicals and toners for color photography.
Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) plays a critical role in various industries, ranging from skincare and cosmetics to photography, textiles, and pharmaceuticals, demonstrating its versatility and importance in diverse applications.

Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) is commonly utilized in skincare products as a skin-lightening agent to address hyperpigmentation issues.
Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) is effective in reducing the appearance of dark spots, age spots, and melasma, resulting in a more even skin tone.

Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) is often found in creams, lotions, serums, and gels formulated for topical application.
Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) works by inhibiting the enzyme tyrosinase, which plays a key role in melanin production.

Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) is frequently prescribed by dermatologists for treating conditions like post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation and freckles.
Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) is also used in the formulation of hair dyes to achieve lighter shades or to bleach hair.
In the textile industry, it serves as a dye intermediate for the production of various colored fabrics.

Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) finds application in the production of photographic chemicals as a developing agent for black and white film.
Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) is utilized in the manufacture of ink formulations for printing and writing purposes.

Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) acts as a polymerization inhibitor in the rubber industry to prevent undesired cross-linking.
In plastics manufacturing, hydroquinone serves as a stabilizer, preventing degradation caused by exposure to light and heat.

Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) is employed as a precursor in the synthesis of pharmaceutical intermediates and active ingredients.
Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) is utilized in the production of antioxidants for food preservation and personal care products.
Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) plays a role in analytical chemistry as a reagent for the determination of certain compounds.

In the petrochemical sector, hydroquinone is used in the production of fuel additives and lubricants.
Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) serves as a starting material for the synthesis of agrochemicals such as herbicides and fungicides.

Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) finds application in the production of adhesives, sealants, and coatings for various industrial purposes.
Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) is employed as a reducing agent in organic synthesis reactions to convert nitro compounds into amines.

Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) is used in the manufacture of antioxidants for cosmetics, personal care products, and food packaging.
Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) is employed in the production of toners and developers for color photography.

Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) finds application in the synthesis of specialty chemicals and pharmaceuticals.
Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) is utilized in the preservation of foods and beverages as an antioxidant and antimicrobial agent.

Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) is employed in the production of resins, plastics, and synthetic fibers.
In analytical chemistry, hydroquinone is used in titration procedures and as a standard in calibration solutions.
Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) plays a significant role in various industries due to its versatility and wide range of applications, from skincare and photography to pharmaceuticals and beyond.

Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) exhibits antioxidant properties, scavenging free radicals and preventing oxidative damage to cells and tissues.
Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) is commonly used in skincare products for its skin-lightening and depigmenting effects.

Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) acts by inhibiting the enzyme tyrosinase, thereby reducing melanin production in the skin.
Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) is effective in treating various forms of hyperpigmentation, including melasma, age spots, and post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation.

Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) is considered toxic if ingested in large quantities and can cause adverse effects on the liver and kidneys.
Prolonged or excessive use of hydroquinone in skincare products may lead to skin irritation, sensitization, and ochronosis.
Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) has been banned or restricted in cosmetic formulations in some countries due to safety concerns.

Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) is subject to regulatory oversight and requires careful handling and use in commercial and industrial applications.
Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) is a versatile compound with diverse applications in skincare, photography, pharmaceuticals, and chemical industries, but its use requires caution due to potential health risks and environmental concerns.



DESCRIPTION


Benzene-1,4-diol, commonly known as hydroquinone, is a chemical compound with the molecular formula C6H6O2.
Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) is an aromatic organic compound that consists of a benzene ring with two hydroxyl groups (-OH) substituted at positions 1 and 4.
Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) is a white crystalline solid at room temperature and is soluble in water and organic solvents like ethanol and ether.

Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) is widely used in various industries, including pharmaceuticals, photography, cosmetics, and agriculture.
In pharmaceuticals, hydroquinone is utilized as a topical agent for its skin-lightening properties, often found in creams and lotions to treat hyperpigmentation, melasma, and other skin disorders.
In photography, Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) is used as a developing agent to produce black and white images.

Additionally, hydroquinone is employed in the production of antioxidants, polymerization inhibitors, and as a reagent in organic synthesis.
However, prolonged or excessive exposure to hydroquinone can lead to adverse health effects, including skin irritation, sensitization, and potential carcinogenicity, prompting regulatory restrictions on its use in certain applications.

Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) is a crystalline white solid with a slightly sweet taste.
Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) is highly soluble in water, alcohol, and ether.
In its pure form, hydroquinone appears as odorless, needle-like crystals.

Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) has a chemical structure consisting of a benzene ring with two hydroxyl groups (-OH) attached at positions 1 and 4.
Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) is classified as a phenol derivative due to its aromatic ring structure and hydroxyl group.
Hydroquinone is a potent reducing agent, readily undergoing oxidation to form quinone derivatives.



PROPERTIES


Physical Properties:

Appearance: Hydroquinone is a white crystalline solid at room temperature.
Odor: It is odorless.
Taste: Hydroquinone has a slightly sweet taste.
Melting Point: The melting point of hydroquinone is approximately 171°C (340°F).
Boiling Point: The compound sublimes at temperatures above its melting point.
Solubility: Hydroquinone is highly soluble in water, alcohol, and ether.
Density: The density of hydroquinone is approximately 1.33 g/cm³.
Vapor Pressure: The vapor pressure of hydroquinone is low at room temperature.
Crystal Structure: Hydroquinone forms needle-like crystals in its pure form.
pH: In aqueous solutions, hydroquinone exhibits a slightly acidic pH.
Hygroscopicity: It is hygroscopic, meaning it can absorb moisture from the air.
Specific Gravity: The specific gravity of hydroquinone is approximately 1.33.
Partition Coefficient (Log P): The log P value of hydroquinone is approximately 0.6, indicating moderate lipophilicity.
Surface Tension: Hydroquinone exhibits surface-active properties due to its hydroxyl groups.
Optical Properties: Hydroquinone is optically inactive.


Chemical Properties:

Chemical Formula: C6H6O2
Molecular Weight: The molecular weight of hydroquinone is approximately 110.11 g/mol.
Structure: It consists of a benzene ring with two hydroxyl (-OH) groups attached at positions 1 and 4.
Functional Groups: Hydroquinone contains two hydroxyl groups (-OH), making it a diol.
Acidity/Basicity: Hydroquinone is a weak acid, capable of donating a proton to form the hydroquinone anion.
Redox Properties: It is a potent reducing agent, readily undergoing oxidation to form quinone derivatives.
Stability: Hydroquinone is relatively stable under normal conditions but can undergo oxidation and degradation upon exposure to light and air.
Reactivity: It reacts with oxidizing agents to form quinones, which are colored compounds.
Complex Formation: Hydroquinone can form complexes with metal ions, particularly in the presence of chelating agents.



FIRST AID


Inhalation:

If inhaled, immediately remove the affected person to fresh air.
Assist the individual in moving to an area with adequate ventilation.
Keep the person calm and reassure them while ensuring they continue to breathe freely.
If breathing difficulties persist or if the person is not breathing, seek medical attention immediately.
If the person is unconscious but breathing, place them in a stable position and monitor their vital signs until help arrives.


Skin Contact:

Remove contaminated clothing and shoes promptly to prevent further exposure.
Wash the affected area thoroughly with soap and lukewarm water for at least 15 minutes.
Use a mild detergent or cleanser to remove any residual hydroquinone from the skin.
Rinse the skin with plenty of water to ensure complete removal of the chemical.
If skin irritation or redness develops, seek medical advice promptly.


Eye Contact:

Immediately flush the eyes with gently flowing lukewarm water for at least 15 minutes, holding the eyelids open to ensure thorough rinsing.
Remove contact lenses if present and easily removable after flushing.
Seek immediate medical attention, even if no symptoms are initially present.
Protect the unaffected eye during flushing to prevent cross-contamination.


Ingestion:

Do not induce vomiting unless instructed to do so by medical personnel.
Rinse the mouth thoroughly with water and spit out.
Do not give anything by mouth to an unconscious person.
Seek medical attention immediately.
Provide medical personnel with information on the amount ingested and the time of ingestion.


General First Aid:

If symptoms of overexposure develop (such as headache, nausea, dizziness, or difficulty breathing), seek medical attention immediately.
Keep affected individuals warm and quiet.
Treat symptomatically and supportively.
In case of chemical burns, rinse affected skin or eyes with copious amounts of water and seek medical attention promptly.
Monitor vital signs and provide reassurance to the affected individual while awaiting medical assistance.


Notes for Medical Personnel:

Treatment should be based on the symptoms and clinical condition of the exposed individual.
No specific antidote is available for hydroquinone exposure.
In case of ingestion, gastric lavage and administration of activated charcoal may be considered if performed soon after ingestion and under medical supervision.
Provide supportive care, including respiratory support and symptomatic treatment, as necessary.


Precautions for First Responders:

Wear appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE), including gloves, goggles, and protective clothing, when assisting with first aid.
Avoid direct contact with hydroquinone to prevent secondary exposure.
Use caution to prevent contamination of oneself and others during the handling of contaminated clothing and materials.


Emergency Contacts:

Contact emergency medical services or local poison control center for assistance.
Provide information on the chemical involved, exposure route, and symptoms observed.
Follow established procedures and guidelines for handling chemical exposures and seeking medical assistance.



HANDLING AND STORAGE


Handling:

Personal Protective Equipment (PPE):
Wear appropriate PPE, including chemical-resistant gloves, safety goggles, and protective clothing, when handling hydroquinone to minimize skin and eye contact.
Use respiratory protection, such as a dust mask or respirator, if handling large quantities of powder or aerosolized forms of hydroquinone.

Handling Precautions:
Handle hydroquinone in a well-ventilated area or under local exhaust ventilation to minimize inhalation exposure.
Avoid contact with skin, eyes, and clothing. In case of contact, wash affected areas immediately with plenty of water.
Use tools and equipment designed for handling chemicals to minimize the risk of spills and splashes.
Do not eat, drink, or smoke while handling hydroquinone.
Wash hands thoroughly after handling to remove any residual chemical.

Spill and Leak Procedures:
In the event of a spill or leak, immediately contain the area to prevent further spread of the chemical.
Use absorbent materials, such as vermiculite or sand, to soak up spills.
Wear appropriate PPE during cleanup and disposal of spilled material.
Dispose of contaminated materials in accordance with local regulations.

Equipment Cleaning:
Clean equipment and containers used for handling hydroquinone regularly to prevent buildup and cross-contamination.
Use mild detergents and water for cleaning, followed by thorough rinsing.
Dispose of cleaning solutions and rinse water according to applicable regulations.


Storage:

Storage Conditions:
Store hydroquinone in a cool, dry, well-ventilated area away from heat, sparks, and open flames.
Keep containers tightly closed when not in use to prevent contamination and evaporation.
Store away from incompatible materials, such as oxidizing agents, acids, and bases.
Ensure storage area is equipped with appropriate containment measures to contain spills.

Segregation and Separation:
Segregate hydroquinone from incompatible chemicals to prevent reactions or contamination.
Store in dedicated storage cabinets or areas away from food, beverages, and feedstuffs.

Handling and Storage Equipment:
Use equipment and containers specifically designated for storing hydroquinone to prevent cross-contamination.
Ensure containers are made of compatible materials, such as high-density polyethylene (HDPE) or glass.
Check containers regularly for signs of damage or deterioration and replace if necessary.

Temperature and Humidity Control:
Avoid exposure to extreme temperatures and humidity, as they may affect the stability and integrity of hydroquinone.
Maintain storage temperature within the recommended range (typically ambient temperature).

BENZENEACETIC ACID
Benzeneacetic acid, also known as Phenylacetate, is an aromatic fatty acid metabolite of phenylalanine with potential antineoplastic activity.
Naturally occurring in mammals, Benzeneacetic acid induces differentiation, growth inhibition, and apoptosis in tumor cells.
Benzeneacetic acid is an acetate ester obtained by the formal condensation of phenol with acetic acid.

CAS Number: 122-79-2
EC Number: 204-575-0
Molecular Formula: C8H8O2
Molecular Weight (g/mol): 136.15

Synonyms: (Acetyloxy)benzene, 100843-EP2301983A1, 100843-EP2371831A1, 122-79-2, 355G9R500Y, 4-06-00-00613 (Beilstein Handbook Reference), A0043, ACETATE, PHENYL, Acetates, acetic acid phenyl, Acetic acid phenyl ester, Acetic acid, phenyl ester, ACETIC ACID, PHENYLESTER, Acetic acid,phenyl ester, Acetic acid-phenyl ester, Acetoxybenzene, Acetyl phenol, Acetylphenol, Actate de phnyle, AI3-01972, AKOS002710242, bmse000481, bmse010117, BRN 0636458, C00548, CHEBI:8082, CHEMBL289559, CS-0102517, CS-O-10949, D88203, DTXCID4030178, DTXSID3051626, EC 204-575-0, EINECS 204-575-0, FEMA 3958, FEMA NO. 3958, Fenylester kyseliny octove, Fenylester kyseliny octove [Czech], FT-0659102, FT-0673718, HSDB 2667, HY-128733, MFCD00008699, NCI60_002262, NSC 27795, NSC-27795, NSC27795, Phen-d5-ol, acetate, Phenol acetate, phenoxy ethan-1-one, PHENYL ACETATE, PHENYL ACETATE [FHFI], PHENYL ACETATE [HSDB], PHENYL ACETATE [MI], Phenyl acetate, 99%, Phenyl acetate, analytical standard, Phenyl ester of acetic acid, PhOAc, PIPERAZINECITRATEHYDRATE, PS-5400, Q419645, QY9, SCHEMBL35500, STK022563, UNII-355G9R500Y, W-109455, WLN: 1VOR, 2-Phenylacetate, Benzeneacetate, Benzeneacetic acid, ion(1-) [ACD/Index Name], BENZYLFORMATE, Phenylacetat [German] [ACD/IUPAC Name], Phenylacetate [ACD/IUPAC Name] [Wiki], Phénylacétate [French] [ACD/IUPAC Name], Phenylethanoate, w-Phenylacetate, ω-Phenylacetate, 103-82-2 [RN], 2-phenylethanoate, 3539899 [Beilstein], acetate, phenyl-, A-PHENYL-ACETATE, phenylacetate anion, phenylacetate(1-), phenylacetic acid anion, 122-79-2 [RN], 204-575-0 [EINECS], 355G9R500Y, 636458 [Beilstein], Acétate de phényle [French] [ACD/IUPAC Name], Acetic acid phenyl ester, Acetic acid, phenyl ester [ACD/Index Name], AJ2800000, MFCD00008699 [MDL number], Phenyl acetate [ACD/IUPAC Name] [Wiki], Phenyl-acetat [German] [ACD/IUPAC Name], (2,3,4,5,6-Pentadeuteriophenyl) acetate, [122-79-2] [RN], 1072946-32-7 [RN], 1072946-33-8 [RN], 122-84-9 [RN], 204-578-7 [EINECS], 22705-26-6 [RN], 2-Phenylacetate, 4-06-00-00613 [Beilstein], 4-06-00-00613 (Beilstein Handbook Reference) [Beilstein], 4-08-00-00460 [Beilstein], 4-13-00-00137 [Beilstein], 4'-Methoxyphenyl-2-propanone, Acetic acid phenyl ester; Phenyl ethanoate, Acetic acid, phenylester, Acetic acid-phenyl ester, Acetic acid-phenyl ester, Acetoxybenzene, Acetyl phenol, EINECS 204-575-0, FEMA 3958, Fenylester kyseliny octove, Fenylester kyseliny octove [Czech], MFCD03792523 [MDL number], o-Acetylphenol, PHENOL ACETATE, phenyl acetate on polystyrene, ca 4 mmol/g, PHENYL ACETATE|PHENYL ACETATE, Phenyl Acetate-d5, phenyl acetic acid, Phenyl ester of acetic acid, phenyl ethanoate, Phenylacetate [ACD/IUPAC Name] [Wiki], PS-5400, QY9, UNII:355G9R500Y, UNII-355G9R500Y, WLN: 1VOR

Benzeneacetic acid is the ester of phenol and acetic acid.
Benzeneacetic acid can be produced by reacting phenol (Which can be produced by decarboxylation of aspirin)with acetic anhydride or acetyl chloride.

Benzeneacetic acid can be separated into phenol and an acetate salt, via saponification: heating the Benzeneacetic acid with a strong base, such as sodium hydroxide, will produce phenol and an acetate salt (sodium acetate, if sodium hydroxide were used).

Benzeneacetic acid, also known as Phenylacetate, is an aromatic fatty acid metabolite of phenylalanine with potential antineoplastic activity.
Naturally occurring in mammals, Benzeneacetic acid induces differentiation, growth inhibition, and apoptosis in tumor cells.

Benzeneacetic acid mechanisms of action include decreased protein prenylation, activation of the peroxisome proliferation-activated receptors, inhibition of DNA methylation, and depletion of glutamine.
Benzeneacetic acid belongs to the class of organic compounds known as phenol esters.

These are aromatic compounds containing a benzene ring substituted by a hydroxyl group and an ester group.
Benzeneacetic acid has a phenolic-like taste.

Benzeneacetic acid is an acetate ester obtained by the formal condensation of phenol with acetic acid.
Benzeneacetic acid is a member of Benzeneacetic acids and a member of benzenes.
Benzeneacetic acid is functionally related to a phenol.

Benzeneacetic acid is a natural product found in Euglena gracilis and Arabidopsis thaliana with data available.
Benzeneacetic acid is a metabolite found in or produced by Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Benzeneacetic acid, also known as (Acetyloxy)benzene, is the ester of acetic acid and phenol and used most often as a solvent.
Ungraded products supplied by Spectrum are indicative of a grade suitable for general industrial use or research purposes and typically are not suitable for human consumption or therapeutic use.

Benzeneacetic acid is registered under the REACH Regulation but is not currently being manufactured in and / or imported to the European Economic Area.
Benzeneacetic acid is used at industrial sites and in manufacturing.

Benzeneacetic acid, also known as Acetylphenol or alpha-toluic acid, belongs to benzene and substituted derivatives class of compounds.
Those are aromatic compounds containing one monocyclic ring system consisting of benzene.

Benzeneacetic acid is slightly soluble (in water) and a weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa).
Benzeneacetic acid can be synthesized from acetic acid.

Benzeneacetic acid is also a parent compound for other transformation products, including but not limited to, hydratropic acid, 2,4,5-trihydroxyBenzeneacetic acid, and mandelamide.
Benzeneacetic acid is a sweet, civet, and floral tasting compound and can be found in a number of food items such as hyssop, cowpea, endive, and shea tree, which makes Benzeneacetic acid a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products.

Benzeneacetic acid can be found primarily in most biofluids, including cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), saliva, feces, and blood.
Benzeneacetic acid exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans.

In humans, Benzeneacetic acid is involved in the Benzeneacetic acid metabolism.
Moreover, Benzeneacetic acid is found to be associated with kidney disease and phenylketonuria.

Benzeneacetic acid is a non-carcinogenic (not listed by IARC) potentially toxic compound.
Benzeneacetic acid is a drug which is used for use as adjunctive therapy for the treatment of acute hyperammonemia and associated encephalopathy in patients with deficiencies in enzymes of the urea cycle.

Benzeneacetic acid is the ester of a phenol and acetic acid.
Benzeneacetic acid is a metabolite of anticancer drug phenylbutyrate (PB), natural neurotransmitter phenylethylamine.
Naturally, Benzeneacetic acid is an odorant found in strawberries, passion fruit, and black tea.

Benzeneacetic acid level in urine was used as a marker for the diagnosis of some forms of unipolar major depressive disorders.
Benzeneacetic acid is used as a tool substrate to study esterase activity in the blood of patients in clinical studies of the effect of nutritional supplements on paraoxonase-1 levels.

Benzeneacetic acid is an aromatic ester.
Benzeneacetic acid levels in urine are marker for the diagnosis of some forms of unipolar major depressive disorders.
Benzeneacetic acid undergoes Fries rearrangement to form a mixture of o- and p-hydroxyacetophenones which are useful intermediates in manufacture of pharmaceuticals.

Benzeneacetic acid is produced from bacterial degradation of unabsorbed phenylalanine.

In health, beneficial intestinal bacteria produce some B-vitamins and provide stimulus for proper immune function.
However, if your stomach acid is not adequate, if you fail to digest protein, or if your diet does not supply sufficient fiber, the resulting overgrowth of unfavorable bacteria can release toxic products that your body must remove.

Uses of Benzeneacetic acid:
Benzeneacetic acid is used as a solvent, laboratory reagent, and in organic synthesis
Benzeneacetic acid is solvent, organic sythesis, laboratory reagent

Benzeneacetic acid is high-boiling aprotic solvent
Benzeneacetic acid is used as a chemical intermediate for the synthesis of o-hydroxyacetophenone; p-hydroxyacetophenone; synephrine

Uses at industrial sites:
Benzeneacetic acid has an industrial use resulting in manufacture of another substance (use of intermediates).
Benzeneacetic acid is used for the manufacture of: chemicals.
Release to the environment of Benzeneacetic acid can occur from industrial use: as an intermediate step in further manufacturing of another substance (use of intermediates).

Industry Uses:
Intermediates

Human Metabolite Information of Benzeneacetic acid:

Cellular Locations:
Cytoplasm
Extracellular

Handling and Storage of Benzeneacetic acid:

Precautions for safe handling:
measures against static discharge.

Hygiene measures:
Change contaminated clothing.
Preventive skin protection recommended.
Wash hands after working with substance.

Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:

Storage conditions:
Tightly closed.

Storage class:
Storage class (TRGS 510): 10: Combustible liquids

Stability and Reactivity of Benzeneacetic acid:

Reactivity:
Forms explosive mixtures with air on intense heating.
A range from approx. 15 Kelvin below the flash point is to be rated as critical.

Chemical stability:
Benzeneacetic acid is chemically stable under standard ambient conditions (room temperature).

Conditions to avoid:
Strong heating.

Incompatible materials:
Strong oxidizing agents, Strong acids, Strong bases, Strong reducing agents Strong oxidizing agents, Strong acids, Strong bases, Strong reducing agents

First Aid Measures of Benzeneacetic acid:

General advice:
Show Benzeneacetic acid safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.

After inhalation:
Fresh air.

In case of skin contact:
Take off immediately all contaminated clothing.
Rinse skin with water/ shower.

After eye contact:
Rinse out with plenty of water.
Remove contact lenses.

After swallowing:
Immediately make victim drink water (two glasses at most).
Consult a physician.

Firefighting Measures of Benzeneacetic acid:

Unsuitable extinguishing media:
For Benzeneacetic acid no limitations of extinguishing agents are given.

Special hazards arising from Benzeneacetic acid or mixture:
Carbon oxides

Vapors are heavier than air and may spread along floors.
Forms explosive mixtures with air on intense heating.

Advice for firefighters:
In the event of fire, wear self-contained breathing apparatus.

Further information:
Remove container from danger zone and cool with water.
Prevent fire extinguishing water
from contaminating surface water or the ground water system.

Accidental Release Measures of Benzeneacetic acid:

Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures:

Advice for non-emergency personnel:
Do not breathe vapors, aerosols.
Avoid substance contact.

Ensure adequate ventilation.
Keep away from heat and sources of ignition.
Evacuate the danger area, observe emergency procedures, consult an expert.

Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.

Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Cover drains.
Collect, bind, and pump off spills.

Observe possible material restrictions.
Take up with liquid-absorbent material.

Dispose of properly.
Clean up affected area.

Accidental Release Measures of Benzeneacetic acid:

Personal protection:
Filter respirator for organic gases and vapours adapted to the airborne concentration of Benzeneacetic acid.
Collect leaking liquid in sealable containers.

Absorb remaining liquid in sand or inert absorbent.
Then store and dispose of according to local regulations.

Disposal Methods of Benzeneacetic acid:
At the time of review, criteria for land treatment or burial (sanitary landfill) disposal practices are subject to significant revision.
Prior to implementing land disposal of waste residue (including waste sludge), consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices.

Identifiers of Benzeneacetic acid:
CAS Number: 122-79-2
ChEBI: CHEBI:8082
ChemSpider: 28969
ECHA InfoCard: 100.004.160
PubChem CID: 31229
UNII: 355G9R500Y
CompTox Dashboard (EPA): DTXSID3051626
InChI: InChI=1S/C8H8O2/c1-7(9)10-8-5-3-2-4-6-8/h2-6H,1H3
Key: IPBVNPXQWQGGJP-UHFFFAOYSA-N
InChI=1/C8H8O2/c1-7(9)10-8-5-3-2-4-6-8/h2-6H,1H3
Key: IPBVNPXQWQGGJP-UHFFFAOYAF
SMILES: CC(=O)Oc1ccccc1

Synonym(s): Acetic acid phenyl ester
Linear Formula: CH3COOC6H5
CAS Number: 122-79-2
Molecular Weight: 136.15
Beilstein: 636458
EC Number: 204-575-0
MDL number: MFCD00008699
PubChem Substance ID: 24846821
NACRES: NA.22

CAS: 122-79-2
Molecular Formula: C8H8O2
Molecular Weight (g/mol): 136.15
MDL Number: MFCD00008699
InChI Key: IPBVNPXQWQGGJP-UHFFFAOYSA-N
PubChem CID: 31229
ChEBI: CHEBI:8082
IUPAC Name: phenyl acetate
SMILES: CC(=O)OC1=CC=CC=C1

Properties of Benzeneacetic acid:
Chemical formula: C8H8O2
Molar mass: 136.150 g·mol−1
Density: 1.075 g/mL
Melting point: −30 °C (−22 °F; 243 K)
Boiling point: 195–196 °C (383–385 °F; 468–469 K)
Magnetic susceptibility (χ): -82.04·10−6 cm3/mol

Quality Level: 100
Assay: 99%
Refractive index: n20/D 1.501 (lit.)
bp: 196 °C (lit.)
Density: 1.073 g/mL at 25 °C (lit.)
SMILES string: CC(=O)Oc1ccccc1
InChI: 1S/C8H8O2/c1-7(9)10-8-5-3-2-4-6-8/h2-6H,1H3
InChI key: IPBVNPXQWQGGJP-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Gene Information: human ... PON1(5444)

Molecular Weight: 136.15 g/mol
XLogP3: 1.5
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 0
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 2
Rotatable Bond Count: 2
Exact Mass: 136.052429494 g/mol
Monoisotopic Mass: 136.052429494 g/mol
Topological Polar Surface Area: 26.3Ų
Heavy Atom Count: 10
Complexity: 114
Isotope Atom Count: 0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 1
Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes

Specifications of Benzeneacetic acid:
Color: Colorless
Boiling Point: 195°C
Quantity: 25 g
Formula Weight: 136.15
Percent Purity: ≥98.0% (GC)
Physical Form: Liquid
Chemical Name or Material: Phenyl Acetate

Names of Benzeneacetic acid:

Regulatory process names:
Phenyl acetate
phenyl acetate

IUPAC names:
Phenyl Acetate
Phenyl acetate
phenyl acetate
phenyl acetate

Preferred IUPAC name:
Phenyl acetate

Systematic IUPAC name:
Phenyl ethanoate

Other names:
Phenol acetate
(Acetyloxy)benzene
Acetoxybenzene

Other identifiers:
122-79-2
BENZENECARBONYL CHLORIDE
Benzenecarbonyl chloride is an acyl chloride consisting of benzene in which a hydrogen is replaced by an acyl chloride group.
Benzenecarbonyl chloride is an important chemical intermediate for the manufacture of other chemicals, dyes, perfumes, herbicides and pharmaceuticals.
Benzenecarbonyl chloride has a role as a carcinogenic agent.

CAS: 98-88-4
MF: C7H5ClO
MW: 140.57
EINECS: 202-710-8

Benzenecarbonyl chloride is an acyl chloride and a member of benzenes.
Benzenecarbonyl chloride is functionally related to a benzoic acid.
Benzenecarbonyl chloride appears as a colorless fuming liquid with a pungent odor.
Flash point 162 °F.
Lachrymator, irritating to skin and eyes.
Corrosive to metals and tissue.
Density 10.2 lb / gal.
Used in medicine and in the manufacture of other chemicals.
Benzenecarbonyl chloride, also known as benzenecarbonyl chloride, is an organochlorine compound with the formula C7H5ClO.
Benzenecarbonyl chloride is a colourless, fuming liquid with an irritating odour, and consists of a benzene ring (C6H6) with an acyl chloride (−C(=O)Cl) substituent.

Benzenecarbonyl chloride is mainly useful for the production of peroxides but is generally useful in other areas such as in the preparation of dyes, perfumes, pharmaceuticals, and resins.
Benzenecarbonyl chloride, C7H6O2 (or C6H5COOH), is a colorless crystalline solid and the simplest aromatic carboxylic acid.
The name derived from gum benzoin, which was for a long time the only source for benzoic acid.
This weak acid and its salts are used as a food preservative.
Benzenecarbonyl chloride is an important precursor for the synthesis of many other organic substances.
Benzenecarbonyl chloride is used as an intermediate chemical in the preparation of dyes, perfumes, peroxides, pharmaceuticals, and resins.
Benzenecarbonyl chloride is also used in photography; as gasoline gum inhibitors, and in the manufacture of synthetic tannins.
Benzenecarbonyl chloride was formerly employed as an irritant gas in chemical warfare.

Benzenecarbonyl chloride Chemical Properties
Melting point: -1 °C (lit.)
Boiling point: 198 °C (lit.)
Density: 1.211 g/mL at 25 °C (lit.)
Vapor density: 4.88 (vs air)
Vapor pressure: 1 mm Hg ( 32 °C)
efractive index: n20/D 1.553(lit.)
Fp: 156 °F
Storage temp.: Store below +30°C.
Solubility: Acetonitrile (Slightly), Chloroform (Sparingly)
Form: Liquid
Color: Clear
Odor: Pungent characteristic.
PH Range: 2 at 1 g/l
PH: 2 (1g/l, H2O, 20℃)
Explosive limit: 2.5-27%(V)
Water Solubility: reacts
FreezingPoint: -1℃
Sensitive: Moisture Sensitive
Merck: 14,1112
BRN: 471389
Exposure limits ACGIH: Ceiling 0.5 ppm
Stability: Stable. Combustible. Incompatible with strong oxidizing agents, water, alcohols, strong bases. Reacts violently with DMSO and vigorously with alkalies.
InChIKey: PASDCCFISLVPSO-UHFFFAOYSA-N
LogP: 1.44 at 21℃ and pH6
CAS DataBase Reference: 98-88-4(CAS DataBase Reference)
NIST Chemistry Reference: Benzenecarbonyl chloride (98-88-4)
IARC: 2A (Vol. 29, Sup 7, 71) 1999
EPA Substance Registry System: Benzenecarbonyl chloride (98-88-4)

Physical and Chemical Properties
Benzenecarbonyl chloride's pure product is a colorless and transparent flammable liquid, which is smoking exposed to air in the air.
In Industry, Benzenecarbonyl chloride is slightly pale yellow, with a strong pungent odor.
Benzenecarbonyl chloride's steam has a strong stimulating effect for eye mucous membranes, skin and respiratory tract, by stimulating the mucous membranes and eyes tear.
Benzenecarbonyl chloride melting point is-1.0 ℃, boiling point is 197.2 ℃, and the relative density is 1.212 (20 ℃), while a flash point is 72 ℃, and refractive index (n20) is 1.554.

Benzenecarbonyl chloride is soluble in the ether, chloroform, benzene and carbon disulfide.
Benzenecarbonyl chloride can gradually decomposed in water or ethanol, ammonia, which generates benzoic acid, generating benzamide, ethyl benzoate and hydrogen chloride.
In the laboratory, Benzenecarbonyl chloride can be obtained by distillation of benzoic acid and phosphorus pentachloride under anhydrous conditions.
Industrial production process can be obtained by the use of thionyl chloride benzaldehyde. Benzenecarbonyl chloride is an important intermediate for preparing dyes, perfumes, organic peroxides, resins and drugs.
Benzenecarbonyl chloride is also used in photography and artificial tannin production, which was formerly used as an irritant gas in chemical warfare.
Benzenecarbonyl chloride is a colorless to slight brown liquid with a strong, penetrating odor; vapor causes tears.
Soluble in ether and carbon disulfide; decomposes in water.
Benzenecarbonyl chloride is a liquid acyl chloride used as a benzoylating agent.

Uses
Benzenecarbonyl chloride is used for organic synthesis, dye and pharmaceutical raw material, manufacturing initiator benzoyl peroxide, t-butyl peroxybenzoate, pesticides and herbicides.
In pesticides, Benzenecarbonyl chloride is a new insecticide, which is inducible isoxazole parathion (Isoxathion, Karphos) intermediate.
Benzenecarbonyl chloride is an important benzoyl and benzyl reagent.
Most of Benzenecarbonyl chloride is used in the production of benzoyl peroxide, and secondly for the production of benzophenone, benzyl benzoate, benzyl cellulose.
Benzoyl peroxide catalyzes polymerization initiator for the monomer plastic, polyester, epoxy, acrylic resin production, self-curing agent, which is a glass fiber material, fluorine rubber, silicone crosslinking agents, oil refined, bleached flour, fiber decolorizing.

Benzenecarbonyl chloride is used in the manufacturing of dye intermediates.
For acylation, i.e., introduction of the benzoyl group into alcohols, phenols, and amines (Schotten-Baumann reaction); in the manufacture of benzoyl peroxide and of dye intermediates.
In organic analysis for making benzoyl derivatives for identification purposes.
Benzenecarbonyl chloride is widely utilized for the synthesis of peroxides.
Benzenecarbonyl chloride is employed in the production of dyes and perfumes.
Benzenecarbonyl chloride also serves in the manufacturing of pharmaceuticals and resins.

Preparation
Benzenecarbonyl chloride is produced from benzotrichloride using either water or benzoic acid:

C6H5CCl3 + H2O → C6H5COCl + 2 HCl
C6H5CCl3 + C6H5CO2H → 2 C6H5COCl + HCl
As with other acyl chlorides, Benzenecarbonyl chloride can be generated from the parent acid and standard chlorinating agents such as phosphorus pentachloride, thionyl chloride, and oxalyl chloride.
Benzenecarbonyl chloride was first prepared by treatment of benzaldehyde with chlorine.
An early method for production of Benzenecarbonyl chloride involved chlorination of benzyl alcohol.

Reactions
Benzenecarbonyl chloride reacts with water to produce hydrochloric acid and benzoic acid:

C6H5COCl + H2O → C6H5COOH + HCl
Benzoyl chloride is a typical acyl chloride.
Benzenecarbonyl chloride reacts with alcohols to give the corresponding esters.
Similarly, Benzenecarbonyl chloride reacts with amines to give the amide.
Benzenecarbonyl chloride undergoes the Friedel-Crafts acylation with aromatic compounds to give the corresponding benzophenones and related derivatives.
With carbanions, Benzenecarbonyl chloride serves again as a source of the benzoyl cation synthon, C6H5CO+.
Benzoyl peroxide, a common reagent in polymer chemistry, is produced industrially by treating benzoyl chloride with hydrogen peroxide and sodium hydroxide:

2 C6H5COCl + H2O2 + 2 NaOH → (C6H5CO)2O2 + 2 NaCl + 2 H2O

Reactivity Profile
Benzenecarbonyl chloride reacts violently with protic solvents such as alcohols, with amines and amides (for example dimethylformamide) and with inorganic bases.
Causes the violent decomposition of dimethyl sulfoxide.
May react vigorously or explosively if mixed with diisopropyl ether or other ethers in the presence of trace amounts of metal salts.
Friedel-Crafts acylation of naphthalene using Benzenecarbonyl chloride, catalyzed by AlCl3, must be conducted above the melting point of the mixture, or the reaction may be violent.

Chemical Reactivity
Reactivity with Water Slow reaction with water to produce hydrochloric acid fumes.
The reaction is more rapid with steam; Reactivity with Common Materials: Slow corrosion of metals but no immediate danger; Stability During Transport: Not pertinent; Neutralizing Agents for Acids and Caustics: Soda ash and water, lime; Polymerization: Does not occur; Inhibitor of Polymerization: Not pertinent.

Synonyms
BENZOYL CHLORIDE
98-88-4
Benzoic acid, chloride
Benzenecarbonyl chloride
Benzoylchloride
alpha-Chlorobenzaldehyde
benzoic acid chloride
Benzaldehyde, alpha-chloro-
CCRIS 802
HSDB 383
EINECS 202-710-8
Cloruro de benzoilo
UNII-VTY8706W36
BRN 0471389
DTXSID9026631
CHEBI:82275
BenzoylChloride-13C7
VTY8706W36
UN1736
benzoyl-carbonyl-13c chloride
Benzaldehyde, .alpha.-chloro-
DTXCID106631
EC 202-710-8
4-09-00-00721 (Beilstein Handbook Reference)
benzoylchlorid
Benzoyl chloride, ReagentPlus(R), >=99%
(1,2,3,4,5,6-13C6)Cyclohexatrienecarbonyl chloride
benzoyl chlorid
benzoyl choride
bezoyl chloride
benzoic chloride
BzCl
benzoyl chloride-
PhCOCl
Bz-Cl
MFCD00000653
BZC (CHRIS Code)
Benzoyl chloride [UN1736] [Corrosive]
.alpha.-Chlorobenzaldehyde
Benzaldehyde, |A-chloro-
SCHEMBL1241
BENZOIC ACID,CHLORIDE
BENZOYL CHLORIDE [MI]
Benzoyl Chloride, ACS reagent
Benzoylchloride, ACS Reagent,
BENZOYL CHLORIDE [HSDB]
BENZOYL CHLORIDE [INCI]
CHEMBL2260719
Benzoyl chloride, AR, >=99%
Benzoyl chloride, LR, >=99%
CS-B1785
Tox21_200431
NA1736
STL264120
Benzoyl chloride, ACS reagent, 99%
AKOS000121308
CS-T-48737
UN 1736
CAS-98-88-4
Benzoyl chloride, purum, >=99% (GC)
Benzoyl chloride, ReagentPlus(R), 99%
NCGC00248610-01
NCGC00257985-01
Benzoyl chloride [UN1736] [Corrosive]
Benzoyl chloride, p.a., 98-100.5%
LS-42590
PS-10801
B0105
DIBENZOYL CHLORIDE (BENZOYL CHLORIDE)
FT-0622741
FT-0639824
Benzoyl chloride, SAJ first grade, >=98.0%
C19168
A845919
Q412825
InChI=1/C7H5ClO/c8-7(9)6-4-2-1-3-5-6/h1-5
BENZİL ALKOL
BENZYL ALCOHOL; Benzenemethanol; Phenylcarbinol; Phenylmethyl alcohol; Phenylmethanol; alpha-Hydroxytoluene; Benzoyl alcohol; Hydroxytoluene; Benzenecarbinol; alpha-toluenol; (hydroxymethyl)benzene; cas no: 100-51-6
Benzimidazole
1H-Benzimidazole; 1,3-benzodiazole; benzoglyoxaline; azindole; N,N'-methylenyl-o-phenylenediamine; 3-azaindole; o-benzimidazole; benzoimidazole; BZI; 1,3-diazaindene; cas no:51-17-2
BENZOATE DE BENZYLE

Le benzoate de benzyle est un composé organique utilisé comme médicament et insectifuge. En tant que médicament, il est utilisé pour traiter la gale et les poux. Pour la gale, la perméthrine ou le malathion sont généralement préférés. Il est appliqué sur la peau sous forme de lotion. En règle générale, deux à trois applications sont nécessaires. Il est également présent dans le baume du Pérou, le baume de Tolu et dans un certain nombre de fleurs. Le benzoate de benzyle a été étudié médicalement pour la première fois en 1918. Il figure sur la liste des médicaments essentiels de l'Organisation mondiale de la santé.

No CAS: 120-51-4
No CE: 204-402-9
Noms IUPAC:
Benzil-benzoát
ester phénylméthylique d'acide benzoïque
Acide benzoïque, ester benzylique
ACIDE BENZOIQUE, ESTER PHÉNYL-MÉTHYLE
Acide benzoïque, ester phénylméthylique
Benxoate de benzyle
BENZOATE DE BENZYLE
Benzoate de benzyle; Benzoate de phénylméthyle
benzyl-2-méthyl-hydroxybutyrate déshydrogénase
benzylbenzoate
benzoate de phénylméthyle

SYNONYMES
Ascabiol; Novoscabin; Benylate; Scabitox; Scobenol; Ascabin; Ester benzylique d'acide benzoïque; Phénylformate de benzyle; Benzylets; Colebenz; Peruscabin; Scabagen; Scabanca; Scabiozon; Vanzoate; Scabide; Ester phénylméthylique d'acide benzoïque; Benzoate de phénylméthyle; Antiscabiosum; Acide benzoique; ester benzylique; Benzyl benzène carboxylate; Benzylis benzoas; Ester benzoïque d'alcool benzylique; Benzylbenzoate; Peruscabina; Spasmodin; Venzonate; Benzylum benzoicum; 120-51-4; Ascabiol; Acide benzoïque, ester phénylméthylique; Ester benzylique d'acide benzoïque; Benylate; Novoscabine; Acide benzoïque, ester benzylique; Ascabine; Scabitox; Scobénol; Phénylformate de benzyle; Phénylméthyl benzoate; Benzylets; Coleinbenz Scabagen; Scabanca; Scabiozon; Vanzoate; Scabide; benzylbenzoate; Benzyl benzenecarboxylate; Benzyl alcool benzoic ester; Venzonate; Benzylester kyseliny benzoove; BENZOIC ACID PHENYLMETHYLESTER; FEMA No 2138; NSC 8081; UNIIum-N863IS 41237; N863NB338G; NSC-8081; NCGC00094981-03; Peruscabina; Spasmodine; Benzoate de benzyle, 99 +%; Benzylis benzoas; DSSTox_CID_9153; Benzylum benzoicum; DSSTox_RID_78686; DSSTox_GSZo-boxo standard; Benzyl benzoate (naturel); BZM; CAS-120-51-4; SMR000471875; HSDB 208; EINECS 204-402-9; Benzylester kyseliny benzoove [tchèque]; EPA Pesticide Chemical Code 009501; benzylbenzoat; BRN 2049280; Benzyl benzoate [USP: JAN ]; Acarobenzyle; Benzevan; Bengale; Ester phénylméthylique de l'acide benzoïque; AI3-00523; 1dzm; Benylate (TN); acide benzoïque benzyle; Spectrum_001240; Ester d'acide benzoïque-benzylique; Spectrum2_000532; Spectrum3_001757; Spectrum4_00028C1; Spectrum3_001757; Spectrum4_00028C11; Spectrum3_001757; Spectrum4_000281C-AC RVO1R; benzoate de benzyle,> = 99%; EC 204-402-9; SCHEMBL3038; BENZOATE DE BENZYLE BP98; BSPBio_003494; KBioGR_001186; KBioSS_001720; 4-09-00-00307 (référence du manuel de Beilstein); MLS001066412; MLS0013K136003; MLS001066412; MLS0013K1603_ SPECTRUM1503002; SPBio_000543; Benzoate de benzyle (JP17 / USP); ZINC1021; DTXSID8029153; ACIDE BENZOIQUE, ESTER DE BENZYLE; HMS500K06; KBio1_000204; KBio2_001720; KBio2_004288; KBio2_006856;
. > = 99%, FCC, FG; Tox21_111372_1; DB00676; MCULE-4369643785; NSC-758204; IDI1_000204; Benzoate de benzyle, pour la synthèse, 99,0%; NCGC00094981-01; NCGC00094981-02
258889-01; AC-17033; AK308304; SBI-0051748.P002; DB-041563; B0064; FT-0622708; ST50406335; Benzoate de benzyle, naturel,> = 99%, FCC, FG; Benzoate de benzyle, ReagentPlus (R), > = 99,0%; Benzoate de benzyle, première qualité SAJ,> = 98,0%; Benzoate de benzyle, testé selon Ph.Eur.; A14577; A19449; Benzoate de benzyle, qualité spéciale SAJ,> = 99,0%; C12537; D01138; AB00052298_07; Benzoate de benzyle, qualité réactif Vetec (TM), 98%; Benzoate de benzyle; Q413755; SR-01000763773; Ester benzylique d'acide benzoïque 5000 microg / mL dans l'hexane; Q-200696; SR-01000763773-2; BRD-K52072429-001- 06-1; ester benzylique d'acide benzoïque; Ester phénylméthylique d'acide benzoïque

Le benzoate de benzyle (BnBzO) est un agent de médiation et un insectifuge. C'est l'une des préparations les plus anciennes utilisées pour traiter la gale, une infection cutanée causée par l'acarien Sarcoptes scabiei car elle est mortelle pour l'acarien. Il est capable de tuer l'acarien en 5 minutes. Il peut également être utilisé pour le traitement de l'infestation par les poux de la tête et du corps. Son mécanisme d'action consiste à exercer des effets toxiques sur le système nerveux des insectes, provoquant en outre sa mort. Il est également toxique pour les ovules d'acariens par un mécanisme inconnu. Il peut également être utilisé comme répulsif pour les aoûtats, les tiques et les moustiques, ainsi que comme support de colorant, solvant des dérivés de cellulose, plastifiant et fixateur.

Les usages
Médical
Le benzoate de benzyle est un traitement topique efficace et peu coûteux pour la gale humaine. Il a des effets vasodilatateurs et spasmolytiques et est présent dans de nombreux médicaments contre l'asthme et la coqueluche. Il est également utilisé comme excipient dans certains médicaments de remplacement de la testostérone (comme Nebido) pour traiter l'hypogonadisme.
Le benzoate de benzyle est utilisé comme acaricide topique, scabicide et pédiculicide dans les hôpitaux vétérinaires.

Non médical
Le benzoate de benzyle est utilisé comme répulsif pour les aoûtats, les tiques et les moustiques. Il est également utilisé comme support de colorant, solvant pour les dérivés de cellulose, plastifiant et fixateur dans l'industrie du parfum.

Chimie
C'est un composé organique de formule C6H5CH2O2CC6H5. C'est l'ester de l'alcool benzylique et de l'acide benzoïque. Il forme un liquide visqueux ou des flocons solides et dégage une faible odeur de balsamique sucré. Il se produit dans un certain nombre de fleurs (par exemple la tubéreuse) et est un composant du baume du Pérou et du baume de Tolu.

Production
Le benzoate de benzyle est produit industriellement par réaction du benzoate de sodium avec de l'alcool benzylique en présence d'une base, ou par transestérification du benzoate de méthyle et de l'alcool benzylique. C'est un sous-produit de la synthèse de l'acide benzoïque par oxydation du toluène. Il peut également être synthétisé par la réaction de Tishchenko, en utilisant du benzaldéhyde avec du benzilate de sodium (généré à partir de sodium et d'alcool benzylique) comme catalyseur:
La réaction de Tishchenko: le benzaldéhyde réagit au benzoate de benzyle, le catalyseur est le benzilate de sodium.

Il se produit naturellement dans les huiles essentielles telles que l'ylang-ylang, le bois de rose, la cannelle et le benjoin.

Lorsque ces huiles essentielles ne sont pas utilisées dans un produit, le benzoate de benzyle peut être ajouté sous sa forme synthétique en raison de son parfum incroyable et de ses excellentes propriétés de solvant. En effet, il dissout les autres matières parfumées, leur permettant de se fondre plus facilement.

Qu'est-ce que le benzoate de benzyle?
Le benzoate de benzyle est une molécule naturelle que l'on trouve dans certaines plantes et se compose d'alcool benzylique et d'acide benzoïque. Dans les produits cosmétiques, il joue un certain nombre de rôles en fonction du produit et il peut agir comme un parfum, un solvant, un plastifiant, un conservateur et un fixateur.

Comment ça marche?
En tant que parfum, le benzoate de benzyle peut ajouter une odeur balsamique à un produit. Il peut également fonctionner avec d'autres parfums comme solvant pour les aider à se dissoudre dans le mélange. Le benzoate de benzyle agit également comme fixateur dans les produits parfumés où il ralentit la fuite d'autres parfums et augmente la durée de vie du parfum.

Lorsqu'il est ajouté à des produits plus solides comme les savons, le benzoate de benzyle peut agir comme plastifiant. Un plastifiant rend un produit moins cassant, de sorte qu'un savon qui le contient peut être plié et écrasé davantage avant qu'il ne craque ou ne s'effrite.

Le benzoate de benzyle est utilisé pour traiter les infestations de poux et de gale. On pense que ce médicament est absorbé par les poux et les acariens et les détruit en agissant sur leur système nerveux.

Le benzoate de benzyle est l'une des préparations les plus anciennes utilisées pour traiter la gale. La gale est une infection cutanée causée par l'acarien Sarcoptes scabiei. Elle se caractérise par de fortes démangeaisons (en particulier la nuit), des taches rouges et peut conduire à une infection secondaire. Le benzoate de benzyle est mortel pour cet acarien et est donc utile dans le traitement de la gale. Il est également utilisé pour traiter les infestations de poux de la tête et du corps.

Mécanisme d'action
Le benzoate de benzyle exerce des effets toxiques sur le système nerveux du parasite, entraînant sa mort. Il est également toxique pour les ovules d'acariens, bien que son mécanisme d'action exact soit inconnu. In vitro, le benzoate de benzyle tue l'acarien Sarcoptes en 5 minutes.

Absorption
Aucune donnée n'est disponible sur l'absorption percutanée du benzoate de benzyle. Certaines études plus anciennes ont suggéré une certaine absorption percutanée, cependant, la quantité n'a pas été quantifiée.

Métabolisme
Rapidement hydrolysé en acide benzoïque et en alcool benzylique, qui est ensuite oxydé en acide benzoïque. L'acide benzoïque est conjugué à la glycine pour former de l'acide hippurique.

Le benzoate de benzyle est un composé benzylique qui peut être synthétisé en faisant réagir du chlorure de benzyle avec du benzoate de sodium en présence d'iodure de tétrabutylaramonium. Il serait le constituant clé des huiles essentielles isolées des feuilles et de l'écorce de tige de Cinnamomum zeylanicum.
Le benzoate de benzyle, un ester d'alcool benzylique et d'acide benzoïque, est largement utilisé comme fixateur de parfum, ingrédient de parfum et conservateur pour maintenir la puissance et la stabilité d'une variété de formulations cosmétiques. Il est également utilisé comme musc synthétique, acaricide pour traiter la gale et les poux de tête.
L'alcool benzylique est un alcool organique présent dans de nombreux fruits et thés. L'alcool benzylique a un groupe hydroxyle, tandis que le composé apparenté, l'acide benzoïque, a un groupe carboxyle. Le benzoate de sodium, le benzoate de calcium et le benzoate de potassium sont des sels d'acide benzoïque. Le benzoate de benzyle est un ester d'alcool benzylique et d'acide benzoïque.

L'alcool benzylique, l'acide benzoïque et ses sels et le benzoate de benzyle sont utilisés dans une grande variété de cosmétiques et de produits de soins personnels, y compris les produits pour bébés, les produits de bain, les savons et détergents, le maquillage des yeux, les fards à joues, les produits nettoyants, les produits de maquillage, ainsi que produits de soin des cheveux, des ongles et de la peau.

Pourquoi est-il utilisé dans les cosmétiques et les produits de soins personnels?
Les fonctions suivantes ont été rapportées pour ces ingrédients.
Inhibiteur de corrosion - Benzoate de sodium
Ingrédient de parfum - alcool benzylique, acide benzoïque, benzoate de sodium, benzoate de benzyle
Ajusteur de pH - Acide benzoïque
Conservateur - alcool benzylique, acide benzoïque, benzoate de sodium, benzoate de calcium, benzoate de potassium
Solvant - Alcool benzylique, Benzoate de benzyle Agent de diminution de la viscosité - Alcool benzylique

Le benzoate de benzyle est un liquide huileux clair, incolore avec une légère odeur balsamique rappelant l'amande et un goût piquant et piquant. Il produit une sensation vive et brûlante sur la langue. À des températures inférieures à 178 ℃, il existe sous forme de cristaux clairs et incolores.
Applications pharmaceutiques

Le benzoate de benzyle est utilisé comme agent solubilisant et solvant non aqueux dans les injections intramusculaires à des concentrations de 0,01 à 46,0% v / v, et comme solvant et plastifiant pour la cellulose et la nitrocellulose. Il est également utilisé dans la préparation de poudres séchées par atomisation à l'aide de nanocapsules.

Cependant, l'utilisation pharmaceutique la plus répandue du benzoate de benzyle est comme agent thérapeutique topique dans le traitement de la gale. Le benzoate de benzyle est également utilisé en thérapeutique comme parasiticide en médecine vétérinaire.

D'autres applications du benzoate de benzyle comprennent son utilisation comme pédiculicide et comme solvant et fixateur pour les arômes et les parfums dans les cosmétiques et les produits alimentaires.
Allergènes de contact Le benzoate de benzyle est l'ester de l'alcool benzylique et de l'acide benzoïque. Il est contenu dans Myroxylon pereirae et Tolu balsam. Il est utilisé dans les préparations acaricides contre Sarcoptes scabiei ou comme pédiculicide. Le contact direct peut provoquer une irritation cutanée, mais rarement une dermatite de contact allergique.


Utilisation clinique
Le benzoate de benzyle est un ester naturel obtenu à partir du baume du Pérou et d'autres résines. Il est également préparé synthétiquement à partir d'alcool benzylique et de chlorure de benzoyle. L'ester est un liquide clair incolore avec une légère odeur aromatique. Il est insoluble dans l'eau mais soluble dans les solvants organiques.
Le benzoate de benzyle est un scabicide efficace lorsqu'il est appliqué localement. Le soulagement immédiat des démangeaisons résulte probablement d'un effet anesthésique local; cependant, un durcissement complet est fréquemment obtenu avec une seule application d'une émulsion à 25% de benzoate de benzyle dans l'acide oléique, stabilisée avec de la triéthanolamine. Cette préparation présente l'avantage supplémentaire d'être essentiellement inodore, non tachante et non irritante pour la peau. Il est appliqué localement sous forme de lotion sur tout le corps humidifié, à l'exception du visage.

Le benzoate de benzyle est un ester de benzoate obtenu par condensation formelle d'acide benzoïque avec de l'alcool benzylique. Il a été isolé des espèces végétales du genre Polyalthia. Il a un rôle de scabicide, d'acaricide et de métabolite végétal. C'est un ester benzylique et un ester benzoate. Il dérive de l'acide benzoïque.

Principalement utilisé comme pesticide non agricole avec certaines applications vétérinaires ainsi que comme additif alimentaire et en parfumerie.

Le benzoate de benzyle est un ester aromatique utilisé comme agent aromatisant alimentaire. Il a été identifié comme l'un des principaux composants aromatiques volatils des fleurs de canneberge, de mangue et de Jasminum sambac égyptien.

Il a une odeur unique. Il a un parfum d'amande ou de balsamique. Il se présente sous une forme solide ou liquide incolore.

Le point d'ébullition est de 323,5 ° C.
Le point de fusion est de 21 ° C.
Sa solubilité dans l'eau est presque négligeable. Il a une solubilité d'environ 25 mg / L à 25 ° C.
Il est insoluble dans la glycérine. Soluble dans l'alcool éthylique, l'alcool méthylique, le chloroforme et l'éther éthylique.
La densité du benzoate de benzyle est de 25 ° C: 1,112 g / cm³.
C'est un composé chimique stable dans des conditions de stockage standard.

Domaines d'utilisation du benzoate de benzyle:
• Il est utilisé dans la création des formules les plus anciennes utilisées pour le traitement d'une maladie de la peau appelée gale. Ceci est une infection cutanée. Il est utilisé pour éliminer ces infections cutanées.
• C'est un ingrédient utilisé dans la fabrication de médicaments destinés à inhiber les tiques et les moustiques.
• C'est une substance chimique utilisée comme solvant dans de nombreuses substances chimiques.
• Il est utilisé comme solvant pour les substances cellulosiques.
• Il est utilisé comme essence dans la production de parfums.
• Il est utilisé dans la production de médicaments vétérinaires, dans les produits chimiques produits pour le traitement des maladies de la peau des animaux.
• Il est utilisé comme édulcorant dans le secteur alimentaire.
• Il est utilisé dans la fabrication de pesticides pour le traitement des poussières dans certains textiles, tapis, matelas et tissus d'ameublement et meubles de canapés.

Usage
C'est l'un des médicaments anti-gale les plus anciens à usage humain et vétérinaire. Il est également utilisé en association avec d'autres agents contre les poux de tête et dans les crèmes de protection cutanée.

Il est également utilisé comme solvant, comme ingrédient de parfum dans les produits du tabac et pour augmenter la plasticité des polymères et de la cellulose.

COMMENT EST PRODUIT LE BENZOATE DE BENZYLE

Le benzoate de benzyle est une molécule naturellement présente dans certaines plantes (espèces végétales du genre Polyalthia) et se compose d'alcool benzylique et d'acide benzoïque. Le benzoate de benzyle a été étudié médicalement pour la première fois en 1918.
C'est un ester benzoate obtenu par condensation formelle d'acide benzoïque avec de l'alcool benzylique. Il peut également être produit par la réaction de Tishchenko, en utilisant du benzaldéhyde avec du benzylate de sodium (produit à partir de sodium et d'alcool benzylique) comme catalyseur.

PROPRIÉTÉS PHYSIQUES ET CHIMIQUES DU BENZOATE DE BENZYLE

• Le benzoate de benzyle est insoluble dans l'eau et le glycérol. Soluble dans l'éthanol, l'éther éthylique, l'acétone, le benzène, le méthanol, le chloroforme.
• Le benzoate de benzyle est stable dans les conditions de stockage recommandées.
• Le benzoate de benzyle, lorsqu'il est chauffé pour se décomposer, produit des fumées amères et irritantes.
• Il se présente sous la forme d'un liquide visqueux ou de flocons solides et a une faible odeur balsamique.


Le benzoate de benzyle a un poids moléculaire élevé, ce qui en fait un fixateur largement utilisé dans l'industrie des parfums fins. Il est utilisé dans les formulations pharmaceutiques topiques pour le traitement des poux et de la gale. De plus, le benzoate de benzyle de Kalama est apprécié pour sa compatibilité avec la cire de bougie, incorporant un parfum aux bougies fines tout en favorisant une combustion propre.

Le traitement de la gale est avec la perméthrine topique, le benzoate de benzyle, le malathion, à son ir ou ivermectine orale. Le patient doit appliquer une crème de perméthrine à 5% sur tout le corps, y compris le cuir chevelu, tous les plis, l'aine, le nombril, les organes génitaux externes et la peau sous les ongles, en le lavant après 12 heures. Chez les adultes atteints de gale classique, le traitement du visage est controversé, mais chez les bébés, la peau du visage doit également être traitée. Une deuxième application 7 jours après le traitement initial doit être prescrite et tous les membres affectés d'un ménage doivent être traités en même temps pour éviter les réinfestations cycliques. L'ivermectine orale est de plus en plus utilisée comme traitement de première intention. Les flambées graves nécessitent une deuxième dose d'ivermectine à 2 semaines d'intervalle (200 µg / kg de poids corporel). Un traitement de l'infection bactérienne secondaire et des antihistaminiques peuvent être nécessaires. Laver les vêtements et le linge à 60 ° C tuera tous les jeunes acariens femelles fécondés (une alternative est de les conserver dans un sac en plastique pendant 48 à 72 heures, car les acariens séparés de l'hôte humain meurent dans ce délai). Il est important d'expliquer que le prurit dure généralement plusieurs semaines après la guérison, ce qui peut être partiellement atténué par des antihistaminiques non sédatifs ou sédatifs.

Le benzoate de benzyle est utilisé comme insecticide pour tuer les acariens de la gale, les acariens et les tiques. Il est également utilisé comme plastifiant, fixateur dans les parfums, additif alimentaire et solvant. La dermatite est la principale réaction indésirable à son utilisation comme solution topique. À des concentrations élevées, il s'est avéré posséder des propriétés œstrogéniques et stimuler la croissance des cellules mammaires humaines.

IDENTIFICATION:
Le benzoate de benzyle est un liquide huileux incolore. Il peut également se présenter sous forme de dépliants. Il a un goût d'amande et une odeur agréable. Il est presque insoluble dans l'eau. Le benzoate de benzyle est présent dans de nombreuses plantes et huiles essentielles.
UTILISER:
Le benzoate de benzyle est un produit chimique commercial important. Il est utilisé dans la fabrication de plastiques, comme solvant, dans la fabrication d'autres produits chimiques, comme arôme alimentaire et dans les parfums. Il est également utilisé comme médicament pour la peau chez les humains et les chiens dans le traitement des acariens. Le benzoate de benzyle est utilisé pour lutter contre les acariens dans les tapis et les meubles.
EXPOSITION:
Les travailleurs qui utilisent du benzoate de benzyle peuvent respirer des vapeurs ou avoir un contact direct avec la peau. La population générale peut être exposée aux vapeurs, au contact cutané et à la consommation d'aliments contenant du benzoate de benzyle. Si du benzoate de benzyle est rejeté dans l'environnement, il se décomposera dans l'air. Il peut être décomposé par la lumière du soleil. Il ne se déplacera pas dans l'air du sol humide et de l'eau. Il ne devrait pas se déplacer dans le sol. Il sera décomposé par les micro-organismes et devrait s'accumuler dans les poissons.

Utilisations de l'industrie
• Colorants
• Agents odorants
• Solvants (pour le nettoyage et le dégraissage)
• Solvants (qui font partie de la formulation ou du mélange du produit)
• Agents tensioactifs

Informations générales sur la fabrication
Secteurs de traitement de l'industrie
• Entretien de l'air
• Toute autre fabrication de produits chimiques organiques de base
• Fabrication de tous les autres produits chimiques et préparations
• Fabrication diverses
• Fabrication de matière plastique et résine
• Fabrication de savons, de produits de nettoyage et de préparations pour toilettes
• Fabrication de textiles, de vêtements et de cuir
• Fragrance

À propos de cette substance
Information utile
Cette substance est utilisée par les consommateurs, par les professionnels (usages répandus), en formulation ou en reconditionnement, sur les sites industriels et en fabrication.

Utilisations des consommateurs
Cette substance est utilisée dans les produits suivants: produits de lavage et de nettoyage, vernis et cires, produits de soin de l'air, cosmétiques et produits de soins personnels, parfums et fragrances et biocides (par ex. Désinfectants, produits antiparasitaires).
Un autre rejet dans l'environnement de cette substance est susceptible de se produire à la suite de: l'utilisation à l'intérieur comme auxiliaire technologique et l'utilisation à l'extérieur comme auxiliaire technologique.

Utilisations généralisées par les travailleurs professionnels
Cette substance est utilisée dans les produits suivants: produits de polissage, produits de lavage et de nettoyage, parfums et parfums et cosmétiques et produits de soins personnels.
Cette substance est utilisée dans les domaines suivants: services de santé et recherche et développement scientifiques.
Un autre rejet dans l'environnement de cette substance est susceptible de se produire en raison de: l'utilisation à l'intérieur (par exemple, les liquides / détergents de lavage en machine, les produits d'entretien automobile, les peintures et revêtements ou adhésifs, les parfums et les assainisseurs d'air) et l'utilisation à l'extérieur comme auxiliaire technologique.

Formulation ou réemballage
Cette substance est utilisée dans les produits suivants: produits de soin de l'air, biocides (par exemple désinfectants, produits antiparasitaires), produits de traitement du cuir, parfums et parfums, produits pharmaceutiques, photo-chimiques, cirages et cires, polymères, produits de traitement et colorants textiles, lavage & produits de nettoyage et cosmétiques et produits de soins personnels.
Le rejet dans l'environnement de cette substance peut se produire à la suite d'une utilisation industrielle: formulation de mélanges.
Utilisations sur les sites industriels
Cette substance est utilisée dans les produits suivants: produits de lavage et de nettoyage, polymères, produits chimiques de laboratoire, produits de soin de l'air, produits de revêtement, parfums et parfums, cirages et cires, produits de traitement et colorants textiles et produits cosmétiques et de soins personnels.
Cette substance a une utilisation industrielle entraînant la fabrication d'une autre substance (utilisation d'intermédiaires).
Cette substance est utilisée pour la fabrication de produits chimiques, de produits en plastique et de textile, de cuir ou de fourrure.

benzoate de benzyle comme une odeur incolore et agréable, goût liquide huileux très piquant. L'acide benzoïque et l'ester d'alcool benzylique. Insoluble dans l'eau, l'acétone et le benzène soluble dans l'alcool, le chloroforme, les mélanges d'éther, les huiles.

Dans la nature, il se produit dans les gyömbérfélékhez appartenant à Kaempferia rotunda et Zingiber cassumunar le nom de la plante.

Le benzoate de benzyle est un composant naturel des huiles essentielles (par exemple le jasmin, l'ylang-ylang, le bois de rose, la cannelle ou le benzoate). Le benzoate de benzyle peut également être produit par synthèse, mais les effets ne diffèrent pas. Il se présente sous la forme d'un liquide incolore ou d'un solide blanc avec une odeur balsamique plus sucrée. C'est l'un des allergènes et peut provoquer une dermatite de contact, en particulier avec une utilisation fréquente, car il pénètre dans les couches les plus profondes de la peau, il n'est donc pas recommandé pour les peaux plus sensibles.

Le benzoate de benzyle est une substance stable, résistante aux changements de température et d'environnement, il est utilisé comme stabilisant des compositions parfumées et de l'ensemble du produit. Il masque l'arôme naturel des ingrédients non parfumés, tout en servant également de parfum grâce à son doux parfum balsamique. Il agit également comme conservateur et surtout comme solvant (il dissout d'autres substances dans le produit). On le retrouve dans les médicaments pour traiter la gale (tue les acariens de la gale), les préparations anti-poux et les insecticides. Il a des effets antimicrobiens.

Occurrence
Contenue dans le baume du Pérou et dans le béton et l'absolu de fleurs de tubéreuse, de jacinthe, de Narcissus jonquilla L. et de Dianthus caryophillus L .; également dans l'huile d'ylang-ylang et dans le baume de Tolu. Signalé trouvé dans la canneberge américaine, l'écorce de cannelle, la feuille de cassia, l'huile de maïs et la prune de porc (Spondias mombins L.).
Les usages
Le benzoate de benzyle, en tant que solution topique, peut être utilisé comme insecticide antiparasitaire pour tuer les acariens responsables de l'affection cutanée de la gale, par exemple en tant que médicament combiné de benzoate de benzyle / disulfirame.

Il a d'autres utilisations:
• un fixateur dans les parfums pour améliorer la stabilité et les autres caractéristiques des principaux ingrédients
• un additif alimentaire aux arômes artificiels
• un plastifiant dans la cellulose et autres polymères
• un solvant pour diverses réactions chimiques
• un traitement pour les démangeaisons douces chez les chevaux
• un traitement contre les acariens des pattes squameuses chez les poulets.

Le benzoate de benzyle est un antimicrobien. Il peut également agir comme solvant, aidant à dissoudre d'autres substances dans le produit et comme ingrédient parfumant. C'est l'ester de l'alcool benzylique et de l'acide benzoïque.

En tant que solvant de l'acétate de cellulose, de la nitrocellulose et du musc artificiel; substitut du camphre dans les composés celluloïdes et plastiques pyroxyline; fixateur de parfum; dans les saveurs de confiserie et de chewing-gum.
Préparation
Par estérification à sec du benzoate de sodium et du chlorure de benzoyle en présence de triéthylamine ou par réaction du benzylate de sodium sur le benzaldéhyde.

Méthodes de production
Le BENZOATE DE BENZYLE est produit par la réaction de Cannizzaro à partir du benzaldéhyde, en estérifiant l'alcool benzylique avec de l'acide benzoïque ou en traitant le benzoate de sodium avec du chlorure de benzyle. Il est purifié par distillation et cristallisation. Le benzoate de benzyle est utilisé comme fixateur et solvant pour le musc dans les parfums et les arômes, comme plastifiant, acaricide et dans certains médicaments externes. Le composé s'est avéré efficace dans le traitement de la gale et de la pédiculose capitis (poux de tête, Pediculus humanus var. Capitis).
Les indications
Benzoate de benzyle: 20% à 25%. Cet agent est relativement non toxique et est largement utilisé dans les pays en développement pour traiter la gale et la pédiculose de la tête et du pubis. Seule la préparation vétérinaire est disponible aux États-Unis. Le benzoate de benzyle est dérivé synthétiquement de l'estérification de l'acide benzoïque avec de l'alcool benzylique. Son mécanisme d'action est inconnu. Il est toxique pour Sarcoptes scabei et peut être toxique pour Pediculosis capitis et Phthirus pubis. Aucune résistance n'a été démontrée à ce jour.
Le benzoate de benzyle peut être utilisé dans une émulsion à 5% pour repousser de nombreux arthropodes et peut être utilisé comme lotion pour traiter la gale sarcoptique et la pédiculose canine.
marque
La nécessité pharmaceutique du dimercaprol [injection]. Besylate (Sterling Winthrop).
Valeurs de seuil de goût
Caractéristiques gustatives à 30 ppm: balsamique, fruité avec des nuances poudrées et baies.

Applications pharmaceutiques
Le benzoate de benzyle est utilisé comme agent solubilisant et solvant non aqueux dans les injections intramusculaires à des concentrations de 0,01 à 46,0% v / v, et comme solvant et plastifiant pour la cellulose et la nitrocellulose. Il est également utilisé dans la préparation de poudres séchées par atomisation à l'aide de nanocapsules.
Cependant, l'utilisation pharmaceutique la plus répandue du benzoate de benzyle est comme agent thérapeutique topique dans le traitement de la gale. Le benzoate de benzyle est également utilisé en thérapeutique comme parasiticide en médecine vétérinaire.
D'autres applications du benzoate de benzyle comprennent son utilisation comme pédiculicide et comme solvant et fixateur pour les arômes et les parfums dans les cosmétiques et les produits alimentaires.

Le benzoate de benzyle est l'ester de l'alcool benzylique et de l'acide benzoïque. Il est contenu dans Myroxylon pereirae et Tolu balsam. Il est utilisé dans les préparations acaricides contre Sarcoptes scabiei ou comme pédiculicide.

Utilisation clinique
Le benzoate de benzyle est un ester naturel obtenu à partir du baume du Pérou et d'autres résines. Il est également préparé synthétiquement à partir d'alcool benzylique et de chlorure de benzoyle. L'ester est un liquide clair incolore avec une légère odeur aromatique. Il est insoluble dans l'eau mais soluble dans les solvants organiques.
Le benzoate de benzyle est un scabicide efficace lorsqu'il est appliqué localement. Le soulagement immédiat des démangeaisons résulte probablement d'un effet anesthésique local; cependant, un durcissement complet est fréquemment obtenu avec une seule application d'une émulsion à 25% de benzoate de benzyle dans l'acide oléique, stabilisée avec de la triéthanolamine. Cette préparation présente l'avantage supplémentaire d'être essentiellement inodore, non tachante et non irritante pour la peau. Il est appliqué localement sous forme de lotion sur tout le corps humidifié, à l'exception du visage.

Le benzoate de benzyle CAS 120-51-4 est un liquide transparent visqueux incolore ou jaune pâle. Dans des conditions de température de 17 degrés centigrades ou moins, il sera solidifié en solide blanc. Le benzoate de benzyle de haute pureté a un léger parfum. Le benzoate de benzyle est insoluble dans l'eau mais soluble dans les solvants organiques. Le benzoate de benzyle est un solvant à haute température, est le seul solvant du musc. Le benzoate de benzyle a des applications dans l'industrie de la pharmacie et de la parfumerie simplement en raison de ses caractéristiques de faible volatilisation et de stabilité relative.
Le benzoate de benzyle est un solvant. Cela signifie que les solutés tels que les poudres hormonales s'y dissolvent facilement, et c'est le but principal de son utilisation dans les stéroïdes. Le benzoate de benzyle est utilisé pour dissoudre et mettre en suspension l'hormone en poudre. Si la quantité correcte de ce solvant n'est pas utilisée, la poudre d'hormone «ne sera pas dissoute de la solution, ce qui entraînera un« crash »des stéroïdes (deviendra trouble / moins efficace).

Certaines poudres d'hormones se dissolvent plus facilement que d'autres et donc moins

Point de congélation: ≥17 ° C
Point d'ébullition: 323 ° C

Solubilité: le benzoate de benzyle est insoluble dans l'eau mais soluble dans les solvants organiques. Le benzoate de benzyle lui-même, un solvant à haute température, est le seul solvant du musc. Le benzoate de benzyle a des applications dans l'industrie de la pharmacie et de la parfumerie simplement en raison de ses caractères de faible volatilisation et de stabilité relative.

Applications:
Le benzoate de benzyle est principalement utilisé dans le domaine de l'auxiliaire textile, du parfum et de la saveur, de la pharmacie, du plastifiant, etc. Le benzoate de benzyle peut être utilisé comme agent principal, agent de nivellement et agent de réparation des auxiliaires textiles. Mécanisme: Avec le développement de l'industrie textile, les matériaux sont de meilleure qualité. Le tissu de qualité supérieure est le tissu le plus compact. Ainsi, en teinture, il y a plus de difficultés de coloration et d'homogénéité. En raison des bonnes performances de plasticité, le benzoate de benzyle fait gonfler et se desserrer la fibre de sorte que la fibre sera facilement teinte. Dans le même temps, le benzoate de benzyle est un bon solvant pour dissoudre et disperser le colorant uniformément. Du fait de ses très bonnes performances de migration de colorant, le benzoate de benzyle a pu être développé comme agents de nivellement et agents de plomb. Il existe de nombreux autres matériaux, qui ont des propriétés similaires au benzoate de benzyle, tels que le méthylnaphtalène, le diméthylnaphtalène, le salicylate de méthyle et l'ester de benzène.

BENZOFLEX 9-88 SG
DESCRIPTION:
Benzoflex 9-88 SG is a non-phthalate plasticizer specifically designed for 2K polyurethane systems where it is very compatible and efficient.
Benzoflex 9-88 SG plasticizer is a non-phthalate plasticizer.
Benzoflex 9-88 SG is recommended for cast urethane applications that require minimum cure interference and maximum compatibility.

CAS No:27138-31-4
EINECS No.: 248-258-5
Molecular Formula: C20H22O5
Molecular weight: 342.39

CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF BENZOFLEX 9-88 SG:
Acidity (wt%): 0.1 max.
Color Pt-Co: 40-80
Refractive index @ 25°C: 1.52
Specific gravity @ 20°C/20°C: 1.12
Hydroxyl number: 6 max.
Boiling point: 657°F (347°C)
Flash point (setaflash closed cup): 360°F (182°C)
Freezing point: -22°F (-30°C)
Vapor pressure @ 20°C: Viscosity @ 25°C: 105 cP (105 mPa•s)
Wt/Vol @ 20°C: 9.35 lb/gal (1.12 kg/L)
PSA: 61.83000
LogP: 3.49400

FEATURES & BENEFITS OF BENZOFLEX 9-88 SG:
Benzoflex 9-88 SG has Good compatibility
Benzoflex 9-88 SG has Stable physical properties

Benzoflex 9-88 SG is Non-phthalate
Benzoflex 9-88 SG has Minium cure interference

Benzoflex 9-88 SG has Increased tear strength, better rebound, and reduced swell with certain solvents
Benzoflex 9-88 SG Offers excellent inert filler acceptance, contributes improved tear strength, better rebound and reduce swell with certain solvents.

Benzoflex 9-88 SG plasticizer is adaptable to both metering and hand batch urethane mix systems.
Benzoflex 9-88 SG is a non-phthalate plasticizer for use with cast urethanes.
The SG is a "special grade" with a maximum hydroxyl number specification designed for use in polyurethane prepolymers.

Benzoflex 9-88 SG offers excellent inert filler acceptance, generally provides wear characteristics, and lowers formulation costs for cast polyurethanes.
Benzoflex 9-88 SG plasticizer minimizes cure interference and is compatible with both ethers and esters.
Benzoflex 9-88 SG is recommended for polyurethane formulations, such as machine rolls, printing rolls, and more.

Benzoflex 9-88 SG is recommended for cast urethane applications that require minimum cure interference and maximum compatibility.
Benzoflex 9-88 SG offers excellent inert filler acceptance, contributes improved tear strength,better rebound and reduce swell with certain solvents.
Benzoflex 9-88 SG is adaptable to both metering and hand batch urethane mix systems.

APPLICATIONS OF BENZOFLEX 9-88 SG:
Benzoflex 9-88 SG is used in Adhesives/sealants-B&C
Benzoflex 9-88 SG is used in Graphic arts
Benzoflex 9-88 SG is used in Polyurethanes

Benzoflex 9-88 SG can be used as plasticizer for PVC, PVC and polyurethane resins.
Benzoflex 9-88 SG has strong solvent action, good compatibility, low volatility, good durability, oil resistance and pollution resistance.

Benzoflex 9-88 SG is often used for high filling PVC floor materials and extrusion plastics.
Benzoflex 9-88 SG can improve processability, reduce processing temperature and shorten processing cycle.
When used in non filling films, sheets and pipes, the products are transparent and glossy.
Storage: Keep the seal and keep it under low temperature and dry condition.


SAFETY INFORMATION ABOUT BENZOFLEX DIPROPYLENE GLYCOL DIBENZOATE:

First aid measures:
Description of first aid measures:
General advice:
Consult a physician.
Show this safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
Move out of dangerous area:

If inhaled:
If breathed in, move person into fresh air.
If not breathing, give artificial respiration.
Consult a physician.
In case of skin contact:
Take off contaminated clothing and shoes immediately.
Wash off with soap and plenty of water.
Consult a physician.

In case of eye contact:
Rinse thoroughly with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes and consult a physician.
Continue rinsing eyes during transport to hospital.

If swallowed:
Do NOT induce vomiting.
Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person.
Rinse mouth with water.
Consult a physician.

Firefighting measures:
Extinguishing media:
Suitable extinguishing media:
Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.
Special hazards arising from the substance or mixture
Carbon oxides, Nitrogen oxides (NOx), Hydrogen chloride gas

Advice for firefighters:
Wear self-contained breathing apparatus for firefighting if necessary.
Accidental release measures:
Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures
Use personal protective equipment.

Avoid breathing vapours, mist or gas.
Evacuate personnel to safe areas.

Environmental precautions:
Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so.
Do not let product enter drains.
Discharge into the environment must be avoided.

Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Soak up with inert absorbent material and dispose of as hazardous waste.
Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.

Handling and storage:
Precautions for safe handling:
Avoid inhalation of vapour or mist.

Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place.
Containers which are opened must be carefully resealed and kept upright to prevent leakage.
Storage class (TRGS 510): 8A: Combustible, corrosive hazardous materials

Exposure controls/personal protection:
Control parameters:
Components with workplace control parameters
Contains no substances with occupational exposure limit values.
Exposure controls:
Appropriate engineering controls:
Handle in accordance with good industrial hygiene and safety practice.
Wash hands before breaks and at the end of workday.

Personal protective equipment:
Eye/face protection:
Tightly fitting safety goggles.
Faceshield (8-inch minimum).
Use equipment for eye protection tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or EN 166(EU).

Skin protection:
Handle with gloves.
Gloves must be inspected prior to use.
Use proper glove
removal technique (without touching glove's outer surface) to avoid skin contact with this product.
Dispose of contaminated gloves after use in accordance with applicable laws and good laboratory practices.
Wash and dry hands.

Full contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0.11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Material tested:Dermatril (KCL 740 / Aldrich Z677272, Size M)
Splash contact
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0.11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Material tested:Dermatril (KCL 740 / Aldrich Z677272, Size M)
It should not be construed as offering an approval for any specific use scenario.

Body Protection:
Complete suit protecting against chemicals, The type of protective equipment must be selected according to the concentration and amount of the dangerous substance at the specific workplace.
Respiratory protection:
Where risk assessment shows air-purifying respirators are appropriate use a fullface respirator with multi-purpose combination (US) or type ABEK (EN 14387) respirator cartridges as a backup to engineering controls.

If the respirator is the sole means of protection, use a full-face supplied air respirator.
Use respirators and components tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or CEN (EU).
Control of environmental exposure
Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so.
Do not let product enter drains.
Discharge into the environment must be avoided.

Stability and reactivity:
Chemical stability:
Stable under recommended storage conditions.
Incompatible materials:
Strong oxidizing agents:
Hazardous decomposition products:
Hazardous decomposition products formed under fire conditions.
Carbon oxides, Nitrogen oxides (NOx), Hydrogen chloride gas.

Disposal considerations:
Waste treatment methods:
Product:
Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company.
Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material.
Contaminated packaging:
Dispose of as unused product.



Synonyms of BENZOFLEX 9-88 SG:
Propanol,oxybis-,dibenzoate
Dipropylene glycol,dibenzoate
Benzoflex 9-88
PPG 2 dibenzoate
Oxybispropanol dibenzoate
Finsolv PG 22
K-Flex DP
PN 6120
Benzoflex 9-88SG
Benzoflex 9-98
Benzoflex 9088
ADK Cizer PN 6120
Santicizer ER 9100
LS-E 97
Benzoflex 988SG
Synegis 9100
988SG
31213-49-7
574011-46-4
Benzoflex 9-98 - [RTECS]
Benzoflex 9-88 SG - [RTECS]
BRN 2668467 - [RTECS]
EINECS 202-340-7 - [EINECS]
K-Flex DP - [RTECS]
3,3'-Oxydi-1-propanol, dibenzoate - [RTECS]
3,3'-Oxybis(1-propanol) dibenzoate - [EPA SRS]
Dipropylene glycol dibenzoate - [NLM]
UNII-7Q260QET02 - [FDA SRS]


BENZOFLEX DIPROPYLENE GLYCOL DIBENZOATE
DESCRIPTION:

Benzoflex dipropylene glycol dibenzoate is a non-phthalate , plasticizer that is based on dipropylene glycol dibenzoate.
Benzoflex dipropylene glycol dibenzoate offers minimum cure interference and excellent compatibility for use in cast urethane applications.
Benzoflex dipropylene glycol dibenzoate is Viscous straw-colored liquid with a faint odor and Colorless liquid with a mild ester odor

CAS Number:27138-31-4
EC Number:248-258-5
Linear Formula: (C6H5CO2C3H6)2O


CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF BENZOFLEX DIPROPYLENE GLYCOL DIBENZOATE:
Assay: 75%
refractive index: n20/D 1.528 (lit.)
bp: 232 °C/5 mmHg (lit.)
Density: 1.12 g/mL at 25 °C (lit.)
Appearance: Clear Colourless Oil
Molecular Weight: 314.33
Storage: 20°C, Inert atmosphere
Solubility: Chloroform (Sparingly), Methanol (Slightly)
Molecular Weight: 342.38568
XLogP3: 3.4
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 0
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 5
Rotatable Bond Count: 10
Exact Mass: 342.38568
Monoisotopic Mass: 342.38568
Topological Polar Surface Area: 61.8 Ų
Heavy Atom Count: 23
Formal Charge: 0
Complexity: 322
Isotope Atom Count: 0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 1
Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes
Specific Gravity: 1.12000 @ 25.00 °C.
Refractive Index: 1.52800 @ 20.00 °C.
Boiling Point: 232.00 °C. @ 5.00 mm Hg
Boiling Point: 415.00 to 416.00 °C. @ 760.00 mm Hg (est)
Flash Point: > 230.00 °F. TCC ( > 110.00 °C. )
logP (o/w): 4.702 (est)

USES OF BENZOFLEX DIPROPYLENE GLYCOL DIBENZOATE:

Benzoflex dipropylene glycol dibenzoate is Used as a solvator for PVC, plasticizer in elastomers, in vinyl flooring, adhesives, latex caulks and sealants, color concentrates for PVC, and castable polyurethanes.

Benzoflex dipropylene glycol dibenzoate is Used to formulate adhesives, sealants, lubricants, plasticizers, coatings, and inks, to make fine and large scale chemicals, and as a plasticizer for PVC and carrier for agrochemicals;

Benzoflex dipropylene glycol dibenzoate is Permitted for use as an inert ingredient in non-food pesticide products
Benzoflex dipropylene glycol dibenzoate is a widely used plasticizer that has ether linkages linked with two benzoate groups.
Benzoflex dipropylene glycol dibenzoate may be used as a diluent for the preparation of polysulfone membranes by heat induced phase separation.

Benzoflex dipropylene glycol dibenzoate finds potential applications in water treatment and food processing.
Benzoflex dipropylene glycol dibenzoate may also be used as a plasticizer with poly(vinyl) chloride (PVC) for the fabrication of diamond coated PVC.

Benzoflex dipropylene glycol dibenzoate is used in analytical studies to investigation into the migration potential of coating materials from cookware products.

Benzoflex Dipropylene Glycol Dibenzoate (CAS No.: 27138-31-4 ) is a environmentally friendly plasticizers recommended by the European Chemical Agency (ECHA).
Benzoflex Dipropylene Glycol Dibenzoate Does not contain any phthalates and can be used as a main plasticizer.

Benzoflex Dipropylene Glycol Dibenzoate is High solvating.
Benzoflex Dipropylene Glycol Dibenzoate has Low fusing point which means faster processing speed.
Benzoflex Dipropylene Glycol Dibenzoate has Very good foaming effect in PVC foaming process.

Benzoflex Dipropylene Glycol Dibenzoate has Very good plasticizing effect which means more fillers can be added.
In PS sealants formulations, compared with traditional plasticizers, SW-DB342 added can be reduced by around 15%.

Benzoflex Dipropylene Glycol Dibenzoate is Compatible with compounds.
Products containing SW-DB342 exhibit excellent stain and extraction resistance.
Benzoflex Dipropylene Glycol Dibenzoate is Soft under low temperature.

Benzoflex Dipropylene Glycol Dibenzoate is Impervious to light and heat.
Benzoflex Dipropylene Glycol Dibenzoate has Low VOC content.



SAFETY INFORMATION ABOUT BENZOFLEX DIPROPYLENE GLYCOL DIBENZOATE:

First aid measures:
Description of first aid measures:
General advice:
Consult a physician.
Show this safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
Move out of dangerous area:

If inhaled:
If breathed in, move person into fresh air.
If not breathing, give artificial respiration.
Consult a physician.
In case of skin contact:
Take off contaminated clothing and shoes immediately.
Wash off with soap and plenty of water.
Consult a physician.

In case of eye contact:
Rinse thoroughly with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes and consult a physician.
Continue rinsing eyes during transport to hospital.

If swallowed:
Do NOT induce vomiting.
Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person.
Rinse mouth with water.
Consult a physician.

Firefighting measures:
Extinguishing media:
Suitable extinguishing media:
Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.
Special hazards arising from the substance or mixture
Carbon oxides, Nitrogen oxides (NOx), Hydrogen chloride gas

Advice for firefighters:
Wear self-contained breathing apparatus for firefighting if necessary.
Accidental release measures:
Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures
Use personal protective equipment.

Avoid breathing vapours, mist or gas.
Evacuate personnel to safe areas.

Environmental precautions:
Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so.
Do not let product enter drains.
Discharge into the environment must be avoided.

Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Soak up with inert absorbent material and dispose of as hazardous waste.
Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.

Handling and storage:
Precautions for safe handling:
Avoid inhalation of vapour or mist.

Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place.
Containers which are opened must be carefully resealed and kept upright to prevent leakage.
Storage class (TRGS 510): 8A: Combustible, corrosive hazardous materials

Exposure controls/personal protection:
Control parameters:
Components with workplace control parameters
Contains no substances with occupational exposure limit values.
Exposure controls:
Appropriate engineering controls:
Handle in accordance with good industrial hygiene and safety practice.
Wash hands before breaks and at the end of workday.

Personal protective equipment:
Eye/face protection:
Tightly fitting safety goggles.
Faceshield (8-inch minimum).
Use equipment for eye protection tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or EN 166(EU).

Skin protection:
Handle with gloves.
Gloves must be inspected prior to use.
Use proper glove
removal technique (without touching glove's outer surface) to avoid skin contact with this product.
Dispose of contaminated gloves after use in accordance with applicable laws and good laboratory practices.
Wash and dry hands.

Full contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0.11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Material tested:Dermatril (KCL 740 / Aldrich Z677272, Size M)
Splash contact
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0.11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Material tested:Dermatril (KCL 740 / Aldrich Z677272, Size M)
It should not be construed as offering an approval for any specific use scenario.

Body Protection:
Complete suit protecting against chemicals, The type of protective equipment must be selected according to the concentration and amount of the dangerous substance at the specific workplace.
Respiratory protection:
Where risk assessment shows air-purifying respirators are appropriate use a fullface respirator with multi-purpose combination (US) or type ABEK (EN 14387) respirator cartridges as a backup to engineering controls.

If the respirator is the sole means of protection, use a full-face supplied air respirator.
Use respirators and components tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or CEN (EU).
Control of environmental exposure
Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so.
Do not let product enter drains.
Discharge into the environment must be avoided.

Stability and reactivity:
Chemical stability:
Stable under recommended storage conditions.
Incompatible materials:
Strong oxidizing agents:
Hazardous decomposition products:
Hazardous decomposition products formed under fire conditions.
Carbon oxides, Nitrogen oxides (NOx), Hydrogen chloride gas.

Disposal considerations:
Waste treatment methods:
Product:
Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company.
Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material.
Contaminated packaging:
Dispose of as unused product.



SYNONYMS OF BENZOFLEX DIPROPYLENE GLYCOL DIBENZOATE:
Depositor-Supplied Synonyms:

Diethylene glycol dibenzoate
120-55-8
2-(2-benzoyloxyethoxy)ethyl benzoate
Benzo Flex 2-45
Oxybis(ethane-2,1-diyl) dibenzoate
Diglycol dibenzoate
DIETHYLENE GLYCOL, DIBENZOATE
Dibenzoyldiethyleneglycol ester
Ethanol, 2,2'-oxybis-, dibenzoate
Ethanol, 2,2'-oxybis-, 1,1'-dibenzoate
Benzoflex 2-45
Benzoic acid, diester with diethylene glycol
YAI66YDY1C
2,2'-Oxydiethylene dibenzoate
MFCD00020679
Oxydiethylene dibenzoate
2-[2-(Benzoyloxy)ethoxy]ethyl benzoate
Benzoyloxyethoxyethyl benzoate
CAS-120-55-8
HSDB 5587
2-(2-(BENZOYLOXY)ETHOXY)ETHYL BENZOATE
EINECS 204-407-6
UNII-YAI66YDY1C
BRN 2509507
AI3-02293
FLEXOL 2GB
MONOCIZER PB 3
EC 204-407-6
VELSICOL 2-45
4-09-00-00356 (Beilstein Handbook Reference)
SCHEMBL148713
CHEMBL2130591
DTXSID0026967
Oxydi-2,1-ethanediyl dibenzoate
Oxybis(ethane-2,1-diyl)dibenzoate
ZINC2041023
Tox21_201732
Tox21_300522
Di(ethylene glycol) dibenzoate, 90%
Diethylene Glycol Dibenzoate (DEGDB)
AKOS015889558
NCGC00164149-01
NCGC00164149-02
NCGC00164149-03
NCGC00254255-01
NCGC00259281-01
BS-48950
SY051963
2,2'-oxybis(ethane-2,1-diyl) dibenzoate
DIETHYLENE GLYCOL DIBENZOATE [INCI]
DB-041567
CS-0435534
D1522
DIETHYLENE GLYCOL, DIBENZOATE [HSDB]
FT-0624893
2-[2-(phenylcarbonyloxy)ethoxy]ethyl benzoate
benzoic acid 2-(2-benzoyloxyethoxy)ethyl ester
F71161
A804535
Q2450581
1-Propanol, 3,3'-oxybis-, dibenzoate [ACD/Index Name]
202-340-7 [EINECS]
3,3'-OXYBIS-1-PROPANOL DIBENZOATE
3-[3-(Benzoyloxy)propoxy]propyl benzoate
94-51-9 [RN]
Dibenzoate d'oxydi-3,1-propanediyle [French] [ACD/IUPAC Name]
Dipropylene glycol dibenzoate
Oxydi-3,1-propandiyl-dibenzoat [German] [ACD/IUPAC Name]
Oxydi-3,1-propanediyl dibenzoate [ACD/IUPAC Name]
Oxydipropane-3,1-diyl dibenzoate
1-Propanol, 3,3'-oxydi-, dibenzoate
1-Propanol,3,3'-oxybis-, 1,1'-dibenzoate
1-Propanol,3,3'-oxybis-,1,1'-dibenzoate
3-(3-phenylcarbonyloxypropoxy)propyl benzoate
3,3'-Oxydi-1-propanol, dibenzoate
3,3'-oxydipropyl dibenzoate
Benzoflex 9-88
Benzoflex 9-88 SG
Benzoflex 9-98
benzoic acid 3-[3-(benzoyloxy)propoxy]propyl ester
benzoic acid 3-[3-(oxo-phenylmethoxy)propoxy]propyl ester
Di(propylene glycol) dibenzoate
di(propylene glycol)dibenzoate
Dipropyleneglycol dibenzoate
EINECS 202-340-7
Finsolv PG 22 [Trade name]
K-Flex DP
MFCD00046063 [MDL number]
NCGC00164208-01
Oxybis(propane-3,1-diyl) dibenzoate
Oxybispropanol dibenzoate
Oxydipropyl dibenzoate
PPG 2 dibenzoate
propanol, oxybis-, dibenzoate



BENZOIC ACID
SYNONYMS Benzenemethanoic acid; Carboxybenzene;CAS NO. 65-85-0
BENZOIC ACID

DESCRIPTION:
Benzoic acid is a white (or colorless) solid organic compound with the formula C6H5COOH, whose structure consists of a benzene ring (C6H6) with a carboxyl (−C(=O)OH) substituent.
The benzoyl group is often abbreviated "Bz" (not to be confused with "Bn" which is used for benzyl), thus benzoic acid is also denoted as BzOH, since the benzoyl group has the formula –C6H5CO.
Benzoic acid is the simplest aromatic carboxylic acid.

CAS Number: 65-85-0
EC Number: 200-618-2

The name is derived from gum benzoin, which was for a long time its only source.
Benzoic acid occurs naturally in many plants and serves as an intermediate in the biosynthesis of many secondary metabolites.
Salts of benzoic acid are used as food preservatives.

Benzoic acid is an important precursor for the industrial synthesis of many other organic substances.
The salts and esters of benzoic acid are known as benzoates.

Benzoic acid appears as a white crystalline solid.
Benzoic acid is Slightly soluble in water.
The primary hazard is the potential for environmental damage if released.

Immediate steps should be taken to limit spread to the environment.
Benzoic acid is Used to make other chemicals, as a food preservative, and for other uses.
Benzoic acid is a compound comprising a benzene ring core carrying a carboxylic acid substituent.

Benzoic acid has a role as an antimicrobial food preservative, an EC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor, an EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor, a plant metabolite, a human xenobiotic metabolite, an algal metabolite and a drug allergen.

Benzoic acid is a conjugate acid of a benzoate.
Benzoic acid, C6H5COOH, is a colourless crystalline solid and the simplest aromatic carboxylic acid.
Benzoic acid occurs naturally free and bound as benzoic acid esters in many plant and animal species.

Appreciable amounts have been found in most berries (around 0.05%).
Cranberries contain as much as 300-1300 mg free benzoic acid per kg fruit.
Benzoic acid is a fungistatic compound that is widely used as a food preservative.

Benzoic acid often is conjugated to glycine in the liver and excreted as hippuric acid.
Benzoic acid is a byproduct of phenylalanine metabolism in bacteria.
Benzoic acid is also produced when gut bacteria process polyphenols (from ingested fruits or beverages).

Benzoic acid is an organic aromatic monocarboxylic acid.
Benzoic acid can be synthesized by the cobalt or manganese catalyzed atmospheric oxidation of toluene.
Recently, benzoic acid has been prepared from toluene by employing TiO2 nanotubes electrode.

Benzoic acid reacts with hydrogenating reagents to afford hexahydrobenzoic acid.
The thermal decomposition of the product in the presence of lime or alkali produces benzene and carbon dioxide.

Benzoic acid (C7H6O2) is a colorless crystalline compound.
Benzoic acid is one of the benzoates, which also includes sodium benzoate and potassium benzoate.
Among the foods in which benzoic acid occurs naturally are cranberries, prunes, plums, cinnamon, ripe cloves, and most berries.

As an inactive ingredient in the pharmaceutical industry, Benzoic acid is used as antimicrobial preservative, antifungal, and tablet and capsule lubricant.
Benzoic acid has been used in combination with salicylic acid, as in Whitfield's ointment, for use as an antifungal for athlete's foot and ringworm.

Benzoic acid is also a precursor to many chemical reactions yielding organic compounds.
When absorbed systemically, Benzoic acid is conjugated to glycine in the liver and excreted as hippuric acid; it is not considered highly toxic.


HISTORY OF BENZOIC ACID:
Benzoic acid was discovered in the sixteenth century.
The dry distillation of gum benzoin was first described by Nostradamus (1556), and then by Alexius Pedemontanus (1560) and Blaise de Vigenère (1596).

Justus von Liebig and Friedrich Wöhler determined the composition of benzoic acid.
These latter also investigated how hippuric acid is related to benzoic acid.

In 1875 Salkowski discovered the antifungal properties of benzoic acid, which was used for a long time in the preservation of benzoate-containing cloudberry fruits.

PRODUCTION OF BENZOIC ACID:
Industrial preparations:
Benzoic acid is produced commercially by partial oxidation of toluene with oxygen.
The process is catalyzed by cobalt or manganese naphthenates.
The process uses abundant materials, and proceeds in high yield.

The first industrial process involved the reaction of benzotrichloride (trichloromethyl benzene) with calcium hydroxide in water, using iron or iron salts as catalyst.
The resulting calcium benzoate is converted to benzoic acid with hydrochloric acid.

The product contains significant amounts of chlorinated benzoic acid derivatives.
For this reason, benzoic acid for human consumption was obtained by dry distillation of gum benzoin.
Food-grade benzoic acid is now produced synthetically.

Laboratory synthesis:
Benzoic acid is cheap and readily available, so the laboratory synthesis of benzoic acid is mainly practiced for its pedagogical value.
It is a common undergraduate preparation.

Benzoic acid can be purified by recrystallization from water because of its high solubility in hot water and poor solubility in cold water.
The avoidance of organic solvents for the recrystallization makes this experiment particularly safe.
This process usually gives a yield of around 65%.

By hydrolysis:
Like other nitriles and amides, benzonitrile and benzamide can be hydrolyzed to benzoic acid or its conjugate base in acid or basic conditions.
Bromobenzene can be converted to benzoic acid by "carboxylation" of the intermediate phenylmagnesium bromide.
This synthesis offers a convenient exercise for students to carry out a Grignard reaction, an important class of carbon–carbon bond forming reaction in organic chemistry.

Oxidation of benzyl compounds:
Benzyl alcohol and benzyl chloride and virtually all benzyl derivatives are readily oxidized to benzoic acid.

USES OF BENZOIC ACID:
Benzoic acid is mainly consumed in the production of phenol by oxidative decarboxylation at 300−400 °C:
C6H5CO2H+12O2⟶C6H5OH+CO2
The temperature required can be lowered to 200 °C by the addition of catalytic amounts of copper(II) salts.
The phenol can be converted to cyclohexanol, which is a starting material for nylon synthesis.

Precursor to plasticizers:
Benzoate plasticizers, such as the glycol-, diethyleneglycol-, and triethyleneglycol esters, are obtained by transesterification of methyl benzoate with the corresponding diol.
These plasticizers, which are used similarly to those derived from terephthalic acid ester, represent alternatives to phthalates.

Precursor to sodium benzoate and related preservatives:
Benzoic acid and its salts are used as food preservatives, represented by the E numbers E210, E211, E212, and E213.
Benzoic acid inhibits the growth of mold, yeast and some bacteria.
Benzoic acid is either added directly or created from reactions with its sodium, potassium, or calcium salt.

The mechanism starts with the absorption of benzoic acid into the cell.
If the intracellular pH changes to 5 or lower, the anaerobic fermentation of glucose through phosphofructokinase is decreased by 95%.
The efficacy of benzoic acid and benzoate is thus dependent on the pH of the food.

Benzoic acid, benzoates and their derivatives are used as preservatives for acidic foods and beverages such as citrus fruit juices (citric acid), sparkling drinks (carbon dioxide), soft drinks (phosphoric acid), pickles (vinegar) and other acidified foods.
Typical concentrations of benzoic acid as a preservative in food are between 0.05 and 0.1%.

Foods in which benzoic acid may be used and maximum levels for its application are controlled by local food laws.
Concern has been expressed that benzoic acid and its salts may react with ascorbic acid (vitamin C) in some soft drinks, forming small quantities of carcinogenic benzene.

Medicinal:
Benzoic acid is a constituent of Whitfield's ointment which is used for the treatment of fungal skin diseases such as ringworm and athlete's foot.
As the principal component of gum benzoin, benzoic acid is also a major ingredient in both tincture of benzoin and Friar's balsam.

Such products have a long history of use as topical antiseptics and inhalant decongestants.
Benzoic acid was used as an expectorant, analgesic, and antiseptic in the early 20th century.

Niche and laboratory uses:
In teaching laboratories, benzoic acid is a common standard for calibrating a bomb calorimeter.


REACTIONS OF BENZOIC ACID:
Reactions of benzoic acid can occur at either the aromatic ring or at the carboxyl group.

Aromatic ring:
Electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction will take place mainly in 3-position due to the electron-withdrawing carboxylic group; i.e. benzoic acid is meta directing.

Carboxyl group:
Reactions typical for carboxylic acids apply also to benzoic acid.
Benzoate esters are the product of the acid catalysed reaction with alcohols.
Benzoic acid amides are usually prepared from benzoyl chloride.

Dehydration to benzoic anhydride is induced with acetic anhydride or phosphorus pentoxide.
Highly reactive acid derivatives such as acid halides are easily obtained by mixing with halogenation agents like phosphorus chlorides or thionyl chloride.
Orthoesters can be obtained by the reaction of alcohols under acidic water free conditions with benzonitrile.

Reduction to benzaldehyde and benzyl alcohol is possible using DIBAL-H, LiAlH4 or sodium borohydride.
Decarboxylation to benzene may be effected by heating in quinoline in the presence of copper salts.
Hunsdiecker decarboxylation can be achieved by heating the silver salt.

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF BENZOIC ACID:
Benzoic acid has a colourless appearance in its solid state, which is of a crystalline nature.
The crystal structure is monoclinic.
The presence of the aromatic ring gives this compound a faintly pleasant odour.
At a temperature of 130℃, the density of this compound reduces to 1.075 grams per cubic centimetre.

CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF BENZOIC ACID:
Benzoic acid is soluble in water, and the solubility at 25℃ and 100℃ is 3.44 g/L and 56.31 g/L respectively.
Benzoic acid is soluble in benzene, carbon tetrachloride, acetone, and alcohols.

The acid dissociation constant (pKa) of benzoic acid corresponds to 4.2
Its reactions can occur at the carboxyl group or even at the aromatic ring.

USES OF BENZOIC ACID:
The production of phenol involves the use of benzoic acid.
This compound is used in ointments that prevent or treat fungal skin diseases.
C6H5COOH is used as a preservative in the food industry.

Benzoic acid is an ingredient in many cosmetic products, such as lipsticks.
Benzoic acid is also a precursor to benzoyl chloride, which finds its application in making other chemicals, dyes, perfumes, herbicides and medicines.
One of the components of toothpaste, mouthwash, and face wash creams is C6H5
Benzoic acid is also used in the manufacture of dyes and in insect repellants.

APPLICATIONS OF BENZOIC ACID:
Benzoic acid has been used in the preparation of vials for the HPLC analysis of various polyamines in biological fluids, tissues and isolated/cultured cells.
Benzoic acid may be employed as an intermediate in the synthesis of the following:
• paints
• pigments
• varnish
• wetting agents
• aroma compounds
• benzoyl chloride
• benzotrichloride
Benzoic acid may also be used to investigate the mechanism of complex addition reaction of hydroxyl radicals with various aromatic compounds

CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF BENZOIC ACID:
Chemical formula C7H6O2
Molar mass 122.123 g/mol
Appearance Colorless crystalline solid
Odor Faint, pleasant odor
Density 1.2659 g/cm3 (15 °C)
1.0749 g/cm3 (130 °C)
Melting point 122 °C (252 °F; 395 K)
Boiling point 250 °C (482 °F; 523 K)
Solubility in water
1.7 g/L (0 °C)
2.7 g/L (18 °C)
3.44 g/L (25 °C)
5.51 g/L (40 °C)
21.45 g/L (75 °C)
56.31 g/L (100 °C)
Solubility
Soluble in acetone, benzene, CCl4, CHCl3, alcohol, ethyl ether, hexane, phenyls, liquid ammonia, acetates
Solubility in methanol
30 g/100 g (−18 °C)
32.1 g/100 g (−13 °C)
71.5 g/100 g (23 °C)
Solubility in ethanol
25.4 g/100 g (−18 °C)
47.1 g/100 g (15 °C)
52.4 g/100 g (19.2 °C)
55.9 g/100 g (23 °C)
Solubility in acetone 54.2 g/100 g (20 °C)
Solubility in olive oil 4.22 g/100 g (25 °C)
Solubility in 1,4-dioxane
55.3 g/100 g (25 °C)
log P 1.87
Vapor pressure 0.16 Pa (25 °C)
0.19 kPa (100 °C)
22.6 kPa (200 °C)
Acidity (pKa)
4.202 (H2O)
11.02 (DMSO)
Magnetic susceptibility (χ) −70.28•10−6 cm3/mol
Refractive index (nD) 1.5397 (20 °C)
1.504 (132 °C)
Viscosity 1.26 mPa (130 °C)
Crystal structure Monoclinic
Molecular shape Planar
Dipole moment 1.72 D in dioxane
Heat capacity (C) 146.7 J/mol•K
Std molar entropy (S⦵298) 167.6 J/mol•K
Std enthalpy of formation (ΔfH⦵298) −385.2 kJ/mol
Std enthalpy of combustion (ΔcH⦵298) −3228 kJ/mol
Molecular Weight 122.12
XLogP3 1.9
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count 1
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count 2
Rotatable Bond Count 1
Exact Mass 122.036779430
Monoisotopic Mass 122.036779430
Topological Polar Surface Area 37.3 Ų
Heavy Atom Count 9
Formal Charge 0
Complexity 104
Isotope Atom Count 0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count 0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count 0
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count 0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count 1
Compound Is Canonicalized Yes
CAS number 65-85-0
EC index number 607-705-00-8
EC number 200-618-2
Grade ACS,Reag. Ph Eur
Hill Formula C₇H₆O₂
Chemical formula C₆H₅COOH
Molar Mass 122.12 g/mol
HS Code 2916 31 00
Boiling point 249 °C (1013 hPa)
Density 1.26 g/cm3 (15 °C)
Flash point 121 °C
Ignition temperature 570 °C
Melting Point 122.4 °C
pH value 2.8 (H₂O, 25 °C) (saturated solution)
Vapor pressure 0.001 hPa (20 °C)
Bulk density 500 kg/m3
Solubility 2.9 g/l
Assay (alkalimetric) 99.5 - 100.5 %
Identity passes test
Appearance of solution (50 g/l; Ethanol 96 %) clear and not more intense in color than reference solution B₉
Freezing point 122 - 123 °C
Sulfate (SO₄) ≤ 0.002 %
Heavy metals (as Pb) ≤ 0.0005 %
Fe (Iron) ≤ 0.005 %
Halogenated compounds (als Cl) ≤ 0.005 %
Sulfur compounds (as S) ≤ 0.002 %
In methanol insoluble matter ≤ 0.005 %
Oxidizable matter passes test
Substances reducing permanganate passes test
Readily carbonisable substance passes test
Sulfated ash ≤ 0.005 %
Water ≤ 0.5 %


FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS ABOUT BENZOIC ACID:
-What is Benzoic Acid?
Benzoic acid is an organic compound which is described by the chemical formula C6H5COOH.
Benzoic Acid consists of a carboxyl group attached to a benzene ring.
Therefore, benzoic acid is said to be an aromatic carboxylic acid.

Benzoic Acid exists as a crystalline, colourless solid under normal conditions.
The term ‘benzoate’ refers to the esters and salts of C6H5COOH.
The commercial production of benzoic acid is done via the partial oxidation of toluene with oxygen, catalyzed by manganese or cobalt naphthenates.

-What are the uses of benzoic acid?
The primary use of benzoic acid is in the industrial production of the aromatic compound phenol.
This is done via a process known as oxidative decarboxylation.
It can be noted that the ideal temperature under which this process can be carried out is in the range of 300 to 400 °C.

Also, benzoic acid and its salts are widely used in the food industry as food preservatives.
Benzoic acid is not very soluble in water.
However, the solubility of Benzoic Acid in water increases when the temperature is increased (as is the case with most compounds).
At a temperature of 0°C, the solubility of benzoic acid in water corresponds to 1.7 grams per litre.
When heated to 100 °C, the solubility of this compound in water increases to 56.31 grams per litre.

-How can benzoic acid be prepared?
Industrially, benzoic acid can be prepared by employing oxygen gas for the partial oxidation of toluene.
It can be noted that this process usually employs manganese or cobalt naphthenate as catalysts.
This compound can also be prepared via the hydrolysis of benzamide and benzonitrile.
Benzoic Acid can also be prepared by oxidizing benzyl chloride or benzyl alcohol, or any other derivative of the benzyl group.

-Which acid is stronger benzoic acid or acrylic acid?
The double bond of a benzene ring is less electron donating due to delocalisation which destroys the aromatic character of the benzene ring.
Thus, benzoic acid is a stronger acid than acrylic acid.

-Why are all aminoacids weaker acids than benzoic acid ?
Amino group shows +R effect and a weak I effect.
Since, -NH₂ group is basic while -COOH group is acidic, therefore, o-aminobenzoic acid undergoes zwitterion formation formation via H bonding.
As a result, ortho-effect is reduced to such an extent that o-aminobenzoic acid becomes a weaker acid than benzoic acid and even weaker acid than m-aminobenzoic acid.
In fact, due to strong +R -effect, all aminoacids are weaker acids than benzoic acid.

SAFETY INFORMATION ABOUT BENZOIC ACID:

First aid measures:
Description of first aid measures:
General advice:
Consult a physician.
Show this safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
Move out of dangerous area:

If inhaled:
If breathed in, move person into fresh air.
If not breathing, give artificial respiration.
Consult a physician.
In case of skin contact:
Take off contaminated clothing and shoes immediately.
Wash off with soap and plenty of water.
Consult a physician.

In case of eye contact:
Rinse thoroughly with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes and consult a physician.
Continue rinsing eyes during transport to hospital.

If swallowed:
Do NOT induce vomiting.
Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person.
Rinse mouth with water.
Consult a physician.

Firefighting measures:
Extinguishing media:
Suitable extinguishing media:
Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.
Special hazards arising from the substance or mixture
Carbon oxides, Nitrogen oxides (NOx), Hydrogen chloride gas

Advice for firefighters:
Wear self-contained breathing apparatus for firefighting if necessary.
Accidental release measures:
Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures
Use personal protective equipment.

Avoid breathing vapours, mist or gas.
Evacuate personnel to safe areas.

Environmental precautions:
Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so.
Do not let product enter drains.
Discharge into the environment must be avoided.

Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Soak up with inert absorbent material and dispose of as hazardous waste.
Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.

Handling and storage:
Precautions for safe handling:
Avoid inhalation of vapour or mist.

Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place.
Containers which are opened must be carefully resealed and kept upright to prevent leakage.
Storage class (TRGS 510): 8A: Combustible, corrosive hazardous materials

Exposure controls/personal protection:
Control parameters:
Components with workplace control parameters
Contains no substances with occupational exposure limit values.
Exposure controls:
Appropriate engineering controls:
Handle in accordance with good industrial hygiene and safety practice.
Wash hands before breaks and at the end of workday.

Personal protective equipment:
Eye/face protection:
Tightly fitting safety goggles.
Faceshield (8-inch minimum).
Use equipment for eye protection tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or EN 166(EU).

Skin protection:
Handle with gloves.
Gloves must be inspected prior to use.
Use proper glove
removal technique (without touching glove's outer surface) to avoid skin contact with this product.
Dispose of contaminated gloves after use in accordance with applicable laws and good laboratory practices.
Wash and dry hands.

Full contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0.11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Material tested:Dermatril (KCL 740 / Aldrich Z677272, Size M)
Splash contact
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0.11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Material tested:Dermatril (KCL 740 / Aldrich Z677272, Size M)
It should not be construed as offering an approval for any specific use scenario.

Body Protection:
Complete suit protecting against chemicals, The type of protective equipment must be selected according to the concentration and amount of the dangerous substance at the specific workplace.
Respiratory protection:
Where risk assessment shows air-purifying respirators are appropriate use a fullface respirator with multi-purpose combination (US) or type ABEK (EN 14387) respirator cartridges as a backup to engineering controls.

If the respirator is the sole means of protection, use a full-face supplied air respirator.
Use respirators and components tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or CEN (EU).
Control of environmental exposure
Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so.
Do not let product enter drains.
Discharge into the environment must be avoided.

Stability and reactivity:
Chemical stability:
Stable under recommended storage conditions.
Incompatible materials:
Strong oxidizing agents:
Hazardous decomposition products:
Hazardous decomposition products formed under fire conditions.
Carbon oxides, Nitrogen oxides (NOx), Hydrogen chloride gas.

Disposal considerations:
Waste treatment methods:
Product:
Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company.
Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material.
Contaminated packaging:
Dispose of as unused product.


Other names:
Carboxybenzene
E210
Dracylic acid
Phenylmethanoic acid
Benzoyl alcohol
Benzoylic acid
Carboxylbenzene
Hydrogenphenic acid


SYNONYMS OF BENZOIC ACID:
Acid, Benzoic
Benzoate, Potassium
Benzoic Acid
Potassium Benzoate
Ucephan
benzoic acid
65-85-0
Dracylic acid
benzenecarboxylic acid
Carboxybenzene
Benzeneformic acid
phenylformic acid
Benzenemethanoic acid
Phenylcarboxylic acid
Retardex
Benzoesaeure GK
Benzoesaeure GV
Retarder BA
Tenn-Plas
Acide benzoique
Salvo liquid
Solvo powder
Benzoesaeure
Benzoic acid, tech.
Unisept BZA
HA 1 (acid)
Kyselina benzoova
Benzoic acid (natural)
Benzoate (VAN)
FEMA No. 2131
HA 1
Benzoesaeure [German]
Caswell No. 081
Diacylic acid
Oracylic acid
Acide benzoique [French]
Acido benzoico [Italian]
Benzenemethonic acid
Kyselina benzoova [Czech]
NSC 149
E 210
Vevovitall
CCRIS 1893
Diacylate
HSDB 704
Menno-florades
Benzoicum acidum
AI3-0310
Salvo, liquid
Solvo, powder
AI3-03710
phenyl formic acid
EPA Pesticide Chemical Code 009101
E210
CHEBI:30746
NSC-149
Aromatic carboxylic acid
MFCD00002398
8SKN0B0MIM
Benzoic acid (e 210)
INS NO.210
DTXSID6020143
INS-210
Benzeneformate
Phenylformate
Benzenemethanoate
Phenylcarboxylate
Benzenecarboxylate
Benzoic acid 100 microg/mL in Acetone
E-210
DTXCID80143
Acido benzoico
Benzoic acid-2,3,4,5,6-d5
Benzoic acid [USAN:JAN]
CAS-65-85-0
MFCD00002400
NSC7918
Benzoic acid (TN)
Benzoic acid Natural
EINECS 200-618-2
UNII-8SKN0B0MIM
Benzoic acid [USP:JAN]
phenylcarboxy
Dracylate
benzoic aicd
benzoic-acid
bezoic acid
Aromatic acid
benzenecarboxylic
Salvo powder
Acidum benzoicum
benzoic- acid
Retarder BAX
1gyx
1kqb
Benzoic Acid USP
Sodium benzoic acid
Benzoic Acid,(S)
Natural Benzoic Acid
BENZOICACID-D5
Benzoic acid-[13C7]
WLN: QVR
benzene-2-carboxylic acid
Benzoic Acid-[18O2]
BENZOIC ACID [II]
BENZOIC ACID [MI]
Benzoic acid, ACS reagent
bmse000300
CHEMBL541
Epitope ID:139965
EC 200-618-2
BENZOIC ACID [FCC]
BENZOIC ACID [JAN]
SCHEMBL1378
BENZOIC ACID [FHFI]
BENZOIC ACID [HSDB]
BENZOIC ACID [INCI]
SAMPL4, O1
Benzoic acid (JP17/USP)
BENZOIC ACID [VANDF]
MLS002415717
BENZOIC ACID [MART.]
BIDD:ER0597
BENZOIC ACID [USP-RS]
BENZOIC ACID [WHO-DD]
BENZOIC ACID [WHO-IP]
Benzoic acid, AR, >=99%
Benzoic acid, LR, >=99%
NSC149
ZINC1011
BENZOICUM ACIDUM [HPUS]
FEMA 2131
Benzoic acid (7CI,8CI,9CI)
Benzoic acid, analytical standard
Benzoic acid, p.a., 99.5%
BENZOIC ACID [GREEN BOOK]
BDBM197302
Benzoic-2,3,4,5,6-d5 acid
HMS2092F18
HMS2267D03
HMS3652B03
Pharmakon1600-01503001
BENZOIC ACID [EP MONOGRAPH]
HY-N0216
Tox21_202403
Tox21_300180
BENZOIC ACID [USP MONOGRAPH]
NSC758203
s4161
STK301730
Benzoic acid, ReagentPlus(R), 99%
AKOS000119619
BS-3752
CCG-213088
DB03793
NSC-758203
ACIDUM BENZOICUM [WHO-IP LATIN]
Benzoic acid, >=99.5%, FCC, FG
Benzoic acid, ACS reagent, >=99.5%
NCGC00091886-01
NCGC00091886-02
NCGC00091886-03
NCGC00254112-01
NCGC00259952-01
TIAPROFENIC ACID IMPURITY D [EP]
Benzoic acid, USP, 99.5-100.5%
BP-30148
SMR001252220
SY009192
SY236257
Benzoic acid, tested according to Ph.Eur.
SBI-0206720.P001
Benzoic acid, SAJ first grade, >=99.5%
DB-029471
B0062
B2635
CS-0008257
FT-0622705
FT-0662569
FT-0662570
FT-0770591
SW219833-1
Benzoic acid, natural, >=99.5%, FCC, FG
Benzoic acid, SAJ special grade, >=99.5%
Benzoic acid, Vetec(TM) reagent grade, 98%
EN300-18007
Benzoic acid, meets USP testing specifications
Benzoic acid, purified by sublimation, >=99%
C00180
C00539
D00038
D85168
MEFENAMIC ACID IMPURITY D [EP IMPURITY]
AB00949635_05
AB00949635_06
Benzoic Acid 2000 microg/mL in Dichloromethane
A835250
A934445
Benzoic Acid Zone Refined (number of passes:20)
Q191700
SR-05000001919
Benzoic acid, puriss. p.a., ACS reagent, 99.9%
SR-05000001919-1
0BE368DC-6DE6-4927-AECF-E4BB2968A4A0
GLYCOPYRRONIUM BROMIDE IMPURITY D [EP IMPURITY]
Melting point standard 121-123C, analytical standard
METRONIDAZOLE BENZOATE IMPURITY C [EP IMPURITY]
Z57127480
F2191-0092
HYDROUS BENZOYL PEROXIDE IMPURITY B [EP IMPURITY]
Benzoic acid, NIST(R) SRM(R) 39j, calorimetric standard
Benzoic acid, Standard for quantitative NMR, TraceCERT(R)
METHYLAMINOLEVULINATE HYDROCHLORIDE IMPURITY I [EP]
Benzoic acid, European Pharmacopoeia (EP) Reference Standard
Mettler-Toledo Calibration substance ME 18555, Benzoic acid
Benzoic acid, for calorimetrical determination (approx. 26460 J/g)
Benzoic acid, United States Pharmacopeia (USP) Reference Standard
SS Benzoic Acid, 2000 mug/mL in dichloromethane, analytical standard
Benzoic acid, Pharmaceutical Secondary Standard; Certified Reference Material
Benzoic acid, puriss. p.a., ACS reagent, reag. Ph. Eur., >=99.9% (alkalimetric)
14322-82-8
B A
Benzoic acid, certified reference material for titrimetry, certified by BAM according to ISO 17025, >=99.5%
Benzoic acid, meets analytical specification of Ph. Eur., BP, USP, FCC, E210, 99.5-100.5% (alkalimetric)
Mettler-Toledo Calibration substance ME 18555, Benzoic acid, analytical standard, for the calibration of the thermosystem 900, traceable to primary standards (LGC)
ScavengePore(TM) benzoic acid, macroporous, 40-70 mesh, extent of labeling: 0.5-1.5 mmol per g loading



BENZOIC ACID
Benzoic acid is the simplest member of the aromatic carboxylic acid family.
Benzoic acid is a weak acid that is a precursor for the synthesis of many important organic compounds.
More than 90 percent of commercial Benzoic acid is converted directly to phenol and caprolactam.

CAS: 65-85-0
MF: C7H6O2
MW: 122.12
EINECS: 200-618-2

Synonyms
210;a 1 (acid);Acide benzoique;Benzoic aBenzoic acidcid;Mefenamic Acid Impurity D;Benzyl acid;SS Benzoic Acid;Glycopyrronium Bromide EP Impurity D;benzoic acid;65-85-0;Dracylic acid;benzenecarboxylic acid;Carboxybenzene;Benzeneformic acid;phenylformic acid;Benzenemethanoic acid;Phenylcarboxylic acid;benzoate;Retardex;Benzoesaeure GK;Benzoesaeure GV;Retarder BA;Tenn-Plas;Acide benzoique;Salvo liquid;Solvo powder;Benzoesaeure;Benzoic acid, tech.;Unisept BZA;HA 1 (acid);Kyselina benzoova;Benzoic acid (natural);HA 1;Benzoate (VAN);Benzenemethonic acid;FEMA No. 2131;Vevovitall;Acido benzoico;Menno-florades;NSC 149;Benzoesaeure [German];Caswell No. 081;Diacylic acid;Oracylic acid;Benzoicum acidum;CCRIS 1893;HSDB 704;Acide benzoique [French];Acido benzoico [Italian];E 210;Kyselina benzoova [Czech];AI3-0310;AI3-03710;Diacylate;EPA Pesticide Chemical Code 009101;CHEBI:30746;Salvo powder;Acidum benzoicum;NSC-149;UNII-8SKN0B0MIM;E210;Salvo, liquid;Solvo, powder;8SKN0B0MIM;Benzoic acid (e 210);EINECS 200-618-2;Tennplas;DTXSID6020143;Retarded BA;INS-210;Aromatic carboxylic acid;MFCD00002398;Benzoic acid [USP:JAN];Benzoic-3,5-d2 Acid;DTXCID80143;BENZOIC-4-D1 ACID;INS NO.210;E-210;EC 200-618-2;Benzeneformate;Phenylformate;Benzenemethanoate;Phenylcarboxylate;Benzenecarboxylate;Benzoic acid 100 microg/mL in Acetone;Benzoic acid (USP:JAN);BENZOIC ACID (II);BENZOIC ACID [II];Benzoic Acid 2000 microg/mL in Dichloromethane;BENZOIC ACID (MART.);BENZOIC ACID [MART.];BENZOIC ACID (USP-RS);BENZOIC ACID [USP-RS];BENZOIC ACID (EP MONOGRAPH);BENZOIC ACID [EP MONOGRAPH];BENZOIC ACID (USP MONOGRAPH);BENZOIC ACID [USP MONOGRAPH];Acid, Benzoic;Benzoic acid [USAN:JAN];CAS-65-85-0;MFCD00002400;NSC7918;B A;Benzoic acid (TN);phenylcarboxy;Dracylate;ProvitaCombat;benzoic aicd;benzoic-acid;bezoic acid;Aromatic acid;benzenecarboxylic;Benzoicum Ac;Eyelids Wipes;benzoic- acid;Provita Equiband;Retarder BAX;1gyx

Benzoic acid's use in the production of glycol benzoates for the application of plasticizer in adhesive formulations is increasing.
The organic compound is also used in the manufacture of alkyd resins and drilling mud additive for crude oil recovery applications.
Benzoic acid is also used as a rubber polymerization activator, retardant, resins, alkyd paint, plasticizers, dyestuffs, and fibers.
Benzoic acid and its esters occur in apricots, cranberries, mushrooms and jasmine plants.
The history of benzoic acid dates back to sixteenth century.
In the year of 1875 Salkowski a prominent scientist discovered its antifungal abilities.
In medicine, benzoic acid is the principal component of benzoin resin, and is a constituent of Whitfield’s ointment which is used for the treatment of fungal skin diseases such as tinea, ringworm, and athlete’s foot.

Benzoic acid was found in the 16th century.
In 1556, Nostradamus first described carbonization effect of benzoin; After the Alexius Pedemontanus and Brian blessed decipher were discovered in 1560 and 1596.
In 1875, the salkowski discovered the antifungal potency of benzoic acid, so benzoic acid is used for long term preservation cloudberry.
Benzoic acid is a colorless, crystalline solid also known as benzenecarboxylic acid.
Benzoic acid is the simplest aromatic carboxylic acid, with a carboxyl group (-COOH) bonded directly to the benzene ring.
Benzoic acid is found naturally in the benzoin resin of a number of plants.
Benzoic acid was first isolated from the dry distillation of benzoin by Blaise de Vigenère (1523–1596) in the 16th century.
Friedrich Whler (1800–1882) and Justus von Liebig (1803–1873) prepared benzoic acid from oxidizing bitter almond oil (benzaldehyde) in 1832 and determined the formula for each of these compounds.

They proposed that bitter almond oil, C7H6O, and benzoic acid were derivatives from the benzoyl radical, C7H5O; the radical theory was a major early theory in the development of organic chemistry.
A compound comprising a benzene ring core carrying a carboxylic acid substituent.
Boric acid,H3B03, also known as boracic acid, orthoboric acid, and sassolite, is a white solid composed of triclinic crystals.
Benzoic acid is a derivative of barium oxide and is soluble in water.
A white crystalline solid.
Slightly soluble in water.
The primary hazard is the potential for environmental damage if released.
Immediate steps should be taken to limit spread to the environment.
Used to make other chemicals, as a food preservative, and for other uses.
Benzoic acid is a white (or colorless) solid organic compound with the formula C6H5COOH, whose structure consists of a benzene ring (C6H6) with a carboxyl (−C(=O)OH) substituent.

The benzoyl group is often abbreviated "Bz" (not to be confused with "Bn" which is used for benzyl), thus benzoic acid is also denoted as BzOH, since the benzoyl group has the formula –C6H5CO.
Benzoic acid is the simplest aromatic carboxylic acid.
The name is derived from gum benzoin, which was for a long time its only source.
Benzoic acid occurs naturally in many plants and serves as an intermediate in the biosynthesis of many secondary metabolites.
Salts of benzoic acid are used as food preservatives.
Benzoic acid is an important precursor for the industrial synthesis of many other organic substances.
The salts and esters of benzoic acid are known as benzoates.

Benzoic acid Chemical Properties
Melting point: 121-125 °C(lit.)
Boiling point: 249 °C(lit.)
Density: 1.08
Vapor density: 4.21 (vs air)
Vapor pressure: 10 mm Hg ( 132 °C)
Refractive index: 1.504
FEMA: 2131 | BENZOIC ACID
Fp: 250 °F
Storage temp.: 2-8°C
Solubility: soluble, clear, colorless (95% ethanol, 1gm/3mL)
Form: Solid
pka: 4.19(at 25℃)
Color: White to yellow-beige to orange
PH: 3.66(1 mM solution);3.12(10 mM solution);2.6(100 mM solution);
Odor: at 100.00 %. faint balsam urine
Odor Type: balsamic
Water Solubility: Slightly soluble. 0.34 g/100 mL
Merck: 14,1091
JECFA Number: 850
BRN: 636131
Henry's Law Constant: (x 10-8 atm?m3/mol): 7.02 (calculated, U.S. EPA, 1980a)
Stability: Stable. Combustible. Incompatible with strong bases, strong oxidizing agents, alkalies.
InChIKey: WPYMKLBDIGXBTP-UHFFFAOYSA-N
LogP: 1.870
CAS DataBase Reference: 65-85-0(CAS DataBase Reference)
NIST Chemistry Reference: Benzoic acid(65-85-0)
EPA Substance Registry System: Benzoic acid (65-85-0)

Scaly or needle like crystals.
With the smell of formaldehyde or benzene.
Slightly soluble in water, soluble in ethanol, methanol, diethyl ether, chloroform, benzene, toluene, CS2, CCl4 and turpentine.
Benzoic acid,C6H5COOH, also known as benzene carboxylic acid and phenyl formic acid,is a colorless, monoclinic crystalline solid that has a melting point of 122.4"C and sublimes readily at 100·C.
Benzoic acid is an aromatic carboxylic acid that is slightly soluble in water and moderately soluble in alcohol and ether.
Benzoic acid is used as a preservative and its derivatives are valuable in medicine, commerce, and industry.
Colorless to white needles, scales, or powder with a faint benzoin or benzaldehyde-like odor.
Shaw et al. (1970) reported a taste threshold in water of 85 ppm.

Uses
1. Used as a chemical reagent and preservative.
2. Benzoic acid is important type food preservative.
Under acidic conditions, Benzoic acid has inhibitory effects to mold, yeast and bacteria ,but the effect is weak acid producing bacteria.
The most appropriate antimicrobial pH values is ranging from 2.5 to 4, generally lower, the pH value is appropriate from 4.5 to 5.
In the food industry with plastic barrels concentrated fruit and vegetable juice, the maximum use amount shall not be over 2.0g/kg; in jam (excluding canned), (taste) juice drink, soy sauce, vinegar in the maximum dose of 1.0g/kg; in soft candy, wine, wine in the maximum dose of 0.8 g/kg separately; in the low salt pickled vegetables, the sauce, candied fruit, maximum dose is 0.5 g/kg; in carbonated drinks in the largest amount of use is 0.2g/kg. due to benzoic acid, slightly soluble in water, its use can be a small amount of ethanol enable dissolved.
3.Preservative; anti microbial agents.
Due to the low solubility of benzoic acid and use shall be stirring, or dissolved in a small amount of hot water or ethanol.
When used in the soft drink with fruit juice concentrate, for benzoic acid easy volatile with the water vapor, so often used in the sodium salt, besides the above sodium equivalent to benzoic acid 0.847g.

4.Often used as a fixative agent or preservative.
Also used as a fruit juice aroma conservation agents.
As a perfume with perfume fragrance.
Can also be used for chocolate, lemon, orange, berries, nuts, candied fruit type edible essence.
Tobacco flavor is also commonly used.
5.Benzoic acid and its sodium salt are food preservatives.
Under acidic conditions, it has inhibition of yeasts and molds.
When pH 3, antibacterial strength and when pH 6, many fungi effect is very poor, so the antibacterial optimum pH is 2.5-4.0.
Benzoic acid is mainly used for the production of sodium benzoate preservatives, dyes intermediates, pesticides, plasticizers, mordant, medicine, spice and also can be used as alkyd resin and polyamide resin modifier for the production of polyester, terephthalic acid and used equipment, iron and steel anti rust agent.
6.Mainly used for antifungal and antiseptic.
7.Used in medicine, dye carriers, plasticizer, spices and food preservatives such as production, and can also be used to paint of alkyd resin performance improvement; used as pharmaceutical and dye intermediates, used for the preparation of plasticizer and spices etc., as well as equipment, iron and steel anti rust agent.

Sodium benzoate is an important benzoic acid derivative produced industrially by neutralization of benzoic acid using sodium hydroxide or sodium bicarbonate solution.
Calcium benzoate, potassium benzoate, and other benzoate salts are also produced.
Benzoic acid and sodium benzoate (C6H5COONa) are used as food preservatives and added to foods, juices, and beverages that are acidic.

Agricultural Uses
Fungicide, Insecticide: Used in the manufacture of benzoates; plasticizers, benzoyl chloride, alkyd resins, in the manufacture of food preservatives, in use as a dye binder in calico printing; in curing of tobacco, flavors, perfumes, dentifrices, standard in analytical chemistry.
Not currently registered for use in the U.S.
Benzoic acid is currently used in about a dozen European countries.

Clinical Use
Benzoic acid is a metabolite of benzyl alcohol and sodium benzoate is the sodium salt of benzoic acid.
These three related compounds are used as preservatives in a variety of products, such as cosmetics, toothpastes, hair products, medication preparations, and emollients, and in foods.
They are well-recognized to cause nonimmunological CoU and reactions are concentration-dependent.
Both oral intake and cutaneous contact of benzyl alcohol, benzoic acid, or sodium benzoate can cause immediate reactions; however, there is a lack of correlation between the two and skin tests should not be used to predict sensitivity to oral intake of these preservatives.
Immediate reactions to the oral ingestion of these preservatives are rare.
Nettis et al. investigated 47 patients with a history of urticaria after the ingestion of meals or products containing sodium benzoate, and only one patient had a generalized urticarial reaction to an oral challenge test of 50 mg of sodium benzoate.

Reactions
Reactions of benzoic acid can occur at either the aromatic ring or the carboxyl group :

Aromatic ring
Electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction will take place mainly in 3- position due to the electron-withdrawing carboxylic group; i.e. benzoic acid is meta directing.
The second substitution reaction (on the right) is slower because the first nitro group is deactivating.
Conversely, if an activating group (electron - donating) was introduced (e.g., alkyl), a second substitution reaction would occur more readily than the first and the disubstituted product might accumulate to a significant extent.

Carboxyl group
All the reactions mentioned for carboxylic acids are also possible for benzoic acid.
Benzoic acid esters are the product of the acid catalysed reaction with alcohols.
Benzoic acid amides are more easily available by using activated acid derivatives (such as benzoyl chloride) or by coupling reagents used in peptide synthesis like DCC and DMAP.
The more active benzoic anhydride is formed by dehydration using acetic anhydride or phosphorus pentoxide.
Highly reactive acid derivatives such as acid halides are easily obtained by mixing with halogenation agents like phosphorus chlorides or thionyl chloride.
Ortho esters can be obtained by the reaction of alcohols under acidic water free conditions with benzonitrile.
Reduction to benzaldehyde and benzyl alcohol is possible using DIBAL- H , Li Al H4 or sodium boro hydride.
The copper catalyzed decarboxylation of benzoate to benzene may be effected by heating in quinoline.
Also, Hunsdiecker decarboxylation can be achieved by forming the silver salt and heating.
Benzoic acid can also be decarboxylated by heating with an alkali hydroxide or calcium hydroxide.

Calorimetry
Benzoic acid is the most commonly used chemical standard to determine the heat of capacity of a bomb calorimeter.

Feed stock
Benzoic acid is used to make a large number of chemicals, important examples of which are :
Benzoyl chloride, C6H5C(O)Cl, is obtained by treatment of benzoic with thionyl chloride, phosgene or one of the chlorides of phosphorus.
C6H5C(O) Cl is an important starting material for several benzoic acid derivates like benzyl benzoate, which is used in artificial flavours and insect repellents.

Food preservative
Benzoic acid and its salts are used as a food preservatives, represented by the E-numbers E210, E211 , E212 , and E213 . Benzoic acid inhibits the growth of mold, yeast and some bacteria.
Benzoic acid is either added directly or created from reactions with its sodium, potassium, or calcium salt.
The mechanism starts with the absorption of benzoic acid in to the cell.

Medicinal
Benzoic acid is a constituent of Whitfiel's ointment which is used for the treatment of fungal skin diseases such as tinea, ringworm, and athlete's foot.
As the principal component of benzoin resin, benzoic acid is also a major ingredient in both tincture of benzoin and Fria's balsam.
Such products have a long history of use as topical antiseptics and inhalant decongestants.
Benzoic acid was used as an expectorant, analgesic, and antiseptic in the early 20th century.

Food Preservatives
Benzoic acid and sodium benzoate are commonly used food preservative.
In acidic conditions, Benzoic acid has inhibitory effect on yeast and mold.
When pH value is 3 antibacterial strength, when pH was 6 for a lot of mould effect is very poor, so the inhibition the optimum pH value is 2.5-4.0.
In the food industry with plastic barrels concentrated fruit and vegetable juice, the maximum usage shall not exceed 2.0g/kg; in the jam (not including canned), fruit juice (taste) drinks, soy sauce, vinegar in the maximum amount is 1.0g/kg; in Wine, candy, wine in the maximum amount of 0.8g/kg in the low salt; pickles, sauces, candied fruit, use the largest 0.5g/kg in carbonate; use the largest beverage 0.2g/kg. because of solubility of benzoic acid, when used will be stirring, or dissolved in a small amount of hot water or ethanol.
The use of concentrated fruit juice in the soft drink used for benzoic acid easily volatile with steam, Benzoic acid is commonly used in the sodium salt.

Benzoic acid in food industry is a common preservative in dairy products, but not allowed to be added.
In general, benzoic acid is considered to be safe.
But for some special populations, including infants, long-term intake of benzoic acid may lead to asthma, urticaria, metabolic acidosis and other adverse reactions.
Paul deodorant benzoic acid is also used as a beverage.
As the cream sweet perfume fragrance.
Can also be used for chocolate, lemon, orange, sub berries, nuts, candied fruit and other edible flavor type.
Tobacco flavor also commonly used.
In addition of benzoic acid is also used as a pesticide, medicine, dye, mordant and plasticizer agent for the production of raw materials, polyamide resin and alkyd resin modifying agent and steel equipment anti rust agent.

Hazard
Benzoic acid accumulation is less, low toxicity in the body involved and metabolism.
If the excessive consumption of benzoic acid, the body's liver and kidney will be jeopardized.
Maximum safety of carbonated drinks of benzoic acid usage is 5mg/kg of body weight, then calculated according to the weight of 60kg, daily limit is 300mg, benzoic acid for carbonated drinks, the maximum amount of use is 0.2g/kg, then drank 1.5kg of beverage is safe.
Benzoic acid has strong toxic effects on microorganisms, but the toxicity of the sodium salt is very low.
A daily dose of 0.5g, has no toxicity to the body , even in an amount of not more than 4g of health also has no harm.
In human and animal tissues it can bind with protein components of the glycine and detoxification, formed hippuric acid excreted in the urine.
Benzoic acid crystallites or dust on the skin, eyes, nose, and throat has stimulating effect.
Even if its sodium salt, if you take a lot, also can damage to the stomach.
The operator should wear protective equipment.
Need to be stored in a dry and ventilated place moisture, heat, away from the fire source.

Preparation
Industrial preparation method
The industrial benzoic acid is mainly by toluene liquid phase air oxidation preparation.
The process was with cobalt naphthenate as catalyst, in response to temperature is 140-160 ℃ and operating pressure is 0.2-0.3MPa and response generation benzoic acid.
Reaction after steaming to toluene, and vacuum distillation and recrystallization to obtain the product.
The process uses cheap raw materials, high yield.
Therefore, Benzoic acid is industrial uses mainly the method.

Laboratory preparation method of the main reaction:
1.C6H5CH3+ KMnO4+H2O-C6H5 COOK+KOH+MnO2+H2O(water in fron of the manganese dioxide is supplied with water reaction environment)
2.C6H5 COOK+HCl--C6H5 COOH
Drug and dosage:
Toluene 1.5g (1.7ml, 0.016mol), potassium permanganate 5g (0.032mol), CTAB(cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide) 0.1g.
Experimental operation:
With 100 ml round bottom flask.
Install a refluxing device. add 5g potassium permanganate, 0.1g of hexadecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide, 1.7 ml of toluene and 50 ml of water to the reaction flask, stir heated boiling (vigorous stirring, violent boiling), keep the reactant solution stable boiling.
When large amounts of brown precipitate, potassium permanganate purple shallow or disappeared, the toluene layer disappeared, reaction has basically ended.
Filter out of manganese dioxide precipitation, landfill leachate by concentrated hydrochloric acid, precipitation of benzoic acid precipitation, filtering to the crude product.
The crude product water recrystallization.
In a boiling water bath for drying, weighing, measuring the melting point.

Production Methods
Industrial preparations
Benzoic acid is produced commercially by partial oxidation of toluene with oxygen.
The process is catalyzed by cobalt or manganese naphthenates.
The process uses cheap raw materials, proceeds in high yield, and is considered environmentally green.

Laboratory synthesis
Benzoic acid is cheap and readily available, so the laboratory synthesis of benzoic acid is mainly practiced for its pedagogical value.
Benzoic acid is a common undergraduate preparation.
For all syntheses, benzoic acid can be purified by recrystallization from water because of its high solubility in hot water and poor solubility in cold water.
The avoidance of organic solvents for the recrystallization makes this experiment particularly safe.
Other possible recrystallization solvents include acetic acid (anhydrous or aqueous), benzene, acetone, petroleum ether, and a mixture of ethanol and water.
The solubility of benzoic acid in over 40 solvents with references to original sources can be found as part of the Open Notebook Science Challenge.

Biotechnological Production
Benzoic acid is exclusively chemically synthesized on an industrial scale.
Toluene from petrochemical routes is oxidized in the presence of the catalyst potassium permanganate to benzoic acid.
However, a recent study described for the first time a benzoic acid production process by fermentation using Streptomyces maritimus.
The production of benzoic acid during cultivation on glucose, starch, and cellobiose has been investigated.
The best results have been achieved with product concentrations of 460 mg.L-1 in 6 days using starch as substrate.
Additionally, a genetically modified S. maritimus optimized for endo-glucanasesecretion has been tested on phosphoric acid swollen cellulose.
A final product concentration of 125 mg.L-1 was observed after 4 days of cultivation.
BENZOIC ACID (E210)
Benzoic Acid (E210) /bɛnˈzoʊ.ɪk/ is a white (or colorless) solid organic compound with the formula C6H5COOH, whose structure consists of a benzene ring (C6H6) with a carboxyl (−C(=O)OH) substituent.
The benzoyl group is often abbreviated "Bz" (not to be confused with "Bn" which is used for benzyl), thus Benzoic Acid (E210) is also denoted as BzOH, since the benzoyl group has the formula –C6H5CO.


CAS Number: 65-85-0
EC Number: 200-618-2
MDL number: MFCD00002398
E Number: E210
Linear Formula: C6H5COOH
Chemical formula: C7H6O2



Benzenecarboxylic acid, Carboxybenzene, Benzoic acid, Benzenecarboxylic acid, Carboxybenzene, E210, Dracylic acid, Phenylmethanoic acid, Phenylcarboxylic acid, Benzoyl alcohol, Benzoylic acid, Carboxylbenzene, Hydrogenphenic acid, Phenoic acid, Benzenecarboxylic acid, dracylic acid, phenylcarboxylic acid, Carboxybenzene, E210, Dracylic acid, Phenylmethanoic acid, BzOH,



Benzoic Acid (E210) is an organic compound of aromatic acids and the simplest aromatic acid, with the formula C7H6O2.
Benzoic Acid (E210) is originally made from benzoin gum, so called benzoin acid.
The melting point of Benzoic Acid (E210) is 122.13 ºC, the boiling point is 249.2 ºC, and the relative density (15/4 ºC) is 1.2659.


The appearance of Benzoic Acid (E210) is white acicular or scaly crystal.
Benzoic Acid (E210) will sublimate above 100 ºC.
Benzoic Acid (E210) is slightly soluble in cold water, hexane, hot water, ethanol, ether, chloroform, benzene, carbon disulfide and turpentine, etc.


Benzoic Acid (E210) exists widely in nature in the form of free acids, esters or their derivatives.
Benzoic Acid (E210) is mainly used in the preparation of sodium benzoate preservatives, and used in the synthesis of drugs, dyes, but also used in the production of plasticizers, mordants, fungicides and spices.


Benzoic Acid (E210) can be prepared by direct oxidation of toluene in the presence of manganese dioxide, or by decarboxylation of phthalic anhydride with water vapor
Benzoic Acid (E210) occurs naturally in many plants and serves as an intermediate in the biosynthesis of many secondary metabolites.
The salts and esters of Benzoic Acid (E210) are known as benzoates /ˈbɛnzoʊ.eɪt/.


Benzoic Acid (E210) is a food additive approved by the European Union (EU) and used as an antifungal and antibacterial natural preservative (in an acid medium) in food products.
Benzoic Acid (E210) is a white scales, needles or crystals with benzoin odor.


Benzoic Acid (E210) powder is soluble in alcohol, ether, chloroform, benzene and carbon disulfide while slightly soluble in water.
E210 is also known by the common name of Benzoic Acid (E210), but may also be referred to as carboxybenzene or dracyclic acid.
Benzoic Acid (E210) is produced by hydrolysis of benzonitrile and benzamide and can be purified by the recrystallisation from water, due to its high solubility.


Benzoic Acid (E210) also occurs naturally in edible fruits and vegetables.
The benzoyl group is often abbreviated "Bz" (not to be confused with "Bn" which is used for benzyl), thus Benzoic Acid (E210) is also denoted as BzOH, since the benzoyl group has the formula –C6H5CO.


Benzoic Acid (E210) is the simplest aromatic carboxylic acid.
The name is derived from gum benzoin, which was for a long time its only source.
Benzoic Acid (E210) /bɛnˈzoʊ.ɪk/ is a white (or colorless) solid organic compound with the formula C6H5COOH, whose structure consists of a benzene ring (C6H6) with a carboxyl (−C(=O)OH) substituent.


Benzoic Acid (E210), benzoates and benzoic acid esters are commonly found in most fruits, especially berries.
Cranberries are a very rich source of Benzoic Acid (E210).
In addition to fruits, benzoates occur naturally in mushrooms, cinnamon, cloves and some dairy products (due to bacterial fermentation).


For commercial purposes, Benzoic Acid (E210) is prepared chemically from toluene.
Benzoic Acid (E210) is the simplest aromatic carboxylic acid.
Benzoic Acid (E210) is an organic compound manufactured through chemical synthesis, available as White crystallized powder.


Benzoic Acid (E210) and its salts (such as Potassium Benzoate and Sodium Benzoate) are widely used as preservatives for acidic food and beverage.
Benzoic Acid (E210) is widely accepted as safe food additive in many countries with E number E210.
As a professional supplier and manufacturer of food additives, Foodchem International Corporation has been supplying quality Benzoic Acid (E210) to customers all over the world for over 10 years.


In terms of Benzoic Acid (E210)'s biosynthesis, benzoate is produced in plants from cinnamic acid.
A pathway has been identified from phenol via 4-hydroxybenzoate.
Benzoic Acid (E210) is also known as flowers of benzoin, phenlycarboxylic acid, carboxybenzene.


Benzoic Acid (E210) is obtained from Benzoin, a resin exuded by trees native to Asia.
Benzoic Acid (E210) is an important type acid food preservatives.
Under acid condition, the fungus, yeast and bacteria have inhibition, but less effect on bacteria produce acid.


Bacteriostasis of the optimal pH value of 2.5 ~ 2.5, is lower than pH 4.5 ~ 5.0.
In the food industry with plastic barrels of concentrated fruit and vegetable juice, the maximum amount not exceeding 2.0 g/kg;In jam (not including cans), fruit juice beverage (taste), soy sauce, vinegar, the largest use of 1.0 g/kg;The biggest usage in jelly, wine, fruit wine, 0.8 g/kg;At low salt pickles, jam, candied fruit, the maximum amount of 0.5 g/kg;The biggest usage in carbonated drinks, 0.2 g/kg.


With Benzoic Acid (E210) is slightly soluble in water, available when using a small amount of ethanol to dissolve it.
Benzoic Acid (E210) , C7H6O2 -or C6H5COOH-, is a colorless crystalline solid and a simple aromatic carboxylic acid.
The name is derived from gum benzoin, which was for a long time its only known source.


Benzoic Acid (E210) occurs naturally in many plants and serves as an intermediate in the biosynthesis of many secondary metabolites.
Salts of Benzoic Acid (E210) are used as food preservatives and Benzoic Acid (E210) is an important precursor for the industrial synthesis of many other organic substances.


The salts and esters of Benzoic Acid (E210) are known as benzoates .
Benzoic Acid (E210), C7H6O2 (or C6H5COOH), is a colorless crystalline solid and the simplest aromatic carboxylic acid.
The name derived from gum benzoin, which was for a long time the only source for Benzoic Acid (E210).


This weak acid, Benzoic Acid (E210), and its salts are used as a food preservative.
Benzoic Acid (E210) is an important precursor for the synthesis of many other organic substances.
Alkyl substituted benzene derivatives give Benzoic Acid (E210) with the stoichiometric oxidants potassium permanganate, chromium trioxide, nitric acid.


Benzoic Acid (E210) is an aromatic monocarboxylic acid.
Benzoic Acid (E210) occurs in the form of colorless leaflets or needles. Benzoic Acid (E210) reacts with hydrogenating reagents to afford hexahydrobenzoic acid.


On decomposition (by heating) in the presence of lime or alkali, Benzoic Acid (E210) affords benzene and carbon dioxide.
Benzoic Acid (E210) can be synthesized by the cobalt or manganese catalyzed atmospheric oxidation of toluene.
Benzoic Acid (E210) can be purified by recrystallization from water because of its high solubility in hot water and poor solubility in cold water.


The avoidance of organic solvents for the recrystallization makes this experiment particularly safe.
Benzoic Acid (E210) is a white solid that is an extensively used preservative.
Although this preservative prevents or delays nutritional losses due to microbiological, enzymatic or chemical changes of foods during its shelf life there is a suspicion that small amounts of benzene may be formed from Benzoic Acid (E210) in nonalcoholic beverages in the presence of ascorbic acid.


Benzoic Acid (E210) and ascorbic acid are food additives which must be declared on the food.
Benzoic Acid (E210) or E 210 is a preservative which also occurs naturally, for instance, in cranberries.
A maximum amount of 150 mg/l Benzoic Acid (E210) may be added to non-alcoholic flavored beverages.


Benzoic Acid (E210), /bɛnˈzoʊ.ɪk/, C7H6O2 (or C6H5COOH), is a colorless crystalline solid and a simple aromatic carboxylic acid.
The name of Benzoic Acid (E210) is derived from gum benzoin, which was for a long time its only known source.
Benzoic Acid (E210) occurs naturally in many plants and serves as an intermediate in the biosynthesis of many secondary metabolites.


Salts of Benzoic Acid (E210) are used as food preservatives and benzoic acid is an important precursor for the industrial synthesis of many other organic substances.
The salts and esters of Benzoic Acid (E210) are known as benzoates /ˈbɛnzoʊ.eɪt/.


Benzoic Acid (E210) occurs naturally as do its esters in many plant and animal species.
Appreciable amounts have been found in most berries (around 0.05%).
Ripe fruits of several Vaccinium species (e.g., cranberry, V. vitis macrocarpon; bilberry, V. myrtillus) contain as much as 0.03–0.13% free Benzoic Acid (E210).


Benzoic Acid (E210) is also formed in apples after infection with the fungus Nectria galligena.
Among animals, Benzoic Acid (E210) has been identified primarily in omnivorous or phytophageous species, e.g., in viscera and muscles of the rock ptarmigan (Lagopus muta) as well as in gland secretions of male muskoxen (Ovibos moschatus) or Asian bull elephants (Elephas maximus).


Gum benzoin contains up to 20% of Benzoic Acid (E210) and 40% benzoic acid esters.
Cryptanaerobacter phenolicus is a bacterium species that produces benzoate from phenol via 4-hydroxybenzoate.
Benzoic Acid (E210) is present as part of hippuric acid (N-benzoylglycine) in urine of mammals, especially herbivores (Gr. hippos = horse; ouron = urine).


Humans produce about 0.44 g/L hippuric acid in their urine, and if the person is exposed to toluene or benzoic acid, it can rise above that level.
Many cosmetics companies use Benzoic Acid (E210) as an ingredient in many products, like creams and lipsticks.
You might also find Benzoic Acid (E210) or sodium benzoate in toothpaste, shower gel, shampoo, moisturizers and sunscreens, according to a March 2019 review in the ‌Journal of Preventive Medicine and Hygiene‌.


Benzoic Acid (E210)'s use in this industry mirrors the food industry's purpose as a preservative — organic products are also allowed to use sodium benzoate in their products.
Sodium benzoate was noted as the most common preservative in rinse-off products, according to the March 2019 review in the ‌Journal of Preventive Medicine and Hygiene‌.


Benzoic Acid (E210) is a colorless crystalline solid and a simple aromatic carboxylic acid.
Salts of Benzoic Acid (E210) are used as food preservatives and benzoic acid is an important precursor for the industrial synthesis of many other organic substances.
The salts and esters of Benzoic Acid (E210) are known as benzoates.


Benzoic Acid (E210) is a white solid produced by partial oxidation of toluene with oxygen.
Benzoic Acid (E210) is the simplest aromatic carboxylic acid and serves as an intermediate in the biosynthesis of many secondary metabolites.
The salts and esters of Benzoic Acid (E210) are known as benzoates.
Benzoic Acid (E210) is an important precursor for the industrial synthesis of many other organic substances.



USES and APPLICATIONS of BENZOIC ACID (E210):
Salts of Benzoic Acid (E210) are used as food preservatives.
Benzoic Acid (E210) is an important precursor for the industrial synthesis of many other organic substances.
Benzoic Acid (E210) was used as an expectorant, analgesic, and antiseptic in the early 20th century.


Niche and laboratory uses: In teaching laboratories, Benzoic Acid (E210) is a common standard for calibrating a bomb calorimeter.
Benzoic Acid (E210) is one of the preservatives that widely used in the food industry to protect food from any harmful chemical changes and helps to regulate the growth of microbes better.


Benzoic Acid (E210) as a food preservative is an important precursor for the synthesis of many other organic substances.
Benzoic Acid (E210) is an acid-type food preservative; under acidic conditions, it has an inhibitory effect on mold, yeast and bacteria, but it has a weak effect on acid-producing bacteria.


The optimum pH for bacteriostasis of Benzoic Acid (E210) was 2.5-4.0.
Benzoic Acid (E210) is used in the production of plasticizers, spices and food preservatives, as well as the performance improvement of alkyd resin coatings.


Benzoic Acid (E210) is also used as a flavor retaining agent for fruit juice drinks.
Benzoic Acid (E210) is used in chocolate, lemon, oranges, berry berries, nuts, preserves, and other food flavors.
Benzoic Acid (E210) is used in the production of numerous industrial additives such as the Benzoate plasticizers.


Together with several of its salts, Benzoic Acid (E210) is used as food&feed preservatives.
Benzoic Acid (E210)’s esters are common fragrances.
In recent years, Benzoic Acid (E210) is also found to be effective against piglets’ post-weaning diarrhea when administered as a feed additive.


Benzoic Acid (E210) is mainly consumed in the production of phenol by oxidative decarboxylation at 300−400 °C:
C6H5CO2H+12O2⟶C6H5OH+CO2
The temperature required can be lowered to 200 °C by the addition of catalytic amounts of copper(II) salts.


The phenol can be converted to cyclohexanol, which is a starting material for nylon synthesis.
Typical concentrations of Benzoic Acid (E210) as a preservative in food are between 0.05 and 0.1%.
Foods in which Benzoic Acid (E210) may be used and maximum levels for its application are controlled by local food laws.


Benzoic Acid (E210) is a constituent of Whitfield's ointment which is used for the treatment of fungal skin diseases such as ringworm and athlete's foot.
As the principal component of gum benzoin, Benzoic Acid (E210) is also a major ingredient in both tincture of benzoin and Friar's balsam.
Such products have a long history of use as topical antiseptics and inhalant decongestants.


Benzoic Acid (E210) is used Preservative, Cosmetics, Feed, Pharmaceutical, Antimicrobial, Antifungal, Antibacterial, Soft Drink, Alcohol Beverage, Beverage Powder, Ice Cream, Candy, Chewing Gum, Icings, Fruit Juice, Puddings, Sauces, Baking Food, Sauage, Food Colors, Milk, Wine, Flavoring Agent, Dyestuff, Toothpaste, Coating, Rubber.


Benzoic Acid (E210) is an antiseptic, anti fungal, antipyretic agent, and can be used as an alkali metric standard.
Benzoic Acid (E210) is one of the preservatives that widely used in the food industry to protect food from any harmful chemical changes and helps to regulate the growth of microbes better.


Benzoic Acid (E210) is added to alcoholic beverages, baked goods, cheeses, gum, condiments, frozen dairy, relishes, soft sweets, cordials and sugar substitutes.
Benzoic Acid (E210) is used in cosmetics, as an antiseptic in many cough medications and an anti fungal in ointments.


Benzoic Acid (E210) is used in medicine, dye carriers, plasticizer, spices, and food preservatives and other production, also used in alkyd resin coating performance improvements.
Benzoic Acid (E210) is mainly used for antifungal and disinfection antiseptic.


Benzoic Acid (E210) is used as chemical reagent and preservatives.
Benzoic Acid (E210) is set incense, usually used as agent or preservatives.
Benzoic Acid (E210) is also used in the manufacture of plasticisers, resin coatings and caprolactam.


Insurance agent is also used as a fruit drink.Can be used as a cream with the sweet sweet.Can also be used for chocolate, lemon, orange, berries, nuts, candied fruit flavours.Also commonly used in cigarette flavoring.
Benzoic Acid (E210) is used as a preservatives and antimicrobial agent.


Benzoic Acid (E210) is an important type of feed preservatives.
Under acid condition, bacteriostatic optimum PH 2.5 4.0, is lower than PH4.5-5.0.
Benzoic Acid (E210) is used in medicine, dye carriers, plasticizer, spices, and food preservatives and other production, also used in alkyd resin coating performance improvements.


Benzoic Acid (E210) is a organic compound widely used as preservatives in food and beverage industries.
As a preservatives, Benzoic Acid (E210) can be used in a wide variety of industries including: food production, beverage, pharmaceutical, cosmetics, agriculture/animal feed, and various other industries.


Benzoic Acid (E210) has the effect of sterilizing and inhibiting the growth of bacteria, and is low-toxic and tasteless, so it is widely used as a preservative.
Benzoic Acid (E210) is used as preservatives in food and drinks to prevent the growth of mold, yeast and fungi.


In general the salts are preferred over the acid form because they are more soluble in water.
The optimal pH for the antimicrobial activity is below pH 6.5 and sorbates are generally used at concentrations of 0.025% to 0.10%.
Adding sorbate salts to food will however raise the pH of the food slightly so the pH may need to be adjusted to assure safety.


Benzoic Acid (E210) may be employed as a standard in quantitative and calorimetric studies.
Benzoic Acid (E210) may be employed as an intermediate in the synthesis of the following: paints pigments varnish wetting agents aroma compounds benzoyl chloride benzotrichlorideIt was used to investigate the mechanism of complex addition reaction of hydroxyl radicals with various aromatic compounds.


For the same reason, Benzoic Acid (E210) is also used in cosmetics to help give them longevity and ward off bacteria that may spoil them.
Manufacturers often use the inactive salt of Benzoic Acid (E210) called sodium benzoate, which is water-soluble.
Benzoic acid (E210) is used as food preservative and is most suitable for foods, fruit juices, and soft drinks that are naturally in an acidic pH range.


Benzoic Acid (E210)'s used as preservative in food, beverages, toothpastes, mouthwashes, dentifrices, cos- metics, and pharmaceuticals is regulated.
Typical levels of use for Benzoic Acid (E210) as a preservative in food are between 0.05–0.1%.
Foods in which Benzoic Acid (E210) may be used and maximum levels for its application are controlled by local food laws.


Benzoic Acid (E210) is mainly consumed in the production of phenol by oxidative decarboxylation at 300−400 °C:
C6H5CO2H + 1/2 O2 → C6H5OH + CO2
The temperature required can be lowered to 200 °C by the addition of catalytic amounts of copper(II) salts.


The phenol can be converted to cyclohexanol, which is a starting material for nylon synthesis.
Concern has been expressed that Benzoic Acid (E210) and its salts may react with ascorbic acid (vitamin C) in some soft drinks, forming small quantities of benzene.


Key applications of Benzoic Acid (E210): Food preservatives, Cleaning products, Preservative, Adhesives and Sealants, Pharmaceuticals, Lubricants, Animal feed, Cosmetic products, and Paint and Coatings.
Benzoic Acid (E210) is used Preservative (natural, slightly water-soluble).


Benzoic Acid (E210) is an organic acid that occurs naturally in various plants, fruits, berries and is used as a preservative for its anti-fungal, anti-yeast, and anti-bacterial properties in foods.


Benzoic Acid (E210) is commonly used in processed foods like beer, canned fruits, energy drinks, cupcakes, coffee, soft drinks, jams, dressings, spreads, spring rolls, creams, ketchup, fruit juices, pickles, desserts, sauces, marinated mackerel, marinated herring, beef and chicken products, cakes, ice creams, jellies, olives, sausages, hummus, canned pork, canned fish, wine, tacos, dried fish, chewing gum, tortillas, cornbread, toppings, shrimps, salad, and others.


-Precursor to plasticizers
Benzoate plasticizers, such as the glycol-, diethyleneglycol-, and triethyleneglycol esters, are obtained by transesterification of methyl benzoate with the corresponding diol.

These plasticizers, which are used similarly to those derived from terephthalic acid ester, represent alternatives to phthalates.
Alternatively these species arise by treatment of benzoylchloride with the diol.
These plasticizers are used similarly to those derived from terephthalic acid ester.


-Precursor to sodium benzoate and related preservatives:
Benzoic Acid (E210) and its salts are used as food preservatives, represented by the E numbers E210, E211, E212, and E213.
Benzoic Acid (E210) inhibits the growth of mold, yeast[23] and some bacteria.

Benzoic Acid (E210) is either added directly or created from reactions with its sodium, potassium, or calcium salt.
The mechanism starts with the absorption of Benzoic Acid (E210) into the cell.
If the intracellular pH changes to 5 or lower, the anaerobic fermentation of glucose through phosphofructokinase is decreased by 95%.

The efficacy of Benzoic Acid (E210) and benzoate is thus dependent on the pH of the food.
Benzoic Acid (E210), benzoates and their derivatives are used as preservatives for acidic foods and beverages such as citrus fruit juices (citric acid), sparkling drinks (carbon dioxide), soft drinks (phosphoric acid), pickles (vinegar) and other acidified foods.

Acidic food and beverage like fruit juice (citric acid), sparkling drinks (carbon dioxide), soft drinks (phosphoric acid), pickles (vinegar) or other acidified food are preserved with Benzoic Acid (E210) and benzoates.


-Benzoic acid use as a feed additive:
Pig farmers around the globe have been relying on Zinc Oxide to counter piglets’ Post-Weaning Diarrhea (PWD) for decades.
Yet Zinc Oxide’s use has been restricted in recent years due to its severe environmental repercussions.

In face of the coming ban of Zinc Oxide in EU, and the growing restriction on its use globally, feed additive manufacturers have turned to Benzoic Acid (E210) as an alternative, either administered directly or applied with slow-releasing coatings, is effective in the prevention and mitigation of PWD.

Benzoic Acid (E210) poses no harm to the environment due to its organic nature.
Benzoic Acid (E210) can also accelerate piglets’ fattening process.


-Use as a Food Preservative and a Precursor to other Benzoic Salt Preservatives:
Benzoic Acid (E210) is a powerful anti-septic agent widely used in food and animal feed.
However, due to its poor solubility, Benzoic Acid (E210) is often more preferable to use its salts instead.
Benzoic Acid (E210)'s Sodium salt, Calcium salt, and Potassium salt are among the most common food preservatives in the modern food industry.


-Use as a precursor to plasticizer:
Benzoic Acid (E210) is the ingredient needed in the production of Benzoate and Dibenzoate plasticizers.
These plasticizers are mainly used in flooring, film, adhesives, and sealants.
Typical Benzoate plasticizers include Isodecyl Benzoate (IDB) and Isononyl Benzoate (INB).

Common Dibenzoate plasticizers include Dipropylene Glycol Dibenzoate and Neopentylglycol Dibenzoate.
Although Phthalate plasticizers have been the most commonly used plasticizers in past decades, non-Phthalate plasticizers such as the Benzoates have been on the rise in recent years as regulatory bodies around the globe have come to realize the potential danger of Phthalates to human health.


-Food Grade of Benzoic Acid (E210):
Benzoic Acid (E210) is widely used as preservatives in food and beverage industries.
Foodchem's Benzoic Acid (E210) is available as white crystallized powder(>99.5% content).


-Industrial Grade:
Benzoic Acid (E210) is widely used as used in the industry .
Foodchem's industrial grade Benzoic Acid (E210) is available as .


-Manufacturing uses of Benzoic Acid (E210):
Benzoic Acid (E210) is frequently used in industrial settings, where its carboxylic acid reaction is used for phenol production.
This mildly acidic solid, Benzoic Acid (E210), is used as a disinfectant and so commonly used in mouthwashes and household cleaners.
Benzoic Acid (E210) is also used in the production of plastics.


-Preservative in food manufacturing:
Benzoic Acid (E210) – also known as E210 – is used widely in the manufacturing and preserving of food thanks to its antimicrobial activity.
Tests have shown its ability to inhibit the growth of mould, yeast and some other bacteria and Benzoic Acid (E210) is most commonly used in fizzy drinks, icings, jams, prepared salads, soy sauce and pastry fillings.



PHARMACEUTICAL POWER OF BENZOIC ACID (E210) POWDER:
Benzoic Acid (E210) has been used to help treat skin inflammation and irritations like minor burns, insect bites, eczema and fungal infections.
Its purpose is to prevent infections, and Benzoic Acid (E210) is often teamed with salicylic acid, which is used to help the skin shed its dead cells.
In the early part of the 20th century, Benzoic Acid (E210) was used as an analgesic, an antiseptic and as an expectorant.
And Benzoic Acid (E210) may still be used in some products that tackle these problems today.



BENZOIC ACID (E210) IN FOOD:
A number of foods naturally contain Benzoic Acid (E210), but the amounts vary.
Typically, foods with naturally occurring Benzoic Acid (E210) have very small amounts.
Strawberries have up to 29 milligrams/kilogram. Dairy products tend to have slightly higher levels of Benzoic Acid (E210) than plant foods, up to 28 milligrams/kilogram reported in some cheeses, according to the above review.

Naturally occurring Benzoic Acid (E210) in milk is between 2 to 5 milligrams/kilogram.
To put this in perspective, unless you're eating 2 pounds of cheese per day, your intake of naturally occurring Benzoic Acid (E210) will be fairly low.
It's hard to know exactly how much Benzoic Acid (E210) or sodium benzoate has been added to food.

The FDA has maximal amounts for individual foods, but the amounts are not labeled on the packaging.
If a food has it added, you'll see Benzoic Acid (E210) or sodium benzoate in the ingredients list.
One of the most common food with Benzoic Acid (E210) or sodium benzoate added is soft drinks.
Others include some canned and dried fruit, bakery items and other processed foods.



LABORATORY PREPARATIONS OF BENZOIC ACID (E210):
Benzoic Acid (E210) is cheap and readily available, so the laboratory synthesis of benzoic acid is mainly practiced for its pedogical value.
Benzoic Acid (E210) is a common undergraduate preparation and a convenient property of the compound is that its melting point equals its molecular weight (122).

For all syntheses, Benzoic Acid (E210) can be purified by recrystallization from water because of its high solubility in hot water and poor solubility in cold water.
The avoidance of organic solvents for the recrystallization makes this experiment particularly safe.

*By hydrolysis:
Like any other nitrile or amide, benzonitrile and benzamide can be hydrolyzed to Benzoic Acid (E210) or its conjugate base in acid or basic conditions.
From benzaldehyde
The base-induced disproportionation of benzaldehyde, the Cannizzaro reaction, affords equal amounts of benzoate and benzyl alcohol; the latter can be removed by distillation.

*From bromobenzene:
Bromobenzene in diethyl ether is stirred with magnesium turnings to produce phenylmagnesium bromide (C6H5MgBr).
This Grignard reagent is slowly added to dry-ice (solid carbon dioxide) to give benzoate.
Dilute acid is added to form Benzoic Acid (E210).

*From benzyl alcohol:
Benzyl alcohol is refluxed with potassium permanganate or other oxidizing reagents in water.
The mixture hot filtered to remove manganese oxide and then allowed to cool to afford Benzoic Acid (E210).



PRODUCTION OF BENZOIC ACID (E210):
Industrial preparations
Benzoic Acid (E210) is produced commercially by partial oxidation of toluene with oxygen.
The process is catalyzed by cobalt or manganese naphthenates.
The process uses abundant materials, and proceeds in high yield.



INDUSTRIES OF BENZOIC ACID (E210):
*Pharma
*Polymers
*Cleaning
*CASE & Construction
*Beauty & Personal Care
*Food & Nutrition
*Animal Nutrition
*Lubricants
*Chemical Processing
*Rubber



FOOD PRESERVATIVE OF BENZOIC ACID (E210):
Benzoic Acid (E210) and its salts are used as a food preservative, represented by the E-numbers E210, E211, E212, and E213.
Benzoic Acid (E210) inhibits the growth of mold, yeast and some bacteria.
Benzoic Acid (E210) is either added directly or created from reactions with its sodium, potassium, or calcium salt.

The mechanism starts with the absorption of Benzoic Acid (E210) in to the cell.
If the intracellular pH changes to 5 or lower, the anaerobic fermentation of glucose through phosphofructokinase is decreased by 95%.
The efficacy of Benzoic Acid (E210) and benzoate is thus dependent on the pH of the food.

Acidic food and beverage like fruit juice (citric acid), sparkling drinks (carbon dioxide), soft drinks (phosphoric acid), pickles (vinegar) or other acidified food are preserved with Benzoic Acid (E210) and benzoates.
Typical levels of use for Benzoic Acid (E210) as a preservative in food are between 0.05 – 0.1%.

Foods in which Benzoic Acid (E210) may be used and maximum levels for its application are laid down in international food law.
Concern has been expressed that Benzoic Acid (E210) and its salts may react with ascorbic acid (vitamin C) in some soft drinks, forming small quantities of benzene.



REACTIONS OF BENZOIC ACID (E210):
Reactions of Benzoic Acid (E210) can occur at either the aromatic ring or at the carboxyl group.
Aromatic ring
Benzoic Acid (E210) aromatic ring reactions
Electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction will take place mainly in 3-position due to the electron-withdrawing carboxylic group; i.e. Benzoic Acid (E210) is meta directing.



PROPERTIES OF BENZOIC ACID (E210):
Benzoic Acid (E210) is a white crystalline flake, needle, powder or granular with a benzoin or benzaldehyde odor.
Benzoic Acid (E210) is slightly soluble in water while easily soluble in ether, ethanol, dichloromethane, diethyl ether and other organic solvents.
Benzoic Acid (E210) is a weak acid and has an acid taste that will influence the taste and PH of food.



FUNCTION AND CHARACTERISTICS OF BENZOIC ACID (E210):
*Benzoic Acid (E210) and benzoates are used as preservatives against both yeasts and fungi in acidic products.
*Benzoic Acid (E210) is not very effective against bacteria and ineffective in products with a pH above 5 (slightly acidic or neutral).
*High concentrations result in a sour taste, which limits the application. *Benzoates are often preferred, due to better solubility.



BENEFITS OF BENZOIC ACID (E210):
*Continuous production and low chroma.
*China's Largest Manufacturer of Benzoic Acid (E210) and Sodium Benzoate.
*One of the most long-standing Benzoic Acid (E210) manufacturers in China, and one of the drafters of the state standard of food preservative benzoic acid and sodium benzoate.



SOME NATURAL SOURCES OF BENZOIC ACID (E210) INCLUDE:
*‌Fruits:‌ Apricots, prunes, berries, cranberries, peaches, kiwi, bananas, watermelon, pineapple, oranges
‌*Spices:‌ Cinnamon, cloves, allspice, cayenne pepper, mustard seeds, thyme, turmeric, coriander
‌*Vegetables:‌ Mushrooms (fungus), snap peas, cucumbers, radishes, cabbage, potatoes, onions, garlic, spinach
‌*Nuts:‌ Cashews, almonds, pistachios
‌*Dairy:‌ Yogurt, cheese, milk
Most fruits, vegetables and nuts do not contain over 2 milligrams of Benzoic Acid (E210) per kilogram, according to an extensive May 2017 review in ‌Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition‌.



PRODUCTION OF BENZOIC ACID (E210):
Industrial preparations:
Benzoic Acid (E210) is produced commercially by partial oxidation of toluene with oxygen.
The process is catalyzed by cobalt or manganese naphthenates.

The process uses cheap raw materials, proceeds in high yield, and is considered environmentally green.
U.S. production capacity of Benzoic Acid (E210) is estimated to be 126,000 tonnes per year (139,000 tons), much of which is consumed domestically to prepare other industrial chemicals.



HISTORICAL PREPARATION OF BENZOIC ACID (E210):
The first industrial process involved the reaction of benzotrichloride (trichloromethyl benzene) with calcium hydroxide in water, using iron or iron salts as catalyst.
The resulting calcium benzoate is converted to Benzoic Acid (E210) with hydrochloric acid.
The product contains significant amounts of chlorinated Benzoic Acid (E210) derivatives.
For this reason, Benzoic Acid (E210) for human consumption was obtained by dry distillation of gum benzoin.
Food-grade Benzoic Acid (E210) is now produced synthetically.



HOW IS BENZOIC ACID (E210) MADE?
There are two types of Benzoic Acid (E210), one is the natural form extracted from plants and can be used as a flavor with the FEMA No. 2131.
Another one is the most used one, obtained from toluene synthesis and here we would like to introduce the brief manufacturing process of this one.
Other methods

Food grade Benzoic Acid (E210) can also be manufactured from the following two methods mentioned by the FDA:
molten phthalic anhydride with a zinc oxide catalyst
hydrolysis of benzotrichloride
By the way, Benzoic Acid (E210) can also be produced from sodium benzoate with HCL.



EXAMPLES OF FOOD AND DRINK PRODUCTS THAT SOMETIMES INCLUDE BENZOIC ACID (E210):
*marinated herring
*marinated mackerel
*beer
*coffee
*soft drinks
*dessert sauces
*salad cream
*salad dressings
*jam
*pulp
*purées



HISTORY OF BENZOIC ACID (E210):
Benzoic Acid (E210) was discovered in the 16th century.
The dry distillation of gum benzoin was first described by Nostradamus (1556), and subsequently by Alexius Pedemontanus (1560) and Blaise de Vigenère (1596).

Justus von Liebig and Friedrich Wöhler determined the structure of Benzoic Acid (E210) in 1832.
They also investigated how hippuric acid is related to Benzoic Acid (E210).
In 1875 Salkowski discovered the antifungal abilities of Benzoic Acid (E210), which were used for a long time in the preservation of benzoate containing fruits.



WHAT IS BENZOIC ACID (E210), AND HOW IS BENZOIC ACID (E210) DIFFERENT FROM SODIUM BENZOATE?
Benzoic Acid (E210), if it's not naturally in food, can be added to help adjust the pH of a packaged product.
Basically, Benzoic Acid (E210) reduces the pH to make it more acidic so yeasts and bacteria can't grow and spoil your food.
Benzoic Acid (E210) has been commonly used for about 100 years for food safety and preservation, per an older September 2009 report in ‌Modern Biopolymer Science‌.

You may see Benzoic Acid (E210) on its own, but you also may see the name "sodium benzoate," which is simply the sodium salt of benzoic acid with a slightly different chemical structure.
Benzoic Acid (E210) is not naturally occurring, but that doesn't mean it's harmful.

The World Health Organization (WHO) Joint Expert Committee on Food Additives first set the acceptable daily intake (ADI) level for Benzoic Acid (E210) and sodium benzoate in 1962.
They concluded that it's safe to have Benzoic Acid (E210) in amounts of zero to 5 milligrams per kilogram (2.2 pounds) of body weight.
And then in 2021, the WHO increased the ADI of Benzoic Acid (E210) to between zero and 20 milligrams per kilogram (2.2 pounds) of body weight.



FUNCTIONS OF BENZOIC ACID (E210)
1. Antimicrobial Preservative:
Actively kills and inhibits the growth of unwanted microorganisms which may be harmful.


2. Antioxidant:
Benzoic Acid (E210) reduces oxidation to prevent the formation of free radicals which may be harmful to health.


3. Preservative:
Benzoic Acid (E210) prevents and inhibits the growth of unwanted microorganisms which may be harmful
Benzoic Acid (E210) occurs naturally in many plants.
Benzoic Acid (E210) is a fungistatic compound that is widely used as a food preservative (E number 210).

Salts of Benzoic Acid (E210) are also used as food preservatives which inhibit the growth of mold, yeast and some bacteria.
Benzoic Acid (E210) is either added directly or created from reactions with its sodium, potassium, or calcium salt.
Benzoic Acid (E210) is an important precursor for the industrial synthesis of many other organic substances.

Acidic food and beverage like fruit juice (citric acid), sparkling drinks (carbon dioxide), soft drinks (phosphoric acid), pickles (vinegar) or other acidified food are preserved with Benzoic Acid (E210) and benzoates.
Benzoic Acid (E210) is approved to use as food additive and cosmetics preservative in EU.
Benzoic Acid (E210) is also recognized as safe food substance in US.



PREPARATION OF BENZOIC ACID (E210)
Benzoic Acid (E210) was first made by benzoin glue dry distillation or alkaline hydrolysis, also can be made of hippuric acid hydrolysis.
Industry is Benzoic Acid (E210) in the presence of cobalt, manganese catalyst by air oxidation of toluene.Water or by phthalic anhydride, decarboxylation.

Potassium permanganate method a toluene + + water + potassium hydroxide, potassium benzoate + manganese dioxide + water (the water is in front of Benzoic Acid (E210) reaction environment) drugs and dosage: toluene 1.5 g (1.7 ml, 1.7 mol), potassium permanganate, 5 g (0.032 mol), hexadecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide operation process: 0.1 g with 100 ml round bottom flask.
The backflow devices.

To the reaction bottle, respectively, add 5 g potassium permanganate, 0.1 g hexadecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide, 1.7 ml toluene and 50 ml of water, stir heating boiling (vigorous stirring, violent boiling), maintain smooth reactants solution boiling.
When a large number of brown precipitate generated, potassium permanganate purple becomes shallow or disappear, toluene layer disappears, basic end of reaction.

Filter out manganese dioxide precipitate, the filtrate acid acidification, with thick salt precipitation Benzoic Acid (E210) precipitation, the suction filter crude product.
The coarse product water recrystallization.

Benzoic Acid (E210) is used in a boiling water bath drying, weighing, measuring its melting point.
Method 2 benzoic acid potassium + concentrated hydrochloric acid, Benzoic Acid (E210).




PRODUCTION OF BENZOIC ACID (E210)
*Industrial preparations:
Benzoic Acid (E210) is produced commercially by partial oxidation of toluene with oxygen.
The process is catalyzed by cobalt or manganese naphthenates.
The process uses abundant materials, and proceeds in high yield.


*toluene oxidation:
The first industrial process involved the reaction of benzotrichloride (trichloromethyl benzene) with calcium hydroxide in water, using iron or iron salts as catalyst.
The resulting calcium benzoate is converted to Benzoic Acid (E210) with hydrochloric acid.

The product contains significant amounts of chlorinated Benzoic Acid (E210) derivatives.
For this reason, Benzoic Acid (E210) for human consumption was obtained by dry distillation of gum benzoin.
Food-grade Benzoic Acid (E210) is now produced synthetically.


*Laboratory synthesis:
Benzoic Acid (E210) is cheap and readily available, so the laboratory synthesis of benzoic acid is mainly practiced for its pedagogical value.
Benzoic Acid (E210) is a common undergraduate preparation.

Benzoic Acid (E210) can be purified by recrystallization from water because of its high solubility in hot water and poor solubility in cold water.
The avoidance of organic solvents for the recrystallization makes this experiment particularly safe.
This process usually gives a yield of around 65%.


*By hydrolysis:
Like other nitriles and amides, benzonitrile and benzamide can be hydrolyzed to Benzoic Acid (E210) or its conjugate base in acid or basic conditions.


*From Grignard reagent:
Bromobenzene can be converted to Benzoic Acid (E210) by "carboxylation" of the intermediate phenylmagnesium bromide.
This synthesis offers a convenient exercise for students to carry out a Grignard reaction, an important class of carbon–carbon bond forming reaction in organic chemistry.


*Oxidation of benzyl compounds:
Benzyl alcohol and benzyl chloride and virtually all benzyl derivatives are readily oxidized to Benzoic Acid (E210).


*From benzaldehyde:
The base-induced disproportionation of benzaldehyde, the Cannizzaro reaction, affords equal amounts of benzoate and benzyl alcohol; the latter can be removed by distillation.


*From bromobenzene:
Bromobenzene can be converted to Benzoic Acid (E210) by "carboxylation" of the intermediate phenylmagnesium bromide.
This synthesis offers a convenient exercise for students to carry out a Grignard reaction, an important class of carbon–carbon bond forming reaction in organic chemistry.


*From benzyl alcohol:
Benzyl alcohol is refluxed with potassium permanganate or other oxidizing reagents in water.
The mixture is hot filtered to remove manganese dioxide and then allowed to cool to afford Benzoic Acid (E210).


*From benzyl chloride:
Benzoic Acid (E210) can be prepared by oxidation of benzyl chloride in the presence of alkaline KMnO4:
C6H5CH2Cl + 2 KOH + 2 [O] → C6H5COOH + KCl + H2O



HISTORY OF BENZOIC ACID (E210):
Benzoic Acid (E210) was discovered in the sixteenth century.
The dry distillation of gum benzoin was first described by Nostradamus (1556), and then by Alexius Pedemontanus (1560) and Blaise de Vigenère (1596).

Justus von Liebig and Friedrich Wöhler determined the composition of Benzoic Acid (E210).
These latter also investigated how hippuric acid is related to Benzoic Acid (E210).

In 1875 Salkowski discovered the antifungal properties of Benzoic Acid (E210), which was used for a long time in the preservation of benzoate-containing cloudberry fruits.



SOURCING OF BENZOIC ACID (E210):
Benzoic Acid (E210) can be created by deriving it from natural sources.
However, commercially, Benzoic Acid (E210) is typically created synthetically through liquid-phase oxidation of toluene (which is a product from petrochemical processing).



MANUFACTURING OF BENZOIC ACID (E210):
The additive is produced by using liquid-phase oxidation of the sourcing ingredient whilst also being exposed to oxygen and a cobalt catalyst.
Then, sublimation, recrystallization, and neutralization (as well as other processes) can be applied to purify the Benzoic Acid (E210) from any potential by-products that might have occurred during the manufacturing process (these by-products will typically include Benzyl Benzoate, Benzaldehyde, Benzyl Alcohol, Formic Acid, Acetic Acid).



ACCEPTABLE DAILY INTAKE OF BENZOIC ACID (E210):
Benzoic Acid (E210)’s recommended not to be used in amounts higher than 5 milligrams on every kilogram of body weight daily.



BENEFITS OF BENZOIC ACID (E210):
Benzoic Acid (E210) may help fight major depression, panic disorders, and other mental problems.
Benzoic Acid (E210) has various benefits when applied directly to the skin.



BIOLOGY AND HEALTH EFFECTS OF BENZOIC ACID (E210):
Benzoic Acid (E210) occurs naturally as do its esters in many plant and animal species.
Appreciable amounts are found in most berries (around 0.05%).
Ripe fruits of several Vaccinium species (e.g., cranberry, V. vitis macrocarpon; bilberry, V. myrtillus) contain as much as 0.03–0.13% free Benzoic Acid (E210).

Benzoic Acid (E210) is also formed in apples after infection with the fungus Nectria galligena.
Among animals, Benzoic Acid (E210) has been identified primarily in omnivorous or phytophageous species, e.g., in viscera and muscles of the rock ptarmigan (Lagopus muta) as well as in gland secretions of male muskoxen (Ovibos moschatus) or Asian bull elephants (Elephas Maximus).
Gum benzoin contains up to 20% of Benzoic Acid (E210) and 40% benzoic acid esters.



CHEMISTRY OF BENZOIC ACID (E210):
Reactions of Benzoic Acid (E210) can occur at either the aromatic ring or the carboxylic group:

*Aromatic ring
Electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction will take place mainly in 3-position to the electron-withdrawing carboxylic group.
The second substitution reaction (on the right) is slower because the first nitro group is deactivating.

Conversely, if an activating group (electron-donating) was introduced (e.g., alkyl), a second substitution reaction would occur more readily than the first and the disubstituted product might not accumulate to a significant extent.


*Carboxylic group
All the reactions mentioned for carboxylic acids are also possible for Benzoic Acid (E210).
Benzoic Acid (E210) esters are the product of the acid catalysed reaction with alcohols.

Benzoic Acid (E210) amides are more easily available by using activated acid derivatives (such as benzoyl chloride) or by coupling reagents used in peptide synthesis like DCC and DMAP.

The more active benzoic anhydride is formed by dehydration using acetic anhydride or phosphorus pentoxide.
Highly reactive acid derivatives such as acid halides are easily obtained by mixing with halogenation agents like phosphorus chlorides or thionyl chloride.
Orthoesters can be obtained by the reaction of alcohols under acidic water free conditions with benzonitrile.

Reduction to benzaldehyde and benzyl alcohol is possible using DIBAL-H, LiAlH4 or sodium borohydride.
The copper catalysed decarboxylation of benzoate to benzene may be effected by heating in quinoline.
Also, Hunsdiecker decoarboxylation can be achieved by forming the silver salt and heating.



FUNCTIONS AND APPLICATIONS OF BENZOIC ACID (E210):
In the food industry, Benzoic Acid (E210) and sodium benzoate can be used as preservatives for soy sauce, pickles, apple cider, fruit juice, feed, etc.
In drugs, cosmetics, toothpaste, fragrant powder, tobacco leaves, etc., Benzoic Acid (E210) and sodium benzoate are also used as preservatives.



HISTORY OF BENZOIC ACID (E210):
Benzoic Acid (E210) was discovered in the sixteenth century.
The dry distillation of gum benzoin was first described by Nostradamus (1556), and then by Alexius Pedemontanus (1560) and Blaise de Vigenère (1596).

Pioneer work in 1830 through a variety of experiences based on amygdalin, obtained from bitter almonds (the fruit of Prunus dulcis) oil by Pierre Robiquet and Antoine Boutron-Charlard, two French chemists, had produced benzaldehyde but they failed in working out a proper interpretation of the structure of amygdalin that would account for Benzoic Acid (E210), and thus missed the identification of the benzoyl radical C7H5O.

This last step was achieved some few months later (1832) by Justus von Liebig and Friedrich Wöhler, who determined the composition of Benzoic Acid (E210).
These latter also investigated how hippuric acid is related to Benzoic Acid (E210).
In 1875 Salkowski discovered the antifungal abilities of Benzoic Acid (E210), which was used for a long time in the preservation of benzoate-containing cloudberry fruits.

Benzoic Acid (E210) is also one of the chemical compounds found in castoreum.
Benzoic Acid (E210) is gathered from the castor sacs of the North American beaver.



MEDICINAL OF BENZOIC ACID (E210):
Benzoic Acid (E210) is a constituent of Whitfield Ointment which is used for the treatment of fungal skin diseases such as tinea, ringworm, and athlete's foot.



PURIFICATION OF BENZOIC ACID (E210):
Benzoic Acid (E210) is purified by recrystallisation of the crude product.
This involves dissolving the material and allowing Benzoic Acid (E210) to recrystallize (or re-solidify), leaving any impurities in solution and allowing the pure material to be isolated from the solution.



SYNTHESIS OF BENZOIC ACID (E210):
Benzoic Acid (E210) is used to make a large number of chemicals, important examples of which are:
Benzoyl chloride, C6H5C(O)Cl, is obtained by treatment of benzoic with thionyl chloride, phosgene or one of the chlorides of phosphorus.

C6H5C(O)Cl is an important starting material for several Benzoic Acid (E210) derivates like benzyl benzoate, which is used as artificial flavours and insect repellents.

Benzoyl peroxide, [C6H5C(O)O]2, is obtained by treatment with peroxide.
The peroxide is a radical starter in polymerization reactions and also a component in cosmetic products.

Benzoate plasticizers, such as the glycol-, diethylengylcol-, and triethyleneglycol esters are obtained by transesterification of methyl benzoate with the corresponding diol.

Alternatively these species arise by treatment of benzoylchloride with the diol.
These plasticizers are used similarly to those derived from terephthalic acid ester.

Phenol, C6H5OH, is obtained by oxidative decarboxylation at 300-400°C.
The temperature required can be lowered to 200°C by the addition of catalytic amounts of copper(II) salts.
The phenol can be converted to cyclohexanol, which is a starting material for nylon synthesis.



HISTORICAL PREPARATION OF BENZOIC ACID (E210):
The first industrial process involved the reaction of benzotrichloride (trichloromethyl benzene) with calcium hydroxide in water, using iron or iron salts as catalyst.
The resulting calcium benzoate is converted to Benzoic Acid (E210) with hydrochloric acid.

The product contains significant amounts of chlorinated Benzoic Acid (E210) derivatives.
For this reason, Benzoic Acid (E210) for human consumption was obtained by dry distillation of gum benzoin.
Food-grade Benzoic Acid (E210) is now produced synthetically.



PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of BENZOIC ACID (E210):
CAS Number: 65-85-0
Molecular Weight: 122.12
Beilstein: 636131
EC Number: 200-618-2
MDL number: MFCD00002398
Appearance: White or Yellowish Flakes
Chemical formula: C7H6O2
Molar mass: 122.123 g/mol
Appearance: Colorless crystalline solid
Odor: Faint, pleasant odor
Density: 1.2659 g/cm3 (15 °C)
1.0749 g/cm3 (130 °C)
Melting point: 122 °C (252 °F; 395 K)
Boiling point: 250 °C (482 °F; 523 K)
Solubility in water: 1.7 g/L (0 °C)
2.7 g/L (18 °C)
3.44 g/L (25 °C)
5.51 g/L (40 °C)
21.45 g/L (75 °C)
56.31 g/L (100 °C)

Solubility: Soluble in acetone, benzene, CCl4, CHCl3, alcohol,
ethyl ether, hexane, phenyls, liquid ammonia, acetates
Solubility in methanol: 30 g/100 g (−18 °C)
32.1 g/100 g (−13 °C)
71.5 g/100 g (23 °C)
Solubility in ethanol: 25.4 g/100 g (−18 °C)
47.1 g/100 g (15 °C)
52.4 g/100 g (19.2 °C)
55.9 g/100 g (23 °C)
Solubility in acetone: 54.2 g/100 g (20 °C)
Solubility in olive oil: 4.22 g/100 g (25 °C)
Solubility in 1,4-dioxane: 55.3 g/100 g (25 °C)
log P: 1.87
Vapor pressure: 0.16 Pa (25 °C)
0.19 kPa (100 °C)
22.6 kPa (200 °C)

Acidity: (pKa)
4.202 (H2O)
11.02 (DMSO)
Magnetic susceptibility (χ): −70.28·10−6 cm3/mol
Refractive index (nD): 1.5397 (20 °C)
1.504 (132 °C)
Viscosity: 1.26 mPa (130 °C)
Structure:
Crystal structure: Monoclinic
Molecular shape: Planar
Dipole moment: 1.72 D in dioxane
Thermochemistry:
Heat capacity (C): 146.7 J/mol·K[4]
Std molar entropy (S⦵298): 167.6 J/mol·K
Std enthalpy of formation (ΔfH⦵298): −385.2 kJ/mol
Std enthalpy of combustion (ΔcH⦵298): −3228 kJ/mol

Physical state: crystalline
Color: white
Odor: No data available
Melting point/freezing point:
Melting point/range: 121 - 125 °C - lit.
Initial boiling point and boiling range: 249 °C - lit.
Flammability (solid, gas): No data available
Upper/lower flammability or explosive limits: No data available
Flash point: No data available
Autoignition temperature: No data available
Decomposition temperature: No data available
pH: 2,8 at 25 °C
Viscosity
Viscosity, kinematic: No data available
Viscosity, dynamic: No data available
Water solubility: No data available

Partition coefficient: n-octanol/water:
log Pow: 1,88 - Bioaccumulation is not expected.
Vapor pressure: No data available
Density: 1,26 g/cm3 at 15 °C
Relative density: No data available
Relative vapor density: No data available
Particle characteristics: No data available
Explosive properties: No data available
Oxidizing properties: none
Other safety information:
Surface tension: 67,5 mN/m at 1g/l at 20 °C
Relative vapor density: 4,22 - (Air = 1.0)
Loss on drying: ≤0.5% after drying for three hours over sulphuric acid
Melting range: 121.5-123.5°C
PH: About 4 (solution in water)
Appearance of solution: Clarification, colorless
Shelf life: 2 years



FIRST AID MEASURES of BENZOIC ACID (E210):
-Description of first-aid measures:
*General advice:
Show this material safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
*If inhaled:
After inhalation:
Fresh air.
Call in physician.
*In case of skin contact:
Take off immediately all contaminated clothing.
Rinse skin with water/ shower.
*In case of eye contact:
After eye contact:
Rinse out with plenty of water.
Immediately call in ophthalmologist.
Remove contact lenses.
*If swallowed:
After swallowing:
Immediately make victim drink water (two glasses at most).
Consult a physician.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed:
No data available



ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of BENZOIC ACID (E210):
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Cover drains.
Collect, bind, and pump off spills.
Observe possible material restrictions.
Take up dry.
Dispose of properly.
Clean up affected area.



FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of BENZOIC ACID (E210):
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Water
Foam
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Dry powder
*Unsuitable extinguishing media:
For this substance/mixture no limitations of extinguishing agents are given.
-Further information:
Prevent fire extinguishing water from contaminating surface water or the ground water system.



EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of BENZOIC ACID (E210):
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use equipment for eye protection.
Tightly fitting safety goggles
*Skin protection:
Full contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Splash contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
*Body Protection:
protective clothing
*Respiratory protection:
Recommended Filter type: Filter type P2
-Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.



HANDLING and STORAGE of BENZOIC ACID (E210):
Precautions for safe handling:
*Advice on safe handling:
Work under hood.
*Hygiene measures:
Immediately change contaminated clothing.
Apply preventive skin protection.
Wash hands and face after working with substance.
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
Storage conditions:
Tightly closed.
Dry.
Keep in a well-ventilated place.
Keep locked up or in an area accessible only to qualified or authorized persons.



STABILITY and REACTIVITY of BENZOIC ACID (E210):
-Chemical stability:
The product is chemically stable under standard ambient conditions (room temperature) .
-Conditions to avoid:
no information available
-Incompatible materials:
No data available




BENZOIC ACID (SODIUM BENZOATE)
Benzoic acid (Sodium benzoate) appears as a white crystalline solid.
Benzoic acid (Sodium benzoate) is slightly soluble in water.


CAS Number: 65-85-0
EC Number: 200-618-2
MDL number: MFCD00002398
E Number: E210
Linear Formula: C6H5COOH
Chemical formula: C7H6O2



SYNONYMS:
Benzenecarboxylic acid, Carboxybenzene, Benzoic acid, Benzenecarboxylic acid, Carboxybenzene, E210, Dracylic acid, Phenylmethanoic acid, Phenylcarboxylic acid, Benzoyl alcohol, Benzoylic acid, Carboxylbenzene, Hydrogenphenic acid, Phenoic acid, Benzenecarboxylic acid, dracylic acid, phenylcarboxylic acid, Carboxybenzene, E210, Dracylic acid, Phenylmethanoic acid, BzOH, Benzenecarboxylic acid, Benzeneformic acid, Benzenemethanoic acid, Benzoesaeure GK, Benzoesaeure GV, Carboxybenzene, Dracylic acid, Phenylcarboxylic acid, Phenylformic acid, Retarder BA, Retardex, Salvo, liquid, Solvo, powder, Tenn-Plas, Acide benzoique, Benzoic acid, tech., Kyselina benzoova, Benzoesaeure, Salvo powder, E 210, HA 1, HA 1 (acid), Phenylcarboxy, Benzenemethonic acid, Diacylic acid, Flowers of benjamin, Flowers of benzoin, Oracylic acid, Retarder BAX, NSC 149, sodium benzoate, 532-32-1, Sobenate, Antimol, Benzoic acid, sodium salt, Benzoic acid sodium salt, Benzoate sodium, Benzoate of soda, Benzoate, sodium, sodium;benzoate, Natrium benzoicum, FEMA No. 3025, Fuminaru, Benzoan sodny, Caswell No. 746, Microcare sb, PUROX S, FEMA Number 3025, CCRIS 3921, HSDB 696, Benzoesaeure (na-salz), UNII-OJ245FE5EU, EINECS 208-534-8, OJ245FE5EU, benzoic acid sodium, EPA Pesticide Chemical Code 009103, INS NO.211, DTXSID1020140, E211, AI3-07835, INS-211, MFCD00012463, DTXCID90140, Sodiumbenzoate, E-211, CHEBI:113455, EC 208-534-8, AMMONUL COMPONENT SODIUM BENZOATE, UCEPHAN COMPONENT SODIUM BENZOATE, SODIUM BENZOATE (II), SODIUM BENZOATE [II], SODIUM BENZOATE (MART.), SODIUM BENZOATE [MART.], SODIUM BENZOATE (USP-RS), SODIUM BENZOATE [USP-RS], Benzoan sodny [Czech], SODIUM BENZOATE (EP MONOGRAPH), SODIUM BENZOATE [EP MONOGRAPH], Benzoesaeure (na-salz) [German], s panax mist, BzONa, Sodium benzoate [USAN:JAN], monosodium benzoate, Sodium Benzoate,(S), Sodium benzoate (TN), s panax mist for refill, s panax all in one mist, SCHEMBL823, CHEMBL1356, SODIUM BENZOATE [MI], Sodium benzoate (JP17/NF), SODIUM BENZOATE [FCC], SODIUM BENZOATE [JAN], SODIUM BENZOATE [FHFI], SODIUM BENZOATE [HSDB], SODIUM BENZOATE [USAN], SODIUM BENZOATE [VANDF], SODIUM BENZOATE [WHO-DD], Benzoic acid, sodium salt (1:1), HY-Y1316, Tox21_300125, SODIUM BENZOATE [ORANGE BOOK], AKOS003053000, AKOS015890021, CCG-266169, NCGC00254072-01, CAS-532-32-1, DA-57965, SODIUM BENZOATE COMPONENT OF AMMONUL, SODIUM BENZOATE COMPONENT OF UCEPHAN, CS-0017788, NS00074364, S0593, D02277, A829462, Q423971, J-519752



Benzoic acid (Sodium benzoate) is a fungistatic compound that is widely used as a food preservative.
Benzoic acid (Sodium benzoate) is conjugated to GLYCINE in the liver and excreted as hippuric acid.
Benzoic acid (Sodium benzoate), a white, crystalline organic compound belonging to the family of carboxylic acids, widely used as a food preservative and in the manufacture of various cosmetics, dyes, plastics, and insect repellents.


Benzoic acid (Sodium benzoate) appears as a white crystalline solid.
Benzoic acid (Sodium benzoate) is slightly soluble in water.


Benzoic acid (Sodium benzoate) is a compound comprising a benzene ring core carrying a carboxylic acid substituent.
Benzoic acid (Sodium benzoate) has a role as an antimicrobial food preservative, an EC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor, an EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor, a plant metabolite, a human xenobiotic metabolite, an algal metabolite and a drug allergen.


Benzoic acid (Sodium benzoate) is a conjugate acid of a benzoate.
Benzoic acid (Sodium benzoate) is a fungistatic compound that is widely used as a food preservative.
Benzoic acid (Sodium benzoate) is conjugated to GLYCINE in the liver and excreted as hippuric acid.


Benzoic acid (Sodium benzoate) is used as a treatment for urea cycle disorders due to its ability to bind amino acids. This leads to excretion of these amino acids and a decrease in ammonia levels.
Recent research shows that Benzoic acid (Sodium benzoate) may be beneficial as an add-on therapy (1 gram/day) in schizophrenia.


Total Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale scores dropped by 21% compared to placebo.
Benzoic acid (Sodium benzoate) is a Nitrogen Binding Agent. The mechanism of action of Benzoic acid (Sodium benzoate) is as an Ammonium Ion Binding Activity.


Benzoic acid (Sodium benzoate) is a natural product found in Desmos chinensis, Paeonia emodi, and other organisms with data available.
Benzoic acid (Sodium benzoate), C6H5COOH, is a colourless crystalline solid and the simplest aromatic carboxylic acid.
First described in the 16th century, Benzoic acid (Sodium benzoate) exists in many plants; it makes up about 20 percent of gum benzoin, a vegetable resin.


Benzoic acid (Sodium benzoate) was first prepared synthetically about 1860 from compounds derived from coal tar.
Benzoic acid (Sodium benzoate) is commercially manufactured by the chemical reaction of toluene (a hydrocarbon obtained from petroleum) with oxygen at temperatures around 200° C (about 400° F) in the presence of cobalt and manganese salts as catalysts.


Pure Benzoic acid (Sodium benzoate) melts at 122° C (252° F) and is very slightly soluble in water.
Benzoic acid (Sodium benzoate) is a mono-functional, aromatic acid, which is widely used as a building block for the synthesis of alkyd resins.
Benzoic acid (Sodium benzoate) is a moderately strong, white crystalline powder that is used as a preservative in soft drinks.


Benzoic acid (Sodium benzoate) delays the growth of certain microorganisms and does not affect the taste or odor of the drink.
Benzoic acid (Sodium benzoate) is very pH dependent.
While Benzoic acid (Sodium benzoate) shows some activity up to pH 6 (about 1.55%), it is most active at pH 3 (94%).


As Benzoic acid (Sodium benzoate), it is considered to be primarily an anti-fungal, but it shows some activity against bacteria.
Benzoic acid (Sodium benzoate) is poor against pseudomonads.
Benzoic acid (Sodium benzoate) is inactivated by non-ionics and by raising the pH.


Benzoic acid (Sodium benzoate) is an organic compound present in plant and animal tissues, which can also be produced by microorganisms.
Benzoic acid (Sodium benzoate) protects against yeasts, moulds, and certain types of bacteria and is a naturally occurring chemical found in a range of fruits, vegetables and dairy products.


Benzoic acid (Sodium benzoate) is an organic compound which is described by the chemical formula C6H5COOH.
Benzoic acid (Sodium benzoate) consists of a carboxyl group attached to a benzene ring.
Therefore, Benzoic acid (Sodium benzoate) is said to be an aromatic carboxylic acid.


Benzoic acid (Sodium benzoate) exists as a crystalline, colourless solid under normal conditions.
The term ‘benzoate’ refers to the esters and salts of C6H5COOH.
The commercial production of Benzoic acid (Sodium benzoate) is done via the partial oxidation of toluene with oxygen, catalyzed by manganese or cobalt naphthenates.


Another industrial method of preparing Benzoic acid (Sodium benzoate) is by reacting tri-chlorotoluene with calcium hydroxide in the presence of water, and the treatment of the calcium benzoate product with hydrochloric acid.
Benzoic acid (Sodium benzoate) is determined by HPLC.


Benzoic acid (Sodium benzoate) /bɛnˈzoʊ.ɪk/ is a white (or colorless) solid organic compound with the formula C6H5COOH, whose structure consists of a benzene ring (C6H6) with a carboxyl (−C(=O)OH) substituent.
The benzoyl group is often abbreviated "Bz" (not to be confused with "Bn" which is used for benzyl), thus Benzoic acid (Sodium benzoate) is also denoted as BzOH, since the benzoyl group has the formula –C6H5CO.


Benzoic acid (Sodium benzoate) is the simplest aromatic carboxylic acid.
Benzoic acid (Sodium benzoate) occurs naturally in many plants and serves as an intermediate in the biosynthesis of many secondary metabolites.
Salts of Benzoic acid (Sodium benzoate) are used as food preservatives.


Benzoic acid (Sodium benzoate) is an important precursor for the industrial synthesis of many other organic substances.
The salts and esters of Benzoic acid (Sodium benzoate) are known as benzoates /ˈbɛnzoʊ.eɪt/.
Benzoic acid (Sodium benzoate) is a preservative.


Benzoic acid (Sodium benzoate) is bacteriostatic and fungistatic under acidic conditions.
Benzoic acid (Sodium benzoate) is also found in alcohol-based mouthwash and silver polish.
Benzoic acid (Sodium benzoate) can also be found in cough syrups like Robitussin.


Benzoic acid (Sodium benzoate) is declared on a product label as 'Benzoic acid (Sodium benzoate)' or E211.
Benzoic acid (Sodium benzoate) is also used in fireworks as a fuel in whistle mix, a powder which imparts a whistling noise when compressed into a tube and ignited.



USES and APPLICATIONS of BENZOIC ACID (SODIUM BENZOATE):
Foods in which Benzoic acid (Sodium benzoate) may be used and maximum levels for its application are controlled by local food laws.
Among the derivatives of Benzoic acid (Sodium benzoate) are sodium benzoate, a salt used as a food preservative; benzyl benzoate, an ester used as a miticide; and benzoyl peroxide, used in bleaching flour and in initiating chemical reactions for preparing certain plastics.


Benzoic acid (Sodium benzoate) occurs naturally free and bound as it esters in many plant and animal species. Appreciable amounts have been found in most berries (around 0.05%).
Cranberries contain as much as 300-1300 mg free Benzoic acid (Sodium benzoate) per kg fruit.


Typical concentrations of Benzoic acid (Sodium benzoate) as a preservative in food are between 0.05 and 0.1%.
Benzoic acid (Sodium benzoate) is a fungistatic compound that is widely used as a food preservative.
Benzoic acid (Sodium benzoate) often is conjugated to glycine in the liver and excreted as hippuric acid.


Benzoic acid (Sodium benzoate) is a byproduct of phenylalanine metabolism in bacteria.
Benzoic acid (Sodium benzoate) is also produced when gut bacteria process polyphenols (from ingested fruits or beverages).
Benzoic acid (Sodium benzoate) is used to make other chemicals, as a food preservative, and for other uses.


Synthetically, Benzoic acid (Sodium benzoate) and a wide range of derivatives and related benzenic compounds, such as salts, alkyl esters, parabens, benzyl alcohol, benzaldehyde, and benzoyl peroxide, are commonly used as antibacterial and antifungal preservatives and as flavouring agents in food, cosmetic, hygiene, and pharmaceutical products.


When used as a component of alkyd resins, Benzoic acid (Sodium benzoate) improves gloss, hardness and chemical resistance.
However, due to Benzoic acid (Sodium benzoate)'s low solubility in water, the water-soluble salt sodium benzoate is used instead.
Sodium benzoate increases the acidity of the soft drink, forming Benzoic acid (Sodium benzoate) which has preserving properties.


The primary use of Benzoic acid (Sodium benzoate) is in the industrial production of the aromatic compound phenol.
This is done via a process known as oxidative decarboxylation.
Benzoic acid (Sodium benzoate) can be noted that the ideal temperature under which this process can be carried out is in the range of 300 to 400 °C.


Also, Benzoic acid (Sodium benzoate) and its salts are widely used in the food industry as food preservatives.
The production of phenol involves the use of Benzoic acid (Sodium benzoate).
Benzoic acid (Sodium benzoate) is used in ointments that prevent or treat fungal skin diseases.


Benzoic acid (Sodium benzoate) is used as a preservative in the food industry.
Benzoic acid (Sodium benzoate) is an ingredient in many cosmetic products, such as lipsticks.
Benzoic acid (Sodium benzoate) is also a precursor to benzoyl chloride, which finds its application in making other chemicals, dyes, perfumes, herbicides and medicines.


If Benzoic acid (Sodium benzoate) is used as a preservative, the pH of the finished product may need to be lowered enough to release the free acid for useful activity.
One of the components of toothpaste, mouthwash, and face wash creams is C6H5


Benzoic acid (Sodium benzoate) is also used in the manufacture of dyes and in insect repellants.
Benzoic acid (Sodium benzoate) is used most prevalently in acidic foods such as salad dressings (vinegar), carbonated drinks (carbonic acid), jams and fruit juices (citric acid), pickles (vinegar), and condiments.


Benzoic acid (Sodium benzoate) is often combined with Potassium Sorbate in low pH products to provide a synergistic preservative effect against yeast and mold.
Benzoic acid (Sodium benzoate) is not a broad spectrum preservative for cosmetic use and should be combined with other preservatives.


-Benzoic acid (Sodium benzoate) is mainly consumed in the production of phenol by oxidative decarboxylation at 300−400 °C:
C6H5CO2H+12O2⟶C6H5OH+CO2
The temperature required can be lowered to 200 °C by the addition of catalytic amounts of copper(II) salts.
The phenol can be converted to cyclohexanol, which is a starting material for nylon synthesis.



FUNCTIONS AND APPLICATIONS OF BENZOIC ACID (SODIUM BENZOATE):
1、Benzoic acid (Sodium benzoate) is widely used in food industry as a food preservative.

2、Benzoic acid (Sodium benzoate) is used as a preservative for soy sauce, vinegar, low salt sauces, juice, jam, fruit wine, canned food, soda water, beverage syrup, tobacco and so on.

3、The pharmaceutical industry is used to prepare Benzoic acid (Sodium benzoate) sedatives and other antiseptic drugs.

4、Benzoic acid (Sodium benzoate) is also used for anticorrosive paper, latex paint, shoeshine, glue and fabric.

5、Benzoic acid (Sodium benzoate) can also be used to make mordant in dyestuff industry, plasticizer in plastic industry and raw material for perfume industry.

6、As a chemical reagent, Benzoic acid (Sodium benzoate) is used as a cosolvent for serum bilirubin test.



PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF BENZOIC ACID (SODIUM BENZOATE):
Benzoic acid (Sodium benzoate) has a colourless appearance in its solid state, which is of a crystalline nature.
The crystal structure of Benzoic acid (Sodium benzoate) is monoclinic.
The presence of the aromatic ring gives Benzoic acid (Sodium benzoate) a faintly pleasant odour.
At a temperature of 130oC, the density of Benzoic acid (Sodium benzoate) reduces to 1.075 grams per cubic centimetre.



CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF BENZOIC ACID (SODIUM BENZOATE):
Benzoic acid (Sodium benzoate) is soluble in water, and the solubility at 25oC and 100oC is 3.44 g/L and 56.31 g/L respectively.
Benzoic acid (Sodium benzoate) is soluble in benzene, carbon tetrachloride, acetone, and alcohols.
The acid dissociation constant (pKa) of Benzoic acid (Sodium benzoate) corresponds to 4.2
Benzoic acid (Sodium benzoate)'s reactions can occur at the carboxyl group or even at the aromatic ring.



MEDICINAL OF BENZOIC ACID (SODIUM BENZOATE):
Benzoic acid (Sodium benzoate) is a constituent of ointment which is used for the treatment of fungal skin diseases such as ringworm and athlete's foot.
As the principal component of gum benzoin, Benzoic acid (Sodium benzoate) is also a major ingredient in both tincture of benzoin and Friar's balsam.
Such products have a long history of use as topical antiseptics and inhalant decongestants.

Benzoic acid (Sodium benzoate) was used as an expectorant, analgesic, and antiseptic in the early 20th century.
Niche and laboratory uses of Benzoic acid (Sodium benzoate): In teaching laboratories, Benzoic acid (Sodium benzoate) is a common standard for calibrating a bomb calorimeter.



PRECURSOR TO PLASTICIZERS OF BENZOIC ACID (SODIUM BENZOATE):
Benzoate plasticizers, such as the glycol-, diethyleneglycol-, and triethyleneglycol esters, are obtained by transesterification of methyl benzoate with the corresponding diol.
These plasticizers, which are used similarly to those derived from terephthalic acid ester, represent alternatives to phthalates.



PPRECURSOR TO BENZOIC ACID (SODIUM BENZOATE) AND RELATED PRESERVATIVES:
Benzoic acid (Sodium benzoate) and its salts are used as food preservatives, represented by the E numbers E210, E211, E212, and E213.
Benzoic acid (Sodium benzoate) inhibits the growth of mold, yeast[23] and some bacteria.
Benzoic acid (Sodium benzoate) is either added directly or created from reactions with its sodium, potassium, or calcium salt.

The mechanism starts with the absorption of Benzoic acid (Sodium benzoate) into the cell.
If the intracellular pH changes to 5 or lower, the anaerobic fermentation of glucose through phosphofructokinase is decreased by 95%.

The efficacy of Benzoic acid (Sodium benzoate) and benzoate is thus dependent on the pH of the food.
Benzoic acid (Sodium benzoate), benzoates and their derivatives are used as preservatives for acidic foods and beverages such as citrus fruit juices (citric acid), sparkling drinks (carbon dioxide), soft drinks (phosphoric acid), pickles (vinegar) and other acidified foods.



REACTIONS OF BENZOIC ACID (SODIUM BENZOATE):
Reactions of Benzoic acid (Sodium benzoate) can occur at either the aromatic ring or at the carboxyl group.


Aromatic ring:
Benzoic acid (Sodium benzoate) aromatic ring reactions
Electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction will take place mainly in 3-position due to the electron-withdrawing carboxylic group; i.e. Benzoic acid (Sodium benzoate) is meta directing.


Carboxyl group:
Reactions typical for carboxylic acids apply also to Benzoic acid (Sodium benzoate).
Benzoate esters are the product of the acid catalysed reaction with alcohols.

Benzoic acid (Sodium benzoate) amides are usually prepared from benzoyl chloride.
Dehydration to benzoic anhydride is induced with acetic anhydride or phosphorus pentoxide.

Highly reactive acid derivatives such as acid halides are easily obtained by mixing with halogenation agents like phosphorus chlorides or thionyl chloride.
Orthoesters can be obtained by the reaction of alcohols under acidic water free conditions with benzonitrile.

Reduction to benzaldehyde and benzyl alcohol is possible using DIBAL-H, LiAlH4 or sodium borohydride.
Decarboxylation to benzene may be effected by heating in quinoline in the presence of copper salts.
Hunsdiecker decarboxylation can be achieved by heating the silver salt.



STRUCTURE OF BENZOIC ACID (SODIUM BENZOATE):
The structure of a Benzoic acid (Sodium benzoate) molecule is illustrated below.
This molecule consists of a benzene ring to which a carboxyl functional group is linked.
The molecule consists of 7 carbon atoms, 6 hydrogen atoms, and 2 oxygen atoms.



LABOROTORY SYNTHESIS OF BENZOIC ACID (SODIUM BENZOATE):
It is cheap and readily available, so the laboratory synthesis of Benzoic acid (Sodium benzoate) is mainly practiced for its pedagogical value.
Benzoic acid (Sodium benzoate) is a common undergraduate preparation.

Benzoic acid (Sodium benzoate) can be purified by recrystallization from water because of its high solubility in hot water and poor solubility in cold water.
The avoidance of organic solvents for the recrystallization makes this experiment particularly safe.
This process usually gives a yield of around 65%.

By hydrolysis;
Like other nitriles and amides, benzonitrile and benzamide can be hydrolyzed to Benzoic acid (Sodium benzoate) or its conjugate base in acid or basic conditions.

From Grignard reagent;
Bromobenzene can be converted to Benzoic acid (Sodium benzoate) by "carboxylation" of the intermediate phenylmagnesium bromide.
This synthesis offers a convenient exercise for students to carry out a Grignard reaction, an important class of carbon–carbon bond forming reaction in organic chemistry.

Oxidation of benzyl compounds;
Benzyl alcohol and benzyl chloride and virtually all benzyl derivatives are readily oxidized to Benzoic acid (Sodium benzoate).



PRODUCTION OF BENZOIC ACID (SODIUM BENZOATE):
Industrial preparations;
Benzoic acid (Sodium benzoate) is produced commercially by partial oxidation of toluene with oxygen.
The process is catalyzed by cobalt or manganese naphthenates.
The process uses abundant materials, and proceeds in high yield.


toluene oxidation;
The first industrial process involved the reaction of benzotrichloride (trichloromethyl benzene) with calcium hydroxide in water, using iron or iron salts as catalyst.
The resulting calcium benzoate is converted to Benzoic acid (Sodium benzoate) with hydrochloric acid.

The product contains significant amounts of chlorinated Benzoic acid (Sodium benzoate) derivatives.
For this reason, Benzoic acid (Sodium benzoate) for human consumption was obtained by dry distillation of gum benzoin.
Food-grade Benzoic acid (Sodium benzoate) is now produced synthetically.



HISTORY OF BENZOIC ACID (SODIUM BENZOATE):
Benzoic acid (Sodium benzoate) was discovered in the sixteenth century.
The dry distillation of gum benzoin was first described by Nostradamus (1556), and then by Alexius Pedemontanus (1560) and Blaise de Vigenère (1596).
Justus von Liebig and Friedrich Wöhler determined the composition of Benzoic acid (Sodium benzoate).

These latter also investigated how hippuric acid is related to Benzoic acid (Sodium benzoate).
In 1875 Salkowski discovered the antifungal properties of Benzoic acid (Sodium benzoate), which was used for a long time in the preservation of benzoate-containing cloudberry fruits.



PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of BENZOIC ACID (SODIUM BENZOATE):
CAS Number: 65-85-0
Molecular Weight: 122.12
Beilstein: 636131
EC Number: 200-618-2
MDL number: MFCD00002398
Appearance: White or Yellowish Flakes
Chemical formula: C7H6O2
Molar mass: 122.123 g/mol
Appearance: Colorless crystalline solid

Odor: Faint, pleasant odor
Density: 1.2659 g/cm3 (15 °C)
1.0749 g/cm3 (130 °C)
Melting point: 122 °C (252 °F; 395 K)
Boiling point: 250 °C (482 °F; 523 K)
Solubility in water: 1.7 g/L (0 °C)
2.7 g/L (18 °C)
3.44 g/L (25 °C)
5.51 g/L (40 °C)
21.45 g/L (75 °C)
56.31 g/L (100 °C)

Solubility: Soluble in acetone, benzene, CCl4, CHCl3, alcohol,
ethyl ether, hexane, phenyls, liquid ammonia, acetates
Solubility in methanol: 30 g/100 g (−18 °C)
32.1 g/100 g (−13 °C)
71.5 g/100 g (23 °C)
Solubility in ethanol: 25.4 g/100 g (−18 °C)
47.1 g/100 g (15 °C)
52.4 g/100 g (19.2 °C)
55.9 g/100 g (23 °C)

Solubility in acetone: 54.2 g/100 g (20 °C)
Solubility in olive oil: 4.22 g/100 g (25 °C)
Solubility in 1,4-dioxane: 55.3 g/100 g (25 °C)
log P: 1.87
Vapor pressure: 0.16 Pa (25 °C)
0.19 kPa (100 °C)
22.6 kPa (200 °C)
Acidity: (pKa)
4.202 (H2O)
11.02 (DMSO)

Magnetic susceptibility (χ): −70.28·10−6 cm3/mol
Refractive index (nD): 1.5397 (20 °C)
1.504 (132 °C)
Viscosity: 1.26 mPa (130 °C)
Structure:
Crystal structure: Monoclinic
Molecular shape: Planar
Dipole moment: 1.72 D in dioxane
Thermochemistry:
Heat capacity (C): 146.7 J/mol·K

Std molar entropy (S⦵298): 167.6 J/mol·K
Std enthalpy of formation (ΔfH⦵298): −385.2 kJ/mol
Std enthalpy of combustion (ΔcH⦵298): −3228 kJ/mol
Physical state: crystalline
Color: white
Odor: No data available
Melting point/freezing point:
Melting point/range: 121 - 125 °C - lit.
Initial boiling point and boiling range: 249 °C - lit.
Flammability (solid, gas): No data available

Upper/lower flammability or explosive limits: No data available
Flash point: No data available
Autoignition temperature: No data available
Decomposition temperature: No data available
pH: 2,8 at 25 °C
Viscosity
Viscosity, kinematic: No data available
Viscosity, dynamic: No data available
Water solubility: No data available

Partition coefficient: n-octanol/water:
log Pow: 1,88 - Bioaccumulation is not expected.
Vapor pressure: No data available
Density: 1,26 g/cm3 at 15 °C
Relative density: No data available
Relative vapor density: No data available
Particle characteristics: No data available

Explosive properties: No data available
Oxidizing properties: none
Other safety information:
Surface tension: 67,5 mN/m at 1g/l at 20 °C
Relative vapor density: 4,22 - (Air = 1.0)
Loss on drying: ≤0.5% after drying for three hours over sulphuric acid
Melting range: 121.5-123.5°C
PH: About 4 (solution in water)

Appearance of solution: Clarification, colorless
Shelf life: 2 years
Water Solubility: 12.2 mg/mL
logP: 1.29
logP: 1.63
logS: -1.1
pKa (Strongest Acidic): 4.08
Physiological Charge: -1
Hydrogen Acceptor Count: 2
Hydrogen Donor Count: 0
Polar Surface Area: 40.13 Ų
Rotatable Bond Count: 1

Refractivity: 44.15 m³·mol⁻¹
Polarizability: 11.53 ų
Number of Rings: 1
Bioavailability: 1
Rule of Five: Yes
Ghose Filter: No
Veber's Rule: No
MDDR-like Rule: No
Benzoic Acid Formula: C7H6O2 or C6H5COOH
Molecular Weight/ Molar Mass: 122.12 g/mol
Density: 1.27 g/cm³ at 15°C
Boiling Point: 523 K
Melting Point: 395 K



FIRST AID MEASURES of BENZOIC ACID (SODIUM BENZOATE):
-Description of first-aid measures:
*General advice:
Show this material safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
*If inhaled:
After inhalation:
Fresh air.
Call in physician.
*In case of skin contact:
Take off immediately all contaminated clothing.
Rinse skin with water/ shower.
*In case of eye contact:
After eye contact:
Rinse out with plenty of water.
Immediately call in ophthalmologist.
Remove contact lenses.
*If swallowed:
After swallowing:
Immediately make victim drink water (two glasses at most).
Consult a physician.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed:
No data available



ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of BENZOIC ACID (SODIUM BENZOATE):
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Cover drains.
Collect, bind, and pump off spills.
Observe possible material restrictions.
Take up dry.
Dispose of properly.
Clean up affected area.



FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of BENZOIC ACID (SODIUM BENZOATE):
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Water
Foam
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Dry powder
*Unsuitable extinguishing media:
For this substance/mixture no limitations of extinguishing agents are given.
-Further information:
Prevent fire extinguishing water from contaminating surface water or the ground water system.



EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of BENZOIC ACID (SODIUM BENZOATE):
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use equipment for eye protection.
Tightly fitting safety goggles
*Skin protection:
Full contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Splash contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
*Body Protection:
protective clothing
*Respiratory protection:
Recommended Filter type: Filter type P2
-Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.



HANDLING and STORAGE of BENZOIC ACID (SODIUM BENZOATE):
-Precautions for safe handling:
*Advice on safe handling:
Work under hood.
*Hygiene measures:
Immediately change contaminated clothing.
Apply preventive skin protection.
Wash hands and face after working with substance.
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
Storage conditions:
Tightly closed.
Dry.
Keep in a well-ventilated place.
Keep locked up or in an area accessible only to qualified or authorized persons.



STABILITY and REACTIVITY of BENZOIC ACID (SODIUM BENZOATE):
-Chemical stability:
The product is chemically stable under standard ambient conditions (room temperature) .
-Conditions to avoid:
no information available
-Incompatible materials:
No data available


BENZOIN
Benzoin is the sap (gum resin) that comes from cuts in the trunk of trees that belong to the Styrax family.
Benzoin is used on the skin for ulcers, bed sores (pressure ulcers), cracked skin, and many other conditions, but there is no good scientific evidence to support these uses.
Benzoin is used in small quantities in foods as a flavoring.

CAS Number: 119-53-9
EC Number: 204-331-3
Chemical Formula: C6H5CH(OH)COC6H5
Molar Mass: 212.25 g/mol

Benzoin is acrid, impressively aromatic and has strong vanilla like smell.
Main components of Benzoin are benzaldehyde, benzoic acid, benzyl benzoate, cinnamic acid and vanillin.
The vanilla scent of the plant is due to vanillin.

Benzoic acid, named from the benzoin tree, provides the oil with Benzoins signature scent.
The phenilpropiolic acid in benzoin adds a balsamic note to the oil's aroma, while benzaldehyde adds an almond note.

The cinnamates present in the cinnamic acid is used as a flavouring agent and produce chocolate-like flavor.
The benzyl benzoate is commonly used medicinally and can be a strong insect repellent.

All these variety of chemical compounds constitute the various properties and subsequent benefits of the benzoin essential oil as discussed earlier.

Benzoin is a well established and reliable degassing agent for powder coatings.
During the curing of a powder coating film, the benzoin melts and chemically scavenges oxygen and promotes dissolution of gases into the resin to minimize bubble formation in the coating film.

Surface defects such as pinholes and other imperfections can be reduced or eliminated by incorporating 0.3 – 1.5% of benzoin into the powder coating formulation along with the other raw materials.
As with anyraw material, laboratory evaluation is required for each formulation to determine the best processing method and the optimum concentration of the additive.

Benzoin is an organic compound with the formula PhCHCPh.
Benzoin is a hydroxy ketone attached to two phenyl groups.

Benzoin appears as off-white crystals, with a light camphor-like odor.
Benzoin is synthesized from benzaldehyde in the benzoin condensation.

Benzoin is chiral and Benzoin exists as a pair of enantiomers: -benzoin and -benzoin.
Benzoin is not a constituent of benzoin resin obtained from the benzoin tree (Styrax) or tincture of benzoin.

The main component in these natural products is benzoic acid.
Benzoin was first reported in 1832 by Justus von Liebig and Friedrich Woehler during their research on oil of bitter almond, which is benzaldehyde with traces of hydrocyanic acid.

The catalytic synthesis by the benzoin condensation was improved by Nikolay Zinin during his time with Liebig.
Benzoin or 2-Hydroxy-2-phenylacetophenone or 2-Hydroxy-1,2-Diphenylethanone or desyl alcohol or bitter almond oil camphor is an organic compound consisting of an ethylene bridge flanked by phenyl groups and with a hydroxyl and a ketone functional group.

Benzoin comes as off-white crystals, with a light camphor odor.
Benzoin is synthesized from benzaldehyde in the benzoin condensation.

Benzoin is a resin that is derived from the bark of several species of trees in the genus Styrax.
Benzoin is used as a common ingredient in incense-making and perfumery.

Benzoin essential oil contains a range of chemical compounds that contributes to the oil's scent and healing properties.
While benzoin is often recommended for topical use, Benzoin is important to know that Benzoin is highly concentrated.
Benzoin's scent is highly versatile and compliments variety of other scents in many essential oil collections.

You may be in for a surprise when you smell benzoin essential oil for the very first time, because Benzoin smells a lot like vanilla.
This concentrated resinous oil is extracted from the gum resin of the benzoin tree (Styrax benzoin), which mainly grows in Malaysia, Indonesia, Sumatra and Java.
The tree is tapped and when Benzoin exudes gum resin, Benzoin is used to create the oil.

Benzoin trees are known to produce resin in this way for 15-20 years.
These trees can grow up to 50 feet tall as they are native to tropical regions.

When a benzoin tree is around seven years old, Benzoins bark can be tapped, much like a maple tree to collect the sap.
The resin is harvested as a gum from the tree, also by making a small cut in the bark, and the tree oozes the sap/resin out.

Once the crude tree resin is hardened, a solvent is added to extract the benzoin essential oil.
Benzoin essential oil offers more than just nice smell.

Often mentioned in aromatherapy guides, benzoin has an uplifting, warm scent that reminds many people of vanilla.
Benzoin is a great addition to any medicine cabinet due Benzoins variety of medicinal properties, which we will further discuss in detail.

Benzoin is the sap (gum resin) that comes from cuts in the trunk of trees that belong to the Styrax family.
Benzoin is used on the skin for ulcers, bed sores (pressure ulcers), cracked skin, and many other conditions, but there is no good scientific evidence to support these uses.
Benzoin is used in small quantities in foods as a flavoring.

There is some evidence that benzoin might act as a skin protectant and may also help to break up chest congestion by thinning mucous and making Benzoin easier to cough up.

Benzoin is the sap (gum resin) of trees that belong to the Styrax species.
Don’t confuse benzoin with Siam benzoin (Styrax tonkinensis), which is used only in manufacturing and not as a medicine.
People take benzoin by mouth for swelling (inflammation) of the throat and breathing passages.

Some people apply Benzoin directly to the skin to kill germs, reduce swelling, and stop bleeding from small cuts.
Benzoin is also used topically for skin ulcers, bedsores, and cracked skin.

In combination with other herbs (aloe, storax, and tolu balsam), benzoin is used as a skin protectant.
This combination is known as “compound benzoin tincture.”

By inhalation, benzoin is used to treat hoarseness (laryngitis), croup, and other respiratory conditions.
In dentistry, benzoin is used for swollen gums and herpes sores in the mouth.
In manufacturing, benzoin is used in making pharmaceutical drugs.

Benzoin resin is a balsamic resin obtained from the bark of several species of trees in the genus Styrax.
There are two common kinds of benzoin, benzoin Siam and benzoin Sumatra, that are obtained from different species of the Styrax tree.

While benzoin resin is used as a common ingredient in incense-making and perfumery, Benzoin is also used clinically as a mild antiseptic agent in over-the-counter products to clean sores, cuts, wounds, and skin abrasions as tincture of benzoin, or benzoin in a solution of alcohol.
Tincture of benzoin solution is a topical adhesive agent used to provide tackiness and enhance the adhesive property of tape.

Benzoin is a flavouring ingredient.
Benzoin is an organic compound with the formula PhCH(OH)C(O)Ph.

Benzoin is a hydroxy ketone attached to two phenyl groups.
Benzoin appears as off-white crystals, with a light camphor-like odor.

Benzoin is synthesized from benzaldehyde in the benzoin condensation.
Benzoin is chiral and Benzoin exists as a pair of enantiomers: (R)-benzoin and (S)-benzoin.

The economic and cultural roles of benzoin have undergone major changes in the last few decades.
Previously benzoin gardening was considered a high status activity which generated high incame and made farmer proud.
Nowadays some villages have abandoned the practices as other more profitable cash crops have displaced benzoin as an income source.

The younger generations perceives benzoin cultivation as a backward activity, preferring to work in their annual crop gardens or for wages.
Nevertheless some farmers remain attached to benzoin as they recognize Benzoin as Benzoin that gave life to their settlement and provided the means to educate generations of relatives.
From a conservation point of fiew, benzoin management represents low-intensity disturbance of the ecosystem and allows the effective accumulation of a forest species while maintaining the forest environment.

A reddish-brown, aromatic balsamic resin occurring in almondlike fragments and having a vanillalike odor, obtained from trees of the genus Styrax, especially S. benzoin, of Java, Sumatra, etc.: used in the manufacture of perfume and cosmetics and in medicine internally as an expectorant and externally as an antiseptic.
Also called benjamin, benjamin-bush.
Any plant belonging to the genus Lindera (Benzoin), of the laurel family, including the spicebush and similar aromatic plants.

A hard fragrant yellowish balsamic resin from trees (genus Styrax) of southeastern Asia used especially as a fixative in perfumes, as incense, and in medicine as an expectorant and skin protectant
A white crystalline hydroxy ketone C14H12O2 made from benzaldehyde

In common with balsam of Peru and balsam of tolu, this is an oil – tapped from a tree (Styrax benzoin), after deliberately damaging the bark.
Benzoin was first described in the 14th Century; the Arabs called benzoin ‘frankincense of Java’, and Benzoin’s had a seriously long tradition of use in pomanders, pot pourri, incense and soaps.
(Rather usefully, benzoin multi-tasks as an antiseptic and an inhalant, as well as a stypic, i.e. Benzoin actually stops minor wounds bleeding.)

Benzoin gives ‘body’ to many perfumes (Benzoin’s especially widely-used in ambrées) and is sweetly seductive.
As perfumer Alienor Massenet explains: ‘Benzoin is as suave as vanilla, and has a touch of cinnamon to Benzoin.
I use Benzoin for feminine and masculine fragrances: Benzoin gives an “openness” and sensuality to fragrances.

Our Benzoin has a rich, intensely sweet, warm, powdery, balsamic, vanilla-like aroma, with a subtle spicy/cinnamon-like undertone.
Benzoin is an effective fixative for the middle notes of perfume compositions, soaps, cosmetics and toiletries, while the raw material is used extensively in the manufacture of incense.

Benzoin is worthwhile to note that the addition of too much Benzoin can suppress the odor of other aromatic ingredients.
'Sweet, but not sugary', 'rich but not heavy' are the reasons why perfumers prize Benzoin.
Please be aware that because Benzoin is diluted with ethanol, Benzoin is not soluble in fixed (carrier/vegetal) oils or in fixed oil-based products.

Benzoin is a resinous tree in the Styracaceae family.
The genus Styrax contains about 130 species of trees and shrubs occurring in tropical to temperate climates with three main areas of distribution: southeastern Asia, southeastern North America to South America, and a single species in the Mediterranean.

To harvest Benzoin resin, farmers climb up to a height of 30 feet using rope ladders where an incision is made in the bark to make Benzoin 'weep' (release) the gum.
After about ten weeks this exudate forms 'tears'.

Apparently simple, but physically demanding, this is a skilled technique that will soon be lost, especially as synthetic chemicals replace real Benzoin.
When 7-10 years old, one tree can provide an average of up to 0.5 kilo of resin per year.
As Benzoin is, the yield is very low - 1.2 kilos of tears make 1 kilo of Benzoin resinoid.

Benzoin resin is a natural tree resin incense known as styrax benzoin, gum noble, cavi frankincense, benzoin gum or cavi noble.
Benzoin is harvested from Styrax type trees.
These trees grow widely in Thailand, Indonesia and Vietnam.

Benzoin has a soothing, refreshing, warm aroma.
Benzoin is often described by first-experiencers as a scent reminiscent of the scent of vanilla.
This resin incense, which is not known in our country yet, is widely used in negative energy cleansing and purification rituals in some parts of the world.

This special resin, which is also used in perfume making and handmade natural incense mixtures, is preferred as a base note in perfume recipes.
Cedar wood, cypress, sandalwood, wood, frankincense , myrrh , jasmine, juniper, rose, vetiver, Ginger, coriander, black pepper.
Benzoin is compatible with other citrus oils and fragrances such as lemon, orange, tangerine and bergamot.

Benzoin is an aromatic, evergreen tree growing from 8 - 34 metres tall with a slightly buttressed bole that can be from 10 - 100cm in diameter.
The plant excretes a fragrant balsam on being bruised.
This species is the main source of the fragrant gum, benzoin.

Traditionally, this has been gathered from the wild for local medicinal use.
Benzoin first gained popularity in Europe towards the end of the 16th century, and now finds extensive use worldwide as an incense and in the flavour, fragrance and pharmaceutical industries.

Benzoin is probably best known as an ingredient of the herbal preparation 'Friar's Balsam'.
Benzoin is cultivated for Benzoins gum in tropical Asia.

The easiest and most practical method of burning resin incense is to use incense (censer) charcoal.
When the incense coal is burned and turned into an ember, that is, when Benzoin is completely ready for use, Benzoin is sufficient to put a piece of cavi asilbent incense on the coal.

Benzoin incense can also be used on a censer.
In this way, the spread of the smell is slower, the smell comes out lighter.
Benzoin incense, which is in the category of stone frankincense, can also be heated in a pan or burned directly.

Benzoin resin is tapped from the Styrax benzoin tree when Benzoin reaches maturity (after 7 years old).
When cut the tree exudes the sap or benzoin resin.
This resin contains approximately one-third benzoic acid, a mild antimicrobial, which is sometimes used in food and cosmetics preservation.

Benzoin is commonly used in perfumery and functions as a fixative - Benzoin will anchor other scents.
Some say Benzoin has a warm, sweet aroma reminiscent of vanilla and caramel.

I think the crushed resin smells like chocolate.
The resin and extracts made from Benzoin have been used throughout antiquity, from the Arabia's and South Asia to China and was predominantly used for burning incense, perfumery and to treat minor medical problems.

Benzoins way over to the West and we started seeing Benzoin used for general health, as well as in beauty remedies.
In Georgian times, a tonic called Imperial water was used as a mouthwash for easing toothache.

Benzoin was also used as a face spritz to smooth wrinkles.
A combination of benzoin, balm of gilead, houseleek and wine was used in Virgins Milk, a remedy for blemished skin.

Historically, tincture of benzoin has been used to treat skin sores, cuts and blisters as an antiseptic and a styptic (an agent to stop bleeding.)

Benzoin is an off-white to yellow-white crystalline solid with an odor of camphor.
Benzoin has slightly acrid taste.

Benzoin may refer to:
Benzoin (organic compound), an organic compound with the formula PhCH(OH)C(O)Ph
Benzoin (resin), a balsamic resin obtained from the bark of several species of trees in the genus Styrax
Benzoin aldolase, an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction benzoin to benzaldehyde
Benzoin condensation, a reaction between two aromatic aldehydes
Benzoin odoriferum or Lindera benzoin, a shrub in the laurel family
Benzoin tree, the common name of Styrax, a genus of shrubs or trees in the family Styracaceae
Tincture of benzoin, a pungent solution of benzoin resin in ethanol

Applications of Benzoin:
Benzoin is used as a flavor, antiseptic, photopolymerization catalyst, and in organic syntheses.
Benzoin is used in organic syntheses

Benzoin is used as rinciply as a flavor ingredient.
Benzoin is photopolymerization catalyst.

Benzoin is used as int for alpha-benzoin oxime (analyt reagent for metals), wetting agents, emulsifying agents, stilbestrol products
Benzoin is photocatalyst in photopolymerization and a photoinitiator raw material for benzil by organic oxidation with nitric acid or oxone.

Uses of Benzoin:

Benzoin Resin:
As benzoin resin contains little water you can make a tincture using 180 proof alcohol at a 1:1 ratio.
Simply grind the resin to a powder and weigh Benzoin.

Add equal amounts of 95-96% organic, non denatured ethanol.
When you first mix Benzoin together and give Benzoin a shake, Benzoin will look like chocolate milkshake and smell like a very boozy coffee liqueur.

Over time, the alcohol will turn dark brown and the residue will lose Benzoins colour.
Shake the tincture daily for a minimum of 14 days.

At the time of writing this post, my benzoin tincture had been infusing for approximately 8 months.
Some types of benzoin dissolve fully in alcohol and some only partially.

The type I used had a great deal of sediment left over after the infusion and needed straining with a muslin cloth.
Unlike medicinal alcoholic infusions that typically contain about 10% resin this is a highly concentrated tincture.

You can dilute Benzoin further after you have finished if you so wish.
This resin would likely be a good base for solid perfume or to use as a fixative scent in your homemade beauty products.

Benzoin Oil:
Benzoin is a very precious oil obtained from benzoin resin.
This oil has antiseptic and anti-inflammatory properties.

Benzoin is used in traditional medicine to treat arthritis, bronchitis, cough, and stress.
Inedible and undrinkable.

Benzoin is suitable for topical use only.
Cavi acylbent oil, which is a strong oil, must be diluted to prevent skin irritation.
There are studies showing that the oil has a positive effect when used by inhalation (in a diffuser) for respiratory and chest congestion and expectorant purposes.

Benzoin Tincture:
According to a recent scientific study, this tincture; In external use, Benzoin gives effective results in the treatment of infections caused by bacteria and fungi such as Candida albicans and Mycobacterium fortuitum.
Benzoin tincture can also be used for chapped lips and bedsores.

Medicinal of Benzoin:
Benzoin gum contains variable quantities of cinnamic, benzoic and sumaresinolinic acid esters; free acids such as benzoic acid; benzaldehyde and vanillin.
The gum is strongly antiseptic, carminative, expectorant and astringent.
In Chinese medicine Benzoin is considered to be a circulatory stimulant.

Taken internally, the gum acts to settle griping pains, to stimulate coughing and to disinfect the urinary tract.
Benzoin is used in the treatment of coughs, colds, bronchitis, sore throats.
In the form of a tincture, benzoin is inhaled with steam for the relief of catarrh, laryngitis, bronchitis and upper respiratory tract disorders.

Benzoin is used externally on wounds and ulcers to tighten and disinfect the affected tissue.
Benzoin is also used for the prevention and treatment of cold sores, for the treatment of warts and to freshen and soothe dry skin and ameliorate skin allergies.
The gum is obtained from deep incisions made in the bark of trees that are at least 7 years old.

The gum is used in aromatherapy, where Benzoin is considered to be a sedative.

Benzoin gum is an ingredient of the proprietary preparation 'Friar's Balsam'.
This is an antiseptic and expectorant steam inhalation for sore throats, head and chest colds, asthma and bronchitis.

Benzoin tincture, BP is listed in the British National Formulary (BNF).
Benzoin is a combination of Benzoin (Ground) 10.0 % w/v, Prepared Storax 10.0% w/v, Aloes 2.0% w/v.
Benzoin is sold as a concentrate to be added to boiling water and inhaled to treat congestion of the upper respiratory tract.

Benzoin Condensation:
The Benzoin Condensation is a coupling reaction between two aldehydes that allows the preparation of α-hydroxyketones.
The first methods were only suitable for the conversion of aromatic aldehydes.

Mechanism of Benzoin Condensation:
Addition of the cyanide ion to create a cyanohydrin effects an umpolung of the normal carbonyl charge affinity, and the electrophilic aldehyde carbon becomes nucleophilic after deprotonation: A thiazolium salt may also be used as the catalyst in this reaction.

Furniture and furnishings - Items used to furnish a home or workplace, e.g. tables, chairs, sofa, outdoor patio furniture, sofa cover, hammock, mattress, area rug.
Personal care -> dental care - Personal care products related to dental care, which do not fit into a more refined category

Personal care -> fragrance - Fragrances, colognes, and perfumes
Personal care -> make-up and related -> lip balm - Lip products primarily for protection

Powder paint - Reported Functional Use
Processing aid not otherwise specified:

Other Uses of Benzoin:
Additive,
Flavouring,
Fragrance,
Fragrance component.

Industry Uses of Benzoin:
Aerating and deaerating agents,
Not Known or Reasonably Ascertainable,
Paint additives and coating additives not described by other categories,
Plasticizer.

Consumer Uses of Benzoin:
Not Known or Reasonably Ascertainable,
Surfactant (surface active agent).

Benefits of Benzoin:

Skin Health of Benzoin:
Benzoin benefits the skin in many ways.
Benzoin is antimicrobial, antiseptic, anti-inflammatory and astringent.

Benzoin accelerates the healing of wounds, ulcers and relieves eczema, psoriasis and rashes.
Essential oil of Benzoin is a common ingredient in skin care products.

Benzoin protects the skin by forming an invisible film which prevents moisture loss, improves elasticity and promotes smooth and supple skin.
Benzoin can also be used on an itchy scalp, helping to prevent and treat dandruff and give the hair a glossy shine.

Emotional Balance of Benzoin:
Benzoin resin incense can be burned to promote emotional balance, soothe away sadness, grief and anger.
With an earthy, balsamic scent and sweet vanilla undertones, Benzoin is said to melt away blockages and open up the heart.
Conversely, this beautiful incense is also energising and uplifting, promoting focus and concentration.

Respiratory Health of Benzoin:
With natural expectorant properties, Benzoin essential oil can be inhaled to drive out phlegm and provide relief from congestion in the respiratory tract.
Benzoins disinfectant properties will also help to draw out bacteria that cause infections such as coughs and colds.
If coughing is keeping you awake at night, a few drops of Benzoin essential oil on your pillow can help you sleep by dampening the cough reflex and helping you relax.

Digestive Health of Benzoin:
Massaging a dilution of Benzoin essential oil into the abdomen exerts a powerful carminative effect, helping to eliminate excess gas from the stomach and intestines.
Benzoin stimulates the production of the gastric juices that are necessary for healthy digestion whilst calming and toning the digestive tract.

General Manufacturing Information of Benzoin:

Industry Processing Sectors:
Not Known or Reasonably Ascertainable
Paint and Coating Manufacturing
Plastics Material and Resin Manufacturing

Reactivity Profile of Benzoin:
BENZOIN is sensitive to heat and light.
This chemical is incompatible with oxidizers.
Benzoin reduces Fehling's solution

Handling and Storage of Benzoin:

Nonfire Spill Response:

SMALL SPILLS AND LEAKAGE:
If a spill of this chemical occurs, FIRST REMOVE ALL SOURCES OF IGNITION, then you should dampen the solid spill material with acetone and transfer the dampened material to a suitable container.
Use absorbent paper dampened with acetone to pick up any remaining material.

Seal your contaminated clothing and the absorbent paper in a vapor-tight plastic bag for eventual disposal.
Solvent wash all contaminated surfaces with acetone followed by washing with a soap and water solution.

Do not reenter the contaminated area until the Safety Officer (or other responsible person) has verified that the area has been properly cleaned. STORAGE PRECAUTIONS:
You should protect this material from exposure to light.
Keep Benzoin away from oxidizing materials and store Benzoin under refrigerated temperatures.

Conditions of Use and Important Information:
This information is meant to supplement, not replace advice from your doctor or healthcare provider and is not meant to cover all possible uses, precautions, interactions or adverse effects.
This information may not fit your specific health circumstances.

Never delay or disregard seeking professional medical advice from your doctor or other qualified health care provider because of something you have read on WebMD.
You should always speak with your doctor or health care professional before you start, stop, or change any prescribed part of your health care plan or treatment and to determine what course of therapy is right for you.

First Aid Measures of Benzoin:

EYES:
First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present.
Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center.

Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician.
IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop.

SKIN:
IMMEDIATELY flood affected skin with water while removing and isolating all contaminated clothing.
Gently wash all affected skin areas thoroughly with soap and water.
If symptoms such as redness or irritation develop, IMMEDIATELY call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital for treatment.

INHALATION:
IMMEDIATELY leave the contaminated area.
Take deep breaths of fresh air.

If symptoms (such as wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, or burning in the mouth, throat, or chest) develop, call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital.
Provide proper respiratory protection to rescuers entering an unknown atmosphere.

Whenever possible, Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) should be used.
If not available, use a level of protection greater than or equal to that advised under Protective Clothing.

INGESTION:
DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING.
If the victim is conscious and not convulsing, give 1 or 2 glasses of water to dilute the chemical and IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center.

Be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital if advised by a physician.
If the victim is convulsing or unconscious, do not give anything by mouth, ensure that the victim's airway is open and lay the victim on his/her side with the head lower than the body.

DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING.
IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital.

Fire Fighting of Benzoin:
Fires involving this material can be controlled with a dry chemical, carbon dioxide or Halon extinguisher.
A water spray may also be used.

Identifiers of Benzoin:
CAS number: 119-53-9
EC number: 204-331-3
Hill Formula: C₁₄H₁₂O₂
Chemical formula: C₆H₅CH(OH)COC₆H₅
Molar Mass: 212.25 g/mol
HS Code: 2914 40 90

Properties of Benzoin:
Boiling point: 344 °C (1023 hPa)
Density: 1.3 g/cm3 (20 °C)
Melting Point: 135 - 137 °C
Vapor pressure: 1.3 hPa (136 °C)
Bulk density: 350 kg/m3
Solubility: 0.3 g/l

Molecular Weight: 212.24
XLogP3: 2.1
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 1
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 2
Rotatable Bond Count: 3
Exact Mass: 212.083729621
Monoisotopic Mass: 212.083729621
Topological Polar Surface Area: 37.3 Ų
Heavy Atom Count: 16
Formal Charge: 0
Complexity: 225
Isotope Atom Count: 0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 1
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 1
Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes

Specifications of Benzoin:
Assay (GC, area%): ≥ 99.0 % (a/a)
Melting range (lower value): ≥ 130 °C
Melting range (upper value): ≤ 136 °C
Identity (IR): passes test

Synonyms of Benzoin:
BENZOIN
119-53-9
2-Hydroxy-1,2-diphenylethanone
2-Hydroxy-2-phenylacetophenone
Benzoylphenylcarbinol
DL-BENZOIN
Ethanone, 2-hydroxy-1,2-diphenyl-
579-44-2
alpha-Hydroxybenzyl phenyl ketone
Phenylbenzoyl carbinol
(+-)-Benzoin
2-hydroxy-1,2-diphenylethan-1-one
alpha-Hydroxy-alpha-phenylacetophenone
Aerozoin
Phenyl-alpha-hydroxybenzyl ketone
desyl alcohol
FEMA No. 2132
NCI-C50011
Acetophenone, 2-hydroxy-2-phenyl-
NSC 8082
Wy 42956
Hydroxy-2-phenyl acetophenone
2-hydroxy-1,2-diphenyl-ethanone
2-hydroxy-1,2-di(phenyl)ethanone
NSC-8082
a-Hydroxybenzyl phenyl ketone
CHEMBL190677
L7J6A1NE81
CHEBI:17682
2-hydroxy-1,2-diphenyl ethanone
Phenyl-.alpha.-hydroxybenzyl ketone
Ketone, .alpha.-hydroxybenzyl phenyl
NCGC00091396-02
.alpha.-Hydroxy-.alpha.-phenylacetophenone
CCRIS 75
CAS-119-53-9
(RS)-Benzoin
Benzoin (VAN)
HSDB 384
Ketone, alpha-hydroxybenzyl phenyl
EINECS 204-331-3
EINECS 209-441-5
MFCD00004496
Fenyl-alpha-hydroxybenzylketon [Czech]
benzoine
BRN 0391839
UNII-L7J6A1NE81
Fenyl-alpha-hydroxybenzylketon
WY-42956
AI3-00851
Benzoin absolute
CCRIS 9123
DL-Benzoin; Desyl alcohol;(+/-)-2-Hydroxy-2-phenylacetophenone
Alpha-hydroxy-a-phenylacetophenone
PhCH(OH)COPh
PhCOCH(OH)Ph
Benzoin, 98%
(+/-)-benzoin
(1)-2-Hydroxy-1,2-diphenylethan-1-one
Benzoin, >=98%
BENZOIN [MI]
(.+/-.)-Benzoin
WLN: QYR&VR
SCHEMBL145
EC 204-331-3
Hyperabsolute benzoin, Siam
Benzoin, analytical standard
Oprea1_687165
4-08-00-01279 (Beilstein Handbook Reference)
9000-72-0
MLS002152893
a-Hydroxy-a-phenylacetophenone
FEMA No. 2133
2-hydroxy-2-phenyl-acetophenone
BENZOIN, (+/-)-
DTXSID1020144
Fenyl-.alpha.-hydroxybenzylketon
BDBM22728
FEMA 2132
HSDB 1929
NSC8082
alpha -Hydroxybenzyl phenyl ketone
HMS3039I03
Phenyl-alpha -hydroxybenzyl ketone
.alpha.-Hydroxybenzyl phenyl ketone
HY-B1550
Tox21_111126
Tox21_201888
Tox21_302790
STK358785
AKOS000118894
AKOS016038141
Tox21_111126_1
2-Hydroxy-1,2-diphenylethanone, 9CI
Benzoin 100 microg/mL in Acetonitrile
CS-W020562
DB14020
alpha -Hydroxy-alpha -phenylacetophenone
NCGC00091396-01
NCGC00091396-03
NCGC00091396-05
NCGC00256433-01
NCGC00259437-01
AC-11139
Benzoin, Vetec(TM) reagent grade, 98%
BS-14748
SMR001224505
DB-018065
B0079
B0222
Benzoin Zone Refined (number of passes:40)
Benzoin, purified by sublimation, >=99.5%
FT-0612530
FT-0626841
FT-0635908
FT-0635909
EN300-18095
C01408
D77908
(+/-)-2-HYDROXY-1,2-DIPHENYLETHANONE
A804309
AE-848/06163047
Ethanone, 2-hydroxy-1,2-diphenyl-, (.+/-.)-
Q426819
SR-01000854680
J-004149
J-509605
SR-01000854680-2
Z57160197
F0001-0307
Ethanone, 2-hydroxy-1,2-diphenyl-, mixt. with aloe, storax and Tolu Balsam, tincture
BENZONITRILE
CAS number: 100-47-0
EC number: 202-855-7
Molecular formula: C7H5N

Benzonitrile is used as an intermediate for rubber chemicals and as a solvent for nitrile rubber, specialty lacquers, many resins, polymers and for many anhydrous metallic salts (HSDB 1988; Hawley 1981). Benzonitrile is principally used as an intermediate for benzoguanamine (HSDB 1988).
Benzonitrile is also used as an additive in nickel-plating baths, separating naphthalene and alkylnaphthalenes from non-aromatics by azetropic distillation; as jet-fuel additive; in cotton bleaching baths; as a drying additive for acrylic fibers; and in the removal of titanium tetrachloride and vanadium oxychloride from silicon tetrachloride (HSDB 1988; Smiley 1981).
Benzonitrile is also used in perfumes at a maximum level of 0.2% in the final product (Opdyke 1979).

Benzonitrile is the chemical compound with the formula C6H5(CN), abbreviated PhCN.
Benzonitrile, aromatic organic compound, is a colorless liquid with a sweet bitter almond odour.
Benzonitrile is mainly used as a precursor to the resin benzoguanamine.

Applications:
Benzonitrile is a widely utilized as a solvent and an intermediate in industries making drugs, perfumes, dyes, rubber, textiles, resins and specialty lacquers.
Benzonitrile finds application as a versatile precursor for many derivatives.
Benzonitrile coordinates with transition metal to form complexes which act as synthetic intermediates.
The most important commercial use for benzonitrile is the synthesis of benzoguanamine, which is a derivative of melamine and is used in protective coatings and molding resins.

Production
Benzonitrile is prepared by ammoxidation of toluene, that is its reaction with ammonia and oxygen (or air) at 400 to 450 °C (752 to 842 °F).[1]
C6H5CH3 + 3/2 O2 + NH3 → C6H5(CN) + 3 H2O
In the laboratory Benzonitrile can be prepared by the dehydration of benzamide or by the Rosenmund–von Braun reaction using cuprous cyanide or NaCN/DMSO and bromobenzene.

Applications
Laboratory uses
Benzonitrile is a useful solvent and a versatile precursor to many derivatives.
Benzonitrile reacts with amines to afford N-substituted benzamides after hydrolysis.
Benzonitrile is a precursor to Diphenylketimine Ph
2C=NH (b.p. 151 °C, 8 mm Hg) via reaction with phenylmagnesium bromide followed by methanolysis.

Benzonitrile forms coordination complexes with transition metals that are both soluble in organic solvents and conveniently labile.
One example is PdCl2(PhCN)2.
The benzonitrile ligands are readily displaced by stronger ligands, making benzonitrile complexes useful synthetic intermediates.

Benzonitrile is a clear colorless liquid with an almond-like odor.
Flash point 161°F.
Denser (at 8.4 lb / gal) than water and slightly soluble in water.
Used as a specialty solvent and to make other chemicals.

Chemical Properties
Bezonitrile is a colorless, oily liquid. Benzonitrile has an almond odor.
When heated to decomposition, benzonitrile emits toxic hydrogen cyanide and oxides of nitrogen

Occurrence
Benzonitrile is reported to be found in natural cocoa aroma), in milk products, roasted filberts and peanuts and cooked trassi .
Benzonitrile also has been detected in the thermal decomposition products of flexible polyurethane foam.

Production Methods
Benzonitrile can be prepared by one of the following methods:
-on a small scale by the dehydration in an inert solvent with phosphorus oxychloride or benzenesulfonyl chloride and an organic amine;
-from benzoic acid by heating with lead thiocyanate;
-by heating sodium benzenesulfonate with sodium cyanide or by adding benzenediazonium chloride solution to a hot aq sodium cyanide solution containing cupric sulfate and distilling by ammoxidation of toluene.

Production Methods
Benzonitrile can be produced in high yield by the vapor-phase catalytic ammoxidation of toluene.

Chemical Reactivity
Reactivity with Water No reaction; Reactivity with Common Materials: Will attack some plastics; Stability During Transport: Stable; Neutralizing Agents for Acids and Caustics: Not pertinent; Polymerization: Not pertinent; Inhibitor of Polymerization: Not pertinent.

Purification Methods
Dry benzonitrile with CaSO4, CaCl2, MgSO4 or K2CO3, and distil Benzonitrile from P2O5 in an all-glass apparatus, under reduced pressure (b 69o/10mm), collecting the middle fraction.
Distillation from CaH2 causes some decomposition of benzonitrile.
Isonitriles can be removed by preliminary treatment with conc HCl until the odour of isonitrile (carbylamine) has gone, followed by preliminary drying with K2CO3.
(This treatment also removes amines.) Steam distil (to remove small quantities of carbylamine).

The distillate is extracted into ether, washed with dilute Na2CO3, dried overnight with CaCl2, and the ether is removed by evaporation.
The residue is distilled at 40mm (b 96o).
Conductivity grade benzonitrile (specific conductance 2 x 10-8 mho) is obtained by treatment with anhydrous AlCl3, followed by rapid distillation at 40-50o under vacuum.
After washing with alkali and drying with CaCl2, the distillate is redistilled in a vacuum several times at 35o before fractionally crystallising several times by partial freezing.
Benzonitrile is dried over finely divided activated alumina from which Benzonitrile is withdrawn when required [Van Dyke & Harrison J Am Chem Soc 73 402 1951].

Incompatibilities
May form explosive mixture with air.
Strong acids which can release hydrogen cyanide.
Incompatible with oxidizers (chlorates, nitrates, peroxides, permanganates, perchlorates, chlorine, bromine, fluorine, etc.); contact may cause fires or explosions.
Keep away from alkaline materials, strong bases, strong acids, oxoacids, epoxides.

Nitriles may polymerize in the presence of metals and some metal compounds.
They are incompatible Benzonitrile 403 with acids; mixing nitriles with strong oxidizing acids can lead to extremely violent reactions.
Nitriles are generally incompatible with other oxidizing agents such as peroxides and epoxides.
The combination of bases and nitriles can produce hydrogen cyanide.
Nitriles are hydrolyzed in both aqueous acid and base to give carboxylic acids (or salts of carboxylic acids).

These reactions generate heat.
Peroxides convert nitriles to amides.
Nitriles can react vigorously with reducing agents.
Acetonitrile and propionitrile are soluble in water, but nitriles higher than propionitrile have low aqueous solubility.
They are also insoluble in aqueous acids

Benzonitrile appears as a clear colorless liquid with an almond-like odor.
Flash point 161°F.
Denser (at 8.4 lb / gal) than water and slightly soluble in water.
Used as a specialty solvent and to make other chemicals.

Benzonitrile is a nitrile that is hydrogen cyanide in which the hydrogen has been replaced by a phenyl group.
Benzonitrile is a member of benzenes and a nitrile.

Use and Manufacturing
Synthesis of benzoquanamine; additive in nickel-plating baths; for separating naphthalene and alkylphthalenes from non-aromatics by azetropic distillation; as jet-fuel additive; in cotton bleaching baths; as a drying additive for acrylic fibers; in the removal of titanium tetrachloride and vanadium oxytrichloride from silicon tetrachloride.
Intermediate for rubber chemicals; solvent for nitrile rubber, specialty lacquers, and many resins and polymers, and for many anhydrous metallic salts.
In perfumes at a maximum level of 0.2% in the final product

Benzonitrile is a stable compound to pyrolysis, and its decomposition starts above 550°C with a very low decomposition rate.
A study performed in a flow reactor on N2 saturated with benzonitrile in the temperature range 550–600°C showed that the main pyrolysis products of this compound are HCN, benzene, monocyanodiphenyls, dicyanodiphenyls, and dicyanobenzenes as well as char.
The position of the hydrogen atom where the cleavage takes place is not preferential because pyrolysis generates a mixture of monocyanodiphenyls, dicyanodiphenyls, and dicyanobenzenes (e.g., 2-cyano, 3-cyano, and 4-cyanobiphenyl).
The presence of dicyanobenzene in the pyrolyzate indicates that free CN• radicals are likely to be formed in the reaction.
Kinetic parameters for the reactions of benzonitrile decomposition are reported in the literature, with the formation of different compounds having different reaction orders.
The pyrolyzate at 575°C obtained for 30 min contact time contains about 5.9 mole % HCN, 4.9 mole % dicyanobenzenes, 3.0 mole % benzene, 1.2% monocyanobiphenyls, and the other compounds at lower levels.

Benzonitrile is used as a solvent and intermediate in industries making drugs, perfumes, dyes, rubber, textiles, resins, and specialty lacquers;
Benzonitrile a colorless toxic oily compound C6H5CN of almond-oil odor made by fusing a mixture of sodium cyanide and sodium benzenesulfonate and in other ways and used chiefly as a solvent for synthetic resins.
Solvent and intermediate for the synthesis of agrochemicals, pharmaceuticals, chemical intermediates and high performance pigments.
We can offer the Benzonitrile in iso-container as well as steel drums.

Notes
Hygroscopic.
Incompatible with strong bases, strong oxidizing agents, reducing agents, acids, chlorates, nitrates and plastics.
Benzonitrile is commonly used as a precursor to synthesize a wide range of aromatic compounds and also forms stable coordination complexes with transition metals.

Benzonitrile is a useful solvent and precursor.
As a synthetic intermediate in coordination complexes, Benzonitrile is both soluble in organic solvents and readily displaced by stronger ligands.
Benzonitrile will also form N-substituted bebzamides upon hydrolysis reactions with amines.
Benzonitrile is the chemical compound with the formula C6H5(CN), abbreviated PhCN.

Properties
Chemical
Benzonitrile forms coordination complexes with transition metals that are both soluble in organic solvents and conveniently labile.

Physical
Benzonitrile is a colorless liquid with a sweet almond odor.

Availability
Benzonitrile is sold by chem suppliers.

Preparation
Benzonitrile can be prepared by heating a mixture of benzamide and ammonium sulfamate.
The reaction produces ammonia and ammonium bisulfate as side products.

Can be prepared by the dehydration of benzamide at high temperatures in the presence of catalyst.
Another accessible route is reaction between cuprous cyanide or NaCN with bromobenzene in DMSO, known as Rosenmund–von Braun reaction.
Benzonitrile can be prepared by ammoxidation of toluene, that is its reaction with ammonia and oxygen (or air) at temperatures between 400-450 °C:

Electroreduction of benzonitrile
Benzylamine is used as a photographic fixing agent, as a corrosion inhibitor and also as a raw material for the preparation of powerful explosives which are easy to handle.
The conventional method adopted for the preparation of benzylamine is the catalytic hydrogenation of benzonitrile in absolute ethanol under high pressure.
In the present communication, a novel electrolytic reduction technique for the conversion of benzonitrile to benzylamine, using a palladium black deposited on graphite cathode, is described.
Galvanostatic polarization studies, using both a stationary and a rotating cylindrical palladium black deposited cathode, revealed that there is considerable depolarization only in a very low current density regions.
The identity of benzylamine has been confirmed by NMR, mass spectral and infrared data.
Carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen analysis also support the identity of benzylamine.
This simple electrochemical reduction technique opens up a new route for the reduction of cyanide groups to the primary amine groups.

Methods of Manufacturing
Prepared by heating Na benzenesulfonate with NaCN or by adding benzenediazonium chloride solution to a hot aqueous NaCN solution containing CuSO4 and distilling.
From benzoic acid by heating with lead thiocyanate.
The reaction of benzoic acid (or substituted benzoic acid) with urea at 220-240 °C in the presence of a metallic catalyst.
Benzonitrile can be produced in high yield by the vapor-phase catalytic ammoxidation of toluene.

IDENTIFICATION AND USE:
Benzonitrile is a colorless liquid. Benzonitrile is used as intermediate for rubber chemicals; solvent for nitrile rubber, specialty lacquers, and many resins and polymers, and for many anhydrous metallic salts.

Benzonitrile may be used in the synthesis of organic building blocks such as 2-cyclopentylacetophenone, 4-carbomethoxy-5-methoxy-2-phenyl-1,3-oxazole and 1-phenyl-3,4-dihydro-6,7-methylenedioxyisoquinoline.
Benzonitrile may also be used as a solvent in the synthesis of bis(trifluoromethyl)diazomethane.

Benzonitrile (CAS NO. 100-47-0) should be dried with CaSO4, CaCl2, MgSO4 or K2CO3, and distd from P2O5 in an all-glass apparatus, under reduced pressure (b 69 °C/10mm), collecting the middle fraction. Distn from CaH2 causes some decomposition of solvent.
Isonitriles can be removed by preliminary treatment with conc HCl until the smell of isonitrile has gone, followed by preliminary drying with K2CO3. (This treatment also removes amines).

Applications
Benzonitrile is a useful solvent and a versatile precursor to many derivatives.
Benzonitrile reacts with amines to afford N-substituted benzamides after hydrolysis, Benzonitrile is a precursor to Ph2C=NH (b.p. 151 °C, 8 mm Hg) via reaction with phenylmagnesium bromide followed by hydrolysis.

Benzonitrile can form coordination complexes with late transition metals that are both soluble in organic solvents and conveniently labile, e.g. PdCl2(PhCN)2.
The benzonitrile ligands are readily displaced by stronger ligands, making benzonitrile complexes useful synthetic intermediates.

Molecular formula: C7H5N
Molar mass: 103.121
CAS Registry Number: 100-47-0
Appearance: Benzonitrile, 99%; Benzonitrile, 99%; colourless liquid
Melting point: -13 °C
Boiling point: 191 °C
Solubility: Water, 2000 mg/L (25 deg C)

Benzonitrile Chemical Compound is the chemical compound with the formula C6H5CN, abbreviated PhCN.
This aromatic organic compound is a colorless liquid with a sweet almond odour.
Benzonitrile is mainly used as a precursor to the resin benzoguanamine.
Benzonitrile is the chemical compound with the formula C6H5(CN), abbreviated PhCN.
This aromatic organic compound is a colorless liquid with a sweet almond odour.
Benzonitrile is mainly used as a precursor to the resin benzoguanamine.

Production
Benzonitrile is prepared by ammoxidation of toluene, that is its reaction with ammonia and oxygen (or air) at 400 to 450 °C (752 to 842 °F).
In the laboratory Benzonitrile can be prepared by the dehydration of benzamide or by the Rosenmund–von Braun reaction using cuprous cyanide or NaCN/DMSO and bromobenzene.
Benzonitrile is the chemical compound with the formula C6H5CN, abbreviated PhCN.
This aromatic organic compound is mainly used as a precursor to the resin benzoguanamine

History
Benzonitrile was reported by Hermann Fehling in 1844.
He found the compound as a product from the thermal dehydration of ammonium benzoate.
He deduced its structure from the already known analogue reaction of ammonium formate yielding formonitrile.
He also coined the name benzonitrile which gave the name to all the group of nitriles.
In 2018, benzonitrile was reported to be detected in the interstellar medium.

About this substance
Helpful information
This substance is registered under the REACH Regulation and is manufactured in and / or imported to the European Economic Area, for intermediate use only.
This substance is used at industrial sites and in manufacturing.

Consumer Uses
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Article service life
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Widespread uses by professional workers
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ECHA has no public registered data on the types of manufacture using this substance.
ECHA has no public registered data on the routes by which this substance is most likely to be released to the environment.

Formulation or re-packing
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ECHA has no public registered data on the routes by which this substance is most likely to be released to the environment.

Uses at industrial sites
This substance has an industrial use resulting in manufacture of another substance (use of intermediates).
This substance is used for the manufacture of: chemicals.
Release to the environment of this substance can occur from industrial use: as an intermediate step in further manufacturing of another substance (use of intermediates).
Manufacture
Release to the environment of this substance can occur from industrial use: manufacturing of the substance.

Benzonitrile
benzonitrile
Benzonitrile
PHENYL CYANIDE
PHENYLMETHANITRILE
Benzontrile
Benzoitrile
BENZONITRILE, 99.9%, HPLC GRADE
BENZONITRILE, REAGENTPLUS, 99%
BENZONITRILE OEKANAL, 250 ML
BENZONITRILE, ANHYDROUS, 99+%
Benzonitrile, extra pure, 99%
Benzonitrile, for spectroscopy, 99+%
AKOS BBS-00004403
AKOS B004231
AKOS 91614
CYANOBENZENE
BENZONITRILE
BN
2BNC
3BN
Benzene, cyano-
benzenecarbonitrile
Benzenenitrile
Benzoic acid nitrile
benzoicacidnitrile
BRR
C.I.SulphurBlue7(53440)
cyano-benzen
FB
Fenylkyanid
ImmedialIndoneRF
KayakuSul-phurBlueBK
MifsuiSulphurBlueBC
ThionolBlue2BN
Benzonitrile ReagentPlus(R), 99%
Sulphur Blue BRN
Benzonitrile, 99+%
Benzonitrile, 99%, J&KSeal
Benzonitrile, 99%, SuperDry, water≤30 ppm, J&KSeal
benzonitride
Benzonitrile( 99%, HyDry, Water≤50 ppm (by K.F.))
Benzonitrile( 99%, HyDry, with molecular sieves, Water≤50 ppm (by K.F.))
Benzonitril
BRN
phenylcyanide,benzonitrile,cyanobenzene
BENZONITRILE,REAGENT
phenylnitrile
Benzonitrile, 99%, extra pure
Benzonitrile, for spectroscopy
Benzenenitrile (benzonitrile)
Benzonitrile,99+%,for spectroscopy
Benzonitrile,Phenyl cyanide
Benzonitrile 10g [100-47-0]
Benzonitrile, 99%, pure
Benzonitrile, extra pure, 99% 1LT
BENZONITRILE FOR SYNTHESIS
Benzonitrile, SuperDry, J&KSeal
Benzonitrile, J&KSeal
Benzonitrile, 99%, SpcDry, with Molecular sieves, Water≤50 ppM (by K.F.), SpcSeal
Benzonitrile 2
BENZOPHENONE 1
2-Benzoyl-5-methoxyphenol; 2'-HYDROXY-4'-METHOXY BENZOPHENONE; 2-HYDROXY-4-METHOXYBENZOPHENONE; 3-BENZOPHENONE; 4-methoxy-2-hydroxybenzophenone; BENZOPHENONE-3; EUSOLEX(R) 4360; HMB; NEO HELIOPAN BB; OXYBENZONE; PROSORB UV 200; UV-ABSORBER BAYER 325; (2-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)phenyl-methanon; (2-Hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)phenylmethanone; (2-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)phenyl-Methanone; 2-hydroxy-4-methoxy-benzophenon; 4-Methoxy-2-hydroxybenzophenone butyric acid; Advastab 45; advastab45; Anuvex CAS NO:131-57-7
BENZOPHENONE 3
benzophenone; Diphenyl ketone; Benzoylbenzene; phenyl ketone; Oxoditane; alpha-Oxoditane; Oxodiphenylmethane; Diphenylmethanone; alpha-Oxodiphenylmethane; cas no: 119-61-9
benzophenone 3 - 4
2-Benzoyl-5-methoxy-1-phenol-4-sulfonic acid; 2-HYDROXY-4-METHOXY-5-SULFOBENZOPHENONE; 2-HYDROXY-4-METHOXY-5-SULFONYLBENZOPHENONE; 2-HYDROXY-4-METHOXYBENZOPHENONE-5-SULFONIC ACID; 2-HYDROXY-4-METHOXYBENZOPHENONE-5-SULFONIC ACID HYDRATE; 2-HYDROXY-4-METHOXYBENZOPHENONE-5-SULPHONIC ACID; 5-BENZOYL-4-HYDROXY-2-METHOXYBENZENESULFONIC ACID; BENZOPHENONE-4; BP-4; HMBS; spectra-sorb uv 284; SULISOBENZONE; TIMTEC-BB SBB002961; UV ABSORBER HMBS; Uvistat 1121; 2-benzoyl-5-methoxy-1-phenol-4-sulfonicaci; 2-Hydroxy-4-Methoxy-5-Benzophenonesulfonicacid; 5-benzoyl-4-hydroxy-2-methoxy-benzenesulfonicaci; Benzenesulfonicacid,5-benzoyl-4-hydroxy-2-methoxy-; Benzophenone-4,sulisobenzone CAS NO:4065-45-6
BENZOPHENONE 4
Benzophenone 4 Sulisobenzone (benzophenone 4) is an ingredient in some sunscreens which protects the skin from damage by UVB and UVA ultraviolet light. Its sodium salt, sulisobenzone sodium, is also referred to as benzophenone-5. Properties of Benzophenone-4 Chemical formula C14H12O6S Molar mass 308.31 g/mol Appearance Light-tan powder Melting point 145 °C (293 °F; 418 K) Solubility in water 1 g per 4 mL BENZOPHENONE 4 is classified as : Uv absorber Uv filter CAS Number of Benzophenone-4 4065-45-6 EINECS/ELINCS No: 223-772-2 Restriction (applies to EU only): VII/22 COSING REF No: 32143 INN Name: sulisobenzone Chem/IUPAC Name: 5-Benzoyl-4-hydroxy-2-methoxybenzenesulfonic acid What Is Benzophenone-4? Benzophenone-1, -3, -4, -5, -9 and-11 are compounds made from 2-hydroxybenzophenone. These compounds are powders. In cosmetics and personal care products, Benzophenone-1 and Benzophenone-3 are used mostly in the formulation of nail polishes and enamels. These Benzophenone ingredients are also used in bath products, makeup products, hair products, sunscreens and skin care products. Why is Benzophenone-4 used in cosmetics and personal care products? Benzophenone-1, Benzophenone-3, Benzophenone 4, Benzophenone-5, Benzophenone-9 and Benzophenone-11 protect cosmetics and personal care products from deterioration by absorbing, reflecting, or scattering UV rays. When used as sunscreen ingredients, Benzophenone-3 and Benzophenone 4 protect the skin from UV rays. Scientific Facts of Benzophenone-4: Benzophenone ingredients absorb and dissipate UV radiation, which serves to protect cosmetics and personal care products. As part of sunscreen products, which are OTC drugs in the United States, Benzophenone-3 (Oxybenzone) and Benzophenone 4 (Sulisobenzone) protect the skin from the harmful effects of the sun. Exposing unprotected skin to UV light (primarily in the UV-B range) can result in sunburn and can promote premature aging of the skin and skin cancer. Odor of Benzophenone-4: characteristic Use of Benzophenone-4: Benzophenone 4 is a water soluble UVB absorber and is also commonly used to protect formulations from degradation due to UV exposure. In combination with UVA absorbers, it offers broad spectrum protection against UV radiation for skin and hair. Benzophenone 4 is approved by the FDA in concentrations of up to 10% and in Canada, is approved by Health Canada at the same concentrations. It works to filter out both UVA and UVB rays, protecting the skin from sun UV damage. The UV-filter substance, Benzophenone 4 (BP-4) is widely used an ingredient in sunscreens and other personal care products,. It falls under the drug category of benzophenones. The benzophenones are a group of aromatic ketones that have both pharmaceutical and industrial applications. Benzophenones may be found organically in fruits such as grapes. Benzophenones are used as photoinitiators, fragrance enhancers, ultraviolet curing agents, and, occasionally, as flavor ingredients; they are also used in the manufacture of insecticides, agricultural chemicals, and pharmaceuticals and as an additive for plastics, coatings, and adhesives. As a group, benzophenones may be used to delay photodegradation or extend shelf life in toiletries and plastic surface coatings. Analyte: Benzophenone 4; matrix: chemical purity; procedure: dissolution in water; addition of dehydrated isopropyl alcohol; potentiometric titration with tetrabutylammonium hydroxide to two endpoints Benzophenone 4's production and use as an ultraviolet absorber in cosmetics, sunscreens and shampoos and in leather and textile fabrics(1,2) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. If released to air, an estimated vapor pressure of 1.3X10-11 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates Benzophenone 4 will exist solely in the particulate phase in the atmosphere. Particulate-phase Benzophenone 4 will be removed from the atmosphere by wet and dry deposition. Benzophenone 4 absorbs at wavelengths >290 nm and therefore may be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight. If released to soil, Benzophenone 4 is expected to have high mobility based upon an estimated Koc of 67. The estimated pKa values of the sulfonic acid are -2.4 and 7.6, indicating that this compound will exist in the anion form in the environment and anions generally do not adsorb more strongly to soils containing organic carbon and clay than their neutral counterparts. Volatilization from moist soil is not expected because the compound exists as an anion and anions do not volatilize. Benzophenone 4 is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces based upon its vapor pressure. No relevant data were available to assess the importance of biodegradation in soil or water. If released into water, Benzophenone 4 is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment based upon the estimated Koc. Volatilization from water surfaces is not expected based upon the estimated pKa values. An estimated BCF of 3.2 suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low. Hydrolysis is not expected to be an important environmental fate process since this compound lacks functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions. Sensitized photolysis may have some importance in natural waters exposed to sunlight. Occupational exposure to Benzophenone 4 may occur through dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where Benzophenone 4 is produced or used. The general population may be exposed to Benzophenone 4 via dermal contact with this compound in consumer products, such as sunscreens and cosmetics, containing Benzophenone 4. Based on a classification scheme, an estimated Koc value of 67, determined from a structure estimation method, indicates that Benzophenone 4 (BP-4) is expected to have high mobility in soil. The estimated pKa values of Benzophenone 4 (BP 4) are -2.4 and 7.6, indicating that this compound will exist almost entirely in anion form in the environment and anions generally do not adsorb more strongly to soils containing organic carbon and clay than their neutral counterparts(4). Volatilization from moist soil is not expected because the compound exists as an anion and anions do not volatilize. Benzophenone 4 (BP-4) is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces based upon an estimated vapor pressure of 1.3X10-11 mm Hg at 25 °C, determined from a fragment constant method. No relevant data were available to assess the importance of biodegradation in the environment. The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of Benzophenone 4 (BP-4) with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been estimated as 7.5X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C using a structure estimation method. This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 5.2 hours at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm. Benzophenone 4 (BP-4) is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to the lack of hydrolyzable functional groups. Benzophenone 4 (BP-4) absorbs at wavelengths >290 nm and therefore may be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight. Phenols are susceptible to sensitized photolysis in natural waters exposed to sunlight through reaction with hydroxy and peroxy radicals(4); therefore sensitized photolysis may have some importance in the environment. An estimated BCF of 3 was calculated for Benzophenone 4 (BP-4), using an estimated log Kow of 0.37 and a regression-derived equation. According to a classification scheme, this BCF suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low. Using a structure estimation method based on molecular connectivity indices, the Koc of Benzophenone 4 (BP-4) can be estimated to be 67. According to a classification scheme, this estimated Koc value suggests that Benzophenone 4 (BP-4) is expected to have high mobility in soil. The estimated pKa values of Benzophenone 4 (BP-4) are -2.4 and 7.6, indicating that this compound will exist in the anion form in the environment and anions generally do not adsorb more strongly to soils containing organic carbon and clay than their neutral counterparts(4). The estimated pKa values of -2.4 and 7.6 indicate Benzophenone 4 (BP-4) will exist almost entirely in the anion form at pH values of 5 to 9 and, therefore, volatilization from water and moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process. Benzophenone 4 (BP-4) is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces based upon an estimated vapor pressure of 1.3X10-11 mm Hg, determined from a fragment constant method. In surface seawater samples collected from Folly Beach, South Carolina in the summer of 2010, Benzophenone 4 (BP-4) was not detected in any samples from four sites (detection limit 1 ng/L) while other UV filter compounds (avobenzone, octocrylene, octinoxate, and padimate-O) were detected at concentrations ranging from 10 to 2013 ng/L. According to the 2006 TSCA Inventory Update Reporting data, the number of persons reasonably likely to be exposed in the industrial manufacturing, processing, and use of Benzophenone 4 (BP-4) is 1 to 99; the data may be greatly underestimated. NIOSH (NOES Survey 1981-1983) has statistically estimated that 91,292 workers (38,820 of these were female) were potentially exposed to Benzophenone 4 (BP-4) in the US. Occupational exposure to Benzophenone 4 (BP-4) may occur through dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where Benzophenone 4 (BP-4) is produced or used. The general population may be exposed to Benzophenone 4 (BP-4) via dermal contact with this compound in consumer products, such as sunscreens and cosmetics, containing Benzophenone 4 (BP-4). In this study, /investigators/ evaluate the effects of benzophenone-4 (BP-4) in eleuthero-embryos and in the liver, testis and brain of adult male fish on the transcriptional level by focusing on target genes involved in hormonal pathways to provide a more complete toxicological profile of this important UV-absorber. Eleuthero-embryos and males of zebrafish were exposed up to 3 days after hatching and for 14 days, respectively, to Benzophenone 4 (BP-4) concentrations between 30 and 3000 ug/L. In eleuthero-embryos transcripts of vtg1, vtg3, esr1, esr2b, hsd17beta3, cyp19b cyp19a, hhex and pax8 were induced at 3000 ug/L Benzophenone 4 (BP-4), which points to a low estrogenic activity and interference with early thyroid development, respectively. In adult males Benzophenone 4 (BP-4) displayed multiple effects on gene expression in different tissues. In the liver vtg1, vtg3, esr1 and esr2b were down-regulated, while in the brain, vtg1, vtg3 and cyp19b transcripts were up-regulated. In conclusion, the transcription profile revealed that Benzophenone 4 (BP-4) interferes with the expression of genes involved in hormonal pathways and steroidogenesis. The effects of BP-4 differ in life stages and adult tissues and point to an estrogenic activity in eleuthero-embryos and adult brain, and an antiestrogenic activity in the liver. The results indicate that Benzophenone 4 (BP-4) interferes with the sex hormone system of fish, which is important for the risk assessment of this UV-absorber. Pharmacology of Benzophenone-4 (BP 4) Benzophenone 4 sunscreens, applied topically, protect the skin from these harmful effects of ultraviolet light by chemically absorbing light energy (photons). Correct use of sunscreens serves to reduce the risk of sunburn. Sunscreen agents prevent the occurrence of squamous-cell carcinoma of the skin when used mainly during unintentional sun exposure. No conclusion can be drawn about the cancer-preventive activity of topical use of sunscreens against both basal-cell carcinoma and cutaneous melanoma. Use of sunscreens can extend the duration of intentional sun exposure, such as bathing in the sun. Benzophenone's main metabolic pathway in the rabbit is by reduction to benzhydrol. A small amount (1%) is converted to p-hydroxybenzophenone 4 following oral administration to rats. A surface coating of benzophenones decreases the amount of UV radiation absorbed by the skin by limiting the total amount of energy that reaches the skin. Benzophenone 4 sunscreens, applied topically, protect the skin from these harmful effects of ultraviolet light by chemically absorbing light energy (photons). As this occurs, the benzophenone molecule becomes activated to higher energy levels. As the excited molecule returns to its ground state, the energy is released in the form of thermal energy. The hydroxyl group in the ortho position to the carbonyl group is believed to be a structural requirement for the benzophenones' absorption of UV light. This structural arrangement also contributes to the electronic stability of the molecule. Benzophenone 4 absorb energy throughout the UV range, although the maximum UV absorbance is between 284 and 287 nm for the 2-hydroxybenzophenones. Benzophenone 4 sunscreens, applied topically, protect the skin from these harmful effects of ultraviolet light by chemically absorbing light energy (photons). As this occurs, the Benzophenone 4 molecule becomes excited to higher energy levels. As the excited molecule returns to its ground state, the energy is released in the form of thermal energy. The hydroxyl group in the ortho position to the carbonyl group is believed to be a structural requirement for the Benzophenone 4's absorption of UV light. This structural arrangement also contributes to the electronic stability of the molecule. Thus, a surface coating of Benzophenones decreases the amount of UV radiation absorbed by the skin by limiting the total amount of energy that reaches the skin. Benzophenone 4 absorb energy throughout the UV range, though maximum absorbance is between 284 and 287 nm for the 2-hydroxybenzophenones. Benzophenone-4 is prepared via sulfonation of Benzophenone-3. The product is purified by precipitation from aqueous HCl, isolated by centrifugation, washed with acidic water, and dried. The maximum recommended levels of lead and arsenic impurities in Benzophenone-4 are /13 ppm and 1 ppm respectively/. The FDA Panel on Review of Topical Analgesics has proposed that Benzophenones-3, -4, and -8 are safe and effective as active ingredients in sunscreens for over-the-counter (OTC) use at the following concentrations: Benzophenone-3, 2%-6%; Benzophenone-4, 5%-10%; and Benzophenone-8, 3%. The Panel proposed these concentration limits on a combined safety and efficacy basis (a concentration limit may reflect maximum efficacy and not necessarily an indication of toxicity at a higher concentration). Acute oral toxicity (LD50): 3530 mg/kg [Rat]. This drug can cause skin and eye irritation. Drug-induced phototoxicity is a non-immunological inflammatory skin reaction, caused by concurrent topical or systemic exposure to a specific molecule and ultraviolet radiation. Most of the phototoxic compounds absorb energy particularly from UVA light leading to activated derivatives, which can induce cellular damage. Benzophenone 4s are ultraviolet light filters that have been documented to cause a variety of adverse skin reactions, including contact and photocontact dermatitis, contact and photocontact urticaria, and anaphylaxis. Recently, they have become especially well known for their ability to induce allergy and photoallergy. Topical sunscreens and other cosmetics are the sources of these allergens in the majority of patients, however reports of reactions secondary to use of industrial products also exist. Benzophenone 4s as a group have been named the American Contact Dermatitis Society's Allergen of the Year for 2014 to raise awareness of both allergy and photoallergy to these ubiquitous agents. The liver is the main target organ of benzophenone 4 toxicity in rats and mice, based on elevations n liver weights, hepatocellular hypertrophy, clinical chemistry changes, and induction of liver microsomal cytochrome P450 2B isomer. The kidney was also identified as a target organ of benzophenone 4 toxicity in rats only, which was based on exposure concentration-related increases in kidney weights and microscopic changes. To determine the frequency of irritant reactions to 19 organic sunscreen filters in current use. Ninety-four healthy volunteers were photopatch tested using the European consensus methodology to three different concentrations (2%, 5%, and 10%) of 19 organic sunscreen filters at the Photobiology Unit in Dundee, UK. Of the 94 subjects recruited, 80 were analyzed after withdrawals and exclusions. Of the 19 organic sunscreen filters studied, only 2 compounds led to irritant reactions in > or =5% subjects. Five per cent and 10% benzophenone-4 led to irritant reactions in four and six subjects, respectively. Five per cent methylene bis-benzotriazolyl tetramethylbutylphenol led to irritant reactions in six subjects, but unlike benzophenone-4, this was not in a dose-dependent fashion. When performing photopatch testing according to the European consensus methodology with these 19 organic sunscreen filters, a 10% concentration is suitable for all filters, except benzophenone-4, which should be tested at a concentration of 2%. Investigators/ tested the potential irritancy of Benzophenone-4 on six adult white humans. Patches containing 1% or 10% Benzophenone-4 in alcohol were applied to the subjects for 24 hours, after which time the patches were removed, the sites scored, and fresh patches applied. This procedure was repeated every other day, three days per week for seven weeks, until a total of 21 patches had been made. The mean cumulative irritation scores for 1% and 10% solutions were 8.6 and 53.1, respectively (maximum score = 84). The latter value is indicative of a primary irritant. Benzophenones-4 (BP4) and -11 were tested for potential skin irritation in separate single insult patch tests. Each ingredient was applied at concentrations of 16, 8, and 4% in DMP /dimethyl phthalate/ and in petrolatum to the skin of each of 14 subjects. At a concentration of 16% in either base, Benzophenones-4 and -11 were irritating to four and two subjects, respectively. Neither ingredient was irritating at concentrations of 4% or 8% in either vehicle. Acute Exposure/ A number of studies have determined the potential irritancy of Benzophenones to the eyes of rabbits. The test material (0.1 mL or 0.1 g) was instilled into one eye of each rabbit; the other eye served as an untreated control. Eyes were examined and scored for irritation daily for a period of three to ten days. Some test procedures included washing of the treated eyes with water four seconds after instillation of the test material. Results of eye irritation tests revealed that most Benzophenones at concentrations of 5%-100% were nonirritating when instilled into the eyes of rabbits. Benzophenones-1, -2, and -4 were slightly to moderately irritating at 100% concentration; however, ... Benzophenone-4 was irritating at concentrations of 8 and 16% in DMP /dimethyl phthalate/ or petrolatum, it was nonirritating when tested as a 5% solution in water. Subchronic or Prechronic Exposure/ ...A 16-day cumulative test in rabbits /was used/ to study the irritation potential of Benzophenone-4. An alcohol solution containing either 10% or 1% Benzophenone-4 was applied uncovered to the depilated backs of six New Zealand albino rabbits. Twenty-four hours later the sites were scored for irritation, and the solution was reapplied. This procedure was repeated every other day for five weeks, until a total of 16 applications of Benzophenone-4 had been made. The average cumulative irritation score was then calculated (maximum score = 64); applications of Benzophenone-4 (10%) and Benzophenone-4(1%) produced scores of 3.6 and 0.3, respectively. In this work, /the authors/ evaluate whether in vitro systems are good predictors for in vivo estrogenic activity in fish. /Investigators/ focus on UV filters being used in sunscreens and in UV stabilization of materials. First, /investigators/ determined the estrogenic activity of 23 UV filters and one UV filter metabolite employing a recombinant yeast carrying the estrogen receptor of rainbow trout (rtERalpha) and made comparisons with yeast carrying the human hERalpha for receptor specificity. Benzophenone-1 (BP1), benzophenone-2 (BP2), 4,4-dihydroxybenzophenone, 4-hydroxybenzophenone (bp-4), 2,4,4-trihydroxy-benzophenone, and phenylsalicylate showed full dose-response curves with maximal responses of 81-115%, whereas 3-benzylidene camphor (3BC), octylsalicylate, benzylsalicylate, benzophenone-3, and benzophenone 4 displayed lower maximal responses of 15-74%. Whereas the activity of 17beta-estradiol was lower in the rtERalpha than the hERalpha assay, the activities of UV filters were similar or relatively higher in rtERalpha, indicating different relative binding activities of both ER. Subsequently, /investigators/ analyzed whether the in vitro estrogenicity of eight UV filters is also displayed in vivo in fathead minnows by the induction potential of vitellogenin after 14 days of aqueous exposure. Of the three active compounds in vivo, 3BC induced vitellogenin at lower concentrations (435 ug/L) than BP1 (4919 ug/L) and BP2 (8783 ug/L). The study shows, for the first time, estrogenic activities of UV filters in fish both in vitro and in vivo. Thus /investigators/ propose that receptor-based assays should be used for in vitro screening prior to in vivo testing, leading to environmental risk assessments based on combined, complementary, and appropriate species-related assays for hormonal activity. Here /the authors/ report on acute and chronic effects of UV-filters 3-(4-methylbenzylidene-camphor) (4MBC), 2-ethyl-hexyl-4-trimethoxycinnamate (EHMC), benzophenone-3 (BP3) and benzophenone-4 (BP4) on Daphnia magna. The acute toxicity increased with log Pow of the compound. The LC50 values (48 hr) of 4MBC, EHMC, BP3 and BP4 were 0.56, 0.29, 1.9 and 50 mg/L, respectively. A tentative preliminary environmental risk assessment (ERA) based on a limited set of data indicates that individual UV-filters should undergo further ecotoxicological analysis, as an environmental risk cannot be ruled out. Consequently new data on the environmental occurrence and the effects of UV-filters are needed for a more accurate ERA. When regarded as a mixture occurring in surface waters they may pose a risk for sensitive aquatic organisms. Benzophenone 4 (BP-4) is the organic compound with the formula (C6H5)2CO, generally abbreviated Ph2CO. It is a white solid that is soluble in organic solvents. Benzophenone 4 (BP-4) is a widely used building block in organic chemistry, being the parent diarylketone. Uses of Benzophenone-4 Benzophenone 4 (BP-4) can be used as a photo initiator in UV-curing applications such as inks, imaging, and clear coatings in the printing industry. Benzophenone 4 (BP-4) prevents ultraviolet (UV) light from damaging scents and colors in products such as perfumes and soaps. Benzophenone 4 (BP-4) can also be added to plastic packaging as a UV blocker to prevent photo-degradation of the packaging polymers or its contents. Its use allows manufacturers to package the product in clear glass or plastic (such as a PETE water bottle). Without it, opaque or dark packaging would be required. In biological applications, Benzophenone 4 (BP-4)s have been used extensively as photophysical probes to identify and map peptide–protein interactions. Benzophenone 4 (BP-4) is used as an additive in flavorings or perfumes for "sweet-woody-geranium-like notes." Synthesis of Benzophenone-4 Benzophenone 4 (BP-4) is produced by the copper-catalyzed oxidation of diphenylmethane with air. A laboratory route involves the reaction of benzene with carbon tetrachloride followed by hydrolysis of the resulting diphenyldichloromethane. It can also be prepared by Friedel–Crafts acylation of benzene with benzoyl chloride in the presence of a Lewis acid (e.g. aluminium chloride) catalyst: since benzoyl chloride can itself be produced by the reaction of benzene with phosgene the first synthesis proceeded directly from those materials. Another route of synthesis is through a palladium(II)/oxometalate catalyst. This converts an alcohol to a ketone with two groups on each side. Another, less well-known reaction to produce Benzophenone 4 (BP-4) is the pyrolysis of anhydrous calcium benzoate. Organic chemistry of Benzophenone-4 Benzophenone 4 (BP-4) is a common photosensitizer in photochemistry. It crosses from the S1 state into the triplet state with nearly 100% yield. The resulting diradical will abstract a hydrogen atom from a suitable hydrogen donor to form a ketyl radical. Benzophenone 4 (BP-4) radical anion Main article: Air-free technique File:Making Benzophenone 4 (BP-4) radical anion.webm Addition of a solution of Benzophenone 4 (BP-4) in THF to a vial containing THF, sodium metal, and a stir bar, yielding the deep blue Benzophenone 4 (BP-4) anion radical. Playback speed 4x original recording. Alkali metals reduce Benzophenone 4 (BP-4) to the deeply blue colored radical anion, diphenylketyl: M + Ph2CO → M+Ph2CO•− Generally sodium is used as the alkali metal. Although inferior in terms of safety and effectiveness relative to molecular sieves, this ketyl is used in the purification of organic solvents, particularly ethers, because it reacts with water and oxygen to give non-volatile products. The ketyl is soluble in the organic solvent being dried, so it accelerates the reaction of the sodium with water and oxygen. In comparison, sodium is insoluble, and its heterogeneous reaction is much slower. When excess alkali metal is present a second reduction may occur, resulting in a color transformation from deep blue to purple: M + M+Ph2CO•− → (M+)2(Ph2CO)2− A solvent pot containing dibutyl ether solution of sodium Benzophenone 4 (BP-4) ketyl, which gives it its purple color. Commercially significant derivatives and analogues There are over 300 natural Benzophenone 4 (BP-4)s, with great structural diversity and biological activities. They are being investigated as potential sources of new drugs. Substituted Benzophenone 4 (BP-4)s such as oxybenzone and dioxybenzone are used in many sunscreens. The use of Benzophenone 4 (BP-4)-derivatives which structurally resemble a strong photosensitizer has been criticized (see sunscreen controversy). Michler's ketone has dimethylamino substituents at each para position. The high-strength polymer PEEK is prepared from derivatives of Benzophenone 4 (BP-4). Safety It is considered as "essentially nontoxic." Benzophenone 4 (BP-4) is however banned as a food additive by the US Food and Drug Administration, despite the FDA's continuing stance that this chemical does not pose a risk to public health under the conditions of its intended use. Benzophenone 4 (BP-4) derivatives are known to be pharmacologically active. From a molecular chemistry point of view interaction of Benzophenone 4 (BP-4) with B-DNA has been demonstrated experimentally. The interaction with DNA and the successive photo-induced energy transfer is at the base of the Benzophenone 4 (BP-4) activity as a DNA photosensitizers and may explain part of its therapeutic potentialities. In 2014, Benzophenone 4 (BP-4)s were named Contact Allergen of the Year by the American Contact Dermatitis Society. Benzophenone 4 (BP-4) is an endocrine disruptor capable of binding to the pregnane X receptor. Environmental Fate/Exposure Summary Benzophenone 4 (benzophenone-4)'s production and use in organic synthesis, as an odor fixative, as a flavoring, soap fragrance; in the manufacture of pharmaceuticals, and as a polymerization inhibitor for styrene may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. Its use as an inert ingredient in nonfood use pesticides may result in its direct release to the environment. Benzophenone 4 (benzophenone-4) occurs naturally in Merrill flowers. If released to air, a vapor pressure of 1.93X10-3 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates Benzophenone 4 (benzophenone-4) will exist solely as a vapor in the atmosphere. Vapor-phase Benzophenone 4 (benzophenone-4) will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 3 days. Benzophenone 4 (benzophenone-4) absorbs UV light at wavelengths >290 nm and, therefore, may be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight. If released to soil, Benzophenone 4 (benzophenone-4) is expected to have moderate to low mobility based upon Koc values of 430 and 517. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 1.9X10-6 atm-cu m/mole. Benzophenone 4 (benzophenone-4) is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces based upon its vapor pressure. Utilizing the Japanese MITI test, 0% of the Theoretical BOD was reached in 2 weeks indicating that biodegradation is not an important environmental fate process in soil or water. If released into water, Benzophenone 4 (benzophenone-4) is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment based upon the Koc values. Volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon this compound's estimated Henry's Law constant. Estimated volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 15 and 110 days, respectively. Measured BCF values of 3.4-9.2 suggest bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low. Hydrolysis is not expected to be an important environmental fate process since this compound lacks functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions (pH 5 to 9). Occupational exposure to Benzophenone 4 (benzophenone-4) may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where Benzophenone 4 (benzophenone-4) is produced or used. Monitoring data indicate that the general population may be exposed to Benzophenone 4 (benzophenone-4) via ingestion of food and dermal and inhalation contact with consumer products or flowers containing Benzophenone 4 (benzophenone-4). About Benzophenone 4 Benzophenone 4 is registered under the REACH Regulation and is manufactured in and / or imported to the European Economic Area, at ≥ 100 to < 1 000 per annum. Benzophenone 4 is used by consumers, in articles, by professional workers (widespread uses), in formulation or re-packing, at industrial sites and in manufacturing. Consumer Uses of Benzophenone-4 Benzophenone 4 is used in the following products: cosmetics and personal care products, washing & cleaning products, leather treatment products and air care products. Other release to the environment of Benzophenone 4 is likely to occur from: indoor use (e.g. machine wash liquids/detergents, automotive care products, paints and coating or adhesives, fragrances and air fresheners) and outdoor use as processing aid. Article service life of Benzophenone-4 Other release to the environment of Benzophenone 4 is likely to occur from: outdoor use in long-life materials with high release rate (e.g. tyres, treated wooden products, treated textile and fabric, brake pads in trucks or cars, sanding of buildings (bridges, facades) or vehicles (ships)), outdoor use in long-life materials with low release rate (e.g. metal, wooden and plastic construction and building materials), indoor use in long-life materials with low release rate (e.g. flooring, furniture, toys, construction materials, curtains, foot-wear, leather products, paper and cardboard products, electronic equipment) and indoor use in long-life materials with high release rate (e.g. release from fabrics, textiles during washing, removal of indoor paints). Benzophenone 4 can be found in products with material based on: plastic (e.g. food packaging and storage, toys, mobile phones) and paper used for articles with intense direct dermal (skin) contact during normal use such as personal hygiene articles (e.g. nappies, feminine hygiene products, adult incontinence products, tissues, towels, toilet paper). Widespread uses by professional workers of Benzophenone-4 Benzophenone 4 is used in the following products: cosmetics and personal care products, washing & cleaning products, air care products, pharmaceuticals and polishes and waxes. Benzophenone 4 is used in the following areas: health services, agriculture, forestry and fishing and formulation of mixtures and/or re-packaging. Other release to the environment of Benzophenone 4 is likely to occur from: indoor use (e.g. mac
BENZOQUINONE (1,4-BENZOQUINONE)
Benzoquinone, a crystalline solid, is characterized by its white to light yellow color.
As a quinone derivative, it exhibits a cyclic structure with alternating double bonds.
Benzoquinone (1,4-Benzoquinone) has a pungent odor, contributing to its distinctive scent.

CAS Number: 106-51-4
EC Number: 203-405-2

Quinone, p-Benzoquinone, Cyclohexadienedione, 1,4-Cyclohexadienedione, Quinon, p-Benzoquinon, p-Chinone, p-Chinon, p-Ketohydroquinone, Hydroquinone, para-Benzoquinone, para-Benzoquinon, 1,4-Benzoquinon, p-Benzochinon, p-Benzochinone, p-Chin, p-Chinono, Quinone Q, USAF EK-5094, NSC 7599, 1,4-Benzoquinone, para-Chinon, Hydrochinone, Cekuol, Paraquinone, Sperma Quinone, Derma Quinone, 1,4-Cyclohexadiene-1,4-dione, NSC 1176, 1,4-Benzoqui none, 2,5-Cyclohexadiene-1,4-dione, para-Chinone, para-Chinon, Uterofluxan, USAN, Benzoquinone (UN2712), p-Benzoquinone (8CI), para-Quinone, NSC 22959, 1,4-Benzoquinon, NSC 7629, 1,4-Cyclohexadiene-1,4-dione (VAN), 2,5-Cyclohexadiene-1,4-dione, 1,4-Cyclohexadiene-1,4-dione, para-Quinon, Cyclohexadienedione, BZQ, p-Chinono, p-Benzochinon, p-Ketohydroquinone, 1,4-Benzoquinone, NSC 1483, NSC 76918, para-Benzoquinone, para-Benzoquinon, p-Benzochinon, NSC 31450, NSC 7588, NSC 77656, Paraquinone, 2,5-Cyclohexadiene-1,4-dione, para-Chinone, para-Chinon, Uterofluxan, USAN, Benzoquinone (UN2712), p-Benzoquinone (8CI), para-Quinone, NSC 22959, 1,4-Benzoquinon, NSC 7629, 1,4-Cyclohexadiene-1,4-dione (VAN), 2,5-Cyclohexadiene-1,4-dione, 1,4-Cyclohexadiene-1,4-dione, para-Quinon



APPLICATIONS


Benzoquinone (1,4-Benzoquinone) is utilized in organic synthesis as a precursor for the production of various compounds.
Its oxidizing properties make it valuable in redox reactions, contributing to the synthesis of diverse organic molecules.

Historically, benzoquinone has been employed in photography as a developing agent for certain processes.
In the field of dye production, it serves as a key ingredient in the formulation of specific dyes.
Benzoquinone (1,4-Benzoquinone) finds application in polymerization reactions, where it contributes to the formation of polymers.

Benzoquinone (1,4-Benzoquinone) has been explored for its potential role in biological studies and specific medical applications.
Due to its strong oxidizing nature, it is used as a reagent in various chemical transformations.
In some industrial processes, benzoquinone is employed as an intermediate in the synthesis of other chemicals.

The oxidizing properties of benzoquinone make it a suitable candidate for use in certain analytical chemistry methods.
Benzoquinone (1,4-Benzoquinone) is a component in the production of certain medications and pharmaceutical compounds.
Benzoquinone (1,4-Benzoquinone) has been investigated for its role in fuel cells, where its redox properties are relevant.

Certain pesticides and herbicides may contain benzoquinone as an active ingredient.
In the realm of materials science, benzoquinone can be involved in the synthesis of functional materials.
Benzoquinone (1,4-Benzoquinone) has applications in the synthesis of antioxidants and compounds with biological activity.
Benzoquinone (1,4-Benzoquinone) is utilized in the production of specific types of adhesives and sealants.

Benzoquinone (1,4-Benzoquinone) plays a role in the formulation of certain inks and pigments in the printing industry.
Its oxidizing properties make it valuable in the synthesis of certain types of resins and coatings.
Benzoquinone (1,4-Benzoquinone) is employed in the manufacturing of certain types of batteries.

In the field of analytical chemistry, it may be used as a reagent for detecting and quantifying specific substances.
Certain chemical processes in the agricultural industry involve the use of benzoquinone.
Benzoquinone (1,4-Benzoquinone) can be utilized in the production of flavoring agents for the food industry.
Benzoquinone (1,4-Benzoquinone) may have applications in the synthesis of specialty chemicals for various industries.

Research continues to explore new applications and uses for benzoquinone in various scientific and industrial fields.
Benzoquinone (1,4-Benzoquinone)'s versatility in redox reactions contributes to its widespread applications across multiple industries.
Due to its unique chemical properties, benzoquinone remains a valuable component in the toolkit of organic chemists and industrial applications.

Benzoquinone (1,4-Benzoquinone) is employed in the formulation of certain types of hair dyes and colorants.
In the electronics industry, it is used in the synthesis of materials for electronic devices and components.
Certain types of adhesives used in woodworking may contain benzoquinone as a component.
Benzoquinone (1,4-Benzoquinone) has applications in the synthesis of certain antimalarial drugs.

Benzoquinone (1,4-Benzoquinone) is utilized in the manufacturing of certain types of high-performance plastics.
Benzoquinone (1,4-Benzoquinone) may find application in the production of specialty chemicals for the cosmetic industry.

Some chemical reactions involving benzoquinone are utilized in the synthesis of perfumes and fragrances.
Benzoquinone (1,4-Benzoquinone) plays a role in the development of certain types of corrosion inhibitors for metals.

Benzoquinone (1,4-Benzoquinone) is explored for its potential use in the synthesis of conductive polymers.
Benzoquinone (1,4-Benzoquinone) has been studied for its application in energy storage devices and batteries.

In the production of certain types of paints and coatings, benzoquinone contributes to the formulation.
Benzoquinone (1,4-Benzoquinone) may be involved in the synthesis of certain types of optical brighteners.
Benzoquinone (1,4-Benzoquinone) is used in some laboratory procedures for its redox properties in chemical analysis.

The synthesis of specific types of antioxidants for food preservation may involve benzoquinone.
Benzoquinone (1,4-Benzoquinone)'s involvement in organic synthesis extends to the production of pharmaceutical intermediates.
It has applications in the production of specialty chemicals used in the textile industry.

Benzoquinone (1,4-Benzoquinone) is employed in the synthesis of certain types of insecticides.
In the realm of materials science, it is studied for potential applications in conductive materials.
Benzoquinone (1,4-Benzoquinone) may be utilized in the formulation of certain types of fuel additives.

Benzoquinone (1,4-Benzoquinone) can be involved in the production of certain types of rubber additives.
Its oxidizing properties make it useful in the synthesis of certain types of reactive intermediates.
Benzoquinone (1,4-Benzoquinone) has been investigated for its potential applications in organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs).
Benzoquinone (1,4-Benzoquinone) may find use in the synthesis of certain types of specialty chemicals used in the automotive industry.

In some medical research, benzoquinone is explored for its potential applications in antiviral compounds.
Benzoquinone (1,4-Benzoquinone) is utilized in the production of certain types of dyes used in the textile and leather industries.

Benzoquinone (1,4-Benzoquinone) is utilized in the manufacturing of certain types of fungicides for agricultural purposes.
Benzoquinone (1,4-Benzoquinone) plays a role in the synthesis of certain types of photochromic compounds used in eyewear lenses.
Benzoquinone (1,4-Benzoquinone) is explored in the production of certain types of hair care products for cosmetic applications.

In the pharmaceutical industry, it is involved in the synthesis of certain anti-inflammatory drugs.
Benzoquinone (1,4-Benzoquinone) has applications in the synthesis of specific types of dyes for the textile industry.
Benzoquinone (1,4-Benzoquinone) is employed in the formulation of certain types of color stabilizers for polymers.
Benzoquinone (1,4-Benzoquinone) may find use in the production of certain types of photoinitiators used in polymerization reactions.

Benzoquinone (1,4-Benzoquinone) is studied for its potential applications in the synthesis of antifungal agents.
In the field of nanotechnology, benzoquinone is investigated for potential applications in nanomaterials.
Benzoquinone (1,4-Benzoquinone) is used in the formulation of certain types of adhesives and sealants for construction purposes.

Benzoquinone (1,4-Benzoquinone)'s redox properties make it valuable in the synthesis of certain types of redox mediators.
Benzoquinone (1,4-Benzoquinone) has been explored for its potential role in the development of photoactive materials.
Benzoquinone (1,4-Benzoquinone) may be involved in the production of certain types of antioxidants for rubber materials.

Benzoquinone (1,4-Benzoquinone) is utilized in the synthesis of certain types of photovoltaic materials for solar cell applications.
Benzoquinone (1,4-Benzoquinone) plays a role in the synthesis of certain types of herbicides used in agriculture.

Benzoquinone (1,4-Benzoquinone) is investigated for its potential applications in the synthesis of luminescent materials.
In the field of environmental science, it may be used in certain analytical methods for pollutant detection.
Benzoquinone (1,4-Benzoquinone) is employed in the synthesis of certain types of antipsychotic drugs for medical purposes.

Benzoquinone (1,4-Benzoquinone) is explored for its potential applications in the development of conductive materials for electronics.
Benzoquinone (1,4-Benzoquinone) may be used in the synthesis of certain types of pigments for the cosmetic industry.
Benzoquinone (1,4-Benzoquinone) is involved in the formulation of certain types of toners for printing and photocopying applications.

Benzoquinone (1,4-Benzoquinone) may find applications in the development of certain types of antimicrobial agents.
In the field of catalysis, the compound is explored for its potential applications in catalytic reactions.
Benzoquinone (1,4-Benzoquinone) is utilized in the synthesis of certain types of corrosion inhibitors for metal protection.
Benzoquinone (1,4-Benzoquinone)'s involvement in redox reactions extends to its potential applications in electrochemical devices.

Benzoquinone (1,4-Benzoquinone) finds application in the production of certain types of chemical intermediates used in various industries.
Benzoquinone (1,4-Benzoquinone) is used in the formulation of certain types of inkjet printer inks.

Benzoquinone (1,4-Benzoquinone) is explored for potential applications in the development of biosensors for analytical purposes.
In the field of biotechnology, it may be involved in the synthesis of certain biomolecules.
Benzoquinone (1,4-Benzoquinone) plays a role in the development of certain types of photoresponsive materials.

Benzoquinone (1,4-Benzoquinone) is utilized in the synthesis of certain types of antioxidants used in the food industry.
Benzoquinone (1,4-Benzoquinone) is explored for potential applications in the synthesis of smart materials for responsive technologies.
Benzoquinone (1,4-Benzoquinone) may find use in the production of certain types of flame retardants for materials.
Benzoquinone (1,4-Benzoquinone) is involved in the synthesis of certain types of anticancer agents for medical applications.

Benzoquinone (1,4-Benzoquinone) may be used in the development of certain types of sensors for environmental monitoring.
Benzoquinone (1,4-Benzoquinone) is studied for potential applications in the synthesis of electrochromic materials.

Benzoquinone (1,4-Benzoquinone) finds use in the formulation of certain types of oxidative hair dyes.
Benzoquinone (1,4-Benzoquinone) is explored in the production of certain types of color-changing materials for novelty items.
Benzoquinone (1,4-Benzoquinone) may be involved in the synthesis of certain types of conductive inks for printed electronics.

Benzoquinone (1,4-Benzoquinone) is used in the formulation of certain types of analytical standards for laboratory testing.
Benzoquinone (1,4-Benzoquinone) may find applications in the synthesis of certain types of crosslinking agents for polymers.
Benzoquinone (1,4-Benzoquinone) plays a role in the development of certain types of chemiluminescent materials for diagnostics.

Benzoquinone (1,4-Benzoquinone) is explored for its potential applications in the synthesis of liquid crystal materials.
Benzoquinone (1,4-Benzoquinone) is used in the formulation of certain types of anticorrosive coatings for metal protection.

Benzoquinone (1,4-Benzoquinone) may be involved in the synthesis of certain types of light-sensitive materials for photography.
Benzoquinone (1,4-Benzoquinone) finds application in the synthesis of certain types of therapeutic agents for disease treatment.

Benzoquinone (1,4-Benzoquinone) is utilized in the formulation of certain types of color-changing indicators for chemical analysis.
Benzoquinone (1,4-Benzoquinone) is explored for potential applications in the development of organic electronic devices.
Benzoquinone (1,4-Benzoquinone) may find use in the production of certain types of photopolymer materials for 3D printing.
Benzoquinone (1,4-Benzoquinone) is studied for its potential applications in the synthesis of materials for catalytic processes.



DESCRIPTION


Benzoquinone, a crystalline solid, is characterized by its white to light yellow color.
As a quinone derivative, it exhibits a cyclic structure with alternating double bonds.
Benzoquinone (1,4-Benzoquinone) has a pungent odor, contributing to its distinctive scent.

Benzoquinone (1,4-Benzoquinone) is commonly recognized for its oxidizing properties in various chemical reactions.
Its molecular weight is approximately 108.10 g/mol, indicating a relatively light molecular mass.
With a melting point in the range of 115-117°C, Benzoquinone (1,4-Benzoquinone) undergoes a phase transition when exposed to heat.

Benzoquinone (1,4-Benzoquinone) is sparingly soluble in water but dissolves readily in organic solvents such as acetone and benzene.
Benzoquinone (1,4-Benzoquinone) is known for its reactivity and participation in redox reactions, making it a versatile chemical in organic synthesis.
Under certain conditions, Benzoquinone (1,4-Benzoquinone) can sublime at temperatures around 278°C.
Benzoquinone (1,4-Benzoquinone) has historical relevance in photography, where it was used as a developing agent.
Benzoquinone (1,4-Benzoquinone) is identified by its Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS) number 106-51-4.

Benzoquinone (1,4-Benzoquinone) is an oxidizing agent and, therefore, requires careful handling to avoid undesired reactions.
In biological studies, benzoquinone has been utilized in specific applications and medical research.
Benzoquinone (1,4-Benzoquinone) is sometimes referred to by its IUPAC name, cyclohexadienedione.

Due to its strong oxidizing nature, benzoquinone may cause skin, eye, and respiratory irritation.
Its quinone structure imparts distinctive chemical and physical properties to the compound.

In the realm of dye production, benzoquinone finds application as a precursor in certain formulations.
Benzoquinone (1,4-Benzoquinone)'s presence in certain reactions has been explored for polymerization purposes.
Benzoquinone (1,4-Benzoquinone) is used in the synthesis of various organic compounds, contributing to the field of organic chemistry.
As an aromatic quinone, it plays a role in specific chemical processes, adding to its industrial significance.

Benzoquinone (1,4-Benzoquinone) has been subject to scientific research exploring its potential applications and reactions.
Benzoquinone, sometimes called para-benzoquinone, is part of the quinone family of chemicals.
Its physical appearance as a crystalline solid indicates a well-defined and structured molecular arrangement.

The European Community (EC) number for benzoquinone is 203-405-2.
Proper safety measures, including the use of personal protective equipment, are essential when working with benzoquinone due to its irritant properties.



PROPERTIES


Physical Properties:

Molecular Formula: C6H4O2
Molecular Weight: 108.10 g/mol
Appearance: Crystalline solid
Color: White to light yellow
Odor: Pungent
Melting Point: 115-117 °C
Boiling Point: Sublimes at around 278 °C
Solubility: Sparingly soluble in water; soluble in organic solvents (e.g., acetone, benzene, and ether).


Chemical Properties:

Chemical Structure: Six-membered carbon ring with alternating double bonds and two oxygen atoms in para positions.
Oxidation State: Exhibits a quinone structure with oxidized carbon atoms.
Reactivity: Strong oxidizing agent; participates in redox reactions.
Sublimation: Sublimes at elevated temperatures without undergoing a liquid phase.



FIRST AID


Inhalation:

Move the person to fresh air immediately.
If breathing difficulties persist, seek medical attention.
Provide artificial respiration if the person is not breathing.


Skin Contact:

Remove contaminated clothing and wash the affected area with plenty of water.
Use a mild soap to cleanse the skin thoroughly.
Seek medical attention if irritation, redness, or other symptoms persist.
Contaminated clothing should be removed and washed before reuse.


Eye Contact:

Rinse the eyes gently but thoroughly with water for at least 15 minutes, holding the eyelids open.
Seek immediate medical attention if irritation, redness, or pain persists.
Remove contact lenses if present and easily removable.


Ingestion:

Do not induce vomiting unless instructed by medical personnel.
Rinse the mouth with water.
Seek immediate medical attention.
If vomiting occurs and the person is conscious, keep the head lower than the chest to prevent aspiration.



HANDLING AND STORAGE


Handling:

Personal Protective Equipment (PPE):
Wear appropriate PPE, including chemical-resistant gloves, safety goggles, and a laboratory coat.
Use respiratory protection if handling in an environment with inadequate ventilation.

Ventilation:
Work in a well-ventilated area to minimize inhalation exposure.
Use local exhaust ventilation or other engineering controls to control airborne concentrations.

Avoidance of Contact:
Avoid direct skin contact and inhalation of vapors.
Handle with care to prevent spills or releases.

Preventive Measures:
Implement good industrial hygiene practices.
Wash hands thoroughly after handling.

Storage:
Store in a cool, dry place away from incompatible substances.
Keep containers tightly closed to prevent contamination and evaporation.

Segregation:
Store away from reducing agents, combustible materials, and strong bases.
Segregate from materials that may react violently with oxidizing agents.

Labeling:
Ensure containers are properly labeled with the product name, hazard information, and safety precautions.
Use appropriate warning labels indicating the oxidizing nature of benzoquinone.


Storage:

Temperature:
Store at room temperature.
Avoid exposure to excessive heat or direct sunlight.

Containers:
Use containers made of compatible materials, such as glass or high-density polyethylene (HDPE).
Ensure containers are sealed tightly to prevent evaporation.

Stability:
Benzoquinone is stable under normal storage conditions.
Check for signs of degradation or contamination periodically.

Incompatibilities:
Avoid storage with incompatible materials, such as reducing agents, strong bases, and combustible materials.
Separate from substances that may react violently with oxidizing agents.

Emergency Equipment:
Have emergency equipment, such as eyewash stations and safety showers, readily accessible.
Keep appropriate firefighting equipment nearby in case of fire.

Spill and Leak Response:
In case of spills, use absorbent materials to contain and clean up the substance.
Follow proper procedures for disposal of contaminated materials.
BENZOTHIAZYL DISULFIDE
Benzothiazyl disulfide is a cream to light yellow powder.
Benzothiazyl disulfide is a rubber chemical used as a vulcanization accelerant.


CAS Number: 120-78-5
EC Number: 204-424-9
MDL number: MFCD00022874
Molecular Formula: C14H8N2S4



SYNONYMS:
2,2'-Dithiobis(benzothiazole), 2,2'-Dithiobisbenzothiazole, Thiofide, Dibenzothiazyl disulfide, Benzothiazyl disulfide, Altax, Benzothiazole disulfide, MBTS, Dibenzothiazolyl disulfide, Benzothiazolyl disulfide, Vulkacit DM, Bis(2-benzothiazyl) disulfide, Pneumax DM, Vulcafor MBTS, Dibenzoylthiazyl disulfide, Bis(benzothiazolyl) disulfide, 2,2'-Benzothiazyl disulfide, 2-Mercaptobenzothiazole disulfide, Dibenzothiazolyl disulphide, 2,2'-DIBENZOTHIAZYL DISULFIDE, Bis(2-benzothiazolyl) disulfide, Ekagom GS, Accel TM, 2-Benzothiazolyl disulfide, Vulkacit DM/C, 1,2-bis(benzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)disulfane, Royal MBTS, Benzothiazole, 2,2'-dithiobis-, Dibenzthiazyl disulfide, MBTS rubber accelerator, dibenzothiazol-2-yl disulfide, Vulkacit dm/mgc, 2,2'-Dibenzothiazolyl disulfide, 2-Benzothiazyl disulfide, Benzothiazole, dithiobis-, 2,2'-Bis(benzothiazolyl) disulfide, 2-Mercaptobenzothiazyl disulfide, BTS-SBT, Di-2-benzothiazolyl disulfide, 2,2-dithiobis(benzothiazole), Dithiobis(benzothiazole), Mercaptobenzthiazyl ether, 2-(1,3-Benzothiazol-2-yldisulfanyl)-1,3-benzothiazole, Naugex MBT, USAF CY-5, 2,2'-Dithiobis(1,3-benzothiazole), USAF EK-5432, CHEBI:53239, Dwusiarczek dwubenzotiazylu, Benzothiazol-2-yl disulfide, di(1,3-benzothiazol-2-yl) disulfide, 2,2'-Dithiobis-benzothiazole, 2,2'-Dibenzothiazoyl disulfide, 2,2'-Dithiobis[benzothiazole], NSC-2, DTXSID1020146, BI-87F4, 6OK753033Z, 1,2-di(benzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)disulfane, NCGC00091238-02, DTXCID70146, Caswell No. 408A, NSC 2, 2,2'-Dibenzothiazyldisulfide, CAS-120-78-5, Benzthiazole disulfide, CCRIS 4637, HSDB 1137, Di(benzothiazol-2-yl) disulphide, Dwusiarczek dwubenzotiazylu [Polish], EINECS 204-424-9, EPA Pesticide Chemical Code 009202, BRN 0285796, Mercaptobenzothiazole disulfide, AI3-07662, 2,2'-Dithio(bis)benzothiazole, Sanceler DM, UNII-6OK753033Z, Perkacit MBTS, DBTD, dibenzothiazyl disulphide, Dibenzothiazole disulfide, dibenzo thiazyl disulfide, NSC2, Epitope ID:138947, Mercaptobenzothiazolyl ether, 2,2'-dithiobisbenzthiazole, EC 204-424-9, Benzothiazole,2'-dithiobis-, Mercaptobenzothiazyl disulfide, SCHEMBL23527, 4-27-00-01862 (Beilstein Handbook Reference), (benzothiazol-2-yl) disulfide, (benzothiazol-2-yl) disulphide, 2,2'-Dithio-bis-benzothiazole, 2,2?-Dithiobis(benzothiazole), CHEMBL508112, 2,2¡a-Dithiobis(benzothiazole), di(benzothiazol-2-yl) disulfide, bis(benzothiazol-2-yl)disulphide, bis(benzothiazole-2-yl)disulfide, bis-(benzothiazol-2-yl)disulphide, Di-(benzothiazol-2-yl)-disulfide, Bis(benzothiazole-2-yl) disulfide, bis-(benzothiazol-2-yl) disulfide, bis-(benzothiazol-2-yl) disulphide, Tox21_111106, BDBM50444458, MFCD00022874, STK171119, MBTS (2,2'-Dithiobisbenzothiazole), AKOS001022311, BIS(2-BENZOTHIAZYL) DISULPHIDE, Tox21_111106_1, 2,2'-DIBENZOTHIAZOLE DISULFIDE, 2,2'-Dithiobis(benzothiazole), 99%, AM91095, CS-W009852, DB14201, NSC-677459, DIBENZOTHIAZYL DISULFIDE [VANDF], NCGC00091238-01, NCGC00091238-03, 2,2'-DITHIOBISBENZOTHIAZOLE [MI], AC-11588, LS-14263, 2,2'-disulfanediylbis(1,3-benzothiazole), WLN: T56 BN DSJ CSS-CT56 BN DSJ, D0538, NS00005023, 2,2'-DIBENZOTHIAZYL DISULFIDE [HSDB], D77699, EN300-7399114, SR-01000944767, 2-(1,3-benzothiazol-2-yldithio)-1,3-benzothiazole, Q2795423, SR-01000944767-1, 1,2-Bis(2-benzothiazolyl) disulfide, 1,2-Bis(benzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)disulfane, 2-(1,3-Benzothiazol-2-yldisulfanyl)-1,3-benzothiazole, 2-Benzothiazolyl disulfide, 2-Benzothiazyl disulfide, 2-Mercaptobenzothiazole disulfide, 2,2′-Benzothiazole disulfide, 2,2′-Benzothiazolyl disulfide, 2,2′-Benzothiazyl disulfide, 2,2′-Dibenzothiazole disulfide, 2,2′-Dibenzothiazolyl disulfide, 2,2′-Dithiobis-1,3-benzothiazole, 2,2′-Dithiobis[benzothiazole], Benzothiazole disulfide, Benzothiazolyl disulfide, Benzothiazyl disulfide, Bis(2-benzothiazolyl) disulfide, Bis(2-benzothiazyl) disulfide, Bis(benzothiazol-2-yl)disulfide, DBTD, Di-2-benzothiazolyl disulfide, Dibenzothiazolyl disulfide, Dibenzothiazyl disulfide, Dibenzothiophene disulfide, Dibenzthiazyl disulfide, Altax, Benzothiazol-2-yl disulfide, Benzothiazole disulfide, Benzothiazolyl disulfide, Benzothiazyl disulfide, Bis(benzothiazolyl) disulfide, Bis(2-benzothiazolyl) disulfide, Bis(2-benzothiazyl) disulfide, Dibenzothiazolyl disulfide, Ekagom GS, MBTS, MBTS Rubber Accelerator, Pneumax DM, Royal MBTS, Thiofide, Vulcafor MBTS, Vulkacit DM, Vulkacit DM/C, 2-Benzothiazolyl disulfide, 2-Mercaptobenzothiazole disulfide, 2,2'-Benzothiazyl disulfide, 2,2'-Dibenzothiazyl disulfide, 2,2'-Dithiobis[benzothiazole], Accel TM, Di-2-benzothiazolyl disulfide, Dibenzoylthiazyl disulfide, 2-Mercaptobenzothiazyl disulfide, Dibenzothiazolyl disulphide, Dwusiarczek dwubenzotiazylu, USAF CY-5, USAF EK-5432, Vulkacit DM/MGC, Dibenzothiazole disulfide, Dibenzthiazyl disulfide, Mercaptobenzthiazyl ether, Naugex MBT, Perkacit MBTS, 2-Benzothiazyl disulfide, Dibenzothiazyl disulfide, Sanceler DM, di(benzothiazol-2-yl) disulphide, MBTS, 2,2'-Benzothiazyl disulfide, 2,2'-Bis(benzothiazolyl) disulfide, 2,2'-Dibenzothiazyldisulfide, 2,2'-Dithiobis(benzothiazole), 2-Benzothiazolyl disulfide, 2-Benzothiazyl disulfide, 2-Mercaptobenzothiazole disulfide, 2-Mercaptobenzothiazyl disulfide, Accel TM, Altax, Benzothiazole disulfide, Benzothiazole, 2,2'-dithiobis-, Benzothiazolyl disulfide, Benzothiazyl disulfide, Bis(2-benzothiazolyl) disulfide, Bis(2-benzothiazyl) disulfide, Bis(benzothiazolyl) disulfide, Di-2-benzothiazolyl disulfide, Dibenzothiazolyl disulfide, Dibenzothiazolyl disulphide, Dibenzothiazyl disulfide, Dibenzoylthiazyl disulfide, Dibenzthiazyl disulfide, Dithiobis(benzothiazole), Dwusiarczek dwubenzotiazylu [Polish], Ekagom GS, MBTS, MBTS rubber accelerator, Mercaptobenzthiazyl ether, Pneumax DM, Royal MBTS, Thiofide, Vulcafor MBTS, Vulkacit DM, Vulkacit DM/C, Vulkacit DM/MGC, [ChemIDplus] MBTS, [Marks, p. 98-9], Benzothiazyl disulfide, Altax, Dibenzothiazyl disulfide, 2,2'-Benzothiazyl disulfide, 2,2'-Dibenzothiazyl disulfide, MBTS, Mercaptobenzthiazyl ether, Naugex MBT, Thiofide, Vulkacit DM, Benzothiazole disulfide, benzothiazolyl disulfide, 2-benzothiazolyl disulfide, bis(benzothiazolyl) disulfide, bis(2-benzothiazyl) disulfide, dibenzoylthiazyl disulfide, mbts rubber accelerator, 2-mercaptobenzothiazole disulfide, 2-mercaptobenzothiazyl disulfide, royal mbts, Accel TM, Benzothiazol-2-yl disulfide, Bis(2-benzothiazolyl) disulfide, Dithiobis(benzothiazole), Ekagom GS, Mercaptobenzothiazole disulfide, Mercaptobenzothiazyl disulfide, Pneumax DM, Vulcafor MBTS, Vulkacit DM/C, di(benzothiazol-2-yl) disulfide, 2,2'-Dibenzothiazoyl disulfide, MBTS, Accelerator, 1,2-bis(benzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)disulfane, DIBENZOTHIAZOLE DISULFIDE, benzothiazolyl, BENZOTHIAZYL DISULFIDE, 2-BENZOTHIAZOLYL DISULFIDE, Dibenzothiazolyl disulphide, di(benzothiazol-2-yl) disulphide, 2-Mercaptobenzothiazole disulfide, altax, thiofide, dibenzothiazyl disulfide, benzothiazyl disulfide, 2,2'-dithiobis benzothiazole, 2,2'-dithiobisbenzothiazole, benzothiazole disulfide, mbts, pneumax dm, vulcafor mbts, W-200947, Z56754489, F0900-0449, 2-(1,3-Benzothiazol-2-yldisulfanyl)-1,3-benzothiazole #, 2,2'-Benzothiazyl disulfide, 2,2'-Bis(benzothiazolyl) disulfide, 2,2'-Dibenzothiazyl disulfide, 2,2'-Dibenzothiazyldisulfide, 2,2'-Dithiobis(benzothiazole), 2-Benzothiazolyl disulfide, 2-Benzothiazyl disulfide, 2-Mercaptobenzothiazole disulfide, 2-Mercaptobenzothiazyl disulfide, 4-27-00-01862 (Beilstein Handbook Reference), AI3-07662, Accel TM, Altax, BRN 0285796, Benzothiazole disulfide, Benzothiazole, 2,2'-dithiobis-, Benzothiazolyl disulfide, Benzothiazyl disulfide, Bis(2-benzothiazolyl) disulfide, Bis(2-benzothiazyl) disulfide, Bis(benzothiazolyl) disulfide, CCRIS 4637, Caswell No. 408A, Di-2-benzothiazolyl disulfide, Dibenzothiazolyl disulfide, Dibenzothiazolyl disulphide, Dibenzothiazyl disulfide, Dibenzoylthiazyl disulfide, Dibenzthiazyl disulfide, Dithiobis(benzothiazole), Dwusiarczek dwubenzotiazylu, Dwusiarczek dwubenzotiazylu [Polish], EINECS 204-424-9, EPA Pesticide Chemical Code 009202, Ekagom GS, HSDB 1137, MBTS, MBTS rubber accelerator, Mercaptobenzthiazyl ether, NSC 2, Pneumax DM, Royal MBTS, Thiofide, USAF CY-5, USAF EK-5432, Vulcafor MBTS, Vulkacit DM, Vulkacit DM/C, Vulkacit DM/mgc, Altax, Benzothiazol-2-yl disulfide, Benzothiazole disulfide, Benzothiazolyl disulfide, Benzothiazyl disulfide, Bis(benzothiazolyl) disulfide, Bis(2-benzothiazolyl) disulfide, Bis(2-benzothiazyl) disulfide, Dibenzothiazolyl disulfide, Ekagom GS, MBTS, MBTS Rubber Accelerator, Pneumax DM, Royal MBTS, Thiofide, Vulcafor MBTS, Vulkacit DM, Vulkacit DM/C, 2-Benzothiazolyl disulfide, 2-Mercaptobenzothiazole disulfide, 2,2'-Benzothiazyl disulfide, 2,2'-Dibenzothiazyl disulfide, 2,2'-Dithiobis[benzothiazole], Accel TM, Di-2-benzothiazolyl disulfide, Dibenzoylthiazyl disulfide, 2-Mercaptobenzothiazyl disulfide, Dibenzothiazolyl disulphide, Dwusiarczek dwubenzotiazylu, USAF CY-5, USAF EK-5432, Vulkacit DM/MGC, Dibenzothiazole disulfide, Dibenzthiazyl disulfide, Mercaptobenzthiazyl ether, Naugex MBT, Perkacit MBTS, 2-Benzothiazyl disulfide, Dibenzothiazyl disulfide, Sanceler DM, di(benzothiazol-2-yl) disulphide, DM, MBTS, acceltm, Accel TM, AcceleratorDM, Acelerator DM, benzothiazolyl, AcceleratorMBTS, accelerator(dm), Accelerator (DM), Accelerator MBTS, Benzothiazyldisuflide, Rubber Accelerator DM, benzothiazoledisulfide, Rubber Accelerator MBTS, Benzothiazole disulfide, 2-benzothiazyldisulfide, Dibenzothiazole Disulfide, 2,2'-dithiobis-benzothiazol, Benzothiazol-2-yl disulfide, 2,2'-Dithiobis(Benzothiazole), 2,2'-Dibenzothiazoledisulfide, 2,2-D ibenzothiazole Disulfide, 2,2'-Dibenzothiazole disulfide, Benzothiazole, 2,2'-dithiobis-, 2-mercaptobenzothiazyldisulfide, 1,3-benzothiazole 1,1-disulfide, 2-mercaptobenzothiazoledisulfide, 2-Mercaptobenzothiazyl disulfide, 2,2'-bis(benzothiazolyl)disulfide, 2-Mercaptobenzothiazole disulfide, 2,2'-disulfanediylbis(1,3-benzothiazole), Rubber Pharmaceutical intermediate Refined(DM), 2-(1,3-Benzothiazol-2-yldisulfanyl)-1,3-benzothiazole



Benzothiazyl disulfide is registered under the REACH Regulation and is manufactured in and / or imported to the European Economic Area, at ≥ 10 000 to < 100 000 tonnes per annum.
Benzothiazyl disulfide is a pale yellow or cream to off-white odorless solid.


Benzothiazyl disulfide is a colorless to pale yellow powder.
Benzothiazyl disulfide is a pale yellow needles from benzene.
Sensitivity to Benzothiazyl disulfide may be identified with a clinical patch test.


Benzothiazyl disulfide is a cream to light yellow powder.
Benzothiazyl disulfide is an organic disulfide resulting from the formal oxidative coupling of the thiol groups of two molecules of 1,3-benzothiazole-2-thiol.


Benzothiazyl disulfide is an organic disulfide resulting from the formal oxidative coupling of the thiol groups of two molecules of 1,3-benzothiazole-2-thiol.
Benzothiazyl disulfide is a cream to light yellow powder.


Benzothiazyl disulfide is a rubber chemical used as a vulcanization accelerant.
Benzothiazyl disulfide is a premium pharmaceutical-grade chemical compound presented in white or light-yellow powder form.



USES and APPLICATIONS of BENZOTHIAZYL DISULFIDE:
Benzothiazyl disulfide is used by consumers, in articles, by professional workers (widespread uses), in formulation or re-packing, at industrial sites and in manufacturing.
Benzothiazyl disulfide is used in the following products: polymers.


Other release to the environment of Benzothiazyl disulfide is likely to occur from: outdoor use in long-life materials with low release rate (e.g. metal, wooden and plastic construction and building materials), outdoor use in long-life materials with high release rate (e.g. tyres, treated wooden products, treated textile and fabric, brake pads in trucks or cars, sanding of buildings (bridges, facades) or vehicles (ships)) and indoor use in long-life materials with low release rate (e.g. flooring, furniture, toys, construction materials, curtains, foot-wear, leather products, paper and cardboard products, electronic equipment).


Other release to the environment of Benzothiazyl disulfide is likely to occur from: indoor use in long-life materials with low release rate (e.g. flooring, furniture, toys, construction materials, curtains, foot-wear, leather products, paper and cardboard products, electronic equipment), outdoor use in long-life materials with low release rate (e.g. metal, wooden and plastic construction and building materials) and outdoor use in long-life materials with high release rate (e.g. tyres, treated wooden products, treated textile and fabric, brake pads in trucks or cars, sanding of buildings (bridges, facades) or vehicles (ships)).


Benzothiazyl disulfide can be found in complex articles, with no release intended: vehicles, machinery, mechanical appliances and electrical/electronic products (e.g. computers, cameras, lamps, refrigerators, washing machines) and electrical batteries and accumulators.
Benzothiazyl disulfide can be found in products with material based on: rubber (e.g. tyres, shoes, toys).


Other release to the environment of Benzothiazyl disulfide is likely to occur from: indoor use in long-life materials with low release rate (e.g. flooring, furniture, toys, construction materials, curtains, foot-wear, leather products, paper and cardboard products, electronic equipment) and indoor use in long-life materials with high release rate (e.g. release from fabrics, textiles during washing, removal of indoor paints).


Benzothiazyl disulfide is used in the following products: polymers.
Release to the environment of Benzothiazyl disulfide can occur from industrial use: formulation in materials, in the production of articles, as processing aid and as processing aid.


Benzothiazyl disulfide is used in the following products: polymers and adhesives and sealants.
Benzothiazyl disulfide is used in the following areas: formulation of mixtures and/or re-packaging.
Benzothiazyl disulfide is used for the manufacture of: rubber products and plastic products.


Release to the environment of Benzothiazyl disulfide can occur from industrial use: in the production of articles, as processing aid, formulation in materials and as processing aid.
Release to the environment of Benzothiazyl disulfide can occur from industrial use: manufacturing of the substance.


Benzothiazyl disulfide is an accelerator used in the processing process for natural and synthetic rubber and plastic regeneration.
Benzothiazyl disulfide is also a known allergen and dermatological sensitizer.
Benzothiazyl disulfide is used as an accelerator in the rubber industry.


Benzothiazyl disulfide has a role as an allergen.
Benzothiazyl disulfide is an organic disulfide and a member of benzothiazoles.
Benzothiazyl disulfide is functionally related to a 1,3-benzothiazole-2-thiol.


Benzothiazyl disulfide is used in the following products: polymers.
Benzothiazyl disulfide is used for the manufacture of: rubber products.
Benzothiazyl disulfide is an accelerator used in the processing process for natural and synthetic rubber and plastic regeneration.


Benzothiazyl disulfide is also a known allergen and dermatological sensitizer.
Sensitivity to Benzothiazyl disulfide may be identified with a clinical patch test.
Benzothiazyl disulfide is a Standardized Chemical Allergen.


Benzothiazyl disulfide is used as rubber accelerator, polychloroprene plasticizer/retarder, and neoprene retarder.
Benzothiazyl disulfide is also used for general mechanicals and white stocks.
Benzothiazyl disulfide is used as cure modifier for neoprene type W and as oxidation cure activator in butyl.


Benzothiazyl disulfide is used for extruded and molded products, tires, tubes, wire, cable, and sponge.
Benzothiazyl disulfide is used accelerator for natural rubber, nitrile-butadiene, butyl and styrene-butadiene rubber.
Benzothiazyl disulfide is used retarder for chloroprene rubber. (MBTS)


Benzothiazyl disulfide has the potential to combat HPV, acting as a zinc-ejecting inhibitor.
Benzothiazyl disulfide also can act as radical polymerization photo-initiators or co-initiators.
Benzothiazyl disulfide is used as a universal accelerator for natural rubber, synthetic rubber and reclaimed rubber.


Benzothiazyl disulfide is mainly used in the manufacture of tires, inner tube, adhesive tape, rubber shoes and general industrial products.
Rubber Industry uses of Benzothiazyl disulfide: Plays an essential role in the process of vulcanization.
Benzothiazyl disulfide can be used as accelerator for general rubber.


Benzothiazyl disulfide is also used as plasticizer in chloroprene rubbes.
Benzothiazyl disulfide is a Standardized Chemical Allergen.
The physiologic effect of Benzothiazyl disulfide is by means of Increased Histamine Release, and Cell-mediated Immunity.


Benzothiazyl disulfide's industry uses also include fillers, fuels and fuel additives, intermediates, process regulator, propels and blowing agents.
The most frequent occupational categories of Benzothiazyl disulfide are metal industry, homemakers, health services and laboratories, and building industries.


Benzothiazyl disulfide has the potential to combat HPV, acting as a zinc-ejecting inhibitor.
Benzothiazyl disulfide also can act as radical polymerization photo-initiators or co-initiators.
Benzothiazyl disulfide is used as an accelerator in the rubber industry.


Benzothiazyl disulfide is an accelerator for natural rubber, nitrile-butadiene, butyl and styrene-butadiene rubber; a retarder for chloroprene rubber.
Benzothiazyl disulfide is used automotive & Transportation — Automotive, Tires, Industrial — Chemical & Industrial Manufacturing.
Benzothiazyl disulfide is used equipment & Parts.


Other Industrial Applications of Benzothiazyl disulfide: Consumer Goods — Footwear, Industrial — Maintenance, Repair & Overhaul, Electrical & Electronics — Wire & Cable, and Other Wire & Cable Applications.


-Chemical Synthesis uses of Benzothiazyl disulfide:
Benzothiazyl disulfide is used significant in various chemical syntheses, acting as a key ingredient.
Assured quality, global availability, and consistent bulk supply form the cornerstone of Benzothiazyl disulfide offering, backed by a robust 10T monthly production capacity.



WHAT IS BENZOTHIAZYL DISULFIDE AND WHERE IS BENZOTHIAZYL DISULFIDE FOUND?
Benzothiazyl disulfide is an accelerator for natural rubber, synthetic rubber and plastic regeneration.
Benzothiazyl disulfide's usage includes tires, hoses, rubber mats, tarpaulins, unveiled silk goods, wires, cables, and other ‘non-food’ use of rubber products.
Further research may identify additional product or industrial usages of Benzothiazyl disulfide.



COMPATIBLE POLYMERS AND RESINS OF BENZOTHIAZYL DISULFIDE:
Ethylene Propylene Diene Monomer (EPDM), Isobutylene-isoprene (IIR), Natural Rubbers (NR), Nitrile Butadiene Rubber (NBR), Polybutadienes, Styrene Butadiene Rubber (SBR)



AIR AND WATER REACTIONS OF BENZOTHIAZYL DISULFIDE:
Benzothiazyl disulfide is insoluble in water.



REACTIVITY PROFILE OF BENZOTHIAZYL DISULFIDE:
Benzothiazyl disulfide is incompatible with strong oxidizers.



FUNCTIONS OF BENZOTHIAZYL DISULFIDE:
Benzothiazyl disulfide functions prominently within the following sectors:
Pharmaceutical Industry uses of Benzothiazyl disulfide: Contributes as an integral ingredient in drug manufacturing.



CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF BENZOTHIAZYL DISULFIDE:
Benzothiazyl disulfide is a yellow amorphous powder



PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of BENZOTHIAZYL DISULFIDE:
CAS Number: 120-78-5
Molecular Weight: 332.49
EC Number: 204-424-9
MDL Number: MFCD00022874
Beilstein Number: 0285796
XlogP3-AA: 5.60 (estimated)
Formula: C14 H8 N2 S4
Appearance: White powder or pellets (estimated)
Assay: 95.00 to 100.00
Food Chemicals Codex Listed: No
Melting Point: 180.00 °C. @ 760.00 mm Hg
Boiling Point: 532.00 to 533.00 °C. @ 760.00 mm Hg (estimated)
Flash Point: 529.00 °F. TCC (275.80 °C.) (estimated)
logP (o/w): 5.769 (estimated)
Soluble in water, 10 mg/L @ 25 °C (experimental)
Physical State: Needles

Color: Light yellow
Odor: No data available
Melting Point/Freezing Point: 177 - 180 °C (literature value)
Initial Boiling Point and Boiling Range: No data available
Flammability (Solid, Gas): The product is not flammable.
Upper/Lower Flammability or Explosive Limits: No data available
Flash Point: No data available
Autoignition Temperature: Not auto-flammable
Decomposition Temperature: No data available
pH: No data available
Viscosity:
Kinematic Viscosity: No data available
Dynamic Viscosity: No data available
Water Solubility: 0.088 g/L at 22 °C

Partition Coefficient (n-octanol/water): Log Pow 4.5
Vapor Pressure: No data available
Density: 1.34 g/cm3
Relative Density: 1.5 at 19 °C
Relative Vapor Density: Not available
Particle Characteristics: No data available
Explosive Properties: No data available
Oxidizing Properties: None
Other Safety Information: No data available
CAS Number: 120-78-5
Molecular Formula: C14H8N2S4
SMILES: C1=CC=C2C(=C1)N=C(S2)SSC3=NC4=CC=CC=C4S3
Molecular Weight (g/mol): 332.472
ChEBI: CHEBI:53239
Percent Purity: ≥96.0% (HPLC, N)

Chemical Name or Material: 2,2′-Dibenzothiazolyl Disulfide
Melting Point: 178°C
MDL Number: MFCD00022874
UN Number: 3077
InChI Key: AFZSMODLJJCVPP-UHFFFAOYSA-N
IUPAC Name: 2-(1,3-benzothiazol-2-yldisulfanyl)-1,3-benzothiazole
PubChem CID: 8447
Formula Weight: 332.47
Physical Form: Crystalline Powder
Molecular Formula: C14H8N2S4
Molar Mass: 332.49 g/mol
Density: 1.467 g/cm3
Melting Point: 177-180°C
Boiling Point: 358.898°C at 760 mmHg
Flash Point: 170.855°C

Water Solubility: Vapor Pressure: 0 mmHg at 25°C
Appearance: Crystallization
Storage Condition: 2-8°C
Sensitivity: Easily absorbing moisture
Refractive Index: 1.752
MDL Number: MFCD00022874
Physical and Chemical Properties: Density 1.5, melting point 177-180°C, flash point 271°C, water-soluble <0.01g/100 mL at 21°C
CAS Number: 120-78-5
EINECS Number: 204-424-9
InChI: InChI=1/C14H8N2S4/c1-3-7-11-9(5-1)15-13(17-11)19-20-14-16-10-6-2-4-8-12(10)18-14/h1-8H
CBNumber: CB7154687
Molecular Weight: 332.49 g/mol
MDL Number: MFCD00022874
MOL File: 120-78-5.mol

Melting point: 177-180 °C (lit.)
Boiling point: 532.5±33.0 °C (Predicted)
Density: 1.5
Vapor pressure: 0 Pa at 25 °C
Refractive index: 1.5700 (estimate)
Flash point: 271 °C
Storage temperature: Keep in a dark place, sealed in dry conditions, at room temperature
Solubility: 0.01 g/L
Form: Powder to crystal
pKa: -0.58±0.10 (Predicted)
Color: Cream to pale-yellow powder

Odor: Gray-white to cream powder or pellets, slight odor
Water solubility: Merck Index: 14,3370
InChIKey: AFZSMODLJJCVPP-UHFFFAOYSA-N
LogP: 4.5 at 20 °C
CAS DataBase Reference: 120-78-5 (CAS DataBase Reference)
Indirect Additives used in Food Contact Substances: 2,2'-DITHIOBIS(BENZOTHIAZOLE)
FDA 21 CFR: 175.105; 177.2600
EWG's Food Scores: 2-3
FDA UNII: 6OK753033Z
NIST Chemistry Reference: Benzothiazyl disulfide (120-78-5)
EPA Substance Registry System: 2,2'-Dithiobisbenzothiazole (120-78-5)



FIRST AID MEASURES of BENZOTHIAZYL DISULFIDE:
-Description of first-aid measures:
*General advice:
Show this material safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
*If inhaled:
After inhalation:
Fresh air.
*In case of skin contact:
Take off immediately all contaminated clothing.
Rinse skin with water/ shower.
Consult a physician.
*In case of eye contact:
After eye contact:
Rinse out with plenty of water.
Remove contact lenses.
*If swallowed:
After swallowing:
Immediately make victim drink water (two glasses at most).
Consult a physician.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed:
No data available



ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of BENZOTHIAZYL DISULFIDE:
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Cover drains.
Collect, bind, and pump off spills.
Observe possible material restrictions.
Take up dry.
Dispose of properly.
Clean up affected area.



FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of BENZOTHIAZYL DISULFIDE:
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Water
Foam
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Dry powder
*Unsuitable extinguishing media:
For this substance/mixture no limitations of extinguishing agents are given.
-Further information:
Suppress (knock down) gases/vapors/mists with a water spray jet.
Prevent fire extinguishing water from contaminating surface water or the ground water system.



EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of BENZOTHIAZYL DISULFIDE:
-Control parameters:
--Ingredients with workplace control parameters:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use equipment for eye protection.
Safety glasses
*Skin protection:
Full contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Splash contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
*Body Protection:
protective clothing
*Respiratory protection:
Recommended Filter type: Filter type P2
-Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.



HANDLING and STORAGE of BENZOTHIAZYL DISULFIDE:
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
*Storage conditions:
Tightly closed.
Dry.
Do not store near acids.
*Storage class:
Storage class (TRGS 510): 13:
Non Combustible Solids



STABILITY and REACTIVITY of BENZOTHIAZYL DISULFIDE:
-Chemical stability:
The product is chemically stable under standard ambient conditions (room temperature) .
-Conditions to avoid:
no information available
-Incompatible materials:
No data available


BENZOTHIAZYL DISULFIDE (MBTS)

Benzothiazyl disulfide (MBTS) is a pale yellow to light yellow crystalline powder.
Benzothiazyl disulfide (MBTS) is primarily used as an accelerator in the vulcanization of rubber.

CAS Number: 120-78-5
EC Number: 204-424-9

Synonyms: MBTS, 2-Benzothiazole disulfide, Accelerator DM, Benzothiazole disulfide, 2,2'-Dibenzothiazyl disulfide, Benzothiazole, 2,2'-dithiobis-, Bis(2-benzothiazolyl) disulfide, Benzothiazyl disulfanyl benzene, Santocure, Accelerator MBTS, Vulcafor, Vulkacit DM, Perkacit MBTS, Altax, Captax, Thiazone, Accel M, Accicure MBTS, Vulkacit DM/C, Preaxur MBTS, Curing agent MBTS, Nocceler MBTS, Sulphacit MBTS, Sulfacure MBTS, Sulfex MBTS, Stafex MBTS, Conac MBTS, Sanceler MBTS, CBS Rubber Accelerator, Perkacit MBTS-P, Butazate, Butazide, Butax, Captax DM, Captax 120, Sulphenax, Thiazolesulfenamide MBTS, Vulkacit MBTS/75, Sulfamine M, Sulfenax MBTS, Vulkacit DZ, Sanceler MBTS-75, Sulfamine MBTS, Nocceler DM, Pilflex MBTS, Royal MBTS, Accicure HBS, Vulkacit ZK, Vulkacit Thiadizole, Nocceler HBS, Pilcure MBTS, Pylam MBTS, Rubber Accelerator MBTS, Sulfamine HBS, Vulkacit Thia, and Vulkacit Thiadixyl



APPLICATIONS


Benzothiazyl disulfide (MBTS) is widely used as an accelerator in the vulcanization of rubber.
Benzothiazyl disulfide (MBTS) is crucial in the production of tires, where it accelerates the curing process and enhances tire performance.

Benzothiazyl disulfide (MBTS) is employed in the manufacturing of conveyor belts to improve their strength and durability.
In footwear production, MBTS ensures rubber soles and components are robust and resilient.

Benzothiazyl disulfide (MBTS) finds application in rubber seals and gaskets to ensure effective sealing properties.
Benzothiazyl disulfide (MBTS) is utilized in automotive rubber parts, including hoses, belts, and bushings, to enhance their mechanical strength.
Benzothiazyl disulfide (MBTS) plays a role in the production of industrial rubber goods such as belts, hoses, and rollers.

Benzothiazyl disulfide (MBTS) is essential in the construction industry for rubber materials used in building and infrastructure.
Benzothiazyl disulfide (MBTS) contributes to the manufacturing of sports equipment, ensuring durability and performance in sports gear.

Benzothiazyl disulfide (MBTS) is used in agricultural applications for rubber components in machinery and equipment.
Benzothiazyl disulfide (MBTS) finds use in the production of medical equipment where rubber parts need to meet stringent safety and durability standards.

Benzothiazyl disulfide (MBTS) accelerates the curing of rubber in electrical insulation materials, ensuring reliable performance.
Benzothiazyl disulfide (MBTS) is employed in the aerospace industry for rubber components used in aircraft and spacecraft.
Benzothiazyl disulfide (MBTS) is essential in the production of rubber flooring and matting used in various commercial and industrial settings.

Benzothiazyl disulfide (MBTS) contributes to the manufacturing of marine rubber products, ensuring resistance to saltwater and harsh marine conditions.
Benzothiazyl disulfide (MBTS) is utilized in the production of rubberized fabrics for weatherproofing and protective clothing.
Benzothiazyl disulfide (MBTS) plays a role in the production of rubber gloves, ensuring flexibility and durability.

Benzothiazyl disulfide (MBTS) is used in the production of damping materials and vibration isolators in machinery and equipment.
Benzothiazyl disulfide (MBTS) finds application in the production of automotive and industrial belts, ensuring high-performance operation.

Benzothiazyl disulfide (MBTS) contributes to the manufacturing of rubber components in consumer goods such as appliances and electronics.
Benzothiazyl disulfide (MBTS) is used in the production of rubber rollers for printing and industrial machinery.
Benzothiazyl disulfide (MBTS) accelerates the curing process in rubberized coatings and linings for corrosion protection.

Benzothiazyl disulfide (MBTS) is employed in the production of rubber adhesives and sealants for various applications.
Benzothiazyl disulfide (MBTS) finds use in the production of rubberized asphalt for road construction and waterproofing applications.
Benzothiazyl disulfide (MBTS) plays a critical role in diverse industries, ensuring the quality, performance, and longevity of rubber-based products essential for modern applications.

Benzothiazyl disulfide (MBTS) is utilized in the production of automotive tires to enhance their wear resistance and traction on roads.
Benzothiazyl disulfide (MBTS) is added to rubber compounds for agricultural tires to withstand rugged terrain and harsh environmental conditions.

Benzothiazyl disulfide (MBTS) accelerates the curing process in rubber insulation for electrical cables, ensuring safety and reliability in power transmission.
In the mining industry, MBTS is used in conveyor belts and hoses to handle abrasive materials and harsh mining environments.
Benzothiazyl disulfide (MBTS) plays a role in the production of rubberized components for heavy machinery and equipment used in construction and mining.

Benzothiazyl disulfide (MBTS) contributes to the manufacturing of rubber conveyor belts used in logistics and material handling industries.
Benzothiazyl disulfide (MBTS) is essential in the production of rubber components for hydraulic systems and machinery in industrial applications.
Benzothiazyl disulfide (MBTS) accelerates the vulcanization of rubber seals and gaskets used in automotive engines and mechanical systems.
Benzothiazyl disulfide (MBTS) is used in the production of rubberized components for household appliances, ensuring durability and reliability.

Benzothiazyl disulfide (MBTS) finds application in the production of rubberized components for medical devices and equipment.
Benzothiazyl disulfide (MBTS) is utilized in the production of rubber compounds for seals and O-rings used in fluid handling systems.

Benzothiazyl disulfide (MBTS) contributes to the manufacturing of rubber insulation for HVAC systems, ensuring thermal and acoustic insulation properties.
In the food processing industry, MBTS is used in rubber components for machinery and equipment to meet hygiene standards.

Benzothiazyl disulfide (MBTS) finds application in the production of rubber membranes and linings for water treatment and wastewater management systems.
Benzothiazyl disulfide (MBTS) accelerates the curing of rubber components used in recreational vehicles and outdoor equipment.
Benzothiazyl disulfide (MBTS) is used in the production of rubberized components for bicycles and sporting goods, ensuring performance and durability.

Benzothiazyl disulfide (MBTS) contributes to the manufacturing of rubberized components for railway systems and infrastructure.
Benzothiazyl disulfide (MBTS) is employed in the production of rubber seals and gaskets for aerospace applications, ensuring reliability in extreme conditions.

Benzothiazyl disulfide (MBTS) accelerates the vulcanization of rubber in footwear components, ensuring comfort and durability in shoes and boots.
Benzothiazyl disulfide (MBTS) finds application in the production of rubberized components for marine vessels and offshore platforms.

Benzothiazyl disulfide (MBTS) is used in the production of rubberized components for firefighting equipment and protective gear.
Benzothiazyl disulfide (MBTS) accelerates the curing process in rubberized components for military vehicles and defense applications.
Benzothiazyl disulfide (MBTS) contributes to the production of rubberized components for renewable energy systems, such as wind turbine seals and gaskets.

Benzothiazyl disulfide (MBTS) finds application in the production of rubberized components for telecommunications equipment and infrastructure.
Benzothiazyl disulfide (MBTS) plays a vital role in numerous industries, contributing to the performance, reliability, and safety of rubber-based products used in diverse applications worldwide.

Benzothiazyl disulfide (MBTS) is essential in achieving optimal performance and longevity in rubber-based products.
Benzothiazyl disulfide (MBTS) accelerates the transformation of raw rubber into a more durable and usable form.
Benzothiazyl disulfide (MBTS) is a key component in the formulation of rubber compounds for industrial applications.

Benzothiazyl disulfide (MBTS) is handled with care due to its potential irritant properties to skin and eyes.
Benzothiazyl disulfide (MBTS) is stored in tightly closed containers to prevent contamination and moisture ingress.

Manufacturers adhere to strict guidelines for handling and storage of MBTS to ensure product integrity.
Benzothiazyl disulfide (MBTS) undergoes quality control checks to maintain consistent performance in rubber processing.

Benzothiazyl disulfide (MBTS) is subject to regulatory compliance regarding safe handling and disposal practices.
The chemical properties of MBTS make it suitable for both natural and synthetic rubber formulations.

Benzothiazyl disulfide (MBTS) has a defined role in enhancing the physical and mechanical properties of vulcanized rubber.
Benzothiazyl disulfide (MBTS) is a versatile accelerator integral to modern rubber manufacturing processes, ensuring reliability and performance across diverse applications.



DESCRIPTION


Benzothiazyl disulfide (MBTS) is a pale yellow to light yellow crystalline powder.
Benzothiazyl disulfide (MBTS) is primarily used as an accelerator in the vulcanization of rubber.

Benzothiazyl disulfide (MBTS) belongs to the class of organic compounds known as benzothiazoles.
Benzothiazyl disulfide (MBTS) accelerates the cross-linking of rubber molecules, improving its mechanical properties.
Benzothiazyl disulfide (MBTS) contains two benzothiazole rings connected by a disulfide bridge (-S-S-).

Benzothiazyl disulfide (MBTS) is soluble in organic solvents like acetone, benzene, and ethanol but insoluble in water.
The chemical structure of MBTS allows it to release sulfur during vulcanization, aiding in the formation of cross-links.

Benzothiazyl disulfide (MBTS) is known for its medium to fast curing speed, making it suitable for various rubber applications.
In rubber processing, MBTS enhances the elasticity, strength, and durability of the final product.

Benzothiazyl disulfide (MBTS) is used in the production of tires, conveyor belts, footwear, and other rubber goods.
Benzothiazyl disulfide (MBTS) helps control the curing process, balancing between rapid curing and scorch safety.

The disulfide bond in MBTS plays a critical role in its vulcanization capabilities.
Benzothiazyl disulfide (MBTS) is also employed in the automotive industry for manufacturing rubber parts.
Benzothiazyl disulfide (MBTS) contributes to the resilience and weather resistance of rubber materials.



PROPERTIES


Physical Properties:

Appearance: Pale yellow to light yellow crystalline powder or granules.
Odor: Slight characteristic odor.
Melting Point: Approximately 170-175°C.
Boiling Point: Decomposes before boiling.
Density: 1.54 g/cm³ at 20°C.
Solubility:
Soluble in organic solvents such as acetone, benzene, and ethanol.
Insoluble in water.


Chemical Properties:

Molecular Formula: C14H8N2S4.
Molecular Weight: 332.50 g/mol.
Chemical Structure: Benzothiazole core with two sulfur atoms bridged by a disulfide bond (-S-S-).
CAS Number: 120-78-5.
EC Number: 204-424-9 (not officially registered).
Acidity (pKa): Not readily available; typically considered non-acidic.
Basicity (pKa): Not readily available; typically considered non-basic.
Flash Point: Not applicable; MBTS is non-flammable.
Vapor Pressure: Negligible; MBTS is a solid at room temperature.
Stability: Stable under normal temperatures and pressures.



FIRST AID


Inhalation:

If inhaled, remove the affected person to fresh air immediately.
Keep the person calm and at rest.
If breathing is difficult, administer oxygen if trained to do so.
Seek medical attention if symptoms persist or worsen.


Skin Contact:

Remove contaminated clothing and shoes immediately.
Wash affected skin thoroughly with soap and water for at least 15 minutes.
Use a mild soap and lukewarm water; avoid hot water, which can increase absorption.
If irritation or rash develops, seek medical attention.
Wash contaminated clothing before reuse.


Eye Contact:

Immediately flush eyes with plenty of water, occasionally lifting upper and lower eyelids.
Continue rinsing for at least 15 minutes, ensuring water flows over the eyelids and under the eyelids.
Seek immediate medical attention, preferably from an eye specialist.


Ingestion:

Rinse mouth thoroughly with water and do not induce vomiting unless directed by medical personnel.
If vomiting occurs spontaneously, keep head below hips to prevent aspiration of vomit.
Seek immediate medical attention.
Do not give anything by mouth to an unconscious person.



HANDLING AND STORAGE


Storage Conditions:

Store MBTS in a cool, dry, well-ventilated area away from heat sources and direct sunlight.
Maintain storage temperatures below 30°C (86°F) to prevent decomposition.


Container Material:

Use containers made of compatible materials such as stainless steel, polyethylene, or glass.
Avoid using containers made of reactive metals or materials that may react with MBTS.


Storage Quantity:

Limit the quantity of MBTS stored on-site to the minimum required for operations.
Store smaller quantities in tightly sealed original containers to minimize exposure and contamination risks.


Fire and Explosion Hazards:

MBTS is non-flammable and does not support combustion.
However, avoid exposure to heat, sparks, or open flames during storage and handling.


Security and Access:

Restrict access to storage areas to authorized personnel only.
Ensure storage areas are secure from unauthorized entry and protected against physical damage.


Monitoring and Inspection:

Regularly inspect storage containers and areas for leaks, damage, or signs of deterioration.
Monitor storage conditions periodically to ensure compliance with safety requirements.


Emergency Procedures:

Have emergency response procedures in place for spills, leaks, or accidental exposures involving MBTS.
Provide appropriate training to personnel on emergency response measures and first aid procedures.

BENZOTHIAZYL DISULFIDE (MBTS)

Benzothiazyl Disulfide (MBTS) is a widely used rubber accelerator that plays a crucial role in the vulcanization process of rubber products.
Benzothiazyl Disulfide (MBTS) is known for its ability to improve the physical properties of rubber, such as elasticity, tensile strength, and resistance to aging.
The chemical formula for Benzothiazyl Disulfide (MBTS) is C14H8N2S4, and it is a preferred choice in various industrial applications due to its effective properties.

CAS Number: 120-78-5
EC Number: 204-424-9

Synonyms: 2,2'-Dithiobis(benzothiazole), MBTS, Dibenzothiazyl Disulfide, Vulcanization Accelerator MBTS, Accelerator MBTS, Mercaptobenzothiazole Disulfide, MBTS Accelerator, 2-Benzothiazolyl Disulfide, Benzothiazyl Disulfide, Bis(benzothiazol-2-yl) disulfide



APPLICATIONS


Benzothiazyl Disulfide (MBTS) is extensively used as a primary accelerator in the vulcanization of natural and synthetic rubbers.
Benzothiazyl Disulfide (MBTS) is commonly used in the production of tires, where it provides a balanced combination of scorch safety and curing speed.
Benzothiazyl Disulfide (MBTS) is employed in the manufacturing of various rubber products, including hoses, belts, and seals, enhancing their durability and performance.

Benzothiazyl Disulfide (MBTS) is widely used in the production of automotive rubber components, such as gaskets, O-rings, and weatherstrips, ensuring optimal performance and longevity.
Benzothiazyl Disulfide (MBTS) is utilized in the formulation of rubber compounds for footwear, offering improved flexibility, wear resistance, and comfort.
Benzothiazyl Disulfide (MBTS) is a key accelerator in the rubber industry for the production of conveyor belts, contributing to their tensile strength and resistance to wear.

Benzothiazyl Disulfide (MBTS) is applied in the creation of rubberized fabrics, providing enhanced elasticity and durability for various industrial and consumer applications.
Benzothiazyl Disulfide (MBTS) is an essential component in the manufacture of rubber-based adhesives and sealants, improving their bonding strength and long-term performance.
Benzothiazyl Disulfide (MBTS) is used in the formulation of specialty rubber compounds for high-performance applications, ensuring consistent quality and reliability.

Benzothiazyl Disulfide (MBTS) is employed in the production of rubber products for the construction industry, such as rubber mats and protective coatings, enhancing their resistance to environmental factors.
Benzothiazyl Disulfide (MBTS) is utilized in the production of rubber sheets and films, improving their flexibility, tear resistance, and tensile strength.
Benzothiazyl Disulfide (MBTS) is used in the manufacturing of rubber insulation materials, providing enhanced thermal stability and resistance to aging.

Benzothiazyl Disulfide (MBTS) is found in the production of rubber seals and gaskets, ensuring their durability and resistance to harsh environmental conditions.
Benzothiazyl Disulfide (MBTS) is used in the automotive industry for the production of high-performance rubber hoses, contributing to their heat resistance and long service life.
Benzothiazyl Disulfide (MBTS) is employed in the formulation of rubber compounds for anti-vibration products, offering excellent shock absorption and resilience.

Benzothiazyl Disulfide (MBTS) is utilized in the production of specialty rubber compounds for the aerospace industry, ensuring high performance under extreme conditions.
Benzothiazyl Disulfide (MBTS) is used in the manufacturing of rubber components for marine applications, providing resistance to saltwater corrosion and UV exposure.
Benzothiazyl Disulfide (MBTS) is found in the production of rubber grommets and bushings, enhancing their flexibility, wear resistance, and long-term performance.

Benzothiazyl Disulfide (MBTS) is employed in the creation of rubber linings for industrial equipment, offering enhanced resistance to abrasion and chemical exposure.
Benzothiazyl Disulfide (MBTS) is used in the production of rubber components for mining applications, providing superior durability, impact resistance, and longevity.
Benzothiazyl Disulfide (MBTS) is utilized in the formulation of rubber compounds for high-pressure hydraulic seals, ensuring their long-term stability and performance under demanding conditions.

Benzothiazyl Disulfide (MBTS) is used in the production of rubber profiles for construction joints, providing enhanced sealing properties and durability.
Benzothiazyl Disulfide (MBTS) is employed in the manufacturing of rubber components for railway applications, contributing to their wear resistance and durability under heavy loads.
Benzothiazyl Disulfide (MBTS) is utilized in the production of rubber components for oil and gas exploration, ensuring their performance and resistance to high-pressure environments.

Benzothiazyl Disulfide (MBTS) is found in the formulation of rubber compounds for industrial rollers, offering improved wear resistance, load-bearing capacity, and longevity.
Benzothiazyl Disulfide (MBTS) is used in the creation of specialty rubber compounds for high-temperature applications, ensuring their stability and performance in extreme conditions.
Benzothiazyl Disulfide (MBTS) is a key component in the production of rubber components for heavy machinery, enhancing their durability and resistance to harsh environments.

Benzothiazyl Disulfide (MBTS) is employed in the production of rubber components for industrial valves, offering improved sealing properties, chemical resistance, and long-term reliability.
Benzothiazyl Disulfide (MBTS) is utilized in the formulation of rubber compounds for electrical insulation, ensuring their stability, safety, and long-term performance.
Benzothiazyl Disulfide (MBTS) is used in the production of rubber belts and drive systems, enhancing their flexibility, load-bearing capacity, and service life.

Benzothiazyl Disulfide (MBTS) is found in the manufacturing of rubber components for the food and beverage industry, ensuring compliance with safety standards and long-term durability.
Benzothiazyl Disulfide (MBTS) is used in the formulation of rubber compounds for medical applications, offering biocompatibility, sterilizability, and performance under stringent conditions.
Benzothiazyl Disulfide (MBTS) is employed in the creation of rubber linings for storage tanks, providing resistance to chemical corrosion and long-term durability.

Benzothiazyl Disulfide (MBTS) is utilized in the production of rubber components for agricultural machinery, offering durability, resistance to wear, and performance in demanding conditions.
Benzothiazyl Disulfide (MBTS) is used in the formulation of rubber compounds for high-performance automotive parts, providing enhanced heat resistance, wear resistance, and overall performance.
Benzothiazyl Disulfide (MBTS) is a key ingredient in the production of rubber components for the electronics industry, ensuring their stability, durability, and long-term performance.



DESCRIPTION


Benzothiazyl Disulfide (MBTS) is a widely used rubber accelerator that plays a crucial role in the vulcanization process of rubber products.
Benzothiazyl Disulfide (MBTS) is known for its ability to improve the physical properties of rubber, such as elasticity, tensile strength, and resistance to aging.

Benzothiazyl Disulfide (MBTS) is a versatile chemical compound used in various rubber applications.
Benzothiazyl Disulfide (MBTS) provides excellent scorch safety, allowing for extended processing times without compromising the quality of the final product.
Benzothiazyl Disulfide (MBTS) is essential in the production of high-performance rubber products, contributing to their strength, resilience, and resistance to wear.

Benzothiazyl Disulfide (MBTS) is widely used in the automotive industry, where it enhances the performance and durability of rubber components.
Benzothiazyl Disulfide (MBTS) is also employed in the manufacturing of industrial rubber products, including hoses, seals, and gaskets, ensuring their long-term reliability and performance.
Benzothiazyl Disulfide (MBTS) is a critical accelerator in the vulcanization process, providing optimal curing and improving the overall quality of rubber compounds.

Benzothiazyl Disulfide (MBTS) is recognized for its stability, effectiveness, and versatility in a wide range of rubber applications, from automotive components to industrial products.
Benzothiazyl Disulfide (MBTS) is essential in the formulation of specialty rubber compounds, providing consistent performance and long-term reliability.
Benzothiazyl Disulfide (MBTS) is a key ingredient in the production of rubber materials used in demanding environments, ensuring their resistance to extreme conditions and prolonged use.



PROPERTIES


Chemical Formula: C14H8N2S4
Common Name: Benzothiazyl Disulfide (MBTS)
Molecular Structure:
Appearance: Light yellow powder or granules
Density: 1.5 g/cm³
Melting Point: 180-181°C
Solubility: Insoluble in water; soluble in benzene, chloroform, and acetone
Flash Point: 220°C
Reactivity: Stable under normal conditions; decomposes at high temperatures
Chemical Stability: Stable under recommended storage conditions
Storage Temperature: Store below 25°C in a dry, well-ventilated area
Vapor Pressure: Negligible at room temperature



FIRST AID


Inhalation:
If Benzothiazyl Disulfide (MBTS) is inhaled, move the affected person to fresh air immediately.
If breathing difficulties persist, seek immediate medical attention.
If the person is not breathing, administer artificial respiration.
Keep the affected person warm and at rest.

Skin Contact:
Remove contaminated clothing and footwear.
Wash the affected skin area thoroughly with soap and water.
If skin irritation or rash develops, seek medical attention.
Launder contaminated clothing before reuse.

Eye Contact:
Flush the eyes with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes, lifting upper and lower eyelids.
Seek immediate medical attention if irritation or redness persists.
Remove contact lenses if present and easy to do; continue rinsing.

Ingestion:
Do not induce vomiting unless directed to do so by medical personnel.
Rinse the mouth thoroughly with water.
Seek immediate medical attention.
If the person is conscious, give small sips of water to drink.

Note to Physicians:
Treat symptomatically.
No specific antidote.
Provide supportive care.



HANDLING AND STORAGE


Handling:

Personal Protection:
Wear appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE), including chemical-resistant gloves, safety goggles or face shield, and protective clothing.
Use respiratory protection if ventilation is insufficient or if exposure limits are exceeded.

Ventilation:
Ensure adequate ventilation in the working area to control airborne concentrations below occupational exposure limits.
Use local exhaust ventilation or other engineering controls to minimize exposure.

Avoidance:
Avoid direct skin contact and inhalation of dust or vapors.
Do not eat, drink, or smoke while handling Benzothiazyl Disulfide (MBTS).
Wash hands thoroughly after handling.

Spill and Leak Procedures:
Use appropriate personal protective equipment.
Contain spills to prevent further release and minimize exposure.
Avoid generating dust. Sweep up and collect the material for disposal in a sealed container.

Storage:
Store Benzothiazyl Disulfide (MBTS) in a cool, dry, well-ventilated area away from incompatible materials (see SDS for specific details).
Keep containers tightly closed when not in use to prevent contamination.
Store away from heat sources, direct sunlight, and ignition sources.

Handling Cautions:
Avoid generating dust or aerosols.
Ground and bond containers during transfer operations to prevent static electricity buildup.
Use explosion-proof electrical equipment in areas where dust or vapors may be present.


Storage:

Temperature:
Store Benzothiazyl Disulfide (MBTS) at temperatures recommended by the manufacturer.
Avoid exposure to extreme temperatures.

Containers:
Use approved containers made of compatible materials.
Check for leaks or damage in storage containers regularly.

Separation:
Store Benzothiazyl Disulfide (MBTS) away from incompatible materials, including strong acids, bases, and oxidizing agents.

Handling Equipment:
Use dedicated equipment for handling Benzothiazyl Disulfide (MBTS) to avoid cross-contamination.
Ensure all handling equipment is in good condition.

Security Measures:
Restrict access to storage areas.
Follow all applicable local regulations regarding the storage of hazardous materials.

Emergency Response:
Have emergency response equipment and materials readily available, including spill cleanup materials, fire extinguishers, and emergency eyewash stations.
BENZOTHIAZYL DISULFIDE (MBTS)
Benzothiazyl Disulfide (MBTS) can be used as accelerator for general rubber.
Benzothiazyl Disulfide (MBTS) is also used as plasticizer in chloroprene rubbes1.
Benzothiazyl Disulfide (MBTS) is a Standardized Chemical Allergen.

CAS: 120-78-5
MF: C14H8N2S4
MW: 332.49
EINECS: 204-424-9

The physiologic effect of Benzothiazyl Disulfide (MBTS) is by means of Increased Histamine Release, and Cell-mediated Immunity2.
Benzothiazyl Disulfide (MBTS)'s industry uses also include fillers, fuels and fuel additives, intermediates, process regulator, propels and blowing agents2.
Benzothiazyl Disulfide (MBTS) is a rubber chemical used as a vulcanization accelerant.
The most frequent occupational categories are metal industry, homemakers, health services and laboratories, and building industries.
An organic disulfide resulting from the formal oxidative coupling of the thiol groups of two molecules of 1,3-benzothiazole-2-thiol.

Benzothiazyl Disulfide (MBTS) is used as an accelerator in the rubber industry.
Cream to light yellow powder.
Benzothiazyl Disulfide (MBTS) is an accelerator for natural rubber, synthetic rubber and plastic regeneration.
Benzothiazyl Disulfide (MBTS)'s usage includes tires, hoses, rubber mats, tarpaulins, unveiled silk goods, wires, cables, and other ‘non-food’ use of rubber products.
Benzothiazyl Disulfide (MBTS) is a flammable, difficult to ignite, crystalline, yellowish solid with an unpleasant odor that is practically insoluble in water.
Benzothiazyl Disulfide (MBTS) decomposes when heated.

Benzothiazyl Disulfide (MBTS) Chemical Properties
Melting point: 177-180 °C (lit.)
Boiling point: 532.5±33.0 °C(Predicted)
Density: 1.5
Vapor pressure: 0Pa at 25℃
Refractive index: 1.5700 (estimate)
Fp: 271°C
Storage temp.: Keep in dark place,Sealed in dry,Room Temperature
Solubility: 0.01g/l
Form: powder to crystal
pka: -0.58±0.10(Predicted)
Color: Cream to pale-yellow powder
Odor: gray-wh. to cream powd. or pellets, sl. odor
Water Solubility: Merck: 14,3370
InChIKey: AFZSMODLJJCVPP-UHFFFAOYSA-N
LogP: 4.5 at 20℃
CAS DataBase Reference: 120-78-5(CAS DataBase Reference)
NIST Chemistry Reference: Benzothiazyl Disulfide (MBTS) (120-78-5)
EPA Substance Registry System: Benzothiazyl Disulfide (MBTS) (120-78-5)

Uses
Benzothiazyl Disulfide (MBTS) has the potential to combat HPV, acting as a zinc-ejecting inhibitor.
Benzothiazyl Disulfide (MBTS) also can act as radical polymerization photo-initiators or co-initiators.
Benzothiazyl Disulfide (MBTS) is an accelerator for natural rubber, nitrile-butadiene, butyl and styrene-butadiene rubber; a retarder for chloroprene rubber.
Benzothiazyl Disulfide (MBTS) is used as a vulcanization accelerator for rubber used.

Contact allergens
This rubber chemical of the mercaptobenzothiazole group is used as a vulcanization accelerant.
The most frequent occupational categories are metal industry, homemakers, health services and laboratories, and the building industry.
Benzothiazyl Disulfide (MBTS) is incompatible with strong oxidizers. .
Benzothiazyl Disulfide (MBTS) is combustible.

Synonyms
120-78-5
2,2'-Dithiobis(benzothiazole)
2,2'-Dithiobisbenzothiazole
Thiofide
Dibenzothiazyl disulfide
Benzothiazyl disulfide
Altax
Benzothiazole disulfide
MBTS
Dibenzothiazolyl disulfide
Benzothiazolyl disulfide
Vulkacit DM
Bis(2-benzothiazyl) disulfide
Pneumax DM
Vulcafor MBTS
Dibenzoylthiazyl disulfide
Bis(benzothiazolyl) disulfide
2,2'-Benzothiazyl disulfide
2-Mercaptobenzothiazole disulfide
Dibenzothiazolyl disulphide
2,2'-DIBENZOTHIAZYL DISULFIDE
Bis(2-benzothiazolyl) disulfide
Ekagom GS
Accel TM
2-Benzothiazolyl disulfide
Vulkacit DM/C
1,2-bis(benzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)disulfane
Royal MBTS
Benzothiazole, 2,2'-dithiobis-
Dibenzthiazyl disulfide
MBTS rubber accelerator
dibenzothiazol-2-yl disulfide
Vulkacit dm/mgc
2,2'-Dibenzothiazolyl disulfide
2-Benzothiazyl disulfide
2,2'-Bis(benzothiazolyl) disulfide
2-Mercaptobenzothiazyl disulfide
BTS-SBT
Di-2-benzothiazolyl disulfide
2,2-dithiobis(benzothiazole)
Dithiobis(benzothiazole)
Mercaptobenzthiazyl ether
2-(1,3-Benzothiazol-2-yldisulfanyl)-1,3-benzothiazole
Naugex MBT
Benzothiazole, dithiobis-
USAF CY-5
2,2'-Dithiobis(1,3-benzothiazole)
USAF EK-5432
CHEBI:53239
Dwusiarczek dwubenzotiazylu
Benzothiazol-2-yl disulfide
di(1,3-benzothiazol-2-yl) disulfide
2,2'-Dithiobis-benzothiazole
2,2'-Dithiobis[benzothiazole]
NSC-2
2,2'-Dibenzothiazoyl disulfide
DTXSID1020146
BI-87F4
6OK753033Z
NCGC00091238-02
DTXCID70146
Caswell No. 408A
NSC 2
2,2'-Dibenzothiazyldisulfide
CAS-120-78-5
Benzthiazole disulfide
CCRIS 4637
HSDB 1137
Di(benzothiazol-2-yl) disulphide
Dwusiarczek dwubenzotiazylu [Polish]
EINECS 204-424-9
EPA Pesticide Chemical Code 009202
BRN 0285796
Mercaptobenzothiazole disulfide
AI3-07662
2,2'-Dithio(bis)benzothiazole
Sanceler DM
UNII-6OK753033Z
Perkacit MBTS
DBTD
dibenzothiazyl disulphide
Dibenzothiazole disulfide
dibenzo thiazyl disulfide
NSC2
Epitope ID:138947
Mercaptobenzothiazolyl ether
2,2'-dithiobisbenzthiazole
EC 204-424-9
Benzothiazole,2'-dithiobis-
Mercaptobenzothiazyl disulfide
SCHEMBL23527
4-27-00-01862 (Beilstein Handbook Reference)
(benzothiazol-2-yl) disulfide
(benzothiazol-2-yl) disulphide
2,2'-Dithio-bis-benzothiazole
2,2?-Dithiobis(benzothiazole)
CHEMBL508112
di(benzothiazol-2-yl) disulfide
bis(benzothiazol-2-yl)disulphide
bis(benzothiazole-2-yl)disulfide
bis-(benzothiazol-2-yl)disulphide
Di-(benzothiazol-2-yl)-disulfide
Bis(benzothiazole-2-yl) disulfide
bis-(benzothiazol-2-yl) disulfide
bis-(benzothiazol-2-yl) disulphide
Tox21_111106
BDBM50444458
MFCD00022874
MBTS (2,2'-Dithiobisbenzothiazole)
AKOS001022311
BIS(2-BENZOTHIAZYL) DISULPHIDE
Tox21_111106_1
2,2'-DIBENZOTHIAZOLE DISULFIDE
2,2'-Dithiobis(benzothiazole), 99%
AM91095
CS-W009852
DB14201
NSC-677459
1,2-di(benzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)disulfane
DIBENZOTHIAZYL DISULFIDE [VANDF]
NCGC00091238-01
NCGC00091238-03
2,2'-DITHIOBISBENZOTHIAZOLE [MI]
AC-11588
LS-14263
WLN: T56 BN DSJ CSS-CT56 BN DSJ
D0538
FT-0609300
2,2'-DIBENZOTHIAZYL DISULFIDE [HSDB]
D77699
EN300-7399114
SR-01000944767
2-(1,3-benzothiazol-2-yldithio)-1,3-benzothiazole
Q2795423
SR-01000944767-1
W-200947
Z56754489
F0900-0449
2-(1,3-Benzothiazol-2-yldisulfanyl)-1,3-benzothiazole #
BENZOTHIAZYL-2-DICYCLOHEXYL SULFENAMIDE (DCBS)
Benzothiazyl-2-Dicyclohexyl Sulfenamide ( DCBS) is a delayed action sulfenamide accelerator for use in natural and synthetic rubbers.
Benzothiazyl-2-Dicyclohexyl Sulfenamide ( DCBS) is recommended for applications where exceptionally long flow times are required.
Benzothiazyl-2-Dicyclohexyl Sulfenamide ( DCBS) is particularly suitable for rubber goods subjected to high dynamic stresses.

CAS: 4979-32-2
MF: C19H26N2S2
MW: 346.55
EINECS: 225-625-8

Benzothiazyl-2-Dicyclohexyl Sulfenamide ( DCBS) is a primary accelerator which can be used alone or in combination with many secondary accelerators.
Benzothiazyl-2-Dicyclohexyl Sulfenamide ( DCBS) offers the best scorch resistance of all commonly used sulfenamide accelerators.
Benzothiazyl-2-Dicyclohexyl Sulfenamide ( DCBS) is a heterocyclic amine that is used as a chemical intermediate.
Benzothiazyl-2-Dicyclohexyl Sulfenamide ( DCBS) reacts with hydrochloric acid to produce the corresponding dicyclohexyl amide, which then reacts with ammonia in the presence of an organic base to produce N,N-dicyclohexyl-2-benzothiazolsulfene amide.
This reaction mechanism can be summarized as follows:
Benzothiazyl-2-Dicyclohexyl Sulfenamide ( DCBS) is not classified as a carcinogen because it does not have significant genotoxic or mutagenic potential.
Benzothiazyl-2-Dicyclohexyl Sulfenamide ( DCBS) has been shown to be an effective crosslinker and additive for plastics, rubber, and textiles.
Benzothiazyl-2-Dicyclohexyl Sulfenamide ( DCBS) is a chemical compound from the group of sulfenamides and Thiazoles.

Benzothiazyl-2-Dicyclohexyl Sulfenamide ( DCBS) is a flammable, difficult to ignite, yellowish solid with a faint odor that is practically insoluble in water.
Above 200 °C, the compound decomposes, where (similar to its hydrolysis.
Benzothiazyl-2-Dicyclohexyl Sulfenamide ( DCBS) is a rubber accelerator of the mercapto- benzothiazole-sulfenamide group.
Benzothiazyl-2-Dicyclohexyl Sulfenamide ( DCBS) is a heterocyclic amine that is used as a chemical intermediate.
Benzothiazyl-2-Dicyclohexyl Sulfenamide ( DCBS) reacts with hydrochloric acid to produce the corresponding dicyclohexyl amide, which then reacts with ammonia in the presence of an organic base to produce N,N-dicyclohexyl-2-benzothiazolsulfene amide.
This reaction mechanism can be summarized as follows: Benzothiazyl-2-Dicyclohexyl Sulfenamide ( DCBS) is not classified as a carcinogen because it does not have significant genotoxic or mutagenic potential.
Benzothiazyl-2-Dicyclohexyl Sulfenamide ( DCBS) has been shown to be an effective crosslinker and additive for plastics, rubber, and textiles.

Benzothiazyl-2-Dicyclohexyl Sulfenamide ( DCBS) Chemical Properties
Melting point: 104℃
Boiling point: 230°C (rough estimate)
Density: 1.20
Vapor pressure: 0Pa at 25℃
Refractive index: 1.5800 (estimate)
Storage temp.: Sealed in dry,Room Temperature
Solubility: Acetone (Slightly), Acetonitrile (Slightly), DMSO (Slightly)
Form: Solid
pka: 0.43±0.20(Predicted)
Color: Pale Yellow to Light Yellow
Water Solubility: 1.9μg/L at 25℃
LogP: 5.95
CAS DataBase Reference: 4979-32-2(CAS DataBase Reference)
EPA Substance Registry System: Benzothiazyl-2-Dicyclohexyl Sulfenamide ( DCBS) (4979-32-2)

APPLICATIONS:
Benzothiazyl-2-Dicyclohexyl Sulfenamide ( DCBS) is very effective for use in thick cross-section molded articles.
Benzothiazyl-2-Dicyclohexyl Sulfenamide ( DCBS) also is finds application where high processing temperatures are encountered or delayed cures are needed for optimum adhesion.
Total curing times are longer than with other sulfenamides, but the flow time/curing time ratio is favorable.
Benzothiazyl-2-Dicyclohexyl Sulfenamide ( DCBS) is also employed in conveyor belts, driving belts, shock absorbers, mountings and other intricately shaped molded goods requiring extremely long flow periods in the molding process.
The use of zinc oxide is necessary and stearic acid should be included in compounds where high modulus values are required.

Synonyms
4979-32-2
S-(Benzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)-N,N-dicyclohexylthiohydroxylamine
N,N-Dicyclohexyl-2-benzothiazolesulfenamide
N,N-Dicyclohexyl-2-benzothiazolsulfene amide
2-BENZOTHIAZOLESULFENAMIDE, N,N-DICYCLOHEXYL-
N-(1,3-benzothiazol-2-ylsulfanyl)-N-cyclohexylcyclohexanamine
n,n-dicyclohexylbenzothiazole-2-sulfenamide
DTXSID3027584
5OBS6299M8
Soxinol DZ
MFCD00236063
Accelerator DZ
Sulfenamid DC
Vulkacit DZ
Meramid DCH
Rhodifax 30
S-(Benzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)-N,N-dicyclohexyl-thiohydroxylamine
C19H26N2S2
EINECS 225-625-8
Dicyclohexyl-2-benzothiazylsulfenamide
BRN 0621701
UNII-5OBS6299M8
N,N-Dicyclohexylbenzothiazole-2-sulphenamide
M 181
N,N-Dicyklohexylbenzthiazolsulfenamid [Czech]
N,N-Dicyklohexylbenzthiazolsulfenamid
4-ethoxysalicylanilide
N,N-Dicyclohexyl-2-benzothiazolesulfenam
EC 225-625-8
SCHEMBL212831
DTXCID707584
CHEMBL3186869
CMAUJSNXENPPOF-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Tox21_301258
AKOS001746624
NCGC00255324-01
AS-15580
SY317194
CAS-4979-32-2
CS-0155326
FT-0746821
N,N-dicyclohexyl-2-benzothiazole sulfenamide
D82281
2-BENZOTHIAZOLYL-N,N-DICYCLOHEXYLSULFENAMIDE
W-106005
DICYCLOHEXYL-2-BENZOTHIAZOLESULFENAMIDE, N,N-
Q27262639
S-(2-Benzothiazolyl)-N,N-dicyclohexylthiohydroxylamine
Thiohydroxylamine, S-benzothiazol-2-yl-N,N-dicyclohexyl-
N-(1,3-benzothiazol-2-ylthio)-N-cyclohexylcyclohexanamine
BENZOTHIAZYL-2-DICYCLOHEXYL SULFENAMIDE (DCBS)

Benzothiazyl-2-Dicyclohexyl Sulfenamide (DCBS) is a high-performance rubber accelerator used extensively in the vulcanization process to enhance the properties of rubber products.
Benzothiazyl-2-Dicyclohexyl Sulfenamide (DCBS) is recognized for its ability to improve the elasticity, tensile strength, and resistance to aging of rubber, making it suitable for a wide range of industrial applications.
The chemical formula for Benzothiazyl-2-Dicyclohexyl Sulfenamide (DCBS) is C19H26N2S2, and it is commonly used across various industries for its efficient performance in rubber manufacturing.

CAS Number: 4979-32-2
EC Number: 225-331-7

Synonyms: DCBS, N,N-Dicyclohexyl-2-benzothiazolesulfenamide, Nocceler DZ, Accelerator DCBS, Sulfenamide DCBS, Benzothiazole-2-sulfenamide, DCBS Accelerator, Vulcanization Accelerator DCBS, Dicyclohexylbenzothiazole Sulfenamide



APPLICATIONS


Benzothiazyl-2-Dicyclohexyl Sulfenamide (DCBS) is extensively used as a primary accelerator in the vulcanization of natural and synthetic rubbers.
Benzothiazyl-2-Dicyclohexyl Sulfenamide (DCBS) is particularly favored in the production of tires, providing excellent scorch safety and improved curing speed.
Benzothiazyl-2-Dicyclohexyl Sulfenamide (DCBS) is utilized in the manufacturing of industrial rubber products such as hoses, belts, and seals, enhancing their durability and performance.

Benzothiazyl-2-Dicyclohexyl Sulfenamide (DCBS) is widely used in the production of automotive rubber components, including gaskets, weatherstrips, and vibration dampening products, ensuring optimal performance.
Benzothiazyl-2-Dicyclohexyl Sulfenamide (DCBS) is employed in the formulation of rubber compounds for footwear, providing superior flexibility, wear resistance, and comfort.
Benzothiazyl-2-Dicyclohexyl Sulfenamide (DCBS) is essential in the rubber industry for the production of conveyor belts, improving their tensile strength and longevity.

Benzothiazyl-2-Dicyclohexyl Sulfenamide (DCBS) is utilized in the creation of rubberized fabrics, offering improved elasticity and durability for industrial and consumer applications.
Benzothiazyl-2-Dicyclohexyl Sulfenamide (DCBS) is a key component in the manufacture of rubber-based adhesives and sealants, contributing to their strong bonding capabilities and long-term performance.
Benzothiazyl-2-Dicyclohexyl Sulfenamide (DCBS) is employed in the formulation of specialty rubber compounds used in high-performance applications, ensuring consistent quality and durability.

Benzothiazyl-2-Dicyclohexyl Sulfenamide (DCBS) is applied in the production of rubber products for the construction industry, such as rubber mats and protective coatings, enhancing their resistance to environmental factors.
Benzothiazyl-2-Dicyclohexyl Sulfenamide (DCBS) is used in the production of rubber sheets and films, improving their flexibility, tear resistance, and tensile strength.
Benzothiazyl-2-Dicyclohexyl Sulfenamide (DCBS) is utilized in the manufacturing of rubber insulation materials, providing enhanced thermal stability and resistance to aging.

Benzothiazyl-2-Dicyclohexyl Sulfenamide (DCBS) is found in the production of rubber seals and O-rings, ensuring their durability and resistance to harsh environmental conditions.
Benzothiazyl-2-Dicyclohexyl Sulfenamide (DCBS) is used in the automotive industry for the production of high-performance rubber hoses, contributing to their heat resistance and long service life.
Benzothiazyl-2-Dicyclohexyl Sulfenamide (DCBS) is employed in the formulation of rubber compounds for anti-vibration products, offering excellent shock absorption and resilience.

Benzothiazyl-2-Dicyclohexyl Sulfenamide (DCBS) is utilized in the production of specialty rubber compounds for the aerospace industry, ensuring high performance under extreme conditions.
Benzothiazyl-2-Dicyclohexyl Sulfenamide (DCBS) is used in the manufacturing of rubber components for marine applications, providing resistance to saltwater corrosion and UV exposure.
Benzothiazyl-2-Dicyclohexyl Sulfenamide (DCBS) is found in the production of rubber grommets and bushings, enhancing their flexibility, wear resistance, and long-term performance.

Benzothiazyl-2-Dicyclohexyl Sulfenamide (DCBS) is employed in the creation of rubber linings for industrial equipment, offering enhanced resistance to abrasion and chemical exposure.
Benzothiazyl-2-Dicyclohexyl Sulfenamide (DCBS) is used in the production of rubber components for mining applications, providing superior durability, impact resistance, and longevity.
Benzothiazyl-2-Dicyclohexyl Sulfenamide (DCBS) is utilized in the formulation of rubber compounds for high-pressure hydraulic seals, ensuring their long-term stability and performance under demanding conditions.

Benzothiazyl-2-Dicyclohexyl Sulfenamide (DCBS) is used in the production of rubber profiles for construction joints, providing enhanced sealing properties and durability.
Benzothiazyl-2-Dicyclohexyl Sulfenamide (DCBS) is employed in the manufacturing of rubber components for railway applications, contributing to their wear resistance and durability under heavy loads.
Benzothiazyl-2-Dicyclohexyl Sulfenamide (DCBS) is utilized in the production of rubber components for oil and gas exploration, ensuring their performance and resistance to high-pressure environments.

Benzothiazyl-2-Dicyclohexyl Sulfenamide (DCBS) is found in the formulation of rubber compounds for industrial rollers, offering improved wear resistance, load-bearing capacity, and longevity.
Benzothiazyl-2-Dicyclohexyl Sulfenamide (DCBS) is used in the creation of specialty rubber compounds for high-temperature applications, ensuring their stability and performance in extreme conditions.
Benzothiazyl-2-Dicyclohexyl Sulfenamide (DCBS) is a key component in the production of rubber components for heavy machinery, enhancing their durability and resistance to harsh environments.

Benzothiazyl-2-Dicyclohexyl Sulfenamide (DCBS) is employed in the production of rubber components for industrial valves, offering improved sealing properties, chemical resistance, and long-term reliability.
Benzothiazyl-2-Dicyclohexyl Sulfenamide (DCBS) is utilized in the formulation of rubber compounds for electrical insulation, ensuring their stability, safety, and long-term performance.
Benzothiazyl-2-Dicyclohexyl Sulfenamide (DCBS) is used in the production of rubber belts and drive systems, enhancing their flexibility, load-bearing capacity, and service life.

Benzothiazyl-2-Dicyclohexyl Sulfenamide (DCBS) is found in the manufacturing of rubber components for the food and beverage industry, ensuring compliance with safety standards and long-term durability.
Benzothiazyl-2-Dicyclohexyl Sulfenamide (DCBS) is used in the formulation of rubber compounds for medical applications, offering biocompatibility, sterilizability, and performance under stringent conditions.
Benzothiazyl-2-Dicyclohexyl Sulfenamide (DCBS) is employed in the creation of rubber linings for storage tanks, providing resistance to chemical corrosion and long-term durability.

Benzothiazyl-2-Dicyclohexyl Sulfenamide (DCBS) is utilized in the production of rubber components for agricultural machinery, offering durability, resistance to wear, and performance in demanding conditions.
Benzothiazyl-2-Dicyclohexyl Sulfenamide (DCBS) is used in the formulation of rubber compounds for high-performance automotive parts, providing enhanced heat resistance, wear resistance, and overall performance.
Benzothiazyl-2-Dicyclohexyl Sulfenamide (DCBS) is a key ingredient in the production of rubber components for the electronics industry, ensuring their stability, durability, and long-term performance.



DESCRIPTION


Benzothiazyl-2-Dicyclohexyl Sulfenamide (DCBS) is a high-performance rubber accelerator used extensively in the vulcanization process to enhance the properties of rubber products.
Benzothiazyl-2-Dicyclohexyl Sulfenamide (DCBS) is recognized for its ability to improve the elasticity, tensile strength, and resistance to aging of rubber, making it suitable for a wide range of industrial applications.

Benzothiazyl-2-Dicyclohexyl Sulfenamide (DCBS) is a versatile chemical compound used in various rubber applications.
Benzothiazyl-2-Dicyclohexyl Sulfenamide (DCBS) provides excellent scorch safety, allowing for extended processing times without compromising the quality of the final product.
Benzothiazyl-2-Dicyclohexyl Sulfenamide (DCBS) is essential in the production of high-performance rubber products, contributing to their strength, resilience, and resistance to wear.

Benzothiazyl-2-Dicyclohexyl Sulfenamide (DCBS) is widely used in the automotive industry, where it enhances the performance and durability of rubber components.
Benzothiazyl-2-Dicyclohexyl Sulfenamide (DCBS) is also employed in the manufacturing of industrial rubber products, including hoses, seals, and gaskets, ensuring their long-term reliability and performance.
Benzothiazyl-2-Dicyclohexyl Sulfenamide (DCBS) is a critical accelerator in the vulcanization process, providing optimal curing and improving the overall quality of rubber compounds.

Benzothiazyl-2-Dicyclohexyl Sulfenamide (DCBS) is recognized for its stability, effectiveness, and versatility in a wide range of rubber applications, from automotive components to industrial products.
Benzothiazyl-2-Dicyclohexyl Sulfenamide (DCBS) is essential in the formulation of specialty rubber compounds, providing consistent performance and long-term reliability.
Benzothiazyl-2-Dicyclohexyl Sulfenamide (DCBS) is a key ingredient in the production of rubber materials used in demanding environments, ensuring their resistance to extreme conditions and prolonged use.



PROPERTIES


Chemical Formula: C19H26N2S2
Common Name: Benzothiazyl-2-Dicyclohexyl Sulfenamide (DCBS)
Molecular Structure:
Appearance: Light yellow powder
Density: 1.24 g/cm³
Melting Point: 100-110°C
Solubility: Insoluble in water; soluble in benzene, chloroform, and acetone
Flash Point: 235°C
Reactivity: Stable under normal conditions; decomposes at high temperatures
Chemical Stability: Stable under recommended storage conditions
Storage Temperature: Store below 25°C in a dry, well-ventilated area
Vapor Pressure: Negligible at room temperature



FIRST AID


Inhalation:
If Benzothiazyl-2-Dicyclohexyl Sulfenamide (DCBS) is inhaled, move the affected person to fresh air immediately.
If breathing difficulties persist, seek immediate medical attention.
If the person is not breathing, administer artificial respiration.
Keep the affected person warm and at rest.

Skin Contact:
Remove contaminated clothing and footwear.
Wash the affected skin area thoroughly with soap and water.
If skin irritation or rash develops, seek medical attention.
Launder contaminated clothing before reuse.

Eye Contact:
Flush the eyes with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes, lifting upper and lower eyelids.
Seek immediate medical attention if irritation or redness persists.
Remove contact lenses if present and easy to do; continue rinsing.

Ingestion:
Do not induce vomiting unless directed to do so by medical personnel.
Rinse the mouth thoroughly with water.
Seek immediate medical attention.
If the person is conscious, give small sips of water to drink.

Note to Physicians:
Treat symptomatically.
No specific antidote.
Provide supportive care.



HANDLING AND STORAGE


Handling:

Personal Protection:
Wear appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE), including chemical-resistant gloves, safety goggles or face shield, and protective clothing.
Use respiratory protection if ventilation is insufficient or if exposure limits are exceeded.

Ventilation:
Ensure adequate ventilation in the working area to control airborne concentrations below occupational exposure limits.
Use local exhaust ventilation or other engineering controls to minimize exposure.

Avoidance:
Avoid direct skin contact and inhalation of dust or vapors.
Do not eat, drink, or smoke while handling Benzothiazyl-2-Dicyclohexyl Sulfenamide (DCBS).
Wash hands thoroughly after handling.

Spill and Leak Procedures:
Use appropriate personal protective equipment.
Contain spills to prevent further release and minimize exposure.
Avoid generating dust. Sweep up and collect the material for disposal in a sealed container.

Storage:
Store Benzothiazyl-2-Dicyclohexyl Sulfenamide (DCBS) in a cool, dry, well-ventilated area away from incompatible materials (see SDS for specific details).
Keep containers tightly closed when not in use to prevent contamination.
Store away from heat sources, direct sunlight, and ignition sources.

Handling Cautions:
Avoid generating dust or aerosols.
Ground and bond containers during transfer operations to prevent static electricity buildup.
Use explosion-proof electrical equipment in areas where dust or vapors may be present.


Storage:

Temperature:
Store Benzothiazyl-2-Dicyclohexyl Sulfenamide (DCBS) at temperatures recommended by the manufacturer.
Avoid exposure to extreme temperatures.

Containers:
Use approved containers made of compatible materials.
Check for leaks or damage in storage containers regularly.

Separation:
Store Benzothiazyl-2-Dicyclohexyl Sulfenamide (DCBS) away from incompatible materials, including strong acids, bases, and oxidizing agents.

Handling Equipment:
Use dedicated equipment for handling Benzothiazyl-2-Dicyclohexyl Sulfenamide (DCBS) to avoid cross-contamination.
Ensure all handling equipment is in good condition.

Security Measures:
Restrict access to storage areas.
Follow all applicable local regulations regarding the storage of hazardous materials.

Emergency Response:
Have emergency response equipment and materials readily available, including spill cleanup materials, fire extinguishers, and emergency eyewash stations.
BENZOTHIAZYL-2-DICYCLOHEXYL SULFENAMIDE (DCBS)
DESCRIPTION:

Accelerator Benzothiazyl-2-dicyclohexyl Sulfenamide (DCBS) is a delayed action sulfenamide accelerator for use in natural and synthetic rubbers.
Benzothiazyl-2-dicyclohexyl Sulfenamide (DCBS) is recommended for applications where exceptionally long flow times are required.
Benzothiazyl-2-dicyclohexyl Sulfenamide (DCBS) is particularly suitable for rubber goods subjected to high dynamic stresses.


CAS: 4979-32-2
European Community (EC) Number: 225-625-8
IUPAC Name: N-(1,3-benzothiazol-2-ylsulfanyl)-N-cyclohexylcyclohexanamine
Molecular Formula: C19H26N2S2





SYNONYMS OF BENZOTHIAZYL-2-DICYCLOHEXYL SULFENAMIDE (DCBS):

4979-32-2,S-(Benzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)-N,N-dicyclohexylthiohydroxylamine,N,N-Dicyclohexyl-2-benzothiazolesulfenamide,N,N-Dicyclohexyl-2-benzothiazolsulfene amide,2-BENZOTHIAZOLESULFENAMIDE, N,N-DICYCLOHEXYL-,N-(1,3-benzothiazol-2-ylsulfanyl)-N-cyclohexylcyclohexanamine,n,n-dicyclohexylbenzothiazole-2-sulfenamide,DTXSID3027584,5OBS6299M8,Soxinol DZ,MFCD00236063,S-(Benzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)-N,N-dicyclohexyl-thiohydroxylamine,Accelerator DZ,Sulfenamid DC,Vulkacit DZ,Meramid DCH,Rhodifax 30,C19H26N2S2,EINECS 225-625-8,Dicyclohexyl-2-benzothiazylsulfenamide,BRN 0621701,UNII-5OBS6299M8,N,N-Dicyclohexylbenzothiazole-2-sulphenamide,M 181,N,N-Dicyklohexylbenzthiazolsulfenamid [Czech],N,N-Dicyklohexylbenzthiazolsulfenamid,N,N-Dicyclohexyl-2-benzothiazolesulfenam,EC 225-625-8,SCHEMBL212831,DTXCID707584,CHEMBL3186869,Tox21_301258,STK771201,AKOS001746624,NCGC00255324-01,AS-15580,SY317194,CAS-4979-32-2,CS-0155326,N,N-dicyclohexyl-2-benzothiazole sulfenamide,NS00003781,D82281,2-BENZOTHIAZOLYL-N,N-DICYCLOHEXYLSULFENAMIDE,W-106005,DICYCLOHEXYL-2-BENZOTHIAZOLESULFENAMIDE, N,N-,Q27262639,S-(2-Benzothiazolyl)-N,N-dicyclohexylthiohydroxylamine,Thiohydroxylamine, S-benzothiazol-2-yl-N,N-dicyclohexyl-,N-(1,3-benzothiazol-2-ylthio)-N-cyclohexylcyclohexanamine,DCBS,AcceleratorDZ,Accelerator DZ,Accelerator DCBS,SANTOCURE(R) DCBS,Rubber Accelerator DZ,Rubber Accelerator DCBS,N,N-Dicyclohexyl-2-Benzothiazolesulfenamide,N,N-Dicyclohexyl-2-benzothiazyl sulfenamide,N,N-Dicyclohexylbenzothiazole-2-sulfenamide,N,N-Dicyclohexyl-2-Benzothiazole sulfenamide,N,N-Dicyclohexyl-2-benzothiazolsulfene amide,N,N-Dicyclohexyl-2-Benzothiazole Sulphenamide,2-Benzothiazolesulfenamide, N,N-dicyclohexyl-,N,N-dicyclohexyl-1,3-benzothiazole-2-sulfonamide,N,N-DICYCLOHEXYLBENZOTHIAZOLE-2-SULFENAMIDE(ACCELERATORDZ),S-(Benzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)-N,N-dicyclohexyl-thiohydroxylamine,N-(1,3-benzothiazol-2-ylsulfanyl)-N-cyclohexylcyclohexanamine,m181;DCBS;DZ(DCBS);soxinoldz;meramiddch;rhodifax30;vulkacitdz;me,amid dchm;sulfenamiddc;AcceleratorDZ



Benzothiazyl-2-dicyclohexyl Sulfenamide (DCBS) is a primary accelerator which can be used alone or in combination with many secondary accelerators.
Benzothiazyl-2-dicyclohexyl Sulfenamide (DCBS) offers the best scorch resistance of all commonly used sulfenamide accelerators.


Benzothiazyl-2-dicyclohexyl Sulfenamide (DCBS) is Light yellow or light pink powder (granular) with taste bitter.
Benzothiazyl-2-dicyclohexyl Sulfenamide (DCBS) is Soluble Acetone Organic liquids, including fats and oils, insoluble in water.

Benzothiazyl-2-dicyclohexyl Sulfenamide (DCBS) is a sulfenamide accelerator with excellent anti-scorching property and delayed
onset of cure.

Benzothiazyl-2-dicyclohexyl Sulfenamide (DCBS) is compatible with natural and synthetic rubbers, suitable for radial ply tire, rubber belts and shock absorber, etc. Particularly it produces good adhesion to metal.


Accelerator Benzothiazyl-2-dicyclohexyl Sulfenamide (DCBS) is a delayed action sulfenamide accelerator used in natural and synthetic rubbers.
Benzothiazyl-2-dicyclohexyl Sulfenamide (DCBS) is added to rubber compounds to increase the speed of vulcanization and to permit vulcanization to proceed at lower temperatures and with greater efficiency.

The primary purpose of Benzothiazyl-2-dicyclohexyl Sulfenamide (DCBS) is to reduce the time required for vulcanization, which is the process by which rubber is converted into a more durable material.



N , N -Dicyclohexylbenzothiazole-2-sulfenamide is a flammable, difficult to ignite, yellowish solid with a faint odor that is practically insoluble in water.
Above 200 °C, the compound decomposes [1] to form (similar to its hydrolysis ) dicyclohexylamine and 2-mercaptobenzothiazole , followed by benzothiazole .


Accelerator Benzothiazyl-2-dicyclohexyl Sulfenamide (DCBS) is a delayed action sulfenamide accelerator used in natural and synthetic rubbers.
Benzothiazyl-2-dicyclohexyl Sulfenamide (DCBS) is added to rubber compounds to increase the speed of vulcanization and to permit vulcanization to proceed at lower temperatures and with greater efficiency.
The primary purpose of Benzothiazyl-2-dicyclohexyl Sulfenamide (DCBS) is to reduce the time required for vulcanization, which is the process by which rubber is converted into a more durable material.


COMPONENTS OF A BENZOTHIAZYL-2-DICYCLOHEXYL SULFENAMIDE (DCBS):
The chemical name for Benzothiazyl-2-dicyclohexyl Sulfenamide (DCBS) is N,N-dicyclohexyl-2-benzothiazole sulfenamide.
Benzothiazyl-2-dicyclohexyl Sulfenamide (DCBS) is a white or light yellow powder that is soluble in acetone, benzene, and chloroform.
Benzothiazyl-2-dicyclohexyl Sulfenamide (DCBS) is typically used in combination with other accelerators, such as MBTS or TBBS, to achieve a faster rate of vulcanization.


Benzothiazyl-2-dicyclohexyl Sulfenamide (DCBS) is known for its delayed action, which means that it does not immediately start the vulcanization process when added to a rubber compound.
Instead, it begins to work after a certain period of time has elapsed.
This makes it particularly useful for rubber goods that are subjected to high dynamic stresses, such as tires and conveyor belts.


In summary, accelerator Benzothiazyl-2-dicyclohexyl Sulfenamide (DCBS) is a key component in the production of natural and synthetic rubber products.
Its purpose is to reduce the time required for vulcanization, and it is typically used in combination with other accelerators to achieve the desired rate of vulcanization.
Its delayed action makes it particularly useful for rubber goods subjected to high dynamic stresses.



TYPES OF ACCELERATOR BENZOTHIAZYL-2-DICYCLOHEXYL SULFENAMIDE (DCBS)
Accelerator DCBS (Benzothiazyl-2-Dicyclohexyl Sulfenamide) is a delayed action sulfenamide accelerator used in natural and synthetic rubbers.
Benzothiazyl-2-dicyclohexyl Sulfenamide (DCBS) is recommended for applications where exceptionally long flow times are required.

Benzothiazyl-2-dicyclohexyl Sulfenamide (DCBS) is a white or light yellow powder with a slight odor.
Benzothiazyl-2-dicyclohexyl Sulfenamide (DCBS) is soluble in chloroform, benzene, and carbon disulfide, and slightly soluble in acetone, ethanol, and gasoline.


Linear Accelerators:
Linear accelerators, also known as linacs, are the most common type of accelerator used in radiation therapy.
They use high-frequency electromagnetic waves to accelerate electrons to nearly the speed of light.
The electrons are then directed at a target to produce high-energy X-rays or other types of radiation.
Linear accelerators are used to treat a wide range of cancers, including lung, breast, prostate, and brain cancer.

Circular Accelerators:
Circular accelerators, also known as cyclotrons, are used to accelerate charged particles, such as protons or ions, in a circular path.
The particles are accelerated by a magnetic field and then directed at a target to produce high-energy radiation.

Cyclotrons are used in medical applications, such as proton therapy for cancer treatment, and in research to study the properties of matter.
In summary, accelerator Benzothiazyl-2-dicyclohexyl Sulfenamide (DCBS) is a delayed action sulfenamide accelerator used in natural and synthetic rubbers.

Benzothiazyl-2-dicyclohexyl Sulfenamide (DCBS) is recommended for applications where exceptionally long flow times are required.
Linear accelerators and circular accelerators are two types of accelerators used in radiation therapy and research.

APPLICATIONS OF ACCELERATOR BENZOTHIAZYL-2-DICYCLOHEXYL SULFENAMIDE (DCBS)
Accelerator Benzothiazyl-2-dicyclohexyl Sulfenamide (DCBS) is a versatile chemical compound that has many applications in various industries.
In this section, we will explore some of the most common applications of DCBS.

Medical Uses:
Benzothiazyl-2-dicyclohexyl Sulfenamide (DCBS) is used in the medical industry as an accelerator for natural and synthetic rubber products.
Benzothiazyl-2-dicyclohexyl Sulfenamide (DCBS) is particularly suitable for rubber goods that are subjected to high dynamic stresses, such as medical gloves, tubing, and catheters.
Benzothiazyl-2-dicyclohexyl Sulfenamide (DCBS) is known for its excellent anti-scorching quality and processing safety, making it a popular choice for medical applications.


INDUSTRIAL USES OF BENZOTHIAZYL-2-DICYCLOHEXYL SULFENAMIDE (DCBS):
Benzothiazyl-2-dicyclohexyl Sulfenamide (DCBS) is widely used in the industrial sector as an accelerator for rubber products.
Benzothiazyl-2-dicyclohexyl Sulfenamide (DCBS) is commonly used in the production of tires, conveyor belts, and other rubber products that require high durability and strength.
Benzothiazyl-2-dicyclohexyl Sulfenamide (DCBS) is known for its delayed action, which makes it ideal for applications where exceptionally long flow times are required.


Research Facilities:
Benzothiazyl-2-dicyclohexyl Sulfenamide (DCBS) is also used in research facilities for various applications.
Benzothiazyl-2-dicyclohexyl Sulfenamide (DCBS) is used in the production of rubber compounds for research purposes, such as testing the properties of rubber under different conditions.
Benzothiazyl-2-dicyclohexyl Sulfenamide (DCBS) is also used in the production of rubber-based adhesives and coatings for research purposes.

In conclusion, Benzothiazyl-2-dicyclohexyl Sulfenamide (DCBS) is a versatile chemical compound that has many applications in various industries, including medical, industrial, and research facilities.
Its delayed action and anti-scorching quality make it a popular choice for applications that require exceptionally long flow times and high durability.

DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION:
Engineering Principles
The design and construction of rubber products require a deep understanding of the engineering principles involved.
Accelerator Benzothiazyl-2-dicyclohexyl Sulfenamide (DCBS) is a delayed action sulfenamide accelerator that is used in natural and synthetic rubbers.
It is recommended for applications where exceptionally long flow times are required.

Benzothiazyl-2-dicyclohexyl Sulfenamide (DCBS) is particularly suitable for rubber goods subjected to high dynamic stresses.
Benzothiazyl-2-dicyclohexyl Sulfenamide (DCBS) is a primary accelerator that can be used alone or in combination with many secondary accelerators.
Benzothiazyl-2-dicyclohexyl Sulfenamide (DCBS) offers the best scorch resistance of all commonly used sulfenamide accelerators.


Material Selection:
The material selection process is critical when designing and constructing rubber products.
The use of high-quality materials ensures that the final product will be durable and long-lasting. When selecting materials for the construction of rubber products that use accelerator DCBS, it is important to consider the compatibility of the materials.

DCBS is compatible with a wide range of rubbers, including natural rubber, SBR, NBR, and EPDM.


APPLICATIONS:
Benzothiazyl-2-dicyclohexyl Sulfenamide (DCBS) is very effective for use in thick cross-section molded articles.
Benzothiazyl-2-dicyclohexyl Sulfenamide (DCBS) also is finds application where high processing temperatures are encountered or delayed cures are needed for optimum adhesion.
Total curing times are longer than with other sulfenamides, but the flow time/curing time ratio is favorable.

Benzothiazyl-2-dicyclohexyl Sulfenamide (DCBS) is also employed in conveyor belts, driving belts, shock absorbers, mountings and other intricately shaped molded goods requiring extremely long flow periods in the molding process.
The use of zinc oxide is necessary and stearic acid should be included in compounds where high modulus values are required.

Accelerator Benzothiazyl-2-dicyclohexyl Sulfenamide (DCBS) is a type of sulfenamide accelerator used in natural and synthetic rubbers to improve their performance characteristics.
Benzothiazyl-2-dicyclohexyl Sulfenamide (DCBS) is a delayed-action accelerator that is particularly useful in applications where extended flow times are required.
Accelerator Benzothiazyl-2-dicyclohexyl Sulfenamide (DCBS) is often used in the manufacturing of rubber goods that are subjected to high dynamic stresses.

Accelerator Benzothiazyl-2-dicyclohexyl Sulfenamide (DCBS) is a primary accelerator that can be used alone or in combination with other accelerators to achieve the desired curing properties.
Benzothiazyl-2-dicyclohexyl Sulfenamide (DCBS) is compatible with a wide range of rubbers, including natural rubber, SBR, NBR, and EPDM.
Accelerator Benzothiazyl-2-dicyclohexyl Sulfenamide (DCBS) is available in various forms, including granules, oiled powder, and powder.



CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF BENZOTHIAZYL-2-DICYCLOHEXYL SULFENAMIDE (DCBS):
Molecular Weight
346.6 g/mol
Computed by PubChem 2.2 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
XLogP3-AA
6.7
Computed by XLogP3 3.0 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count
0
Computed by Cactvs 3.4.8.18 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count
4
Computed by Cactvs 3.4.8.18 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Rotatable Bond Count
4
Computed by Cactvs 3.4.8.18 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Exact Mass
346.15374118 g/mol
Computed by PubChem 2.2 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Monoisotopic Mass
346.15374118 g/mol
Computed by PubChem 2.2 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Topological Polar Surface Area
69.7Ų
Computed by Cactvs 3.4.8.18 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Heavy Atom Count
23
Computed by PubChem
Formal Charge
0
Computed by PubChem
Complexity
348
Computed by Cactvs 3.4.8.18 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Isotope Atom Count
0
Computed by PubChem
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count
0
Computed by PubChem
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count
0
Computed by PubChem
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count
0
Computed by PubChem
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count
0
Computed by PubChem
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count
1
Computed by PubChem
Compound Is Canonicalized
Yes
Appearance .....buff granules
Melt Point......96°C (min.)
Assay.........95% (min.)
Ash......0.30% (max.)
Volatiles............0.40% (max.)
Specific Gravity.........1.24
Packaging.....44 & 55 pound bags
Molecular Formula C19H26N2S2
Molar Mass 346.55
Density 1.20
Melting Point 104℃
Boling Point 230°C (rough estimate)
Flash Point 275.2°C
Water Solubility 1.9μg/L at 25℃
Vapor Presure 0Pa at 25℃
pKa 0.43±0.20(Predicted)
Storage Condition Sealed in dry,Room Temperature
Refractive Index 1.5800 (estimate)
Physical and Chemical Properties Light yellow powder.
Use Used as after-effect accelerator of natural gum, cis-butyl gum, styrene-butadiene gum and isoprene gum

Melting point 104℃
Boiling point 230°C (rough estimate)
Density 1.20
vapor pressure 0Pa at 25℃
refractive index 1.5800 (estimate)
storage temp. Sealed in dry,Room Temperature
solubility Acetone (Slightly), Acetonitrile (Slightly), DMSO (Slightly)
form Solid
pka 0.43±0.20(Predicted)
color Pale Yellow to Light Yellow
Water Solubility 1.9μg/L at 25℃
LogP 5.95
CAS DataBase Reference 4979-32-2(CAS DataBase Reference)
EWG's Food Scores 1
FDA UNII 5OBS6299M8
EPA Substance Registry System N,N-Dicyclohexyl-2-benzothiazolesulfenamide (4979-32-2)




SAFETY INFORMATION ABOUT BENZOTHIAZYL-2-DICYCLOHEXYL SULFENAMIDE (DCBS):
First aid measures:
Description of first aid measures:
General advice:
Consult a physician.
Show this safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
Move out of dangerous area:

If inhaled:
If breathed in, move person into fresh air.
If not breathing, give artificial respiration.
Consult a physician.
In case of skin contact:
Take off contaminated clothing and shoes immediately.
Wash off with soap and plenty of water.
Consult a physician.

In case of eye contact:
Rinse thoroughly with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes and consult a physician.
Continue rinsing eyes during transport to hospital.

If swallowed:
Do NOT induce vomiting.
Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person.
Rinse mouth with water.
Consult a physician.

Firefighting measures:
Extinguishing media:
Suitable extinguishing media:
Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.
Special hazards arising from the substance or mixture
Carbon oxides, Nitrogen oxides (NOx), Hydrogen chloride gas

Advice for firefighters:
Wear self-contained breathing apparatus for firefighting if necessary.
Accidental release measures:
Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures
Use personal protective equipment.

Avoid breathing vapours, mist or gas.
Evacuate personnel to safe areas.

Environmental precautions:
Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so.
Do not let product enter drains.
Discharge into the environment must be avoided.

Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Soak up with inert absorbent material and dispose of as hazardous waste.
Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.

Handling and storage:
Precautions for safe handling:
Avoid inhalation of vapour or mist.

Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place.
Containers which are opened must be carefully resealed and kept upright to prevent leakage.
Storage class (TRGS 510): 8A: Combustible, corrosive hazardous materials

Exposure controls/personal protection:
Control parameters:
Components with workplace control parameters
Contains no substances with occupational exposure limit values.
Exposure controls:
Appropriate engineering controls:
Handle in accordance with good industrial hygiene and safety practice.
Wash hands before breaks and at the end of workday.

Personal protective equipment:
Eye/face protection:
Tightly fitting safety goggles.
Faceshield (8-inch minimum).
Use equipment for eye protection tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or EN 166(EU).

Skin protection:
Handle with gloves.
Gloves must be inspected prior to use.
Use proper glove
removal technique (without touching glove's outer surface) to avoid skin contact with this product.
Dispose of contaminated gloves after use in accordance with applicable laws and good laboratory practices.
Wash and dry hands.

Full contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0.11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Material tested:Dermatril (KCL 740 / Aldrich Z677272, Size M)
Splash contact
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0.11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Material tested:Dermatril (KCL 740 / Aldrich Z677272, Size M)
It should not be construed as offering an approval for any specific use scenario.

Body Protection:
Complete suit protecting against chemicals, The type of protective equipment must be selected according to the concentration and amount of the dangerous substance at the specific workplace.
Respiratory protection:
Where risk assessment shows air-purifying respirators are appropriate use a fullface respirator with multi-purpose combination (US) or type ABEK (EN 14387) respirator cartridges as a backup to engineering controls.

If the respirator is the sole means of protection, use a full-face supplied air respirator.
Use respirators and components tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or CEN (EU).
Control of environmental exposure
Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so.
Do not let product enter drains.
Discharge into the environment must be avoided.

Stability and reactivity:
Chemical stability:
Stable under recommended storage conditions.
Incompatible materials:
Strong oxidizing agents:
Hazardous decomposition products:
Hazardous decomposition products formed under fire conditions.
Carbon oxides, Nitrogen oxides (NOx), Hydrogen chloride gas.

Disposal considerations:
Waste treatment methods:
Product:
Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company.
Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material.
Contaminated packaging:
Dispose of as unused product.


BENZOTRIAZOLE

Benzotriazole is a heterocyclic compound with a unique structure.
Benzotriazole is composed of a benzene ring fused to a triazole ring.
The chemical formula of benzotriazole is C6H5N3.
Benzotriazole is often used as a corrosion inhibitor to protect metals from rust.

CAS Number: 95-14-7
EC Number: 202-394-1



APPLICATIONS


Benzotriazole is employed to enhance the longevity of electrical transformers by preventing corrosion on metal components.
Benzotriazole is used to safeguard the integrity of pipelines in the petrochemical industry.

Benzotriazole helps maintain the appearance and structural integrity of architectural metals on buildings and bridges.
Benzotriazole plays a role in protecting household appliances from rust and corrosion.
Benzotriazole is utilized in the conservation of ancient coins and metal artifacts.

Benzotriazole finds application in the protection of metal sculptures and outdoor artwork.
Benzotriazole contributes to the longevity of electrical transmission towers and antennas.
In the automotive sector, it helps prevent corrosion on various vehicle parts, such as brake lines.

Benzotriazole aids in extending the life of heat exchangers in industrial processes.
Benzotriazole is used to protect underwater equipment, such as offshore drilling platforms.
Benzotriazole is utilized in the manufacturing of metal cans to prevent corrosion of the contents.
Benzotriazole safeguards the structural integrity of metal bridges and guardrails.

Benzotriazole is found in the protection of firearms and firearm components.
Benzotriazole is used to prevent rust on agricultural machinery and equipment.

Benzotriazole contributes to the preservation of historical railway equipment.
Benzotriazole is employed to protect the metal parts of musical instruments.
In the food industry, it can be found in equipment used for food processing and packaging.

Benzotriazole is used in the defense industry to protect military hardware from corrosion.
Benzotriazole plays a role in the conservation of antique metal jewelry and artifacts.
Benzotriazole is used in the protection of offshore oil drilling equipment.
Benzotriazole is applied to protect metal components in water treatment plants.

Benzotriazole helps extend the life of metal storage tanks and containers.
Benzotriazole safeguards the structural integrity of metal lighthouses and buoys.
Benzotriazole is used in the protection of metal components in theme park rides.
Benzotriazole contributes to the preservation of historical aircraft and aviation artifacts.

Benzotriazole is used in the maintenance of water storage tanks to prevent corrosion of metal components.
Benzotriazole is applied in the protection of metal rails and tracks in the railway industry.

Benzotriazole contributes to the preservation of antique coins and numismatic collections.
Benzotriazole is employed in the manufacturing of metal containers for chemicals and hazardous materials.
Benzotriazole is used to safeguard the structural integrity of metal fencing and barriers.

Benzotriazole plays a role in protecting metal components in amusement park rides and attractions.
Benzotriazole is utilized to inhibit corrosion on metal fasteners and bolts in construction.

In the marine industry, benzotriazole is used to protect ship hulls and marine equipment.
Benzotriazole aids in the preservation of historical metal artifacts in museums and galleries.
Benzotriazole is found in the protection of metal plumbing and pipelines.

Benzotriazole contributes to the longevity of metal scaffolding and construction equipment.
Benzotriazole is used in the aerospace industry to protect the metal parts of spacecraft and satellites.

In the electronics industry, benzotriazole safeguards printed circuit boards and connectors.
Benzotriazole helps prevent corrosion on metal components of heating, ventilation, and air conditioning systems.
Benzotriazole is employed in the manufacturing of metal cans for food and beverage packaging.

Benzotriazole is used in the automotive sector to protect the undercarriage and chassis.
Benzotriazole plays a role in the conservation of antique metal musical instruments.
Benzotriazole is utilized in the protection of metal sports equipment and gear.

Benzotriazole contributes to the preservation of historical metal tools and machinery.
Benzotriazole is found in the protection of metal components of fire sprinkler systems.

In the chemical industry, benzotriazole helps prevent corrosion in chemical reactors and vessels.
Benzotriazole is used in the protection of metal elements in playground equipment and structures.

Benzotriazole contributes to the longevity of metal racks and shelving systems.
Benzotriazole is employed in the manufacturing of metal drums for storing liquids.
Benzotriazole plays a role in the conservation of antique metal clocks and timepieces.

Benzotriazole is used in the automotive industry to prevent corrosion on exhaust systems and mufflers.
Benzotriazole contributes to the preservation of antique metal coins and coin collections.
Benzotriazole is employed to protect metal components in theme park roller coasters.

In the marine industry, benzotriazole helps safeguard the metal parts of ships' propellers and anchors.
Benzotriazole is utilized in the construction of metal staircases and handrails.

Benzotriazole plays a role in the conservation of historical metal sculptures and statues.
Benzotriazole is found in the protection of metal bridges and walkways in urban environments.
Benzotriazole is used to inhibit corrosion on metal parts of agricultural machinery.

Benzotriazole is employed in the preservation of antique metal weaponry and armor.
Benzotriazole contributes to the longevity of metal ladders and scaffolding used in construction.

In the oil and gas industry, benzotriazole protects drilling equipment and pipelines from corrosion.
Benzotriazole is used in the manufacturing of metal containers for the storage of hazardous materials.

Benzotriazole plays a role in protecting metal components in water treatment plants.
Benzotriazole is utilized in the protection of metal components in HVAC (heating, ventilation, and air conditioning) systems.
Benzotriazole helps prevent rust on metal parts of agricultural and farming equipment.

Benzotriazole is found in the preservation of historical metal artifacts in archaeological sites.
Benzotriazole contributes to the preservation of metal jewelry and ornaments.
Benzotriazole is used to protect metal components in the mining industry.

Benzotriazole plays a role in safeguarding metal railings and balustrades.
Benzotriazole is employed in the manufacturing of metal equipment used in scientific research and laboratories.

In the aviation industry, benzotriazole is used to protect aircraft components from corrosion.
Benzotriazole is used in the protection of metal components in public transportation infrastructure.

Benzotriazole contributes to the longevity of metal power transmission towers and utility poles.
Benzotriazole is found in the protection of metal gates and fences in public spaces.
Benzotriazole plays a role in preserving the structural integrity of historical metal buildings and landmarks.

Benzotriazole is used to prevent corrosion on metal handrails in public spaces.
Benzotriazole contributes to the preservation of historical metal bells and musical instruments.
Benzotriazole is employed in the protection of metal playground equipment.

In the telecommunications industry, benzotriazole safeguards metal components in communication towers.
Benzotriazole is found in the protection of metal tools and machinery in industrial workshops.

Benzotriazole plays a role in preserving metal frames and supports in greenhouses.
Benzotriazole is utilized to prevent corrosion on metal components of theme park water rides.

In the railway industry, benzotriazole is used to protect metal tracks and signaling equipment.
Benzotriazole helps inhibit rust on metal agricultural storage tanks and silos.

Benzotriazole contributes to the longevity of metal fences and gates in residential areas.
Benzotriazole is used to safeguard the structural integrity of historical metal street lamps.
Benzotriazole is found in the protection of metal components of water pumps and infrastructure.

Benzotriazole plays a role in preserving metal decorative elements on historic buildings.
Benzotriazole is employed in the manufacturing of metal manhole covers for urban utilities.

In the entertainment industry, benzotriazole is used to protect metal stage equipment.
Benzotriazole is used to inhibit corrosion on metal parts of amusement park ferris wheels.
Benzotriazole contributes to the longevity of metal components in public transit systems.

Benzotriazole is found in the protection of metal components in sports arenas and stadiums.
Benzotriazole is utilized to prevent rust on metal parts of agricultural irrigation systems.

In the energy sector, benzotriazole safeguards metal components of wind turbines.
Benzotriazole plays a role in preserving the structural integrity of historical metal bridges.
Benzotriazole is used to protect metal components in the mining and mineral processing industry.

Benzotriazole contributes to the longevity of metal frames and supports for billboards.
Benzotriazole is found in the protection of metal components in industrial water treatment facilities.
Benzotriazole is employed to prevent corrosion on metal street signs and traffic signals.



DESCRIPTION


Benzotriazole is a chemical compound with the molecular formula C6H5N3.
Benzotriazole is a heterocyclic compound consisting of a benzene ring fused to a triazole ring.
Benzotriazole and its derivatives are often used in various industrial applications, including as corrosion inhibitors, UV stabilizers for plastics and coatings, and as intermediates in the synthesis of pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals.

Benzotriazole is a heterocyclic compound with a unique structure.
Benzotriazole is composed of a benzene ring fused to a triazole ring.
The chemical formula of benzotriazole is C6H5N3.
Benzotriazole is often used as a corrosion inhibitor to protect metals from rust.

Benzotriazole is known for its UV stabilizing properties in plastics.
Benzotriazole helps prevent plastics and polymers from degrading due to UV radiation.
Benzotriazole is also utilized in the field of photography as a silver corrosion inhibitor.

Benzotriazole acts as a versatile ligand in coordination chemistry.
Benzotriazole forms stable complexes with various metal ions.
Benzotriazole derivatives are common in the synthesis of pharmaceuticals.
Benzotriazole is used to inhibit the corrosion of copper and its alloys.

In the aerospace industry, benzotriazole is used to protect aluminum alloys.
Benzotriazole is often incorporated into lubricants to reduce wear and corrosion.
Benzotriazole can be found in anti-freeze and de-icing fluids for aircraft.
Benzotriazole is a common component in automotive anti-rust solutions.
Benzotriazole is sometimes used as a chemical intermediate in organic synthesis.

Benzotriazole is an environmentally friendly corrosion inhibitor.
Benzotriazole is considered safe when used in accordance with regulations.
Benzotriazole has a molecular weight of 119.12 grams per mole.

Benzotriazole is soluble in various organic solvents but sparingly soluble in water.
Benzotriazole is stable under normal storage conditions.
Benzotriazole is available in various purity grades for different applications.
Benzotriazole has a slightly aromatic odor and is typically a white to pale yellow solid.

Benzotriazole plays a crucial role in protecting infrastructure and equipment from corrosion.
Benzotriazole is a valuable compound in multiple industrial sectors, contributing to the longevity and reliability of materials and products.



PROPERTIES


Chemical Properties:

Chemical Formula: C6H5N3
Molecular Weight: 119.12 g/mol
Molecular Structure: Benzotriazole consists of a benzene ring fused to a triazole ring, which is a five-membered ring containing three nitrogen atoms and two carbon atoms.


Physical Properties:

Physical State: Benzotriazole is typically a white to pale yellow solid.
Odor: It has a slightly aromatic odor.
Solubility: It is soluble in various organic solvents but sparingly soluble in water.



FIRST AID


Inhalation:

If benzotriazole is inhaled and respiratory distress occurs, move the affected person to an area with fresh air.
If breathing difficulties persist, seek immediate medical attention and provide information about the exposure.


Skin Contact:

If benzotriazole comes into contact with the skin, immediately remove contaminated clothing and rinse the affected skin with copious amounts of water for at least 15 minutes.
Use a mild soap if available and gently wash the skin while rinsing.
Seek medical attention if irritation, redness, or other adverse effects occur.


Eye Contact:

In case of eye contact, flush the eyes with gentle, continuous water flow for at least 15 minutes. Hold the eyelids open to ensure thorough rinsing.
Remove any contact lenses if present.
Seek immediate medical attention, and continue rinsing the eyes until professional help arrives.


Ingestion:

If benzotriazole is ingested, do not induce vomiting unless instructed to do so by medical personnel.
Rinse the mouth with water and drink a glass of water to help dilute the substance.
Seek immediate medical attention or contact a poison control center for guidance.


General First Aid Measures:

Always prioritize safety.
Remove the affected person from the source of exposure and provide access to fresh air or a well-ventilated area.
In case of severe exposure, or if the person exhibits signs of significant distress, call emergency services immediately.
While waiting for medical help, keep the affected person calm and comfortable.
Provide all necessary information about the substance, the nature of exposure, and any symptoms to medical professionals.



HANDLING AND STORAGE


Handling:

Personal Protective Equipment (PPE):
Wear appropriate PPE, including safety glasses, gloves, a lab coat or protective clothing, and a chemical-resistant apron.
Respiratory protection may be necessary depending on the specific handling and exposure risks.

Ventilation:
Work with benzotriazole in a well-ventilated area, such as a fume hood, to minimize inhalation exposure.
If adequate ventilation is not available, wear a suitable respiratory protection device.

Avoid Contact:
Minimize skin and eye contact.
In case of contact, follow the first aid measures described earlier.

Hand Hygiene:
Wash hands thoroughly with soap and water after handling benzotriazole and before eating, drinking, or using the restroom.

Spills and Leaks:
In case of spills or leaks, contain and absorb the material with an appropriate absorbent material.
Use a non-sparking tool and place the waste in a properly labeled container for disposal.

Equipment:
Use only equipment that is compatible with benzotriazole and has been designed for chemical handling.
Regularly inspect and maintain all equipment.

Avoid Incompatibilities:
Do not mix benzotriazole with incompatible chemicals, as it may result in hazardous reactions.
Consult the substance's safety data sheet (SDS) for compatibility information.

Avoid Ingestion and Smoking:
Never eat, drink, or smoke in areas where benzotriazole is handled.


Storage:

Container:
Store benzotriazole in tightly sealed containers made of suitable materials, such as glass or high-density polyethylene (HDPE).

Labeling:
Clearly label all containers with the substance name, hazard warnings, and any other relevant information.

Location:
Keep benzotriazole in a well-ventilated, cool, dry, and well-ventilated storage area, away from incompatible materials and heat sources.

Separation:
Store benzotriazole away from strong oxidizing agents and reducing agents, as well as sources of ignition.

Grounding:
Ensure proper grounding of containers and equipment to prevent static electricity buildup, as benzotriazole can be sensitive to static discharge.

Storage Temperature:
Store at a controlled temperature, typically at or below room temperature.
Consult the SDS for specific temperature recommendations.

Storage Segregation:
Segregate benzotriazole from incompatible materials in accordance with safety guidelines and regulations.

Secondary Containment:
Consider using secondary containment measures, such as spill trays or containment basins, to prevent accidental spills from spreading.



SYNONYMS


1,2,3-Benzotriazole
1H-Benzotriazole
1,2-Azoles
Tolytriazole
BTA
TTA
BZT
1,2,3-Triazaindene
1,2,3-Triazabenzene
1,2,3-Azoles
1,2,3-Benzene triazole
1,2,3-Azadibenzotriazole
Azimidobenzene
Azimido-1,2,3-triazole
N1-Benzyltriazole
N1-Phenyltriazole
1,2,3-Benztriazole
Tolytriazol
BZT-R
Tolyltriazole
1H-1,2,3-Benzotriazole
1,2,3-Benztriazol
1,2,3-Triazaindole
1,2,3-Triazole
1,2,3-Azotriazole
1,2,3-Triazabenzene
1,2,3-Azadibenzotriazole
Azimidobenzene
Benzyltriazole
Phenyltriazole
Benzene-1,2,3-triazole
1,2,3-Benzene triazol
1,2,3-Benzotriazol
1,2,3-Azole
Azoles
1,2,3-Triazole benzene
Triazolo benzene
1,2,3-Benzotriazolo
1,2,3-Benztriazol
N1-Phenyl-1,2,3-triazole
1,2,3-Triazaindene
1,2,3-Triazotoluene
Benzotriazol
1,2,3-Benzotriazol
1,2,3-Triazaindene
1,2,3-Triazole
1,2,3-Azotriazole
1,2,3-Triazabenzene
1,2,3-Azadibenzotriazole
Azimidobenzene
Benzyltriazole
Phenyltriazole
1,2,3-Benzene triazol
1,2,3-Benzotriazol
1,2,3-Azole
Azoles
1,2,3-Triazole benzene
Triazolo benzene
1,2,3-Benzotriazolo
1,2,3-Benztriazol
N1-Phenyl-1,2,3-triazole
1,2,3-Triazaindene
1,2,3-Triazotoluene
Tolyl-1,2,3-triazole
Benzotriazolum
Tolytriazol
BZT-R
BENZOTRIAZOLE
Benzotriazole is a heterocyclic compound with the chemical formula C6H5N3.
Benzotriazole's five-membered ring contains three consecutive nitrogen atoms.
This bicyclic compound, Benzotriazole, may be viewed as fused rings of the aromatic compounds benzene and triazole.


CAS Number: 95-14-7
EC Number: 202-394-1
MDL number: MFCD00005699
Chemical formula: C6H5N3


Benzotriazole appears as white to light tan crystals or white powder.
Benzotriazole has no odor.
Benzotriazole is the simplest member of the class of benzotriazoles that consists of a benzene nucleus fused to a 1H-1,2,3-triazole ring.


Benzotriazole has a role as an environmental contaminant and a xenobiotic.
Benzotriazole is an anticorrosive agent well known for its use in aircraft deicing and antifreeze fluids but also used in dishwasher detergents.
Benzotriazole is a heterocyclic compound containing three nitrogen atoms, with the chemical formula C6H5N3.


Benzotriazole is colorless and polar and can be used in various fields.
Benzotriazole is very bright in color so that solutions – either aqueous or in different solvents – are clear and almost colorless.
Benzotriazole is an anticorrosive agent, which is useful in aircraft deicing and antifreeze fluids.


Benzotriazole is soluble in water, benzene, toluene, chloroform, ethanol and N,N-dimethylformamide.
Benzotriazole, also known as 2,3-diazaindole or azimidobenzene, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as benzotriazoles.
These are organic compounds containing a benzene fused to a triazole ring (a five-membered ring with two carbon atoms and three nitrogen atoms).


Benzotriazole belongs to the class of organic compounds known as benzotriazoles.
These are organic compounds containing a benzene fused to a triazole ring (a five-membered ring with two carbon atoms and three nitrogen atoms).
Benzotriazole is an anticorrosive agent well known for its use in aircraft deicing and antifreeze fluids


Benzotriazole is one of the most effective corrosion inhibitors for copper and copper alloy used in various industries.
Benzotriazole is particularly versatile synthetic auxiliary because of its attractive properties.
Benzotriazole can be easily inserted into molecules and equally can also act as a good leaving group.


Benzotriazole is a weak acid (pKa 8.2) as well as weak base (pKa < 0) and because of this acid-base property of benzotriazole.
Benzotriazole also shows not only electron donating but also electron attracting ability, which leads to various synthetic applications.
In 1980, Benzotriazole was first reported as synthetic auxiliary in organic chemistry.



USES and APPLICATIONS of BENZOTRIAZOLE:
This white-to-light tan solid, Benzotriazole, has a variety of uses, for instance, as a corrosion inhibitor for copper.
Benzotriazole has been known for its great versatility.
Benzotriazole has already been used as a restrainer (or anti-fogging agent) in photographic emulsions or developing solutions, and as a reagent for the analytical determination of silver.


More importantly, Benzotriazole has been extensively used as a corrosion inhibitor in the atmosphere and underwater.
Also, Benzotriazole's derivatives and their effectiveness as drug precursors have been drawing attention.
Besides all the applications mentioned above, the Benzotriazole can be used as antifreezes, heating and cooling systems, hydraulic fluids, and vapor-phase inhibitors as well.


Cosmetic Uses: antimicrobial agents
Benzotriazole is an anticorrosive agent, which is useful in aircraft deicing and antifreeze fluids.
Benzotriazole is also employed in dishwasher detergents.


Further, Benzotriazole is used as a restrainer in photographic emulsions and also useful as a reagent for the determination of silver in analytical chemistry.
Benzotriazole also serves as a corrosion inhibitor in the atmosphere and underwater.
Further, Benzotriazole is utilized in the synthesis of amines from glyoxal.


Benzotriazole and its related Na salts do belong to the most effective corrosion inhibitors for copper and copper alloys.
Benzotriazole does further show positive effects in protection of steel, gray iron, cadmium and nickel.
Benzotriazole can be used in different applications in major industries.


For example, Benzotriazole is used in cooling water or boiler systems by the industrial water treatment industry.
Benzotriazole can be also used in coolants and antifreeze products.
Another application of Benzotriazole is the use as an additive in industrial lubricants, like e.g. drilling and cutting fluids.


Benzotriazole does also work to protect silver ware in dishwashing tablets and can be further used in metal detergents.
Benzotriazole shows outstanding thermic and oxidative stability and is also resistant to UV light.
Benzotriazole does not negatively affect the appearance of the metal it's applied to.


Benzotriazole is also employed in dishwasher detergents.
Further, Benzotriazole is used as a restrainer in photographic emulsions and also useful as a reagent for the determination of silver in analytical chemistry.
Benzotriazole also serves as a corrosion inhibitor in the atmosphere and underwater.


Further, Benzotriazole is utilized in the synthesis of amines from glyoxal.
Benzotriazole is used as a corrosion inhibitor and for silver protection in dishwashing detergents.
Benzotriazole is also found in antibacterial, antifungal, and anthelmintic drugs.


Benzotriazole is a versatile compound that has been used as a restrainer in photographic emulsions, a reagent for the analytical determination of silver and has been extensively used as a corrosion inhibitor in the atmosphere and underwater.
Since then Benzotriazole is used in the construction of various monocyclic and bicyclic heterocyclic compounds which are difficult to prepare by other methods.



ALTERNATIVE PARENTS OF BENZOTRIAZOLE:
*Benzenoids
*Triazoles
*Heteroaromatic compounds
*Azacyclic compounds
*Organopnictogen compounds
*Organonitrogen compounds
*Hydrocarbon derivatives



SUBSTITUENTS OF BENZOTRIAZOLE:
*Benzotriazole
*Benzenoid
*Heteroaromatic compound
*1,2,3-triazole
*Triazole
*Azole
*Azacycle
*Organic nitrogen compound
*Organopnictogen compound
*Hydrocarbon derivative
*Organonitrogen compound
*Aromatic heteropolycyclic compound



STRUCTURE OF BENZOTRIAZOLE:
Benzotriazole features two fused rings.
Benzotriazole's five-membered ring can exist in tautomers A and B, and the derivatives of both tautomers, structures C and D, can also be produced:
Benzotriazole tautomers and their derivatives
Various structural analyses with UV, IR and 1H-NMR spectra indicated that isomer A is predominantly present at room temperature.
The bond between positions 1 and 2 and the one between positions 2 and 3 have proved to have the same bond properties.
Moreover, the proton does not tightly bind to any of the nitrogen atoms, but rather migrates rapidly between positions 1 and 3.
Therefore, the Benzotriazole can lose a proton to act as a weak acid (pKa = 8.2) or accept a proton using the lone pair electrons located on its nitrogen atoms as a very weak Brønsted base (pKa < 0).
Not only can it act either as an acid or base, Benzotriazole can also bind to other species, utilizing the lone pair electrons.
Applying this property, the Benzotriazole can form a stable coordination compound on a copper surface and behave as a corrosion inhibitor.



SYNTHESIS AND REACTIONS OF BENZOTRIAZOLE:
Synthesis of Benzotriazole involves the reaction of o-phenylenediamine, sodium nitrite, and acetic acid.
The conversion proceeds via diazotization of one of the amine groups:
Synthesis of benzotriazole
The synthesis can be improved when the reaction is carried out at low temperatures (5–10 °C) and briefly irradiated in an ultrasonic bath.
Typical batch purity is 98.5% or greater.



DERIVATIVES OF BENZOTRIAZOLE:
Biphenylene and benzyne can be conveniently prepared from benzotriazole by N-amination with hydroxylamine-O-sulfonic acid.
The major product, 1-aminobenzotriazole, forms benzyne in an almost quantitative yield by oxidation with lead(IV) acetate, which rapidly dimerises to biphenylene in good yields.



CORROSION INHIBITION OF BENZOTRIAZOLE:
Benzotriazole is an effective corrosion inhibitor for copper and its alloys by preventing undesirable surface reactions.
Benzotriazole is known that a passive layer, consisting of a complex between copper and benzotriazole, is formed when copper is immersed in a solution containing benzotriazole.
The passive layer is insoluble in aqueous and many organic solutions.
There is a positive correlation between the thickness of the passive layer and the efficiency of preventing corrosion.
Benzotriazole is used in conservation, notably for the treatment of bronze disease.
The exact structure of the copper-Benzotriazole complex is controversial and many proposals have been suggested



DRUG PRECURSOR OF BENZOTRIAZOLE:
Benzotriazole derivatives have chemical and biological properties that are versatile in the pharmaceutical industry.
Benzotriazole derivatives act as agonists for many proteins. For instance, vorozole and alizapride have useful inhibitory properties against different proteins.
Benzotriazole esters are used as mechanism-based inactivators to treat severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) by inhibiting the SARS 3CL protease of the SARS-CoV-1 virus.
The methodology is not only limited to heterocyclization but was also successful for polynuclear hydrocarbons of small carbocyclic systems.



ENVIRONMENTAL RELEVANCE OF BENZOTRIAZOLE:
Benzotriazole is fairly water-soluble, not readily degradable and has a limited sorption tendency.
Hence, Benzotriazole is only partly removed in wastewater treatment plants and a substantial fraction reaches surface water such as rivers and lakes.
Benzotriazole is considered to be of low toxicity and a low health hazard to humans although exhibiting some antiestrogenic properties.



RELATED COMPOUNDS OF BENZOTRIAZOLE:
Tolyltriazole is a mixture of isomers or congeners that differ from benzotriazole by the addition of one methyl group attached somewhere on the benzene ring.
Tolyltriazole has similar uses, but has better solubility in some organic solvents



HOW DOES BENZOTRIAZOLE WORK?
As a corrosion inhibitor, Benzotriazole decreases the corrosion rate of metals and alloys.
This works by forming a coating, a passivation layer, which prevents access of the corrosive substance to the metal or alloy underneath.
This is of particular importance in industries where fluids routinely need to be in continuous contact with metals that require protection.



BENZOTRIAZOLE IN HETEROCYCLIC SYNTHESIS:
Heterocycles are important class of compounds. Benzotriazole extensively used for the synthesis of various heterocycles.
1-) Aza- 1,3-bis(triphenyl phosphoranylidene)propane synthesized from N-((1H-benzo[d][1,2,3]triazol-1-yl)methyl)-1,1,1-triphenyH5- phosphanimine and methylene triphenyl phosphorane in presence of n-butyllithium, used as potential building block for the synthesis of heterocycles like 3H-benzo[c] azepine and 2,3-disubstituted pyrroles.

2-) Substituted benzothiazoles are well known for their biological properties with numerous accounts listing their synthesis.
Recently, benzotriazole technology was used in water as a one-pot approach to synthesize 2-peptidyl benzothiazole in excellent yield without any detectable racemization.
The effectiveness of this approach relies in the fact that it neither required any additional reagents nor catalyst for completion



BENZOTRIAZOLE IN ACYLATION, AROYLATION AND SUBSTITUTION REACTIONS:
Benzotriazole and its derivatives plays important role in various reactions like acylation, aroylation and substitution reactions.
Substitution of hydroxyl group with chloride group of the sterically and electronically hindered alcohol of carbohydrates involves harsh reaction conditions and expensive reagents.
Furthermore, the formation of halides from nucleofugal groups leads in the formation of unsaturated products and also chances of losing chirality due to harsh reaction condition.



BENZOTRIAZOLE IN PHOSPHOROUS CHEMISTRY:
Organophosphorus compounds are important class of compounds.
Dialkyl- and diaryl halo phosphates are generally used as building block for the synthesis of organophosphorous compounds.
However these building blocks suffer from lack of stability, particularly to hydrolysis and also required toxic reagents to synthesize them.



BENZOTRIAZOLE IN CYCLIC PEPTIDE SYNTHESIS:
N-acylbenzotriazoles are superior acylating agent with various advantages over traditional acid chlorides.
N-acylbenzotriazoles are quite stable and utilized in peptide chemistry and showed better applications in compared to other peptide coupling reagents.
Unprotected amino acids couple with N-protected aminoacylbenzotriazoles in aqueous acetonitrile to deliver enantiopure dipeptides in good yield.
For the synthesis of tripeptide, the carboxylic group of dipeptide is activated by benzotriazole in presence of thionylchloride followed by treatment with unprotected amino acids resulted in desired tripeptide in excellent yields.
Hence, benzotriazole assisted chemistry was successfully utilized to synthesize up heptapeptides in solution phase without any detectable loss of absolute configuration.



BENZOTRIAZOLE IN PEPTIDE SYNTHESIS:
Peptidomimetics are special class of compounds which are mimic to natural peptides but resistant to enzymatic hydrolysis.
Several peptidomimetics like aminoxopeptides, depsipeptides, azapeptides, oxyazapeptides and hydrazine peptides were synthesized.



PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of BENZOTRIAZOLE:
Boiling point: 350 °C (1013 hPa)
Density: 1.36 g/cm3 (20 °C)
Flash point: 212 °C
Ignition temperature: 400 °C
Melting Point: 98.5 °C
pH value: 6.0 - 7.0 (100 g/l, H₂O, 20 °C) suspension
Vapor pressure: 0.053 hPa (20 °C)
Bulk density: 500 kg/m3
Solubility: 19 g/l
Melting Point: 94-99ºC
Boiling Point: 204ºC (15 mmHg)
Flash Point: 170ºC
Molecular Formula: C6H5N3
Molecular Weight: 119.12400
Density: 1.348g/cm3
Molecular Weight: 119.12 g/mol

XLogP3-AA: 1
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 1
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 2
Rotatable Bond Count: 0
Exact Mass: 119.048347172 g/mol
Monoisotopic Mass: 119.048347172 g/mol
Topological Polar Surface Area: 41.6Ų
Heavy Atom Count: 9
Formal Charge: 0
Complexity: 92.5
Isotope Atom Count: 0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 1
Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes

Formula: C6H5N3
Formula Weight: 119.13
Melting point: 96-99°
Boiling Point: 204°/15mm
Flash Point: 212°(413°F)
Density: 1.360
Storage & Sensitivity: Ambient temperatures.
Solubility: Soluble in water, benzene, toluene, chloroform, ethanol and N,N-dimethylformamide.
Appearance: white to light tan powder (est)
Assay: 95.00 to 100.00
Food Chemicals Codex Listed: No
Melting Point: 100.00 °C. @ 760.00 mm Hg
Boiling Point: 350.00 °C. @ 760.00 mm Hg
Vapor Pressure: 4.000000 mmHg @ 4.00 °C. (est)
Flash Point: 366.00 °F. TCC ( 185.70 °C. ) (est)
logP (o/w): 1.440
Soluble in: water, 5957 mg/L @ 25 °C (est)

Physical state: powder
Color: No data available
Odor: No data available
Melting point/freezing point:
Melting point/range: 97 - 99 °C - lit.
Initial boiling point and boiling range: No data available
Flammability (solid, gas): No data available
Upper/lower flammability or explosive limits: No data available
Flash point: 170 °C - closed cup
Autoignition temperature: No data available
Decomposition temperature: No data available
pH: No data available
Viscosity
Viscosity, kinematic: No data available
Viscosity, dynamic: No data available
Water solubility: 19 g/l at 25 °C - soluble
Partition coefficient: n-octanol/water:
log Pow: 1,34 - Bioaccumulation is not expected.
Vapor pressure: No data available
Density: 1,36 g/cm3 at 20 °C
Relative density: No data available
Relative vapor density: No data available
Particle characteristics: No data available
Explosive properties: No data available
Oxidizing properties: none
Other safety information: No data available

Molecular Weight: 119.12
Molecular Formula: C6H5N3
Boiling Point: 204ºC (15 mmHg)
Melting Point: 94-99ºC
Flash Point: 170ºC
Purity: 99%
Density: 1.348g/cm3
Appearance: White to light tan crystals or white powder.
No odor.
HS Code: 2933990090
Log P: 0.95790
MDL: MFCD00005699
PSA: 41.57
RIDADR: 2811
Risk Statements: R11; R20/21/22; R36/37/38; R5
RTECS: DM1225000
Safety Statements: S26-S28-S36/37/39-S45
Stability: Stable, but may be light sensitive.
Vapor Density: 4.1
Vapor Pressure: 0.04 mm Hg ( 20 °C)

Boiling Point/Range: Not applicable
Color: Colorless to Yellowish
Density: No data available
Flashpoint: Not applicable
Form: Solid
Grade: General Indicators
Incompatible Materials: Strong oxidizing agents
Lower Explosion Limit: No data available
Melting Point/Range: 95-99 °C
Partition Coefficient: 1.44
Purity Percentage: 99.00
Purity Details: >=99.00%
Solubility in Water: No data available
Upper Explosion Limit: No data available
Vapor Pressure: 0.05 hPa (20 °C)
Viscosity: Not applicable
pH-Value: Not applicable
Storage Temperature: Ambient



FIRST AID MEASURES of BENZOTRIAZOLE:
-Description of first-aid measures:
*General advice:
Show this material safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
*If inhaled:
After inhalation:
Fresh air.
*In case of skin contact:
Take off immediately all contaminated clothing.
Rinse skin with water/ shower.
*In case of eye contact:
After eye contact:
Rinse out with plenty of water.
Call in ophthalmologist.
Remove contact lenses.
*If swallowed:
After swallowing:
Immediately make victim drink water (two glasses at most).
Consult a physician.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed:
No data available



ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of BENZOTRIAZOLE:
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Cover drains.
Collect, bind, and pump off spills.
Observe possible material restrictions.
Take up dry.
Dispose of properly.
Clean up affected area.



FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of BENZOTRIAZOLE:
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Water
Foam
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Dry powder
*Unsuitable extinguishing media:
For this substance/mixture no limitations of extinguishing agents are given.
-Further information:
Prevent fire extinguishing water from contaminating surface water or the ground water system.



EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of BENZOTRIAZOLE:
-Control parameters:
--Ingredients with workplace control parameters:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use equipment for eye protection.
Safety glasses.
*Skin protection:
Full contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Splash contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
*Body Protection:
protective clothing
*Respiratory protection:
Recommended Filter type: Filter A-(P2)
-Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.



HANDLING and STORAGE of BENZOTRIAZOLE:
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
*Storage conditions:
Tightly closed.
Dry.



STABILITY and REACTIVITY of BENZOTRIAZOLE:
-Chemical stability:
The product is chemically stable under standard ambient conditions (room temperature) .
-Incompatible materials:
No data available



SYNONYMS:
1H-1,2,3-Benzotriazole
1H-Benzotriazole
1,2,3-Benzotriazole
BTA
BtaH
1,2,3-Benzotriazole BTA
BENZOTRIAZOLE PHOTOGRADE
1,2,3-Benzotriazole
Benzotriazole (BTA)
1,2,3-BENZOTRIAZOL ZUR SYNTHESE
1H-Benzo[d][1,2,3]triazole
RusMin R
1.2.3-Benzotrialole
Seetec BT
BLS 1326
1,2,3 BENZOTRIAZOLE (BTA)
HETEROCYLIC NITROGEN
U-6233
Benzotriazole
1,2,3-BENZOTRIALOLE ( BTA )
1H-Benzotriazole
T706
1h-benzo
1, 2, 3 BENZOTRIAZOLE
1,2,3,-BENZOTRIAZOLE
1H-BENZOTRIAZOLE (BTA)
1,2,3-BENZO TRIAZOLE
Cobratec
1,2,3-BENZOTRIAZOLE,1H-BENZO[D][1,2,3]TRIAZOLE
cobratec99
1H-BENZOTRIAZOLE FOR SYNTHESIS
1,2,3-Benzotriazole(electronicgrade)
1H-Benzotriazole
Benzotriazole
95-14-7
1H-Benzo[d][1,2,3]triazole
1,2,3-BENZOTRIAZOLE
2H-Benzotriazole
1H-1,2,3-Benzotriazole
Azimidobenzene
Aziminobenzene
Benztriazole
Cobratec #99
Benzisotriazole
Benzene azimide
2,3-Diazaindole
1,2-Aminoazophenylene
1,2,3-Triazaindene
2H-benzo[d][1,2,3]triazole
Cobratec 99
273-02-9
1,2,3-Triaza-1H-indene
NSC-3058
1,2,-Aminozophenylene
Cobratec 35G
1,2,3-1h-benzotriazole
NCI-C03521
27556-51-0
U-6233
DTXSID6020147
CHEBI:75331
1,2,3-Benztriazole
MFCD00005699
86110UXM5Y
1H-Benzotriazol
DTXCID00147
Benzotriazole (VAN)
Verzone Crystal
BtaH
Kemitec TT
Rusmin R
Seetec BT
CAS-95-14-7
CCRIS 78
Pseudoazimidobenzene
HSDB 4143
1,2,3-Benzotriazole,1H-benzo[d][1,2,3]triazole
EINECS 202-394-1
azaindazole
benzotriazol
BRN 0112133
aza-indazole
UNII-86110UXM5Y
AI3-15984
3uzj
1 h-benzotriazole
1,3-Triazaindene
0CT
1,3-Benzotriazole
Cobratec No. 99
1,2-Aminozophenylene
1H-1,3-Benzotriazole
1,3-Triaza-1H-indene
1H-Benzotriazole (VAN8C
EC 202-394-1
WLN: T56 BMNNJ
SCHEMBL8956
1H-BT
BENZOTRIAZOLE [INCI]
1,2,3-Benzotriazole(BTA)
4-26-00-00093 (Beilstein Handbook Reference)
MLS002302971
CHEMBL84963
1H-benzo-[1,2,3]triazole
1H-BENZOTRIAZOLE [MI]
BDBM36293
NSC3058
Benzotriazole, analytical standard
HMS3091M10
AMY37120
Benzotriazole, reagent grade, 97%
CS-D1407
STR01561
Tox21_201501
Tox21_302934
BDBM50234613
STL281967
Benzotriazole, ReagentPlus(R), 99%
1,2,3-BENZOTRIAZOLE [HSDB]
1H-Benzotriazole, >=98.0% (N)
AKOS000119181
AKOS025396849
PS-3644
NCGC00091322-01
NCGC00091322-02
NCGC00091322-03
NCGC00256574-01
NCGC00259052-01
BP-21454
SMR001252218
DB-022595
B0094
BB 0243857
FT-0606217
FT-0698151
Benzotriazole, Vetec(TM) reagent grade, 98%
EN300-17964
D77352
AB00374479-06
AC-907/34124039
Q220672
W-100172
Z57127352
F2190-0645
BTR
Azimidobenzene
Aziminobenzene
Benzene azimide
Benzisotriazole
Benzotriazole
Benztriazole
Cobratec 99
1,2-Aminoazophenylene
1,2,3-Benzotriazole
1,2,3-Triaza-1H-indene
1,2,3-Triazaindene
1H-1,2,3-Benzotriazole
2,3-Diazaindole
Cobratec No. 99
NCI-C03521
NSC-3058
U-6233
1,2,3-Benztriazole
Cobratec 35G
1,2,3-1H-Benzotriazole
1,2,3-benzotriazole-1h-benzotriazole
1,2,3-Benztriazole
1,2,3-Triaza-1H-indene
1,2,3-Triazaindene
1,2,-aminozophenylene
1,2-Aminoazophenylene
1,2-Aminozophenylene
1h-benzo
1-H Benzotriazole
1,2,3-Benzotriazole
Azimidobenzene
Benzisotriazole
benzene azimide
1,2,3-triaza-1H-indene
aziminobenzene
1,2-aminoazophenylene
2,3-diazaindole
1,2,3-triazaindene
1,2,-Aminozophenylene
1,2,3-Triaza-1H-indene
2,3-Diazaindole
Azimidobenzene
Aziminobenzene
Benzene azimide
Benzisotriazole
BTA
Benzotriazole

BENZOTRIAZOLE (BTA)
Benzotriazole (BTA) is white to light pink needle crystal.
Benzotriazole (BTA) slightly soluble in cold water, ethanol and ether.
Benzotriazole (BTA) is soluble in alcohol, benzene, toluene, chloroform, dimethylformamide, and most organic solvents.

CAS Number: 95-14-7
Molecular Formula: C6H5N3
Molecular Weight: 119.12
EINECS Number: 202-394-1

Benzotriazole (BTA) is the simplest member of the class of benzotriazoles that consists of a benzene nucleus fused to a 1H-1,2,3-triazole ring.
Benzotriazole (BTA) has a role as an environmental contaminant and a xenobiotic.
Benzotriazole (BTA) is ayellow to beige solid or Colorless needle-like crystals.

Benzotriazole (BTA) is an organic compound.
Benzotriazole (BTA) is slightly soluble in water, soluble in hot water, and easily soluble in alkaline aqueous solutions.
Benzotriazole (BTA) is divided into oil-soluble benzotriazole and water-soluble benzotriazole.

Among them, water-soluble Benzotriazole (BTA) can be dissolved in water.
Benzotriazole (BTA) can also be dissolved with a solvent.
The high content of active components and the small number of impurities are prerequisites for the solubility of Benzotriazole (BTA).

Benzotriazole (BTA) includes ethanol, benzene, toluene, chloroform, and N N-dimethylformamide.
The solubility of water and oil determines that Benzotriazole (BTA) must have a high content of impurities and less water to achieve both water and oil.
Benzotriazole, often abbreviated as BTA, is a chemical compound with the molecular formula C6H5N3.

Benzotriazole (BTA) is a heterocyclic compound containing two carbon atoms and three nitrogen atoms in its ring structure.
Benzotriazole is commonly used for various purposes, primarily as a corrosion inhibitor, a UV absorber, and a stabilizer in various industries, including:
Benzotriazole (BTA) is known for its ability to inhibit the corrosion of metals, particularly copper and its alloys.

Benzotriazole (BTA) forms a protective layer on the metal surface, which prevents the metal from reacting with corrosive agents like oxygen and water.
Benzotriazole (BTA) is not only water-soluble but also oil soluble.
Benzotriazole (BTA), The emulsifier is not required for the addition process.

This can greatly reduce the side effects of the addition of Benzotriazole (BTA).
Benzotriazole (BTA) and its related Na salts do belong to the most effective corrosion inhibitors for copper and copper alloys.
Benzotriazole (BTA) does further show positive effects in protection of steel, gray iron, cadmium and nickel.

Benzotriazole (BTA) is bitter, odorless, boiling point is 204℃ (15mmHg),soluble in alcohol, benzene, toluene, chloroform and
dimethylformamide, and slightly soluble in water.
Benzotriazole (BTA) belong to the most effective corrosion inhibitors for copper and copper alloys.
Benzotriazole (BTA) does further show positive effects in protection of steel, gray iron, cadmium and nickel.

Benzotriazole (BTA) is one of the most effective corrosion inhibitors for copper and copper alloy used in various industries.
Benzotriazole (BTA) is used as a UV absorber in plastics, coatings, and other materials.
Benzotriazole (BTA) can absorb ultraviolet (UV) radiation, helping to protect the underlying materials from UV-induced degradation and color fading.

Benzotriazole (BTA) is used as a stabilizer for products like polymers and fuels.
Benzotriazole (BTA) helps extend the shelf life and performance of these materials.
Further positive effects of Benzotriazole (BTA) can be seen in protection of steel, grey iron, Cadmium and Nickel.

Benzotriazole (BTA) is bitter, odorless, boiling point is 204℃ (15mmHg),soluble in alcohol, benzene, toluene, chloroform and
dimethylformamide, and slightly soluble in water.
Benzotriazole (BTA) can be processed into flakes, granules, powder.
Benzotriazole (BTA) is oxidized in the air and gradually turned red.

Benzotriazole (BTA) tastes bitter and odorless.
Benzotriazole (BTA) is soluble in ethanol, benzene, toluene, chloroform and N,N-dimethylformamide, slightly soluble in water.
Benzotriazole (BTA) is bitter, odorless, boiling point is 204% (15mmHg),soluble in alcohol, benzene, toluene, chloroform and
dimethylformamide, and slightly soluble in water.

Benzotriazole (BTA) is a heterocyclic compound containing three nitrogen atoms, with the chemical formula C6H5N3.
Benzotriazole (BTA) is colorless and polar and can be used in various fields.
Benzotriazole (BTA) other names Benzotriazole (BTA), is slightly soluble in water.

Benzotriazole (BTA) is a heterocyclic compound containing three nitrogen atoms with the chemical formula C6H5N3.
Benzotriazole (BTA) has two fused rings.
Benzotriazole (BTA) is a heterocyclic compound with the chemical formula C6H5N3.

Benzotriazole (BTA)'s five-membered ring contains three consecutive nitrogen atoms.
Benzotriazole (BTA) may be viewed as fused rings of the aromatic compounds benzene and triazole.
Benzotriazole (BTA) has a variety of uses, for instance, as a corrosion inhibitor for copper.

Benzotriazole (BTA) is bitter,odorless,boiling point is 204℃(15mmHg),soluble in alcohol, benzene, toluene, chloroform and
dimethylformamide,and slightly soluble in water.
Benzotriazole (BTA) is white to light yellow needles, m.p. 98.5 deg.] C, boiling point 204 ℃ (15 mm Hg), slightly soluble in water, soluble in alcohol, benzene, toluene, chloroform and other organic solvents.
Benzotriazole (BTA) is particularly effective in inhibiting the corrosion of copper and its alloys.

Benzotriazole (BTA) forms a protective film on the metal's surface, preventing the metal from reacting with substances that would otherwise cause corrosion.
This protective film is often referred to as a passivation layer.
Benzotriazole (BTA) is used in a wide range of applications, such as in cooling systems for automobiles, aircraft, and industrial equipment, where copper and its alloys are used in heat exchangers and other components.

Benzotriazole (BTA)'s ability to absorb UV radiation makes it valuable in the protection of materials sensitive to UV damage.
This includes plastics, coatings, adhesives, and other polymers.
Benzotriazole (BTA) is commonly used in the plastics industry to prevent the degradation of plastic materials exposed to sunlight. By absorbing UV rays, it reduces the chances of the material becoming brittle, discolored, or losing its structural integrity.

Benzotriazole (BTA) can act as a stabilizer for various chemical products.
Benzotriazole (BTA) is used in some aviation fuels to prevent the formation of potentially harmful compounds during combustion. In the production of certain polymers and resins, it can be added to improve their stability, which can extend their shelf life and enhance their performance properties.

Benzotriazole (BTA) has been studied for its potential biological activity and is sometimes used in the pharmaceutical industry as a precursor for the synthesis of specific compounds.
Benzotriazole (BTA) has also been evaluated for its toxicity and environmental impact, and as such, it should be handled with care to minimize any potential harm.
While benzotriazole has many industrial applications, its use has raised some environmental concerns due to its persistence in the environment.

Benzotriazole (BTA) has been detected in water bodies and is considered a potential environmental pollutant.
Proper disposal and treatment methods are important to mitigate its impact on the environment.
Benzotriazole (BTA) copper corrosion inhibitor can be adsorbed on the metal surface to form a thin film to protect copper and other metals from corrosion and atmospheric harmful media.

Benzotriazole (BTA) can be absorbed on metal surface and form a thin film to protect copper and other metals.
Benzotriazole (BTA) is White needle, flake, granular, powder.
Benzotriazole (BTA) is soluble in alcohol,benzene,toluene,chloroform and DMF, slightly soluble in water,turn red in air with
oxidation,explosive in vacuum distillation.

Benzotriazole (BTA) is an effective corrosion inhibitor for copper and its alloys by preventing undesirable surface reactions. Benzotriazole (BTA) is known that when copper is immersed in a solution containing Benzotriazole (BTA), a passive layer consisting of a complex between copper and benzotriazole is formed.
Benzotriazole (BTA) is used in protection, especially in the treatment of bronze disease.

The precise nature of the copperBenzotriazole (BTA) complex is controversial, and many suggestions have been put forward.
Benzotriazole (BTA) derivatives have chemical and biological properties that are versatile in the pharmaceutical industry.
Benzotriazole (BTA) derivatives act as agonists for many proteins.

For example, vorozol and alizapride have beneficial inhibitory properties against different proteins, and Benzotriazole (BTA) esters have been reported to work as mechanism-based inactivators for the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)3CL protease.
The methodology is not only limited to heterocyclization, but has also been successful for polynuclear hydrocarbons of small carbocyclic
systems.

Melting point: 97-99 °C(lit.)
Boiling point: 204 °C (15 mmHg)
Density: 1,36 g/cm3
vapor density: 4.1 (vs air)
vapor pressure: 0.04 mm Hg ( 20 °C)
refractive index: 1.5589 (estimate)
Flash point: 170 °C
storage temp.: Store below +30°C.
solubility: 19g/l
form: Powder, Granules, Crystals, Needles or Flakes
pka: 1.6(at 20℃)
color: White to yellow-beige
Odor: Slight characteristic odor
PH: 6.0-7.0 (100g/l, H2O, 20℃)suspension
explosive limit: 2%
Water Solubility: 25 g/l in water (20 ºC)
Merck: 14,1108
BRN: 112133
Stability: Stable, but may be light sensitive. Incompatible with strong oxidizing agents, heavy metals.
InChIKey: QRUDEWIWKLJBPS-UHFFFAOYSA-N
LogP: 1.34 at 22.7℃

In addition to corrosion inhibition, Benzotriazole (BTA) is used in the metalworking industry as a component of cutting fluids and coolants.
Benzotriazole (BTA) can improve the efficiency of machining processes by reducing friction and wear on cutting tools, which extends their lifespan.
Benzotriazole (BTA) is employed in the electronics industry for the protection of printed circuit boards (PCBs) and semiconductor devices.

Benzotriazole (BTA) forms a protective layer on metal components to prevent oxidation and corrosion, which can be particularly important in electronic devices that need to maintain their performance over extended periods.
Benzotriazole (BTA) is utilized as a stabilizer and UV absorber in the dye and pigment industry.
Benzotriazole (BTA) helps maintain the color and stability of dyes and pigments when they are exposed to sunlight and other environmental stressors.

In traditional photography, Benzotriazole (BTA) has been used in the development of silver-based photographs.
Benzotriazole (BTA) acts as a photographic sensitizer, improving the sensitivity of light-sensitive emulsions used in photographic films and papers.
While Benzotriazole (BTA) is generally considered safe when used in accordance with industry standards, prolonged or high-level exposure to the compound can be associated with potential health risks.

Benzotriazole (BTA)'s important to follow safety guidelines when working with benzotriazole, such as using appropriate personal protective equipment.
Benzotriazole (BTA)'s five-membered ring may be present in tautomers A and B, and derivatives of both tautomers as well as structures C and D can be produced.
Benzotriazole (BTA) is highly water-soluble, does not decompose immediately, and has a limited absorption tendency.

Benzotriazole (BTA) is only partially removed in wastewater treatment plants, and a significant part reaches surface waters such as rivers and lakes.
Benzotriazole (BTA) exists as a white solid.
Benzotriazole (BTA) is a heterocyclic compound containing three nitrogen atoms, with the chemical formula C6H5N3.

Benzotriazole (BTA) is an anticorrosive chemical used primarily on copper, but also on iron, steel, cadmium, chromium, zinc.
Benzotriazole (BTA) can form covalent and coordinate-covalent linkages with metals, which prevent attack by corrosive agents.
Benzotriazole (BTA) is bitter, odorless, soluble in alcohol, benzene, toluene, chloroform and DMF, slightly soluble in water, turn red in air with oxidation.

The simplest member of the class of Benzotriazole (BTA) that consists of a benzene nucleus fused to a 1H-1,2,3-triazole ring.
Benzotriazole (BTA) consists of benzene and a tri-azole ring.
Benzotriazole (BTA) can be released into the environment through various industrial processes and wastewater discharges.

Benzotriazole (BTA)s persistence in the environment has raised concerns about its potential accumulation in water bodies and its effects on aquatic life.
As a result, there is growing interest in mitigating its environmental impact and finding more eco-friendly alternatives.
The use and disposal of benzotriazole are subject to regulations in many countries.

Regulations often govern its concentration in specific products and the allowable limits in wastewater discharges to protect the environment.
The triazoles are a group of highly explosive materials that are sensitive to heat, friction, and impact.
Sensitivity varies with the type substitution to the triazole ring.

Metal chelated and halogen substitution of the triazol ring make for a particularly heat sensitive material.
Azido and nitro derivatives have been employed as high explosives.
No matter the derivative these materials should be treated as explosives.

Preparation:
Benzotriazole (BTA) is prepared by the reaction of o-phenylenediamine with nitrous acid in dilute sulfuric acid.
Damschrodner and Peterson were able to synthesize the Benzotriazole (BTA) in a high yield (80%) by nitrosation of o- henylenediamine with sodium nitrite in glacial acetic acid and water.
Synthesis of Benzotriazole (BTA) via diazotization of o-phenylenediamine.

Reaction: Add o-phenylenediamine to 50°C water to dissolve, then add glacial acetic acid, cool down to 5°C, add sodium nitrite to stir the reaction.
The reactant gradually turned dark green, the temperature rose to 70-80 ℃, the solution turned orange-red, placed at room temperature for 2 hours, cooled, filtered out the crystals, washed with ice water, dried to obtain the crude product, the crude product was distilled under reduced pressure, and collected 201 -204°C (2.0kPa) fraction, and then recrystallized with benzene to obtain Benzotriazole (BTA) products with a melting point of 96-97°C, with a yield of about 80%.

Uses
Benzotriazole (BTA) is an anticorrosive agent, which is useful in aircraft deicing and antifreeze fluids.
Benzotriazole (BTA) is also employed in dishwasher detergents.
Further, it is used as a restrainer in photographic emulsions and also useful as a reagent for the determination of silver in analytical chemistry.

Benzotriazole (BTA) also serves as a corrosion inhibitor in the atmosphere and underwater.
Further, Benzotriazole (BTA) is utilized in the synthesis of amines from glyoxal.
Benzotriazole (BTA) can also be used in combination with a variety of scale inhibitors and biocide.

Benzotriazole (BTA) is mainly used for metal (such as silver, copper, lead, zinc, nickel) as antirust and corrosion inhibitor.
Benzotriazole (BTA) is widely used in rustproof oil (fat) products, and more as vapor phase inhibitors of copper and copper alloy, circulating water treatment agent, also used for auto antifreeze, polymer stabilizers, plant growth regulator, lubricant additives, UV absorber, etc, and usedBenzotriazole (BTA) is an organic compound.

Benzotriazole (BTA) is white to light pink needle crystal. 1-2-3-benzotriazole is soluble in alcohol, benzene, toluene, chloroform, dimethylformamide, and most organic solvents. However, it is slightly soluble in water, soluble in hot water, and easily soluble in alkaline aqueous solutions.
Benzotriazole (BTA) is also commonly used in water cooling systems.

Benzotriazole (BTA) can be used as a silver polishing agent in dishwasher detergent, automotive antifreeze, as a restrainer in photographic emulsions, and use as a lubricant additive.
Benzotriazole (BTA) can also be derived to create anti-fading agents for metals, antiseptic agents, UV-absorbers, pesticides, and photoconductors.
Benzotriazole (BTA) derivative are effective as drug precursors as well.

Benzotriazole (BTA) has more applications in brake fluids, cleaners, coatings and adhesives, flooring, fuels, inks, tires, and water treatment.
Benzotriazole (BTA) also possesses antihypertensive, antibacterial, analgesic, antifungal, antiviral, and anti-inflammatory properties.
Benzotriazole (BTA) can also be matched with a variety of scale inhibitor, algae fungicidal, especially has good corrosion-resistant effect on closed circulating cooling water system.

Benzotriazole (BTA) is mainly used as antirust agent and corrosion inhibitor for metals.
Benzotriazole (BTA) is mainly used as rust-preventer, antifreezing liquid, antioxidant additive(including lubricating oil, hydraulic oil, brake oil, transformer's oil), emugent, water stabilizer, the additive for high molecular materials' (polyester and polyesteramide) capacity of ultraviolet resistance and anti- static electricity, photographic antifogging agent, copper mine flotation, metal's slow corrosion etc.

Benzotriazole (BTA) can be used in different applications in major industries.
For example, Benzotriazole (BTA) is used in cooling water or boiler systems by the industrial water treatment industry.
Benzotriazole (BTA) can be also used in coolants and antifreeze products.

Another application is the use as an additive in industrial lubricants, like e.g. drilling and cutting fluids.
Benzotriazole (BTA) does also work to protect silver ware in dishwashing tablets and can be further used in metal detergents.
Benzotriazole (BTA) is used Cooling water systems / industrial water treatment, industrial lubricants (e.g. drilling and cutting fluids), dishwashing tablets (silver protection), metal detergents and polishing, coolants, VCI papers / metal packaging, antifogging agent (photo).

Benzotriazole (BTA) is used in cooling water or boiler systems by the industrial water treatment industry.
Benzotriazole (BTA) is widely used as a corrosion inhibitor, particularly for copper and its alloys.
Benzotriazole (BTA) forms a protective layer on the surface of metals, preventing them from reacting with corrosive substances like oxygen and water.

This makes Benzotriazole (BTA) valuable in applications where copper or copper-based materials are exposed to potentially corrosive environments, such as in cooling systems, heat exchangers, and plumbing.
Benzotriazole (BTA) is used as a UV absorber in various materials, including plastics, coatings, adhesives, and polymers.

Benzotriazole (BTA) can absorb ultraviolet (UV) radiation, which helps to protect these materials from UV-induced degradation.
This is essential for products that may be exposed to sunlight and need to maintain their structural integrity and color over time.
In the chemical industry, Benzotriazole (BTA) is employed as a stabilizer for a range of products, including fuels, polymers, and resins.

Benzotriazole (BTA) helps extend the shelf life and maintain the performance of these materials by preventing or reducing degradation due to factors like heat, light, or chemical reactions.
Benzotriazole (BTA) is used in cutting fluids and coolants.
Benzotriazole (BTA) reduces friction, minimizes wear on cutting tools, and improves the efficiency of machining processes, extending the life of tools and enhancing the quality of machining operations.

Benzotriazole (BTA) is utilized in the electronics industry for protecting electronic components, such as printed circuit boards (PCBs) and semiconductor devices, from corrosion and oxidation.
Benzotriazole (BTA) ensures the long-term reliability of these components.
Benzotriazole (BTA) is used as a photographic sensitizer to enhance the sensitivity of light-sensitive emulsions in photographic films and papers, ensuring better image quality and development.

Benzotriazole (BTA) can be used in the textile industry to enhance the UV resistance of textiles and improve their durability when exposed to sunlight.
Benzotriazole (BTA) is employed as a stabilizer and UV absorber in the dye and pigment industry to maintain the color and stability of dyes and pigments when they are exposed to UV light.
Benzotriazole (BTA) has been studied for potential biological activity and is used as a precursor in the synthesis of specific compounds in the pharmaceutical industry.

Benzotriazole (BTA) can be also used in coolants and antifreeze products.
An application of Benzotriazole (BTA) is the use as an additive in industrial lubricants, like e.g. drilling and cutting fluids.
Benzotriazole (BTA) does also work to protect silver ware in dishwashing tablets and can be further used in metal detergents.

Benzotriazole (BTA) is mainly used as rust-preventer, antifreezing liquid, antioxidant additive(including lubricating oil, hydraulic oil, brake oil, transformer's oil), emugent, water stabilizer, the additive for high molecular materials (polyester and polyesteramide) capacity of ultraviolet resistance and anti-static electricity, photographic antifogging agent, copper mine flotation, metal's slow corrosion etc.
Benzotriazole (BTA) is used in combinaton with ammonium hydroxide and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid.

Benzotriazole (BTA) has an anti-corrosion effect on metal materials such as copper, aluminum, cast iron, nickel, and zinc.
Benzotriazole (BTA) can be combined with a variety of corrosion inhibitors to improve corrosion inhibition.
In aviation, benzotriazole is used as a corrosion inhibitor for aircraft components, such as landing gear, hydraulic systems, and fuel tanks.

Benzotriazole (BTA) helps protect critical aircraft parts from corrosion caused by exposure to harsh environmental conditions.
Benzotriazole (BTA) can be used in antifreeze formulations to inhibit the corrosion of metal components within a vehicle's cooling system.
Benzotriazole (BTA) helps maintain the efficiency and longevity of the cooling system.

Benzotriazole (BTA) is sometimes employed as a corrosion inhibitor to protect metal pipes and equipment used in water distribution systems.
Benzotriazole (BTA) finds use in the oil and gas industry as a corrosion inhibitor for pipelines and storage tanks, where it helps prevent the degradation of metal surfaces exposed to oil and gas products.
Benzotriazole (BTA) is used in the automotive industry in various applications, such as protecting vehicle brake systems, engine components, and cooling systems from corrosion.

Benzotriazole (BTA) can be used as a corrosion inhibitor for steel reinforcement in concrete structures to increase their longevity and structural integrity.
Benzotriazole (BTA) is used in printing inks to improve their lightfastness, which is the resistance of inks to fading when exposed to light over time.
Benzotriazole (BTA) is often added to paints and coatings to enhance their UV resistance and protect surfaces from discoloration and degradation caused by exposure to sunlight.

Benzotriazole (BTA) is used to inhibit corrosion on ship hulls and other metal components that are in constant contact with water.
Benzotriazole (BTA) can be used in certain food packaging materials to prevent the degradation of the packaging when exposed to UV light.
Benzotriazole (BTA) is used to protect metal parts on boats and watercraft, such as outboard motors and propellers, from corrosion in marine environments.

Benzotriazole (BTA) is also widely used in metal rust inhibitors such as copper, silver, zinc, aluminum, cast iron, water purifying agents, etc.
Benzotriazole (BTA) is mainly used for water treatment, oil oxidation, metal oxidation and so on.
Benzotriazole (BTA) has a good corrosion inhibition effect on the copper and has the same anti-corrosion effect on other metal materials.

Benzotriazole (BTA) is also preferred UV absorber.
Adding benzotriazole to products such as plastics, rubber, and fuel can solve the degradation problem well.
Benzotriazole (BTA) can improve the light resistance of synthetic materials.

Benzotriazole (BTA) is used for surface purification of silver, copper, and zinc in electroplating, and has an anti-tarnishing effect.
Benzotriazole (BTA) is a good ultraviolet light absorber and can be used as a development antifogging for black and white film and photographic paper.
Benzotriazole (BTA) is used additive to cutting fluid, immobile working fluid, antifreeze, circulating coolant, etc.

When added to lubricating oil and transformer oil, Benzotriazole (BTA) prevents aging of the oil.
Benzotriazole (BTA) is used additive for acidic copper plating solution.
When added to coating agents such as paints, Benzotriazole (BTA) inhibits corrosion of the underlying film.

Benzotriazole (BTA) is used additives for copper polishing agents.
In the photographic industry, Benzotriazole (BTA) is used as a stabilizer against ultraviolet lights.
Benzotriazole (BTA) has already been used as a restrainer in photographic emulsions and as a reagent for the analytical determination of silver.

Benzotriazole (BTA) has been extensively used as a corrosion inhibitor in the atmosphere and underwater.
Benzotriazole (BTA) can be used as antifreezes, heating and cooling systems, hydraulic fluids and vapor phase inhibitors as well.
Benzotriazole (BTA) is an effective corrosion inhibitor for copper and its alloys by preventing undesirable surface reactions.

Benzotriazole (BTA) is used in conservation, notably for the treatment of bronze disease.
Benzotriazole (BTA) is used Photographic emulsions, anti-corrosion, pharmaceutical industry.
Benzotriazole (BTA) is already used as a limiting (or anti-fogging agent) in photographic emulsions or solution development, and as a reagent for the analytical determination of silver.

Benzotriazole (BTA) has been widely used as a corrosion inhibitor in the atmosphere and underwater.
Benzotriazole (BTA) is used in antifreeze, heating and cooling systems, hydraulic fluids and vapor phase inhibitors.
Benzotriazole (BTA) is mainly used as rust-preventer, anti-freezing liquid, antioxidant additive(including lubricating oil, hydraulic oil, brake oil, transformer's oil), water stabilizer, the additive for high molecular materials (polyester and polyesteramide) capacity of ultraviolet resistance and anti-static electricity, photographic anti-fogging agent, copper mine flotation, metal's slow corrosion etc.

Benzotriazole (BTA) is applied as anti-rusting agent or corrosion inhibitor for metal (mainly copper and its alloys) by forming a passive layer, consisting of a complex between copper and benzotriazole, when copper is immersed in a solution containing benzotriazole.
Benzotriazole (BTA) is used as anti-freezing agent for car, synthetic detergent, anti-dust agent for photography and polymer stabilizer.
Benzotriazole (BTA) is mainly used as rust-preventer, antifreezing liquid, (including lubricating oil, hydraulic oil, brake oil, transformer's oil), emugent, water stabilizer, the additive for high molecular materials (polyester and polyesteramide) capacity of ultraviolet resistance and anti static electricity, photographic antifogging agent, copper mine flotation, metal's slow corrosion etc.

Benzotriazole (BTA) is a corrosion inhibitor for copper and copper alloys, and is commonly used in water cooling systems.
Benzotriazole (BTA) applications include use as a silver polishing agent in dishwasher detergent, automotive antifreeze, antirust for photography, and use as a lubricant additive.
Benzotriazole (BTA) can also be derived to create anti-fading agents for metals, antiseptic agents, UV-absorbers, pesticides, and photoconductors.

Benzotriazole (BTA) (BT) is a chemical used in a wide variety of industrial, commercial, and consumer products.
Benzotriazole (BTA) main used as an anticorrosive in metalworking, in art restoration, and as a tarnish remover and protective coating in the construction industry.
In the aircraft industry, Benzotriazole (BTA) and tolyl benzotriazole are found to be the primary agents in most types of aircraft deicing/antiicing fluid (ADAFs).

Benzotriazole (BTA) is also used as a component of aircraft deicing fluid, pickling inhibitor in boiler scale removal, restrainer, developer and antifogging agent in photographic emulsions, corrosion inhibitor for copper, chemical intermediate for dyes, in pharmaceuticals, and as fungicide. (HSDB 1998).
Benzotriazole (BTA), ethylenediamine tetraaceticacid(EDTA), and potassium iodide(KI) were used for preparing the polishing slurries.
Benzotriazole (BTA) is mainly used as antirust agent and corrosion inhibitor for metals.

Benzotriazole (BTA) is widely used in the antirust oil products such as gas phase corrosion inhibitor , in treating agent for recycling water ,in antifreeze for cars antifogging for photograph.
Benzotriazole (BTA) is used as stabilizer for macromolecular compound, growth regulator for plant, lubricant additive , ultraviolet absorbent etc.
Benzotriazole (BTA) can be used together with many kinds of scale inhibitors and bactericide and algaecide,and Benzotriazole (BTA) shows excellent anticorrosion effect in close recycling cooling water system.

Benzotriazole (BTA) is used in metal rust and corrosion inhibitors, used in the preparation of water quality stabilizers, anti-rust greases, and also used in the synthesis of photographic anti-fogging agents and vapor phase rust inhibitors.
Benzotriazole (BTA) is used in extreme pressure industrial gear oils.
Benzotriazole (BTA) can be used as anti-rust and vapor phase corrosion inhibitor in lubricating grease such as curve gear oil, anti-wear hydraulic oil, oil film bearing oil, lubricating grease.

Benzotriazole (BTA) is used in anti-rust oil (grease) products, mostly used in the vapor phase of copper and copper alloy Corrosion inhibitor circulating water treatment agent, automobile antifreeze, photographic antifogging agent, polymer stabilizer, plant growth regulator, lubricant additive, ultraviolet absorber, etc.
Benzotriazole (BTA) can also be used in conjunction with a variety of scale inhibitors, bactericidal and algaecide.
Benzotriazole (BTA) is used for corrosion and rust prevention of copper and silver equipment.

Benzotriazole (BTA) can also be used in the preparation of photographic dust-proof, anti-fog and vapor phase rust inhibitor.
Benzotriazole (BTA) is mainly used as rust-preventer,antifreezing liquid, antioxidant additive(including lubricating oil, hydraulic oil,brake oil, transformer's oil), emugent, water stabilizer, the additive for high molecular materials'(polyester and polyesteramide)capacity of ultraviolet resistance and anstatic electricity, photographic antifogging agent, copper mine flotation, metal's slow corrosion etc.
Benzotriazole (BTA) has already been used as a restrainer (or anti-fogging agent) in photographic emulsions or developing solutions, and as a reagent for the analytical determination of silver.

Benzotriazole (BTA) has been extensively used as a corrosion inhibitor in the atmosphere and underwater.
Benzotriazole (BTA)'s derivatives and their effectiveness as drug precursors have been drawing attention.
Benzotriazole (BTA) can be used as antifreezes, heating and cooling systems, hydraulic fluids, and vapor-phase inhibitors as well.

Benzotriazole (BTA) is an effective corrosion inhibitor for copper and its alloys by preventing undesirable surface reactions.
Benzotriazole (BTA) is known that a passive layer, consisting of a complex between copper and benzotriazole, is formed when copper is immersed in a solution containing benzotriazole.
Benzotriazole (BTA) is used in conservation, notably for the treatment of bronze disease.

Benzotriazole (BTA) derivatives act as agonists for many proteins.
For instance, vorozole and alizapride have useful inhibitory properties against different proteins and benzotriazole esters have been reported to work as mechanism-based inactivators for severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) 3CL protease.
Benzotriazole (BTA) is a very widely used chemical in various industries.

Benzotriazole (BTA) is used as a corrosion inhibitor for metals such as copper and its alloys Benzotriazole (BTA) is used as anti blur factor in photo printing
Benzotriazole (BTA) is used in production of light-sensitive chemicals.
Benzotriazole (BTA) is used in application in cleaners used in plating processes.

Benzotriazole (BTA) is used in production Water purification products and Laboratory chemicals
One of the most common methods of corrosion control is the use of disinfectants such as nitrates and chromates.
Finding alternative compounds for these compounds is very important for environmental reasons.

Benzotriazole (BTA) and the azole family are one of these alternatives, which chemically adsorb nitrogen atoms on the surface by sharing unpaired electron pairs with an empty metal orbital to prevent dissolution and corrosion.
Benzotriazole (BTA) is mainly used as rust-preventer, antifreezing liquid, antioxidant additive (including lubricating oil, hydraulic oil, brake oil, transformer's oil), emugent, water stabilizer, the additive for high molecular materials (polyester and polyesteramide) capacity of ultraviolet resistance and anti- static electricity, photographic antifogging agent, copper mine flotation, metal's slow corrosion etc.

Benzotriazole (BTA), also known as BTA, is a chemical used as a ligand to form complexes and has many applications in industry, the most common of which is to prevent rust and corrosion of metals.
Benzotriazole (BTA) is a corrosion inhibitor for metals such as copper and its alloys, silver, aluminum, cobalt, and zinc, which are relatively soluble in water and do not decompose easily.
Benzotriazole (BTA), commonly abbreviated as BTA, is a versatile compound used in industries such as Semiconductor/Electronic manufacturing and drug manufacturing.

Safety Profile:
Poison by intravenous route.Moderately toxic by ingestion and intraperitoneal routes.
Questionable carcinogen with experimental tumorigenicdata.
May detonate at 220°C or during vacuum distillation.

In aviation, Benzotriazole (BTA) is used as a corrosion inhibitor for aircraft components, such as landing gear, hydraulic systems, and fuel tanks.
Benzotriazole (BTA) helps protect critical aircraft parts from corrosion caused by exposure to harsh environmental conditions.
Benzotriazole (BTA) can be used in antifreeze formulations to inhibit the corrosion of metal components within a vehicle's cooling system.

Benzotriazole (BTA) helps maintain the efficiency and longevity of the cooling system.
Benzotriazole (BTA) is sometimes employed as a corrosion inhibitor to protect metal pipes and equipment used in water distribution systems.
Benzotriazole (BTA) finds use in the oil and gas industry as a corrosion inhibitor for pipelines and storage tanks, where it helps prevent the degradation of metal surfaces exposed to oil and gas products.

Benzotriazole (BTA) is used in the automotive industry in various applications, such as protecting vehicle brake systems, engine components, and cooling systems from corrosion.
Benzotriazole (BTA) can be used as a corrosion inhibitor for steel reinforcement in concrete structures to increase their longevity and structural integrity.

Toxicity evaluation
According to a 1977 EPA report, benzotriazole is considered to be of very low toxicity and a low health hazard to humans.
In the same EPA report, two benzotriazole derivatives were reported to be mutagenic in bacterial systems.
A year later, NIH published a report that there was no convincing evidence that the compound is carcinogenic (NIH, 1978).

Benzotriazole (BTA) is, however, more recently well established that 1-amino benzotriazole, with an amino group attached to one of the ring nitrogens, is a potent mechanism-based inhibitor of cytochrome P-450s via a benzyne intermediate (Ortiz de Montellano and Mathews, 1981), indicating that benzotriazoles as a class may interact with the P-450s.
The P450s are important both for detoxifying a broad range of xenobiotics and for activating many compounds to carcinogens in mammalian systems.

Synonyms
Benzotriazole (BTA)
Benzotriazole
95-14-7
1H-Benzo[d][1,2,3]triazole
1,2,3-BENZOTRIAZOLE
2H-Benzotriazole
Azimidobenzene
1H-1,2,3-Benzotriazole
Aziminobenzene
Benztriazole
Benzisotriazole
Benzene azimide
Cobratec #99
2,3-Diazaindole
1,2-Aminoazophenylene
1,2,3-Triazaindene
Cobratec 99
2H-benzo[d][1,2,3]triazole
1,2,-Aminozophenylene
1,2,3-Triaza-1H-indene
Cobratec 35G
NSC-3058
273-02-9
1,2,3Benzotriazole (BTA)
Verzone Crystal
NCI-C03521
Kemitec TT
Rusmin R
Seetec BT
CCRIS 78
27556-51-0
DTXSID6020147
U-6233
CHEBI:75331
HSDB 4143
EINECS 202-394-1
UNII-86110UXM5Y
BRN 0112133
AI3-15984
86110UXM5Y
MFCD00005699
DTXCID00147
EC 202-394-1
4-26-00-00093 (Beilstein Handbook Reference)
1H-Benzotriazol
Benzotriazole (VAN)
Entek
BtaH
CAS-95-14-7
Pseudoazimidobenzene
Irgastab I 489
1,2,3-Benzotriazole,1H-benzo[d][1,2,3]triazole
azaindazole
benzotriazol
ISK 3
aza-indazole
3uzj
1 h-benzotriazole
1,3-Triazaindene
0CT
1,3-Benzotriazole
Cobratec No. 99
1,2-Aminozophenylene
1,2,3-Benztriazole
1H-1,3-Benzotriazole
1,3-Triaza-1H-indene
Benzotriazole (BTA) (VAN8C
WLN: T56 BMNNJ
SCHEMBL8956
1H-BT
BENZOTRIAZOLE [INCI]
MLS002302971
CHEMBL84963
1H-benzo-[1,2,3]triazole
D 32-108
Benzotriazole (BTA) [MI]
BDBM36293
NSC3058
Benzotriazole, analytical standard
HMS3091M10
AMY37120
Benzotriazole, reagent grade, 97%
CS-D1407
HY-Y0688
STR01561
Tox21_201501
Tox21_302934
BDBM50234613
STL281967
Benzotriazole, ReagentPlus(R), 99%
1,2,3-BENZOTRIAZOLE [HSDB]
Benzotriazole (BTA), >=98.0% (N)
AKOS000119181
AKOS025396849
PS-3644
NCGC00091322-01
NCGC00091322-02
NCGC00091322-03
NCGC00256574-01
NCGC00259052-01
BP-21454
SMR001252218
B0094
BB 0243857
FT-0606217
FT-0698151
Benzotriazole, Vetec(TM) reagent grade, 98%
EN300-17964
D77352
AB00374479-06
AC-907/34124039
Q220672
W-100172
Z57127352
F2190-0645
InChI=1/C6H5N3/c1-2-4-6-5(3-1)7-9-8-6/h1-4H,(H,7,8,9
BTR
BENZOTRIAZOLYL DODECYL P-CRESOL
SYNONYMS Phenol, 2-(2H-Benzotriazol-2-yl)-6-Dodecyl-4-Methyl-, Branched and Linear;2-(2H-benzo[d][1,2,3]triazol-2-yl)-6-dodecyl-4-methylphenol;2-(2H- benzothiazol-2-yl)-6-(dodecyl)-4-methylphenol;2-( benzotriazol-2-yl)-6-dodecyl-4-methylphenol;2-(2H- benzotriazol-2-yl)-6-dodecyl-4-methylphenol CAS NO:125304-04-3
Benzotriazole
Azimidobenzene, Cobratec 99; 1H-1,2,3-Benzotriazole; 2,3-Diazaindole; 1,2-Aminozophenylene; 1,2,3-Benztriazole; 1,2,3-Benzotriazole; 1,2,3-Triaza-1H-indene; 1,2,3-Triazaindene; Benzene Azimide; Benzene azimide; Benzisotriazole CAS NO:95-14-7
BENZOYL CHLORIDE
Benzoyl chloride, also known as benzenecarbonyl chloride, is an organochlorine compound with the formula C7H5ClO.
Benzoyl chloride is a colourless, fuming liquid with an irritating odour, and consists of a benzene ring (C6H6) with an acyl chloride (−C(=O)Cl) substituent.
Benzoyl chloride is mainly useful for the production of peroxides but is generally useful in other areas such as in the preparation of dyes, perfumes, pharmaceuticals, and resins.

CAS Number: 98-88-4
EC Number: 202-710-8
Linear Formula:: C6H5COCl
Molecular Weight: 140.57


Benzoyl chloride is also known as benzene carbonyl chloride.
The chemical formula of benzoyl chloride is C7H5ClO.
Benzoyl chloride is a colourless liquid, boiling point 198°,fuming in moist air.

Benzoyl chloride has a pungent odour and its vapour causes profuse watering of eyes and nose.
Benzoyl chloride is practically insoluble in water.


Benzoyl chloride appears as a colorless fuming liquid with a pungent odor.
Flash point of Benzoyl chloride is 162 °F.
Lachrymator, irritating to skin and eyes.

Benzoyl chloride is Corrosive to metals and tissue.
Density of Benzoyl chloride is 10.2 lb / gal.
Benzoyl chloride is Used in medicine and in the manufacture of other chemicals.

Benzoyl chloride is an acyl chloride consisting of benzene in which a hydrogen is replaced by an acyl chloride group.
Benzoyl chloride is an important chemical intermediate for the manufacture of other chemicals, dyes, perfumes, herbicides and pharmaceuticals.

Benzoyl chloride has a role as a carcinogenic agent.
Benzoyl chloride is an acyl chloride and a member of benzenes.
Benzoyl chloride is functionally related to a benzoic acid.


Benzoyl chloride consisting of benzene in which a hydrogen is replaced by an acyl chloride group.
Benzoyl chloride is an important chemical intermediate for the manufacture of other chemicals, dyes, perfumes, herbicides and pharmaceuticals.


Benzoyl chloride is an organochlorine useful for the production of peroxides.
Benzoyl chloride is slso employed in the synthesis of diverse organic compounds, including polymers, dyes, and heterocyclic compounds like pyridines and quinolines.
Benzoyl chloride is instrumental in the synthesis of hydroxy-substituted benzoyl chloride acids.


Depending on the reaction conditions, benzoyl chloride undergoes various transformations.
Benzoyl chloride readily reacts with amines to yield amides, with alcohols to form esters, and with phenols to generate aryl esters.
Furthermore, Benzoyl chloride can engage in reactions with carboxylic acids to produce acyl chlorides, and with thiols to generate thioesters.












USES OF BENZOYL CHLORIDE:
Benzoyl chloride is used in tear gases to disperse mobs.
Benzoyl chloride is mainly useful for the production of peroxides.

Benzoyl chloride is also useful for preparation of dyes, perfumes, pharmaceuticals, and resins.
Benzoyl chloride is also used in photography and artificial tannin production.


PREPARATION OF BENZOYL CHLORIDE:
Benzoyl chloride is produced from benzotrichloride using either water or benzoic acid:
C6H5CCl3 + H2O → C6H5COCl + 2 HCl
C6H5CCl3 + C6H5CO2H → 2 C6H5COCl + HCl

As with other acyl chlorides, Benzoyl chloride can be generated from the parent acid and standard chlorinating agents such as phosphorus pentachloride, thionyl chloride, and oxalyl chloride.
Benzoyl chloride was first prepared by treatment of benzaldehyde with chlorine.
An early method for production of benzoyl chloride involved chlorination of benzyl alcohol.


REACTIONS OF BENZOYL CHLORIDE:
Benzoyl chloride reacts with water to produce hydrochloric acid and benzoic acid:
C6H5COCl + H2O → C6H5COOH + HCl
Benzoyl chloride is a typical acyl chloride.

Benzoyl chloride reacts with alcohols to give the corresponding esters.
Similarly, Benzoyl chloride reacts with amines to give the amide.
Benzoyl chloride undergoes the Friedel-Crafts acylation with aromatic compounds to give the corresponding benzophenones and related derivatives.


With carbanions, Benzoyl chloride serves again as a source of the benzoyl cation synthon, C6H5CO+.
Benzoyl peroxide, a common reagent in polymer chemistry, is produced industrially by treating benzoyl chloride with hydrogen peroxide and sodium hydroxide:

2 C6H5COCl + H2O2 + 2 NaOH → (C6H5CO)2O2 + 2 NaCl + 2 H2O



APPLICATIONS OF BENZOYL CHLORIDE:
Benzoyl chloride may be used in the synthesis of the following organic building blocks:
• N,N-diethylbenzamide via condensation with diethylamine
• N-2-bromophenylbenzamide by reacting with 2-bromoaniline via N-benzoylation
• propargyl benzoate via O-benzoylation of propargyl alcohol

FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS ABOUT BENZOYL CHLORIDE:
Q1
What is the difference between benzyl chloride and benzoyl chloride?
Benzyl chloride is an aromatic halide having chemical formula C6H5CH2Cl .
Benzoyl chloride is acyl chloride having chemical formula C6H5COCl.

Q2
2. How do you get benzoyl chloride?
Benzoyl chloride is produced by the action of carbonyl chloride on benzene in the presence of anhydrous aluminium chloride (Friedel Crafts reaction).
Benzoyl chloride can also be produced by reaction of benzoic acid with phosphorus pentachloride.

Q3
3. Is benzoyl chloride soluble in water?
Slightly soluble in water, easily soluble in organic solvents like alcohols, acetone, etc.
Benzoyl chloride reacts with hot water to produce benzoic acid

Q4
4. What is the action of benzoyl chloride on ethanamine?
Benzoyl chloride reacts with ethylamine to produce N- Ethyl benzamide:
C6H5COCl + C2H5NH2 → C6H5CONHC2H5 + HCl.

Q5
5. How is benzoic acid obtained from benzoyl chloride?
Benzoyl chloride reacts with hot water to produce benzoic acid and hydrochloric acid: C6H5COCl + H2O → C6H5CO2H + HCl.




SAFETY INFORMATION ABOUT BENZOYL CHLORIDE:
First aid measures:
Description of first aid measures:
General advice:
Consult a physician.
Show this safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
Move out of dangerous area:

If inhaled:
If breathed in, move person into fresh air.
If not breathing, give artificial respiration.
Consult a physician.
In case of skin contact:
Take off contaminated clothing and shoes immediately.
Wash off with soap and plenty of water.
Consult a physician.

In case of eye contact:
Rinse thoroughly with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes and consult a physician.
Continue rinsing eyes during transport to hospital.

If swallowed:
Do NOT induce vomiting.
Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person.
Rinse mouth with water.
Consult a physician.

Firefighting measures:
Extinguishing media:
Suitable extinguishing media:
Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.
Special hazards arising from the substance or mixture
Carbon oxides, Nitrogen oxides (NOx), Hydrogen chloride gas

Advice for firefighters:
Wear self-contained breathing apparatus for firefighting if necessary.
Accidental release measures:
Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures
Use personal protective equipment.

Avoid breathing vapours, mist or gas.
Evacuate personnel to safe areas.

Environmental precautions:
Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so.
Do not let product enter drains.
Discharge into the environment must be avoided.

Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Soak up with inert absorbent material and dispose of as hazardous waste.
Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.

Handling and storage:
Precautions for safe handling:
Avoid inhalation of vapour or mist.

Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place.
Containers which are opened must be carefully resealed and kept upright to prevent leakage.
Storage class (TRGS 510): 8A: Combustible, corrosive hazardous materials

Exposure controls/personal protection:
Control parameters:
Components with workplace control parameters
Contains no substances with occupational exposure limit values.
Exposure controls:
Appropriate engineering controls:
Handle in accordance with good industrial hygiene and safety practice.
Wash hands before breaks and at the end of workday.

Personal protective equipment:
Eye/face protection:
Tightly fitting safety goggles.
Faceshield (8-inch minimum).
Use equipment for eye protection tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or EN 166(EU).

Skin protection:
Handle with gloves.
Gloves must be inspected prior to use.
Use proper glove
removal technique (without touching glove's outer surface) to avoid skin contact with this product.
Dispose of contaminated gloves after use in accordance with applicable laws and good laboratory practices.
Wash and dry hands.

Full contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0.11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Material tested:Dermatril (KCL 740 / Aldrich Z677272, Size M)
Splash contact
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0.11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Material tested:Dermatril (KCL 740 / Aldrich Z677272, Size M)
It should not be construed as offering an approval for any specific use scenario.

Body Protection:
Complete suit protecting against chemicals, The type of protective equipment must be selected according to the concentration and amount of the dangerous substance at the specific workplace.
Respiratory protection:
Where risk assessment shows air-purifying respirators are appropriate use a fullface respirator with multi-purpose combination (US) or type ABEK (EN 14387) respirator cartridges as a backup to engineering controls.

If the respirator is the sole means of protection, use a full-face supplied air respirator.
Use respirators and components tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or CEN (EU).
Control of environmental exposure
Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so.
Do not let product enter drains.
Discharge into the environment must be avoided.

Stability and reactivity:
Chemical stability:
Stable under recommended storage conditions.
Incompatible materials:
Strong oxidizing agents:
Hazardous decomposition products:
Hazardous decomposition products formed under fire conditions.
Carbon oxides, Nitrogen oxides (NOx), Hydrogen chloride gas.

Disposal considerations:
Waste treatment methods:
Product:
Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company.
Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material.
Contaminated packaging:
Dispose of as unused product


CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF BENZOYL CHLORIDE:
Chemical formula C7H5ClO
Molar mass 140.57 g•mol−1
Appearance colorless liquid
Odor Benzaldehyde like but more pungent
Density 1.21 g/mL, liquid
Melting point −1 °C (30 °F; 272 K)
Boiling point 197.2 °C (387.0 °F; 470.3 K)
Solubility in water reacts, forms hydrogen chloride on contact with water
Magnetic susceptibility (χ) -75.8•10−6 cm3/mol
vapor density: 4.88 (vs air)
Quality Level : 200
vapor pressure : 1 mmHg ( 32 °C)
Assay: 98.0-100.5%
99%
Form : liquid
autoignition temp.: 1056 °F
expl. lim. : 4.9 %
Impurities: ≤0.002% P compounds
ign. Residue: ≤0.005%
refractive index: n20/D 1.553 (lit.)
bp: 198 °C (lit.)
Mp: −1 °C (lit.)
transition temp: freezing point −2.0-0.0 °C
density: 1.211 g/mL at 25 °C (lit.)
cation traces
Fe: ≤0.001%
heavy metals (as Pb): ≤0.001%
Molecular Weight 140.56 g/mol
XLogP3 2.9
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count 0
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count 1
Rotatable Bond Count 1
Exact Mass 140.0028925 g/mol
Monoisotopic Mass 140.0028925 g/mol
Topological Polar Surface Area 17.1Ų
Heavy Atom Count 9
Formal Charge 0
Complexity 106
Isotope Atom Count 0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count 0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count 0
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count 0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count 1
Compound Is Canonicalized Yes
Boiling point 197.2 °C (1013 hPa)
Density 1.21 g/cm3 (20 °C)
Explosion limit 2.5 - 27 %(V)
Flash point 93 °C
Ignition temperature 600 °C
Melting Point -0.6 °C
pH value 2 (1 g/l, H₂O, 20 °C)
Vapor pressure 0.5 hPa (20 °C)
Refractive Index 1.5537 (20 °C, 589 nm)
Solubility (20 °C) (decomposition)
Assay (GC, area%) ≥ 99.0 % (a/a)
Density (d 20 °C/ 4 °C) 1.210 - 1.214
Identity (IR) passes test
Chemical Formula: C7H5ClO
Flash Point: 162°F (NTP, 1992)
Lower Explosive Limit (LEL): 1.2 % (NTP, 1992)
Upper Explosive Limit (UEL): 4.9 % (NTP, 1992)
Autoignition Temperature: data unavailable
Melting Point: 30.2°F (NTP, 1992)
Vapor Pressure: 0.4 mmHg at 68°F ; 1 mmHg at 89.8°F (NTP, 1992)
Vapor Density (Relative to Air): 4.88 (NTP, 1992)
Specific Gravity: 1.211 at 77°F (USCG, 1999)
Boiling Point: 387°F at 760 mmHg (NTP, 1992)
Molecular Weight: 140.57 (NTP, 1992)
Water Solubility: Decomposes (NTP, 1992)
Boiling point 197.2 °C (1013 hPa)
Density 1.210 g/cm3 (20 °C)
Explosion limit 2.5 - 27 %(V)
Flash point 72 °C
Ignition temperature 600 °C
Melting Point -0.6 °C
pH value 2 (1 g/l, H₂O)
Vapor pressure 0.5 hPa (20 °C)


SYNONYMS OF BENZOYL CHLORIDE:
BENZOYL CHLORIDE
98-88-4
Benzoic acid, chloride
Benzenecarbonyl chloride
Benzoylchloride
alpha-Chlorobenzaldehyde
benzoic acid chloride
Benzaldehyde, alpha-chloro-
CCRIS 802
HSDB 383
EINECS 202-710-8
UNII-VTY8706W36
BRN 0471389
DTXSID9026631
CHEBI:82275
BenzoylChloride-13C7
VTY8706W36
benzoyl-carbonyl-13c chloride
Benzaldehyde, .alpha.-chloro-
DTXCID106631
EC 202-710-8
4-09-00-00721 (Beilstein Handbook Reference)
benzoylchlorid
Cloruro de benzoilo
Benzoyl chloride, ReagentPlus(R), >=99%
UN1736
benzoyl chlorid
benzoyl choride
bezoyl chloride
benzoic chloride
BzCl
benzoyl chloride-
PhCOCl
Bz-Cl
MFCD00000653
Benzoyl chloride [UN1736] [Corrosive]
.alpha.-Chlorobenzaldehyde
Benzaldehyde, |A-chloro-
SCHEMBL1241
BENZOIC ACID,CHLORIDE
BENZOYL CHLORIDE [MI]
Benzoyl Chloride, ACS reagent
Benzoylchloride, ACS Reagent,
BENZOYL CHLORIDE [HSDB]
BENZOYL CHLORIDE [INCI]
CHEMBL2260719
Benzoyl chloride, AR, >=99%
Benzoyl chloride, LR, >=99%
CS-B1785
Tox21_200431
STL264120
Benzoyl chloride, ACS reagent, 99%
AKOS000121308
UN 1736
CAS-98-88-4
Benzoyl chloride, purum, >=99% (GC)
Benzoyl chloride, ReagentPlus(R), 99%
NCGC00248610-01
NCGC00257985-01
Benzoyl chloride, p.a., 98-100.5%
PS-10801
B0105
DIBENZOYL CHLORIDE (BENZOYL CHLORIDE)
FT-0622741
FT-0639824
Benzoyl chloride, SAJ first grade, >=98.0%
C19168
A845919
Q412825
InChI=1/C7H5ClO/c8-7(9)6-4-2-1-3-5-6/h1-5



BENZOYL CHLORIDE
Benzoyl chloride is an organochlorine useful for the production of peroxides
Benzoyl chloride, also known as benzenecarbonyl chloride, is an organochlorine compound with the formula C6H5COCl.


CAS Number: 98-88-4
EC Number: 202-710-8
MDL number: MFCD00000653
Linear Formula: C6H5COCl
Chemical formula: C7H5ClO



Benzoic acid chloride, alpha-chlorobenzaldehyde, BENZOYL CHLORIDE, 98-88-4, Benzoic acid, chloride, Benzenecarbonyl chloride, Benzoylchloride, alpha-Chlorobenzaldehyde, benzoic acid chloride, Benzaldehyde, alpha-chloro-, CCRIS 802, HSDB 383, EINECS 202-710-8, UNII-VTY8706W36, BRN 0471389, DTXSID9026631, CHEBI:82275, BenzoylChloride-13C7, VTY8706W36, benzoyl-carbonyl-13c chloride, Benzaldehyde, .alpha.-chloro-, DTXCID106631, EC 202-710-8, 4-09-00-00721 (Beilstein Handbook Reference), Benzoylchlorid, Cloruro de benzoilo, Benzoyl chloride, ReagentPlus(R), >=99%, UN1736, benzoyl chlorid, benzoyl choride, bezoyl chloride, benzoic chloride, BzCl, benzoyl chloride-, PhCOCl, Bz-Cl, MFCD00000653, Benzoyl chloride, .alpha.-Chlorobenzaldehyde, Benzaldehyde, |A-chloro-, SCHEMBL1241, BENZOIC ACID,CHLORIDE, BENZOYL CHLORIDE [MI], Benzoyl Chloride, ACS reagent, Benzoylchloride, ACS Reagent, BENZOYL CHLORIDE [HSDB], BENZOYL CHLORIDE [INCI], CHEMBL2260719, Benzoyl chloride, AR, >=99%, Benzoyl chloride, LR, >=99%, CS-B1785, Tox21_200431, Benzoyl chloride, ACS reagent, 99%, AKOS000121308, UN 1736, CAS-98-88-4, Benzoyl chloride, purum, >=99% (GC), Benzoyl chloride, ReagentPlus(R), 99%, NCGC00248610-01, NCGC00257985-01, Benzoyl chloride, p.a., 98-100.5%, PS-10801, B0105, DIBENZOYL CHLORIDE (BENZOYL CHLORIDE), FT-0622741, FT-0639824, Benzoyl chloride, SAJ first grade, >=98.0%, C19168, A845919, Q412825, InChI=1/C7H5ClO/c8-7(9)6-4-2-1-3-5-6/h1-5, Benzaldehyde, α-chloro-, Benzenecarbonyl chloride, Benzoic acid, chloride, α-Chlorobenzaldehyde, UN 1736, benzenecarbonyl chloride, α-chlorobenzaldehyde, benzoic acid chloride, α-chlorobenzaldehyde, benzenecarbonyl chloride, benzoic acid chloride



Benzoyl chloride is a colourless liquid with a sharp irritating odour.
Benzoyl chloride is an industrial chemical used to produce dyes, pharmaceuticals and perfumes
Benzoyl chloride is a colourless, fuming liquid with an irritating odour.


Benzoyl chloride appears as an odourless, flaring liquid.
Benzoyl chloride is one type of acyl halide compound and is mainly used to make peroxides.
Benzoyl chloride serves as a crucial chemical building block in the production of various compounds, medicines, dyes, fragrances, and herbicides.


Benzoyl chloride belongs to the benzenes and is an acyl chloride.
Benzoyl chloride is similar to benzoic acid in terms of function.
Although generally useful in other fields, such as the manufacturing of colours, perfumes, medicines, and resins, Benzoyl chloride is most useful for the production of peroxides.


Benzoyl chloride is registered under the REACH Regulation and is manufactured in and / or imported to the European Economic Area, at ≥ 10 000 tonnes per annum.
Benzoyl chloride, also known as benzenecarbonyl chloride, is an organochlorine compound with the formula C7H5ClO.


Benzoyl chloride is a colourless, fuming liquid with an irritating odour, and consists of a benzene ring (C6H6) with an acyl chloride (−C(=O)Cl) substituent.
Benzoyl chloride is mainly useful for the production of peroxides but is generally useful in other areas such as in the preparation of dyes, perfumes, pharmaceuticals, and resins.


Benzoyl chloride is an organochlorine useful for the production of peroxides.
Benzoyl chloride appears as a colorless fuming liquid with a pungent odor.
Flash point of Benzoyl chloride is 162 °F.


Density of Benzoyl chloride is 10.2 lb / gal.
Benzoyl chloride is an acyl chloride consisting of benzene in which a hydrogen is replaced by an acyl chloride group.
Benzoyl chloride is an important chemical intermediate for the manufacture of other chemicals, dyes, perfumes, herbicides and pharmaceuticals.


Benzoyl chloride has a role as a carcinogenic agent.
Benzoyl chloride is an acyl chloride and a member of benzenes.
Benzoyl chloride is functionally related to a benzoic acid.


Benzoyl chloride is also known as benzene carbonyl chloride.
The chemical formula of benzoyl chloride is C7H5ClO.
Benzoyl chloride is a colourless liquid, boiling point 198°,fuming in moist air.


Benzoyl chloride has a pungent odour and its vapour causes profuse watering of eyes and nose.
Benzoyl chloride is practically insoluble in water.



USES and APPLICATIONS of BENZOYL CHLORIDE:
Benzoyl chloride is used by professional workers (widespread uses), in formulation or re-packing, at industrial sites and in manufacturing.
Benzoyl chloride is used in the following products: laboratory chemicals and pH regulators and water treatment products.
Benzoyl chloride is used in the following areas: scientific research and development and health services.


Other release to the environment of Benzoyl chloride is likely to occur from: indoor use (e.g. machine wash liquids/detergents, automotive care products, paints and coating or adhesives, fragrances and air fresheners).
Benzoyl chloride is used in the following products: laboratory chemicals and pH regulators and water treatment products.


Benzoyl chloride has an industrial use resulting in manufacture of another substance (use of intermediates).
Benzoyl chloride is used in the following areas: scientific research and development and health services.
Benzoyl chloride is used for the manufacture of: chemicals.


Release to the environment of Benzoyl chloride can occur from industrial use: as an intermediate step in further manufacturing of another substance (use of intermediates), in processing aids at industrial sites, as processing aid and of substances in closed systems with minimal release.
Other release to the environment of Benzoyl chloride is likely to occur from: indoor use (e.g. machine wash liquids/detergents, automotive care products, paints and coating or adhesives, fragrances and air fresheners).


Benzoyl chloride is used certain dyes are produced using benzyl chloride as a chemical intermediary.
Benzoyl chloride is used in photographic development, benzoyl chloride is utilised.
Benzoyl chloride is used in the benzoylation process, benzoyl chloride is used to reduce the hydrophobicity.


Benzoyl chloride is used in making perfumes.
In order to make peroxides, benzoyl chloride is primarily used.
Benzoyl chloride is used in the production of peroxides or the production of perfumes, pharmaceuticals and resins.


Benzoyl chloride is used for the synthesis of peroxides.
Benzoyl chloride is employed in the production of dyes and perfumes.
Benzoyl chloride also serves in the manufacturing of pharmaceuticals and resins.


Benzoyl chloride is used by professional workers (widespread uses), in formulation or re-packing, at industrial sites and in manufacturing.
Benzoyl chloride is used in the following products: laboratory chemicals and pH regulators and water treatment products.
Benzoyl chloride is used in the following areas: scientific research and development and health services.


Other release to the environment of Benzoyl chloride is likely to occur from: indoor use (e.g. machine wash liquids/detergents, automotive care products, paints and coating or adhesives, fragrances and air fresheners).
Release to the environment of Benzoyl chloride can occur from industrial use: formulation of mixtures.


Benzoyl chloride is used in the following products: laboratory chemicals and pH regulators and water treatment products.
Benzoyl chloride has an industrial use resulting in manufacture of another substance (use of intermediates).
Benzoyl chloride is used in the following areas: scientific research and development and health services.


Benzoyl chloride is used for the manufacture of: chemicals.
Release to the environment of this substance can occur from industrial use: as an intermediate step in further manufacturing of another substance (use of intermediates), in processing aids at industrial sites, as processing aid and of substances in closed systems with minimal release.


Other release to the environment of Benzoyl chloride is likely to occur from: indoor use (e.g. machine wash liquids/detergents, automotive care products, paints and coating or adhesives, fragrances and air fresheners).
Benzoyl chloride is also employed in the synthesis of diverse organic compounds, including polymers, dyes, and heterocyclic compounds like pyridines and quinolines.


It is instrumental in the synthesis of hydroxy-substituted benzoyl chloride acids.
Depending on the reaction conditions, benzoyl chloride undergoes various transformations.
Benzoyl chloride readily reacts with amines to yield amides, with alcohols to form esters, and with phenols to generate aryl esters.


Furthermore, Benzoyl chloride can engage in reactions with carboxylic acids to produce acyl chlorides, and with thiols to generate thioesters.
Benzoyl chloride is widely utilized for the synthesis of peroxides.
Benzoyl chloride is employed in the production of dyes and perfumes.


Benzoyl chloride also serves in the manufacturing of pharmaceuticals and resins.
Benzoyl chloride is widely utilized for the synthesis of peroxides.
Benzoyl chloride is employed in the production of dyes and perfumes.


Benzoyl chloride also serves in the manufacturing of pharmaceuticals and resins.
Benzoyl chloride is used in medicine and in the manufacture of other chemicals.
Benzoyl chloride is used in tear gases to disperse mobs.


Benzoyl chloride is mainly useful for the production of peroxides.
Benzoyl chloride is also useful for preparation of dyes, perfumes, pharmaceuticals, and resins.
Benzoyl chloride is also used in photography and artificial tannin production.



PREPARATION OF BENZOYL CHLORIDE:
Benzoyl Chloride is prepared most conveniently in the laboratory by distilling benzoic acid with phosphorus pentachloride or with thionyl chloride.
C6H5COOH + PCI5 → C6H5COCl + POCl3 + HCI
C6H5COOH + SOCl2 → C6H5COCl + SO2 + HCI

Benzoyl chloride is also produced by the action of carbonyl chloride on benzene in the presence of anhydrous aluminium chloride (Friedel Crafts reaction).
C6H6 + ClCOCl → C6H5COCl + HCI
Benzoyl Chloride is made commercially by chlorination of boiling benzaldehyde.
C6H5CHO + Cl2 → C6H5COCl + HCI



CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF BENZOYL CHLORIDE:
Benzoyl chloride is slowly hydrolysed by hot water to form benzoic acid.
C6H5COCl + H2O → C6H5COOH + HCI

Benzoyl chloride reacts with alcohol and phenol to form esters.
C6H5COCl + C2H5OH → C6H5COOC2H5 + HCI
C6H5COCl + C6H5OH → C6H5COOC6H5 + HCI

Benzoyl chloride undergoes Friedel Craft acylation in presence of anhydrous aluminium chloride.
Benzoyl chloride reacts with benzene formed benzophenone.
C6H5COCl + C6H6 → C6H5COC6H5 + HCI



FORMULA AND STRUCTURE OF BENZOYL CHLORIDE:
The chemical formula of benzoyl chloride is C7H5ClO
An acyl chloride called benzoyl chloride is made up of benzene with an acyl chloride group in place of the hydrogen atom.



REACTIONS OF BENZOYL CHLORIDE:
Some important Benzoyl chloride reactions include
1.
N-phenyl benzamide is the main product and HCl is a byproduct of the reaction between aniline and benzoyl chloride.
Lone pair of N atoms attack the benzoyl chloride’s acidic carbon.
2.
In the presence of anhydrous aluminium chloride, benzoyl chloride undergoes Friedel Craft acylation.
When combined with benzene, Benzoyl chloride produces benzophenone.
Benzoyl chloride undergoes Friedel Craft acylation
3.
Benzamide is produced when benzoyl chloride reacts with excess ammonia.
Benzoyl chloride reacts with excess ammonia



PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF BENZOYL CHLORIDE:
Benzoyl chloride has a strong pungent smell and is a light shade of yellow.
Benzoyl chloride appears as a colorless fuming liquid.
The melting point of benzoyl chloride is -1°C.

Benzoyl chloride's boiling point is 197.2°C.
Benzoyl chloride's density is 1.211g/cm3
Benzoyl chloride is soluble in benzene, ether, chloroform, and carbon disulfide.



CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF BENZOYL CHLORIDE:
Benzoyl chloride interacts with alcohol to produce the appropriate esters.
C6H5COCl+C2H5OH⟶C6H5COOC2H5+HCl

Hot water and benzoyl chloride combine to form benzoic acid and hydrochloric acid.
C6H5COCl+H2O⟶C6H5CO2H+HCl

N-Ethyl benzamide is formed when benzoyl chloride and ethylamine combine.
C6H5COCl+C2H5NH2⟶C6H5CONHC2H5+HCl



SOLUBILITY OF BENZOYL CHLORIDE:
Benzoyl chloride is miscible with water, ether, benzene, carbon disulfide and carbon tetra chloride.
Benzoyl chloride isincompatible with strong oxidizing agents, strong bases and alcohols.



OVERVIEW OF BENZOYL CHLORIDE:
Organochlorine Compound:
The most important application of benzoyl chloride is the production of benzoyl peroxide, that is commonly used for skin treatment, as an initiator in the polymer industry and to bleach wheat and rice.
Benzoyl Chloride is an organochlorine compound that is colorless with an unpleasant scent.



PREPARATION OF BENZOYL CHLORIDE:
Benzoyl chloride is produced from benzotrichloride using either water or benzoic acid:
C6H5CCl3 + H2O → C6H5COCl + 2 HCl
C6H5CCl3 + C6H5CO2H → 2 C6H5COCl + HCl

As with other acyl chlorides, Benzoyl chloride can be generated from the parent acid and standard chlorinating agents such as phosphorus pentachloride, thionyl chloride, and oxalyl chloride.
Benzoyl chloride was first prepared by treatment of benzaldehyde with chlorine.
An early method for production of benzoyl chloride involved chlorination of benzyl alcohol.



REACTIONS OF BENZOYL CHLORIDE:
Benzoyl chloride reacts with water to produce hydrochloric acid and benzoic acid:
C6H5COCl + H2O → C6H5COOH + HCl
Benzoyl chloride is a typical acyl chloride.

Benzoyl chloride reacts with alcohols to give the corresponding esters.
Similarly, Benzoyl chloride reacts with amines to give the amide.
Benzoyl chloride undergoes the Friedel-Crafts acylation with aromatic compounds to give the corresponding benzophenones and related derivatives.

With carbanions, Benzoyl chloride serves again as a source of the benzoyl cation synthon, C6H5CO+.
Benzoyl peroxide, a common reagent in polymer chemistry, is produced industrially by treating benzoyl chloride with hydrogen peroxide and sodium hydroxide:
2 C6H5COCl + H2O2 + 2 NaOH → (C6H5CO)2O2 + 2 NaCl + 2 H2O



PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of BENZOYL CHLORIDE:
Chemical formula: C7H5ClO
Molar mass:140.57 g·mol−1
Appearance:colorless liquid
Odor: Benzaldehyde like but more pungent
Density: 1.21 g/mL, liquid
Melting point: −1 °C (30 °F; 272 K)
Boiling point: 197.2 °C (387.0 °F; 470.3 K)
Solubility in water: reacts, forms hydrogen chloride on contact with water
Magnetic susceptibility (χ): -75.8·10−6 cm3/mol
Molecular Weight: 140.56 g/mol
XLogP3: 2.9
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 0
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 1
Rotatable Bond Count: 1
Exact Mass: 140.0028925 g/mol

Monoisotopic Mass: 140.0028925 g/mol
Topological Polar Surface Area: 17.1Ų
Heavy Atom Count: 9
Formal Charge: 0
Complexity: 106
Isotope Atom Count: 0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 1
Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes
CAS number: 98-88-4
EC index number: 607-012-00-0
EC number: 202-710-8

Hill Formula: C₇H₅Cl O
Chemical formula: C₆H₅COCl
Molar Mass: 140.57 g/mol
HS Code: 2916 32 00
Boiling point: 197.2 °C (1013 hPa)
Density: 1.210 g/cm3 (20 °C)
Explosion limit: 2.5 - 27 %(V)
Flash point: 72 °C
Ignition temperature: 600 °C
Melting Point: -0.6 °C
pH value: 2 (1 g/l, H₂O)
Vapor pressure: 0.5 hPa (20 °C)
Physical state: clear, liquid
Color: colorless
Odor: pungent

Melting point/freezing point:
Melting point/range: -1 °C
Initial boiling point and boiling range: 198 °C
Flammability (solid, gas): No data available
Upper/lower flammability or explosive limits:
Upper explosion limit: 27 %(V)
Lower explosion limit: 2,5 %(V)
Flash point: 72 °C - closed cup
Autoignition temperature: 600 °C at 1.013 hPa
Decomposition temperature: No data available
pH: 2 at 1 g/l(External MSDS)

Viscosity
Viscosity, kinematic: No data available
Viscosity, dynamic: No data available
Water solubility: 2 g/l
Partition coefficient:
n-octanol/water: No data available
Vapor pressure: 1 hPa at 32 °C
Density: 1,211 g/mL at 25 °C
Relative density: 1,21 at 20 °C
Relative vapor density: 4,85 - (Air = 1.0)
Particle characteristics: No data available
Explosive properties: No data available

Oxidizing properties: none
Other safety information:
Relative vapor 4,85 - (Air = 1.0)
Chemical Formula: C7H5ClO
Molar Mass/ Molecular Weight: 140.57 grams/mol
Density: 1.21grams/cm3
Melting Point: −1 °C (272 K)
Boiling Point: 197.2 °C (470.3 K)
Appearance: colourless liquid
Boiling point: 387°F
Molecular weight: 140.57
Freezing point/melting point: 30.2°F

Vapor pressure: 0.4 mmHg
Flash point: 162°F
Vapor density: 4.88
Specific gravity: 1.211
Ionization potential:
Lower explosive limit (LEL): 1.2%
Upper explosive limit (UEL): 4.9%
NFPA health rating: 3
NFPA fire rating: 2
NFPA reactivity rating: 2
Boiling Point/Range: 197 °C (1.013 hPa)
Color: Colorless to Yellowish
Density: 1.21 g/cm3 (20 °C)

Flashpoint: 93 °C
Form: Liquid
Grade: Chemical Synthesis
Incompatible Materials: Metals, Strong bases, Water, Alcohols, Amines
Lower Explosion Limit: 2.5 %(V)
Melting Point/Range: -1 °C
Partition Coefficient: No data available
Purity Percentage: 99.00
Purity Details: >=99.00%
Solubility in Water: Decomposes in contact with water.
Upper Explosion Limit: 27 %(V)
Vapor Pressure: 0.84 hPa (25 °C)
Viscosity: No data available
pH-Value: No data available
Product Line: Purum
Storage Temperature: Ambient



FIRST AID MEASURES of BENZOYL CHLORIDE:
-Description of first-aid measures:
*General advice:
First aiders need to protect themselves.
*If inhaled:
After inhalation:
Fresh air.
Immediately call in physician.
*In case of skin contact:
Take off immediately all contaminated clothing.
Rinse skin with water/ shower.
Call a physician immediately.
*In case of eye contact:
After eye contact:
Rinse out with plenty of water.
Immediately call in ophthalmologist.
Remove contact lenses.
*If swallowed:
After swallowing:
Make victim drink water (two glasses at most).
Call a physician immediately.
Do not attempt to neutralise.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed:
No data available



ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of BENZOYL CHLORIDE:
-Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures
*Advice for non-emergency personnel:
Ensure adequate ventilation.
-Environmental precautions
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up
Cover drains.
Collect, bind, and pump off spills.
Observe possible material restrictions.
Take up carefully with liquid-absorbent material.
Dispose of properly.
Clean up affected area.



FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of BENZOYL CHLORIDE:
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Dry powder
*Unsuitable extinguishing media:
Foam Water
-Advice for firefighters:
Stay in danger area only with self-contained breathing apparatus.
Prevent skin contact by keeping a safe distance or by wearing suitable protective clothing.
-Further information:
Suppress (knock down) gases/vapors/mists with a water spray jet.



EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of BENZOYL CHLORIDE:
-Control parameters:
--Ingredients with workplace control parameters:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use equipment for eye protection.
Tightly fitting safety goggles
*Skin protection:
Full contact:
Material: Viton
Minimum layer thickness: 0,7 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Splash contact:
Material: Chloroprene
Minimum layer thickness: 0,65 mm
Break through time: 30 min
*Body Protection:
Acid-resistant protective clothing
*Respiratory protection:
Recommended Filter type: Filter type ABEK
-Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.



HANDLING and STORAGE of BENZOYL CHLORIDE:
-Precautions for safe handling:
*Advice on safe handling:
Work under hood.
*Advice on protection against fire and explosion:
Take precautionary measures against static discharge.
*Hygiene measures:
Immediately change contaminated clothing.
Apply preventive skin protection.
Wash hands and face after working with substance.
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
*Storage conditions:
Tightly closed.
Keep in a well-ventilated place.
Keep locked up or in an area accessible only to qualified or authorized persons.
Store under inert gas.
Moisture sensitive.



STABILITY and REACTIVITY of BENZOYL CHLORIDE:
-Chemical stability:
The product is chemically stable under standard ambient conditions (room temperature) .



BENZOYL PEROXIDE
Benzoyl peroxide is a chemical compound (specifically, an organic peroxide) with structural formula (C6H5−C(=O)O−)2, often abbreviated as (BzO)2.
In terms of its structure, the molecule can be described as two benzoyl (C6H5−C(=O)−, Bz) groups connected by a peroxide (−O−O−).


CAS Number: 94-36-0
Molecular Formula: C14H10O4



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Benzoyl peroxide is a medication that comes as a skin cream, gel or lotion.
Benzoyl peroxide treats mild to moderate acne.
Benzoyl peroxide is a well-known ingredient for fighting acne.


Available in over-the-counter (OTC) gels, cleansers, and spot treatments, Benzoyl peroxide comes in different concentrations for mild to moderate breakouts.
While benzoyl peroxide can effectively get rid of bacteria and dead skin cells that clog your pores, it has limitations.
Benzoyl peroxide treats acne or rosacea.


Benzoyl peroxide works by decreasing inflammation and killing or preventing the growth of bacteria on your skin.
Benzoyl peroxide belongs to a group of medications called antibiotics.
Benzoyl peroxide may be used for other purposes; ask your health care provider or pharmacist if you have questions.


Benzoyl peroxide is a chemical compound (specifically, an organic peroxide) with structural formula (C6H5−C(=O)O−)2, often abbreviated as (BzO)2.
In terms of its structure, the molecule can be described as two benzoyl (C6H5−C(=O)−, Bz) groups connected by a peroxide (−O−O−).
Benzoyl peroxide is a white granular solid with a faint odour of benzaldehyde, poorly soluble in water but soluble in acetone, ethanol, and many other organic solvents.


Benzoyl peroxide is an oxidizer, which is principally used as in the production of polymers.
Benzoyl peroxide is one of the most widely-used skincare ingredients for the treatment and management of acne.
Benzoyl peroxide is an antibacterial and anti-inflammatory agent used for the symptomatic treatment of mild to moderate acne vulgaris and rosacea.


Benzoyl peroxide is a topical acne treatment.
Benzoyl peroxide works as an antiseptic to kill bacteria that cause acne breakouts.
Benzoyl peroxide also fights acne by removing excess oil and dead skin cells.


You can find Benzoyl peroxide in many over-the-counter (OTC) and prescription products marketed for clearer skin.
Benzoyl peroxide formulas include skin cleansers, toners, gels, and creams.
While benzoyl peroxide is very effective on acne, it can also irritate skin and cause dryness and flaking.


Benzoyl peroxide is a topical medication used to treat acne breakouts.
Benzoyl peroxide's found in many different forms, from cleansers, lotions, creams, gels, and toner-like solutions.
Benzoyl peroxide is the gold standard topical ingredient in treating acne.


There is no miracle cure for acne, but Benzoyl Peroxide (BP) is probably the closest thing we have.
But, as usual, big effects come with big side effects, so we think Benzoyl peroxide is best used as a last resort (at least, in the topical treatment field).


The good thing about Benzoyl peroxide is that it is amazingly effective against inflammatory-type acne.
Benzoyl peroxide is not so much against blackheads or whiteheads, but against acne that is caused by the evil bacteria called Propionibacterium acnes (and that is most types of acne).


Apart from being antibacterial, it is also anti-inflammatory, keratolytic and wound-healing, all of which are properties that make Benzoyl peroxide so darn effective against spots.
Another big pro of Benzoyl peroxide is that there is no bacterial resistance to it, meaning if it works once it will continue to work.


Antibiotics are also a common way to treat acne, but antibiotic-resistant P. acnes are increasing worldwide.
Benzoyl peroxide will probably help you even if antibiotics have stopped working, and the two are also often combined for a more complex acne therapy.
Btw, Benzoyl peroxide plays nice not only with antibiotics but also with retinoids.


This skincare Benzoyl peroxide can be helpful for many people with acne-prone skin.
However, there are some instances where your dermatologist may not recommend benzoyl peroxide.
For instance, Benzoyl peroxide may not be suitable for people with very sensitive skin or existing skin conditions, such as eczema or psoriasis.


Benzoyl peroxide is an acne treatment available over the counter, without having to see a doctor or nurse, as well as being available through a prescription from a healthcare professional.
Benzoyl peroxide can be found in products in 2.5% to 10% concentrations and is often available as washes, creams and gels.


However, there is little evidence to suggest that 10% benzoyl peroxide is significantly more effective than 2.5%.
When using of Benzoyl peroxide 10% concentrations there is an increased risk of skin irritation.
If you are not able to find benzoyl peroxide in an over the counter product at your local pharmacy then it may also be available on prescription from your healthcare provider.


Benzoyl peroxide also has bleaching qualities.
Products for hair bleaching and teeth whitening may contain higher concentrations of Benzoyl peroxide.
Benzoyl peroxide (BPO) is a chemical compound that is used as an ingredient in many topical acne treatments, such as cleansers, gels, lotions, and spot treatments.


Benzoyl peroxide has antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties and is considered one of the most effective acne treatments found in over-the-counter skincare products.
Benzoyl Peroxide is a chemical compound; each molecule contains two benzoyl groups connected by a peroxide bridge.


Benzoyl peroxide is a strong oxidizing agent and forms an essential industrial chemical.
Benzoyl peroxide is commonly abbreviated as BPO.
Benzoyl peroxide is an antiseptic used to kill bacteria on the surface of the skin.


Benzoyl peroxide is an organic peroxide with oxidising activity, meaning it has the ability to release oxygen on the skin to kill bacteria.
The structure of benzoyl peroxide is similar to hydrogen peroxide, which is commonly used to treat cuts and wounds.
Besides its antimicrobial properties, benzoyl peroxide is anti-inflammatory and can open up clogged pores on the skin.


Benzoyl peroxide is a bactericidal substance, meaning that it kills bacteria.
Propionibacterium acnes is the type of bacteria that is involved in the growth of acne.
Benzoyl peroxide effectively kills this acne causing bacteria and is available as an over-the-counter product in different forms.


Most commonly, Benzoyl peroxide can easily be bought from a specialized dermatology pharmacy as a gel, in a cleanser, or as a spot treatment.
In higher concentrations, Benzoyl peroxide can be found in teeth whitening agents and hair bleaching products because it does have a bleaching quality.
Benzoyl peroxide can even remove dark spots and pimples or acne scars.


The key difference between any benzoyl peroxide product and other topical antibiotics for acne like clindamycin is that our bodies do not build up an antibiotic resistance to the product.
This means benzoyl peroxide can be consistently used to treat acne without the worry that it will lose its effect.



USES and APPLICATIONS of BENZOYL PEROXIDE:
Benzoyl peroxide products are usually used to treat mild to moderate acne.
When used to treat acne, benzoyl peroxide works by reducing the amount of acne-causing bacteria and by causing the skin to dry and peel.
Benzoyl peroxide may help to decrease symptoms caused by rosacea, such as pimples and bumps on the face.


There are many benzoyl peroxide products available.
Some products (such as creams, cleansers, foam, or lotions) may require a prescription.
Benzoyl peroxide is effective for treating acne lesions.


Benzoyl peroxide does not induce antibiotic resistance.
Benzoyl peroxide may be combined with salicylic acid, sulfur, erythromycin or clindamycin (antibiotics), or adapalene (a synthetic retinoid).
Two common combination drugs include benzoyl peroxide/clindamycin and adapalene/benzoyl peroxide, adapalene being a chemically stable retinoid that can be combined with benzoyl peroxide unlike tezarotene and tretinoin.


Combination products such as benzoyl peroxide/clindamycin and benzoyl peroxide/salicylic acid appear to be slightly more effective than benzoyl peroxide alone for the treatment of acne lesions.
The combination tretinoin/benzoyl peroxide was approved for medical use in the United States in 2021.


Benzoyl peroxide for acne treatment is typically applied to the affected areas in gel, cream, or liquid, in concentrations of 2.5% increasing through 5.0%, and up to 10%.
No strong evidence supports the idea that higher concentrations of benzoyl peroxide are more effective than lower concentrations.


Benzoyl peroxideis mostly found in gel form for use as a spot treatment, but it can also be utilised in liquid washes or creams (often in lower concentrations).
Some body products that directly target breakouts also contain benzoyl peroxide, as do a few exfoliating formulas designed to treat blocked pores.


Benzoyl peroxide is a commonly used drug in topical treatments for acne.
Benzoyl peroxide has been formulated as products with either a single active ingredient, or with erythromycin, clindamycin, or adapalene.
After administration, the peroxide bond is cleaved, allowing benzoyloxy radicals to nonspecifically interact with proteins.


This treatment decreases keratin and sebum around follicles, as well as increasing turnover of epithelial cells.
Benzoyl peroxide, in combination with erythromycin, was granted FDA approval on 26 October 1984.
Benzoyl peroxide can be found in a wide range of topical acne treatments, including acne gels, cleansers, lotions, spot treatments, and more.


Benzoyl peroxide is FDA-approved for the treatment of acne and has been a mainstay in acne products since the 1930s.
Benzoyl peroxide works by minimizing a type of acne-causing bacteria known as P. acnes.
When used as part of a consistent acne routine, benzoyl peroxide can help visibly clear acne and help prevent new acne breakouts from forming.


Benzoyl peroxide also helps promote the shedding of dead skin cells that can lead to clogged pores (and acne breakouts).
Benzoyl peroxide has antibacterial properties and may be an effective topical treatment for acne.
Benzoyl peroxide is available on prescription, over the counter, or in everyday cleansers and other skin care products.


People can find benzoyl peroxide in various skin care products, including gels, creams, and face washes.
People can use benzoyl peroxide topically on the skin to help treat acne.
Benzoyl peroxide is a bactericidal substance, which means that it kills bacteria.


When a person applies it to the skin, benzoyl peroxide works against Propionibacterium acnes, which are the bacteria involved in causing acne.
Unlike topical antibiotic treatments for acne, such as clindamycin, benzoyl peroxide does not lead to antibiotic resistance.
People can find benzoyl peroxide in over-the-counter (OTC) topical treatments or in lower concentrations in supermarket products, such as face and body washes.


Benzoyl peroxide is used to treat mild to moderate acne.
Benzoyl peroxide comes in cleansing liquid or bar, lotion, cream, and gel for use on the skin.
Benzoyl peroxide usually is used one or two times daily.


Start with once daily to see how your skin reacts to this medication.
Follow the directions on the package or on your prescription label carefully, and ask your doctor or pharmacist to explain any part you do not understand.
Use benzoyl peroxide exactly as directed.


Do not use more or less of it or use it more often than directed by your doctor.
Apply a small amount of the benzoyl peroxide product to one or two small areas you want to treat for 3 days when you begin to use this medication for the first time.


If no reaction or discomfort occurs, use the product as directed on the package or on your prescription label.
The cleansing liquid and bar are used to wash the affected area as directed.
To use the lotion, cream, or gel, first wash the affected skin areas and gently pat dry with a towel.


Then apply a small amount of benzoyl Peroxide, rub it in gently.
Benzoyl peroxide is a commonly used topical treatment for mild acne.
Benzoyl peroxide is safe for adults and children and can be used in pregnancy.


Benzoyl peroxide is primarily used to treat acne.
Benzoyl peroxide can be found in a variety of over-the-counter acne-fighting treatments, such as cleansers, lotions, and spot treatments.
Benzoyl peroxide works to reduce both the severity and frequency of acne breakouts.


Benzoyl peroxide is often used in acne cleansers, which are an important first step in any acne skincare regimen.
Benzoyl peroxide is a clinically proven ingredient, widely used as an effective treatment for acne, and prevents it from further entering the terrain of your skin.


Benzoyl peroxide is keratolytic and causes a free radical reaction to break the keratin, unblocking the drainage of sebum to the outside.
Benzoyl peroxide acts as an exfoliant, helping the pores to flush out the excess skin debris and oils.
Benzoyl peroxide has bactericidal properties and helps treat acne by acting as an oxidizing agent on the skin’s surface.


After it is absorbed by the skin, benzoyl peroxide transforms into benzoic acid, 95% of which is absorbed by the body for further excretion through the kidneys.
Cysteine in the skin metabolises the benzoic acid which then oxidises the bacterial proteins.


Thus benzoic acid helps reduce acne vulgaris by minimizing the lipids, free fatty acids, and C.acnes.
Essentially, when applied to the affected skin surface, benzoyl peroxide acts as an exfoliating agent and destroys bacteria too.
Benzoyl peroxide also has anti-inflammatory properties that is able to effectively provide relief for active acne, while its anti-comedogenic properties help to keep pores clean and prevent clogging.


When used to treat acne, benzoyl peroxide works by reducing the amount of acne-causing bacteria and by causing the skin to dry and peel.
Benzoyl peroxide also reduces oil production and can prevent folliculitis (or inflamed hair follicles).
Despite being a popular ingredient in a large variety of acne gels, cleansers, and other acne OTC products, has some shortcomings too.


Benzoyl peroxide is used to treat acne (blackheads, whiteheads, pimples).
Benzoyl peroxide works by it killing the germs (bacteria) that cause acne, and softens and removes outer layers of the skin.
Benzoyl peroxide also reduces redness, soreness and inflammation and it helps to unplug blocked pores.


Benzoyl peroxide is used to treat acne.
Benzoyl peroxide works as an antiseptic to reduce the number of bacteria that cause acne.
Benzoyl peroxide comes as a gel or face wash, gel, cream, or spot treatment.


This powerful anti-acne medication is available over the counter.
Benzoyl peroxide can work to prevent and treat acne by cleansing your pores of bacteria as well as clearing dead skin and sebum (oil) from the affected area.


Benzoyl peroxide is often found in combination topical acne treatments with adapalene or clindamycin.
People who have sensitive skin should consult with their doctor before using products containing benzoyl peroxide.
The most common formulations of Benzoyl peroxide contain 2.5 to 10% benzoyl peroxide.


Benzoyl peroxide (BPO) has been an important component of topical therapy for acne vulagaris for more than five decades due to its ability to markedly reduce Cutibacterium acnes (formerly Propionibacterium acnes) and inflammatory acne lesions and its ability to moderately reduce noninflammatory acne lesions.


-Leave-on Treatments of Benzoyl peroxide:
Topical benzoyl peroxide gels and creams are typically more potent. They can be applied directly to individual pimples or used all over.
After washing and drying your skin, apply a thin layer of cream or gel to the desired treatment area.

Allow the treatment to soak in for several minutes.
If the medication is still visible after 30 minutes, you can gently wipe off the excess with a damp cloth (if desired).
Apply sunscreen before going out in the sun.
Leave-on spot treatments can be used one to three times a day.


-Benzoyl peroxide for acne scars:
Acne scars are sometimes a result of an acne outbreak.
This is especially the case with inflammatory acne, even if you successfully resist the urge to pick at the lesions.
Acne scars can worsen with sun exposure, so it’s important to wear sunscreen every day.
In theory, benzoyl peroxide could also help shed dead skin cells and make the scars less prominent.



USES OF BENZOYL PEROXIDE FOR SKIN:
1. Benzoyl Peroxide For Acne
Benzoyl peroxide is a topical medication for acne.
Benzoyl peroxide is found in cleansers, lotions, gels, creams and toners.

Benzoyl peroxide is an OTC (over-the-counter) treatment, but is also available in prescription strength.
Benzoyl peroxide treatment works well for mild acne, while prescription strength benzoyl peroxide works for moderate acne.
Benzoyl peroxide is one of the active ingredients in many combination prescription treatments for acne like BenzaClin, Benzamycin, Acanya, Duac, Epiduo, etc.

2. Benzoyl Peroxide For Dark Spots Or Scars
Inflammatory acne like papules, pustules, nodules and cystic acne leave scars or dark spots on the skin.
No matter how much you resist the urge to pick at them, Benzoyl peroxide is common to see dark spots or scars post acne.

Some skin care experts opine that benzoyl peroxide can shed dead skin cells and make the dark spots or scars seem less prominent.
However, benzoyl peroxide’s function as an exfoliant is not scientifically proven.

3. Benzoyl Peroxide For Warts
Warts are small, flat or round bumps that appear on the face, legs and back of hands.
Benzoyl peroxide is prescribed for warts as it can irritate the skin and cause the skin to peel, resulting in removal of warts.
5% benzoyl peroxide is usually recommended by your dermatologist which is available as an OTC treatment.

4. Benzoyl Peroxide For Scalp

5. Benzoyl Peroxide For Boils
Boils are caused by bacteria and inflamed follicles.
Benzoyl peroxide can be used to treat boils as it can kill the pathogenic bacteria when applied topically.

6. Benzoyl Peroxide For Rosacea
Benzoyl peroxide can be used to treat rosacea but is not approved by FDA for the treatment of rosacea.
Rosacea is a skin condition that causes visible blood vessels on the skin.

Benzoyl peroxide may irritate the skin in patients with rosacea.
So consult your dermatologist before you begin the treatment.

7. Benzoyl Peroxide For Skin Whitening
Benzoyl peroxide is a bleaching agent and can turn the skin whiter.
While you are using topical benzoyl peroxide, you may notice your skin turning one shade lighter after prolonged use.
It is for this reason that benzoyl peroxide is not advised for scalp acne, as it can turn the hair white.

8. Can Benzoyl Peroxide Be Used For Milia
Milia or milk spots are keratin-filled spots that appear on the face.
Benzoyl peroxide is not an effective treatment for milia.



5 USES FOR BENZOYL PEROXIDE:
Products that use benzoyl peroxide are typically used to treat the following conditions.
1. Treating inflammatory acne:
Benzoyl peroxide is the preferred over-the-counter treatment for inflammatory acne, characterized by redness, pus-filled bumps, and blemishes.

2. Treating bodily acne:
Body washes and shower gels containing benzoyl peroxide are often used to treat acne on the back, neck, and other parts of the body.

3. Treating blackheads and whiteheads:
Benzoyl peroxide is occasionally used to help clear dead skin cells and oil that can cause breakouts of blackheads or whiteheads, but retinoids are considered a more effective treatment.

4. Treating acne scars:
Inflammatory acne can often leave red, dry scars.
Benzoyl peroxide may assist in clearing dead skin cells from scarred areas, but a better treatment is to regularly use sunscreen to avoid sun damage to acne scars.

5. Treating cystic acne:
Cystic acne is a serious kind of acne characterized by large bumps under the skin with no discernible head.
Benzoyl peroxide can be used to treat cystic acne in combination with other medications and with the consultation of a dermatologist.



BENEFITS OF BENZOYL PEROXIDE:
*Ease out inflammation
*Reduces all inflammatory acne such as pustules, papules, cysts, and nodules
*Prevents future breakout
*Unclog pores and smoothen skin texture
*Prevents acne scars and dark spots
*Some skincare experts opine that Benzoyl Peroxide (BPO) can shed dead skin cells and make the dark spots or acne scars seem less prominent (Yet, it requires more amount of research to prove the above claims.
Benzoyl peroxide can play an active role in sweeping out the dead skin cells and excess oils from the pores.



TYPE OF INGREDIENT OF BENZOYL PEROXIDE:
*Anti-bacterial


MAIN BENEFITS OF BENZOYL PEROXIDE:
Benzoyl peroxide reduces acne-causing bacteria


WHO SHOULD USE BENZOYL PEROXIDE:
In general, benzoyl peroxide is suitable for those looking to treat mild to moderate acne at home.


HOW OFTEN CAN YOU USE BENZOYL PEROXIDE:
Benzoyl peroxide shouldn't be used more than twice per day, at most.


BENZOYL PEROXIDE WORKS WELL WITH:
Benzoyl peroxide works well in combination with salicyclic acid to treat acne.


BENZOYL PEROXIDE DON'T USE WITH:
Don't use multiple benzoyl peroxide products at once.
Benzoyl peroxide may also reduce the efficacy of vitamin C products when used as part of the same routine.



BENEFITS OF BENZOYL PEROXIDE:
*Kills acne-causing bacteria:
Benzoyl peroxide treats breakouts by killing the bacteria that causes acne.

*Removes excess oil:
If excess shine is a concern for you, you may benefit from a benzoyl peroxide cleanser, which some have claimed has a mattifying effect on the skin.

*Removes dead skin cells:
Benzoyl peroxide may help improve the efficacy of other products by reducing the buildup of dead skin cells.
Benzoyl peroxide allows for your serums and moisturizers to more easily penetrate.



HOW TO APPLY BENZOYL PEROXIDE:
Washes can be used once or two times a day.
Leave on the skin for 30 seconds before rinsing thoroughly.
Apply gels and creams as a thin layer once daily.

At the start, for the first 3 days when you begin treatment, apply the the cream or gel for a short time (about 2 hours), then wash it off.
If you tolerate this, with no irritation, then apply once daily, at night, and leave on the skin overnight, washing it off in the morning.
Some people may tolerate twice daily applications.

Make sure the skin is clean and dry before applying.
It can be used on the face as well as the chest and back.
As you apply benzoyl peroxide, try to avoid getting it on the sensitive areas of your skin in or around your nostrils, your eyes and your mouth.

Do not apply it to any areas of skin that are irritated or sore.
If your skin peels or becomes very dry, use an oil-free moisturiser.
Acne responds very slowly to treatment, so it may take several weeks to months to notice improvement.



WHAT DOES BENZOYL PEROXIDE DO FOR YOUR SKIN?
Benzoyl peroxide has been an ingredient in skincare products for many years.
Benzoyl peroxide's primary role is to kill bacteria.
When applied to your skin, benzoyl peroxide also works as a drying agent.
This causes your skin to dry and peel, removing dead skin cells from your pores.



BENZOYL PEROXIDE MAY BE FOUND IN THE FOLLOWING ACNE TREATMENT PRODUCTS:
*acne creams and lotions: typically applied once or twice a day on the entire area of skin as both a treatment and preventive measure
*face washes and foams: used once or twice a day to help prevent acne and treat existing lesions
*acne body washes and soaps: ideal if you have frequent breakouts on the chest, back, and other areas of the body
*gels: tend to come in the form of spot treatments with higher concentrations and are typically applied only to the affected area



HOW DOES BENZOYL PEROXIDE WORK?
Benzoyl peroxide works by counteracting the inflammation triggers that are released into the skin by bacteria.
Benzoyl peroxide also kills a certain type of bacteria called P. acnes, which is the main bacteria that is associated with acne.
In addition, benzoyl peroxide also helps to reduce acne-causing oil production by the sebaceous glands in your skin.



BENZOYL PEROXIDE MASKS:
Acne masks containing benzoyl peroxide should not be used more than once a week unless otherwise instructed by a dermatologist.
Start by washing your face with a non-medicated cleanser, then pat dry.
Apply the mask evenly over the area you want to treat.
Leave the treatment on for 15 to 20 minutes (or according to package directions).
Wash off using warm water.



BENZOYL PEROXIDE HAS THE FOLLOWING PROPERTIES:
*Antiseptic uses of Benzoyl peroxide:
Benzoyl peroxide reduces the number of skin surface bacteria (but it does not cause bacterial resistance and in fact can reduce bacterial resistance if this has arisen from antibiotic therapy).
Benzoyl peroxide also reduces the number of yeasts on the skin surface.

*Oxidizing agent:
This makes Benzoyl peroxide keratolytic and comedolytic (it reduces the number of comedones).

*Benzoyl peroxide has anti-inflammatory action.
Benzoyl peroxide is available as cream, gel, lotion and washes at concentrations of 2.5 %, 5 % and 10 %.
Benzoyl peroxide may be combined with other topical or oral therapy.
Benzoyl peroxide is especially valuable in combination with topical or oral antibiotics as it may reduce the growth of antibiotic-resistant bacteria.



WHAT TYPES OF ACNE DOES BENZOYL PEROXIDE TREAT?
Benzoyl peroxide topical acne treatment can be used to treat any type of acne, but it is most effective on inflammatory acne, called acne vulgaris.
Benzoyl peroxide can also be used for whiteheads, blackheads, and cystic acne, but it should be used in combination with other medications for these types of acne.
Benzoyl peroxide is most effective with inflammatory acne because it kills the bacteria in and underneath the breakout that is causing the inflammation.

Symptoms of inflammatory acne are:
*Swelling
*Redness
*Clogged, pus-filled pores.
*Oily acne spots



HOW SHOULD BENZOYL PEROXIDE BE USED:
When starting to use benzoyl peroxide to treat acne, start off slowly.
Only use the product once every other day to slowly introduce the product to your skin and not cause a negative reaction.
Benzoyl peroxide will also make you more sensitive to the sun, so be sure to apply sunscreen right after.



HOW TO USE BENZOYL PEROXIDE:
Benzoyl peroxide comes in the form of many acne treatment products.
Benzoyl peroxide’s important to select the right one for your skin care concern as well as preference.

What concentration to use also depends on where you apply the benzoyl peroxide.
The face is rather sensitive, so many choose to use a lower concentration (around 4 percent) in that area, while the chest and back are more resilient and can tolerate a higher concentration.



HOW DO YOU USE BENZOYL PEROXIDE ON YOUR FACE?
Benzoyl peroxide can be used in the concentrations of 2.5 - 10 % [6].
Note:
Consult your doctor before using benzoyl peroxide if you are pregnant or breastfeeding.

1. Benzoyl Peroxide Face Washes And Cleansers
Pick about 4% concentration of benzoyl peroxide and increase upto 10% based on how well your skin takes it.

How To Use:
Wet your face and gently massage the cleanser in circular motions.
Rinse thoroughly with water after a minute or two.
Pat dry with a clean and soft towel.


2. Benzoyl Peroxide Acne Creams, Gels And Spot Treatments
Choose a milder concentration like 2.5% and go upto 5% as these are leave-on products.

How To Use:
Cleanse your face with a mild cleanser and pat dry.
Apply benzoyl peroxide cream or gel either on affected areas or the whole face.
Use the gel or cream in your morning and night skin care routines.



BENZOYL PEROXIDE GEL VS CREAM: WHAT'S THE DIFFERENCE?
There is a lot of choice when it come to Benzoyl peroxide.
Whilst it actually comes in a range of preparations such as gels, creams, cleansers and lotions, the two most popular forms are gels and creams.

Both Benzoyl peroxide gels and creams deliver the same benefits.
The primary difference lies in their preparation and which one you use depends on your skin type and what you prefer as an individual.
Whichever type of product you choose, remember to patch test it first and start with lower strengths to figure out your skin’s tolerance level.

Gels are usually lightweight, get absorbed fast and leave a matte finish.
This makes them ideal for oily or combination skin types but they can be drying.
As such, they’re ideal if you only need to use Benzoyl peroxide gel as a spot treatment for a small area.

Benzoyl peroxide cream and lotions, on the other hand, are usually more hydrating and may be better suited for dry or sensitive skin.
They’re also best if you need to use them on a wider area such as the entire face and/or neck or treatment area or if you are using them for preventative measures.

Cleansers and body washes containing Benzoyl peroxide are great for regular daily use and when a large area needs to be covered.
They are also great for moderate to severe acute breakouts, prevention or to maintain results.



HOW TO USE BENZOYL PEROXIDE:
Using Benzoyl Peroxide is straight forward and you can easily add it into any routine.
It’s however important to introduce it into your skincare routine carefully to get the best out of it and minimise the risk of irritation.
Before fully adding Benzoyl peroxide into your routine, conduct a patch test first.

Do this by using a small amount of the product on an easily visible area like your collar bone or your forearm.
Monitor for 24 hours and check for itching, redness, bumps or any other signs of allergy.
If you notice any signs of allergic reaction, wash off the product and seek medical help immediately.



BENZOYL PEROXIDE COMES IN DIFFERENT PERCENTAGE AMOUNTS:
For 5% benzoyl peroxide gel, people can follow these steps:
*Wash the skin with a mild cleanser and water.
*Gently pat the skin dry.
*Apply a thin layer of the gel to the acne-affected area of skin.



TO USE A 5% BENZOYL PEROXIDE WASH, PEOPLE CAN FOLLOW THESE STEPS:
*Wet the areas of acne-affected skin.
*Smooth a small amount of the product over the skin with the hands.
*Keep the wash on the skin for no longer than 1–2 minutes.
*Rinse the wash off thoroughly with water, and gently pat dry.
*Repeat these steps once or twice per day.
*It is important to note that products with 5% benzoyl peroxide may take up to 4 weeks to start working.



HOW TO USE BENZOYL PEROXIDE:
A person may want to start using benzoyl peroxide gradually, to see how it affects their skin.
If the skin becomes overly dry or begins to peel, it may be best to use benzoyl peroxide less frequently.
As a general rule, people can use benzoyl peroxide once every 1–2 days until the skin becomes used to it.

It is important to wash the hands before and after using benzoyl peroxide.
This can prevent the transfer of bacteria from the hands to the face or to other surfaces.
It is best to avoid direct sunlight while using benzoyl peroxide treatments.
In fact, people may find that the best time to apply benzoyl peroxide is before bed.



PRODUCTS THAT CONTAIN BENZOYL PEROXIDE:
Many different products contain benzoyl peroxide.
People can buy these products in the form of:
*face washes
*body washes
*creams or ointments
*gels

Some products combine benzoyl peroxide with other ingredients, which could make it more effective in treating certain types of acne.
Benzoyl peroxide products may also contain potassium hydroxyquinoline sulfate, which can kill microorganisms on the skin.
Other benzoyl peroxide products are prescription-only and may contain antibiotics or retinoids.



WHAT DOES BENZOYL PEROXIDE DO TO YOUR SKIN?
Benzoyl Peroxide is an organic compound that has been a staple in the skincare world for many decades due to its potent antibacterial and exfoliating properties.
Benzoyl peroxide’s a regular star ingredient in various over the counter and prescription acne treatments and comes in a variety of forms including gels, creams, cleansers and lotions.



THIS IS HOW BENZOYL PEROXIDE TREATS ACNE:
As you may already know, acne is mainly caused by the over production of sebum, a buildup of dead skin cells and the presence of Propionibacterium acnes (P. acnes) bacteria.
Benzoyl peroxide directly addresses two of these issues. It can kill bacteria and can break down dead skin cells.
This makes it a valuable weapon against acne.

P. acnes bacteria can’t survive in an oxygen rich environment.
Benzoyl peroxide works by introducing oxygen into the pores, thereby killing this acne-causing bacteria.
Benzoyl peroxide is also keratolytic which means it can loosen dead skin cells.

This further helps to clear up blocked pores.
Benzoyl peroxide can work on all types of acne lesion.
Benzoyl peroxide can clear up comedones like blackheads and whiteheads by breaking down the blockages of dead skin cells.

In the case of inflammatory acne where there are inflamed pustules and papules, the antibacterial action of Benzoyl peroxide targets the bacteria causing the inflammation and hence suppresses the inflammatory response driving the lesions.
Whilst cystic acne is far more complex and difficult to treat,

For more severe forms of acne like nodules and cysts, Benzoyl peroxide can be used in combination with other treatments like oral antibiotics, oral retinoids or topical retinoids like Tretinoin for a more robust treatment approach.



WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN BENZOYL PEROXIDE AND SALICYLIC ACID?
Salicylic acid is another common ingredient that is found in over-the-counter (OTC) skincare products used to treat mild acne.
Here is an overview of some of the differences between benzoyl peroxide and salicylic acid.

*They target different acne problems.
Salicylic acid is typically used to treat blackheads and whiteheads, more so than benzoyl peroxide.
Benzoyl peroxide is typically used to treat pustules found in inflammatory acne.

*Benzoyl peroxide is stronger.
Salicylic acid is not as drying as benzoyl peroxide, making it easier for people with sensitive skin to use.

*They have different side effects.
There are common side effects to both salicylic acid and benzoyl peroxide.
Possible side effects of salicylic acid can include dryness, hives, itching or peeling skin, and stinging or tingling.



HOW TO USE BENZOYL PEROXIDE PRODUCTS:
*Make sure the skin is clean and dry before applying
*Apply a thin smear to areas of skin affected by acne, initially every second night, then build up to once or twice daily as tolerated
*Benzoyl peroxide can be used on the face as well as the trunk



WHAT IS BENZOYL PEROXIDE TOPICAL?
Benzoyl peroxide has an antibacterial effect.
Benzoyl peroxide also has a mild drying effect, which allows excess oils and dirt to be easily washed away from the skin.

Benzoyl peroxide topical (for the skin) is used to treat acne.
There are many brands and forms of benzoyl peroxide available.

Benzoyl peroxide topical may also be used for purposes not listed in this medication guide.
Benzoyl peroxide is an affordable medication that works well to clear up acne.
Benzoyl peroxide's available over-the-counter and comes in many different forms, but it's not a good option for people with sensitive skin.



MECHANISM OF ACTION OF BENZOYL PEROXIDE:
Classically, benzoyl peroxide is thought to have a three-fold activity in treating acne.
Benzoyl peroxide is sebostatic, comedolytic, and inhibits growth of Cutibacterium acnes, the main bacterium associated with acne.
In general, acne vulgaris is a hormone-mediated inflammation of sebaceous glands and hair follicles.

Hormone changes cause an increase in keratin and sebum production, leading to blocked drainage. C. acnes has many lytic enzymes that break down the proteins and lipids in the sebum, leading to an inflammatory response.

The free-radical reaction of benzoyl peroxide can break down the keratin, therefore unblocking the drainage of sebum (comedolytic).
Benzoyl peroxide can cause nonspecific peroxidation of C. acnes, making it bactericidal, and it was thought to decrease sebum production, but disagreement exists within the literature on this.

Some evidence suggests that benzoyl peroxide has an anti-inflammatory effect as well.
In micromolar concentrations it prevents neutrophils from releasing reactive oxygen species, part of the inflammatory response in acne



IS BENZOYL PEROXIDE GOOD FOR ACNE?
Benzoyl peroxide works to treat and prevent acne by killing bacteria underneath the skin, as well as helping the pores shed dead skin cells and excess sebum (oil).

*Benzoyl peroxide for pimples
Benzoyl peroxide works particularly well for inflammatory acne, which is characterized by red bumps that contain pus — pustules, papules, cysts, and nodules — instead of whiteheads and blackheads.

*Benzoyl peroxide for cystic acne
Cystic acne is considered the most serious form of acne, which also makes Benzoyl peroxide the most difficult to treat.
Benzoyl peroxide’s characterized by hard bumps below the surface of your skin.

While these pimples may have pus deep inside them, Benzoyl peroxide’s difficult to identify any prominent “heads.”
P. acnes bacteria is one contributor to cystic acne, which benzoyl peroxide may help treat in combination with prescription medications.
If you have this type of acne, consult a dermatologist for your best treatment options.

*Benzoyl peroxide for blackheads and whiteheads
Blackheads and whiteheads are still considered acne.
However, they are classified as noninflammatory because they don’t cause the red bumps that are associated with other types of acne pimples.

You may be dealing with both of these types of acne and might be wondering if you can use benzoyl peroxide for noninflammatory spots too.
While benzoyl peroxide can help treat oil and dead skill cells that clog your pores, this may not be the best treatment option available for blackheads and whiteheads.



HISTORY OF BENZOYL PEROXIDE:
Benzoyl peroxide was first prepared and described by Liebig in 1858.

Structure and reactivity
The original 1858 synthesis by Liebig reacted benzoyl chloride with barium peroxide, a reaction that probably follows this equation:
2 C6H5C(O)Cl + BaO2 → (C6H5CO)2O2 + BaCl2
Benzoyl peroxide is usually prepared by treating hydrogen peroxide with benzoyl chloride under alkaline conditions.

2 C6H5COCl + H2O2 + 2 NaOH → (C6H5CO)2O2 + 2 NaCl + 2 H2O
The oxygen–oxygen bond in peroxides is weak.
Thus, benzoyl peroxide readily undergoes homolysis (symmetrical fission), forming free radicals:

(C6H5CO)2O2 → 2 C6H5CO•2
The symbol • indicates that the products are radicals; i.e., they contain at least one unpaired electron.
Such species are highly reactive.

The homolysis is usually induced by heating.
The half-life of benzoyl peroxide is one hour at 92 °C.
At 131 °C, the half-life is one minute.

In 1901, J. H. Kastle and his graduate student A. S. Loevenhart observed that Benzoyl peroxide made the tincture of guaiacum tincture turn blue, a sign of oxygen being released.

Around 1905, Loevenhart reported on the successful use of BPO to treat various skin conditions, including burns, chronic varicose leg tumors, and tinea sycosis.
He also reported animal experiments that showed the relatively low toxicity of Benzoyl peroxide.

Treatment with benzoyl peroxide was proposed for wounds by Lyon and Reynolds in 1929, and for sycosis vulgaris and acne varioliformis by Peck and Chagrin in 1934.
However, preparations were often of questionable quality.
Benzoyl peroxide was officially approved for the treatment of acne in the US in 1960.



POLYMERIZATION OF BENZOYL PEROXIDE:
Benzoyl peroxide is mainly used as a radical initiator to induce chain-growth polymerization reactions, such as for polyester and poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) resins and dental cements and restoratives.
It is the most important among the various organic peroxides used for this purpose, a relatively safe alternative to the much more hazardous methyl ethyl ketone peroxide.
Benzoyl peroxide is also used in rubber curing and as a finishing agent for some acetate yarns.



PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of BENZOYL PEROXIDE:
Formula: C14H10O4
Molar mass: 242.230 g·mol−1
Density: 1.334 g/cm3
Melting point: 103 to 105 °C (217 to 221 °F) decomposes
Solubility in water: poor mg/mL (20 °C)
Physical state: solid
Color: No data available
Odor: No data available
Melting point/freezing point:
Melting point/range: 105 °C - lit.
Initial boiling point and boiling range: No data available
Flammability (solid, gas): No data available
Upper/lower flammability or explosive limits: No data available
Flash point: No data available
Autoignition temperature: 80 °C
Decomposition temperature: No data available

pH: No data available
Viscosity
Viscosity, kinematic: No data available
Viscosity, dynamic: No data available
Water solubility insoluble
Partition coefficient: n-octanol/water: No data available
Vapor pressure: No data available
Density: No data available
Relative density: No data available
Relative vapor density: No data available
Particle characteristics: No data available
Explosive properties:Explosive when dry.
Oxidizing properties: none
Other safety information: No data available



FIRST AID MEASURES of BENZOYL PEROXIDE:
-Description of first-aid measures:
*General advice:
Show this material safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
*If inhaled:
After inhalation:
Fresh air.
*In case of skin contact:
Take off immediately all contaminated clothing.
Rinse skin with water/ shower.
Consult a physician.
*In case of eye contact:
After eye contact:
Rinse out with plenty of water.
Call in ophthalmologist.
Remove contact lenses.
*If swallowed:
After swallowing:
Immediately make victim drink water (two glasses at most).
Consult a physician.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed:
No data available



ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of BENZOYL PEROXIDE:
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Cover drains.
Collect, bind, and pump off spills.
Observe possible material restrictions.
Take up dry.
Dispose of properly.
Clean up affected area



FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of BENZOYL PEROXIDE:
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Water
Foam
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Dry powder
*Unsuitable extinguishing media:
For this substance/mixture no limitations of extinguishing agents are given.
-Further information:
Remove container from danger zone and cool with water.
Prevent fire extinguishing water from contaminating surface water or the ground water system.



EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of BENZOYL PEROXIDE:
-Control parameters:
--Ingredients with workplace control parameters:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use equipment for eye protection
Safety glasses
*Skin protection:
Handle with gloves.
Wash and dry hands.
Full contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Splash contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
*Body Protection:
protective clothing
*Respiratory protection:
Recommended Filter type: Filter type P2
-Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.



HANDLING and STORAGE of BENZOYL PEROXIDE:
-Precautions for safe handling:
*Hygiene measures:
Immediately change contaminated clothing.
Apply preventive skin protection.
Wash hands and face after working with substance.
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
*Storage conditions:
Observe national regulations.
*Storage stability:
Recommended storage temperature
2 - 8 °C



STABILITY and REACTIVITY of BENZOYL PEROXIDE:
-Chemical stability:
The product is chemically stable under standard ambient conditions (room temperature) .
-Possibility of hazardous reactions:
No data available


BENZOYL PEROXIDE (BPO)
Benzoyl Peroxide (BPO) is a chemical compound (specifically, an organic peroxide) with structural formula (C6H5−C(=O)O−)2, often abbreviated as (BzO)2.
In terms of its structure, the molecule can be described as two benzoyl (C6H5−C(=O)−, Bz) groups connected by a peroxide (−O−O−).
Benzoyl Peroxide (BPO) is a white granular solid with a faint odour of benzaldehyde, poorly soluble in water but soluble in acetone, ethanol, and many other organic solvents.
Benzoyl Peroxide (BPO) is an oxidizer, which is principally used as in the production of polymers.


CAS Number, 94-36-0
EC number, 202-327-6
Chemical Formula: C14H10O4
Molecular Weight: 242.23


SYNONYMS OF BENZOYL PEROXIDE (BPO):
benzoperoxide, Benzoyl Peroxide (BPO), BPO PEROXAN BP,DBP,Benzoyl Peroxide (BPO),Benzac,Clearasil,Panoxyl,Perkadox, Peroxide, dibenzoyl; Acetoxyl; Akneroxid 5; Asidopan; Benoxyl; Benzac; Benzoic acid, peroxide; Benzol peroxide; Benzoperoxide; Benzoyl superoxide; Benzoylperoxid; Benzoyl peroxyde;Benzoyl Peroxide (BPO); Dibenzoylperoxid; Dibenzoylperoxyde; Diphenylglyoxal peroxide; Dry and Clear; Duresthin 5; Eloxyl; Epi-Clear; G20; Lucidol; Lucidol B 50; Lucidol G 20; Luperco AST; Mytolac; Nayper BO; Oxy 5; Oxylite; Panoxyl; Perossido di benzoile; Peroxyde de benzoyle; Persa-Gel; Persadox; Resdan Akne; Theraderm; Acnegel; Aztec BPO; Benzaknew; BZF-60; Cadet; Cadox; Cadox BS; Clearasil Benzoyl Peroxide (BPO) lotion; Clearasil BP acne treatment; Cuticura acne cream; Debroxide; Fostex; Garox; Incidol; Loroxide; Luperco; Luperox FL; NA 2085 (DOT); Nayper B and BO; Norox bzp-250; Norox bzp-C-35; Novadelox; OXY-10; OXY WASH; Quinolor compound; Superox; Topex; UN 2085 (DOT); UN 2086; UN 2088; Vanoxide; Xerac; Acne-Aid Cream; Benzac W; Clear By Design; Abcure S-40-25; Akneroxid L; Akneroxide L; Benzagel 10; Benzaknen; BPO; Brevoxyl; Cadet BPO 78W; Cadox 40E; Dermoxyl; Desanden; Lucidol 78; Lucidol 75FP; Luzidol; Nericur; NSC 675; Oxy-L; Peroxyderm; Peroxydex; Preoxydex; Sanoxit; Xerac BP 10; Xerac BP 5; Triaz; Perkadox 20S; Cadox B; Desquam E; Lucidol (peroxide); Luperco AA; Nyper B; Nyper BMT; W 75



Benzoyl Peroxide (BPO) is primarily used in the manufacture of polymers, as a polymerisation initiator.
Benzoyl Peroxide (BPO) can also be used in other applications: as an oxidant in anti-acne formulations, as a hardener/cross-linking agent (in production of unsaturated polyester resins and silicone rubbers) and as a bleaching agent.

Benzoyl Peroxide (BPO) is in the form of white powder or paste with a molecular mass of 242 g/mol.
This material is available as a 75% pure powder for polymerization applications or as a 55% paste.
The percentage of active oxygen for this material should be at least 4.9%.

The half-life time of this substance in chlorobenzene is 10 hours at 71°C and 1 hour at 91°C.
Its bulk density at 20 degrees Celsius is 500 kg/m3.
Benzoyl Peroxide (BPO) like other peroxide compounds starts to decompose at a temperature above 20 degrees Celsius.
Its storage time is a maximum of 6 months.


Benzoyl Peroxide (BPO) is mainly used in production of plastics[5] and for bleaching flour, hair, plastics and textiles.
As a bleach, it has been used as a medication and a water disinfectant.

As a medication, Benzoyl Peroxide (BPO) is mostly used to treat acne, either alone or in combination with other treatments.
Some versions are sold mixed with antibiotics such as clindamycin.
Benzoyl Peroxide (BPO) is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.

Benzoyl Peroxide (BPO) is available as an over-the-counter and generic medication.
Benzoyl Peroxide (BPO) is also used in dentistry for teeth whitening.
In 2021, it was the 284th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 700,000 prescriptions



STRUCTURE AND REACTIVITY OF BENZOYL PEROXIDE (BPO)
Structure of Benzoyl Peroxide (BPO) from X-ray crystallography.
The O=C-O-O dihedral angle is 90°.
The O-O distance is 1.434 Å.

The original 1858 synthesis by Liebig reacted benzoyl chloride with barium peroxide,[15] a reaction that probably follows this equation:
2 C6H5C(O)Cl + BaO2 → (C6H5CO)2O2 + BaCl2
Benzoyl Peroxide (BPO) is usually prepared by treating hydrogen peroxide with benzoyl chloride under alkaline conditions.
2 C6H5COCl + H2O2 + 2 NaOH → (C6H5CO)2O2 + 2 NaCl + 2 H2O

The oxygen–oxygen bond in peroxides is weak.
Thus, Benzoyl Peroxide (BPO) readily undergoes homolysis (symmetrical fission), forming free radicals:
(C6H5CO)2O2 → 2 C6H5CO•2
The symbol • indicates that the products are radicals; i.e., they contain at least one unpaired electron.
Such species are highly reactive.

The homolysis is usually induced by heating.
The half-life of Benzoyl Peroxide (BPO) is one hour at 92 °C. At 131 °C, the half-life is one minute.


In 1901, J. H. Kastle and his graduate student A. S. Loevenhart observed that the compound made the tincture of guaiacum tincture turn blue, a sign of oxygen being released.
Around 1905, Loevenhart reported on the successful use of Benzoyl Peroxide (BPO) to treat various skin conditions, including burns, chronic varicose leg tumors, and tinea sycosis.
He also reported animal experiments that showed the relatively low toxicity of the compound.


Treatment with Benzoyl Peroxide (BPO) was proposed for wounds by Lyon and Reynolds in 1929, and for sycosis vulgaris and acne varioliformis by Peck and Chagrin in 1934.
However, preparations were often of questionable quality.
It was officially approved for the treatment of acne in the US in 1960.

Polymerization:
Benzoyl Peroxide (BPO) is mainly used as a radical initiator to induce chain-growth polymerization reactions,[4] such as for polyester and poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) resins and dental cements and restoratives.
Benzoyl Peroxide (BPO) is the most important among the various organic peroxides used for this purpose, a relatively safe alternative to the much more hazardous methyl ethyl ketone peroxide.
Benzoyl Peroxide (BPO) is also used in rubber curing and as a finishing agent for some acetate yarns.

USES OF BENZOYL PEROXIDE (BPO):
Tube of a water-based 5% Benzoyl Peroxide (BPO) preparation for the treatment of acne
Benzoyl Peroxide (BPO) is effective for treating acne lesions.
Benzoyl Peroxide (BPO) does not induce antibiotic resistance.

Benzoyl Peroxide (BPO) may be combined with salicylic acid, sulfur, erythromycin or clindamycin (antibiotics), or adapalene (a synthetic retinoid).
Two common combination drugs include Benzoyl Peroxide (BPO)/clindamycin and adapalene/Benzoyl Peroxide (BPO), adapalene being a chemically stable retinoid that can be combined with Benzoyl Peroxide (BPO)[26] unlike tezarotene and tretinoin.
Combination products such as Benzoyl Peroxide (BPO)/clindamycin and Benzoyl Peroxide (BPO)/salicylic acid appear to be slightly more effective than Benzoyl Peroxide (BPO) alone for the treatment of acne lesions.

The combination tretinoin/Benzoyl Peroxide (BPO) was approved for medical use in the United States in 2021.
Benzoyl Peroxide (BPO) for acne treatment is typically applied to the affected areas in gel, cream, or liquid, in concentrations of 2.5% increasing through 5.0%, and up to 10%.
No strong evidence supports the idea that higher concentrations of Benzoyl Peroxide (BPO) are more effective than lower concentrations.


Mechanism of action:
Classically, Benzoyl Peroxide (BPO) is thought to have a three-fold activity in treating acne.
It is sebostatic, comedolytic, and inhibits growth of Cutibacterium acnes, the main bacterium associated with acne.

In general, acne vulgaris is a hormone-mediated inflammation of sebaceous glands and hair follicles.
Hormone changes cause an increase in keratin and sebum production, leading to blocked drainage. C. acnes has many lytic enzymes that break down the proteins and lipids in the sebum, leading to an inflammatory response.

The free-radical reaction of Benzoyl Peroxide (BPO) can break down the keratin, therefore unblocking the drainage of sebum (comedolytic).
It can cause nonspecific peroxidation of C. acnes, making it bactericidal,[6] and it was thought to decrease sebum production, but disagreement exists within the literature on this.

Some evidence suggests that Benzoyl Peroxide (BPO) has an anti-inflammatory effect as well.
In micromolar concentrations it prevents neutrophils from releasing reactive oxygen species, part of the inflammatory response in acne



APPLICATIONS OF BENZOYL PEROXIDE (BPO)
For some special applications it is desirable to use a dry Benzoyl Peroxide (BPO) powder as a catalyst.
For these cases the Benzoyl Peroxide (BPO) formulation Benzoyl Peroxide (BPO) was introduced, which is a mixture of Benzoyl Peroxide (BPO) and filler.
Benzoyl Peroxide (BPO) can be handled very easily and without risk.

Benzoyl Peroxide (BPO) contains no plasticizer and is lower concentrated than the usual Benzoyl Peroxide (BPO) formulations, which makes dosing easier.
One of the most important applications for Benzoyl Peroxide (BPO) is as a catalyst for putties based on unsaturated polyester resins.
A putty containing an accelerated polyester resin and Benzoyl Peroxide (BPO) cures rapidly so that after a short time the surface can be sanded and polished


Benzoyl Peroxide (BPO) is primarily used as a radical initiator to induce polymerisation (free radical polymerisation process), for the manufacture of e.g. expandible polystyrene in suspension, acrylics polymers (for road marking paints).
Benzoyl Peroxide (BPO) can also be used in other applications, in production, as an oxidant in anti-acne formulation, as a hardener of unsaturated polyester resins, as a cross-linking agent for the production of and silicone rubbers, and as a bleaching agent.


Benzoyl Peroxide (BPO)s are used to harden the resin in hot mold.
It is applied alone at high temperatures and with accelerators at room temperature.
Benzoyl Peroxide (BPO) paste;It is used together with marble adhesives in the hardening of polyester repair pastes used in automotive parts repair at ambient temperature.
• Styrene polymerization
• Acne treatment
• Copolymerization of acrylonitrile and vinyl acetate
• Paint and resin industries
• Polymerization of acrylate and methacrylate
• Bleaching agent in various industries


CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL OF BENZOYL PEROXIDE (BPO):
Formula, C14H10O4
Molar mass, 242.230 g•mol−1
3D model (JSmol), Interactive image
Density, 1.334 g/cm3
Melting point, 103 to 105 °C (217 to 221 °F) decomposes
Solubility in water, poor mg/mL (20 °C)
Chemical family
Organic peroxide
CAS number
94-36-0
Physical form
Powder
Regional availability
Africa, Asia Pacific, China, Europe, India, Middle East
Chemical name
DiBenzoyl Peroxide (BPO)
Appearance, white powder or doughy
SADT, 80 °C
AppeThe maximum storage temperaturearance, ≤ 20 °C
Active oxygen, 4.9 wt.%
Physical state Solid at ambient temperature, low dustiness (wet powder)
Form White powder, moist
Colour White
Odour Slightly benzaldehyde-like
Density 1.33 g/cm3 at 20°C
Melting point 103-108°C at 1013 hPa
Explosive properties The pure substance is explosive
Self-Accelerating Decomposition Temperature (SADT) 65°C
Vapour pressure 9.07.10-5 hPa (at 25°C) (by calculation)
Mol weight 242.23 g/mol
Water solubility 0.35 mg/L at 20ºC Octanol-water partition coefficient (LogKow) 3.2 at 20°C
Appearance, White granular powder
Assay, 48.0 – 51.0 %
Acidity (as COOH), ≤0.50 %
Cl, ≤0.40 %
(In)organic hydrolysable Cl, ≤0.50 %
Water, ≤1.00 %
Molecular formula, C14H10O4
Molecular weight, 242.23 g/mol
Smiles notation, O=C(OOC(=O)c1ccccc1)c2ccccc2
InChi key, OMPJBNCRMGITSC-UHFFFAOYAV
Flash point, Not applicable
Flammability, Highly flammable
Melting point, 103 – 105 20 °C @ 1.013 hPa
Partition coefficient (log Pow), 3.43 @ 20 °C
Relative density, 1.33 @ 25 °C
Solubility in water, Slightly soluble (9 .1 mg/l) @ 25 °C
Vapour pressure, < 1mm Hg @ 20 °C



SAFETY INFORMATION ABOUT BENZOYL PEROXIDE (BPO):
First aid measures:
Description of first aid measures:
General advice:
Consult a physician.
Show this safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
Move out of dangerous area:

If inhaled:
If breathed in, move person into fresh air.
If not breathing, give artificial respiration.
Consult a physician.
In case of skin contact:
Take off contaminated clothing and shoes immediately.
Wash off with soap and plenty of water.
Consult a physician.

In case of eye contact:
Rinse thoroughly with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes and consult a physician.
Continue rinsing eyes during transport to hospital.

If swallowed:
Do NOT induce vomiting.
Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person.
Rinse mouth with water.
Consult a physician.

Firefighting measures:
Extinguishing media:
Suitable extinguishing media:
Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.
Special hazards arising from the substance or mixture
Carbon oxides, Nitrogen oxides (NOx), Hydrogen chloride gas

Advice for firefighters:
Wear self-contained breathing apparatus for firefighting if necessary.
Accidental release measures:
Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures
Use personal protective equipment.

Avoid breathing vapours, mist or gas.
Evacuate personnel to safe areas.

Environmental precautions:
Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so.
Do not let product enter drains.
Discharge into the environment must be avoided.

Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Soak up with inert absorbent material and dispose of as hazardous waste.
Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.

Handling and storage:
Precautions for safe handling:
Avoid inhalation of vapour or mist.

Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place.
Containers which are opened must be carefully resealed and kept upright to prevent leakage.
Storage class (TRGS 510): 8A: Combustible, corrosive hazardous materials

Exposure controls/personal protection:
Control parameters:
Components with workplace control parameters
Contains no substances with occupational exposure limit values.
Exposure controls:
Appropriate engineering controls:
Handle in accordance with good industrial hygiene and safety practice.
Wash hands before breaks and at the end of workday.

Personal protective equipment:
Eye/face protection:
Tightly fitting safety goggles.
Faceshield (8-inch minimum).
Use equipment for eye protection tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or EN 166(EU).

Skin protection:
Handle with gloves.
Gloves must be inspected prior to use.
Use proper glove
removal technique (without touching glove's outer surface) to avoid skin contact with this product.
Dispose of contaminated gloves after use in accordance with applicable laws and good laboratory practices.
Wash and dry hands.

Full contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0.11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Material tested:Dermatril (KCL 740 / Aldrich Z677272, Size M)
Splash contact
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0.11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Material tested:Dermatril (KCL 740 / Aldrich Z677272, Size M)
It should not be construed as offering an approval for any specific use scenario.

Body Protection:
Complete suit protecting against chemicals, The type of protective equipment must be selected according to the concentration and amount of the dangerous substance at the specific workplace.
Respiratory protection:
Where risk assessment shows air-purifying respirators are appropriate use a fullface respirator with multi-purpose combination (US) or type ABEK (EN 14387) respirator cartridges as a backup to engineering controls.

If the respirator is the sole means of protection, use a full-face supplied air respirator.
Use respirators and components tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or CEN (EU).
Control of environmental exposure
Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so.
Do not let product enter drains.
Discharge into the environment must be avoided.

Stability and reactivity:
Chemical stability:
Stable under recommended storage conditions.
Incompatible materials:
Strong oxidizing agents:
Hazardous decomposition products:
Hazardous decomposition products formed under fire conditions.
Carbon oxides, Nitrogen oxides (NOx), Hydrogen chloride gas.

Disposal considerations:
Waste treatment methods:
Product:
Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company.
Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material.
Contaminated packaging:
Dispose of as unused product
BENZOYL PEROXIDE 75% POWDER
DESCRIPTION:
Benzoyl Peroxide 75% Powder is a free-flowing powder form of dibenzoyl peroxide suitable for use in various pharmaceutical applications including anti-acne creams, face and body washes, and shampoos.
Benzoyl Peroxide 75% Powder with no water added, forming an anhydrous powder.
Traditional uses like general-purpose, high-impact, or expandable polystyrenes depend on benzoyl peroxide for bulk polymerizations.
Room temperature curing operations such as thermoset or acrylic composites can be achieved using benzoyl peroxide together with heavy metal or amine accelerators.


Molecular Weight: 242.23
Linear Formula: (C6H5CO)2O2



APPLICATIONS OF BENZOYL PEROXIDE 75% POWDER:
Benzoyl Peroxide 75% Powder is a free-flowing granular form of dibenzoyl peroxide suitable for use in various pharmaceutical applications including anti-acne creams, face and body washes, and shampoos.
Benzoyl Peroxide 75% Powder is manufactured in accordance with U.S. current Good Manufacturing Practices and relative regulations as they apply to Bulk Pharmaceutical Chemicals.






SAFETY INFORMATION ABOUT BENZOYL PEROXIDE 75% POWDER:
First aid measures:
Description of first aid measures:
General advice:
Consult a physician.
Show this safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
Move out of dangerous area:

If inhaled:
If breathed in, move person into fresh air.
If not breathing, give artificial respiration.
Consult a physician.
In case of skin contact:
Take off contaminated clothing and shoes immediately.
Wash off with soap and plenty of water.
Consult a physician.

In case of eye contact:
Rinse thoroughly with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes and consult a physician.
Continue rinsing eyes during transport to hospital.

If swallowed:
Do NOT induce vomiting.
Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person.
Rinse mouth with water.
Consult a physician.

Firefighting measures:
Extinguishing media:
Suitable extinguishing media:
Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.
Special hazards arising from the substance or mixture
Carbon oxides, Nitrogen oxides (NOx), Hydrogen chloride gas

Advice for firefighters:
Wear self-contained breathing apparatus for firefighting if necessary.
Accidental release measures:
Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures
Use personal protective equipment.

Avoid breathing vapours, mist or gas.
Evacuate personnel to safe areas.

Environmental precautions:
Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so.
Do not let product enter drains.
Discharge into the environment must be avoided.

Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Soak up with inert absorbent material and dispose of as hazardous waste.
Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.

Handling and storage:
Precautions for safe handling:
Avoid inhalation of vapour or mist.

Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place.
Containers which are opened must be carefully resealed and kept upright to prevent leakage.
Storage class (TRGS 510): 8A: Combustible, corrosive hazardous materials

Exposure controls/personal protection:
Control parameters:
Components with workplace control parameters
Contains no substances with occupational exposure limit values.
Exposure controls:
Appropriate engineering controls:
Handle in accordance with good industrial hygiene and safety practice.
Wash hands before breaks and at the end of workday.

Personal protective equipment:
Eye/face protection:
Tightly fitting safety goggles.
Faceshield (8-inch minimum).
Use equipment for eye protection tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or EN 166(EU).

Skin protection:
Handle with gloves.
Gloves must be inspected prior to use.
Use proper glove
removal technique (without touching glove's outer surface) to avoid skin contact with this product.
Dispose of contaminated gloves after use in accordance with applicable laws and good laboratory practices.
Wash and dry hands.

Full contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0.11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Material tested:Dermatril (KCL 740 / Aldrich Z677272, Size M)
Splash contact
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0.11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Material tested:Dermatril (KCL 740 / Aldrich Z677272, Size M)
It should not be construed as offering an approval for any specific use scenario.

Body Protection:
Complete suit protecting against chemicals, The type of protective equipment must be selected according to the concentration and amount of the dangerous substance at the specific workplace.
Respiratory protection:
Where risk assessment shows air-purifying respirators are appropriate use a fullface respirator with multi-purpose combination (US) or type ABEK (EN 14387) respirator cartridges as a backup to engineering controls.

If the respirator is the sole means of protection, use a full-face supplied air respirator.
Use respirators and components tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or CEN (EU).
Control of environmental exposure
Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so.
Do not let product enter drains.
Discharge into the environment must be avoided.

Stability and reactivity:
Chemical stability:
Stable under recommended storage conditions.
Incompatible materials:
Strong oxidizing agents:
Hazardous decomposition products:
Hazardous decomposition products formed under fire conditions.
Carbon oxides, Nitrogen oxides (NOx), Hydrogen chloride gas.

Disposal considerations:
Waste treatment methods:
Product:
Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company.
Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material.
Contaminated packaging:
Dispose of as unused product




CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF BENZOYL PEROXIDE 75% POWDER:
Quality Level
200
Assay
75%
form
powder
contains
25 wt. % water as stabilizer
reaction suitability
reagent type: oxidant
mp
103 °C (lit.)
storage temp.
2-8°C
APPEARANCE
White granular powder
Other uses: Preparation of flour; dyeing hair, and tooth whitening systems.
Origin: Synthetic
Shelf life: 6 months from mfg. date
Freight Classification: NMFC 43940 SUB 2 CLASS 85
Kosher Status: Not Kosher
Flash Point: 41 øC
Melting Point: 105 øC
API: YES
Allergen: NO
Hazmat: YES
Molecular Weight: 242.23 g/mol










FUNCTIONS OF BENZOYL PEROXIDE 75% POWDER:
Most benzoyl peroxide is used as a radical initiator to induce polymerizations.
Other major applications include its antiseptic and bleaching properties.

STORAGE
Store in original container.
Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place.
Recommended storage temperature 2 – 8 øC Keep in a dry place.


SYNONYM(S) OF BENZOYL PEROXIDE 75% POWDER :
Benzoyl peroxide moistened with water,
BPO,
Benzoyl peroxide,
Diacyl peroxide,
Dibenzoyl peroxide
Benzoyl Peroxide75% HYD USP,
Perkadox L-W75, Cadet BPO-75W;
Dibenzoyl Peroxide;
Benzoyl Peroxide;
Diacyl peroxide;
BPO

BENZOYL PEROXIDE PASTE 50%

Benzoyl peroxide paste 50% is a topical medication that contains benzoyl peroxide as its active ingredient.
Benzoyl peroxide paste 50% is a well-known and widely used compound in dermatology and skincare due to its antibacterial and keratolytic (skin peeling) properties.
Benzoyl peroxide paste 50% is primarily used to treat various skin conditions, including acne.

CAS Number: 94-36-0
EC Number: 202-327-6



APPLICATIONS


One of the primary applications of Benzoyl peroxide paste 50% is in the treatment of acne, including mild to severe cases.
Benzoyl peroxide paste 50% is effective in reducing and preventing comedones (blackheads and whiteheads) that commonly occur in acne-prone skin.
Benzoyl peroxide paste 50% helps manage and minimize the appearance of pimples, including inflamed or cystic acne lesions.

Benzoyl peroxide paste 50% acts as a keratolytic agent, aiding in the exfoliation of dead skin cells to unclog pores.
Benzoyl peroxide paste 50% is known for its antibacterial properties, which help combat Propionibacterium acnes, the bacterium associated with acne.
This medication can help regulate sebum (skin oil) production, contributing to less oily skin.

Benzoyl peroxide paste 50% may provide mild anti-inflammatory benefits, reducing redness and swelling associated with acne.
Regular use can help prevent new acne lesions from forming.

By reducing the severity of acne breakouts, it may indirectly help prevent or minimize the formation of acne scars.
Benzoyl peroxide paste 50% can be used as a spot treatment to target specific acne blemishes.

Benzoyl peroxide paste 50% is often used alongside other acne treatments, such as topical antibiotics or retinoids, for enhanced efficacy.
Dermatologists may prescribe this medication and provide guidance on its use for various types of acne.
Benzoyl peroxide paste 50% can be incorporated into comprehensive skincare routines tailored to manage acne and improve skin health.

After achieving acne clearance, it may be used for ongoing maintenance to prevent relapses.
Some benzoyl peroxide products, including lower concentrations, are available over-the-counter (OTC) for self-treatment.

Besides facial acne, Benzoyl peroxide paste 50% is also used to treat acne on the chest, back (bacne), and other body areas.
In addition to acne, it is sometimes used to manage keratosis pilaris, a skin condition characterized by small, rough bumps.
Benzoyl peroxide paste 50% may help treat folliculitis, an infection or inflammation of hair follicles.
Some cosmetic products, such as acne spot treatments and cleansers, incorporate benzoyl peroxide for its acne-fighting properties.

In healthcare settings, it may be used for wound care or as an antiseptic agent in certain dermatological procedures.
Researchers and educators may use benzoyl peroxide in studies related to acne, dermatology, and skincare.

Dermatologists and skincare professionals may recommend this medication as part of patient education and treatment plans.
Adolescents and young adults, who are often prone to acne, may use benzoyl peroxide paste 50% as part of their skincare routines.
Benzoyl peroxide paste 50% may be combined with other active ingredients, such as salicylic acid, for synergistic effects in acne treatment.
Dermatologists may customize treatment plans by selecting benzoyl peroxide paste 50% based on individual skin types and acne severity.

Benzoyl peroxide paste 50% is particularly effective in managing cystic acne, which consists of deep, painful nodules beneath the skin's surface.
Adult individuals experiencing acne breakouts can benefit from the use of benzoyl peroxide paste 50% to control and treat their condition.

In some cases, dermatologists may recommend this medication for managing the papules and pustules associated with acne rosacea.
Benzoyl peroxide paste 50% may be used to treat acne keloidalis nuchae, a condition characterized by inflamed, raised bumps at the base of the hairline.

Men dealing with folliculitis barbae (razor bumps) on the beard area can apply benzoyl peroxide to alleviate symptoms.
Dermatologists may utilize this medication to target sebaceous hyperplasia, a condition marked by enlarged oil glands.
By reducing the severity of acne breakouts, it can help prevent or minimize PIH, which leads to dark marks or discoloration after an acne lesion heals.

After achieving clear skin, many individuals continue using benzoyl peroxide as part of their daily regimen to maintain acne-free skin.
Benzoyl peroxide paste 50% can serve as an emergency spot treatment to quickly address unexpected acne flare-ups.
In some instances, benzoyl peroxide paste 50% may be used to treat athlete's foot, a fungal infection that affects the feet.

In conjunction with other treatments, Benzoyl peroxide paste 50% may be employed in the management of psoriasis, a chronic skin condition characterized by red, scaly patches.
For some patients with pityriasis rosea, a benign rash, dermatologists may recommend the application of benzoyl peroxide to help alleviate itching and discomfort.

By preventing new acne breakouts, Benzoyl peroxide paste 50% can indirectly help reduce the risk of further scarring on the back.
Benzoyl peroxide paste 50% helps cleanse pores, making it a useful addition to skincare routines for those prone to congestion.

In dermatological procedures, it may be used to prepare the skin for treatments such as chemical peels or laser therapy.
In some cases, benzoyl peroxide is employed to manage certain types of eczema, specifically those with a bacterial component.

Dermatologists may suggest using it on the nails to address superficial nail fungus infections.
Over time, benzoyl peroxide may help lighten hyperpigmented areas, enhancing overall skin tone.
After receiving a chemical peel treatment, some individuals use benzoyl peroxide to help maintain the results and prevent acne breakouts.
To reduce the risk of post-waxing irritation and bumps, it can be applied to areas that have undergone hair removal.

In mild cases of rosacea, where papules and pustules are present, benzoyl peroxide may be included in the treatment plan.
Some people use benzoyl peroxide preemptively, applying it to areas prone to acne to prevent future breakouts.
By reducing acne severity, it indirectly contributes to the reduction of acne scars and their visibility over time.

Benzoyl peroxide paste 50% can be part of treatment plans for hormonal acne, which often requires a comprehensive approach.
For individuals with sensitive skin, lower concentrations of benzoyl peroxide may be recommended, tailored to their skin's tolerance level.
Benzoyl peroxide is sometimes used as an active ingredient in acne-fighting body washes designed for chest and back acne.

People using prescription acne medications may incorporate benzoyl peroxide paste 50% to boost the effectiveness of their treatment.
After workouts, Benzoyl peroxide paste 50% can be applied to prevent sweat and oil from clogging pores, reducing the risk of post-exercise breakouts.

Travel-sized benzoyl peroxide products are convenient for maintaining skincare routines while on the go.
For individuals with acne on the scalp, specially formulated shampoos containing benzoyl peroxide can be beneficial.
Some skincare products combine benzoyl peroxide with other active ingredients like salicylic acid, offering a multifaceted approach to acne treatment.

Benzoyl peroxide paste 50% provides rapid relief by targeting inflamed acne lesions and promoting their healing.
Benzoyl peroxide paste 50% can help reduce and prevent blackheads by clearing the pores of excess sebum and dead skin cells.

As a preventative measure, it can be used on areas prone to pore blockage, such as the T-zone.
Benzoyl peroxide paste 50% can be used on an as-needed basis for individuals who experience occasional breakouts.
Benzoyl peroxide paste 50% is a staple in many teenagers' skincare routines as they navigate hormonal changes and acne-prone skin.

Dermatologists may recommend using benzoyl peroxide as part of pre- and post-operative skincare routines for cosmetic procedures.
Some individuals use benzoyl peroxide to achieve clear skin before special events or occasions.
Benzoyl peroxide paste 50% can assist in removing adhesive residue left behind from bandages, tape, or medical dressings.

Benzoyl peroxide paste 50% may be recommended to help maintain results and prevent post-procedure acne.
Benzoyl peroxide paste 50% is used by many people to prevent maskne, which is acne caused by wearing face masks for extended periods.

Benzoyl peroxide paste 50% can be carefully applied along the hairline to address acne breakouts in that area.
By preventing pore blockage, Benzoyl peroxide paste 50% can contribute to a smoother skin texture and the appearance of smaller pores.

Some individuals experience acne breakouts during specific seasons, and benzoyl peroxide can be incorporated into their seasonal skincare routine.
To prevent cross-contamination, Benzoyl peroxide paste 50% is essential to wash hands thoroughly after applying benzoyl peroxide to avoid inadvertently touching other areas of the skin.
Besides medical applications, Benzoyl peroxide paste 50% is sometimes used in aesthetic treatments to improve skin texture and appearance.



DESCRIPTION


Benzoyl peroxide paste 50% is a topical medication that contains benzoyl peroxide as its active ingredient.
Benzoyl peroxide paste 50% is a well-known and widely used compound in dermatology and skincare due to its antibacterial and keratolytic (skin peeling) properties.
Benzoyl peroxide paste 50% is primarily used to treat various skin conditions, including acne.

Benzoyl peroxide paste 50% is a topical skincare medication widely recognized for its effectiveness in treating acne.
Benzoyl peroxide paste 50%features a high concentration of benzoyl peroxide, an organic compound known for its antibacterial and acne-fighting properties.

Benzoyl peroxide paste 50% is typically available as a white or off-white semi-solid paste contained in tubes or jars.
Benzoyl peroxide paste 50% is used to combat acne vulgaris, a common skin condition characterized by pimples, blackheads, and whiteheads.
The active ingredient, Benzoyl peroxide paste 50%, works by reducing the population of Propionibacterium acnes, a bacterium associated with acne.

Benzoyl peroxide paste 50% is classified as a keratolytic agent, meaning it helps peel away dead skin cells and prevent clogged pores.
The 50% concentration indicates a potent formulation, which may be prescribed for moderate to severe cases of acne.

When applied, Benzoyl peroxide paste 50% creates a thin, even layer over the affected skin areas.
Benzoyl peroxide paste 50% is used topically, making it suitable for localized treatment of acne lesions.

Benzoyl peroxide paste 50% should be used as directed by a healthcare provider or dermatologist.
Benzoyl peroxide paste 50% may cause temporary side effects, such as dryness, peeling, redness, and a warming sensation on the skin.

Individuals using this medication should follow their healthcare provider's recommendations regarding the frequency and duration of application.
Benzoyl peroxide paste 50% can be applied once or twice daily, depending on the severity of the condition.

While using Benzoyl peroxide paste 50%, it is essential to avoid excessive exposure to sunlight and ultraviolet (UV) radiation.
Users should be cautious when applying the paste near hair or clothing, as it may bleach them.
Benzoyl peroxide paste 50% may be included in comprehensive skincare routines designed to manage acne.

Benzoyl peroxide paste 50% can be part of a multifaceted approach that includes cleansing, moisturizing, and sun protection.
Patients should discontinue the use of other potentially irritating skincare products when using this medication.

The treatment duration may vary from individual to individual and depends on the response to the medication.
Benzoyl peroxide paste 50% is crucial to keep the product stored in a cool, dry place away from direct sunlight.
For best results, users should follow a consistent application schedule and avoid skipping treatments.

If severe or persistent side effects occur, it is advisable to seek guidance from a dermatologist.
Benzoyl peroxide paste 50% can help reduce the appearance of acne lesions and improve overall skin texture.

Benzoyl peroxide paste 50% is a valuable tool in the arsenal of dermatological treatments aimed at enhancing skin health and confidence.
When used correctly and under the guidance of a healthcare professional, this medication can contribute to clearer, healthier skin.



PROPERTIES


Physical Properties:

Appearance: White or off-white semi-solid paste.
Texture: Viscous and smooth.
Odor: Typically odorless, but may have a faint chemical scent.
Solubility: Insoluble in water; soluble in organic solvents.
Density: The density can vary, but it is generally denser than water.
pH Level: Usually near neutral or slightly acidic when formulated for skin use.
Melting Point: Benzoyl peroxide decomposes before melting; no distinct melting point.


Chemical Properties:

Chemical Formula: C14H10O4 (Benzoyl peroxide).
Chemical Structure: Benzoyl peroxide consists of two benzoyl (C6H5CO-) groups connected by an oxygen-oxygen (O-O) bond.
Reactivity: It is a powerful oxidizing agent and can react with reducing agents and flammable materials.
Decomposition: Benzoyl peroxide can decompose upon exposure to heat or light, releasing oxygen gas.
Stability: It should be stored away from heat, open flames, and direct sunlight to maintain stability.




FIRST AID


Inhalation:

If inhaled and respiratory irritation or discomfort occurs, move the affected person to an area with fresh air.
If breathing difficulties persist, seek medical attention promptly.
Avoid exposure to the vapors, as they may cause irritation.


Skin Contact:

In case of skin contact with Benzoyl peroxide paste 50%, remove contaminated clothing and immediately rinse the affected skin with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes.
Gently wash the exposed skin using a mild soap and lukewarm water.
Do not use abrasive materials or vigorous scrubbing, as it may exacerbate skin irritation.
If irritation or redness persists, seek medical attention.
For severe skin reactions or allergic responses, consult a healthcare professional.


Eye Contact:

In case of eye contact, rinse the affected eye(s) gently but thoroughly with clean, lukewarm water for at least 15 minutes, holding the eyelids open.
Seek immediate medical attention, even if the irritation appears to be mild.


Ingestion:

If accidental ingestion of Benzoyl peroxide paste 50% occurs, do not induce vomiting unless instructed by a medical professional.
Rinse the mouth thoroughly with water and drink a glass of water or milk if the individual is conscious and alert.
Seek immediate medical attention or contact a poison control center.



HANDLING AND STORAGE


Handling:

Personal Protective Equipment (PPE):
When handling Benzoyl peroxide paste 50%, wear appropriate personal protective equipment, including safety goggles or face shield, gloves, and protective clothing to minimize the risk of skin and eye contact.

Ventilation:
Work in a well-ventilated area to prevent the accumulation of vapors.
Use local exhaust ventilation if available to capture any potential airborne contaminants.

Avoid Open Flames and Heat:
Keep the product away from open flames, sparks, and heat sources as Benzoyl peroxide can decompose upon exposure to elevated temperatures, releasing oxygen gas.

No Smoking:
Smoking should be prohibited in areas where Benzoyl peroxide is handled, as it poses a fire hazard.

Prevent Cross-Contamination:
Ensure that equipment and utensils used for handling and application are clean and free from any contaminants.
Avoid cross-contamination with other chemicals or products.

Avoid Mixing:
Do not mix Benzoyl peroxide paste 50% with other substances or chemicals unless explicitly directed to do so by a qualified professional.

Use in a Controlled Manner:
Dispense and apply the paste in a controlled and precise manner to minimize waste and potential exposure.

Labeling:
Clearly label containers and storage areas with appropriate hazard warnings, contents, and safety information.


Storage:

Cool and Dry Storage:
Store Benzoyl peroxide paste 50% in a cool, dry, and well-ventilated area.
Maintain a stable temperature below 25°C (77°F).

Protection from Light:
Protect the product from direct sunlight and sources of UV radiation, as light exposure may cause degradation.

Avoid Moisture:
Prevent moisture from entering containers, as it can lead to decomposition or loss of effectiveness.

Sealed Containers:
Keep containers tightly sealed when not in use to prevent contact with air, which can contribute to decomposition.

Incompatible Substances:
Store away from incompatible materials, such as reducing agents, flammable materials, and strong acids or bases.

Separation:
Some settling or separation of the paste may occur over time.
Ensure that the paste is thoroughly mixed before use.

Children and Pets:
Store Benzoyl peroxide paste 50% out of reach of children and pets to prevent accidental exposure.

Emergency Measures:
Have appropriate emergency measures and equipment, such as fire extinguishers and spill control materials, readily available in the storage area.



SYNONYMS


Benzoyl peroxide gel
Topical benzoyl peroxide
Benzoyl peroxide cream
Benzoyl peroxide lotion
Acne treatment gel
Acne medication
Acne-fighting paste
Benzoyl peroxide spot treatment
Skin-clearing gel
Pimple treatment
Acne control formula
Benzoyl peroxide skincare product
Dermatological paste
Anti-acne preparation
BPO paste (abbreviated form)
Clear skin treatment
Acne solution
Zit zapper
Skin blemish treatment
Acne buster
Acne fighter
Pimple eraser
Pore cleanser
Skin exfoliant
Complexion enhancer
Acne-clearing cream
BPO acne treatment
Skin-purifying gel
Pimple-fighting paste
Zit treatment
Acne spot gel
Pore-cleansing cream
Complexion-refining paste
Dermatologist-recommended gel
Acne control lotion
Breakout-banishing paste
Topical acne remedy
Blemish control gel
Acne medication cream
Pimple erasing lotion
Pore-clearing formula
Skin exfoliating gel
Clear complexion cream
Anti-blemish paste
Blemish-fighting treatment
Acne spot solution
Skin renewal gel
Complexion-perfecting cream
Acne-prone skin remedy
Skin clarifying paste
Benzyl Acetate
SYNONYMS Acetato De Bencilo; Acetic Acid Benzyl Ester; Acetic acid phenylmethyl ester; alpha-acetoxytoluene; CAS NO. 140-11-4
BENZYL ACETATE
Benzyl Acetate is an ester of benzyl alcohol and acetic acid.
Benzyl Acetate is an organic compound with the molecular formula C9H10O2.
Benzyl Acetate is the ester formed by condensation of benzyl alcohol and acetic acid.


CAS Number: 140-11-4
EC Number: 205-399-7
MDL number: MFCD00008712
Linear Formula: CH3COOCH2C6H5
Molecular Formula: C9H10O2 / CH3COOCH2C6H5


Benzyl Acetate is an aromatic chemical, usually appearing as a clear liquid with a moderate sweet-jasmine fragrance.
Benzyl Acetate appears as a component of some of our fragrance blends.
Benzyl Acetate is a synthetic chemical produced for industry from benzyl alcohol and acetic acid, but is also naturally present in the essential oils of many plants, including jasmine and ylang ylang.


Benzyl Acetate often appears in fragrances, either as a synthetic additive used as a fixative to help preserve the longevity of a fragrance, or as a natural component of the essential oils used in the fragrance.
Benzyl Acetate is a constituent of jasmin and of the essential oils of ylang-ylang and neroli.


Natural sources of Benzyl Acetate include varieties of flowers like jasmine (Jasminum), and fruits like pear, apple.
Benzyl Acetate is a plasticizer for ionophore membranes.
Benzyl Acetate is an organic compound with the molecular formula C9H10O2.


Benzyl Acetate is the ester formed by condensation of benzyl alcohol and acetic acid.
Benzyl Acetate is soluble in water 3.1 g/L.
Store Benzyl Acetate in a cool, dry conditions, in well sealed conditions.


Store Benzyl Acetate away from oxidizing agents.
Benzyl Acetate, an organic compound, is the ester formed by condensation of acetic acid and benzyl alcohol.
Benzyl Acetate is the main constituent of the essential oils from jasmine flowers.


Benzyl Acetate is found in alcoholic beverages.
Benzyl Acetate occurs in jasmine, apple, cherry, guava fruit and peel, wine grape, white wine, tea, plum, cooked rice, Bourbon vanilla, naranjila fruit (Solanum quitoense), Chinese cabbage and quince. Benzyl Acetate is a flavouring agent Benzyl acetate is an organic compound with the molecular formula C9H10O2.


Benzyl Acetate is the ester formed by condensation of benzyl alcohol and acetic acid.
Benzyl Acetate is one of many compounds that is attractive to males of various species of orchid bees, who apparently gather the chemical to synthesize pheromones.


Benzyl Acetate belongs to the family of Benzyloxycarbonyls.
These are organic compounds containing a carbonyl group substituted with a benzyloxyl group.
Benzyl Acetate is a colorless liquid with an odor of pears.


Benzyl Acetate is the acetate ester of benzyl alcohol. It has a role as a metabolite.
Benzyl Acetate is an acetate ester and a benzyl ester.
Benzyl Acetatee is a natural product found in Vitis rotundifolia, Tanacetum parthenium, and other organisms with data available.


Benzyl Acetate is found in alcoholic beverages.
Benzyl Acetate occurs in jasmine, apple, cherry, guava fruit and peel, wine grape, white wine, tea, plum, cooked rice, Bourbon vanilla, naranjila fruit (Solanum quitoense), Chinese cabbage and quince.


Benzyl Acetate is a flavouring agent.
Benzyl Acetate is an organic compound with the molecular formula C9H10O2.
Benzyl Acetate is the ester formed by condensation of benzyl alcohol and acetic acid.


Benzyl Acetate is one of many compounds that is attractive to males of various species of orchid bees, who apparently gather the chemical to synthesize pheromones.
Benzyl Acetate belongs to the family of Benzyloxycarbonyls.


These are organic compounds containing a carbonyl group substituted with a benzyloxyl group.
Benzyl Acetate is an organic ester with the molecular formula CH3C(O)OCH2C6H5.
Benzyl Acetate is formed by the condensation of benzyl alcohol and acetic acid.



USES and APPLICATIONS of BENZYL ACETATE:
Benzyl Acetate often appears in fragrances, either as a synthetic additive used as a fixative to help preserve the longevity of a fragrance, or as a natural component of the essential oils used in the fragrance.
Benzyl Acetate (Acetic acid benzyl ester, Benzyl ethanoate, Phenylmethyl), usually found in alcoholic beverages, is a flavouring agent.


Benzyl Acetate is very widely used and almost essential in jasmine and gardenia accords: should be in every perfumer's palette.
Benzyl Acetate is a plasticizer for ionophore membranes
Benzyl Acetate is used as spices.


Benzyl Acetate is the main component of jasmine and other extracts.
Benzyl Acetate is an indispensable spice in the blending of floral fragrances such as fragrant and ylang.
Benzyl Acetate is cheaper and is used in soaps and other industrial flavors.


Benzyl Acetate is often used in a lot of flavors such as jasmine, white orchid, maize, moon scent and narcissus, and it can also be used in raw flavors such as pear, apple, banana and mulberry.
Benzyl Acetate is used as a Solvents.


Benzyl Acetate is dissolved in water by 0.23% and insoluble in glycerin.
However, Benzyl Acetate can be miscible with alcohols, ethers, ketones and aliphatic hydrocarbons, aromatic hydrocarbons and the like.
Benzyl Acetate has good dissolving capacity for oil, nitrocellulose, cellulose and can also dissolve rosin, glycerol tri-rosin acid ester, coumarone resin and the like.


Therefore, Benzyl Acetate is used as a solvent for shellac paint, alkyd resin, nitrocellulose, cellulose acetate, dyes, grease and printing ink.
Benzyl Acetate is used as a high boiling point solvent in coatings, like ink coating, binding agent and paint remover.
Benzyl Acetate is used in soap and other chemical essences and has the effect of promote in floral and fantasy essences in jasmine, white orchid, fragrant plantain lily, gekkakou, narcissus and other essences.


Benzyl Acetate is used in perfumery and in chemical synthesis; artificial jasmine and other perfumes; flavoring; solvent and high boiler for cellulose acetate and nitrate, natural and synthetic resins, oils, lacquers, polishes, printing inks, and varnish removers.
Benzyl Acetate can be used as a high boiling point solvent in coatings, like ink coating, binding agent and paint remover.


Benzyl Acetate is used in soap and other chemical essences and has the effect of promote in floral and fantasy essences in jasmine, white orchid, fragrant plantain lily, gekkakou, narcissus and other essences.
Benzyl Acetate is a plasticizer for ionophore membranes.


Benzyl Acetate can be used as a high boiling point solvent in coatings, like ink coating, binding agent and paint remover.
Benzyl Acetate is used in soap and other chemical essences and has the effect of promote in floral and fantasy essences in jasmine, white orchid, fragrant plantain lily, gekkakou, narcissus and other essences.


Benzyl Acetate is a plasticizer for ionophore membranes.
Benzyl Acetate is commonly used as bait to attract and collect these bees for study.
Benzyl Acetate is very extensively used in perfumery, from the lowest priced industrial odors to the most highly appreciated cosmetic fragrances, often constituting the main ingredient in a perfume oil.


Benzyl Acetate is almost inevitably the largest component in Jasmin and Gardenia fragrances, and it enters in a multitude of other floral fragrance types in smaller proportions.
Benzyl Acetate's poor tenacity is usually compensated for by proper blending with higher esters of Benzyl alcohol, and with suitable fixatives.


Benzyl Acetate is frequently used in flavor compositions, for imitation Apple, Apricot, Banana, Butter, Cherry, Peach, Pear, Plum, Pineapple, Quince, Raspberry, Strawberry, Violet, etc. etc. (S. arctander).
In the industrial odors, the volatility of Benzyl Acetate is often only an advantage.


Benzyl Acetate is one of many compounds that is attractive to males of various species of orchid bees.
Benzyl Acetate is collected and used by the bees as an intra-specific pheromone.
In apiculture, Benzyl Acetate is used as a bait to collect bees.


Natural sources of Benzyl Acetate include varieties of flowers like jasmine (Jasminum), and fruits like pear, apple, etc
Benzyl Acetate, also known as benzyl ethanoate or fema 2135, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as benzyloxycarbonyls.
These are organic compounds containing a carbonyl group substituted with a benzyloxyl group.


Benzyl acetate is a sweet, apple, and apricot tasting compound.
Benzyl acetate is found, on average, in the highest concentration within sweet basils.
Benzyl Acetate has also been detected, but not quantified, in several different foods, such as figs, fruits, pomes, tea, and alcoholic beverages.


On high concnetrations Benzyl Acetate is a potentially toxic compound.
If Benzyl Acetate has entered the eyes, they should be washed with large quantities of isotonic saline or water.
Benzyl Acetate belongs to the class of organic compounds known as benzyloxycarbonyls.


These are organic compounds containing a carbonyl group substituted with a benzyloxyl group.
Benzyl Acetate is an organic ester with the molecular formula C9H10O2.
Similar to most other esters, Benzyl Acetate possesses a sweet and pleasant aroma, owing to which, it finds applications in personal hygiene and health care products.


Benzyl Acetate is a constituent of Jasmin and of the essential oils of ylang-ylang and neroli.
Benzyl Acetate is found in a dozen essential oils including jasmine, hyacinth, and gardenia.
Benzyl Acetate has been in public use since the 1900s.


Benzyl Acetate was granted GRAS status by FEMA (1965) and is approved by the FDA for food use.
Benzyl Acetate is commonly used as bait to attract and collect these bees for study.
Similar to most other esters, Benzyl Acetate possesses a sweet and pleasant aroma, owing to which, it finds applications in personal hygiene and health care products.


Benzyl Acetate is a constituent of jasmin and of the essential oils of ylang-ylang and neroli.
Benzyl Acetate has pleasant sweet aroma reminiscent of jasmine.
Further as a flavoring agent Benzyl Acetate is also used to impart jasmine or apple flavors to various cosmetics and personal care products like lotions, hair creams etc.



THE ODOUR AND USES OF BENZYL ACETATE:
Benzyl Acetate has sweet floral fruity fresh sweet aromatic floral fruity jasmin ylang.
Benzyl Acetate has powerful but thin sweet floral fresh and light fruity odor reminiscent of Jasmin Gardenia Muguet Lily and other flowers.
Benzyl Acetate is very extensively used in perfumery from the lowest priced industrial odors to the most highly appreciated cosmetic fragrances often constituting the main ingredient in a perfume oil.



PERFUME USES OF BENZYL ACETATE:
Jasmin Gardenia Tuberose Muguet Lily-of-the-Valley Violet Ylang Melon Watermelon Apple Juice Melon (musk) Strawberry Olive Oil Floral-types, Jasmin, Gardenia, Muguet, Lily, Industrial-perfumes, Fixative-effect, , Violet,
Apple Apricot Banana Butter Cherry Peach Fear Plum Pineapple Quince Raspberry Strawberry Violet Rice, Apple, Apricot, Banana, Butter, Cherry, Peach, Plum, Quince, Raspberry, Strawberry, Chewing-gum, Loiseleuria Procumbens Desv. (azalea) : Jasmine (all types) : Ylang ylang :
Blends-well-with=> +Acetophenone +Benzyl Isobutyrate +Atractylis +Benzyl Isovalerate +Benzyl Propionate Gums,



PRODUCTION OF BENZYL ACETATE:
By the interaction of benzyl chloride and sodium acetate or by acetylation of benzyl alcohol.



COMPOUND TYPE OF BENZYL ACETATE:
*Ester
*Ether
*Food Toxin
*Fragrance Toxin
*Household Toxin
*Metabolite
*Natural Compound
*Organic Compound
*Plant Toxin



ALTERNATIVE PARENTS OF BENZYL ACETATE:
*Carboxylic acid esters
*Monocarboxylic acids and derivatives
*Organic oxides
*Hydrocarbon derivatives
*Carbonyl compounds



SUBSTITUENTS OF BENZYL ACETATE:
*Benzyloxycarbonyl
*Carboxylic acid ester
*Monocarboxylic acid or derivatives
*Carboxylic acid derivative
*Organic oxygen compound
*Organic oxide
*Hydrocarbon derivative
*Organooxygen compound
*Carbonyl group
*Aromatic homomonocyclic compound



WHAT DOES BENZYL ACETATE DO IN A FORMULATION?
*Masking
*Solvent
*Perfuming



PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of BENZYL ACETATE:
CAS Number: 140-11-4
Molecular Weight: 150.17
Beilstein: 1908121
EC Number: 205-399-7
MDL number: MFCD00008712
Molecular Weight: 150.17 g/mol
XLogP3: 2
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 0
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 2
Rotatable Bond Count: 3
Exact Mass: 150.068079557 g/mol
Monoisotopic Mass: 150.068079557 g/mol
Topological Polar Surface Area: 26.3Ų
Heavy Atom Count: 11
Formal Charge: 0
Complexity: 126
Isotope Atom Count: 0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0

Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 1
Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes
CAS number: 140-11-4
EC number: 205-399-7
Hill Formula: C₉H₁₀O₂
Chemical formula: CH₃COOCH₂C₆H₅
Molar Mass: 150.18 g/mol
HS Code: 2915 39 00
Boiling point: 205 - 207 °C (1013 hPa)
Density: 1.055 g/cm3 (25 °C)
Explosion limit: 0.9 - 8.4 %(V)
Flash point: 95 °C
Ignition temperature: 460 °C
Melting Point: -51 °C
Vapor pressure: 31 hPa (110 °C)
Chemical formula: CH3C(O)OCH2C6H5

Molar mass: 150.18 g/mol
Appearance: Colourless liquid
Odor: floral
Density: 1.054 g/ml
Melting point: −51.5 °C (−60.7 °F; 221.7 K)
Boiling point: 212 °C (414 °F; 485 K)
Solubility in water: 0.31 g/100 mL
Solubility: Soluble in benzene, chloroform
Miscible with ethanol, ether, acetone
Magnetic susceptibility (χ): -93.18·10−6 cm3/mol
Refractive index (nD): 1.523
Chemical Formula: C9H10O2
Average Molecular Weight: 150.1745
Monoisotopic Molecular Weight: 150.068079564
IUPAC Name: benzyl acetate

Traditional Name: benzyl acetate
CAS Registry Number: 140-11-4
SMILES: CC(=O)OCC1=CC=CC=C1
InChI Identifier: InChI=1S/C9H10O2/c1-8(10)11-7-9-5-3-2-4-6-9/h2-6H,7H2,1H3
InChI Key: QUKGYYKBILRGFE-UHFFFAOYSA-N
CAS: 140-11-4
Molecular Formula: C9H10O2
Molecular Weight (g/mol): 150.177
MDL Number: MFCD00008712
InChI Key: QUKGYYKBILRGFE-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Boiling point: 419.9°F
Molecular weight: 150.18
Freezing point/melting point: -60.7°F
Vapor pressure: 1 mmHg at 113°F

Flash point: 195°F
Vapor density: 5.1
Specific gravity: 1.04
NFPA health rating: 1
NFPA fire rating: 2
NFPA reactivity rating: 0
Chemical Formula: C9H10O2
Average Molecular Mass: 150.175 g/mol
Monoisotopic Mass: 150.068 g/mol
CAS Registry Number: 140-11-4
IUPAC Name: benzyl acetate
Traditional Name: benzyl acetate
SMILES: CC(=O)OCC1=CC=CC=C1
InChI Identifier: InChI=1S/C9H10O2/c1-8(10)11-7-9-5-3-2-4-6-9/h2-6H,7H2,1H3

InChI Key: InChIKey=QUKGYYKBILRGFE-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Water Solubility: 0.52 g/L
logP: 2.07
logP: 1.65
logS: -2.5
pKa (Strongest Basic): -7
Physiological Charge: 0
Hydrogen Acceptor Count: 1
Hydrogen Donor Count: 0
Polar Surface Area: 26.3 Ų
Rotatable Bond Count: 3
Refractivity: 42.03 m³·mol⁻¹
Polarizability: 16.03 ų
Number of Rings: 1
Bioavailability: Yes

Rule of Five: Yes
Ghose Filter: No
Veber's Rule: Yes
MDDR-like Rule: No
Chemical Formula: C9H10O2
IUPAC name: benzyl acetate
InChI Identifier: InChI=1S/C9H10O2/c1-8(10)11-7-9-5-3-2-4-6-9/h2-6H,7H2,1H3
InChI Key: QUKGYYKBILRGFE-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Isomeric SMILES: CC(=O)OCC1=CC=CC=C1
Average Molecular Weight: 150.1745
Monoisotopic Molecular Weight: 150.068079564
Molecular Weight: 150.18
Appearance: Liquid
Formula: C9H10O2

CAS No.: 140-11-4
SMILES: CC(OCC1=CC=CC=C1)=O
Storage:
Pure form: -20°C 3 years, 4°C 2 years
In solvent: -80°C 6 months, -20°C 1 month
APPEARANCE AT 20°C: Clear mobile liquid
COLOR: Colorless
ODOR: Sweet, floral, jasmine, fruity
OPTICAL ROTATION (°): 0 / 0
DENSITY AT 20°C (G/ML)): 1,050 - 1,060
REFRACTIVE INDEX ND20: 1,5010 - 1,5040
FLASHPOINT (°C): 95
SOLUBILITY: 1 ml soluble in 20 ml water, soluble in alcohol
ASSAY (% GC): > 99
ACID VALUE (MG KOH/G):


FIRST AID MEASURES of BENZYL ACETATE:
-Description of first aid measures:
*General advice:
Consult a physician.
Show this safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
*If inhaled:
If breathed in, move person into fresh air.
Consult a physician.
*In case of skin contact:
Wash off with soap and plenty of water.
Consult a physician.
*In case of eye contact:
Flush eyes with water as a precaution.
*If swallowed:
Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person.
Rinse mouth with water.
Consult a physician.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed:
No data available



ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of BENZYL ACETATE:
-Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures:
Use personal protective equipment.
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.



FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of BENZYL ACETATE:
-Extinguishing media:
--Suitable extinguishing media:
Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.
-Further information: No data available



EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of BENZYL ACETATE:
-Control parameters:
Components with workplace control parameters:
-Exposure controls:
--Appropriate engineering controls:
Wash hands before breaks and at the end of workday.
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use equipment for eye protection.
*Skin protection:
Handle with gloves.
Wash and dry hands.
Full contact:
Material: butyl-rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,3 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Splash contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,4 mm
Break through time: 57 min
-Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.



HANDLING and STORAGE of BENZYL ACETATE:
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place.
Store in cool place.



STABILITY and REACTIVITY of BENZYL ACETATE:
-Reactivity: No data available
-Chemical stability:
Stable under recommended storage conditions.
-Possibility of hazardous reactions: No data available
-Conditions to avoid: No data available
-Other decomposition products - No data available



SYNONYMS:
Acetic acid benzyl ester
Acetic acid, phenylmethyl ester
Benzyl ethanoate
Acetic Acid Phenylmethyl Ester
Benzyl Alcohol Acetate
(Acetoxymethyl)benzene
Benzyl Ethanoate
NSC 4550
Phenylmethyl Pcetate
α-Acetoxytoluene
Acetic acid, benzyl ester
Acetic acid, phenylmethyl ester
Benzyl ethanoate
Phenylmethyl ethanoate
Acetate, benzyl ester
Acetate, phenylmethyl ester
Benzyl ethanoic acid
Phenylmethyl ethanoic acid
Benzyl acetic acid
Acetic acid, phenylmethyl ester
Phenylmethyl acetate
Acetic acid, benzyl ester
alpha-Acetoxytoluene
Benzyl acetate (natural)
Benzyl ethanoate
Benzylester kyseliny octove
Phenylmethyl acetate
Phenylmethyl ethanoate
Acetic acid, benzyl ester
Acetic acid benzyl ester
BENZYL ACETATE
140-11-4
Benzyl ethanoate
Phenylmethyl acetate
Acetic acid benzyl ester
Acetic acid, phenylmethyl ester
Acetic acid, benzyl ester
Phenylmethyl ethanoate
alpha-Acetoxytoluene
(Acetoxymethyl)benzene
NCI-C06508
Benzylester kyseliny octove
Caswell No. 081EA
FEMA No. 2135
Benzyl acetate (natural)
NSC 4550
Acetic acid phenylmethyl ester
CCRIS 1423
HSDB 2851
Plastolin I
UNII-0ECG3V79ZJ
EINECS 205-399-7
0ECG3V79ZJ
DTXSID0020151
CHEBI:52051
.alpha.-Acetoxytoluene
AI3-01996
NSC-4550
Benzyl ester of acetic acid
Benzyl-23456-d5 Acetate
DTXCID40151
EC 205-399-7
Benzyl acetate + glycine combination
BENZYL ACETATE (IARC)
BENZYL ACETATE [IARC]
CAS-140-11-4
ACETATO DE BENCILO
Benzyl acetate, primary pharmaceutical reference standard
?Benzyl acetate
FEMA 2135
J0Z
MFCD00008712
nchem.167-comp5
Acetic acid-benzyl ester
Benzyl acetate, >=99%
BENZYL ACETATE [MI]
WLN: 1VO1R
SCHEMBL43745
BENZYL ACETATE [FCC]
BENZYL ACETATE [FHFI]
BENZYL ACETATE [HSDB]
BENZYL ACETATE [INCI]
BENZYL ACETATE [VANDF]
CHEMBL1233714
AMY3828
NSC4550
Benzyl acetate, analytical standard
HY-N7124
Tox21_201826
Tox21_302841
s5576
Benzyl acetate, >=99%, FCC, FG
AKOS015841099
CCG-266204
CS-W018145
NCGC00090779-01
NCGC00090779-02
NCGC00090779-03
NCGC00256379-01
NCGC00259375-01
LS-13613
A0022
Benzyl acetate, natural, >=99%, FCC, FG
E1501
FT-0621741
Benzyl acetate, Selectophore(TM), >=99.5%
EN300-1267317
Q424223
J-007357
W-200649
Z19628364
InChI=1/C9H10O2/c1-8(10)11-7-9-5-3-2-4-6-9/h2-6H,7H2,1H
Acetic acid, benzyl ester
Acetic acid, phenylmethyl ester
Benzyl ethanoate
Phenylmethyl ethanoate
Acetate, benzyl ester
Acetate, phenylmethyl ester
Benzyl ethanoic acid
Phenylmethyl ethanoic acid
Benzyl acetic acid
(Acetoxymethyl)benzene
acetato De bencilo
Acetic acid benzyl ester
Acetic acid phenylmethyl ester
alpha-Acetoxytoluene
Benzyl acetate + glycine combination
Benzyl ester OF acetic acid
Benzylester kyseliny octove
FEMA 2135
Nchem.167-comp5
Phenylmethyl acetate
Plastolin I
(14C)Benzyl acetate
Benzyl (1-14C)acetate
Benzyl (2-14C)acetate
Acetic acid benzyl ester
Acetic acid phenylmethyl ester
alpha-acetoxytoluene
benzyl ethanoate
NCI-C06508
Phenylmethyl acetate
benzyl ethanoate
acetic acid benzyl ester
phenylmethyl acetate
α-acetoxytoluene
phenylmethyl ethanoate
(acetoxymethyl)benzene
Acetato de bencilo
Acetic acid benzyl ester
Acetic acid phenylmethyl ester
Acetic acid, benzyl ester
Acetic acid, phenylmethyl ester
alpha-Acetoxytoluene
Benzyl acetate + glycine combination
Benzyl acetic acid
Benzyl ester of acetic acid
C9H10O2
Benzyl Ethanoate
Methyl Benzeneacetate
Acetic Acid, Benzyl Ester
140-11-4 (CAS Number)Acetic acid
benzyl esterAcetic acid
phenylmethyl esterBenteine
Benzyl ethanoate
Methyl benzeneacetate
Methyl phenylethanoate
Methyl α-toluate
Phenylmethyl acetate
Acetic acid, phenylmethyl ester
Phenylmethyl acetate
Acetic acid, benzyl ester
alpha-Acetoxytoluene
Benzyl acetate (natural)
Benzyl ethanoate
Benzylester kyseliny octove
Phenylmethyl acetate
Phenylmethyl ethanoate
Acetic acid, benzyl ester



BENZYL ACETATE
Benzyl acetate is the acetate ester of benzyl alcohol.
Benzyl acetate has a role as a metabolite.
Benzyl acetate is an acetate ester and a benzyl ester.

CAS: 140-11-4
MF: C9H10O2
MW: 150.17
EINECS: 205-399-7

Synonyms
Benzyl ester of acetic acid;Benzyl Acetate 140-11-4;benzyl acetater;acetoxymethylbenzene;alpha-Acetoxytoluene;Benzyl Alcohol Impurity 1;Benzyl Alcohol Impurity D;Benzylester kyseliny octove;BENZYL ACETATE;140-11-4;Benzyl ethanoate;Phenylmethyl acetate;Acetic acid benzyl ester;Acetic acid, phenylmethyl ester;Acetic acid, benzyl ester;Phenylmethyl ethanoate;alpha-Acetoxytoluene;(Acetoxymethyl)benzene;NCI-C06508;Benzylester kyseliny octove;Caswell No. 081EA;FEMA No. 2135;Benzyl acetate (natural);NSC 4550;Acetic acid phenylmethyl ester;CCRIS 1423;HSDB 2851;Plastolin I;UNII-0ECG3V79ZJ;EINECS 205-399-7;0ECG3V79ZJ;DTXSID0020151;CHEBI:52051;.alpha.-Acetoxytoluene;AI3-01996;NSC-4550;Benzyl ester of acetic acid;Benzyl-23456-d5 Acetate;DTXCID40151;EC 205-399-7;Benzyl acetate + glycine combination;MFCD00008712;BENZYL ACETATE (IARC);BENZYL ACETATE [IARC];CAS-140-11-4;Benzylester kyseliny octove [Czech];ACETATO DE BENCILO;Benzyl acetate, primary pharmaceutical reference standard;Benzyl acetate;FEMA 2135;J0Z;nchem.167-comp5;Acetic acid-benzyl ester;Benzyl acetate, >=99%;BENZYL ACETATE [MI];WLN: 1VO1R;SCHEMBL43745;BENZYL ACETATE [FCC];BENZYL ACETATE [FHFI];BENZYL ACETATE [HSDB];BENZYL ACETATE [INCI];BENZYL ACETATE [VANDF];CHEMBL1233714;AMY3828;NSC4550;Benzyl acetate, analytical standard;HY-N7124;Tox21_201826;Tox21_302841;s5576;Benzyl acetate, >=99%, FCC, FG;AKOS015841099;CCG-266204;CS-W018145;NCGC00090779-01;NCGC00090779-02;NCGC00090779-03;NCGC00256379-01;NCGC00259375-01;LS-13613;A0022;Benzyl acetate, natural, >=99%, FCC, FG;E1501;FT-0621741;NS00002107;Benzyl acetate, Selectophore(TM), >=99.5%;EN300-1267317;Q424223;J-007357;W-200649;Z19628364;InChI=1/C9H10O2/c1-8(10)11-7-9-5-3-2-4-6-9/h2-6H,7H2,1H

Colorless liquid with an odor of pears.
Benzyl acetate is an organic ester with the molecular formula CH3C(O)OCH2C6H5.
Benzyl acetate is formed by the condensation of benzyl alcohol and acetic acid.

Similar to most other esters, Benzyl acetate possesses a sweet and pleasant aroma, owing to which, it finds applications in personal hygiene and health care products.
Benzyl acetate is a constituent of jasmin and of the essential oils of ylang-ylang and neroli.
Benzyl acetate has pleasant sweet aroma reminiscent of jasmine.
Further as a flavoring agent Benzyl acetate is also used to impart jasmine or apple flavors to various cosmetics and personal care products like lotions, hair creams etc.

Benzyl acetate is one of many compounds that is attractive to males of various species of orchid bees.
Benzyl acetate is collected and used by the bees as an intra-specific pheromone; In apiculture benzyl acetate is used as a bait to collect bees.
Natural sources of Benzyl acetate include varieties of flowers like jasmine (Jasminum), and fruits like pear, apple, etc.

Benzyl acetate, also known as benzyl ethanoate or fema 2135, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as benzyloxycarbonyls.
These are organic compounds containing a carbonyl group substituted with a benzyloxyl group. Benzyl acetate is a sweet, apple, and apricot tasting compound. Benzyl acetate is found, on average, in the highest concentration within sweet basils.
Benzyl acetate has also been detected, but not quantified, in several different foods, such as figs, fruits, pomes, tea, and alcoholic beverages.
On high concnetrations benzyl acetate is a potentially toxic compound.
If the compound has entered the eyes, they should be washed with large quantities of isotonic saline or water.

Benzyl acetate Chemical Properties
Melting point: -51 °C (lit.)
Boiling point: 206 °C (lit.)
Density: 1.054 g/mL at 25 °C (lit.)
Vapor density: 5.1
Vapor pressure: 23 mm Hg ( 110 °C)
Refractive index: n20/D 1.502(lit.)
FEMA: 2135 | BENZYL ACETATE
Fp: 216 °F
Storage temp.: -20°C
Solubility: ≥35.7 mg/mL in EtOH; ≥49.4 mg/mL in DMSO
Form: Liquid
Color: Colorless liquid
Odor: sweet, floral fruity odor
Explosive limit: 0.9-8.4%(V)
Odor Type: floral
Water Solubility: Merck: 14,1123
JECFA Number: 23
BRN: 1908121
Dielectric constant: 5.1(21℃)
Exposure limits ACGIH: TWA 10 ppm
LogP: 1.96 at 25℃
CAS DataBase Reference: 140-11-4(CAS DataBase Reference)
IARC: 3 (Vol. 40, Sup 7, 71) 1999
NIST Chemistry Reference: Benzyl acetate (140-11-4)
EPA Substance Registry System: Benzyl acetate (140-11-4)

Benzyl acetate is a colorless liquid with a fruity odor.
On burning and decomposition, Benzyl acetate produces irritating fumes.
Benzyl acetate reacts with strong oxidants causing fire and explosion hazard.
Benzyl acetate is stable under normal conditions of use.
Heating to decomposition may release carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide and other potentially toxic fumes and gases.
Vapors may form explosive mixtures with air at elevated temperatures (> 90°C / 194°F).
Avoid heat, open flames and other potential sources of ignition.
Benzyl acetate has been used as a food additive in fruit flavours and as a component of perfumes since the early 1990s and is widely used as a fragrance in soaps, detergents and incense.
There is widespread human exposure to benzyl acetate by ingestion, skin application and inhalation.

Physical properties
Benzyl acetate has a characteristic flowery (jasmine) odor and a bitter, pungent taste.
Benzyl acetate is the main component of jasmine absolute and gardenia oils.
Benzyl acetate occurs as a minor component in a large number of other essential oils and extracts.
Benzyl acetate is a colorless liquid with a strong, fruity, jasmine odor.
In terms of volume, benzyl acetate is one of the most important fragrance and flavor chemicals.
Although benzyl acetate is present in some essential oils at levels up to 65%, most of the commercial product is of synthetic origin.

Uses
Benzyl acetate is used as an artificial jasmine and other perfumes, soap perfume, flavoring agent, solvent for cellulose acetate and nitrate, natural and synthetic resins, oils, lacquers, polishes, printing inks, and varnish removers.
Benzyl acetate can be used as a high boiling point solvent in coatings, like ink coating, binding agent and paint remover.
Benzyl acetate is used in soap and other chemical essences and has the effect of promote in floral and fantasy essences in jasmine, white orchid, fragrant plantain lily, gekkakou, narcissus and other essences.
Benzyl acetate is a plasticizer for ionophore membranes.
Benzyl acetate is produced by reacting benzyl chloride with an alkali acetate or by esterifying benzyl alcohol with acetic anhydride.
Benzyl acetate is also formed in the oxidation of toluene in the presence of acetic acid or acetic anhydride.
Benzyl acetate is one of the most used odorants.
Benzyl acetate is also used as a flavor and, to a small extent, as a high-boiling solvent.

Preparation
Benzyl acetate is produced by the interaction of benzyl chloride and sodiumacetate, by acetylation of benzyl alcohol, or from benzaldehyde and acetic acid with zinc dust.

Reactivity Profile
Benzyl acetate is an ester.
Esters react with acids to liberate heat along with alcohols and acids.
Strong oxidizing acids may cause a vigorous reaction that is sufficiently exothermic to ignite the reaction products.
Heat is also generated by the interaction of esters with caustic solutions.
Flammable hydrogen is generated by mixing esters with alkali metals and hydrides.
Benzyl acetate is incompatible with strong oxidizing agents.
Benzyl acetate is also incompatible with acids, bases and reducing agents.

Health Hazard
Exposures to benzyl acetate cause adverse health effects.
The symptoms of toxicity and poisoning include irritation to the skin, eyes, burning sensation, confusion, dizziness, drowsiness, labored breathing, sore throat, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea.
Benzyl acetate also causes adverse health effects to the respiratory tract and the CNS system with neurological effects.
Harmful if inhaled.
May be harmful if swallowed or absorbed through the skin.
Vapor or mist is irritating to the eyes, mucous membrane and upper respiratory tract.
BENZYL ACETATE
Benzyl acetate is an aromatic chemical, usually appearing as a clear liquid with a moderate sweet-jasmine fragrance.
Benzyl Acetate appears as a component of some of our fragrance blends.
Benzyl Acetate, is found naturally in many flowers.


CAS Number: 140-11-4
EC Number: 205-399-7
MDL number: MFCD00008712
Chemical formula: C9H10O2 / CH3COOCH2C6H5


Benzyl acetate is a colorless liquid with an odor of pears.
Benzyl acetate is the acetate ester of benzyl alcohol.
Benzyl Acetate has a role as a metabolite.


Benzyl Acetate is an acetate ester and a benzyl ester.
Benzyl acetate is a natural product found in Vitis rotundifolia, Tanacetum parthenium, and other organisms with data available.
Benzyl Acetate, an organic compound, is the ester formed by the condensation of acetic acid and benzyl alcohol; it is the main constituent of the essential oils from jasmine flowers.


Benzyl Acetate, is found naturally in many flowers.
Benzyl Acetate is an ester of benzyl alcohol and acetic acid.
Benzyl acetate is a synthetic chemical produced for industry from benzyl alcohol and acetic acid but is also naturally present in the essential oils of many plants, including jasmine and ylang ylang.


Benzyl acetate is a synthetic chemical produced for industry from benzyl alcohol and acetic acid, but is also naturally present in the essential oils of many plants, including jasmine and ylang ylang.
Benzyl acetate has a role as a metabolite.


Benzyl acetate is a constituent of jasmin and of the essential oils of ylang-ylang and neroli.
Benzyl acetate is an acetate ester and a benzyl ester.
Benzyl acetate is the ester formed by condensation of benzyl alcohol and acetic acid.


Benzyl acetate often appears in fragrances, either as a synthetic additive used as a fixative to help preserve the longevity of a fragrance, or as a natural component of the essential oils used in the fragrance.
An ester with the molecular formula C9H10O2, Benzyl Acetate is naturally found in many flowers and has a sweet, floral odour.


Benzyl Acetate is sweet floral fruity fresh aromatic jasmine ylang powerful thin gardenia muguet lily flowers tuberose lily-of-the-valley violet melon watermelon (musk) strawberry apple apricot banana butter cherry.
Benzyl acetate is an organic ester with the molecular formula C9H10O2.


Benzyl acetate is an organic compound with the molecular formula C9H10O2.
Benzyl acetate is a flavouring agent Benzyl acetate is an organic compound with the molecular formula C9H10O2.
Benzyl acetate is a constituent of jasmin and of the essential oils of ylang-ylang and neroli.


Natural sources of Benzyl acetate include varieties of flowers like jasmine (Jasminum), and fruits like pear, apple.
Benzyl Acetate is sweet floral fruity fresh aromatic jasmine ylang powerful thin gardenia muguet lily flowers tuberose lily-of-the-valley violet melon watermelon (musk) strawberry apple apricot banana butter cherry.


Similar to most other esters, Benzyl Acetate possesses a sweet and pleasant aroma, owing to which, it finds applications in personal hygiene and health care products.
Benzyl acetate is found in highest concentration in sweet basils and is detected in figs, fruits, pomes, tea, and alcoholic beverages making benzyl acetate a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods.


Benzyl acetate is almost inevitably the largest component in Jasmine and Gardenia fragrances, and Benzyl acetate enters in a multitude of other floral fragrance types in smaller proportions.
Benzyl acetate is the primary constituent of the essential oils from the flowers jasmine, ylang-ylang and tobira.


Benzyl Acetate is a constituent of Jasmin and of the essential oils of ylang-ylang and neroli.
Benzyl Acetate is found in a dozen essential oils including jasmine, hyacinth, and gardenia.
Benzyl acetate has also been detected, but not quantified, in several different foods, such as figs, fruits, pomes, tea, and alcoholic beverages.


Benzyl acetate belongs to the family of Benzyloxycarbonyls.
These are organic compounds containing a carbonyl group substituted with a benzyloxyl group.
Benzyl acetate is formed by the condensation of benzyl alcohol and acetic acid.


Benzyl acetate is used as a fragrance ingredient and occurs in different plants and fruits, e.g., jasmine, apple, tea, plum, wine grape.
Benzyl acetate is an organic compound with the molecular formula C9H10O2.
Benzyl Acetate is the ester formed by condensation of benzyl alcohol and acetic acid.


Benzyl acetate, also known as benzyl ethanoate or fema 2135, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as benzyloxycarbonyls.
Benzyl Acetate is in public use since the 1900s.
It was granted GRAS status by FEMA (1965) and is approved by the FDA for food use.


The Council of Europe (1970) listed benzyl acetate, giving an ADI of 5 mg/kg.
Benzyl acetate's poor tenacity is usually compensated for by proper blending with higher esters of Benzyl alcohol, and with suitable fixatives.
Benzyl acetate occurs in jasmine, apple, cherry, guava fruit and peel, wine grape, white wine, tea, plum, cooked rice, Bourbon vanilla, naranjila fruit (Solanum quitoense), Chinese cabbage and quince.


Benzyl acetate is an organic ester with the molecular formula C9H10O2.
Benzyl acetate is formed by the condensation of benzyl alcohol and acetic acid.
In the industrial odours, the volatility of Benzyl-acetate is often only an advantage.


Very extensively used in perfumery, from the lowest priced industrial odours to the most highly appreciated cosmetic fragrances, often constituting the main ingredient in a perfume oil.
Benzyl acetate is an organic ester with the molecular formula C9H10O2.


Benzyl acetate is a neutral compound with a sweet jasmine-like aroma and a sweet, apple, and apricot taste.
Benzyl acetate is the ester formed by condensation of benzyl alcohol and acetic acid.
Benzyl acetate is an aromatic chemical, usually appearing as a clear liquid with a moderate sweet-jasmine fragrance.


Benzyl acetate appears as a component of some of our fragrance blends.
Benzyl acetate is a chemical substance that acts as a colorless oily liquid with a special jasmine-type aroma.
Often, a synthetic note of benzyl acetate IS used by perfumers – but in reality, benzyl acetate is also found naturally in many flowers, including ylang-ylang, gardenia, hyacinth and jasmine.


Benzyl acetate is an organic ester with the molecular formula C9H10O2.
Benzyl acetate is almost inevitably the largest component in Jasmine and Gardenia fragrances, and Benzyl acetate enters in a multitude of other floral fragrance types in smaller proportions.


Benzyl acetate is formed by the condensation of benzyl alcohol and acetic acid.
Benzyl acetate is formed by the condensation of benzyl alcohol and acetic acid.
Benzyl acetate is found in alcoholic beverages.


Benzyl acetate is a constituent of jasmin and of the essential oils of ylang-ylang and neroli.
Benzyl acetate has pleasant sweet aroma reminiscent of jasmine.
The Food Chemicals Codex (1972) has a monograph on benzyl acetate, and the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (1967) has published a monograph and specification for benzyl acetate, giving an unconditional A D I of 0-5 mg/kg body weight in man.


Benzyl acetate has pleasant sweet aroma reminiscent of jasmine.
Benzyl acetate is an organic ester.
Benzyl acetate is most obviously associated with berry flavors, but just like ethyl lactate last month, Benzyl acetate is rarely part of the character recognition of a specific flavor category.


Benzyl acetate belongs to the class of organic compounds known as benzyloxycarbonyls.
These are organic compounds containing a carbonyl group substituted with a benzyloxyl group.
Benzyl acetate's poor tenacity is usually compensated for by proper blending with higher esters of Benzyl alcohol, and with suitable fixatives.


In the industrial odours, the volatility of Benzyl-acetate is often only an advantage.
Benzyl Acetate is registered under the REACH Regulation and is manufactured in and / or imported to the European Economic Area, at ≥ 1 000 to < 10 000 tonnes per annum.


Benzyl Acetate, an organic compound, is the ester formed by condensation of acetic acid and benzyl alcohol; Benzyl Acetate is the main constituent of the essential oils from jasmine flowers.
Benzyl acetate is an organic ester with the molecular formula C9H10O2.


Benzyl acetate is formed by the condensation of benzyl alcohol and acetic acid.
Benzyl acetate often appears in fragrances, either as a synthetic additive used as a fixative to help preserve the longevity of a fragrance, or as a natural component of the essential oils used in the fragrance.


The IFRA is a self-regulatory representative body of the fragrance industry, dedicated to promoting the safe use of fragrances.
Benzyl acetate is an organic ester with the molecular formula CH3C(O)OCH2C6H5.
Benzyl acetate is a sweet, apple, and apricot tasting compound.


Benzyl acetate is found, on average, in the highest concentration within sweet basils.
Benzyl Acetate is formed by the condensation of benzyl alcohol and acetic acid.
Benzyl acetate can also provide an attractive berry nuance in a wide range of other non-fruit flavor types.


Benzyl acetate, also known as benzyl ethanoate, is an organic ester formed from the condensation of benzyl alcohol and acetic acid.
The dose rates given are the levels suggested for use in flavors that are intended to be dosed at 0.05% in a ready to drink beverage or in a simple bouillon.


Similar to most other esters, Benzyl Acetate possesses a sweet and pleasant aroma, owing to which, it finds applications in personal hygiene and health care products.
Benzyl acetate is a natural product found in Vitis rotundifolia, Tanacetum parthenium, and other organisms with data available.


Benzyl Acetate is a constituent of jasmin and of the essential oils of ylang-ylang and neroli.
Benzyl acetate is found naturally in many flowers.
Benzyl acetate is the primary constituent of the essential oils from the flowers jasmine, ylang-ylang and tobira.


Benzyl acetate has pleasant sweet aroma reminiscent of jasmine.
Benzyl Acetate has pleasant sweet aroma reminiscent of jasmine.
Smelling Benzyl Acetate is like taking a stroll through a flower shop.


Fragrance creators often make a nature-identical version of Benzyl Acetate in a lab to ensure consistent quality and help preserve the earth’s natural resources.
Benzyl acetate is a constituent of jasmin and of the essential oils of ylang-ylang and neroli.


Natural sources of Benzyl acetate include varieties of flowers like jasmine (Jasminum), and fruits like pear, apple.
Benzyl Acetate is one of many compounds that is attractive to males of various species of orchid bees.
Benzyl acetate is a colorless liquid with an odor of pears.


Benzyl acetate is the acetate ester of benzyl alcohol.
Benzyl acetate has pleasant sweet aroma reminiscent of jasmine.
Almost insoluble in water, miscible with most solvents such as ethanol, ether, etc.


These are organic compounds containing a carbonyl group substituted with a benzyloxyl group.
Benzyl acetate possesses a sweet and pleasant aroma, owing to which, Benzyl acetate finds applications in personal hygiene and health care products.
The lab-created version can be derived from various resources, including renewable materials.


Benzyl Acetate, an organic compound, is the ester formed by condensation of acetic acid and benzyl alcohol; Benzyl Acetate is the main constituent of the essential oils from jasmine flowers.
Similar to most other esters, Benzyl acetate possesses a sweet and pleasant aroma, owing to which, Benzyl acetate finds applications in personal hygiene and health care products.


Benzyl acetate is stable under normal conditions of use.
Benzyl acetate has fruity undertones (peachy, pear-y, banana-y, apple-y), but complements white flowers wonderfully.
So much so that the colourless liquid is actually used in almost all jasmine-based scents.


Similar to most other esters, Benzyl acetate possesses a sweet and pleasant aroma, owing to which, Benzyl acetate finds applications in personal hygiene and health care products.
Benzyl acetate is a constituent of jasmin and of the essential oils of ylang-ylang and neroli.


Benzyl acetate has pleasant sweet aroma reminiscent of jasmine.
Benzyl acetate is another very widely used ester with a somewhat multipurpose character.
Benzyl acetate would be very difficult to imagine a jasmine profile without benzyl acetate but within the flavor realm Benzyl acetate is much less assertive.


The most direct use of benzyl acetate is certainly with berry flavors and Benzyl acetate does play an important role in this category of flavors, but the very attractive fruity/berry character of this ester can, surprisingly, sometimes find an even better home in non-berry fruit flavors, such as peach and passion fruit.


Berry Flavors:
*Raspberry:
Levels of use of benzyl acetate in raspberry flavors vary considerably and can be as high as 5,000 ppm.
*Blackberry:
The same variation in levels of use is equally true for blackberry flavors and my preference for more moderate levels, around 1,000 ppm,.


*Cherry:
Cherry flavors with a heavily dominant benzaldehyde character can benefit from significant additions of benzyl acetate, up to 2,000 ppm, but more subtle and authentic flavors are better served by more moderate additions in the region of 500 ppm.


*Strawberry:
The ester character in strawberry flavors is normally dominated by ethyl butyrate and other bright aliphatic esters.
This can easily result in a lack of Benzyl acetate to the fruity, berry note and a modest addition of this ingredient, up to 500 ppm, can help to correct that.


*Cranberry:
500 ppm of benzyl acetate is also effective in cranberry flavors in a very similar way, deepening and adding authenticity to the berry character.
*Blueberry:
Blueberry and bilberry (wild blueberry) flavors are relatively subtle and the best level of addition of this ingredient is a little lower, around 300 ppm.


*Blackcurrant:
This flavor category exhibits the same type of variability as cherry flavors.
Simplistic, traditional, flavors that rely heavily on buchu oil can benefit from levels of addition of benzyl acetate as high as 2,000 ppm, but more realistic flavors are very different and here levels nearer to 200 ppm function much better.


Other Fruit Flavors:
*Peach:
Benzyl acetate is very helpful in all the many different styles of peach flavors, adding useful depth and fruit character. The ideal level of addition varies but is relatively high, around 4,000 ppm.


*Apricot:
Benzyl acetate plays a very similar role in apricot flavors and is similarly effective in every style of flavor, even including dried apricot flavors, but the best level of use is a little lower, nearer to 2,000 ppm.


*Watermelon:
1,000 ppm of this ingredient also fulfils a very similar function in watermelon flavors and, in the same way as in peach and apricot flavors, Benzyl acetate has a very harmonious relationship with the family of peachy gamma lactones.
Many watermelon flavors veer off in a tutti-frutti direction and higher levels, up to 2,000 ppm can work well in this context.


*Passion Fruit:
Passion fruit flavors can tend to be dominated by ethyl butyrate and other similar bright esters in much the same way as strawberry flavors; and benzyl acetate can also work well to deepen the flavor at 1,000 ppm.


*Pineapple:
This is equally true of pineapple flavors because similar esters are involved but the best effect is achieved at slightly lower levels of addition, around 800 ppm.


*Banana:
Banana flavors can also be easily dominated by aliphatic esters, in this case iso-amyl and related esters.
Benzyl acetate adds welcome depth and complexity at around 500 ppm.


*Mango:
The fruity berry character of benzyl acetate adds complexity and authenticity to all styles of mango flavors.
The best level of addition is in the region of 800 ppm.


*Grape:
All types of grape flavor can benefit substantially from the addition of this ingredient but the effects vary.
Concord grape flavors benefit from a degree of tempering of the core anthranilate notes and 500 ppm is a good level in this context.
Non-Concord type can also all benefit from the enhanced floral notes obtained by using this chemical in conjunction with linalool at around 200 ppm.


Other Flavors:
*Jasmine:
This, more than any other profile in nature, is where benzyl acetate is truly indispensable.
A jasmine flavor without this ingredient would be unthinkable.
The ideal level of addition in jasmine flavors is around 5,000 ppm.


*Brown Sugar and Molasses:
Both these sugar related profiles have a distinct fruity component but Benzyl acetate is normally perceived as more closely related to rum than berries.
Benzyl acetate is actually very effective at deepening and improving the fruity note without changing this overall impression at levels of addition around 500 ppm.


*Vanilla Bean:
The quest to create a realistic vanilla bean flavor is predominantly the search for a great many effective minor ingredients that will function in combination rather than a single magic bullet.
Benzyl acetate can help with the fruity note of vanilla bean extract at around 150 ppm.


*Chocolate:
Similarly, the effect in chocolate flavors is shading rather than anything dramatic but Benzyl acetate works surprisingly well in all the different styles of chocolate flavors at around 100 ppm.


*Hazelnut:
A little of Benzyl acetate can be interesting in all nut flavors but it is especially useful in hazelnut flavors.
Benzyl acetate can add depth and complexity at levels around 100 ppm.


*Walnut:
The fruity berry note of benzyl acetate also works well to give a subtle fruity note to walnut flavors.
The best level of addition is 50 ppm.


*Roast Beef:
The idea of adding benzyl acetate to roast beef flavors, or any other meat flavor, may seem a little deluded but Benzyl acetate is actually surprisingly effective.
Levels of addition around 50 ppm have the effect of adding a realistic and fleshy character.



USES and APPLICATIONS of BENZYL ACETATE:
Other release to the environment of Benzyl Acetate is likely to occur from: indoor use (e.g. machine wash liquids/detergents, automotive care products, paints and coating or adhesives, fragrances and air fresheners) and outdoor use as processing aid.
Benzyl acetate can be used as a high boiling point solvent in coatings, like ink coating, binding agent and paint remover.


Industrially benzyl acetate is used as a medium of extraction in extraction of plastics, resin, cellulose acetate, cellulose nitrate, oils and lacquers.
Benzyl Acetate is used in soap and other chemical essences and has the effect of promote in floral and fantasy essences in jasmine, white orchid, fragrant plantain lily, gekkakou, narcissus and other essences.


Benzyl Acetate is used esters of synthetic fragrances.
Benzyl Acetate is mainly used as a blending fragrance for jasmine, white orchid, jade hairpin, and moonlight fragrance.
Benzyl Acetate has been used as a food additive in fruit flavours and as a component of perfumes since the early 1990s and is widely used as a fragrance in soaps, detergents and incense.


Benzyl Acetate is a plasticizer for ionophore membranes.
Consequently, Benzyl acetate is used widely in perfumery and cosmetics for its aroma and in flavorings to impart apple and pear flavors.
Benzyl Acetate is used by consumers, in articles, by professional workers (widespread uses), in formulation or re-packing, at industrial sites and in manufacturing.


Further as a flavoring agent Benzyl Acetate is also used to impart jasmine or apple flavors to various cosmetics and personal care products like lotions, hair creams etc.
Benzyl Acetate is used in the following products: washing & cleaning products, air care products, polishes and waxes, biocides (e.g. disinfectants, pest control products) and cosmetics and personal care products.


Benzyl acetate is used widely in perfumery and cosmetics for its aroma and in flavorings to impart apple and pear flavors.
Benzyl Acetate is used in the following products: washing & cleaning products, perfumes and fragrances, air care products, polymers, cosmetics and personal care products, biocides (e.g. disinfectants, pest control products) and polishes and waxes.


Benzyl acetate is used in the following products: washing & cleaning products, air care products, polishes and waxes, biocides (e.g. disinfectants, pest control products) and cosmetics and personal care products.
Other release to the environment of Benzyl Acetate is likely to occur from: indoor use as processing aid and outdoor use as processing aid.


Consequently, Benzyl acetate is used widely in perfumery and cosmetics for Benzyl acetate's aroma and in flavorings to impart apple and pear flavors.
Benzyl Acetate is widely used in many kinds of fragrances because Benzyl Acetate has the effect of enhancing the fragrance of floral and fantasy fragrances and is inexpensive.


Benzyl Acetate is used as a solvent to resins, plastic, polishes, paints and printing ink etc
Benzyl Acetate, is found naturally in many flowers, Benzyl Acetate has pleasant sweet aroma reminiscent of jasmine, and thus is used widely in perfumery industry, and also as a flavouring agent.


Benzyl Acetate is used as fragrant in cosmetic, soap.
Benzyl Acetate is used production of other organic compounds.
Benzyl Acetate is used in Textile and Dyeing Industry.


Other release to the environment of Benzyl Acetate is likely to occur from: indoor use as processing aid, indoor use in long-life materials with low release rate (e.g. flooring, furniture, toys, construction materials, curtains, foot-wear, leather products, paper and cardboard products, electronic equipment) and indoor use in long-life materials with high release rate (e.g. release from fabrics, textiles during washing, removal of indoor paints).


Benzyl acetate is used as an artificial jasmine and other perfumes, soap perfume, flavoring agent, solvent for cellulose acetate and nitrate, natural and synthetic resins, oils, lacquers, polishes, printing inks, and varnish removers.
Benzyl acetate is used in perfumery and in chemical synthesis; artificial jasmine and other perfumes; flavoring; solvent and high boiler for cellulose acetate and nitrate, natural and synthetic resins, oils, lacquers, polishes, printing inks, and varnish removers.


Similar to most other esters, Benzyl Acetate possesses a sweet and pleasant aroma, owing to which, Benzyl Acetate finds applications in personal hygiene and health care products.
Benzyl Acetate is intended to be released from scented: clothes, paper products and CDs.


Benzyl acetate is the main component of jasmine and other infusions, is the fragrance of the fragrance, such as fragrance, Ylang Ylang, and other indispensable fragrances, because of the low cost, mostly used in soap and other industrial flavors. Often used in jasmine, white orchid, jade hairpin, under the moon, narcissus, and other flavors in large quantities can also be used in small quantities in raw pears, apples, bananas, mulberries, and other types of edible flavors.


Other release to the environment of Benzyl acetate is likely to occur from: indoor use as processing aid.
Benzyl Acetate is used in the following products: washing & cleaning products, air care products, biocides (e.g. disinfectants, pest control products), perfumes and fragrances, polishes and waxes, plant protection products and cosmetics and personal care products.


Benzyl Acetate's poor tenacity is usually compensated for by proper blending with higher esters of Benzyl alcohol, and with suitable fixatives.
In the industrial odors, the volatility of Benzyl- acetate is often only an advantage (Arctander).
Benzyl Acetate is used in the following areas: scientific research and development and agriculture, forestry and fishing.


Other release to the environment of Benzyl acetate is likely to occur from: indoor use as processing aid and outdoor use as processing aid.
Benzyl acetate has pleasant sweet aroma reminiscent of jasmine.
Benzyl Acetate is used for the manufacture of: chemicals, food products and mineral products (e.g. plasters, cement).


Benzyl acetate is also used as a solvent in plastics and resin, cellulose acetate, nitrate, oils, lacquers, polishes, and inks.
Other release to the environment of Benzyl Acetate is likely to occur from: indoor use (e.g. machine wash liquids/detergents, automotive care products, paints and coating or adhesives, fragrances and air fresheners) and outdoor use as processing aid.


Benzyl acetate is used in soap and other chemical essences and has the effect of promote in floral and fantasy essences in jasmine, white orchid, fragrant plantain lily, gekkakou, narcissus and other essences.
Benzyl Acetate is used in the following products: perfumes and fragrances, washing & cleaning products, air care products, polishes and waxes, cosmetics and personal care products and biocides (e.g. disinfectants, pest control products).


Benzyl Acetate is almost inevitably the largest component in Jasmine and Gardenia fragrances, and Benzyl Acetate enters in a multitude of other floral fragrance types in smaller proportions.
Release to the environment of Benzyl Acetate can occur from industrial use: formulation of mixtures.


Further as a flavoring agent Benzyl Acetate is also used to impart jasmine or apple flavors to various cosmetics and personal care products like lotions, hair creams etc.
Benzyl Acetate is almost inevitably the largest component in Jasmin and Gardenia fragrances, and Benzyl Acetate enters in a multitude of other floral fragrance types in smaller proportions.


The use of benzyl acetate is China’s temporary permission to use edible flavor, can be used to modulate prunes, apples, pineapples, grapes, bananas, strawberries, and other fruity edible flavors, the number of normal production needs, generally in chewing gum 760mg/kg; candy 34mg/kg; baked goods in 22mg/kg; cold drinks in 14mg/kg; soft drinks in 7.8mg/kg. uses 1. Spice use.


Benzyl acetate is one of many compounds that is attractive to males of various species of orchid bees, who apparently gather the chemical to synthesize pheromones; Benzyl acetate is commonly used as bait to attract and collect these bees for study.
Benzyl Acetate is used in the following areas: scientific research and development and agriculture, forestry and fishing.


Very extensively used in perfumery, from the lowest priced industrial odors to the most highly appreciated cosmetic fragrances, often constituting the main ingredient in a perfume oil.
Benzyl Acetate is used in the following products: washing & cleaning products, perfumes and fragrances, air care products, polymers, cosmetics and personal care products, biocides (e.g. disinfectants, pest control products) and polishes and waxes.


Benzyl Acetate is used in the following areas: scientific research and development.
Industrially benzyl acetate is used as a medium of extraction in extraction of plastics, resin, cellulose acetate, cellulose nitrate, oils and lacquers.
Benzyl Acetate is used for the manufacture of: chemicals, food products and mineral products (e.g. plasters, cement).


Similar to most other esters, Benzyl acetate possesses a sweet and pleasant aroma, owing to which, it finds applications in personal hygiene and health care products.
Very extensively used in perfumery, from the lowest priced industrial odours to the most highly appreciated cosmetic fragrances, often constituting the main ingredient in a perfume oil.


Benzyl Acetate's poor tenacity is usually compensated for by proper blending with higher esters of Benzyl alcohol, and with suitable fixatives.
Benzyl Acetate is mainly used in the preparation of jasmine, peach, apricot, raspberry, strawberry, apple, grape, plum, banana, cherry, pear, pineapple, papaya, cream, and other types of flavors.


Release to the environment of Benzyl Acetate can occur from industrial use: in processing aids at industrial sites.
In the industrial odours, the volatility of Benzyl-acetate is often only an advantage.
Release to the environment of Benzyl Acetate can occur from industrial use: manufacturing of the substance.


Benzyl acetate can be used as a high boiling point solvent in coatings, like ink coating, binding agent and paint remover.
Benzyl Acetate is used in the following products: washing & cleaning products, air care products, biocides (e.g. disinfectants, pest control products), perfumes and fragrances, polishes and waxes, plant protection products and cosmetics and personal care products.


Similar to most other esters, Benzyl acetate possesses a sweet and pleasant aroma, owing to which, Benzyl acetate finds applications in personal hygiene and health care products.
Benzyl acetate is used for synthesis.


With the progress of science and technology and the development of society, chemical products have invariably permeated our daily lives, in medicine, food, cosmetics, electronics, industry, and other areas, becoming an essential part of our lives. One such product is Benzyl acetate which has developed particularly rapidly in recent years.


Benzyl Acetate is very extensively used in the perfumery, from the lowest-priced industrial odors to the most highly appreciated cosmetic fragrances, often constituting the main ingredient in a perfume oil. Benzyl Acetate is almost inevitably the largest component in Jasmin and Gardenia fragrances, and it enters in a multitude of other floral fragrance types in smaller proportions.


Further as a flavoring agent Benzyl acetate is also used to impart jasmine or apple flavors to various cosmetics and personal care products like lotions, hair creams etc.
Benzyl Acetate's poor tenacity is usually compensated for by proper blending with higher esters of Benzyl alcohol, and with suitable fixatives.


Benzyl Acetate is used fragrance, solvent, good solubility for grease, nitrocellulose and cellulose acetate, etc.
Benzyl Acetate can also dissolve rosin, glycerol trigonelline, coumarone resin, etc.
Therefore, Benzyl Acetate is used as a solvent for shellac, alkyd resin, cellulose nitrate, cellulose acetate, dyestuff, grease, and printing ink.


Benzyl Acetate is frequently used in flavor compositions, for imitation Apple, Apricot, Banana, Butter, Cherry, Peach, Pear, Plum, Pineapple, Quince, Raspberry, Strawberry, Violet, etc. etc. (S. arctander).
Benzyl Acetate is one of many compounds that is attractive to males of various species of orchid bees, who apparently gather the chemical to synthesize pheromones; Benzyl Acetate is commonly used as bait to attract and collect these bees for study.


In the industrial odors, the volatility of Benzyl acetate is often only an advantage.
ommon Applications of Benzyl Acetate: apple, cherry, blueberry, floral, gardenia, hibiscus, passion fruit
Benzyl Acetate has pleasant sweet aroma reminiscent of jasmine, and thus is used widely in perfumery industry, and also as a flavouring agent.


Benzyl Acetate is used in the preparation of jasmine and other floral fragrances and soap fragrances GB2760 – 1996 for the temporary use of edible fragrances allowed.
Benzyl Acetate is also used as a solvent.


Benzyl acetate is used in soap and other chemical essences and has the effect of promote in floral and fantasy essences in jasmine, white orchid, fragrant plantain lily, gekkakou, narcissus and other essences.
Benzyl acetate is a plasticizer for ionophore membranes.


Benzyl Acetate is used for the manufacture of: chemicals, food products and mineral products (e.g. plasters, cement).
Common Applications of Benzyl Acetate: apple, cherry, blueberry, floral, gardenia, hibiscus, passion fruit.
Industrially, Benzyl acetate is used as a medium of extraction in extraction of plastics, resin, cellulose acetate, cellulose nitrate, oils and lacquers.


Further as a flavoring agent Benzyl Acetate is also used to impart jasmine or apple flavors to various cosmetics and personal care products like lotions, hair creams etc.
Benzyl acetate is used for synthesis.


Benzyl Acetate is collected and used by the bees as an intra-specific pheromone.
Benzyl acetate is also used as a solvent in plastics and resin, cellulose acetate, nitrate, oils, lacquers, polishes and inks.
In apiculture, benzyl acetate is used as a bait to collect bees.


Benzyl Acetate is one of many compounds that is attractive to males of various species of orchid bees, who apparently gather the chemical to synthesize pheromones; Benzyl Acetate is commonly used as bait to attract and collect these bees for study.
Natural sources of benzyl acetate include varieties of flowers like jasmine (Jasminum), and fruits like pear, apple, etc.


Benzyl acetate is also used as a solvent in plastics and resin, cellulose acetate, nitrate, oils, lacquers, polishes and inks.
Benzyl Acetate is very extensively used in perfumery, from the lowest priced industrial odours to the most highly appreciated cosmetic fragrances, often constituting the main ingredient in a perfume oil.


Benzyl acetate is a plasticizer for ionophore membranes.
Benzyl acetate is used as a flavoring agent to impart jasmine or apple flavors to various cosmetics and personal care products like lotions, hair creams.
Benzyl acetate is found naturally in many flowers.


An ester with the molecular formula C9H10O2, Benzyl acetate is naturally found in many flowers and has a sweet, floral odour.
Consequently, Benzyl acetate is used widely in perfumery and cosmetics for Benzyl acetate's aroma and in flavorings to impart apple and pear flavors.
Benzyl Acetate is also used as a solvent.


Release to the environment of Benzyl Acetate can occur from industrial use: in processing aids at industrial sites.
Benzyl Acetate is used in the following areas: scientific research and development.
Benzyl Acetate is used for the manufacture of: chemicals, food products and mineral products (e.g. plasters, cement).


Benzyl acetate is used by consumers, in articles, by professional workers (widespread uses), in formulation or re-packing, at industrial sites and in manufacturing.
Benzyl acetate is intended to be released from scented: clothes, paper products and CDs.


Benzyl Acetate is widespread uses by professional workers.
Found naturally in gardenias and ylang ylang, Benzyl acetate is used in a wide variety of consumer products for Benzyl acetate's robust floral, jasmine aroma.


Benzyl acetate is used as a high boiling point solvent in coatings, like ink coating, binding agent and paint remover.
In perfumery, solvent for cellulose acetate and nitrate.
Benzyl Acetate is one of many compounds that is attractive to males of various species of orchid bees, who apparently gather the chemical to synthesize pheromones; Benzyl Acetate is commonly used as bait to attract and collect these bees for study.


-Solvent aspects of benzyl acetate in water-soluble 0.23% (wt), insoluble in glycerol.
But Benzyl Acetate can be miscible with alcohols, ethers, ketones and ester fatty hydrocarbons, aromatic hydrocarbons, etc. Benzyl Acetate has good solubility for grease, nitrocellulose, cellulose acetate, etc.
Benzyl Acetate can also dissolve rosin, glycerol trigonelline, coumarone resin, etc.
Therefore, Benzyl Acetate is used as a solvent for shellac, alkyd resin, cellulose nitrate, cellulose acetate, dyestuff, grease, printing ink, etc.


-Benzyl acetate is found naturally in many flowers.
Benzyl Acetate is the primary constituent of the essential oils from the flowers jasmine, ylang-ylang and tobira.
Benzyl Acetate has pleasant sweet aroma reminiscent of jasmine.
Consequently, Benzyl Acetate is used widely in perfumery and cosmetics for Benzyl Acetate's aroma and in flavorings to impart apple and pear flavors.


-Flavor Profile:
Frequently used in flavor compositions, for imitation Apple, Apricot, Banana, Butter, Cherry, Peach, Pear, Plum, Pineapple, Quince, Raspberry, Strawberry, Violet, etc (Arctander).


-Benzyl Acetate is one of many compounds that is attractive to males of various species of orchid bees.
Benzyl Acetate is collected and used by the bees as an intra-specific pheromone; In apiculture benzyl acetate is used as a bait to collect bees.
Natural sources of benzyl acetate include varieties of flowers like jasmine (Jasminum), and fruits like pear, apple, etc.


-Cosmetic Uses:
*fragrance
*perfuming agents
*solvents



CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of BENZYL ACETATE:
Benzyl acetate has a characteristic flowery (jasmine) odor and a bitter, pungent taste.
Benzyl acetate is the main component of jasmine absolute and gardenia oils.
Benzyl acetate occurs as a minor component in a large number of other essential oils and extracts.
Benzyl acetate is a colorless liquid with a strong, fruity, jasmine odor.



PREPARATION OF BENZYL ACETATE:
Benzyl acetate is prepared by esterification of benzyl alcohol with acetic anhydride (e.g., with sodium acetate as a catalyst) or by reaction of benzyl chloride with sodium acetate.
In terms of volume, benzyl acetate is one of the most important fragrance and flavor chemicals.
Although benzyl acetate is present in some essential oils at levels up to 65%, most of the commercial product is of synthetic origin.



OCCURRENCE OF BENZYL ACETATE:
Present as a main constituent in several oils and flower absolutes: ylang-ylang, cananga, neroli, jasmine, hyacinth, gardenia, tuberose.
Benzyl Acetate has been isolated from the essential oil of the flowers of Loiseleuria procumbens Desv.
Also reported found in apricot, cooked asparagus, mozzarella cheese, grilled beef, cooked pork, malt whiskey, fresh mango, malt, wort and clams.



THE ODOUR AND USES OF BENZYL ACETATE:
*Odour=> sweet floral fruity fresh sweet aromatic floral fruity jasmin ylang. Powerful but thin sweet floral fresh and light fruity odor reminiscent of Jasmin Gardenia Muguet Lily and other flowers Very extensively used in perfumery from the lowest priced industrial odors to the most highly appreciated cosmetic fragrances often constituting the main ingredient in a perfume oil

*Perfume-Uses=> Jasmin Gardenia Tuberose Muguet Lily-of-the-Valley Violet Ylang Melon Watermelon Apple Juice Melon (musk) Strawberry Olive Oil Floral-types, Jasmin, Gardenia, Muguet, Lily, Industrial-perfumes, Fixative-effect, Violet, Apple Apricot Banana Butter Cherry Peach Fear Plum Pineapple Quince Raspberry Strawberry Violet Rice, Apple, Apricot, Banana, Butter, Cherry, Peach, Plum, Quince, Raspberry, Strawberry, Chewing-gum, Loiseleuria Procumbens Desv. (azalea) : Jasmine (all types) : Ylang ylang :

*Blends-well-with=> +Acetophenone +Benzyl Isobutyrate +Atractylis +Benzyl Isovalerate +Benzyl Propionate Gums,



PREPARATION OF BENZYL ACETATE:
By interaction of benzyl chloride and sodium acetate; by acetylation of benzyl alcohol, or from benzaldehyde and acetic acid with zinc dust.



COMPOUND TYPE of BENZYL ACETATE:
*Ester
*Ether
*Food Toxin
*Fragrance Toxin
*Household Toxin
*Metabolite
*Natural Compound
*Organic Compound
*Plant Toxin



SUBSTITUENTS of BENZYL ACETATE:
*Benzyloxycarbonyl
*Carboxylic acid ester
*Monocarboxylic acid or derivatives
*Carboxylic acid derivative
*Organic oxygen compound
*Organic oxide
*Hydrocarbon derivative
*Organooxygen compound
*Carbonyl group
*Aromatic homomonocyclic compound



ALTERNATIVE PARENTS of BENZYL ACETATE:
*Carboxylic acid esters
*Monocarboxylic acids and derivatives
*Organic oxides
*Hydrocarbon derivatives
*Carbonyl compounds



PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of BENZYL ACETATE:
CAS number: 140-11-4
EC number: 205-399-7
Hill Formula: C₉H₁₀O₂
Chemical formula: CH₃COOCH₂C₆H₅
Molar Mass: 150.18 g/mol
HS Code: 2915 39 00
Boiling point: 205 - 207 °C (1013 hPa)
Density: 1.055 g/cm3 (25 °C)
Explosion limit: 0.9 - 8.4 %(V)
Flash point: 95 °C
Ignition temperature: 460 °C
Melting Point: -51 °C
Vapor pressure: 31 hPa (110 °C)
Molar mass: 150.18 g/mol
Appearance: Colourless liquid

Odor: flowery
Density: 1.054 g/ml
Melting point: −51.5 °C (−60.7 °F; 221.7 K)
Boiling point: 212 °C (414 °F; 485 K)
Solubility in water: 0.31 g/100 mL
Solubility: Soluble in benzene, chloroform
Miscible with ethanol, ether, acetone
Magnetic susceptibility (χ): -93.18·10−6 cm3/mol
Refractive index (nD): 1.523
Min. Purity Spec: >99% (GC)
Physical Form (at 20°C): Colorless clear liquid
Melting Point: -51°C
Boiling Point: 206 °C
Flash Point: 95 °C
Density: 1.05
Refractive Index: 1.501-1.503
Long-Term Storage: Store long-term in a cool, dry place

Boiling point: 205 - 207 °C (1013 hPa)
Density: 1.055 g/cm3 (25 °C)
Explosion limit: 0.9 - 8.4 %(V)
Flash point: 95 °C
Ignition temperature: 460 °C
Melting Point: -51 °C
Vapor pressure: 31 hPa (110 °C)
Appearance Form: clear, liquid
Colour: colourless
Odour: No data available
Odour Threshold: No data available
pH: No data available
Melting point/freezing point:
Melting point/range: -51 °C - lit.

Initial boiling point and boiling range: 206 °C - lit.
Flash point: 95 °C - closed cup
Evaporation rate: No data available
Flammability (solid, gas): No data available
Upper/lower flammability or explosive limits: No data available
Vapour pressure: 31 hPa at 110 °C
Vapour density: No data available
Relative density: 1,054 g/cm3 at 25 °C
Water solubility: 0,0001 g/l - slightly soluble
Partition coefficient: n-octanol/water:
log Pow: 1,96 at 25 °C
Auto-ignition temperature: 460 °C
Decomposition temperature: No data available
Viscosity: No data available
Explosive properties: No data available
Oxidizing properties: No data available
Other safety information: No data available

Soluble in:
*ethyl alcohol, 5 vol. of 60% alcohol
*fixed oils
*kerosene
*paraffin oil
*propylene glycol
*water-alcohol mixtures: 30% 1:200, 35% 1:120 40% 1:70 50% 1:20 60% 1:5
*water, 3100 mg/L @ 25 °C (exp)
Insoluble in: glycerin
Stability: non-discoloring in most media
Odor Description:sweet, flowery, fresh and slightly fruity, reminiscent of jasmine, low tenacity
Taste Description:green, dry-powdery, fruity somewhat milky and estery
Useful in: brown nuts, vanilla, fruity citrus, fruity red, fruity yellow, fruity tropical, fruity others, sweet others.



FIRST AID MEASURES of BENZYL ACETATE:
-Description of first aid measures:
*General advice:
Consult a physician.
Show this safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
*If inhaled:
If breathed in, move person into fresh air.
Consult a physician.
*In case of skin contact:
Wash off with soap and plenty of water.
Consult a physician.
*In case of eye contact:
Flush eyes with water as a precaution.
*If swallowed:
Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person.
Rinse mouth with water.
Consult a physician.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed:
No data available



ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of BENZYL ACETATE:
-Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures:
Use personal protective equipment.
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.



FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of BENZYL ACETATE:
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.
-Further information:
No data available



EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of BENZYL ACETATE:
-Control parameters:
Components with workplace control parameters:
-Exposure controls:
--Appropriate engineering controls:
Wash hands before breaks and at the end of workday.
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use equipment for eye protection.
*Skin protection:
Handle with gloves.
Wash and dry hands.
Full contact:
Material: butyl-rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,3 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Splash contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,4 mm
Break through time: 57 min
-Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.



HANDLING and STORAGE of BENZYL ACETATE:
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place.
Store in cool place.



STABILITY and REACTIVITY of BENZYL ACETATE:
-Reactivity:
No data available
-Chemical stability:
Stable under recommended storage conditions.
-Possibility of hazardous reactions:
No data available
-Conditions to avoid:
No data available
-Other decomposition products:
No data available



SYNONYMS:
(Acetoxymethyl)benzene
.alpha.-Acetoxytoluene
0ECG3V79ZJ
140-11-4
A0022
ACETATO DE BENCILO
Acetic acid benzyl
Acetic acid benzyl ester
Acetic acid phenylmethyl ester
Acetic acid, benzyl ester
Acetic acid, phenylmethyl ester
Acetic acid,phenylmethyl ester
Acetic acid-benzyl ester
AI3-01996
AKOS015841099
alpha-Acetoxytoluene
AMY3828
Benxyl acetate
BENZYL ACETATE
BENZYL ACETATE (IARC)
Benzyl acetate (natural)
Benzyl acetate + glycine combination
BENZYL ACETATE [FCC]
BENZYL ACETATE [FHFI]
BENZYL ACETATE [HSDB]
BENZYL ACETATE [IARC]
BENZYL ACETATE [INCI]
BENZYL ACETATE [MI]
BENZYL ACETATE [VANDF]
Benzyl Acetate Natural
Benzyl acetate, >=99%
Benzyl acetate, >=99%, FCC, FG
Benzyl acetate, analytical standard
Benzyl acetate, natural, >=99%, FCC, FG
Benzyl acetate, primary pharmaceutical reference standard
Benzyl acetate, Selectophore(TM), >=99.5%
Benzyl ester of acetic acid
Benzyl ethanoate
Benzyl-23456-d5 Acetate
benzylacetate
Benzylester kyseliny octove
Benzylester kyseliny octove [Czech]
BZE (CHRIS Code)
CAS-140-11-4
Caswell No. 081EA
CCG-266204
CCRIS 1423
CHEBI:52051
CHEMBL1233714
CS-W018145
DTXCID40151
DTXSID0020151
E1501
EC 205-399-7
EINECS 205-399-7
EN300-1267317
FEMA 2135
FEMA No. 2135
FT-0621741
HSDB 2851
HY-N7124
J-007357
J0Z
MFCD00008712
NCGC00090779-01
NCGC00090779-02
NCGC00090779-03
NCGC00256379-01
NCGC00259375-01
nchem.167-comp5
NCI-C06508
NSC 4550
NSC-4550
NSC4550
Phenylmethyl acetate
Phenylmethyl ethanoate
Plastolin I
Q424223
s5576
SCHEMBL43745
STL283809
Tox21_201826
Tox21_302841
UNII-0ECG3V79ZJ
W-200649
WLN: 1VO1R
Z19628364
Acetic acid benzyl ester
Acetic acid, phenylmethyl ester
Benzyl ethanoate
Acetic Acid Phenylmethyl Ester
Benzyl Alcohol Acetate
(Acetoxymethyl)benzene
Benzyl Ethanoate
NSC 4550
Phenylmethyl Pcetate
α-Acetoxytoluene;
Acetic acid, benzyl ester
Acetic acid, phenylmethyl ester
Benzyl ethanoate
Phenylmethyl ethanoate
Acetate, benzyl ester
Acetate, phenylmethyl ester
Benzyl ethanoic acid
Phenylmethyl ethanoic acid
Benzyl acetic acid
Acetic acid, phenylmethyl ester
Phenylmethyl acetate
Acetic acid, benzyl ester
alpha-Acetoxytoluene
Benzyl acetate (natural)
Benzyl ethanoate
Benzylester kyseliny octove
Phenylmethyl acetate
Phenylmethyl ethanoate
Acetic acid, benzyl ester
Acetic Acid Phenylmethyl Ester
Benzyl Alcohol Acetate
(Acetoxymethyl)benzene
Benzyl Ethanoate
NSC 4550
Phenylmethyl Pcetate
α-Acetoxytoluene
C9H10O2, Benzyl Ethanoate
Methyl Benzeneacetate
Acetic Acid, Benzyl Ester




BENZYL ACETATE (ACETIC ACID BENZYL ESTER)

Benzyl acetate (acetic acid benzyl ester) is a colorless liquid with a sweet, fruity, and floral aroma.
Benzyl acetate (acetic acid benzyl ester) is known for its pleasant scent reminiscent of jasmine and pears.
Benzyl acetate (acetic acid benzyl ester) is a clear and transparent liquid that is soluble in various organic solvents.

CAS Number: 140-11-4
EC Number: 205-399-7

Acetic Acid Benzyl Ester, Benzenemethanol Acetate, Benzyl Ethanoate, Benzyl Acetic Ester, Phenylmethyl Acetate, Acetoxymethylbenzene, Benzyl Ester of Acetic Acid, Phenylmethyl Ethanoate, Benzyl Monacetate, Benzyl Alcohol Acetate, Acetate de Benzyle (French), Ethanoic Acid Benzyl Ester, Essigsaeurebenzylester (German), Acetyl Methyl Carbinol, Benzoic Acid Methyl Ester, Acetic Ester of Benzyl Alcohol, Acetylbenzene, Phenylcarbinyl Acetate, Essence of Jasmine, Acetic Acid Phenylmethyl Ester, Benzylester Kyseliny Octove (Czech), Essence of Pear, Acetate De Benzyle (French), Acetic Acid Phenylmethyl Ester, Essence of White Champaca, Acetic Acid, Benzyl Ester, Methyl Phenyl Carbinyl Acetate, Benzene Methanol Acetate, Benzyl Alcohol Acetic Ester, Phenylmethyl Acetic Ester, Pear Oil, Acetate de Benzyle (French), Benzyl Acetate, Synthetic, Acetic Acid, Benzyl Ester, Acetylbenzene, Phenylmethyl Acetate, Acetoxymethylbenzene, Acetylbenzene, Benzyl Ethanoate, Benzyl Ester of Acetic Acid, Phenylmethyl Ethanoate, Benzyl Monacetate, Benzyl Alcohol Acetate, Acetate de Benzyle (French), Ethanoic Acid Benzyl Ester, Acetyl Methyl Carbinol, Benzoic Acid Methyl Ester, Acetic Ester of Benzyl Alcohol, Acetylbenzene, Phenylcarbinyl Acetate, Essence of Jasmine



APPLICATIONS


Benzyl acetate (acetic acid benzyl ester) is extensively used in the fragrance industry for its sweet and floral aroma.
Benzyl acetate (acetic acid benzyl ester) is a common ingredient in perfumes, adding a pleasant and enduring note to various scents.
Benzyl acetate (acetic acid benzyl ester) is utilized in the formulation of scented candles, providing a delicate fragrance.

Benzyl acetate (acetic acid benzyl ester) is employed in air fresheners to create a fresh and inviting atmosphere.
In the cosmetic industry, it is a key component in the production of scented lotions and creams.
Benzyl acetate (acetic acid benzyl ester) finds applications in the creation of fine fragrances, contributing to complex olfactory profiles.

Benzyl acetate (acetic acid benzyl ester) is often used in the formulation of bath products, such as soaps and shower gels.
Its fruity and floral notes make it suitable for use in scented body sprays and mists.
Benzyl acetate (acetic acid benzyl ester) is utilized in the production of scented hair care products, including shampoos and conditioners.

Benzyl Acetate is employed in the flavor industry, enhancing the taste of various food and beverage products.
Benzyl acetate (acetic acid benzyl ester) is a common additive in the flavoring of baked goods, confectionery, and beverages.

The compound is used in the production of flavored syrups and fruit-based desserts.
In the pharmaceutical industry, Benzyl Acetate may be used as a flavoring agent in medications.
Benzyl acetate (acetic acid benzyl ester) is utilized in the creation of scented household cleaning products for a pleasant cleaning experience.

Benzyl acetate (acetic acid benzyl ester) is a valuable component in the manufacturing of scented laundry detergents and fabric softeners.
Benzyl acetate (acetic acid benzyl ester) is employed in the formulation of scented sachets and potpourri for fragrance enhancement.
Benzyl acetate (acetic acid benzyl ester) is used in the production of scented oils and diffusers for home fragrance applications.

Benzyl acetate (acetic acid benzyl ester) is a popular choice in the formulation of scented personal care products, such as deodorants.
Benzyl acetate (acetic acid benzyl ester) may be found in scented insect repellents, providing a pleasant alternative to typical formulations.
Benzyl acetate (acetic acid benzyl ester) is used in the creation of scented industrial and institutional cleaning products.

Benzyl acetate (acetic acid benzyl ester) is employed in the formulation of scented automotive products, such as air fresheners for cars.
Benzyl acetate (acetic acid benzyl ester) is utilized in the production of scented paints and coatings for a subtle aroma.
Benzyl acetate (acetic acid benzyl ester) is a common ingredient in the manufacturing of scented markers, pens, and other stationery items.

Benzyl acetate (acetic acid benzyl ester) finds applications in the fragrance of personal accessories, such as scented jewelry and accessories.
Benzyl acetate (acetic acid benzyl ester) is used in various scented products, contributing to a wide range of olfactory experiences across different industries.

Benzyl acetate (acetic acid benzyl ester) is employed in the production of scented pet care products, such as shampoos and grooming sprays.
Benzyl acetate (acetic acid benzyl ester) finds applications in the creation of scented candles for aromatherapy purposes, promoting relaxation and stress relief.

Benzyl acetate (acetic acid benzyl ester) is used in the formulation of scented massage oils and aromatherapy blends for therapeutic benefits.
Benzyl acetate (acetic acid benzyl ester) contributes to the fragrance profile of scented skincare products, including creams and lotions.

Benzyl acetate (acetic acid benzyl ester) is a common additive in the production of scented baby care products, such as shampoos and lotions.
Benzyl acetate (acetic acid benzyl ester) is utilized in the creation of scented sunscreens and after-sun care products.
Benzyl acetate (acetic acid benzyl ester) may be found in scented fabric softener sheets and dryer sachets for enhanced laundry fragrance.

Benzyl acetate (acetic acid benzyl ester) is used in the formulation of scented sachets for drawers and closets, imparting a pleasant aroma to clothing.
Benzyl acetate (acetic acid benzyl ester) is employed in the creation of scented craft supplies, such as scented markers and paints.

Benzyl acetate (acetic acid benzyl ester) is utilized in the fragrance industry to replicate and enhance natural floral scents in perfumery.
Benzyl acetate (acetic acid benzyl ester) is used in the formulation of scented wax melts and tarts for home fragrance through wax warmers.
Benzyl acetate (acetic acid benzyl ester) is added to scented potpourri blends for long-lasting and consistent fragrance release.

Benzyl acetate (acetic acid benzyl ester) contributes to the formulation of scented cosmetic wipes, enhancing the user experience.
Benzyl acetate (acetic acid benzyl ester) is used in the creation of scented hair mists and sprays for a subtle and refreshing fragrance.
Benzyl acetate (acetic acid benzyl ester) finds applications in scented body powders, providing an additional layer of fragrance.

Benzyl acetate (acetic acid benzyl ester) is employed in the production of scented facial cleansers and wipes for a pleasant skincare routine.
Benzyl acetate (acetic acid benzyl ester) is used in the formulation of scented room sprays, allowing for quick and convenient fragrance application.

Benzyl acetate (acetic acid benzyl ester) may be utilized in the production of scented hand sanitizers for a pleasant and functional experience.
Benzyl acetate (acetic acid benzyl ester) contributes to the fragrance of scented greeting cards and paper products.
Benzyl acetate (acetic acid benzyl ester) is added to scented ink formulations, allowing for fragrant writing experiences with scented pens.
Benzyl acetate (acetic acid benzyl ester) is utilized in the creation of scented adhesive products, such as scented tapes and labels.

Benzyl acetate (acetic acid benzyl ester) is used in the formulation of scented beauty sponges and applicators.
Benzyl acetate (acetic acid benzyl ester) contributes to the fragrance of scented home décor items, including scented ornaments and decorations.
Benzyl acetate (acetic acid benzyl ester) is employed in the creation of scented bookmarks and literary-themed products.
Benzyl acetate (acetic acid benzyl ester) finds applications in the production of scented art supplies, including scented paints and markers.

Benzyl acetate (acetic acid benzyl ester) is utilized in the formulation of scented shower gels and bath products, enhancing the bathing experience.
Benzyl acetate (acetic acid benzyl ester) is a key ingredient in scented air fresheners and room sprays for both residential and commercial spaces.
Benzyl acetate (acetic acid benzyl ester) is added to scented hand creams and lotions, providing a fragrant touch to skincare routines.
Benzyl acetate (acetic acid benzyl ester) finds applications in scented hand soaps, contributing to a pleasant handwashing experience.

Benzyl acetate (acetic acid benzyl ester) is used in the production of scented body washes and foaming cleansers for a refreshing shower experience.
Benzyl acetate (acetic acid benzyl ester) is employed in the formulation of scented sleep aids, such as scented pillows and linen sprays.
Benzyl acetate (acetic acid benzyl ester) is added to scented bath bombs and fizzies for an aromatic and luxurious bath.

Benzyl acetate (acetic acid benzyl ester) is used in the creation of scented fabric refresher sprays, providing a quick and effective way to freshen up textiles.
Benzyl acetate (acetic acid benzyl ester) finds applications in scented lip balms and glosses, adding a delightful fragrance to lip care products.
Benzyl acetate (acetic acid benzyl ester) contributes to the formulation of scented hair perfumes, offering a subtle and lasting hair fragrance.
Benzyl acetate (acetic acid benzyl ester) is used in scented body scrubs and exfoliants, enhancing the sensory experience of skincare routines.

Benzyl acetate (acetic acid benzyl ester) is employed in the creation of scented massage candles, combining fragrance with a relaxing massage oil.
Benzyl acetate (acetic acid benzyl ester) is added to scented foot creams and lotions for a soothing and aromatic foot care experience.
Benzyl acetate (acetic acid benzyl ester) finds applications in scented sleep masks and eye pillows, promoting relaxation and better sleep quality.

Benzyl acetate (acetic acid benzyl ester) is used in the formulation of scented fabric softeners and laundry detergents, infusing clothing with a pleasant aroma.
Benzyl acetate (acetic acid benzyl ester) contributes to the fragrance of scented hair conditioners, leaving hair with a subtle and pleasing scent.
Benzyl acetate (acetic acid benzyl ester) is employed in scented skincare masks, offering both skincare benefits and a pleasant aroma.

Benzyl acetate (acetic acid benzyl ester) is added to scented nail polishes and removers for a fragrant touch to nail care routines.
Benzyl acetate (acetic acid benzyl ester) finds applications in scented body powders, providing a light and refreshing fragrance.
Benzyl acetate (acetic acid benzyl ester) is used in the creation of scented skincare sheet masks, combining skincare with aromatherapy.

Benzyl acetate (acetic acid benzyl ester) contributes to the formulation of scented insect repellents, making them more pleasant to use.
Benzyl acetate (acetic acid benzyl ester) is added to scented hair serums and oils, providing both nourishment and fragrance to the hair.

Benzyl acetate (acetic acid benzyl ester) is employed in the creation of scented skincare mists for quick and refreshing fragrance application.
Benzyl acetate (acetic acid benzyl ester) is used in scented antiperspirants and deodorants for a subtle and long-lasting freshness.
Benzyl acetate (acetic acid benzyl ester) finds applications in scented facial mists and spritzers, offering a burst of fragrance for a revitalizing experience.



DESCRIPTION


Benzyl acetate (acetic acid benzyl ester) is a colorless liquid with a sweet, fruity, and floral aroma.
Benzyl acetate (acetic acid benzyl ester) is known for its pleasant scent reminiscent of jasmine and pears.

Benzyl acetate (acetic acid benzyl ester) is a clear and transparent liquid that is soluble in various organic solvents.
Benzyl acetate (acetic acid benzyl ester) is commonly used in the fragrance industry for its appealing and versatile scent profile.

The aroma of Benzyl acetate (acetic acid benzyl ester) is often described as delicate, fresh, and slightly balsamic.
Benzyl acetate (acetic acid benzyl ester) is a key component in many perfumes, colognes, and scented personal care products.

Benzyl acetate (acetic acid benzyl ester) contributes a smooth and sweet fragrance, making it popular in floral compositions.
The scent of Benzyl acetate (acetic acid benzyl ester) is often associated with a sense of relaxation and tranquility.
Benzyl acetate (acetic acid benzyl ester) is found naturally in essential oils, such as jasmine, ylang-ylang, and gardenia.

Benzyl acetate (acetic acid benzyl ester) is widely utilized to add a sweet and fruity note to various cosmetic formulations.
The versatility of its fragrance makes Benzyl Acetate a valuable ingredient in air fresheners.
In addition to its use in perfumery, Benzyl Acetate is employed in the flavoring of food products.

The aroma of Benzyl acetate (acetic acid benzyl ester) is subtle and enduring, providing a lingering freshness.
This ester is known for its excellent stability, both in terms of scent and chemical properties.
Benzyl acetate (acetic acid benzyl ester) is often chosen for its ability to impart a natural and sophisticated fragrance.

Its pleasant scent makes it a preferred choice in the formulation of scented candles.
Benzyl acetate (acetic acid benzyl ester) is carefully synthesized to ensure a high level of purity in its fragrance profile.
Benzyl acetate (acetic acid benzyl ester)'s fragrance is characterized by a harmonious blend of sweetness and floral tones.

In the world of aromatherapy, Benzyl Acetate is appreciated for its calming and soothing properties.
The light and airy scent of Benzyl Acetate adds a touch of elegance to personal care products.

Benzyl acetate (acetic acid benzyl ester) is used in the creation of fine fragrances, capturing the essence of blooming flowers.
Benzyl acetate (acetic acid benzyl ester) is prized for its ability to enhance the overall olfactory experience in various applications.
The delicate and uplifting fragrance of Benzyl Acetate contributes to a sense of well-being.

The synthesis of Benzyl acetate (acetic acid benzyl ester) involves the esterification of benzyl alcohol and acetic acid.
Whether in perfumery, cosmetics, or air care, Benzyl Acetate brings a subtle and sophisticated aromatic dimension to diverse products.



PROPERTIES


Chemical Formula: C9H10O2
Molecular Weight: 150.17 g/mol
Physical State: Colorless liquid
Odor: Sweet, fruity, floral
Solubility: Soluble in organic solvents, slightly soluble in water
Boiling Point: 213-214 °C (415-417 °F)
Melting Point: -51 °C (-60 °F)
Density: 1.055 g/cm³ at 20 °C
Refractive Index: 1.5045
Flash Point: 93 °C (199 °F) (closed cup)
Vapor Pressure: 0.3 mmHg at 25 °C
Vapor Density: 5.18 (air = 1)
Viscosity: 0.98 cP at 25 °C
Surface Tension: 31.4 dyn/cm at 25 °C
Acidity (pKa): 4.15 (estimated)
Flammability: Flammable liquid
Autoignition Temperature: 473 °C (883 °F)
Partition Coefficient (log P): 2.13 (estimated)
Boiling Range: 213-214 °C
Specific Gravity: 1.056 at 20 °C
Evaporation Rate: Not available
Appearance: Clear, colorless liquid
Purity: Commercially available in various purities
Stability: Stable under recommended storage and handling conditions
Miscibility: Miscible with most common organic solvents



FIRST AID


Inhalation:

If Benzyl Acetate vapors are inhaled and respiratory irritation occurs, move the affected person to fresh air.
If breathing difficulties persist, seek medical attention promptly.
Administer artificial respiration if the person is not breathing.
Seek immediate medical attention if symptoms such as coughing, wheezing, or shortness of breath develop.


Skin Contact:

In case of skin contact, immediately remove contaminated clothing.
Wash the affected skin with plenty of water and mild soap for at least 15 minutes.
If skin irritation, redness, or rash develops, seek medical attention.
If Benzyl Acetate is molten and causes burns, immediately cool the affected area with cold water. Seek medical attention if necessary.


Eye Contact:

If Benzyl Acetate comes into contact with the eyes, rinse them gently with water for at least 15 minutes, holding the eyelids open.
Remove contact lenses if easily removable after initial rinsing.
Seek immediate medical attention if irritation, redness, or other symptoms persist.


Ingestion:

If Benzyl Acetate is ingested, do not induce vomiting unless instructed to do so by medical personnel.
Rinse the mouth thoroughly with water.
Do not give anything by mouth to an unconscious person.
Seek immediate medical attention, providing details about the ingested substance and its concentration.


General First Aid Advice:

Keep affected individuals calm to reduce stress.
If there are respiratory or cardiovascular symptoms, seek medical attention promptly.
Provide first aid personnel with access to the safety data sheet (SDS) for the specific Benzyl Acetate product.
If seeking medical attention, bring the product container or label to assist healthcare professionals in providing appropriate treatment.
For large spills or exposures, contact emergency services for professional assistance.
If skin irritation persists, seek medical advice.
If symptoms persist or if there is uncertainty about the appropriate first aid measures, seek medical advice promptly.



HANDLING AND STORAGE


Handling:

Personal Protective Equipment (PPE):
Wear suitable protective clothing, including chemical-resistant gloves, safety goggles, and a lab coat.
Use respiratory protection if handling Benzyl Acetate in conditions where airborne exposure is possible.

Ventilation:
Work in a well-ventilated area, or use local exhaust ventilation to minimize inhalation exposure.
Use fume hoods or other engineering controls when handling Benzyl Acetate in enclosed spaces.

Avoid Contact:
Avoid direct skin and eye contact with the undiluted product.
If contact occurs, follow the first aid measures specified in the SDS.

Handling Procedures:
Follow good industrial hygiene practices, including regular handwashing.
Do not eat, drink, or smoke while handling Benzyl Acetate.

Spill and Leak Procedures:
In the event of a spill, contain the material and prevent it from entering drains or waterways.
Clean up spills using absorbent materials, and dispose of waste in accordance with local regulations.

Responsible Handling:
Designate trained personnel for handling Benzyl Acetate.
Provide employees with proper training on the safe handling and use of the substance.


Storage:

Storage Conditions:
Store Benzyl Acetate in a cool, dry, and well-ventilated area.
Keep containers tightly closed when not in use to prevent contamination and moisture absorption.

Temperature Control:
Store at temperatures recommended by the manufacturer.
Avoid exposure to extreme temperatures that could compromise the stability of the product.

Compatibility:
Store Benzyl Acetate away from incompatible materials and substances.
Follow the manufacturer's recommendations regarding compatibility with other chemicals.

Container Material:
Use containers made of materials compatible with Benzyl Acetate.
Check for container integrity regularly to prevent leaks or spills.

Handling of Containers:
Handle containers with care to prevent damage.
Do not drag or slide containers, as this may cause damage and compromise integrity.

Labeling:
Ensure proper labeling of containers with product names, hazard information, and handling instructions.
Clearly mark storage areas with appropriate signage.

Regular Inspections:
Periodically inspect storage areas for any signs of damage, leaks, or deterioration.
Dispose of damaged or deteriorated containers appropriately.

Emergency Response Information:
Keep emergency response information, such as contact numbers for emergency services and relevant healthcare professionals, readily available.
Benzyl Alcohol
Benzenemethanoic acid; Carboxybenzene; Acide benzoique; Acido benzoico; Benzenecarboxylic acid; Benzeneformic acid; Benzoate; Benzoesaeure; Carboxybenzene; Dracylic acid; Flowers of benjamin; Flowers of benzoin; Phenylcarboxylic acid; Phenylformic acid; Salvo liquid; Salvo powder; Benzoesäure; ácido benzoico; Acide benzoïque; Kyselina benzoova; Dracylic acid CAS NO:65-85-0
BENZYL ALCOHOL
Phenylcarbinol is also known as benzyl alcohol.
Benzyl alcohol's chemical formula is C6H5CH2OH and its density is 1.045 g/mL at 25 ° C (lit).
Benzyl alcohol is one of the simplest fatty alcohol containing phenyl.

CAS: 100-51-6
MF: C7H8O
MW: 108.14
EINECS: 202-859-9

Benzyl alcohol can be seen as benzene substituted by hydroxymethyl, or methyl alcohol substituted by phenyl.
Benzyl alcohol is a colorless transparent sticky liquid with faint aroma.
Sometimes Benzyl alcohol is placed for a long time, it will smells like bitter almond flavor because of oxidation.
Polarity, low toxicity and low steam, so Benzyl alcohol is used as alcohol solvent.
Benzyl alcohol is combustible, and slightly soluble in water (about 25ml of water soluble 1 gram of benzyl alcohol).
Benzyl alcohol is miscible with ethanol, ethyl ether, benzene, chloroform and other organic solvents.
Benzyl alcohol mainly exists in the form of free or ester in essential oil, such as jasmine oil, ylang-ylang oil, jasmine oil, hyacinth oil, sesame oil, hyacinths balsam, peru balsam and tolu balsam, which all contain this ingredient.

Benzyl alcohol should not be stored for a long time.
Benzyl alcohol can be slowly oxidized to benzaldehyde and anisole in the air.
Therefore benzyl alcohol products often smell like almond aroma with characteristic of benzaldehyde.
In addition, benzyl alcohol is also easily oxidized to benzoic acid by many kinds of antioxidants such as nitric acid.
Benzyl alcohol is a component catalyst for epoxy resins.
Benzyl alcohol is also contained in the color developer C-22.
Benzyl alcohol is an aromatic alcohol that consists of benzene bearing a single hydroxymethyl substituent.

Benzyl alcohol has a role as a solvent, a metabolite, an antioxidant and a fragrance.
An aromatic primary alcohol.
Benzyl alcohol is synthesized by Cannizzaro’s reaction, which involves the simultaneous oxidation and reduction of benzenecarbaldehyde (benzaldehyde) by refluxing in an aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide:
2C6H5CHO → C6H5CH2OH + C6H5COOH

Benzyl alcohol undergoes the reactions characteristic of alcohols, especially those in which the formation of a stable carbonium ion as an intermediate (C6H5CH2 +) enhances the reaction.
Substitution onto the benzene ring is also possible; the –CH2OH group directs into the 2- or 4-position by the donation of electrons to the ring.
Benzyl alcohol (also known as α-cresol) is an aromatic alcohol with the formula C6H5CH2OH.
The benzyl group is often abbreviated "Bn" (not to be confused with "Bz" which is used for benzoyl), thus benzyl alcohol is denoted as BnOH.

Benzyl alcohol is a colorless liquid with a mild pleasant aromatic odor.
Benzyl alcohol is a useful as a solvent for its polarity, low toxicity, and low vapor pressure.
Benzyl alcohol has moderate solubility in water (4 g/100 mL) and is miscible in alcohols and diethyl ether.
The anion produced by deprotonation of the alcohol group is known as benzylate or benzyloxide.
Benzyl alcohol is produced naturally by many plants and is commonly found in fruits and teas.
Benzyl alcohol is also found in a variety of essential oils including jasmine, hyacinth and ylang-ylang.
Benzyl alcohol is also found in castoreum from the castor sacs of beaver.
Benzyl esters also occur naturally.

Benzyl alcohol Chemical Properties
Melting point: -15 °C
Boiling point: 205 °C
Density: 1.045 g/mL at 25 °C(lit.)
Vapor density: 3.7 (vs air)
Vapor pressure: 13.3 mm Hg ( 100 °C)
Refractive index: n20/D 1.539(lit.)
FEMA: 2137 | BENZYL ALCOHOL
Fp: 201 °F
Storage temp.: Store at +2°C to +25°C.
Solubility H2O: 33 mg/mL, clear, colorless
Form: Liquid
Pka: 14.36±0.10(Predicted)
Color: APHA: ≤20
Relative polarity: 0.608
Odor: Mild, pleasant.
Odor Type: floral
Explosive limit: 1.3-13%(V)
Water Solubility: 4.29 g/100 mL (20 ºC)
Merck: 14,1124
JECFA Number: 25
BRN: 878307
Henry's Law Constant: Exposure limits No exposure limit is set. Because of its low vapor pressure and low toxicity, the health hazard to humans from occupational exposure should be very low.
InChIKey: WVDDGKGOMKODPV-UHFFFAOYSA-N
LogP: 1.05 at 20℃
CAS DataBase Reference: 100-51-6(CAS DataBase Reference)
NIST Chemistry Reference: Benzyl alcohol(100-51-6)
EPA Substance Registry System: Benzyl alcohol (100-51-6)

Benzyl alcohol has a characteristic pleasant, fruity odor and a slightly pungent, sweet taste; the note tends to become similar to that of benzyl aldehyde on aging.
Slightly soluble in water, and miscible with alcohol, ether, chloroform and so on.
Benzyl alcohol occurs in many essential oils and foods.
Benzyl alcohol is a colorless liquid with a weak, slightly sweet odor.
Benzyl alcohol can be oxidized to benzaldehyde, for example, with nitric acid.
Dehydrogenation over a copper–magnesium oxide–pumice catalyst also leads to the aldehyde.
Esterification of benzyl alcohol results in a number of important fragrance and flavor materials.
Diphenylmethane is prepared by a Friedel–Crafts reaction of benzyl alcohol and benzene with aluminum chloride or concentrated sulfuric acid.
By heating benzyl alcohol in the presence of strong acids or strong bases, dibenzyl ether is formed.
Colorless, hygroscopic, air sensitive liquid with a faint, pleasant, aromatic odor.
Odor threshold concentration in water is 10 ppm.

Reactions
Like most alcohols, Benzyl alcohol reacts with carboxylic acids to form esters.
In organic synthesis, benzyl esters are popular protecting groups because they can be removed by mild hydrogenolysis.
Benzyl alcohol reacts with acrylonitrile to give N-benzylacrylamide.
Benzyl alcohol is an example of a Ritter reaction:
C6H5CH2OH + NCCHCH2 → C6H5CH2N(H)C(O)CHCH2

Uses
Benzyl alcohol is a colorless clear oily liquid; its odor type is floral and its odor at 100% is described as 'floral rose phenolic balsamic'.
Benzyl alcohol is used in cosmetics as afragrance component, preservative, solvent and diluting agent for perfumes and flavors, and viscosity-decreasing agent.
Benzyl alcohol is used as a solvent for surface-coating materials, cellulose esters and ethers, alkyd resins,acrylic resins, fats, dyestuffs,casein (when hot), gelatin, shellac and waxes.
Benzyl alcohol is added in small amounts to surface-coating materials to improve their flow and gloss.
In the textile industry, benzyl alcohol is used as anauxiliary in the dyeing of wool, polyamides, and polyesters.

In pharmacy Benzyl alcohol is used as a local anesthetic ingredient in over-the-counter anorectal, oral healthcare and topical analgesic drug products and, because of its antimicrobial effect, as an ingredient of ointments and other preparations (U.S. National Library of Medicine).
Benzyl alcohol is also a starting material for the preparation of numerous benzyl esters that are used as odorants, flavors, stabilizers for volatile perfumes, and plasticizers and is also employed in the extractive distillation of m- and p-xylenes and m- and p-cresols.
Other uses include or have included heat-sealing of polyethylene films,in color photography as a development accelerator and in microscopy as embedding material (U.S.National Library of Medicine).

Esters of benzyl alcohol are used in makingperfume, soap, flavoring, lotion, and ointment.
Benzyl alcohol finds application in color photography;the pharmaceuticals industry, cosmetics,and leather dyeing; and as an insect repellent.
Benzyl alcohol occurs in natural products such as oils ofjasmine and castoreum.
Benzyl alcohol is widely used as a solvent for the dielectrophoretic reconfiguration of nanowires, inks, paints, lacquers and epoxy resin coatings and as a precursor to a variety of esters used in soaps, perfumes and flavoring.
Benzyl alcohol is employed as a local anesthetic which reduces the pain associated with lidocaine injection.
Benzyl alcohol has a various applications in baby products, bath products, soaps and detergents, eye makeup, blushers, cleansing products, make up products as well as hair, nail and skin care products.

Benzyl alcohol is a preservative against bacteria, used in concentrations of 1 to 3 percent.
Benzyl alcohol can cause skin irritation.
Benzyl alcohol is used as a general solvent for inks, waxes, shellacs, paints, lacquers, and epoxy resin coatings.
Thus Benzyl alcohol can be used in paint strippers, especially when combined with compatible viscosity enhancers to encourage the mixture to cling to painted surfaces.
Benzyl alcohol is a precursor to a variety of esters and ethers, used in the soap, perfume, and flavor industries. E.g. benzyl benzoate, benzyl salicylate, benzyl cinnamate, dibenzyl ether, benzyl butyl phthalate.
Benzyl alcohol can be used as a local anesthetic, especially with epinephrine.
As a dye solvent, Benzyl alcohol enhances the process of dying wool, nylon, and leather.

Use in health care
Benzyl alcohol is used as a bacteriostatic preservative at low concentration in intravenous medications, cosmetics, and topical drugs.
Some caution is necessary if a high percent of Benzyl alcohol is used as benzaldehyde arises from benzyl alcohol when used as preservative in an injectable formulation solution.
Benzyl alcohol, sold under the brand name Ulesfia, was approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 2009, as a 5% solution for the treatment of head lice in people 6 months of age and older.

Benzyl alcohol affects the louse's spiracles, preventing them from closing.
These then become clogged with water or mineral oil or other matter and cause the insect to die from asphyxiation.
Benzyl alcohol is used effectively for treating lice infestations as the active ingredient in lotion shampoo with 5% benzyl alcohol.
Benzyl alcohol is an ingredient used in the manufacture of soaps, topical creams, skin lotions, shampoos, and facial cleansers and is popular due to its anti-bacterial and anti-fungal properties.
Benzyl alcohol is a common ingredient in a variety of household products.

Pharmaceutical Applications
Benzyl alcohol is an antimicrobial preservative used in cosmetics, foods, and a wide range of pharmaceutical formulations, including oral and parenteral preparations, at concentrations up to 2.0% v/v.
The typical concentration used is 1% v/v, and it has been reported to be used in protein, peptide and small molecule products, although its frequency of use has fallen from 48 products in 1996, 30 products in 2001, to 15 products in 2006.
In cosmetics, concentrations up to 3.0% v/v may be used as a preservative.
Concentrations of 5% v/v or more are employed as a solubilizer, while a 10% v/v solution is used as a disinfectant.

Benzyl alcohol 10% v/v solutions also have some local anesthetic properties, which are exploited in some parenterals, cough products, ophthalmic solutions, ointments, and dermatological aerosol sprays.
Although widely used as an antimicrobial preservative, benzyl alcohol has been associated with some fatal adverse reactions when administered to neonates.
Benzyl alcohol is now recommended that parenteral products preserved with benzyl alcohol, or other antimicrobial preservatives, should not be used in newborn infants if at all possible.

Preparation
Benzyl alcohol is produced industrially from toluene via benzyl chloride, which is hydrolyzed:
C6H5CH2Cl + H2O → C6H5CH2OH + HCl
Another route entails hydrogenation of benzaldehyde, a by-product of the oxidation of toluene to benzoic acid.
For laboratory use, Grignard reaction of phenylmagnesium bromide (C6H5MgBr) with formaldehyde and the Cannizzaro reaction of benzaldehyde also give benzyl alcohol.
The latter also gives benzoic acid, an example of an organic disproportionation reaction.

Production Method
1.Benzyl chloride with potassium or sodium is heated for a long timg, and hydrolyzes to yield benzyl alcohol.
2.Benzaldehyde in methanol and sodium hydroxide solution react to benzyl alcohol at 65~75 ℃.
The product has high purity.
3.Using benzyl chloride as raw materials, it is heated and hydrolyzes to yield benzyl alcohol in the presence of the sodium catalyst.
Specification of spices benzyl alcohol(QB792-81): the relative density of 1.041-1.046; refractive index of 1.538-1.541; boiling range 203-206℃ and distillate volume more than 95%; dissolving completely in 30 volumes of distilled water; containing more than 98 percent of alcohol; chlorine test (NF) as the side reaction.
Raw material consumption quota: benzyl chloride 1600kg/t; soda ash 1000kg/t.

4.Benzyl alcohol exists naturally in orange flower, ylang-ylang, jasmine, gardenia, acacia, lilac and hyacinth.
Benzyl chloride or benzaldehyde is used as raw materials to prepare benzyl alcohol in the industry.
5.Add chlorobenzyl to 12% sodium carbonate solution, heat to 93 ℃ and stir for 5h.
Then warm the mixture to 101~103℃ and react for 10h.
After the reaction, cool it to the room temperature, and add salt to saturation.
After still standing for stratification, take the upper liquid and get crude products through pressure distillation.
Then refine to gain the target products.
The yield is 70%~72%.
C6H5CH2Cl+H2O[Na2CO3]→C6H5CH2OH+NaCl+CO2↑
In the presence of sodium hydroxide, formaldehyde and benzaldehyde react to produce benzyl alcohol by disproportionation reaction.
C6H5CHO+HCHO[NaOH]→C6h5CH2OH+HCOONa

Health Hazard
Benzyl alcohol is a low acute toxicant witha mild irritation effect on the skin.
Theirritation in 24 hours from the pure compoundwas mild on rabbit skin and moderateon pig skin.
A dose of 750 μg producedsevere eye irritation in rabbits.
The toxicityof benzyl alcohol is of low order,the effects varying with the species.
Oralintake of high concentrations of this compoundproduced behavioral effects in rats.
The symptoms progressed from somnolenceand excitement to coma.
Intravenous administrationin dogs produced ataxia, dyspnea,diarrhea, and hypermotility in the animals.
Adult and neonatal mice treated with benzyl alcohol exhibited behavioral change,including sedation, dyspnea, and loss ofmotor function.
Pretreatment with pyrazoleincreased the toxicity of benzyl alcohol.
Withdisulfiram the toxicity remained unchanged.
The study indicated that the acute toxicitywas due to the alcohol itself andnot to bezaldehyde, Benzyl alcohol's primary metabolite.

Synonyms
benzyl alcohol
phenylmethanol
benzenemethanol
100-51-6
phenylcarbinol
Benzoyl alcohol
benzylalcohol
Benzenecarbinol
Phenylmethyl alcohol
Hydroxytoluene
alpha-Toluenol
(Hydroxymethyl)benzene
Phenolcarbinol
Benzal alcohol
benzylic alcohol
Alcool benzylique
Benzylicum
Methanol, phenyl-
Phenylcarbinolum
alpha-hydroxytoluene
hydroxymethylbenzene
Bentalol
Euxyl K 100
Ulesfia
Phenyl Methanol
Phenyl-Methanol
BENZYL-ALCOHOL
Caswell No. 081F
66072-40-0
alcoholum benzylicum
Benzyl alcohol (natural)
FEMA No. 2137
Benzylalkohol
Alcohol,benzyl
NCI-C06111
.alpha.-Hydroxytoluene
Alcool benzilico
Aromatic alcohol
Alcohol, Benzyl
Alcohol bencilico
.alpha.-Toluenol
Alcool benzilico [DCIT]
Itch-X
NSC 8044
HSDB 46
benzenmethanol
Benzalalcohol
Benzalcohol
CCRIS 2081
Aromatic primary alcohol
Alcoolbenzylique
Alcool benzylique [INN-French]
Benzyl alkohol
Alcohol bencilico [INN-Spanish]
Methanol benzene
Alcoholum benzylicum [INN-Latin]
UNII-LKG8494WBH
Alcohol benzylicus
NSC-8044
EINECS 202-859-9
BnOH
LKG8494WBH
EPA Pesticide Chemical Code 009502
BRN 0878307
Sunmorl BK 20
DTXSID5020152
CHEBI:17987
INS NO.1519
AI3-01680
INS-1519
MFCD00004599
Hydroxymethyl resin (100-200 mesh)
TOLUENE,ALPHA-HYDROXY
benzyl alcohol (ring-13c6)
DTXCID70152
Benzyl alcohol (Benzenemethanol)
E-1519
EC 202-859-9
4-06-00-02222 (Beilstein Handbook Reference)
BENZYL-ALPHA,ALPHA-D2 ALCOHOL
NCGC00091865-01
BENZYL ALCOHOL (II)
BENZYL ALCOHOL [II]
185532-71-2
MBN
BENZYL ALCOHOL (MART.)
BENZYL ALCOHOL [MART.]
Alcool benzylique (INN-French)
BENZYL ALCOHOL (USP-RS)
BENZYL ALCOHOL [USP-RS]
BENZYL ALCOHOL
Benzyl alcohol is a clear alcohol with a mild sweet fragrance.
Benzyl alcohol is a synthetic chemical produced for industry, however it can be found naturally in some plants, fruits, tea, and wines.


CAS Number: 100-51-6
EC Number: 202-859-9
E number: E1519 (additional chemicals)
Molecular Formula: C7H8O / C6H5CH2OH



SYNONYMS:
Benzylalkohol, alcohol benzylicus,Phenylcarbinolum, Phenylmethanol, Benzylic Alcohol, Benzylalcohol, Benzyl Alcohol, alcoholum benzylicum, alcool benzylique, alpha-Hydroxytoluene, alpha-toluenol, Aromatic alcohol, benzenecarbinol, Benzenemethanol, benzyl alcohol, Benzyl alcohol, Benzylalkohol, benzylic alcohol, (hydroxymethyl)benzene, Hydroxymethylbenzene, Phenylcarbinol, phenylmethanol, Phenylmethanol, phenylmethyl alcohol, Benzenemethanol, α-Hydroxytoluene, α-Toluenol, (Hydroxymethyl)benzene, Benzenecarbinol, Phenylcarbinol, Phenylmethanol, Phenylmethyl alcohol, Methanol, phenyl-, NCI-C06111, Hydroxytoluene, Bentalol, Benzoyl alcohol, Benzenmethanol, Benzylic alcohol, Methanol benzene, NSC 8044, Benzyl Alkohol, (Hydroxymethyl)benzene, .alpha.-Hydroxytoluene, .alpha.-Toluenol, AB1002552, AC1L18SY, AC1Q7C20, AKOS000119907, Alcohol bencilico, Alcohol, Benzyl, Alcool benzilico, Alcool benzilico [DCIT], Alcool benzylique, Aromatic alcohol, Aromatic primary alcohol, B2378, BB_SC-7027, BENZYL ALCOHOL, ACS, BENZYL ALCOHOL, U.S.P./N.F., BENZYL-ALCOHOL, Benzal alcohol, Benzencarbinol, Benzene Carbinol, Benzenecarbinol, Benzoyl alcohol, Benzyl Alcohole, Benzylalkohol, Benzylicum, Euxyl K 100, Hydroxytoluene, Itch-X, Jsp000133, Methanol, phenyl-, NCI-C06111, PENTADEOTEROBENZYL ALCOHOL, Phenolcarbinol, Phenyl Methanol, Phenyl-Methanol, Phenylcarbinolum, Phenylmethyl alcohol, TOLUENE,ALPHA-HYDROXY, alcoholum benzylicum, alpha-Toluenol, alpha-hydroxytoluene, aplha-Hydroxytoluene, benzenemethanol, benzylalcohol, benzylic alcohol, hydroxymethylbenzene, nchem.167-comp3, nchem.651-comp3i, nchem.932-comp19, phenylcarbinol, TB 13g, C7H8O, alcohol benzylicus, Benzenemethanol, Benzylic Alcohol, Phenylcarbinol, Phenylmethanol, Phenylmethyl Alcohol, alpha-Toluenol, phenylmethanol, .alpha.-hydroxytoluene, .alpha.-toluenol, (hydroxymethyl)benzene, a-Hydroxytoluene, a-Toluenol, alcoholum benzylicum, Alcool benzylique, alpha-hydroxytoluene, Alpha-toluenol, Aromatic primary alcohol, Bentalol, Benzal alcohol, Benzenecarbinol, Benzenemethanol, benzenmethanol, Benzoyl alcohol, Benzyl alcohol, Benzyl alkohol, Benzyl-alcohol, BenzylAlcohol, Benzylalkohol, Benzylic alcohol, Benzylicum, Enzylalcohol, hydroxymethylbenzene, Hydroxytoluene, MBN, Methanol benzene, Methanol, phenyl-, Phenolcarbinol, Phenylcarbinol, Phenylcarbinolum, phenylmethanol, Phenylmethyl alcohol, Aromatic alcohol, Ulesfia, Α-hydroxytoluene, Α-toluenol, Alcohol, benzyl, Caswell no. 081F, Euxyl K 100, Itch-X, Sunmorl BK 20, (Hydroxymethyl)benzene, Alcoholum benzylicum, Alcool benzylique, alpha-Hydroxytoluene, alpha-Toluenol, Aromatic alcohol, Benzenecarbinol, Benzenemethanol, Benzylalkohol, Benzylic alcohol, Hydroxymethylbenzene, Phenylcarbinol, Phenylmethanol, Phenylmethyl alcohol, Ulesfia, a-Hydroxytoluene, Α-hydroxytoluene, a-Toluenol, Α-toluenol, Alcohol, benzyl, .alpha.-hydroxytoluene, .alpha.-toluenol, Aromatic primary alcohol, Bentalol, Benzal alcohol, Benzenmethanol, Benzoyl alcohol, Benzyl alkohol, Benzyl-alcohol, BenzylAlcohol, Benzylicum, Caswell no. 081F, Enzylalcohol, Euxyl K 100, Hydroxytoluene, Itch-X, MBN, Methanol benzene, Phenolcarbinol, Phenylcarbinolum, Sunmorl BK 20, TB 13g, Benzyl alcohol, Benzylalcohol, Phenylmethanol, (Hydroxymethyl)benzene, Benzyl alcohol, α-Cresol, α-Toluenol, α-Hydroxytoluene, alpha-Hydroxyphenylmethane, Phenylcarbinol, Benzenemethanol, Benzyl hydroxide, Benzylic acid, benzyl alcohol, phenylmethanol, benzenemethanol, 100-51-6, phenylcarbinol, benzylalcohol, Benzoyl alcohol, Benzenecarbinol, alpha-Toluenol, Phenylmethyl alcohol, Hydroxytoluene, (Hydroxymethyl)benzene, Phenolcarbinol, Benzal alcohol, benzylic alcohol, Alcool benzylique, Benzylicum, Methanol, phenyl-, Phenylcarbinolum, alpha-hydroxytoluene, Euxyl K 100, hydroxymethylbenzene, Bentalol, Ulesfia, Phenyl Methanol, Phenyl-Methanol, 66072-40-0, BENZYL-ALCOHOL, Caswell No. 081F, alcoholum benzylicum, Benzyl alcohol (natural), FEMA No. 2137, Benzylalkohol, Alcohol, benzyl, 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[USAN:INN:JAN], enzylalcohol, Protocoxil, phenyl carbinol, benzene-methanol, Benzyl Alcohole, a-Hydroxytoluene, a-Toluenol, Alcohol benzilico, Benzyl alcohol [INN:JAN:NF], Hydroxymethyl resin (200-400 mesh), PhCH2OH, Bn-OH, SCHEMBL147, Benzyl alcohol, ACS grade, bmse000407, C6H5CH2OH, CHEMBL720, WLN: Q1R, BENZYL ALCOHOL [MI], Benzyl alcohol (JP15/NF), BENZYL ALCOHOL [FCC], BENZYL ALCOHOL [INN], BENZYL ALCOHOL [JAN], BENZYL ALCOHOL [FHFI], BENZYL ALCOHOL [HSDB], BENZYL ALCOHOL [INCI], BIDD:ER0248, ALCOHOL,BENZYL [VANDF], BENZYL ALCOHOL [VANDF], ZilactinEarly Relief Cold Sore, TB 13G, Benzyl alcohol, LR, >=99%, BENZYL ALCOHOL [WHO-DD], BENZYL ALCOHOL [WHO-IP], BDBM16418, NSC8044, USEPA/OPP Pesticide Code: 009502, NCGC00091865-02, NCGC00091865-03, NCGC00091865-04, NCGC00254154-01, NCGC00259996-01, ALCOHOL BENZYLICUS [WHO-IP LATIN], Benzyl alcohol, ACS reagent, >=99.0%, Benzyl alcohol, ReagentPlus(R), >=99%, Benzyl alcohol, USP, 98.0-100.5%, B2378, Benzyl alcohol, tested according to Ph.Eur., Benzylalcohol 100 microg/mL in Acetonitrile, E1519, NS00009775, Benzyl alcohol, p.a., ACS reagent, 99.0%, Benzyl alcohol, SAJ first grade, >=98.5%, EN300-20016, Benzyl alcohol, SAJ special grade, >=99.0%, Benzyl alcohol, Vetec(TM) reagent grade, 98%, C00556, C03485, D00077, D70182, Q52353, AB01563201_01, A800221, SR-01000872610, J-000153, SR-01000872610-3, BENZALKONIUM CHLORIDE IMPURITY A [EP IMPURITY], F0001-001, Phenyl carbinol, Phenylmethyl alcohol, alpha-Hydroxytoluene, Benzenemethanol, Benzenemethanol, α-Hydroxytoluene, α-Toluenol, (Hydroxymethyl)benzene, Benzenecarbinol, Phenylcarbinol, Phenylmethanol, Phenylmethyl alcohol, Methanol, phenyl-, NCI-C06111, Hydroxytoluene, Bentalol, Benzoyl alcohol, Benzenmethanol, Benzylic alcohol, Methanol benzene, NSC 8044, Benzyl Alkohol, BALC, Benzencarbinol, Benzenmethanol, alpha-Hydroxytoluene, Phenylcarbinol, Phenylmethanol, Phenylmethylalcohol, C7H8O, alcohol benzylicus, Benzenemethanol, Benzylic Alcohol, Phenylcarbinol, Phenylmethanol, Phenylmethyl Alcohol, alpha-Toluenol, Benzenemethanol, α-Hydroxytoluene, α-Toluenol, (Hydroxymethyl)benzene, Benzenecarbinol, Phenylcarbinol, Phenylmethanol, Phenylmethyl alcohol, Methanol, phenyl-, NCI-C06111, Hydroxytoluene, Bentalol, Benzoyl alcohol, Benzenmethanol, Benzylic alcohol, Methanol benzene, NSC 8044, Benzyl Alkohol, benzyl alcohol, benzenemethanol, phenylcarbinol, benzoyl alcohol, hydroxytoluene, benzenecarbinol, phenylmethyl alcohol, alpha-toluenol, hydroxymethyl benzene, benzylalcohol, benzenecarbinol, benzenemethanol, benzoyl alcohol, phenylcarbinol, phenylmethanol, α-hydroxytoluene, Phenylmethanol, (Hydroxymethyl)benzene, Benzyl alcohol, α-Cresol, α-Toluenol, α-Hydroxytoluene, alpha-Hydroxyphenylmethane, Phenylcarbinol, Benzenemethanol, Benzyl hydroxide, Benzylic acid, benzyl alcohol, phenylmethanol, benzenemethanol, 100-51-6, phenylcarbinol, benzylalcohol, Benzoyl alcohol, Benzenecarbinol, alpha-Toluenol, Phenylmethyl alcohol, Hydroxytoluene, (Hydroxymethyl)benzene, Phenolcarbinol, Benzal alcohol, Methanol, phenyl-, alpha-hydroxytoluene, benzylic alcohol, Alcool benzylique, Benzylicum, Phenylcarbinolum, Euxyl K 100, hydroxymethylbenzene, Bentalol, Ulesfia, 66072-40-0, Phenyl Methanol, Phenyl-Methanol, BENZYL-ALCOHOL, Caswell No. 081F, alcoholum benzylicum, Benzyl alcohol (natural), FEMA No. 2137, Benzylalkohol, NCI-C06111, Alcool benzilico, Aromatic alcohol, Alcohol, Benzyl, Alcohol bencilico, .alpha.-Toluenol, Alcool benzilico [DCIT], Itch-X, NSC 8044, HSDB 46, benzenmethanol, .alpha.-Hydroxytoluene, Benzalalcohol, Benzalcohol, CCRIS 2081, Aromatic primary alcohol, Alcoolbenzylique, Alcohol,benzyl, Alcool benzylique [INN-French], Benzyl alkohol, Alcohol bencilico [INN-Spanish], Methanol benzene, Alcoholum benzylicum [INN-Latin], UNII-LKG8494WBH, Alcohol benzylicus, NSC-8044, EINECS 202-859-9, BnOH, LKG8494WBH, EPA Pesticide Chemical Code 009502, BRN 0878307, Sunmorl BK 20, DTXSID5020152, CHEBI:17987, INS NO.1519, AI3-01680, INS-1519, MFCD00004599, Hydroxymethyl resin (100-200 mesh), TOLUENE,ALPHA-HYDROXY, DTXCID70152, Benzyl alcohol (Benzenemethanol), E-1519, EC 202-859-9, 4-06-00-02222 (Beilstein Handbook Reference), 185532-71-2, NCGC00091865-01, BENZYL ALCOHOL (II), BENZYL ALCOHOL [II], MBN, BENZYL ALCOHOL (MART.), BENZYL ALCOHOL [MART.], Alcool benzylique (INN-French), BENZYL ALCOHOL (USP-RS), BENZYL ALCOHOL [USP-RS], Alcohol bencilico (INN-Spanish), Alcoholum benzylicum (INN-Latin), BENZYL ALCOHOL (EP MONOGRAPH), BENZYL ALCOHOL [EP MONOGRAPH], phenylmethan-1-ol, CAS-100-51-6, Ulesfia (TN), Benzyl alcohol [USAN:INN], enzylalcohol, Protocoxil, phenyl carbinol, benzene-methanol, Benzyl Alcohole, a-Hydroxytoluene, a-Toluenol, Alcohol benzilico, Benzyl alcohol [INN:JAN], Hydroxymethyl resin (200-400 mesh), PhCH2OH, Bn-OH, SCHEMBL147, Benzyl alcohol, ACS grade, bmse000407, C6H5CH2OH, CHEMBL720, WLN: Q1R, BENZYL ALCOHOL [MI], Benzyl alcohol (JP15/NF), BENZYL ALCOHOL [FCC], BENZYL ALCOHOL [INN], BENZYL ALCOHOL [JAN], BENZYL ALCOHOL [FHFI], BENZYL ALCOHOL [HSDB], BIDD, ALCOHOL,BENZYL [VANDF], BENZYL ALCOHOL [VANDF], ZilactinEarly Relief Cold Sore, TB 13G, Benzyl alcohol, LR, >=99%, BENZYL ALCOHOL [WHO-DD], BENZYL ALCOHOL [WHO-IP], BDBM16418, NSC8044, Benzyl alcohol (JP17/NF/INN), HMS3264B16, HMS3885F10, Pharmakon1600-01502555, Benzyl alcohol, analytical standard, Benzyl alcohol, AR, >=99.5%, HY-B0892, Benzyl alcohol, anhydrous, 99.8%, Tox21_111172, Tox21_202447, Tox21_300044, BBL011938, BENZYL ALCOHOL [ORANGE BOOK], NSC760098, s4600, STL163453, Benzyl alcohol, >=99%, FCC, FG, AKOS000119907, Benzyl alcohol, natural, >=98%, FG, CCG-213843, DB06770, NSC-760098, USEPA/OPP Pesticide Code: 009502, NCGC00091865-02, NCGC00091865-03, NCGC00091865-04, NCGC00254154-01, NCGC00259996-01, ALCOHOL BENZYLICUS [WHO-IP LATIN], Benzyl alcohol, ACS reagent, >=99.0%, Benzyl alcohol, ReagentPlus(R), >=99%, Benzyl alcohol, USP, 98.0-100.5%, DA-61590, B2378, Benzyl alcohol, tested according to Ph.Eur., Benzylalcohol 100 microg/mL in Acetonitrile, E1519, NS00009775, Benzyl alcohol, p.a., ACS reagent, 99.0%, Benzyl alcohol, SAJ first grade, >=98.5%, EN300-20016, Benzyl alcohol, SAJ special grade, >=99.0%, Benzyl alcohol, Vetec(TM) reagent grade, 98%, C00556, C03485, D00077, D70182, Q52353, SBI-0653497.0001, AB01563201_01, A800221, SR-01000872610, J-000153, SR-01000872610-3, BENZALKONIUM CHLORIDE IMPURITY A [EP IMPURITY], BRD-K98494274-001-03-6, BRD-K98494274-001-05-1, F0001-0019, Z104476418, 3762963D-6C2A-4BFF-AD94-3180E51BCA68, Benzyl alcohol, certified reference material, TraceCERT(R), Benzyl alcohol, European Pharmacopoeia (EP) Reference Standard, Benzyl alcohol, puriss. p.a., ACS reagent, >=99.0% (GC), Benzyl alcohol, United States Pharmacopeia (USP) Reference Standard, InChI=1/C7H8O/c8-6-7-4-2-1-3-5-7/h1-5,8H,6H, Benzyl alcohol, Pharmaceutical Secondary Standard; Certified Reference Material, Benzyl alcohol, puriss., meets analytical specification of Ph.??Eur., BP, NF, 99-100.5% (GC), StratoSpheres(TM) PL-HMS (Hydroxymethylstyrene) resin, 50-100 mesh, extent of labeling: 2.0 mmol loading, 1 % cross-linked



There are many different types of alcohol, and despite the rumors, not all of them are bad for your skin.
The ones that will likely irritate your skin or dry it out include isopropyl alcohol, methanol, and denatured alcohol—but even these “bad alcohols” can be okay in small amounts for very specific uses.


For example, sterile wipes or cotton swabs that a nurse uses to clean the injection site on your skin before you get a shot often contain isopropyl alcohol.
On the other hand, there are some alcohols that can actually be “good” for your skin (in the right amount and for the right use).
Benzyl alcohol is one of them.


Trace amounts of benzyl alcohol actually occur naturally in some plants and fruits as well as in some essential oils like rose oil and lemon oil.
Other “good" alcohol types include what are called fatty alcohols, like stearyl alcohol, cetyl alcohol, and cetearyl alcohol.
Many of these can be found in various amounts in skincare products and cosmetics.


Even some products marketed as “alcohol-free” can contain some of these alcohols.
That’s because the alcohol that they are “free” of is ethyl alcohol (also called ethanol).
But even alcohol-free products can contain benzyl alcohol.


Benzyl alcohol is a clear alcohol with a mild sweet fragrance.
Benzyl alcohol is a synthetic chemical produced for industry, however it can be found naturally in some plants, fruits, tea, and wines.
Benzyl alcohol's a useful solvent due to its low toxicity, and can be found in many cosmetics and personal care products.


Though Benzyl alcohol is among the least sensitising preservatives of its kind available, a small percentage of people can be sensitive to this ingredient on their skin.
Benzyl alcohol with care at very low concentrations to minimise exposure, while also helping prevent the growth of microbes on our products once they are exposed to air.


Benzyl alcohol is a prescription topical (for the skin) medication used as an anti-parasite medication.
Benzyl alcohol topical is used to treat head lice in people between the ages of 6 months and 60 years old.
Benzyl alcohol topical is for treating head lice only. It will not treat lice on other body areas.


Benzyl alcohol is fragrance and flavor material that also has preservative qualities.
Benzyl alcohol is both naturally occurring in plants and can be synthetically prepared.
Benzyl Alcohol is a clear liquid that is used in toothpaste products as a natural preservative.


In addition to serving a natural preservation function in the product, Benzyl alcohol also enhances the flavor of the product.
Benzyl alcohol is a constituent of many essential oils and is used in the fragrance and perfumery industries because of it's pleasant odour.
Also because Benzyl alcohol exhibits bacteriostatic and antipruritic properties, it is also very useful as a natural preservative in it's own right.


Benzyl alcohol is a component of creams and ointments applied topically to relieve pain from cold (canker) sores or blisters in the mouth and gum irritations, and to treat head lice infestation (pediculosis).
Benzyl alcohol is an aromatic compound that has antiseptic and anesthetic properties.


Benzyl alcohol gel and ointment, when applied on the canker sores or gums, dries out and forms a protective antiseptic film while also acting as a local anesthetic.
Benzyl alcohol lotion, when applied to the scalp and hair, gets into the respiratory openings (spiracles) of the lice and suffocates the lice, killing them, however, it has no effect on the lice eggs (nits).


In adults, benzyl alcohol is quickly metabolized into benzoic acid by the liver, which is then converted to hippuric acid and eliminated in the urine.
Benzyl alcohol is an organic alcohol that occurs naturally in some fruits (such as peaches, apricots, and cranberries) as well as teas.
Recent studies have found topically applied benzyl alcohol might help wound healing by promoting collagen production, however this is not its primary function in cosmetics products.


Its chief function in cosmetics is as a preservative, and Benzyl alcohol’s among the least sensitising preservatives in use.
Benzyl alcohol works well as a preservative because it has both antibacterial and antifungal properties.
High amounts of benzyl alcohol can impart a noticeable floral-like scent to products, as it is part of the fragrance makeup of some essential oils such as jasmine.


Benzyl alcohol, an organic compound, of molecular formula C6H5CH2OH, that occurs combined with carboxylic acids (as esters) in balsams and oils of jasmine and other flowers.
Several of its natural and synthetic esters have long been used in perfumery; Benzyl alcohol itself has become important in the second half of the 20th century as a developer booster in the processing of colour motion-picture film and as a dyeing assistant for filament nylons.


Benzyl alcohol is manufactured by the hydrolysis of benzyl chloride in the presence of soda ash.
Benzyl Alcohol is a clear, colorless liquid with a slight, aromatic odor.
Benzyl alcohol is a versatile chemical compound widely used as a general solvent and chemical intermediate in various industries.


Benzyl alcohol is a clear, colorless liquid with slight, aromatic odor
Benzyl alcohol (C7H8O) is a colorless liquid with a sharp taste and slight odor.
Benzyl alcohol is in the form of a colorless, transparent liquid.


Benzyl alcohol does not dissolve well in water, but can be dissolved in some organic solvents other than water.
Benzyl alcohol ensures a longer shelf life of the product.
The usage rate varies between 0.1% and 2% depending on the demonstrative effect of Benzyl alcohol and its interaction with other substances.


Benzyl alcohol (also known as α-cresol) is an aromatic alcohol with the formula C6H5CH2OH.
The benzyl group is often abbreviated "Bn" (not to be confused with "Bz" which is used for benzoyl), thus benzyl alcohol is denoted as BnOH.
Benzyl alcohol is a colorless liquid with a mild pleasant aromatic odor.


Benzyl alcohol is a useful as a solvent for its polarity, low toxicity, and low vapor pressure.
Benzyl alcohol has moderate solubility in water (4 g/100 mL) and is miscible in alcohols and diethyl ether.
The anion produced by deprotonation of the alcohol group is known as benzylate or benzyloxide.


Benzyl alcohol is an ingredient used in the manufacture of soaps, topical creams, skin lotions, shampoos, and facial cleansers and is popular due to its anti-bacterial and anti-fungal properties.
Benzyl alcohol is a common ingredient in a variety of household products.


Benzyl alcohol appears as a clear colorless liquid with a pleasant odor.
Benzyl alcohol is slightly denser than water.
Flash point of Benzyl alcohol is 194 °F.


Boiling point of Benzyl alcohol is 401 °F.
Benzyl alcohol is used to make other chemicals.
Benzyl alcohol is an aromatic alcohol that consists of benzene bearing a single hydroxymethyl substituent.


Benzyl alcohol has a role as a solvent, a metabolite, an antioxidant and a fragrance.
Benzyl alcohol is a metabolite found in or produced by Escherichia coli.
Benzyl alcohol is a Pediculicide.


Benzyl Alcohol is a natural product found in Camellia sinensis, Nymphaea rudgeana, and other organisms with data available.
Benzyl alcohol is a metabolite found in or produced by Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
Benzyl alcohol is a colorless liquid with a sharp burning taste and slight odor.


Benzyl alcohol is a naturally ocurring and synthetic ingredient used as solvent and preservative; has been associated with contact allergy.
Benzyl alcohol's one of those things that help your cosmetics not to go wrong too soon, aka a preservative.
Benzyl alcohol can be naturally found in fruits and teas but can also be made synthetically.


No matter the origin, in small amounts (up to 1%) Benzyl alcohol’s a nice, gentle preservative.
Benzyl alcohol has to be combined with some other nice preservatives, like potassium sorbate to be broad spectrum enough.
In high amounts, Benzyl alcohol can be a skin irritant, but don’t worry, it’s never used in high amounts.


Benzyl alcohol is a chemical that occurs naturally and in synthetic form.
Benzyl alcohol occurs naturally in foods and is a permitted food additive.
Benzyl alcohol is also known as benzenemethanol.


Benzyl alcohol is also known as Aromatic Alcohol with the chemical formula C6H5CH2OH.
The IUPAC name of Benzyl alcohol is phenyl methanol.
At room temperature, benzyl alcohol exists as a colourless liquid that has a mildly aromatic smell.


When this aromatic alcohol, Benzyl alcohol, is deprotonated, the resulting anion is called a benzylate.
Benzyl alcohol is not very soluble in water.
However, Benzyl alcohol forms miscible mixtures with diethyl ether and other alcohols.


Many plants are known to naturally produce C6H5CH2OH.
The essential oils extracted from jasmine, ylang-ylang, and hyacinth contain some amount of benzyl alcohol.



USES and APPLICATIONS of BENZYL ALCOHOL:
Benzyl Alcohol is a synthetic ingredient used as solvent and preservative.
Benzyl alcohol is the most important solvent in the paint and ink industry, an additive for ballpoint pen pastes, dyeing auxiliaries and disinfectants, a development accelerator in color photochemistry and a starting product for the production of esters.


Benzyl alcohol is also used as a preservative for injection solutions.
In addition, Benzyl alcohol uses and dissolves cellulose esters, cellulose ethers, fats, oils and resins.
Benzyl alcohol is also an approved extraction solvent and reactive solvent in many construction chemicals.


In addition, Benzyl alcohol is a component of the paint strippers of many essential vegetable oils and is used as a viscosity regulator.
Benzyl alcohol is generally used as a preservative in cosmetics and personal care products.
Benzyl Alcohol has antimicrobial properties that make it effective at preventing the growth of bacteria, fungi, and other microorganisms in cosmetic formulations.


Benzyl alcohol is often used in concentrations of 0.5% to 2% as a preservative in a variety of products, including shampoos, lotions, creams, and makeup.
However, its use is limited to products that have a pH below 5.5, as Benzyl alcohol is not effective at higher pH levels.
The chemical formula of Benzyl Alcohol is C7H8O, and it is commonly derived from natural sources such as flowers and fruits.


Benzyl alcohol is found in over-the-counter medications, topical creams, lotions, shampoos, and facial cleansers as an antibacterial, preservative, and/or fungicide.
Benzyl alcohol is found in many naturally occurring plant products such as Balsam of Peru and is also a component of essential oils such as hyacinth, jasmine, and ylang ylang oils.


Benzyl alcohol is also prevalent in hair dyes, shampoos, facial cleansers, sunscreens, fragrances, and cosmetics.
Benzyl alcohol is also widely used as a food additive for flavoring.
Benzyl alcohol has a mild, fruity aroma.


If you’ve ever had chocolate, a breath mint, or a piece of chewing gum, it has most likely contained benzyl alcohol.
Benzyl alcohol has a wide range of applications, including paints and coatings, flavor and fragrance, personal care and pharmaceuticals.
Benzyl alcohol is broadly used as a solvent due to its low toxicity and volatility.


Benzyl alcohol is used to treat lice of the hair and scalp.
Benzyl alcohol acts by destroying the lice.
Benzyl alcohol does not destroy their eggs; a second treatment is needed 7 days after the first treatment.


Benzyl alcohol may be used for other purposes; ask your health care provider or pharmacist if you have questions.
As a volatile alcohol, Benzyl alcohol can pose a risk of sensitivity when used in high amounts but is considered safe as used in cosmetics (usually in concentrations up to 5%, and it may be used up to 10% in hair dyes).


In addition to topical applications for pain relief, benzyl alcohol is also used as a preservative in pharmaceutical and cosmetic preparations, solubilizing agent, and as a component of disinfectant solutions.
Benzyl alcohol is added as a local anesthetic to injections to reduce pain at the injection site and is also used to periodically flush intravascular catheters to prevent infection.


Recommended Use of Benzyl alcohol: Photochemicals, Plastics, Herbicides, Fungicides, Printing inks, Glues and adhesives, Crop protection, Adhesives and Sealants, Textile auxiliaries, Metal finishing, Fragrances, Cosmetics, Optical brighteners, Dyestuffs, Safeners, Preservative, Flavoring agent, and Paints and Coatings.


In industry, Benzyl alcohol is used in the manufacture of other benzyl compounds, and in perfumery and flavoring.
As a pharmaceutical product, Benzyl alcohol is used as an anti-parasite medication used to treat head lice.
Benzyl alcohol is also used as a common preservative in many injectable drugs.


Benzyl Alcohol acts as a preservative in cosmetic products.
Benzyl alcohol helps prevent the growth and proliferation of microorganisms in the product.
As a dye solvent, Benzyl alcohol enhances the process of dying wool, nylon, and leather.


Benzyl Alcohol is used as a general solvent in the formulation of inks and lacquers where its low volatility and low toxicity are advantageous and also as a raw material in the manufacture of various esters (such as benzyl formate, acetate, propionate, and butyrate) which are extensively used in the flavor and fragrance industries.


Applications of Benzyl alcohol: Solvent, Chemical and Intermediate
Benzyl alcohol is used as a local anesthetic and to reduce pain associated with LIDOCAINE injection.
Also, Benzyl alcohol is used in the manufacture of other benzyl compounds, as a pharmaceutic aid, and in perfumery and flavoring.


Benzyl alcohol is an antiparasitic agent used for the topical treatment of head lice infestation in patients 6 months of age and older.
Benzyl alcohol, sold under the brand name Ulesfia, was approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 2009, as a 5% solution for the treatment of head lice in people 6 months of age and older.


Benzyl alcohol affects the louse's spiracles, preventing them from closing.
These then become clogged with water or mineral oil or other matter and cause the insect to die from asphyxiation.
Benzyl alcohol is used effectively for treating lice infestations as the active ingredient in lotion shampoo with 5% benzyl alcohol.


Benzyl alcohol is used as a general solvent for inks, waxes, shellacs, paints, lacquers, and epoxy resin coatings.
Thus Benzyl alcohol can be used in paint strippers, especially when combined with compatible viscosity enhancers to encourage the mixture to cling to painted surfaces.


Benzyl alcohol is a precursor to a variety of esters and ethers, used in the soap, perfume, and flavor industries.
E.g. benzyl benzoate, benzyl salicylate, benzyl cinnamate, dibenzyl ether, benzyl butyl phthalate.
Benzyl alcohol can be used as a local anesthetic, especially with epinephrine.


-Use of Benzyl alcohol in health care:
Benzyl alcohol is used as a bacteriostatic preservative at low concentration in intravenous medications, cosmetics, and topical drugs.
Some caution is necessary if a high percent of benzyl alcohol is used as benzaldehyde arises from benzyl alcohol when used as preservative in an injectable formulation solution.



BENEFITS OF BENZYL ALCOHOL:
*Versatility
*Good solvency power
*High purity
*Low vapor pressure



BENZYL ALCOHOL AT A GLANCE:
* An organic alcohol that can be found naturally in some fruits
* Serves chiefly as a preservative in cosmetics products
* Considered one of the least sensitising preservatives in use
* Deemed safe for use in concentrations up to 5%



WHAT IS BENZYL ALCOHOL USED FOR?
Benzyl Alcohol is an important and effective ingredient due to its antimicrobial properties and mild, pleasant scent.
Benzyl alcohol is thus widely used in personal care and cosmetic products.

*Skin care:
Benzyl alcohol is primarily used as a preservative in products like creams, lotions, and serums.
Benzyl alcohol prevents the growth of fungi and bacteria that can lead to spoilage and contamination of the product

*Hair care:
Benzyl alcohol also has the ability to stabilize formulations and help hair care products last longer.
Benzyl alcohol also works effectively to decrease the viscosity, thus improving the texture and feel of the products

*Cosmetic products:
Benzyl alcohol is used as a fragrance ingredient in cosmetics such as perfumes, colognes, and other scented products.
Benzyl alcohol has a mild, pleasant aroma that is well-suited for use in fragrances.
Additionally, Benzyl alcohol is used as a solvent in certain cosmetic formulations to help dissolve other ingredients and improve product consistency



ORIGIM OF BENZYL ALCOHOL:
Synthetically, Benzyl Alcohol can be made through several methods, including the hydrolysis of benzyl chloride with sodium hydroxide, the reduction of benzaldehyde with sodium borohydride, or the reaction of toluene with carbon monoxide and hydrogen gas in the presence of a catalyst.
The resulting product is subjected to purification methods such as distillation to obtain Benzyl Alcohol.



WHAT DOES BENZYL ALCOHOL DO IN A FORMULATION?
*Antimicrobial
*Perfuming
*Preservative
*Solvent
*Viscosity controlling



SAFETY PROFILE OF BENZYL ALCOHOL:
Benzyl Alcohol is safe for use in personal care and cosmetic products when used in the recommended concentrations.
Benzyl alcohol has been approved by regulatory bodies around the world and is used widely in the industry.
While it can be drying to the skin in high concentrations, Benzyl alcohol is typically used at low levels in formulations.
Additionally, Benzyl Alcohol is halal and vegan-friendly.



ALTERNATIVES OF BENZYL ALCOHOL:
*PHENOXYETHANOL,
*ETHYLHEXYLGLYCERIN,
*CAPRYLYL GLYCOL



STRUCTURE OF BENZYL ALCOHOL:
Benzyl alcohol consists of a hydroxyl group attached to a methyl group, which is in turn attached to an aromatic ring.
The structure of a C6H5CH2OH molecule, Benzyl alcohol.
Benzyl Alcohol

The pi electrons in the benzene ring are delocalized due to resonance.
Essentially, the structure of a benzyl alcohol molecule is that of a toluene molecule in which one of the hydrogen atoms has been replaced by a hydroxyl group.



CHARACTERISTICS OF BENZYL ALCOHOL:
Benzyl alcohol forms a colorless, somewhat oily liquid with a mild, pleasant scent but a bitter, numbing taste.
Benzyl alcohol dissolves easily in most organic solvents, and it is also noticeably soluble in water.
Benzyl alcohol slowly oxidizes to benzaldehyde in air.
The esters of benzyl alcohol with various monocarboxylic acids have the character of odorous substances, such as benzyl acetate and benzyl benzoate.



BENZYL ALCOHOL IS INCLUDING:
In its synthetic form, Benzyl alcohol's found in a wide range of products available to consumers, including:
*vaping products
*cosmetics, such as: hair styling products, face and body creams, hair bleach and colour, eye and face cleansers, deodorants and antiperspirants.
*household products, such as: air fresheners, cleaning wipes, all-purpose cleaners.
*automotive products, such as: fuel, car air fresheners.
*natural health products, such as: lip balm, sunscreen, arthritis cream.
*home improvement products, such as: epoxy glues, aerosol paints, wax/finish coating removers, prescription and non-prescription drugs.



BENZYL ALCOHOL IN SKINCARE PRODUCTS:
Benzyl alcohol has several characteristics that make it an ideal ingredient for many different skincare products.
Along with other less common uses, Benzyl alcohol's main purposes in skincare are its fragrance, its antibacterial preservative properties, and its solvency—the ability to dissolve other ingredients without changing the fundamental properties of those ingredients.
Here’s how Benzyl alcohol may play a role in your skincare products.


*As a fragrance:
Benzyl alcohol is known as an “aromatic alcohol,” which means it has a light but pleasant odor.
Benzyl alcohol can help stabilize other scents, which can help provide longer-lasting fragrances in perfumes and other scented products in turn.


*Occasionally it’s used as a masking agent:
The more pleasant odor of benzyl alcohol hides the scent of other ingredients that sometimes don’t smell quite as pleasant on their own.


*A word of caution here:
Benzyl alcohol is usually found in much higher concentrations when it is used specifically for its fragrant characteristics.


*As a preservative:
There’s a pretty good chance that you do the majority of your skincare routine in your bathroom, likely right after you shower.
That warm and humid environment creates a perfect breeding ground for bacteria and fungus, especially in moist, creamy products contained in wide-mouth jars that get more exposure to air (and dipping fingers), as opposed to products in squeeze bottles or pumps.

That’s where benzyl alcohol comes in handy as a great preservative.
Benzyl alcohol has antifungal and antimicrobial properties, which means it helps keep bacteria and fungi from multiplying in your skincare products and cosmetics.

And even if hands are clean (as they should be while applying skincare products!), there’s a possibility that some stubborn microscopic hitchhikers are hiding under your nails, on the shower curtain, or even under the faucet of your sink.


*As a solvent:
Benzyl alcohol is also a solvent, which means that it easily dissolves other ingredients without changing the fundamental structure of those ingredients.
Sometimes Benzyl alcohol’s used for just that purpose, helping to break down active ingredients into smaller particles so they can penetrate more easily into your skin.

Another benefit of the solvent property of benzyl alcohol is that it helps to thin out formulas, making them easier to spread (also called a “slip agent”).
Benzyl alcohol can give your creams and lotions a light, silky texture that is pleasing to the touch.
Benzyl alcohol’s what leaves your skin feeling soft, smooth, and evenly covered after applying your favorite moisturizer or face cream.



NATURAL OCCURRENCES OF BENZYL ALCOHOL:
Benzyl alcohol is produced naturally by many plants and is commonly found in fruits and teas.
Benzyl alcohol is also found in a variety of essential oils including jasmine, hyacinth and ylang-ylang.
Benzyl alcohol is also found in castoreum from the castor sacs of beavers.
Benzyl esters also occur naturally.



PREPARATION OF BENZYL ALCOHOL:
Benzyl alcohol is produced industrially from toluene via benzyl chloride, which is hydrolyzed:
C6H5CH2Cl + H2O → C6H5CH2OH + HCl
Another route entails hydrogenation of benzaldehyde, a by-product of the oxidation of toluene to benzoic acid.

For laboratory use, Grignard reaction of phenylmagnesium bromide (C6H5MgBr) with formaldehyde and the Cannizzaro reaction of benzaldehyde also give benzyl alcohol.
The latter also gives benzoic acid, an example of an organic disproportionation reaction.



REACTIONS OF BENZYL ALCOHOL:
Like most alcohols, Benzyl alcohol reacts with carboxylic acids to form esters.
In organic synthesis, benzyl esters are popular protecting groups because they can be removed by mild hydrogenolysis.

Benzyl alcohol reacts with acrylonitrile to give N-benzylacrylamide.
This is an example of a Ritter reaction:
C6H5CH2OH + NCCHCH2 → C6H5CH2N(H)C(O)CHCH2



WHAT IS BENZYL ALCOHOL IN SKINCARE?
Benzyl alcohol's derived from fruit (usually cranberries and apricots), comes in the form of a colorless liquid, and has a slightly sweet scent.
As a multifunctional ingredient, you can spot benzyl alcohol on the ingredient label of many different skincare, cosmetic, and personal products, such as moisturizers, lip balms, face washes, and even makeup.



BENEFITS OF BENZYL ALCOHOL FOR SKIN:
Besides possibly having antioxidant effects in certain formulas, benzyl alcohol doesn't have any specific benefits for your skin itself, but rather helps to optimize skincare formulas so that they can better perform for your skin.


*Preserves the product:
According to Yadav, benzyl alcohol acts as a preservative in skincare and cosmetic products due to its antibacterial and anti-fungal properties.
Any cosmetic or personal care product that is made with no preservatives (for example, preservative-free eye drops) generally comes in individual single-use containers to prevent contamination by contact or air.


*Stabilizes the formula:
Benzyl alcohol also acts as a stabilizing agent against the oxidative breakdown of the product, which means it allows your products to work more effectively for a longer period.


*Has antioxidant activity:
Benzyl alcohol also has antioxidant properties, and antioxidants protect against free-radical damage.


*Dissolves ingredients:
Benzyl alcohol acts as a solvent and helps to dissolve other ingredients in a product's formula.


*Decreases viscosity:
Benzyl alcohol also decreases viscosity, which allows products to flow more easily.



ALTERNATIVE PARENTS OF BENZYL ALCOHOL:
*Primary alcohols
*Hydrocarbon derivatives
*Aromatic alcohols



SUBSTITUENTS OF BENZYL ALCOHOL:
*Benzyl alcohol
*Organic oxygen compound
*Hydrocarbon derivative
*Aromatic alcohol
*Primary alcohol
*Organooxygen compound
*Alcohol
*Aromatic homomonocyclic compound



PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF BENZYL ALCOHOL:
Under standard conditions, Benzyl alcohol is a colourless, slightly aromatic liquid.
Benzyl alcohol's solubility in water corresponds to 3.5g/100mL at 20oC and 4.29g/100mL at 25o
Benzyl alcohol is soluble in several organic solvents such as benzene, methanol, acetone, and ether.



CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF BENZYL ALCOHOL:
The reaction between carboxylic acids and Benzyl alcohol leads to the formation of esters.
Benzyl alcohol undergoes a Ritter reaction with acrylonitrile to yield N-benzyl acrylamide.
When deprotonated, C6H5CH2OH yields a benzylate anion.



PREPARATION OF BENZYL ALCOHOL:
The use of sodium hydroxide in the hydrolysis of benzyl chloride yields Benzyl alcohol and sodium chloride as the products.
The chemical equation for this reaction is given by:
NaOH + C6H5CH2Cl → NaCl + C6H5CH2OH
An alternate method of preparing Benzyl alcohol involves the Grignard reaction between formaldehyde (H-CHO) and phenylmagnesium bromide (Ph-Mg-Br).



STRUCTURE OF BENZYL ALCOHOL:
Benzyl alcohol consists of a hydroxyl group attached to a methyl group, which is in turn attached to an aromatic ring.
The pi electrons in the benzene ring are delocalized due to resonance.
Essentially, the structure of a Benzyl alcohol molecule is that of a toluene molecule in which one of the hydrogen atoms has been replaced by a hydroxyl group.



TYPE OF INGREDIENT:
Preservative, antioxidant, and solvent


MAIN BENEFITS OF BENZYL ALCOHOL:
Preserves, stabilizes, and dissolves ingredients


WHO SHOULD USE BENZYL ALCOHOL:
In general, Benzyl alcohol is safe to use by anyone who does not have a true contact allergy to it.


HOW OFTEN CAN YOU USE BENZYL ALCOHOL:
Benzyl alcohol is safe to use daily if you're not sensitive to it and if it's used at a low concentration.


BENZYL ALCOHOL WORKS WELL WITH:
Benzyl alcohol works well with most, if not all, other ingredients.


DON'T USE WITH:
Benzyl alcohol works well with most, if not all, other ingredients.



BENEFITS OF BENZYL ALCOHOL FOR SKIN:
Besides possibly having antioxidant properties and wound healing effects by promotion of collagen, Benzyl alcohol doesn't have any specific benefits for your skin itself but rather helps to optimize skincare formulas so that they can better perform for your skin.
Here's what Benzyl alcohol can do:


*Preserve the product:
Benzyl alcohol acts as a preservative in skincare and cosmetic products due to its antibacterial and anti-fungal properties.
Any cosmetic or personal care product that Benzyl alcohol is made with no preservatives (for example, preservative-free eye drops) generally comes in individual single-use containers to prevent contamination by contact or air.
Benzyl alcohol allows products to be bottled in larger packages designed for more than one use.


*Stabilizes the formula:
Benzyl alcohol also acts as a stabilizing agent against the oxidative breakdown of the product, which means it allows your products to work more effectively for a longer period.


*Provides Antioxidant activity:
Benzyl alcohol also has antioxidant properties, and antioxidants protect against free-radical damage.


*Dissolves ingredients:
Benzyl alcohol acts as a solvent and helps to dissolve other ingredients in a product's formula.


*Decreases viscosity:
Benzyl alcohol also decreases viscosity, which allows products to flow more easily.1


*Imparts a nice scent:
As an aromatic alcohol, Benzyl alcohol is naturally fragrant and slightly sweet.
Benzyl alcohol's also naturally found in some essential oils, including ylang-ylang and jasmine, and has a delicate floral scent.



WHAT ARE SOME PRODUCTS THAT MAY CONTAIN BENZYL ALCOHOL?
Cosmetics
• Lipstick
• Mascara
• Powder makeup
Deodorant
Foods
• Apricots
• Cocoa
• Cranberries
• Honey
• Mushrooms
• Snap peas
Hair Care
• Conditioner
• Hair color/dye
• Shampoo
Industrial Products
• Concrete primer
• Crack filler
• Epoxy putty sealant
Oral Care
• Cold sore gel
• Oral anesthetic
Shaving Creams and Gels
Skin Care Products
• Baby lotion
• Blemish remover
• Body lotion
• Cleansing cloths
• Diaper rash cream



PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of BENZYL ALCOHOL:
Chemical formula: C7H8O
Molar mass: 108.140 g·mol−1
Appearance: Colorless liquid
Odor: Slightly aromatic
Density: 1.044 g/cm3
Melting point: -15.2 °C (4.6 °F; 257.9 K)
Boiling point: 205.3 °C (401.5 °F; 478.4 K)
Solubility in water:
3.50 g/100 mL (20 °C)
4.29 g/100 mL (25 °C)

Solubility in other solvents: Soluble in benzene, methanol,
chloroform, ethanol, ether, acetone
log P: 1.10
Vapor pressure: 0.18 kPa (60 °C)
Acidity (pKa): 15.40
Magnetic susceptibility (χ): -71.83·10−6 cm3/mol
Refractive index (nD): 1.5396
Viscosity: 5.474 cP
Dipole moment: 1.67 D

Thermochemistry:
Std molar entropy (S⦵298): 217.8 J/(K·mol)
Std enthalpy of formation (ΔfH⦵298): -352 kJ/mol
Molecular Weight: 108.14 g/mol
XLogP3: 1.1
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 1
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 1
Rotatable Bond Count: 1
Exact Mass: 108.057514874 g/mol
Monoisotopic Mass: 108.057514874 g/mol

Topological Polar Surface Area: 20.2 Ų
Heavy Atom Count: 8
Formal Charge: 0
Complexity: 55.4
Isotope Atom Count: 0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 1
Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes

Physical State: Liquid
Color: No data available
Odor: No data available
Melting Point/Freezing Point: No data available
Initial Boiling Point and Boiling Range: 205 °C at 1.013 hPa
Flammability (Solid, Gas): No data available
Upper/Lower Flammability or Explosive Limits:
Upper explosion limit: 13% (V),
Lower explosion limit: 1.3% (V)
Flash Point: 101 °C - DIN 51758

Autoignition Temperature: No data available
Decomposition Temperature: No data available
pH: No data available
Viscosity:
Kinematic viscosity: No data available,
Dynamic viscosity: No data available
Water Solubility: No data available
Partition Coefficient (n-Octanol/Water): Log Pow: 1.05 at 20 °C
Vapor Pressure: No data available
Density: 1.05 g/cm3 at 20 °C

Relative Density: No data available
Relative Vapor Density: No data available
Particle Characteristics: No data available
Explosive Properties: No data available
Oxidizing Properties: None
Other Safety Information: Dissociation constant: 15.4 at 25 °C
CAS Number: 100-51-6
EC Index Number: 603-057-00-5
EC Number: 202-859-9
Hill Formula: C₇H₈O
Chemical Formula: C₆H₅CH₂OH

Molar Mass: 108.14 g/mol
HS Code: 2906 21 00
Boiling Point: 205 °C (1013 hPa)
Density: 1.05 g/cm³ (20 °C)
Explosion Limit: 1.3 - 13% (V)
Flash Point: 101 °C DIN 51758
Ignition Temperature: 435 °C DIN 51794
Melting Point: -15.3 °C
Vapor Pressure: 0.07 hPa (20 °C)
Solubility: 40 g/L
Chemical Formula: C7H8O
Average Molecular Weight: 108.1378 g/mol
Monoisotopic Molecular Weight: 108.057514878 g/mol

IUPAC Name: Phenylmethanol
Traditional Name: Benzyl alcohol
CAS Registry Number: 100-51-6
SMILES: OCC1=CC=CC=C1
InChI Identifier: InChI=1S/C7H8O/c8-6-7-4-2-1-3-5-7/h1-5,8H,6H2
InChI Key: WVDDGKGOMKODPV-UHFFFAOYSA-N
C.A.S. Number: 100-51-6
MDL Number: MFCD00004599
EINECS Number: 202-859-9
ID PubChem Substance: 329749166
Linear Formula: C6H5CH2OH
Formula Weight: 108.14
Melting Point: -15 °C to -13 °C

Boiling Point: 203 °C to 205 °C
Density: 1.045 g/mL at 25 °C
Flash Point: 101 °C
Explosion Limit: 0.34% to 6.3%
Autoignition Temperature: 817 °F
Sensitivity & Storage: The product is chemically stable
under standard ambient conditions (room temperature).
It is hygroscopic and stable under recommended storage conditions.
Vapor Density: 3.7 (vs air)
Incompatible Materials: Various plastics

Reactivity: Forms explosive mixtures with air on intense heating.
A range from approximately 15 Kelvin below the flash point is to be rated as critical.
Partition Coefficient: 1.05 at 20 °C (log Pow)
Dissociation Constant: 15.4 at 25 °C
Assay: >99.99%
Appearance (Color): Colorless
Form: Liquid
Water Solubility: 26.8 g/L
logP: 1.07
logS: -0.61

pKa (Strongest Acidic): 15.02
pKa (Strongest Basic): -2.8
Physiological Charge: 0
Hydrogen Acceptor Count: 1
Hydrogen Donor Count: 1
Polar Surface Area: 20.23 Ų
Rotatable Bond Count: 1
Refractivity: 32.87 m³·mol⁻¹
Polarizability: 11.89 ų
Number of Rings: 1
Bioavailability: Yes
Rule of Five: Yes
Veber's Rule: Yes

Chemical Formula: C7H8O
IUPAC Name: phenylmethanol
InChI Identifier: InChI=1S/C7H8O/c8-6-7-4-2-1-3-5-7/h1-5,8H,6H2
InChI Key: WVDDGKGOMKODPV-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Isomeric SMILES: OCC1=CC=CC=C1
Average Molecular Weight: 108.1378
Monoisotopic Molecular Weight: 108.057514878
CAS number: 100-51-6
EC index number: 603-057-00-5
EC number: 202-859-9
Hill Formula: C₇H₈O
Chemical formula: C₆H₅CH₂OH
Molar Mass: 108.14 g/mol

HS Code: 2906 21 00
Boiling point: 205 °C (1013 hPa)
Density: 1.05 g/cm³ (20 °C)
Explosion limit: 1.3 - 13 %(V)
Flash point: 101 °C
Ignition temperature: 435 °C
Melting Point: -15.3 °C
Vapor pressure: 0.07 hPa (20 °C)
Solubility: 40 g/l
Benzyl Alcohol: C₆H₅CH₂OH
Molar Mass: 108.14 grams per mole
Density: 1.044 grams per cubic centimetre

Melting Point: 257.9 K (-15.2 °C)
Boiling Point: 478.4 K (205.3 °C)
Form: Liquid
Prohibited Uses: For intended use only
Appearance: Liquid
Auto Ignition Temperature: 436 °C (817 °F)
Boiling Point: 205.3 °C (401.5 °F)
Color: Clear, Colorless
Density: 1.045 g/cm³ @ 20 °C (68 °F)
Dynamic Viscosity: 5.84 mPa.s
Flash Point: 100.1 °C (212.2 °F)

Melting Point: -15.4 °C (4.3 °F)
Odor: Slight
Relative Density: 1.04 @ 20 - 25 °C (68 - 77 °F)
Vapor Pressure: 0.07 hPa @ 20 °C (68 °F)
CAS: 100-51-6
Molecular Formula: C₇H₈O
Molecular Weight: 108.14 g/mol
MDL Number: MFCD00004599, MFCD03792087
InChI Key: WVDDGKGOMKODPV-UHFFFAOYSA-N
PubChem CID: 244
ChEBI: CHEBI:17987
IUPAC Name: Phenylmethanol

SMILES: OCC1=CC=CC=C1
CAS Min %: 98.5
CAS Max %: 100.0
Color: Colorless to Yellow
Infrared Spectrum: Authentic
Assay Percent Range: 99%
Linear Formula: C₆H₅CH₂OH
Refractive Index: 1.5380 to 1.5410 (20°C, 589nm)
Beilstein: 06, 428
Merck Index: 15, 1127
Formula Weight: 108.14

Vapor Pressure: 0.13 mbar at 20°C
Percent Purity: ≥98.5%
Grade: Pure
Physical Form: Liquid
Chemical Name or Material: Benzyl alcohol
Physical description: A clear colorless liquid with a pleasant odor.
Boiling point: 401°F
Molecular weight: 108.13
Freezing point/melting point: 4.5°F
Vapor pressure: 0.1 mmHg @ 68°F

Flash point: 213°F
Vapor density: 3.72
Specific gravity: 1.05
Ionization potential:
Lower explosive limit (LEL): 1.3%
Upper explosive limit (UEL): 13%
NFPA health rating: 1
NFPA fire rating: 1
NFPA reactivity rating: 0
Boiling Point: 205°C
Melting Point: -15°C
pH: 7.0

Solubility: Slightly soluble in water
Viscosity: Low to medium
Appearance at 20°C: Clear mobile liquid
Color: Colorless
Odor: Fruity, mild, sweet
Taste: Sweet
Optical rotation (°): 0 / 0
Density at 20°C (g/mL): 1.043 - 1.049
Refractive index nd20: 1.5390 - 1.5410
Flashpoint (°C): 100
Solubility: 1 mL in 30 mL of water
Assay (% GC): > 99
Acid value (mg KOH/g): < 0.5


FIRST AID MEASURES of BENZYL ALCOHOL:
-Description of first-aid measures:
*General advice:
Show this material safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
*If inhaled:
After inhalation:
Fresh air.
Immediately call in physician.
*In case of skin contact:
Take off immediately all contaminated clothing.
Rinse skin with water/ shower.
*In case of eye contact:
After eye contact:
Rinse out with plenty of water.
Call in ophthalmologist.
Remove contact lenses.
*If swallowed:
After swallowing: immediately make victim drink water (two glasses at most).
Consult a physician.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed:
No data available



ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of BENZYL ALCOHOL:
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Cover drains.
Collect, bind, and pump off spills.
Observe possible material restrictions.
Take up with liquid-absorbent material.
Dispose of properly.
Clean up affected area.



FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of BENZYL ALCOHOL:
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Water
Foam
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Dry powder
*Unsuitable extinguishing media:
For this substance/mixture no limitations of extinguishing agents are given.
-Further information:
Prevent fire extinguishing water from contaminating surface water or the ground water
system.



EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of BENZYL ALCOHOL:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use equipment for eye protection.
Safety glasses
*Skin protection:
Full contact:
Material: butyl-rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,7 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Splash contact:
Material: Viton
Minimum layer thickness: 0,7 mm
Break through time: 120 min
*Body Protection:
protective clothing
*Respiratory protection:
Recommended Filter type: Filter A (acc. to DIN 3181)
-Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.



HANDLING and STORAGE of BENZYL ALCOHOL:
-Precautions for safe handling:
*Advice on safe handling:
Work under hood.
*Hygiene measures:
Change contaminated clothing.
Preventive skin protection recommended.
Wash hands after working with substance.
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
*Storage conditions:
Tightly closed.



STABILITY and REACTIVITY of BENZYL ALCOHOL:
-Chemical stability:
The product is chemically stable under standard ambient conditions (room temperature) .


BENZYL ALCOHOL (PHENYL CARBINOL)
Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol), a colorless liquid, is an aromatic alcohol with a mild pleasant aromatic odor.
Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol)is an aromatic alcohol with the formula C6H5CH2OH.
Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol) is a water-white liquid with a faint aromatic odor and a sharp burning taste.

CAS Number: 100-51-6
Molecular Formula: C7H8O
Molecular Weight: 108.14
EINECS Number: 202-859-9

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Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol) is a colorless liquid with a mild pleasant aromatic odor.
Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol) is a useful as a solvent for its polarity, low toxicity, and low vapor pressure.
Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol) has moderate solubility in water (4 g/100 mL) and is miscible in alcohols and diethyl ether.

The anion produced by deprotonation of the alcohol group is known as benzylate or benzyloxide.
Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol), also known as phenyl carbinol, is an organic compound with the chemical formula C7H8O.
Phenylcarbinol is also known as Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol).

Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol) is chemical formula is C6H5CH2OH and its density is 1.045 g/mL at 25 ° C (lit).
Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol) is one of the simplest fatty alcohol containing phenyl.
Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol) can be seen as benzene substituted by hydroxymethyl, or methyl alcohol substituted by phenyl.

Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol) is a colorless transparent sticky liquid with faint aroma.
Sometimes Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol) is placed for a long time, it will smells like bitter almond flavor because of oxidation.
Polarity, low toxicity and low steam, so it is used as alcohol solvent.

Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol) is combustible, and slightly soluble in water (about 25ml of water soluble 1 gram of Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol).
Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol) is miscible with ethanol, ethyl ether, benzene, chloroform and other organic solvents.
Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol) mainly exists in the form of free or ester in essential oil, such as jasmine oil, ylang-ylang oil, jasmine oil, hyacinth oil, sesame oil, hyacinths balsam, peru balsam and tolu balsam, which all contain this ingredient.

Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol) should not be stored for a long time.
Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol) can be slowly oxidized to benzaldehyde and anisole in the air.
Therefore Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol) products often smell like almond aroma with characteristic of benzaldehyde.

In addition, Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol) is also easily oxidized to benzoic acid by many kinds of antioxidants such as nitric acid.
Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol) is a colorless clear oily liquid; its odor type is floral and its odor at 100% is described as 'floral rose phenolic balsamic'.
Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol) has a characteristic pleasant, fruity odor and a slightly pungent, sweet taste; the note tends to become similar to that of benzyl aldehyde on aging.

Slightly soluble in water, and miscible with alcohol, ether, chloroform and so on.
Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol) is a component catalyst for epoxy resins.
Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol) is also contained in the color developer C-22.
The benzyl group is often abbreviated "Bn" (not to be confused with "Bz" which is used for benzoyl), thus Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol) is denoted as BnOH.

Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol) occurs in many essential oils and foods.
Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol) is a colorless liquid with a weak, slightly sweet odor.
Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol) can be oxidized to benzaldehyde, for example, with nitric acid.

Dehydrogenation over a copper–magnesium oxide–pumice catalyst also leads to the aldehyde.
Esterification of Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol) results in a number of important fragrance and flavor materials.
Diphenylmethane is prepared by a Friedel–Crafts reaction of Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol) and benzene with aluminum chloride or concentrated sulfuric acid.

By heating Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol) in the presence of strong acids or strong bases, dibenzyl ether is formed.
Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol) is an aromatic alcohol that consists of benzene bearing a single hydroxymethyl substituent.
Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol) has a role as a solvent, a metabolite, an antioxidant and a fragrance.

An aromatic primary alcohol.
Phenylmethanol is synthesized by Cannizzaro’s reaction, which involves the simultaneous oxidation and reduction of benzenecarbaldehyde (benzaldehyde) by refluxing in an aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide:
2C6H5CHO → C6H5CH2OH + C6H5COOH

Phenylmethanol undergoes the reactions characteristic of alcohols, especially those in which the formation of a stable carbonium ion as an intermediate (C6H5CH2 +) enhances the reaction.
Substitution onto the benzene ring is also possible; the –CH2OH group directs into the 2- or 4-position by the donation of electrons to the ring.
Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol) is prepared commercially by the distillation of benzyl chloride with potassium or sodium carbonate.

Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol) may also be prepared by the Cannizzaro reaction of benzaldehyde and potassium hydroxide.
The chemical structure of Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol) consists of a phenyl group (a benzene ring) and a hydroxyl group (-OH) attached to a methylene group (-CH2-).
Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol) is systematic name is "benzenemethanol."

Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol) is a clear, colorless liquid with a slightly pleasant aromatic odor.
Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol) has a melting point of -15 °C (5 °F) and a boiling point of 205 °C (401 °F).
Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol) is found in various natural sources, including certain essential oils such as jasmine and ylang-ylang.

Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol) can also be present as a component in some fruits.
Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol) can be produced through several methods, including the hydrolysis of benzyl chloride or the reduction of benzaldehyde.
Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol) is commonly synthesized for commercial use.

Due to its solvent properties, Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol) is used in various applications where a solvent with mild characteristics is required.
Some individuals may be sensitive or allergic to Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol), and it has been reported as a potential skin irritant in certain cases.
Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol) is essential to be aware of any personal sensitivities when using products containing Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol).

Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol) is produced naturally by many plants and is commonly found in fruits and teas.
Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol) is also found in a variety of essential oils including jasmine, hyacinth and ylang-ylang.
Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol) is also found in castoreum from the castor sacs of beavers.

Benzyl esters also occur naturally.
Benzyl is the prefix describing the presence of the redical "C6H5CH2-".
An simple example is Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol), C6H5CH2OH.

Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol), also called phenylmethanol or phenylcarbinol, is a clear, colorless liquid with a mild pleasant aromatic odor; melting at 15 C and Boiling at 205 C.
Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol) is a primary alcohol with arene group.
Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol) is partially soluble in water and readily soluble in alcohol and ether.

Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol) is prepared by the hydrolysis of benzyl chloride in the presence of soda ash.
Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol) has properties of strong polarity and limited water solubility.
Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol) features also good solvency, low toxicity and low vapor pressure.

Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol) is used as a general solvent for inks, paints, lacquers, epoxy resin coatings, and as a degreasing agent in cleaning as well as for chemical reaction process.
Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol) reacts with acids (acetic, benzoic, and sebacic acids, and etc) to form numerous esters, salts and other compounds, thus is used widely as a valued intermediate in industrial field as well as in making soap, perfume, and flavors.
Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol) is used as a dyeing assistant for filament nylons.

Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol) is applications include many pharmaceutical preparations and bacteriostatic compounds.
Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol) was used for antipruritic activity to relieve itching.
Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol) is a primary alcohol with general formula RCH2OH.

In carbinol nomenclature system, the term of carbinol is methanol itself and other groups are considered to have replaced one of the methanol hydrogen atoms to describe larger alcohols as derivatives of carbinol.
This nomenclature system is particularly useful when the groups attached to the methanol carbon are large, aromatic, and cyclo groups.
Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol) is called phenylcarbinol or benzenecarbinol while benzyl carbinol is phenylethyl alcohol.

Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol) is a colorless liquid with a sharp burning taste and slight odor.
Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol) is used as a local anesthetic and to reduce pain associated with Lidocaine injection.
Also, Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol) is used in the manufacture of other benzyl compounds, as a pharmaceutical aid, and in perfumery and flavoring.

Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol) is an aromatic alcohol used in a wide variety of cosmetic formulations as a fragrance component, preservative, solvent, and viscosity-decreasing agent.
Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol) is metabolized to Benzoic Acid, which reacts with glycine and excreted as hippuric acid in the human body.
Acceptable daily intakes were established by the World Health Organization at 5 mg/kg for Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol).

No adverse effects of Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol) have been seen in chronic exposure animal studies using rats and mice.
Effects of Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol) in chronic exposure animal studies are limited to reduced feed intake and reduced growth.
Some differences have been noted in one reproductive toxicity study using mice, but these were limited to lower maternal body weights and decreased mean litter weights.

Another study also noted that fetal weight was decreased compared to controls, but a third study showed no differences between control and Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol)-treated groups.
Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol) has been associated with an increased number of resorptions and malformations in hamsters, but there have been no reproductive or developmental toxicity findings in studies using mice and rats.
Genotoxicity tests for Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol) are mostly negative, but there were some assays that were positive.

Carcinogenicity studies, however, were negative. Clinical data indicates that Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol) can produce nonimmunologic contact urticaria and nonimmunologic immediate contact reactions, characterized by the appearance of wheals, erythema, and pruritis.
Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol) can elicit a reaction. Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol) is not a sensitizer at 10%.
Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol) could be used safely at concentrations up to 5%, but that manufacturers should consider the nonimmunologic phenomena when using Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol) in cosmetic formulations designed for infants and children.

Additionally, Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol) is considered safe up to 10% for use in hair dyes.
The limited body exposure, the duration of use, and the frequency of use are considered in concluding that the nonimmunologic reactions would not be a concern.
Because of the wide variety of product types in which Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol) may be used, it is likely that inhalation may be a route of exposure.

The available safety tests are not considered sufficient to support the safety of Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol) in formulations where inhalation is a route of exposure.
Inhalation toxicity data are needed to complete the safety assessment of Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol) where inhalation can occur.
Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol) or phenylmethanol is an aromatic alcohol with the formula C6H5CH2OH, commonly used in the production of various compounds and in the pharmaceutical industry.

The benzyl group is often abbreviated "Bn" (not to be confused with "Bz" which is used for benzoyl), thus Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol) is often denoted as BnOH.
Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol) is a clear alcohol with a mild sweet fragrance.
Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol) is a synthetic chemical produced for industry, however it can be found naturally in some plants, fruits, tea, and wines.

Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol)'s a useful solvent due to its low toxicity, and can be found in many cosmetics and personal care products.
Though it is among the least sensitising preservatives of its kind available, a small percentage of people can be sensitive to this ingredient on their skin.
Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol) is an aromatic alcohol with the formula C6H5CH2OH.

The benzyl group is often abbreviated "Bn" (not to be confused with "Bz" which is used for benzoyl), thus Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol) is denoted as BnOH.
Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol) is a colorless liquid with a mild pleasant aromatic odor.
Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol) is a useful solvent due to its polarity, low toxicity, and low vapor pressure.

Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol) is partially soluble in water (4 g/100 mL) and completely miscible in alcohols and diethyl ether.
Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol) is produced naturally by many plants and is commonly found in fruits and teas.
Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol) is also found in a variety of essential oils including jasmine, hyacinth, and ylang-ylang.

Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol) is also found in castoreum from the castor sacs of beavers
Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol) is used as a general solvent for inks, paints, lacquers and epoxy resin coatings.
Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol) is also a precursor to a variety of esters, used in the soap, perfume and flavor industries.

Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol) is often added to intravenous medication solutions as a preservative due to its bacteriostatic and antipruritic properties.
Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol) is also used as a photographic developer.
Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol) is used as a bacteriostatic preservative at low concentration in intravenous medications, cosmetics and topical drugs.

The use of Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol) as a 5% solution has been approved by the U.S. FDA for the treatment of head lice in children older than 6 months and in adults.
Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol) affects the louse's spiracles, preventing them from closing.
These then become clogged with water or mineral oil or other matter and cause the insect to die from asphyxiation.

Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol) is used effectively for treating lice infestations as the active ingredient in lotion shampoo with 5% Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol).
Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol) has nearly the same refraction index as quartz and wool fiber.
If a clear quartz object is immersed in Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol), it becomes almost invisible.

This test has been used to determine non-destructively whether an object is truly made of quartz.
Similarly, white wool immersed in Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol) also becomes almost invisible clearly revealing contaminants such as dark and medullated fibers and vegetable matter.

Melting point: -15 °C
Boiling point: 205 °C
Density: 1.045 g/mL at 25 °C(lit.)
vapor density: 3.7 (vs air)
vapor pressure: 13.3 mm Hg ( 100 °C)
refractive index: n20/D 1.539(lit.)
FEMA: 2137 | Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol)
Flash point: 201 °F
storage temp.: Store at +2°C to +25°C.
solubility: H2O: 33 mg/mL, clear, colorless
form: Liquid
pka: 14.36±0.10(Predicted)
color: APHA: ≤20
Relative polarity: 0.608
Odor: Mild, pleasant.
Odor Type: floral
Evaporation Rate: 1.8
explosive limit 1.3-13%(V)
Water Solubility: 4.29 g/100 mL (20 ºC)
Merck: 14,1124
JECFA Number: 25
BRN: 878307
Henry's Law Constant: Exposure limits No exposure limit is set. Because of its low vapor pressure and low toxicity, the health hazard to humans from occupational exposure should be very low.
Dielectric constant: 13.1(20℃)
InChIKey: WVDDGKGOMKODPV-UHFFFAOYSA-N
LogP: 1.05 at 20℃

Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol) a clear, colorless, liquid.
Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol) is used as a solvent for dyes, Gelatin, Casein, Cellulose acetate, waxes, and Shellac.
Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol) is also used for mounting microscope slides and as a reagent in the developing baths for color movie films.

In conservation, Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol) has been added to gelled soaps as a Wetting agent.
Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol) has been used as an antimicrobial agent in pharmaceutical preparations for many years.
Parenteral administration of preparations containing 0.9% Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol) resulted in the death of 16 neonates in the USA in the early 1980s.

Many countries subsequently warned against using such preparations in neonates.
This decision is not applicable to the use of Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol) as a preservative in other circumstances or to its use in topical preparations and no country has placed a total ban on the compound.
Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol) is often added to intravenous medication solutions as a preservative due to its bacteriostatic and antipruritic properties.

Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol) is also used as a photographic developer. Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol) is used as a bacteriostatic preservative at low concentration in intravenous medications.
Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol) is oxidized rapidly in healthy individuals to benzoic acid, conjugated with glycine in the liver, and excreted as hippuric acid.
High concentrations can result in toxic effects including respiratory failure, vasodilation, hypotension, convulsions, and paralysis.

Newborns, especially if critically ill, may not metabolize Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol) as readily as adults.
Reports in the early 1980s of sixteen neonatal deaths associated with the use of saline flush solutions containing Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol) preservative led to recommendations to avoid its use in neonates.
Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol) is produced industrially from toluene via benzyl chloride, which is hydrolyzed:

C6H5CH2Cl + H2O → C6H5CH2OH + HCl
Another route entails hydrogenation of benzaldehyde, a by-product of the oxidation of toluene to benzoic acid.
For laboratory use, Grignard reaction of phenylmagnesium bromide (C6H5MgBr) with formaldehyde and the Cannizzaro reaction of benzaldehyde also give Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol).

The latter also gives Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol), an example of an organic disproportionation reaction.
Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol)s are widely used as solvents, fuels and chemical raw materials.
Generally, hydroxyl group compounds are polar, which trends to promote solubility in water.

But the carbon chain resist to solubility in water.
Short chain alcohols (methanol, ethanol, and propanol) in which the hydroxyl group predominates are miscible in water.
Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol) is moderately soluble because of the balance between the two opposing solubility trends.

Higher alcohols are practically insoluble in water because of the hydrocarbon chain's trend is stronger.
Alcohols are "protic" solvents. Protic refers to a hydrogen atom attached to an electronegative atom, oxygen.
Polar protic solvents are compounds that can be represented by the general formula ROH of which water (H2O), methanol (CH3OH) and acetic acid (CH3COOH) are examples.

Water-soluble alcohols, low-molecular weight products, are solvents for the manufacture of coatings, dyes and inks, plastics, flavorings, personal-care products, pharmaceuticals, and cleaners.
The higher alcohols, slightly soluble in water or insoluble, can provide the proper balance of target properties when solvent-based solvents are formulated for desired viscosity, flowing and leveling, and curing rate and can be used as coupling agents in waterborne coatings.
Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol)s are very weak acids as they lose H+ in the hydroxyl group.

Alcohols undergoes dehydration reaction which means the elimination of water molecule replaced by a pi bond between two adjacent carbon atoms to form alkenes under heating in the presence of strong acids like hydrocloric acid or phosphoric acid.
Primary and secondary Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol)s can be oxidized to aldehydes and ketones respectively.
Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol)s are obtained from oxidation of aldehydes.

Oxidation in organic chemistry can be considered to be the loss of hydrogen or gain of oxygen and reduction to gain hydrogen or loss of oxygen.
Tertiary alcohols do not react to give oxidation products as they have no H attached to the alcohol carbon.
Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol)s undergoes important reactions called nucleophilic substitution in which an electron donor replaces a leaving group, generally conjugate bases of strong acids, as a covalent substitute of some atom.

One of important reaction of alcohol is condensation.
Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol)s are formed by the condensation of two alcohols by heating with sulfuric acid; the reaction is one of dehydration.
Almost infinite esters are formed through condensation reaction called esterification between carboxylic acid and alcohol, which produces water.
Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol)s are important solvents and chemical raw materials.

Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol)s are intermediates for the production of target compounds, such as pharmaceuticals, veterinary medicines, plasticizers, surfactants, lubricants, ore floatation agents, pesticides, hydraulic fluids, and detergents.
Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol), an aromatic primary alcohol, is a clear, oily liquid with a mild, pleasant odor; melting point at -15 C; boiling point at 205 C; specific gravity 1.04.
Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol) is soluble in water and readily soluble in alcohol and ether.

The benzene ring can be a ring-substituted with alkyl groups.
Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol) readily forms esters with various acids and thus provides wide finish product applications including soap, perfume, flavor & fragrance, and food additive.
Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol) shows strong polarity and limited water solubility and is a useful solvent.

Solvent application is useful in ink, lacquer, coating, degreasing agent, dyeing polyamide, and as a bonding aid.
Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol) is also used as a bacteriostatic and as a local anesthetic.
Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol), also known as alpha-toluenol or aromatic alcohol, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol)s.

These are organic compounds containing the phenylmethanol substructure.
Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol) exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans.
Based on a literature review a significant number of articles have been published on Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol).

Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol) has a wide range of applications, such as coatings, lacquers, photo developer systems, metal cleaning formulations, cosmetics, hair care and so on.
Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol) is used in pharmaceuticals and flavor and fragrance industries.
Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol) is also raw material of itself various esters.

Due to Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol) is low volatility and low toxicity, it is a great solvent in many specialist applications and a versatile co-solvent used in curing agent formulations for epoxy resins used in coatings, flooring systems and adhesives, etc.
Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol) has mild antiseptic properties, and it has been used in certain medical applications as a topical antiseptic for minor skin injuries.
Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol) is recognized by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as generally safe when used in accordance with approved concentrations in various products, including foods, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals.

In the food industry, Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol) is used as a flavoring agent in some food products.
Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol) is generally regarded as safe (GRAS) by the FDA when used in approved amounts.
Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol) serves as a chemical intermediate in the synthesis of various chemicals and compounds.

For example, Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol) can be further converted into benzyl acetate, which is a common ester used in perfumery.
Due to its solvent properties, Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol) is used in industrial cleaning formulations, such as degreasers and surface cleaners.
While Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol) is generally considered safe when used in approved concentrations, some individuals may experience skin irritation or allergic reactions.

Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol)'s crucial to follow recommended usage guidelines and perform patch tests when using products containing Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol).
Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol) has been used as a component in some injectable medications, particularly in the past.
However, concerns have been raised about its use in neonates and infants due to the potential for toxicity, and alternative formulations are now often preferred in this population.

Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol) is considered to be biodegradable, meaning that it can be broken down by natural processes over time, which can be an environmentally favorable characteristic.
The use of Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol) in consumer products is subject to regulatory restrictions and guidelines in different regions.
Compliance with these regulations ensures the safety and proper labeling of products containing this ingredient.

Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol) is a stable compound under normal conditions, but it can oxidize to form benzaldehyde over time.
Proper storage and handling are important to maintain its integrity in various formulations.
In scientific research, Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol) is sometimes employed as a source of hydroxyl radicals in chemical reactions.

Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol) is used as a flame retardant additive in some plastics and resin formulations.
In some topical medications, Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol) may be used as a solvent or preservative.
Compounding pharmacies may use Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol) in the preparation of certain medications.

Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol) is a solubilizing agent, meaning it can enhance the solubility of certain substances in a solution.
In chemical synthesis, Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol) can serve as a reaction medium or solvent for various reactions.
High concentrations of Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol) have been associated with reproductive and developmental toxicity in animal studies.

However, these concerns are primarily relevant to exposures that greatly exceed typical use levels, and regulatory agencies establish guidelines to ensure safe usage.
Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol) has a characteristic faint, pleasant odor.
Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol) is aromatic properties contribute to its use in perfumery and cosmetic formulations.

Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol) has a moderate vapor pressure, which means it can evaporate to some extent under certain conditions.
Proper storage conditions, including protection from light and air, are important to maintain the stability of Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol) in formulations.

Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol) can be broken down by microorganisms in the environment, contributing to its potential biodegradability.
Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol) is produced on an industrial scale to meet the demand for its diverse applications across various industries.

Uses:
Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol) is used in cosmetics as afragrance component, preservative, solvent and diluting agent for perfumes and flavors, and viscosity-decreasing agent.
Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol) is used as a solvent for surface-coating materials, cellulose esters and ethers, alkyd resins,acrylic resins, fats, dyestuffs,casein (when hot), gelatin, shellac and waxes.
Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol) is added in small amounts to surface-coating materials to improve their flow and gloss.

In the textile industry, Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol) is used as anauxiliary in the dyeing of wool, polyamides, and polyesters.
In pharmacy it is used as a local anesthetic ingredient in over-the-counter anorectal, oral healthcare and topical analgesic drug products and, because of its antimicrobial effect, as an ingredient of ointments and other preparations (U.S. National Library of Medicine).
Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol) is also a starting material for the preparation of numerous benzyl esters that are used as odorants, flavors, stabilizers for volatile perfumes, and plasticizers and is also employed in the extractive distillation of m- and p-xylenes and m- and p-cresols.

Other uses include or have included heat-sealing of polyethylene films,in color photography as a development accelerator and in microscopy as embedding material (U.S.National Library of Medicine).
Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol) are used in makingperfume, soap, flavoring, lotion, and ointment.
Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol) finds application in color photography;the pharmaceuticals industry, cosmetics,and leather dyeing; and as an insect repellent.

Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol) occurs in natural products such as oils ofjasmine and castoreum.
Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol) is widely used as a solvent for the dielectrophoretic reconfiguration of nanowires, inks, paints, lacquers and epoxy resin coatings and as a precursor to a variety of esters used in soaps, perfumes and flavoring.
Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol) is employed as a local anesthetic which reduces the pain associated with lidocaine injection.

Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol) has a various applications in baby products, bath products, soaps and detergents, eye makeup, blushers, cleansing products, make up products as well as hair, nail and skin care products.
Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol) is a preservative against bacteria, used in concentrations of 1 to 3 percent.
Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol) can cause skin irritation.

Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol) is used as a general solvent for inks, waxes, shellacs, paints, lacquers, and epoxy resin coatings.
Thus it can be used in paint strippers, especially when combined with compatible viscosity enhancers to encourage the mixture to cling to painted surfaces.
Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol) is a precursor to a variety of esters and ethers, used in the soap, perfume, and flavor industries. E.g. benzyl benzoate, benzyl salicylate, benzyl cinnamate, dibenzyl ether, benzyl butyl phthalate.

In industry, Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol) is used in the manufacture of other benzyl compounds, and in perfumery and flavoring.
As a pharmaceutical product, it is used as an anti-parasite medication used to treat head lice.
Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol) is also used as a common preservative in many injectable drugs.

Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol) is used as a component in perfumes and fragrances.
Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol) is employed in skincare products, such as lotions and creams, for its antimicrobial properties and as a solvent.
Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol) may be included in shampoos, conditioners, and hair dyes.

Some cosmetics, including foundations and lipsticks, may contain Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol).
In pharmaceutical formulations, Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol) can serve as a preservative in some topical medications.
Compounding pharmacies may use Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol) in the preparation of certain medications.

Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol) is used as a flavoring agent in certain food products, and it is generally regarded as safe (GRAS) when used in approved amounts.
Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol) is used as a flame retardant additive in some plastics and resin formulations.
Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol) may be found in certain printing ink formulations.

Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol) is used as a solvent in some paint and varnish formulations.
Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol) can be used as a component in certain adhesive formulations.
Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol) is used in some industrial cleaning formulations, including degreasers and surface cleaners.

Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol) serves as an intermediate in the synthesis of various chemicals and compounds.
Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol) is utilized as a solvent in chemical reactions and processes.
Due to its mild antiseptic properties, Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol) has been used in certain medical applications as a topical antiseptic for minor skin injuries.

Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol) may be included in some insect repellent formulations.
Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol) is used in laboratory settings for various chemical reactions and experiments.
In some cases, Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol) is used in the preservation of flowers.

Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol) is used as a fragrance ingredient and a solvent in cosmetic and personal care products.
Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol) is employed as a preservative in some pharmaceutical formulations.
Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol) is utilized in the production of perfumes and fragrances.

Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol) serves as a solvent for a variety of chemical reactions and a precursor for the synthesis of other chemicals.
Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol) exhibits antimicrobial properties, making it effective as a preservative in certain products.
Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol) is preservative function helps prevent the growth of bacteria and fungi.

Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol) can be used as a local anesthetic, especially with epinephrine.
As a dye solvent, Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol) enhances the process of dying wool, nylon, and leather.
Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol) is an antimicrobial preservative used in cosmetics, foods, and a wide range of pharmaceutical formulations, including oral and parenteral preparations, at concentrations up to 2.0% v/v.

The typical concentration used is 1% v/v, and it has been reported to be used in protein, peptide and small molecule products, although its frequency of use has fallen from 48 products in 1996, 30 products in 2001, to 15 products in 2006.
In cosmetics, concentrations up to 3.0% v/v may be used as a preservative.
Concentrations of 5% v/v or more are employed as a solubilizer, while a 10% v/v solution is used as a disinfectant.

Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol) 10% v/v solutions also have some local anesthetic properties, which are exploited in some parenterals, cough products, ophthalmic solutions, ointments, and dermatological aerosol sprays.
Although widely used as an antimicrobial preservative, Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol) has been associated with some fatal adverse reactions when administered to neonates.
Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol) is now recommended that parenteral products preserved with Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol), or other antimicrobial preservatives, should not be used in newborn infants if at all possible.

Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol) is used as a bacteriostatic preservative at low concentration in intravenous medications, cosmetics, and topical drugs.
Some caution is necessary if a high percent of Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol) is used as benzaldehyde arises from Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol) when used as preservative in an injectable formulation solution.
Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol), sold under the brand name Ulesfia, was approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 2009, as a 5% solution for the treatment of head lice in people 6 months of age and older.

Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol) affects the louse's spiracles, preventing them from closing.
These then become clogged with water or mineral oil or other matter and cause the insect to die from asphyxiation.
Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol) is used effectively for treating lice infestations as the active ingredient in lotion shampoo with 5% Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol).

Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol) has nearly the same refraction index as quartz and wool fiber.
If a clear quartz object is immersed in Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol), it becomes almost invisible.
This test has been used to determine non-destructively whether an object is truly made of quartz.

Similarly, white wool immersed in Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol) also becomes almost invisible, clearly revealing contaminants such as dark and medullated fibers and vegetable matter.
Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol) is used as a bacteriostatic preservative at low concentration in intravenous medications, cosmetics, and topical drugs.
Some caution is necessary if a high percent of Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol) is used as benzaldehyde arises from Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol) when used as preservative in an injectable formulation solution.

Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol), sold under the brand name Ulesfia, was approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 2009, as a 5% solution for the treatment of head lice in people 6 months of age and older.
Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol) affects the louse's spiracles, preventing them from closing.
These then become clogged with water or mineral oil or other matter and cause the insect to die from asphyxiation.[13]

Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol) is used effectively for treating lice infestations as the active ingredient in lotion shampoo with 5% Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol).
Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol) is an ingredient used in the manufacture of soaps, topical creams, skin lotions, shampoos, and facial cleansers and is popular due to its anti-bacterial and anti-fungal properties.
Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol) is a common ingredient in a variety of household products.

Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol) is used in the following products: washing & cleaning products, coating products, adhesives and sealants, polishes and waxes, inks and toners, air care products and perfumes and fragrances.
Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol) has an industrial use resulting in manufacture of another substance (use of intermediates).
Other release to the environment of Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol) is likely to occur from: indoor use (e.g. machine wash liquids/detergents, automotive care products, paints and coating or adhesives, fragrances and air fresheners) and outdoor use.

Release to the environment of Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol) can occur from industrial use: industrial abrasion processing with low release rate (e.g. cutting of textile, cutting, machining or grinding of metal).
Other release to the environment of Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol) is likely to occur from: outdoor use in long-life materials with low release rate (e.g. metal, wooden and plastic construction and building materials) and indoor use in long-life materials with low release rate (e.g. flooring, furniture, toys, construction materials, curtains, foot-wear, leather products, paper and cardboard products, electronic equipment).

Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol) can be found in products with material based on: fabrics, textiles and apparel (e.g. clothing, mattress, curtains or carpets, textile toys), leather (e.g. gloves, shoes, purses, furniture), paper used for large surface area articles (e.g. construction and building materials for insulation panels, wall papers), paper (e.g. tissues, feminine hygiene products, nappies, books, magazines, wallpaper) and paper used for articles with intense direct dermal (skin) contact during normal use such as personal hygiene articles (e.g. nappies, feminine hygiene products, adult incontinence products, tissues, towels, toilet paper).
Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol) is an antiparasitic agent used for the topical treatment of head lice infestation in patients 6 months of age and older.

Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol) is a common ingredient that is widely used in the cosmetics and personal care industry, as well as in some food products.
Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol) is a colorless liquid that is typically derived from natural sources, such as fruits and teas.
In cosmetics, Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol) is often used as a preservative, as it helps to prevent the growth of bacteria and other microorganisms in products such as lotions, creams, and shampoos.

Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol) is also used as a solvent and fragrance ingredient, and can help to enhance the scent of products.
In food production, Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol) is used as a flavoring agent and to enhance the aroma of certain foods.
Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol) is commonly found in products such as baked goods, confectionery items, and soft drinks.

Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol) is generally considered safe for use in these products, as it is used in very small amounts.
While Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol) is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics and food products, some individuals may experience allergic reactions or other side effects.
Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol) is used in the following products: coating products, fillers, putties, plasters, modelling clay, metal surface treatment products, non-metal-surface treatment products and laboratory chemicals.

Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol) is used in the following areas: building & construction work, health services, scientific research and development and formulation of mixtures and/or re-packaging.
Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol) is used for the manufacture of: chemicals and .
Other release to the environment of Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol) is likely to occur from: indoor use (e.g. machine wash liquids/detergents, automotive care products, paints and coating or adhesives, fragrances and air fresheners) and outdoor use.

Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol) is used in the creation of artificial flavors for food products.
Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol) is a common ingredient in the synthesis of various fragrances and aroma compounds.
Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol) is used as a preservative in certain injectable medications to prevent microbial contamination.

Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol) can be used as a solvent in dyeing processes and textile printing.
Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol) serves as a reagent and solvent in various chemical reactions and processes.
Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol) may be used in the production of certain polymers.

Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol) is used as a source of hydroxyl radicals in certain chemical reactions, particularly in research settings.
Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol) is used as a flame retardant in certain plastics, providing fire resistance properties.
Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol) can be found in some automotive cleaning products and degreasers.

Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol) is used in industrial settings for degreasing and cleaning purposes.
Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol) is used in the formulation of some inkjet inks.
Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol) is used in the microelectronics industry for cleaning and as a solvent in certain processes.

Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol) may be used in wood preservation formulations to protect against fungi and insects.
Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol) is employed in the production of certain photographic chemicals.
In addition to its use in the floral industry, Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol) may be found in floral preservation products.

Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol) can be included in air fresheners and other perfumed products.
Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol) is used in metalworking fluids as a component of cutting and grinding fluids.

Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol) may be used in the conservation of art and historical artifacts.
Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol) can be used as an ingredient in certain pesticide formulations.

Safety Profile:
Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol) is used in a wide variety of pharmaceutical formulations.
Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol) is metabolized to benzoic acid, which is further metabolized in the liver by conjugation with glycine to form hippuric acid, which is excreted in the urine.
Ingestion or inhalation of Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol) may cause headache, vertigo, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea.

Overexposure may result in CNS depression and respiratory failure.
However, the concentrations of Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol) normally employed as a preservative are not associated with such adverse effects.
Reports of adverse reactions to Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol) used as an excipient include toxicity following intravenous administration; neurotoxicity in patients administered Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol) in intrathecal preparations; hypersensitivity, although relatively rare; and a fatal toxic syndrome in premature infants.

The fatal toxic syndrome in low-birth-weight neonates, which includes symptoms of metabolic acidosis and respiratory depression, was attributed to the use of Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol) as a preservative in solutions used to flush umbilical catheters.
As a result of this, the FDA has recommended that Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol) should not be used in such flushing solutions and has advised against the use of medicines containing preservatives in the newborn.

Sensitization to Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol) occurs very rarely, mainly in patients with stasis dermatitis.
Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol) is not considered to be a carcinogen, and no data are available regarding teratogenic or reproductive effects.
Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol) has low acute toxicity with an LD50 of 1.2 g/kg in rats.

Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol) oxidizes rapidly in healthy individuals to benzoic acid, conjugated with glycine in the liver, and excreted as hippuric acid.
Very high concentrations can result in toxic effects including respiratory failure, vasodilation, hypotension, convulsions, and paralysis.
Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol) is toxic to neonates and is associated with the gasping syndrome.

Health Hazard:
Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol) is a low acute toxicant witha mild irritation effect on the skin.
Theirritation in 24 hours from the pure compoundwas mild on rabbit skin and moderateon pig skin.

A dose of 750 μg producedsevere eye irritation in rabbits.
The toxicityof Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol) is of low order,the effects varying with the species.

Oralintake of high concentrations of this compoundproduced behavioral effects in rats.
The symptoms progressed from somnolenceand excitement to coma.
Intravenous administrationin dogs produced ataxia, dyspnea,diarrhea, and hypermotility in the animals.

Adult and neonatal mice treated withBenzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol) exhibited behavioral change,including sedation, dyspnea, and loss ofmotor function.
Pretreatment with pyrazoleincreased the toxicity of Benzyl alcohol (phenyl carbinol).
Withdisulfiram the toxicity remained unchanged.
BENZYL ALCOHOL (PHENYLCARBINOL)
DESCRIPTION:
Benzyl Alcohol (Phenylcarbinol) is an aromatic alcohol with the formula C6H5CH2OH.
The benzyl group is often abbreviated "Bn" (not to be confused with "Bz" which is used for benzoyl), thus benzyl alcohol is denoted as BnOH.
Benzyl Alcohol (Phenylcarbinol) is a colorless liquid with a mild pleasant aromatic odor.

CAS Number, 100-51-6
EC Number, 202-859-9
IUPAC Name: phenylmethanol
Molecular Formula: C7H8O



SYNONYMS OF BENZYL ALCOHOL (PHENYLCARBINOL):
Alcohol, Benzyl,Benzenemethanol,Benzyl Alcohol,benzyl alcohol,phenylmethanol,benzenemethanol,100-51-6,phenylcarbinol,benzylalcohol,Benzoyl alcohol,Benzenecarbinol,alpha-Toluenol,Phenylmethyl alcohol,Hydroxytoluene,(Hydroxymethyl)benzene,Phenolcarbinol,Benzal alcohol,benzylic alcohol,Alcool benzylique,Benzylicum,Methanol, phenyl-,Phenylcarbinolum,alpha-hydroxytoluene,Euxyl K 100,hydroxymethylbenzene,Ulesfia,Phenyl Methanol,Phenyl-Methanol,66072-40-0,BENZYL-ALCOHOL,Caswell No. 081F,alcoholum benzylicum,Benzyl alcohol (natural),FEMA No. 2137,Benzylalkohol,Alcohol,benzyl,NCI-C06111,.alpha.-Hydroxytoluene,Alcool benzilico,Aromatic alcohol,Alcohol, Benzyl,Alcohol bencilico,.alpha.-Toluenol,Alcool benzilico [DCIT],Itch-X,NSC 8044,HSDB 46,benzenmethanol,Benzalalcohol,Benzalcohol,CCRIS 2081,Aromatic primary alcohol,Alcoolbenzylique,Alcool benzylique [INN-French],Benzyl alkohol,Alcohol bencilico [INN-Spanish],Methanol benzene,Alcoholum benzylicum [INN-Latin],UNII-LKG8494WBH,Alcohol benzylicus,NSC-8044,EINECS 202-859-9,BnOH,LKG8494WBH,EPA Pesticide Chemical Code 009502,BRN 0878307,Sunmorl BK 20,DTXSID5020152,CHEBI:17987,INS NO.1519,AI3-01680,INS-1519,MFCD00004599,Hydroxymethyl resin (100-200 mesh),TOLUENE,ALPHA-HYDROXY,benzyl alcohol (ring-13c6),DTXCID70152,Benzyl alcohol (Benzenemethanol),E-1519,EC 202-859-9,4-06-00-02222 (Beilstein Handbook Reference),BENZYL-ALPHA,ALPHA-D2 ALCOHOL,185532-71-2,NCGC00091865-01,BENZYL ALCOHOL (II),BENZYL ALCOHOL [II],MBN,BENZYL ALCOHOL (MART.),BENZYL ALCOHOL [MART.],Alcool benzylique (INN-French),BENZYL ALCOHOL (USP-RS),BENZYL ALCOHOL [USP-RS],Alcohol bencilico (INN-Spanish),Alcoholum benzylicum (INN-Latin),BENZYL ALCOHOL (EP MONOGRAPH),BENZYL ALCOHOL [EP MONOGRAPH],phenylmethan-1-ol,CAS-100-51-6,Ulesfia (TN),201740-95-6,Benzyl alcohol [USAN:INN:JAN],enzylalcohol,Protocoxil,phenyl carbinol,benzene-methanol,Benzyl Alcohole,a-Hydroxytoluene,a-Toluenol,Alcohol benzilico,Benzyl alcohol [INN:JAN:NF],Hydroxymethyl resin (200-400 mesh),PhCH2OH,Bn-OH,SCHEMBL147,Benzyl alcohol, ACS grade,bmse000407,C6H5CH2OH,CHEMBL720,WLN: Q1R,BENZYL ALCOHOL [MI],Benzyl alcohol (JP15/NF),BENZYL ALCOHOL [FCC],BENZYL ALCOHOL [INN],BENZYL ALCOHOL [JAN],BENZYL ALCOHOL [FHFI],BENZYL ALCOHOL [HSDB],BENZYL ALCOHOL [INCI],BIDD:ER0248,ALCOHOL,BENZYL [VANDF],BENZYL ALCOHOL [VANDF],ZilactinEarly Relief Cold Sore,TB 13G,Benzyl alcohol, LR, >=99%,BENZYL ALCOHOL [WHO-DD],BENZYL ALCOHOL [WHO-IP],BDBM16418,NSC8044,Benzyl alcohol (JP17/NF/INN),HMS3264B16,HMS3885F10,Pharmakon1600-01502555,Benzyl alcohol, analytical standard,Benzyl alcohol, AR, >=99.5%,HY-B0892,Benzyl alcohol, anhydrous, 99.8%,Tox21_111172,Tox21_202447,Tox21_300044,BENZYL ALCOHOL [ORANGE BOOK],NSC760098,s4600,Benzyl alcohol, >=99%, FCC, FG,AKOS000119907,Benzyl alcohol, natural, >=98%, FG,CCG-213843,DB06770,NSC-760098,USEPA/OPP Pesticide Code: 009502,NCGC00091865-02,NCGC00091865-03,NCGC00091865-04,NCGC00254154-01,NCGC00259996-01,ALCOHOL BENZYLICUS [WHO-IP LATIN],Benzyl alcohol, ACS reagent, >=99.0%,Benzyl alcohol, ReagentPlus(R), >=99%,Benzyl alcohol, USP, 98.0-100.5%,B2378,Benzyl alcohol, tested according to Ph.Eur.,Benzylalcohol 100 microg/mL in Acetonitrile,E1519,NS00009775,Benzyl alcohol, p.a., ACS reagent, 99.0%,Benzyl alcohol, SAJ first grade, >=98.5%,EN300-20016,Benzyl alcohol, SAJ special grade, >=99.0%,Benzyl alcohol, Vetec(TM) reagent grade, 98%,C00556,C03485,D00077,D70182,Q52353,AB01563201_01,A800221,SR-01000872610,J-000153,SR-01000872610-3,BENZALKONIUM CHLORIDE IMPURITY A [EP IMPURITY],F0001-0019,Z104476418,3762963D-6C2A-4BFF-AD94-3180E51BCA68,Benzyl alcohol, certified reference material, TraceCERT(R),Benzyl alcohol, European Pharmacopoeia (EP) Reference Standard,Benzyl alcohol, puriss. p.a., ACS reagent, >=99.0% (GC),Benzyl alcohol, United States Pharmacopeia (USP) Reference Standard,nChI=1/C7H8O/c8-6-7-4-2-1-3-5-7/h1-5,8H,6H,Benzyl alcohol, Pharmaceutical Secondary Standard; Certified Reference Material,Benzyl alcohol, puriss., meets analytical specification of Ph.??Eur., BP, NF, 99-100.5% (GC),StratoSpheres(TM) PL-HMS (Hydroxymethylstyrene) resin, 50-100 mesh, extent of labeling: 2.0,mmol loading, 1 % cross-linked


Benzyl Alcohol (Phenylcarbinol) is a useful as a solvent for its polarity, low toxicity, and low vapor pressure.
Benzyl Alcohol (Phenylcarbinol) has moderate solubility in water (4 g/100 mL) and is miscible in alcohols and diethyl ether.
The anion produced by deprotonation of the alcohol group is known as benzylate or benzyloxide.


Benzyl Alcohol (Phenylcarbinol) is a water-white liquid with a faint aromatic odor and a sharp burning taste.
In industry, Benzyl Alcohol (Phenylcarbinol) is used in the manufacture of other benzyl compounds, and in perfumery and flavoring.
As a pharmaceutical product, Benzyl Alcohol (Phenylcarbinol) is used as an anti-parasite medication used to treat head lice.

Benzyl Alcohol (Phenylcarbinol) is also used as a common preservative in many injectable drugs.

Benzyl Alcohol (Phenylcarbinol) appears as a clear colorless liquid with a pleasant odor.
Benzyl Alcohol (Phenylcarbinol) is Slightly denser than water.
Flash point of Benzyl Alcohol (Phenylcarbinol) is 194 °F.

Boiling point of Benzyl Alcohol (Phenylcarbinol) is 401 °F.
Contact may irritate skin, eyes, and mucous membranes.
Benzyl Alcohol (Phenylcarbinol) May be slightly toxic by ingestion.
Benzyl Alcohol (Phenylcarbinol) is Used to make other chemicals.


Benzyl Alcohol (Phenylcarbinol) is an aromatic alcohol that consists of benzene bearing a single hydroxymethyl substituent.
Benzyl Alcohol (Phenylcarbinol) has a role as a solvent, a metabolite, an antioxidant and a fragrance.

Benzyl Alcohol (Phenylcarbinol) is a metabolite found in or produced by Escherichia coli (strain K12, MG1655).

Benzyl Alcohol (Phenylcarbinol) is a clear alcohol with a mild sweet fragrance.
We use this ingredient as a solvent and preservative in many of our products, keeping them stable and working at their best.

Benzyl Alcohol (Phenylcarbinol) is a synthetic chemical produced for industry, however it can be found naturally in some plants, fruits, tea, and wines.
It's a useful solvent due to its low toxicity, and can be found in many cosmetics and personal care products.

Though it is among the least sensitising preservatives of its kind available, a small percentage of people can be sensitive to this ingredient on their skin.
We use this ingredient with care at very low concentrations to minimise exposure, while also helping prevent the growth of microbes on our products once they are exposed to air.

NATURAL OCCURRENCES OF BENZYL ALCOHOL (PHENYLCARBINOL)
Benzyl Alcohol (Phenylcarbinol) is produced naturally by many plants and is commonly found in fruits and teas.
Benzyl Alcohol (Phenylcarbinol) is also found in a variety of essential oils including jasmine, hyacinth and ylang-ylang.

Benzyl Alcohol (Phenylcarbinol) is also found in castoreum from the castor sacs of beavers.
Benzyl esters also occur naturally.


PREPARATION OF BENZYL ALCOHOL (PHENYLCARBINOL):
Benzyl Alcohol (Phenylcarbinol) is produced industrially from toluene via benzyl chloride, which is hydrolyzed:
C6H5CH2Cl + H2O → C6H5CH2OH + HCl

Another route entails hydrogenation of benzaldehyde, a by-product of the oxidation of toluene to benzoic acid.[5]
For laboratory use, Grignard reaction of phenylmagnesium bromide (C6H5MgBr) with formaldehyde and the Cannizzaro reaction of benzaldehyde also give benzyl alcohol.

The latter also gives benzoic acid, an example of an organic disproportionation reaction.

Reactions of Benzyl Alcohol (Phenylcarbinol):
Like most alcohols, Benzyl Alcohol (Phenylcarbinol) reacts with carboxylic acids to form esters.
In organic synthesis, benzyl esters are popular protecting groups because they can be removed by mild hydrogenolysis.

Benzyl alcohol reacts with acrylonitrile to give N-benzylacrylamide.
This is an example of a Ritter reaction:
C6H5CH2OH + NCCHCH2 → C6H5CH2N(H)C(O)CHCH2


APPLICATIONS OF BENZYL ALCOHOL (PHENYLCARBINOL):
Benzyl Alcohol (Phenylcarbinol) is used as a general solvent for inks, waxes, shellacs, paints, lacquers, and epoxy resin coatings.
Thus Benzyl Alcohol (Phenylcarbinol) can be used in paint strippers, especially when combined with compatible viscosity enhancers to encourage the mixture to cling to painted surfaces.

Benzyl Alcohol (Phenylcarbinol) is a precursor to a variety of esters and ethers, used in the soap, perfume, and flavor industries. E.g. benzyl benzoate, benzyl salicylate, benzyl cinnamate, dibenzyl ether, benzyl butyl phthalate.

Benzyl Alcohol (Phenylcarbinol) can be used as a local anesthetic, especially with epinephrine.
As a dye solvent, Benzyl Alcohol (Phenylcarbinol) enhances the process of dying wool, nylon, and leather.

Use in health care:
Benzyl Alcohol (Phenylcarbinol) is used as a bacteriostatic preservative at low concentration in intravenous medications, cosmetics, and topical drugs.
Some caution is necessary if a high percent of benzyl alcohol is used as benzaldehyde arises from benzyl alcohol when used as preservative in an injectable formulation solution.

Benzyl Alcohol (Phenylcarbinol), sold under the brand name Ulesfia, was approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 2009, as a 5% solution for the treatment of head lice in people 6 months of age and older.

Benzyl Alcohol (Phenylcarbinol) affects the louse's spiracles, preventing them from closing.
These then become clogged with water or mineral oil or other matter and cause the insect to die from asphyxiation.
Benzyl Alcohol (Phenylcarbinol) is used effectively for treating lice infestations as the active ingredient in lotion shampoo with 5% benzyl alcohol.

Benzyl Alcohol (Phenylcarbinol) is an ingredient used in the manufacture of soaps, topical creams, skin lotions, shampoos, and facial cleansers and is popular due to its anti-bacterial and anti-fungal properties.
Benzyl Alcohol (Phenylcarbinol) is a common ingredient in a variety of household products





CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF BENZYL ALCOHOL (PHENYLCARBINOL):
Chemical formula, C7H8O
Molar mass, 108.140 g•mol−1
Appearance, Colorless liquid
Odor, Slightly aromatic
Density, 1.044 g/cm3
Melting point, −15.2 °C (4.6 °F; 257.9 K)
Boiling point, 205.3 °C (401.5 °F; 478.4 K)
Solubility in water, 3.50 g/100 mL (20 °C)
4.29 g/100 mL (25 °C)
Solubility in other solvents, Soluble[vague] in benzene, methanol, chloroform, ethanol, ether, acetone
log P, 1.10
Vapor pressure, 0.18 kPa (60 °C)
Acidity (pKa), 15.40
Magnetic susceptibility (χ), −71.83•10−6 cm3/mol
Refractive index (nD), 1.5396
Viscosity, 5.474 cP
Dipole moment, 1.67 D
Thermochemistry,
Std molar
entropy (S⦵298), 217.8 J/(K•mol)
Std enthalpy of
formation (ΔfH⦵298), −352 kJ/mol
Molecular Weight
108.14 g/mol
Computed by PubChem 2.2 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
XLogP3
1.1
Computed by XLogP3 3.0 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count
1
Computed by Cactvs 3.4.8.18 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count
1
Computed by Cactvs 3.4.8.18 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Rotatable Bond Count
1
Computed by Cactvs 3.4.8.18 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Exact Mass
108.057514874 g/mol
Computed by PubChem 2.2 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Monoisotopic Mass
108.057514874 g/mol
Computed by PubChem 2.2 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Topological Polar Surface Area
20.2Ų
Computed by Cactvs 3.4.8.18 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Heavy Atom Count
8
Computed by PubChem
Formal Charge
0
Computed by PubChem
Complexity
55.4
Computed by Cactvs 3.4.8.18 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Isotope Atom Count
0
Computed by PubChem
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count
0
Computed by PubChem
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count
0
Computed by PubChem
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count
0
Computed by PubChem
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count
0
Computed by PubChem
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count
1
Computed by PubChem
Compound Is Canonicalized
Yes

biological source
synthetic
Quality Level
600
grade
GMP
Agency
JP
Ph. Eur.
USP

vapor density
3.7 (vs air)
vapor pressure
13.3 mmHg ( 100 °C)
3.75 mmHg ( 77 °C)

form
liquid
autoignition temp.
817 °F
refractive index
n20/D 1.539 (lit.)
bp
203-205 °C (lit.)
mp
−16-−13 °C (lit.)
density
1.045 g/mL at 25 °C (lit.)
application(s)
semi-solid formulation
solid formulation
storage temp.
2-8°C
SMILES string
OCc1ccccc1
InChI
1S/C7H8O/c8-6-7-4-2-1-3-5-7/h1-5,8H,6H2
InChI key
WVDDGKGOMKODPV-UHFFFAOYSA-N
CAS number, 100-51-6
EC index number, 603-057-00-5
EC number, 202-859-9
Hill Formula, C₇H₈O
Chemical formula, C₆H₅CH₂OH
Molar Mass, 108.14 g/mol
HS Code, 2906 21 00
Boiling point, 205 °C (1013 hPa)
Density, 1.05 g/cm3 (20 °C)
Explosion limit, 1.3 - 13 %(V)
Flash point, 101 °C DIN 51758
Ignition temperature, 435 °C DIN 51794
Melting Point, -15.3 °C
Vapor pressure, 0.07 hPa (20 °C)
Solubility, 40 g/l
Purity (GC), ≥ 99.5 %
Identity (IR), conforms
Color, ≤ 10 Hazen
Acidity, ≤ 0.001 meq/g
Alkalinity, ≤ 0.002 meq/g
Benzaldehyde (GC), ≤ 0.1 %
Halogen compounds,halides (as Cl), ≤ 0.001 %
Peroxide value, ≤ 5
Sulfated ash, ≤ 0.005 %
Water, ≤ 0.1 %
Al (Aluminium), ≤ 0.00005 %
B (Boron), ≤ 0.000002 %
Ba (Barium), ≤ 0.00001 %
Ca (Calcium), ≤ 0.00005 %
Cd (Cadmium), ≤ 0.000005 %
Co (Cobalt), ≤ 0.000002 %
Cr (Chromium), ≤ 0.000002 %
Cu (Copper), ≤ 0.000002 %
Fe (Iron), ≤ 0.00001 %
Mg (Magnesium), ≤ 0.00001 %
Mn (Manganese), ≤ 0.000002 %
Ni (Nickel), ≤ 0.000002 %
Pb (Lead), ≤ 0.00001 %
Sn (Tin), ≤ 0.00001 %
Zn (Zinc), ≤ 0.00001 %
CAS number, 100-51-6
EC index number, 603-057-00-5
EC number, 202-859-9
Grade, Ph Eur,ChP,JP,NF
Hill Formula, C₇H₈O
Chemical formula, C₆H₅CH₂OH
Molar Mass, 108.14 g/mol
HS Code, 2906 21 00
Quality Level, MQ500
Boiling point, 205 °C (1013 hPa)
Density, 1.05 g/cm3 (20 °C)
Explosion limit, 1.3 - 13 %(V)
Flash point, 101 °C
Ignition temperature, 435 °C
Melting Point, -15.3 °C
Vapor pressure, 0.07 hPa (20 °C)
Solubility, 40 g/l
MELTING POINT:
-15.2 °C

BOILING POINT:
204.7 °C

DENSITY:
1.046 kg/l

SOLUBILITY:
water 40 g/l at 20 °C

REFRACTIVE INDEX:
20/D 1.5396

PHYSICAL DESCRIPTION:
liquid

PRODUCT CODE:
191081

PRODUCT NAME:
Benzyl Alcohol (Ph. Eur.) pharma grade

QUALITY NAME:
pharma grade

HEADLINE COMMENT:
Storage between +2 and +8°C.

SPECIFICATIONS:
Assay (Acidim.): 98.0-100.5 %
Identity according to Pharmacopoeias:: passes test
Density 20/20: 1.045-1.049
Refractive Index n 20/D: 1.539-1.541

Maximum limit of impurities
Appearance of solution: passes test
Acidity: passes test
Non-volatile matter: 0.05 %
Residue on ignition (as SO4): 0.005 %
Peroxide value: 5
Halogenated compounds and halides (as Cl): 0.03%
Related substances (G.C.)
Benzaldehyde: 0.05%
Ciclohexylmethanol: 0.10%
Total imp. Tr < Benzyl Alcohol: 0.02%
Total imp. Tr > Benzyl Alcohol: 0.20%
Residual solvents (Ph.Eur.): passes test
Water (H2O): 0.2 %
Fe: 0.00005 %
Product bottled under nitrogen atmosphere
Catalogue Number, : TK.201771
Chemical Name, : Benzyl Alcohol
Grade, : Extra pure
Synonyms, : Phenylcarbinol
Cas No, : 100-51-6
EC Index Number, : 603-057-00-5
EC Number, : 202-859-9
Hill Formula, : C₇H₈O
Chemical Formula, : C₆H₅CH₂OH
Molar Mass, : 108.14 g/mol
HS Code, : 2906.21.00
Purity (Gas Chromatography), : >= 99,5 %
Density (20°C), : 1,04 - 1,05 gr/cm3
Acidity, : <= 0,0005 meq/gr
Benzadehyde, : <= 0,05 %
Water (Karl fischer), : <= 0,1 %
Colour (Pt-Co), : <= 10
Appearance, : Berrak/Clear

Physical Chemical Information
Density(20C), : 1.05 g/cm3 (20°C)
Explosion Limit, : 1.3 - 13 %(V)
Ignition Temperature, : 435 °C DIN 51794
Vapor Pressure, : 0.07 hPa (20 °C)
CAS, 100-51-6
Color, Colorless
Boiling Point, 203°C to 205°C
Ignition Residue, ≤0.005% (as SO4)
Packaging, Glass Bottle
Refractive Index, n20/D 1.539(lit.)
MDL Number, MFCD00004599,MFCD03792087
UN Number, UN3334
Synonym, benzyl alcohol, benzenemethanol, phenylcarbinol, benzoyl alcohol, hydroxytoluene, benzenecarbinol, phenylmethyl alcohol, alpha-toluenol, hydroxymethyl benzene, benzylalcohol
SMILES, OCC1=CC=CC=C1
Molecular Weight (g/mol), 108.14
PubChem CID, 244
Formula Weight, 108.14g/mol
Percent Purity, ≥99.0% (GC)
Physical Form, Liquid
Melting Point, -15.4°C
Density, 1.045g/mL at 25°C
Flash Point, 96°C (204.8°F)
Ignition Point, 817°F
Molecular Formula, C7H8O
Linear Formula, C6H5CH2OH
Quantity, 500 mL
Beilstein, 878307
InChI Key, WVDDGKGOMKODPV-UHFFFAOYSA-N
IUPAC Name, phenylmethanol
Vapor Density, 3.7 (vs air)
ChEBI, CHEBI:17987
Vapor Pressure, 3.75mmHg (77°C), 13.3mmHg (100°C)
Grade, puriss. p.a.
Chemical Name or Material, Benzyl Alcohol, ACS reagent









SAFETY INFORMATION ABOUT BENZYL ALCOHOL (PHENYLCARBINOL):
First aid measures:
Description of first aid measures:
General advice:
Consult a physician.
Show this safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
Move out of dangerous area:

If inhaled:
If breathed in, move person into fresh air.
If not breathing, give artificial respiration.
Consult a physician.
In case of skin contact:
Take off contaminated clothing and shoes immediately.
Wash off with soap and plenty of water.
Consult a physician.

In case of eye contact:
Rinse thoroughly with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes and consult a physician.
Continue rinsing eyes during transport to hospital.

If swallowed:
Do NOT induce vomiting.
Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person.
Rinse mouth with water.
Consult a physician.

Firefighting measures:
Extinguishing media:
Suitable extinguishing media:
Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.
Special hazards arising from the substance or mixture
Carbon oxides, Nitrogen oxides (NOx), Hydrogen chloride gas

Advice for firefighters:
Wear self-contained breathing apparatus for firefighting if necessary.
Accidental release measures:
Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures
Use personal protective equipment.

Avoid breathing vapours, mist or gas.
Evacuate personnel to safe areas.

Environmental precautions:
Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so.
Do not let product enter drains.
Discharge into the environment must be avoided.

Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Soak up with inert absorbent material and dispose of as hazardous waste.
Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.

Handling and storage:
Precautions for safe handling:
Avoid inhalation of vapour or mist.

Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place.
Containers which are opened must be carefully resealed and kept upright to prevent leakage.
Storage class (TRGS 510): 8A: Combustible, corrosive hazardous materials

Exposure controls/personal protection:
Control parameters:
Components with workplace control parameters
Contains no substances with occupational exposure limit values.
Exposure controls:
Appropriate engineering controls:
Handle in accordance with good industrial hygiene and safety practice.
Wash hands before breaks and at the end of workday.

Personal protective equipment:
Eye/face protection:
Tightly fitting safety goggles.
Faceshield (8-inch minimum).
Use equipment for eye protection tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or EN 166(EU).

Skin protection:
Handle with gloves.
Gloves must be inspected prior to use.
Use proper glove
removal technique (without touching glove's outer surface) to avoid skin contact with this product.
Dispose of contaminated gloves after use in accordance with applicable laws and good laboratory practices.
Wash and dry hands.

Full contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0.11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Material tested:Dermatril (KCL 740 / Aldrich Z677272, Size M)
Splash contact
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0.11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Material tested:Dermatril (KCL 740 / Aldrich Z677272, Size M)
It should not be construed as offering an approval for any specific use scenario.

Body Protection:
Complete suit protecting against chemicals, The type of protective equipment must be selected according to the concentration and amount of the dangerous substance at the specific workplace.
Respiratory protection:
Where risk assessment shows air-purifying respirators are appropriate use a fullface respirator with multi-purpose combination (US) or type ABEK (EN 14387) respirator cartridges as a backup to engineering controls.

If the respirator is the sole means of protection, use a full-face supplied air respirator.
Use respirators and components tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or CEN (EU).
Control of environmental exposure
Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so.
Do not let product enter drains.
Discharge into the environment must be avoided.

Stability and reactivity:
Chemical stability:
Stable under recommended storage conditions.
Incompatible materials:
Strong oxidizing agents:
Hazardous decomposition products:
Hazardous decomposition products formed under fire conditions.
Carbon oxides, Nitrogen oxides (NOx), Hydrogen chloride gas.

Disposal considerations:
Waste treatment methods:
Product:
Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company.
Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material.
Contaminated packaging:
Dispose of as unused product.



BENZYL ALCOHOL (PHENYLMETHANOL)

Benzyl alcohol, sometimes referred to as phenylmethanol, is an aromatic alcohol with the chemical formula C7H8O.
Benzyl alcohol (phenylmethanol) is composed of a benzene ring substituted with a hydroxyl group (-OH) at the carbon next to the aromatic ring.
This clear, colorless liquid has a mild, pleasant aromatic scent and is commonly used in various industries due to its solvency and antimicrobial properties.
Benzyl alcohol (phenylmethanol) is an aromatic alcohol derived from benzyl chloride through hydrolysis or by the reaction of benzaldehyde with sodium hydroxide.

CAS Number: 100-51-6
EC Number: 202-859-9



APPLICATIONS


Benzyl alcohol (phenylmethanol) is commonly used as a bacteriostatic preservative in injectable medications, ensuring their stability and shelf-life.
Benzyl alcohol (phenylmethanol) serves as a local anesthetic in various topical preparations, such as ointments and skin disinfectants.

In the cosmetic industry, Benzyl alcohol (phenylmethanol) acts as a fragrance fixative in perfumes, enhancing the longevity of scents.
Its antimicrobial properties make it an ideal additive in mouthwashes, throat sprays, and oral care products.

Benzyl alcohol (phenylmethanol) is employed in the formulation of skincare products like lotions and creams for its preservative qualities.
Benzyl alcohol (phenylmethanol) functions as a solvent in the production of hair dyes and colors due to its solubility and stability.

In the food industry, Benzyl alcohol (phenylmethanol) serves as a flavoring agent and fragrance enhancer in certain food and beverage products.
Benzyl alcohol (phenylmethanol) is integral in the formulation of disinfectants and sanitizing solutions for household and commercial use.

Benzyl alcohol (phenylmethanol) finds application in the synthesis of various benzyl esters used in fragrances and flavorings.
Benzyl alcohol (phenylmethanol) plays a role in the formulation of antiseptics and wound-cleaning solutions in the medical field.
The pharmaceutical industry relies on benzyl alcohol as a solubilizing agent in various drug formulations.

Benzyl alcohol (phenylmethanol) is utilized in the production of adhesives, sealants, and coatings due to its solvent properties.
Benzyl alcohol (phenylmethanol) functions as a fixative in the production of printing inks, ensuring stability and consistency.
Its properties make it a vital component in the creation of textile and leather dyes and treatments.

In industrial applications, it acts as a solvent in the synthesis of resins and coatings.
Benzyl alcohol (phenylmethanol) is employed in the creation of soaps and detergents due to its antimicrobial properties.
Benzyl alcohol (phenylmethanol) plays a role in the formulation of hair care products such as shampoos and conditioners, aiding in stability and solubility.

Benzyl alcohol (phenylmethanol) is used in the formulation of antiperspirants and deodorants for its preservative and fragrance-enhancing properties.
Benzyl alcohol (phenylmethanol) finds application in pesticide formulations for its stability and solvency in active ingredients.
Benzyl alcohol (phenylmethanol) serves as a vital additive in the production of printing inks for its solubilizing and stabilizing capabilities.
In paint production, it aids in the formulation of stable and uniform coatings.

Benzyl alcohol (phenylmethanol) contributes to the synthesis of plasticizers and polymers due to its solvency and stability.
Its solvent properties make it useful in the production of industrial cleaners and degreasers.
In the creation of pharmaceutical gels and creams, Benzyl alcohol (phenylmethanol) contributes to the stabilization of formulations.
Its wide-ranging applications in various industries highlight its significance in stabilizing, enhancing fragrances, and aiding solubility across multiple formulations.

In the realm of personal care products, Benzyl alcohol (phenylmethanol) is a crucial component in the formulation of lotions and moisturizers due to its preservative properties.
Benzyl alcohol (phenylmethanol)'s solvency makes it valuable in the creation of nail polishes and removers.
In the pharmaceutical sector, it's used in the production of oral and topical medications as a preservative.

Benzyl alcohol (phenylmethanol) is incorporated into throat sprays and lozenges for its antimicrobial characteristics.
In the food industry, Benzyl alcohol (phenylmethanol) serves as a flavoring agent in certain beverages and food products.

Benzyl alcohol (phenylmethanol) is vital in the creation of hair care products like dyes and colorants.
Benzyl alcohol (phenylmethanol) acts as a fixative in the formulation of air fresheners and scented candles.

Its antimicrobial nature makes it useful in the formulation of sanitizers and hand hygiene products.
In aromatherapy, it’s utilized in the creation of essential oil blends and fragrances.

Benzyl alcohol (phenylmethanol) is integral in the formulation of veterinary skincare products due to its antimicrobial properties.
Benzyl alcohol (phenylmethanol) contributes to the synthesis of various chemical compounds used in the fragrance industry.

Benzyl alcohol (phenylmethanol) is utilized in the formulation of household cleaning products for its antimicrobial attributes.
In the creation of personal hygiene products like wipes and intimate care items, it functions as a preservative.
Its stability makes it a key additive in the creation of liquid soaps and body washes.

In the pet care industry, Benzyl alcohol (phenylmethanol) is used in the formulation of shampoos and grooming products.
Benzyl alcohol (phenylmethanol) is employed in the production of wood treatments and finishes.
In leather production, it aids in the creation of certain treatments and dyes.

Benzyl alcohol (phenylmethanol) serves as a stabilizer in the production of air freshener sprays and home fragrances.
Benzyl alcohol (phenylmethanol) is used in the creation of scented candles for its fragrance-fixing properties.
Its solvency makes it an important component in the formulation of industrial inks and dyes.

Benzyl alcohol (phenylmethanol) contributes to the production of floor and surface cleaners due to its antimicrobial nature.
Benzyl alcohol (phenylmethanol) is utilized in the creation of room fresheners and scent diffusers.
In aromatherapy massage oils, Benzyl alcohol (phenylmethanol) acts as a carrier and fragrance stabilizer.

Its stable nature makes it a key ingredient in the creation of fabric fresheners and softeners.
Benzyl alcohol (phenylmethanol)'s applications span a wide range of industries, highlighting its significance in formulations across personal care, healthcare, cleaning, and fragrance products.

In the pharmaceutical industry, Benzyl alcohol (phenylmethanol) is used as a solvent in parenteral formulations and as a preservative in injectables.
Benzyl alcohol (phenylmethanol) serves as a fixative in scented candles, ensuring the longevity and stability of fragrances.
Its solvent properties make it valuable in the formulation of varnishes and coatings for wood treatments.
In the creation of liquid soaps and body washes, it contributes as a stabilizer and preservative.

Benzyl alcohol (phenylmethanol) is utilized in the formulation of throat lozenges and sprays for its antimicrobial qualities.
Benzyl alcohol (phenylmethanol)'s preservative function is crucial in preventing microbial growth in skincare products.

Benzyl alcohol (phenylmethanol) is an essential component in the synthesis of various benzyl esters used in flavor and fragrance compositions.
In veterinary care, it's incorporated into skin treatments and wound disinfectants for animals.

In aromatherapy products, Benzyl alcohol (phenylmethanol) aids in creating stable and enduring fragrances in essential oil blends.
Its stability makes it a key additive in the production of disinfectants and sanitizers.
Benzyl alcohol (phenylmethanol) is used in the creation of air freshener sprays for its fragrance-fixing properties.
In the food industry, it's a flavoring agent in certain beverages and food products.

Benzyl alcohol (phenylmethanol) is employed in the creation of antiperspirants and deodorants as a preservative and fragrance enhancer.
In hair care products, it contributes to hair dye formulations due to its solvent properties.
Benzyl alcohol (phenylmethanol) plays a role in the formulation of household cleaners, contributing to their antimicrobial action.
In the creation of disinfectant wipes, it acts as a preservative and stabilizer.

Benzyl alcohol (phenylmethanol) serves as a fixative in the production of scented lotions and moisturizers.
Its antimicrobial nature is valuable in creating mouthwash and oral care products.
In the production of scented body creams, it aids in the longevity of fragrances.

Benzyl alcohol (phenylmethanol)'s stability is essential in the synthesis of industrial cleaning agents.
Benzyl alcohol is employed in the creation of liquid air fresheners for homes and cars.
In the pet care industry, it's used in the formulation of grooming and shampoo products.

Benzyl alcohol (phenylmethanol) contributes to the production of fabric fresheners and softeners for laundry care.
Benzyl alcohol (phenylmethanol) acts as a preservative in the creation of intimate hygiene products.
Its applications span across industries, underscoring its versatile role in the stability, preservation, and fragrance enhancement of various products.

In the creation of medical creams and ointments, it serves as a stabilizer and preservative.
Its solvent properties are valuable in the formulation of antifungal treatments and solutions.
Benzyl alcohol (phenylmethanol) contributes to the production of pet grooming and fur care products.

In aromatherapy, it's used as a carrier oil for essential oil blends due to its stability.
Benzyl alcohol (phenylmethanol) is an essential additive in the synthesis of perfumes and colognes.
Benzyl alcohol (phenylmethanol) aids in the creation of room sprays and air fresheners for home use.

Benzyl alcohol (phenylmethanol) plays a role in the formulation of herbal and botanical skincare products.
Its stability and solvency are utilized in the formulation of industrial inks and dyes.

In car care products, Benzyl alcohol (phenylmethanol) is incorporated into air fresheners and interior sprays.
Benzyl alcohol (phenylmethanol) is used in the production of wound healing and antiseptic solutions.
Benzyl alcohol is employed in the creation of foot care products like antifungal creams.

Benzyl alcohol (phenylmethanol) contributes to the synthesis of scented hand sanitizers and hygiene gels.
In the creation of hair serums and hair treatment products, it aids in stabilization.

Benzyl alcohol serves as a fixative in the production of scented body oils and massage blends.
Its stability makes it an essential component in the formulation of scented candles.
Benzyl alcohol (phenylmethanol) is used in the production of aromatherapy diffusers and oils.

In fabric care products, it contributes to the formulation of scented fabric sprays.
Benzyl alcohol (phenylmethanol) is integral in the synthesis of insect repellents for personal use.

Benzyl alcohol (phenylmethanol) is used in the creation of skincare products for sensitive and delicate skin.
Benzyl alcohol (phenylmethanol) is involved in the formulation of scented drawer and room sachets.
Benzyl alcohol (phenylmethanol) plays a role in the creation of scented wax melts and tart warmers.

In the production of industrial adhesives, it contributes to stability and solvency.
Benzyl alcohol (phenylmethanol) serves as a fixative in the production of scented potpourri.

Its stability is utilized in the creation of scented paper products and stationery.
Benzyl alcohol (phenylmethanol)'s versatility extends to a wide range of applications, contributing to stability, fragrance enhancement, and preservation in various consumer and industrial products.



DESCRIPTION


Benzyl alcohol, sometimes referred to as phenylmethanol, is an aromatic alcohol with the chemical formula C7H8O.
Benzyl alcohol (phenylmethanol) is composed of a benzene ring substituted with a hydroxyl group (-OH) at the carbon next to the aromatic ring.
This clear, colorless liquid has a mild, pleasant aromatic scent and is commonly used in various industries due to its solvency and antimicrobial properties.

Benzyl alcohol (phenylmethanol) is an aromatic alcohol derived from benzyl chloride through hydrolysis or by the reaction of benzaldehyde with sodium hydroxide.
Often utilized as a solvent, Benzyl alcohol (phenylmethanol) is also known for its antimicrobial and solvent properties.
Benzyl alcohol (phenylmethanol) has a distinctive mild fragrance, making it a popular choice in the formulation of perfumes and cosmetics.
Benzyl alcohol (phenylmethanol) finds extensive use in the pharmaceutical industry as a bacteriostatic preservative in injectable medications.

Known for its ability to enhance fragrances, Benzyl alcohol (phenylmethanol) is widely utilized in toiletries, soaps, and other personal care products.
In the chemical industry, Benzyl alcohol (phenylmethanol) serves as a precursor in the synthesis of various benzyl compounds.

Its solvent properties make it an integral component in ink, paint, and resin production.
Benzyl alcohol (phenylmethanol) is employed as a local anesthetic and disinfectant due to its antimicrobial characteristics.

With a boiling point of around 205.5°C, it's a stable liquid at room temperature.
Benzyl alcohol (phenylmethanol) is soluble in water and most organic solvents, facilitating its application in various formulations.
In the food industry, it serves as a flavoring agent and is employed for its aromatic attributes.

Benzyl alcohol (phenylmethanol) is used in the formulation of mouthwashes, throat sprays, and other oral care products for its antimicrobial effects.
Benzyl alcohol (phenylmethanol) acts as a fixative in perfumes, aiding in the longevity of the fragrance.
Known for its versatile applications, Benzyl alcohol (phenylmethanol) is crucial in the production of soaps, detergents, and disinfectants.

As a mild preservative, Benzyl alcohol (phenylmethanol) helps extend the shelf life of many cosmetic and personal care products.
Benzyl alcohol (phenylmethanol) is often incorporated in hair dyes, colorants, and hair care products due to its solvent properties.
Its effectiveness as a solvent makes it a key component in the production of adhesives and sealants.

In pharmaceuticals, Benzyl alcohol (phenylmethanol) functions not only as a preservative but also as a solubilizing agent.
Benzyl alcohol (phenylmethanol) is utilized in the synthesis of benzyl esters and benzoate derivatives in various industries.

Benzyl alcohol, with a flash point around 100°C, requires cautious handling due to its flammability.
Due to its low toxicity, Benzyl alcohol (phenylmethanol) is considered relatively safe for use in regulated concentrations in numerous products.
Benzyl alcohol (phenylmethanol) is valued in the paint industry for its ability to dissolve various resins and coatings.

As an antiseptic, it finds application in medical and healthcare settings for disinfection purposes.
Benzyl alcohol (phenylmethanol)'s versatility and efficacy in different industries underscore its significance in formulations across pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and various industrial processes.



PROPERTIES


Chemical Properties:

Chemical Formula: C7H8O.
Molar Mass: Approximately 108.14 g/mol.
Functional Group: Contains a hydroxyl (-OH) group attached to a benzene ring.
Odor: Characterized by a mild, faint, aromatic scent resembling flowers.
Reactivity: Exhibits mild reactivity as an alcohol and reacts with certain acids and alkalis.


Physical Properties:

Appearance: Typically a clear, colorless liquid.
Boiling Point: Approximately 205.5°C (401.9°F), indicating its stability as a liquid at room temperature.
Melting Point: At or around 0-1°C (32-33.8°F).
Density: Approximately 1.045 g/cm³ at 20°C (68°F).
Solubility: Soluble in water and most organic solvents like ethanol, ether, and chloroform.



FIRST AID


Inhalation:

If inhaled and breathing becomes difficult, move the affected individual to fresh air and ensure they rest in a comfortable position.
If breathing problems persist, seek medical attention.


Skin Contact:

In case of skin contact, remove contaminated clothing and wash the affected skin area thoroughly with soap and water.
If skin irritation develops or persists, seek medical advice.


Eye Contact:

If the chemical comes in contact with the eyes, immediately rinse with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes, ensuring the eyelids are held open.
Seek medical attention if irritation or discomfort continues.


Ingestion:

If accidentally ingested and the exposed individual is conscious, rinse the mouth and provide a reasonable amount of water to drink.
Seek medical advice and provide details about the substance ingested.



HANDLING AND STORAGE


Handling:

Personal Protection:
Wear appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE), such as gloves, safety goggles, and protective clothing, to avoid direct skin or eye contact.

Ventilation:
Work in a well-ventilated area to minimize inhalation of vapors or mist.

Avoid Skin Contact:
In case of contact, wash the affected skin area thoroughly with soap and water.

Avoid Inhalation:
Use respiratory protection if handling in an enclosed or poorly ventilated area.

Labeling:
Ensure proper labeling of containers to prevent any confusion and keep safety data sheets (SDS) easily accessible.


Storage:

Controlled Environment:
Store in a cool, dry area away from direct sunlight to maintain stability and quality.

Temperature:
Avoid exposure to extreme temperatures, as it may affect the composition and properties of the compound.

Container Sealing:
Use tightly sealed containers to prevent moisture absorption and ensure the integrity of the product.

Segregation:
Store away from incompatible substances to prevent reactions or contamination.

Compliance:
Adhere to local regulations and guidelines for the storage of chemical substances.



SYNONYMS


Phenylmethanol
Benzenemethanol
Phenylcarbinol
Hydroxytoluene
alpha-Hydroxytoluene
Benzyl hydroxide
Benzal alcohol
Benzoyl alcohol
Phenylmethyl alcohol
Hydroxybenzene
Benzenecarbinol
alpha-Toluol
alpha-Toluenol
Benzenemethanol
alpha-Tolyl alcohol
Benzenemethanol
Benzenemethanol
Benzohydrol
Hydroxytoluene
Hydroxytoluene
Toluenol
Benzenmethanol
Toluene, alpha-hydroxy-
alpha-Toluyl alcohol
alpha-Phenylmethanol