Triethylamine anhydrous is a colorless liquid.
Triethylamine anhydrous is miscible with nearly every common organic solvent.


CAS Number: 121-44-8
EC Number: 204-469-4
MDL Number: MFCD00009051
Chemical formula C6H15N


SYNONYMS:
N,N-Diethylethanamine, (Triethyl)amine, Triethylamine (no longer IUPAC name), (Diethylamino)ethane, Atb 0489, Le 11-5Rg, N,N,N-Triethylamine, N,N-Diethylethanamine, T 0886, TEA, Tri-Ethylamine, Triaethylamin, Triethylamine, TEA, Et3N, N,N-DIETHYLETHANAMINE, (C2H5)3N, TEN, Triethylamin, Trietilamina, TRIEHYLAMINE, N,N,N-Triethylamine, N,N-Diethylethanamin, Tris(2-hydroxyethyl)amine, 2,2',2''-Trihydroxytriethylamine, TEA, TEA,



Triethylamine anhydrous is a colorless liquid with an ammonia-like odor.
Triethylamine anhydrous is registered under the REACH Regulation and is manufactured in and / or imported to the European Economic Area, at ≥ 100 to < 1 000 tonnes per annum.


Triethylamine anhydrous is a tertiary amine that is ammonia in which each hydrogen atom is substituted by an ethyl group.
Triethylamine anhydrous is a high-strength odor, fishy type; recommend smelling in a 0.01% solution or less.
Triethylamine anhydrous appears as a clear colorless liquid with a strong ammonia to fish-like odor.


Triethylamine anhydrous is an organic compound with the chemical formula C6H15NO3.
Triethylamine anhydrous is a clear, viscous liquid with a slight ammonia-like odor.
The "99%" in its name denotes the high purity level of Triethylamine anhydrous.


Triethylamine anhydrous is produced through the reaction between ethylene oxide and ammonia.
Triethylamine anhydrous's unique molecular structure makes it a valuable component in various industries.
Triethylamine anhydrous is a base used to prepare esters and amides from acyl chlorides as well as in the synthesis of quaternary ammonium compounds.


Triethylamine anhydrous acts as a catalyst in the formation of urethane foams and epoxy resins, dehydrohalogeantion reactions, acid neutralizer for condensation reactions and Swern oxidation.
Triethylamine anhydrous finds application in reverse phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) as a mobile-phase modifier.


Triethylamine anhydrous is also used as an accelerator activator for rubber, as a propellant, as a corrosion inhibitor, as a curing and hardening agent for polymers and for the desalination of seawater.
Furthermore, Triethylamine anhydrous is used in automotive casting industry and textile industry.


Triethylamine anhydrous (formula: C6H15N), also known as N, N-diethylethanamine, is the most simple tri-substituted uniformly tertiary amine, having typical properties of tertiary amines, including salifying, oxidation, Hing Myers test (Hisberg reaction) for triethylamine does not respond.
Triethylamine anhydrous is colorless to pale yellow transparent liquid, with a strong smell of ammonia, slightly fuming in the air.


Boiling point of Triethylamine anhydrous is 89.5 ℃, relative density (water = 1): 0.70, the relative density (Air = 1): 3.48, slightly soluble in water, soluble in alcohol, ether.
Triethylamine anhydrous is a clear, colorless liquid with an Ammonia or fish-like odor.


Triethylamine anhydrous is a chemical compound with the formula N(CH2CH3)3, commonly abbreviated Et3N.
Triethylamine anhydrous is also abbreviated TEA, yet this abbreviation must be used carefully to avoid confusion with triethanolamine or tetraethylammonium, for which TEA is also a common abbreviation.


Triethylamine anhydrous is a colourless volatile liquid with a strong fishy odor reminiscent of ammonia.
Triethylamine anhydrous was found during the early 1940s to be hypergolic in combination with nitric acid, and was considered a possible propellant for early hypergolic rocket engines.


The Soviet "Scud" Missile used TG-02 ("Tonka-250"), a mixture of 50% xylidine and 50% Triethylamine anhydrous as a starting fluid to ignite its rocket engine.
Triethylamine anhydrous belongs to the trialkylamine class.


Triethylamine anhydrous finds widespread use in chemical industry.
Triethylamine anhydrous is a chemical compound which can be used as a catalyst for isocyanate reactions and as a neutralization agent for anionic stabilized waterborne resins.


Triethylamine anhydrous is a colorless liquid with an ammonia-like odor.
Triethylamine anhydrous is a base used to prepare esters and amides from acyl chlorides as well as in the synthesis of quaternary ammonium compounds.


Triethylamine anhydrous acts as a catalyst in the formation of urethane foams and epoxy resins, dehydrohalogeantion reactions, acid neutralizer for condensation reactions and Swern oxidation.
Triethylamine anhydrous finds application in reverse phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) as a mobile-phase modifier.



USES and APPLICATIONS of TRIETHYLAMINE ANHYDROUS:
Triethylamine anhydrous is a base used to prepare esters and amides from acyl chlorides as well as in the synthesis of quaternary ammonium compounds.
Triethylamine anhydrous acts as a catalyst in the formation of urethane foams and epoxy resins, dehydrohalogeantion reactions, acid neutralizer for condensation reactions and Swern oxidation.


Triethylamine anhydrous finds application in reverse phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) as a mobile-phase modifier.
Triethylamine anhydrous is also used as an accelerator activator for rubber, as a propellant, as a corrosion inhibitor, as a curing and hardening agent for polymers and for the desalination of seawater.


Furthermore, Triethylamine anhydrous is used in automotive casting industry and textile industry.
Triethylamine anhydrous is used as a catalyst for the synthesis of polyurethanes and for two-component paints.
Triethylamine anhydrous is suitable as neutralization agent in waterborne paints based on polyesters, alkyds, acrylic resins and polyurethanes containing carboxyl or other acidic groups.


Triethylamine anhydrous is the active ingredient in FlyNap, a product for anesthetizing Drosophila melanogaster.
Triethylamine anhydrous is used in mosquito and vector control labs to anesthetize mosquitoes.
This is done to preserve any viral material that might be present during species identification.


Like diisopropylethylamine (Hünig's base), Triethylamine anhydrous is commonly employed in organic synthesis, usually as a base.
The bicarbonate salt of Triethylamine anhydrous (often abbreviated TEAB, triethylammonium bicarbonate) is useful in reverse phase chromatography, often in a gradient to purify nucleotides and other biomolecules.


Due to excellent water solubility and lack of active hydrogen atoms, Triethylamine anhydrous is often used for the production of water-borne polyurethane dispersions.
Applications of Triethylamine anhydrous: Ag chem solvents, Agriculture intermediates, Aluminum production, Chemicals & petrochemicals, Electronic chemicals, Insecticides int, Intermediates, Mining, Pharmaceutical chemicals, and Resins.


Triethylamine anhydrous is used as a neutralization agent for anionic stabilized waterborne resins (polyesters, alkyds, acrylic resins and polyurethanes containing carboxyl or other acidic groups).
Triethylamine anhydrous is also utilized as a catalyst in the curing of epoxy and polyurethane systems.


In the synthesis, Triethylamine anhydrous is primarily used as a proton scavenger; however, it is also used in the production of Diethylhydroxylamine and other organic compounds.
Triethylamine anhydrous is also used as an accelerator activator for rubber, as a propellant, as a corrosion inhibitor, as a curing and hardening agent for polymers and for the desalination of seawater.


Furthermore, Triethylamine anhydrous is used in automotive casting industry and textile industry.
Triethylamine anhydrous is used by professional workers (widespread uses), in formulation or re-packing, at industrial sites and in manufacturing.
Triethylamine anhydrous is used in the following products: pH regulators and water treatment products and laboratory chemicals.


Triethylamine anhydrous is used in the following areas: health services and scientific research and development.
Triethylamine anhydrous is used for the manufacture of: chemicals.
Release to the environment of Triethylamine anhydrous can occur from industrial use: in processing aids at industrial sites and as an intermediate step in further manufacturing of another substance (use of intermediates).


Other release to the environment of Triethylamine anhydrous is likely to occur from: indoor use (e.g. machine wash liquids/detergents, automotive care products, paints and coating or adhesives, fragrances and air fresheners).
Triethylamine anhydrous is used in the following products: polymers, laboratory chemicals and water softeners.


Release to the environment of Triethylamine anhydrous can occur from industrial use: formulation in materials, formulation of mixtures and in the production of articles.
Triethylamine anhydrous is used in the following products: polymers, laboratory chemicals, coating products and pH regulators and water treatment products.


Triethylamine anhydrous has an industrial use resulting in manufacture of another substance (use of intermediates).
Triethylamine anhydrous is used in the following areas: health services, scientific research and development and municipal supply (e.g. electricity, steam, gas, water) and sewage treatment.


Triethylamine anhydrous is used for the manufacture of: chemicals.
Release to the environment of Triethylamine anhydrous can occur from industrial use: as an intermediate step in further manufacturing of another substance (use of intermediates), in processing aids at industrial sites, for thermoplastic manufacture, as processing aid and as processing aid.


Release to the environment of Triethylamine anhydrous can occur from industrial use: manufacturing of the substance.
Applications of Triethylamine anhydrous: Ag chem solvents,
Agriculture intermediates, Aluminum production, Chemicals & petrochemicals, Electronic chemicals, Insecticides int, Intermediates, Mining, Pharmaceutical chemicals, and Resins.


Triethylamine anhydrous is used to give salts of various carboxylic acid-containing pesticides, e.g. Triclopyr and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid.
Triethylamine anhydrous is commonly employed in organic synthesis as a base.
For example, Triethylamine anhydrous is commonly used as a base during the preparation of esters and amides from acyl chlorides.


Such reactions lead to the production of hydrogen chloride which combines with Triethylamine anhydrous to form the salt triethylamine hydrochloride, commonly called triethylammonium chloride. (R, R' = alkyl, aryl):
R2NH + R'C(O)Cl + Et3N → R'C(O)NR2 + Et3NH+Cl−


Like other tertiary amines, Triethylamine anhydrous catalyzes the formation of urethane foams and epoxy resins.
Triethylamine anhydrous is also useful in dehydrohalogenation reactions and Swern oxidations.
Triethylamine anhydrous is readily alkylated to give the corresponding quaternary ammonium salt:
RI + Et3N → Et3NR+I−


Triethylamine anhydrous is mainly used in the production of quaternary ammonium compounds for textile auxiliaries and quaternary ammonium salts of dyes.
Triethylamine anhydrous is also a catalyst and acid neutralizer for condensation reactions and is useful as an intermediate for manufacturing medicines, pesticides and other chemicals.


Triethylamine anhydrous salts, like any other tertiary ammonium salts, are used as an ion-interaction reagent in ion interaction chromatography, due to their amphiphilic properties.
Unlike quaternary ammonium salts, tertiary ammonium salts are much more volatile, therefore mass spectrometry can be used while performing analysis.


Triethylamine anhydrous is an aliphatic amine.
Triethylamine anhydrous is used to catalytic solvent in chemical synthesis; accelerator activators for rubber; wetting, penetrating, and waterproofing agents of quaternary ammonium types; curing and hardening of polymers (e.g., corebinding resins); corrosion inhibitor; propellant.


Triethylamine anhydrous has been used during the synthesis of:
5′-dimethoxytrityl-5-(fur-2-yl)-2′-deoxyuridine
3′-(2-cyanoethyl)diisopropylphosphoramidite-5′-dimethoxytrityl-5-(fur-2-yl)-2′-deoxyuridine
polyethylenimine600-β-cyclodextrin (PEI600-β-CyD)


Triethylamine anhydrous may be used as a homogeneous catalyst for the preparation of glycerol dicarbonate, via transesterification reaction between glycerol and dimethyl carbonate (DMC).
Triethylamine anhydrous is a base used to prepare esters and amides from acyl chlorides as well as in the synthesis of quaternary ammonium compounds.


Triethylamine anhydrous acts as a catalyst in the formation of urethane foams and epoxy resins, dehydrohalogeantion reactions, acid neutralizers for condensation reactions and Swern oxidation.
Triethylamine anhydrous finds application in reverse phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) as a mobile-phase modifier.


Triethylamine anhydrous is also used as an accelerator activator for rubber, as a propellant, as a corrosion inhibitor, as a curing and hardening agent for polymers and for the desalination of seawater.
Furthermore, Triethylamine anhydrous is used in the automotive casting industry and the textile industry.


Triethylamine anhydrous is commonly used in the production of personal care products.
Triethylamine anhydrous serves as a pH regulator, emulsifier, and surfactant in products like shampoos, hair conditioners, soaps, and lotions.
Due to its ability to enhance the stability and consistency of formulations, Triethylamine anhydrous is a popular choice in the cosmetics industry.


Triethylamine anhydrous is a base used to prepare esters and amides from acyl chlorides as well as in the synthesis of quaternary ammonium compounds.
Triethylamine anhydrous acts as a catalyst in the formation of urethane foams and epoxy resins, dehydrohalogeantion reactions, acid neutralizer for condensation reactions and Swern oxidation.


Triethylamine anhydrous finds application in reverse phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) as a mobile-phase modifier.
Triethylamine anhydrous is also used as an accelerator activator for rubber, as a propellant, as a corrosion inhibitor, as a curing and hardening agent for polymers and for the desalination of seawater.


Furthermore, Triethylamine anhydrous is used in automotive casting industry and textile industry.
Triethylamine anhydrous is used in making waterproofing agents, and as a catalyst, corrosion inhibitor and propellant.
Triethylamine anhydrous is mainly used as base, catalyst, solvent and raw material in organic synthesis and is generally abbreviated as Et3N, NEt3 or TEA.


Triethylamine anhydrous can be used to prepare phosgene polycarbonate catalyst, polymerization inhibitor of tetrafluoroethylene, rubber vulcanization accelerator, special solvent in paint remover, enamel anti-hardener, surfactant, antiseptic, wetting agent, bactericides, ion exchange resins, dyes, fragrances, pharmaceuticals, high-energy fuels, and liquid rocket propellants, as a curing and hardening agent for polymers and for the desalination of seawater.


-Pharmaceuticals uses of Triethylamine anhydrous:
In the pharmaceutical industry, Triethylamine anhydrous is used as an intermediate compound in the production of various drugs.
Triethylamine anhydrous is often found in products such as creams, ointments, and gels due to its solubility and emulsification properties.
Additionally, Triethylamine anhydrous is used in the production of cough syrups and liquid medicines to affect taste and stability.


-Textile Industry uses of Triethylamine anhydrous:
Triethylamine anhydrous plays a significant role in the textile industry.
Triethylamine anhydrous is used as a textile softener, improving the hand feel and flexibility of fabrics.
Triethylamine anhydrous also supports the dyeing process by enhancing dye absorption and color retention.
Its compatibility with different textile fibers makes Triethylamine anhydrous an excellent choice for textile manufacturers.


-Metalworking Fluids uses of Triethylamine anhydrous:
In metalworking applications, Triethylamine anhydrous functions as a corrosion inhibitor and pH stabilizer in metalworking fluids.
Triethylamine anhydrous prevents corrosion and extends the lifespan of metal surfaces.
Triethylamine anhydrous also helps maintain the stability of metalworking formulations and acts as a lubricant during processing operations.


-Agricultural Applications of Triethylamine anhydrous:
Triethylamine anhydrousis used in the agricultural sector as well.
Triethylamine anhydrous serves as an emulsifier in the formulation of agricultural pesticides and herbicides, enhancing their effectiveness and stability.
By ensuring proper distribution of active ingredients, Triethylamine anhydrous contributes to the efficiency of agricultural chemicals.


-Industrial uses of Triethylamine anhydrous:
Triethylamine anhydrous is used as an anti-livering agent for urea- and melamine-based enamels and in the recovery of gelled paint vehicles.
Triethylamine anhydrous is also used as a catalyst for polyurethane foams, a flux for copper soldering, and as a catalytic solvent in chemical synthesis.

Triethylamine anhydrous is used in accelerating activators for rubber; as a corrosion inhibitor for polymers; a propellant; wetting, penetrating, and waterproofing agent of quaternary ammonium compounds; in curing and hardening of polymers (i.e. core-binding resins); and as a catalyst for epoxy resins.



NICHE USES OF TRIETHYLAMINE ANHYDROUS:
Triethylamine anhydrous is commonly used in the production of anionic PUDs.
A polyurethane prepolymer is prepared using an isocyanate and polyol with dimethylol propionic acid (DMPA).

This molecule contains two hydroxy groups and a carboxylic acid group.
This prepolymer is then dispersed in water with Triethylamine anhydrous or other neutralizing agent.
Triethylamine anhydrous reacts with the carboxylic acid forming a salt which is water soluble.

Usually, a diamine chain extender is then added to produce a polyurethane dispersed in water with no free NCO groups but with polyurethane and polyurea segments.
Dytek A is commonly used as a chain extender.



RELATED COMPOUNDS OF TRIETHYLAMINE ANHYDROUS:
*Related amines
*Dimethylamine
*Trimethylamine
*N-Nitrosodimethylamine
*Diethylamine
*Diisopropylamine
*Dimethylaminopropylamine
*Diethylenetriamine
*N,N-Diisopropylethylamine
*Triisopropylamine
*Tris(2-aminoethyl)amine
*Mechlorethamine
*HN1 (nitrogen mustard)
*HN3 (nitrogen mustard)
*Unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine
*Biguanide
*Dithiobiuret
*Agmatine



PRODUCTION METHODS OF TRIETHYLAMINE ANHYDROUS:
Triethylamine anhydrous is prepared by a vapor phase reaction of ammonia with ethanol or reaction of N,N-diethylacetamide with lithium aluminum hydride.
Triethylamine anhydrous may also be produced from ethyl chloride and ammonia under heat and pressure or by vapor phase alkylation of ammonia with ethanol.
U.S. production is estimated at greater than 22,000 tons in 1972.



SYNTHESIS AND PROPERTIES OF TRIETHYLAMINE ANHYDROUS:
Triethylamine anhydrous is prepared by the alkylation of ammonia with ethanol:
NH3 + 3 C2H5OH → N(C2H5)3 + 3 H2O
The pKa of protonated Triethylamine anhydrous is 10.75, and it can be used to prepare buffer solutions at that pH.

The hydrochloride salt, triethylamine hydrochloride (triethylammonium chloride), is a colorless, odorless, and hygroscopic powder, which decomposes when heated to 261 °C.

Triethylamine anhydrous is soluble in water to the extent of 112.4 g/L at 20 °C.
Triethylamine anhydrous is also miscible in common organic solvents, such as acetone, ethanol, and diethyl ether.

Laboratory samples of Triethylamine anhydrous can be purified by distilling from calcium hydride.
In alkane solvents Triethylamine anhydrous is a Lewis base that forms adducts with a variety of Lewis acids, such as I2 and phenols.
Owing to its steric bulk, Triethylamine anhydrous forms complexes with transition metals reluctantly.



SOLUBILITY OF TRIETHYLAMINE ANHYDROUS:
Triethylamine anhydrous is miscible with water, ether and ethanol.



NOTES OF TRIETHYLAMINE ANHYDROUS:
Triethylamine anhydrous is incompatible with strong oxidizing agents.



NATURAL OCCURRENCE OF TRIETHYLAMINE ANHYDROUS:
Hawthorn flowers have a heavy, complicated scent, the distinctive part of which is Triethylamine anhydrous, which is also one of the first chemicals produced by a dead human body when it begins to decay.
Due to the scent, Triethylamine anhydrous is considered unlucky in British culture to bring hawthorn into a house.
Gangrene and semen are also said to possess a similar odour.



REACTIVITY PROFILE OF TRIETHYLAMINE ANHYDROUS:
Triethylamine anhydrous reacts violently with oxidizing agents. Reacts with Al and Zn.
Neutralizes acids in exothermic reactions to form salts plus water.
Triethylamine anhydrous may be incompatible with isocyanates, halogenated organics, peroxides, phenols (acidic), epoxides, anhydrides, and acid halides.



CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF TRIETHYLAMINE ANHYDROUS:
Triethylamine anhydrous is a colorless to yellowish liquid with a strong ammonia to fish-like odor.
Triethylamine anhydrous is a base commonly used in organic chemistry to prepare esters and amides from acyl chlorides.
Like other tertiary amines, Triethylamine anhydrous catalyzes the formation of urethane foams and epoxy resins.



PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF TRIETHYLAMINE ANHYDROUS:
Triethylamine anhydrous is a clear, colorless to light yellow flammable liquid with a strong, penetrating, ammonia-like odor.
Experimentally determined detection and recognition odor threshold concentrations were An odor threshold concentration of 0.032 ppbv was determined by a triangular odor bag method.



PRODUCTION OF TRIETHYLAMINE ANHYDROUS:
Triethylamine anhydrous is produced by ethanol and ammonia in the presence of hydrogen, in containing Cu-Ni-clay catalyst reactor under heating conditions (190 ± 2 ℃ and 165 ± 2 ℃) reaction.
The reaction also produces ethylamine and diethylamine, products were condensed and then absorption by ethanol spray to obtain crude Triethylamine anhydrous, through the final separation, dehydration and fractionation, pure triethylamine is obtained.



BIOCHEM/PHYSIOL ACTIONS OF TRIETHYLAMINE ANHYDROUS:
Triethylamine anhydrous is known to drive polymerization reaction.
Triethylamine anhydrous acts as a source of carbon and nitrogen for bacterial cultures.
Triethylamine anhydrous is used in pesticides.
Triethylamine anhydrous can serve as an organic solvent.



METABOLISM OF TRIETHYLAMINE ANHYDROUS:
There have been few studies on the metabolism of industrially important aliphatic amines such as Triethylamine anhydrous.
Triethylamine anhydrous is generally assumed that amines not normally present in the body are metabolized by monoamine oxidase and diamine oxidase (histaminase).

Ultimately ammonia is formed and will be converted to urea.
The hydrogen peroxide formed is acted upon by catalase and the aldehyde formed is thought to be converted to the corresponding carboxylic acid by the action of aldehyde oxidase.



PURIFICATION METHODS OF TRIETHYLAMINE ANHYDROUS:
Dry Triethylamine anhydrous with CaSO4, LiAlH4, Linde type 4A molecular sieves, CaH2, KOH, or K2CO3, then distil it, either alone or from BaO, sodium, P2O5 or CaH2.
Triethylamine anhydrous has also been distilled from zinc dust, under nitrogen.

To remove traces of primary and secondary amines, Triethylamine anhydrous has been refluxed with acetic anhydride, benzoic anhydride, phthalic anhydride, then distilled, refluxed with CaH2 (ammonia-free) or KOH (or dried with activated alumina), and again distilled.
Another purification method involved refluxing for 2hours with p-toluenesulfonyl chloride, then distilling.

Grovenstein and Williams treated Triethylamine anhydrous (500mL) with benzoyl chloride (30mL), filtered off the precipitate, and refluxed the liquid for 1hour with a further 30mL of benzoyl chloride.
After cooling, the liquid was filtered, distilled, and allowed to stand for several hours with KOH pellets.

Triethylamine anhydrous was then refluxed with, and distilled from, stirred molten potassium.
Triethylamine anhydrous has been converted to its hydrochloride, crystallised from EtOH (to m 254o), then liberated with aqueous NaOH, dried with solid KOH and distilled from sodium under N2.



BENEFITS OF TRIETHYLAMINE ANHYDROUS:
Triethylamine anhydrous offers a significant advantage in terms of versatility.
Triethylamine anhydrous's various applications across different industries underscore its adaptability and utility.
From personal care products to pharmaceuticals, textiles to the agricultural sector, Triethylamine anhydrous consistently delivers valuable properties and benefits.


*PH Regulation
Triethylamine anhydrous serves as a pH regulator, critical for products where pH balance is important.
By stabilizing the desired pH level, Triethylamine anhydrous ensures the effectiveness and quality of formulations.
This feature is particularly important in situations where pH can significantly impact the performance of products, such as personal care and pharmaceutical products.


*Emulsification And Stabilization
Triethylamine anhydrous possesses emulsifying properties, aiding the homogeneous formation of mixtures of different substances.
Triethylamine anhydrous enhances the consistency and appearance of formulations, preventing separation or phase changes.
This benefit makes Triethylamine anhydrous a valuable choice in the production of creams, lotions, and other cosmetic products.


*Solubility
Triethylamine anhydrous exhibits excellent solubility in water and various organic solvents.
This solubility is ideal for formulations that require the homogeneous distribution of active ingredients.
Triethylamine anhydrous's ability to dissolve in both water and oil-based substances contributes to its versatility and broad applicability.


*Corrosion Prevention
In metalworking applications, Triethylamine anhydrous acts as a corrosion inhibitor.
Triethylamine anhydrous prevents oxidation and the formation of rust by creating a protective layer on metal surfaces.
By inhibiting corrosion, Triethylamine anhydrous helps extend the lifespan and durability of metal components.



PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of TRIETHYLAMINE ANHYDROUS:
CAS No.: 121-44-8
Molecular Weight: 101.19 g/mol
EC No.: 204-469-4
Beilstein No.: 605283
Chemical Formula: C6H15N
Molar Mass: 101.193 g/mol
Appearance: Colourless liquid
Odor: Fishy, ammoniacal
Density: 0.7255 g/mL
Physical state: Liquid
Color: Colorless
Odor: Amine-like
Melting point/freezing point:
Melting point/range: -115 to -114.7 °C
Initial boiling point and boiling range: 89.3 °C
Flammability (solid, gas): Data not available
Upper/lower flammability or explosive limits:

Upper explosion limit: 9.3% (volume)
Lower explosion limit: 1.2% (volume)
Flash point: -11 °C (closed cup)
Autoignition temperature: Data not available
Decomposition temperature: Data not available
pH: 12.7 at 100 g/l at 15 °C
Viscosity:
Kinematic viscosity: No data available
Dynamic viscosity: 0.36 mPa.s at 20 °C
Water solubility: 112.4 g/l at 20 °C (soluble)
Partition coefficient (n-octanol/water):
Log Pow: 1.45 (Bioaccumulation is not expected)
Vapor pressure: 72 hPa at 20 °C
Density: 0.72 g/cm3 at 25 °C
Relative vapor density: Data not available
Particle characteristics: Data not available
Explosive properties: Data not available
Oxidizing properties: None
Other safety information:

Relative vapor density: 3.48
Chemical formula: C6H15N
Molar mass: 101.193 g·mol−1
Appearance: Colorless liquid
Odor: Fishy, ammoniacal
Density: 0.7255 g/mL
Melting point: -114.70 °C; -174.46 °F; 158.45 K
Boiling point: 88.6 to 89.8 °C; 191.4 to 193.5 °F; 361.7 to 362.9 K
Solubility in water: 112.4 g/L at 20 °C
Solubility: Miscible with organic solvents
log P: 1.647
Vapor pressure: 6.899–8.506 kPa
Henry's law constant (kH): 66 μmol Pa−1 kg−1
Acidity (pKa): 10.75 (for the conjugate acid) (H2O), 9.00 (DMSO)
Magnetic susceptibility (χ): -81.4·10−6 cm3/mol
Refractive index (nD): 1.401

Thermochemistry:
Heat capacity (C): 216.43 J K−1 mol−1
Std enthalpy of formation (ΔfH⦵298): -169 kJ mol−1
Std enthalpy of combustion (ΔcH⦵298): -4.37763 to -4.37655 MJ mol−1
Flash point: -15 °C (5 °F; 258 K)
Autoignition temperature: 312 °C (594 °F; 585 K)
Explosive limits: 1.2–8%
Threshold limit value (TLV): 2 ppm (8 mg/m3) (TWA), 4 ppm (17 mg/m3) (STEL)
CBNumber:CB5355941
Molecular Formula:C6H15N Lewis structure
Molecular Weight:101.19
MDL Number:MFCD00009051
MOL File:121-44-8.mol

Appearance & Physical State: Clear colorless to very pale yellow liquid
Density: 0.726
Boiling Point: 89 - 90 ºC
Melting Point: -115ºC
Flash Point: -11ºC
Refractive Index: 1.4005
Water Solubility: 133 g/L (20°C)
Vapor Density: 3.5 (Air = 1.0)
Melting point: -115 °C
Boiling point: 90 °C
Density: 0.728
Vapor density: 3.5 (vs air)
Vapor pressure: 51.75 mm Hg (20 °C)
Refractive index: n20/D 1.401 (lit.)
FEMA: 4246 | TRIETHYLAMINE
Flash point: 20 °F


Storage temp.: Store below +30°C
Solubility: water: soluble 112 g/L at 20°C
pKa: 10.75 (at 25℃)
Form: Liquid
Specific Gravity: 0.725 (20/4℃)
Color: Clear
pH: 12.7 (100g/l, H2O, 15℃) (IUCLID)
Relative polarity: 1.8
Odor: Strong ammonia-like odor
Odor Type: fishy
Evaporation Rate: 5.6
Explosive limit: 1.2-9.3% (V)
Odor Threshold: 0.0054 ppm
Water Solubility: 133 g/L (20 ºC)

Merck: 14,9666
JECFA Number: 1611
BRN: 1843166
Henry's Law Constant: 1.79 at 25 °C (Christie and Crisp, 1967)
Exposure limits:
NIOSH REL: IDLH 200 ppm
OSHA PEL: TWA 25 ppm (100 mg/m3)
ACGIH TLV: TWA 1 ppm, STEL 3 ppm (adopted)
Dielectric constant: 5.0 (Ambient)
Stability: Stable
InChIKey: ZMANZCXQSJIPKH-UHFFFAOYSA-N
LogP: 1.65
Substances Added to Food (formerly EAFUS): TRIETHYLAMINE
FDA 21 CFR: 177.1580
CAS DataBase Reference: 121-44-8 (CAS DataBase Reference)
EWG's Food Scores: 5-6
FDA UNII: VOU728O6AY
NIST Chemistry Reference: Triethylamine (121-44-8)
EPA Substance Registry System: Triethylamine (121-44-8)



FIRST AID MEASURES of TRIETHYLAMINE ANHYDROUS:
-Description of first-aid measures:
*General advice:
First aiders need to protect themselves.
Show this material safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
*If inhaled:
After inhalation:
Fresh air.
Immediately call in physician.
*In case of skin contact:
Take off immediately all contaminated clothing.
Rinse skin with water/ shower.
Call a physician immediately.
*In case of eye contact:
After eye contact:
Rinse out with plenty of water.
Immediately call in ophthalmologist.
Remove contact lenses.
*If swallowed:
After swallowing:
Make victim drink water (two glasses at most).
Call a physician immediately.
Do not attempt to neutralise.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed:
No data available



ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of TRIETHYLAMINE ANHYDROUS:
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Cover drains.
Collect, bind, and pump off spills.
Observe possible material restrictions.
Take up carefully with liquid-absorbent material.
Dispose of properly.
Clean up affected area.



FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of TRIETHYLAMINE ANHYDROUS:
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Foam
Dry powder
*Unsuitable extinguishing media:
For this substance/mixture no limitations of extinguishing agents are given.
-Further information:
Remove container from danger zone and cool with water.
Suppress (knock down) gases/vapors/mists with a water spray jet.
Prevent fire extinguishing water from contaminating surface water or the ground water system.



EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of TRIETHYLAMINE ANHYDROUS:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use equipment for eye protection.
Tightly fitting safety goggles
*Skin protection:
Full contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,4 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Splash contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,11 mm
Break through time: 10 min
*Body Protection:
Flame retardant antistatic protective clothing.
*Respiratory protection:
Recommended Filter type: Filter A-(P3)
-Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.



HANDLING and STORAGE of TRIETHYLAMINE ANHYDROUS:
-Precautions for safe handling:
*Advice on safe handling:
Work under hood.
Take precautionary measures against static discharge.
*Hygiene measures:
Immediately change contaminated clothing.
Apply preventive skin protection.
Wash hands and face after working with substance.
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
*Storage conditions:
Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place.
Keep locked up or in an area accessible only to qualified or authorized persons.
Handle and store under inert gas.



STABILITY and REACTIVITY of TRIETHYLAMINE ANHYDROUS:
-Chemical stability:
The product is chemically stable under standard ambient conditions (room temperature) .
-Incompatible materials:
No data available

Triethylborane is widely used as a precursor for the preparation of reducing agents such as lithium triethylborohydride and sodium triethylborohydride.
Triethylborane chemical formula is (CH3CH2)3B or (C2H5)3B, abbreviated Et3B.
Triethylborane is a chemical compound that is used as a reagent in organic chemistry.

CAS Number: 97-94-9
EC Number: 202-620-9
Molecular Formula: C6H15B
Molecular Weight (g/mol): 98.00

Triethylborane is a boron alkyl used in organic synthesis as an agent for stereochemical control, and as an adjuvant and silica-supported chromium catalysts for olefin polymerization.

Triethylborane, also called triethylboron, is an organoborane (a compound with a B–C bond).
Triethylborane is a colorless pyrophoric liquid.

Triethylborane chemical formula is (CH3CH2)3B or (C2H5)3B, abbreviated Et3B.
Triethylborane is soluble in organic solvents tetrahydrofuran and hexane

Triethylborane is an organoborane pyrophoric liquid.
Triethylborane is prepared on the plant scale by the reaction of AlEt3 and KBF4.

Triethylborane is widely used as a precursor for the preparation of reducing agents such as lithium triethylborohydride and sodium triethylborohydride.
Triethylborane can also be utilized as an initiator in radical cyclization reactions.

Triethylborane is registered under the REACH Regulation and is manufactured in and / or imported to the European Economic Area, for intermediate use only.
Triethylborane is used in formulation or re-packing, at industrial sites and in manufacturing.

Triethylborane is a chemical compound that is used as a reagent in organic chemistry.
Triethylborane is also used to study the repair mechanism of polymer films and activation energies for radical transfer reactions.

Triethylborane has been shown to react with nitrogen atoms, forming boron and triethylborane.
This reaction occurs at low energy and the reactive site is the carbonyl group.
Triethylborane can also react with zirconium oxide, forming a boron nitride product.

Triethylborane chemical formula can be written as C6H15B, or (CH3CH2)3B, or (C2H5)3B, or Et3B.

Triethylborane is strongly pyrophoric, igniting spontaneously in air.
Triethylborane burns intensely with a very hot flame.

The color of the flame is apple-green, which is characteristic for boron compounds.
Triethylborane fire should not be extinguished with water; a carbon dioxide or dry powder extinguisher (eg. Purple K) would be more suitable.
Triethylborane vapors may cause flash fire.

Triethylborane is soluble in tetrahydrofuran and hexane, and is not pyrophoric when in solution.
However the solution can slowly react with atmospheric moisture.

If the Triethylborane solutions are exposed to air for prolonged time, unstable organic peroxides may form, with the presence of cationic initiators leading to polymerization.
Triethylborane is toxic to peripheral nervous system, kidneys and testes.

Triethylborane is extremely corrosive.
Some sources incorrectly refer to this chemical as tetraethylborane.

An autocatalytic cycle was found in the mechanism of autoxidation of triethylborane using density functional theory calculations.
The reaction starts with the generation of an ethyl radical via slow homolytic substitution.
Fast radical propagation then takes place through a catalytic cycle in which the ethyl radical acts as a catalyst.

Triethylborane is catalyst for allylation of aldehydes, decarboxylative C-C bond cleavage reactions, rhenium hydride / boron Lewis acid cocatalysis of alkene hydrogenations, Regioselective hydroxyalkylation of unsaturated oxime ethers.
Reactant for radical reductions of alkyl bromides with N-heterocyclic carbene boranes and synthesis of tetramethylammonium trialkylphenylborate salts with oxidation potential.

Triethylborane is a chemical compound that is used as a reagent in organic chemistry.
Triethylborane is also used to study the repair mechanism of polymer films and activation energies for radical transfer reactions.

Triethylborane has been shown to react with nitrogen atoms, forming boron and triethylborane.
This reaction occurs at low energy and the reactive site is the carbonyl group.
Triethylborane can also react with zirconium oxide, forming a boron nitride product.

Triethylborane is a boron alkyl used in organic synthesis as an agent for stereochemical control, and as an adjuvant for Ziegler-Natta and silica-supported chromium catalysts for olefin polymerization.

Uses of Triethylborane:
Triethylborane is radical initiator for hydrostannylation of alkynes.
Triethylborane is reacts with metal enolates to give the enoxytriethylborates, useful in selective alkylation and aldol reactions.

Triethylborane is used with lithium tri-tert-butoxyaluminohydride in the reductive cleavage.
Triethylborane is used in the deoxygenation of primary and secondary alcohols.

Triethylborane is raw material for a wide variety of boron compounds.
Triethylborane is used in protection OH-groups in organic compounds.

Triethylborane is used in rapid gasometric determination of OH-groups in alcohols, phenols, diols, sugars and other compound.
Triethylborane is used in water content determination in crystalline, hydrates of inorganic, complex and organic salts.
Triethylborane is used in preparative dehydration of salt and sugar hydrates.

Applications of Triethylborane:
Triethylborane is catalyst for allylation of aldehydes, decarboxylative C-C bond cleavage reactions, rhenium hydride / boron Lewis acid cocatalysis of alkene hydrogenations, Regioselective hydroxyalkylation of unsaturated oxime ethers.
Reactant for radical reductions of alkyl bromides with N-heterocyclic carbene boranes and synthesis of tetramethylammonium trialkylphenylborate salts with oxidation potential.

Radical initiator for hydrostannylation of alkynes.
Reacts with metal enolates to give the enoxytriethylborates, useful in selective alkylation and aldol reactions.

Triethylborane is used with lithium tri-tert-butoxyaluminohydride in the reductive cleavage.
Triethylborane is used in the deoxygenation of primary and secondary alcohols.

A raw material for a wide variety of boron compounds.
Protection OH-groups in organic compounds.

Rapid gasometric determination of OH-groups in alcohols, phenols, diols, sugars and other compound.
Water content determination in crystalline, hydrates of inorganic, complex and organic salts.
Preparative dehydration of salt and sugar hydrates.

Triethylborane was used to ignite the JP-7 fuel in the Pratt & Whitney J58 turbojet/ramjet engines powering the Lockheed SR-71 Blackbird spy plane, and Triethylborane predecessor A-12 OXCART.
Triethylborane is suitable for this because of Triethylborane pyrophoric properties, especially the fact that Triethylborane burns with very high temperature.

Triethylborane was chosen as an ignition method for reliability reasons, because the JP-7 fuel has very low volatility and is difficult to ignite.
Classical ignition plugs posed too high risk of a malfunction.
Triethylborane is used in 50 cm3 doses to start up each engine and to light the afterburners.

Industrially, triethylborane is used as an initiator in radical reactions, where Triethylborane is effective even at low temperatures.
As an initiator, Triethylborane can replace some organotin compounds.

Triethylborane reacts with metal enolates, yielding enoxytriethylborates with use in selective alkylation and aldol reactions.
Triethylborane is also used in reduction bond cleavage with lithium tri-tert-butoxyaluminohydride, in preparation of various boron compounds, deoxygenation of primary and secondary alcohols, rapid determination of -OH groups in organic compounds, dehydration of salt and sugar hydrates, determination of water content in crystalline hydrate compounds, in a variant of Reformatskii reaction, and has a range of other uses in organoborane chemistry.

Triethylborane is used in vapor deposition techniques as a boron source.
Examples are the plasma deposition of boron-containing hard carbon films, silicon nitride-boron nitride films, and for doping of diamond film with boron.
Other boron precursors used for such applications are eg. trimethylborane, boron trifluoride, diborane, and decaborane.

Turbojet engine:
Triethylborane was used to ignite the JP-7 fuel in the Pratt & Whitney J58 turbojet/ramjet engines powering the Lockheed SR-71 Blackbird and Triethylborane predecessor, the A-12 OXCART.
Triethylborane is suitable because Triethylborane ignites readily upon exposure to oxygen.

Triethylborane was chosen as an ignition method for reliability reasons, and in the case of the Blackbird, because JP-7 fuel has very low volatility and is difficult to ignite.
Conventional ignition plugs posed a high risk of malfunction.
Triethylborane was used to start each engine and to ignite the afterburners.

Rocket:
Mixed with 10–15% triethylaluminium, Triethylborane was used before lift-off to ignite the F-1 engines on the Saturn V rocket.
The Merlin engines that power the SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket use a triethylaluminium-triethylborane mixture (TEA-TEB) as a first- and second-stage ignitor.
The Firefly Aerospace Alpha launch vehicle's Reaver engines are also ignited by a triethylaluminium-triethylborane mixture.

Organic chemistry:
Industrially, triethylborane is used as an initiator in radical reactions, where Triethylborane is effective even at low temperatures.
As an initiator, Triethylborane can replace some organotin compounds.

Triethylborane reacts with metal enolates, yielding enoxytriethylborates that can be alkylated at the α-carbon atom of the ketone more selectively than in Triethylborane absence.
For example, the enolate from treating cyclohexanone with potassium hydride produces 2-allylcyclohexanone in 90% yield when triethylborane is present.

Without Triethylborane, the product mixture contains 43% of the mono-allylated product, 31% di-allylated cyclohexanones, and 28% unreacted starting material.
The choice of base and temperature influences whether the more or less stable enolate is produced, allowing control over the position of substituents.

Starting from 2-methylcyclohexanone, reacting with potassium hydride and triethylborane in THF at room temperature leads to the more substituted (and more stable) enolate, whilst reaction at −78 °C with potassium hexamethyldisilazide, KN[Si(CH3)3]2 and triethylborane generates the less substituted enolate.
After reaction with methyl iodide the former mixture gives 2,2-dimethylcyclohexanone in 90% yield while the latter produces 2,6-dimethylcyclohexanone in 93% yield.

Triethylborane is used in the Barton–McCombie deoxygenation reaction for deoxygenation of alcohols.
In combination with lithium tri-tert-butoxyaluminum hydride Triethylborane cleaves ethers.
For example, THF is converted, after hydrolysis, to 1-butanol.

Triethylborane also promotes certain variants of the Reformatskii reaction.

Triethylborane is the precursor to the reducing agents lithium triethylborohydride ("Superhydride") and sodium triethylborohydride.
MH + Et3B → MBHEt3 (M = Li, Na)

Triethylborane reacts with methanol to form diethyl(methoxy)borane, which is used as the chelating agent in the Narasaka–Prasad reduction for the stereoselective generation of syn-1,3-diols from β-hydroxyketones.

Reagent for:
Enantioselective umpolung allylation of aldehydes,
Preparation of tetramethylammonium trialkylphenylborate salts,

Catalyst for:
Radical reductions of alkyl bromides and iodides bearing electron withdrawing groups with N-heterocyclic carbene boranes,
Synthesis of 1-substituted pyrrolines by N-diallylation of amines and ring-closing metathesis,

Decarboxylative C-C bond cleavage reactions,
Alkene hydrogenations,
Aminyl radical cyclizations onto silyl enol ethers,

Modifier for single-site organochromium ethylene polymerization catalysts,
Triethylborane is used with lithium tri-tert-butoxyaluminohydride in the reductive cleavage of ethers and epoxides.
Triethylborane is used in the deoxygenation of primary and secondary alcohols.

Preparation and Structure of Triethylborane:

Triethylborane is prepared by the reaction of trimethyl borate with triethylaluminium:
Et3Al + (MeO)3B → Et3B + (MeO)3Al

The molecule is monomeric, unlike H3B and Et3Al, which tend to dimerize.
Triethylborane has a planar BC3 core.

Stability and Reactivity of Triethylborane:

Chemical stability:
Sensitive to air.

Conditions to avoid:
Pyrophoric
Exposure to air.

Incompatible materials:
Strong oxidizing agents

Handling and Storage of Triethylborane:

Advice on safe handling:
Work under hood.
Do not inhale Triethylborane/mixture.
Avoid generation of vapours/aerosols.

Hygiene measures:
Immediately change contaminated clothing.
Apply preventive skin protection.
Wash hands and face after working with Triethylborane.

Storage conditions:
Tightly closed.
Keep away from heat and sources of ignition.

Keep locked up or in an area accessible only to qualified or authorized persons.
Handle and store under inert gas.
Air sensitive.

Storage class:
Storage class (TRGS 510): 4.2: Pyrophoric and self-heating hazardous materials

Safety of Triethylborane:
Triethylborane is strongly pyrophoric, with an autoignition temperature of −20 °C (−4 °F), burning with an apple-green flame characteristic for boron compounds.
Thus, Triethylborane is typically handled and stored using air-free techniques.
Triethylborane is also acutely toxic if swallowed, with an LD50 of 235 mg/kg in rat test subjects.

First Aid Measures of Triethylborane:

General advice:
First aiders need to protect themselves.
Show Triethylborane safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.

After inhalation:
Fresh air.
Call in physician.

In case of skin contact:
Take off immediately all contaminated clothing.
Rinse skin with water/ shower.
Call a physician immediately.

After eye contact:
Rinse out with plenty of water.
Immediately call in ophthalmologist.
Remove contact lenses.

If swallowed:
Give water to drink (two glasses at most).
Seek medical advice immediately.

In exceptional cases only, if medical care is not available within one hour, induce vomiting (only in persons who are wide awake and fully conscious), administer activated charcoal (20 - 40 g in a 10% slurry) and consult a doctor as quickly as possible.
Do not attempt to neutralise.

Firefighting Measures of Triethylborane:

Suitable extinguishing media:
Foam Carbon dioxide (CO2) Dry powder

Unsuitable extinguishing media:
For Triethylborane/mixture no limitations of extinguishing agents are given.

Special hazards arising from Triethylborane or mixture:
Carbon oxides
Borane/boron oxides
Combustible.
Development of hazardous combustion gases or vapours possible in the event of fire.

Advice for firefighters:
Stay in danger area only with self-contained breathing apparatus.
Prevent skin contact by keeping a safe distance or by wearing suitable protective clothing.

Further information:
Prevent fire extinguishing water from contaminating surface water or the ground water system.

Accidental Release Measures of Triethylborane:

Advice for non-emergency personnel:
Do not breathe vapors, aerosols.
Avoid Triethylborane contact.
Ensure adequate ventilation.
Evacuate the danger area, observe emergency procedures, consult an expert.

Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.

Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Cover drains.
Collect, bind, and pump off spills.

Observe possible material restrictions.
Take up carefully with liquid-absorbent material.

Dispose of properly.
Clean up affected area.

Identifiers of Triethylborane:
CAS Number: 97-94-9
ChemSpider: 7079
ECHA InfoCard: 100.002.383
EC Number: 202-620-9
PubChem CID: 7357
UNII: Z3S980Z4P3
CompTox Dashboard (EPA): DTXSID2052653
InChI: InChI=1S/C6H15B/c1-4-7(5-2)6-3/h4-6H2,1-3H3
Key: LALRXNPLTWZJIJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N
InChI=1/C6H15B/c1-4-7(5-2)6-3/h4-6H2,1-3H3
Key: LALRXNPLTWZJIJ-UHFFFAOYAU
SMILES: B(CC)(CC)CC

Linear Formula: (C2H5)3B
MDL Number: MFCD00009022
EC No.: 202-620-9
Beilstein/Reaxys No.: N/A
Pubchem CID: 7357
IUPAC Name: triethylborane
SMILES: B(CC)(CC)CC
InchI Identifier: InChI=1S/C6H15B/c1-4-7(5-2)6-3/h4-6H2,1-3H3
InchI Key: LALRXNPLTWZJIJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N

CAS: 97-94-9
Molecular Formula: C6H15B
Molecular Weight (g/mol): 98.00
MDL Number: MFCD00009022
InChI Key: LALRXNPLTWZJIJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N
PubChem CID: 7357
IUPAC Name: triethylborane
SMILES: CCB(CC)CC

EC / List no.: 202-620-9
CAS no.: 97-94-9
Mol. formula: C6H15B

Synonym(s): Triethylboron
Linear Formula: (C2H5)3B
CAS Number: 97-94-9
Molecular Weight: 97.99
EC Number: 202-620-9
MDL number: MFCD00009022
PubChem Substance ID: 24855572
NACRES: NA.22

Properties of Triethylborane:
Chemical formula: (CH3CH2)3B
Molar mass: 98.00 g/mol
Appearance: Colorless liquid
Density: 0.677 g/cm3
Melting point: −93 °C (−135 °F; 180 K)
Boiling point: 95 °C (203 °F; 368 K)
Solubility in water: Not applicable; highly reactive

Compound Formula: C6H15B
Molecular Weight: 97.99
Appearance: Colorless liquid
Melting Point: −93 °C
Boiling Point: 95 °C
Density: 0.677 g/mL
Solubility in H2O: N/A
Refractive Index: n20/D 1.397
Exact Mass: 98.126681
Monoisotopic Mass: 98.126681

Quality Level: 100
Assay: ≥95%
Reaction suitability: reagent type: reductant
Refractive index: n20/D 1.397 (lit.)
bp: 95 °C (lit.)
mp: −93 °C (lit.)
Density: 0.677 g/mL at 25 °C (lit.)
SMILES string: CCB(CC)CC
InChI: 1S/C6H15B/c1-4-7(5-2)6-3/h4-6H2,1-3H3
InChI key: LALRXNPLTWZJIJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N

Molecular Weight: 98.00 g/mol
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 0
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 0
Rotatable Bond Count: 3
Exact Mass: 98.1266806 g/mol
Monoisotopic Mass: 98.1266806 g/mol
Topological Polar Surface Area: 0Ų
Heavy Atom Count: 7
Complexity: 25.7
Isotope Atom Count: 0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 1
Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes

Specifications of Triethylborane:
Density: 0.865
Flash Point: −17°C (1°F)
Linear Formula: (CH3CH2)3B
Quantity: 25 mL
UN Number: UN2924
Beilstein: 1731462
Sensitivity: Air Sensitive
Solubility Information: Reacts with water.
Formula Weight: 98
Concentration or Composition (by Analyte or Components): 1M soln. in THF
Chemical Name or Material: Triethylborane

Related Products of Triethylborane:
N-Ethyl-N-nitrosomethallylamine (10mg/mL in Methanol)
4-Glutathionyl Cyclophosphamide (10mM in DMSO)
N-EtFOSA-M (50ug/mL in methanol)
1-​Nitrosopyrrolidin-​2-​one (200 ug/mL in Methanol)
N-Nitrosodiethylamine (1mg/mL in Methanol)

Related compounds of Triethylborane:
Tetraethyllead
Diborane
Sodium tetraethylborate
Trimethylborane

Names of Triethylborane:

Regulatory process names:
Borane, triethyl-
Boron ethyl
Boron triethyl
Triethylborane
Triethylborane
triethylborane
Triethylborine
Triethylboron

CAS names:
Borane, triethyl-

IUPAC names:
Borane, triethyl-
Triethylborane
triethylborane
triethylborane

Preferred IUPAC name:
Triethylborane

Trade name:
TEB

Other names:
Triethylborine, triethylboron

Other identifier:
97-94-9

Synonyms of Triethylborane:
Triethylborane
97-94-9
TRIETHYLBORON
Borane, triethyl-
Triethylborine
Z3S980Z4P3
Boron triethyl
Boron ethyl
MFCD00009022
HSDB 897
EINECS 202-620-9
BRN 1731462
triethylboran
Borethyl
triethyl borane
triethyl-borane
UNII-Z3S980Z4P3
BEt3
Et3B
Triethylborane, >=95%
TRIETHYLBORANE [MI]
4-04-00-04359 (Beilstein Handbook Reference)
DTXSID2052653
(C2H5)3B
AKOS009156530
FT-0655589
T1984
EN300-35961
A845771
Q421149
202-620-9 [EINECS]
4-04-00-04359 (Beilstein Handbook Reference) [Beilstein]
97-94-9 [RN]
Borane, triethyl- [ACD/Index Name]
ED2100000
Et3B [Formula]
MFCD00009022 [MDL number]
Triethylboran [German] [ACD/IUPAC Name]
Triethylborane [ACD/IUPAC Name]
Triéthylborane [French] [ACD/IUPAC Name]
Trietilborano [Spanish]
trietilborine [Spanish]
トリエチルボラン [Japanese]
(C2H5)3B
Borethyl
Boron triethyl
EINECS 202-620-9
TL8006029
Triethylboranemissing
TRIETHYLBORINE
Triethylborron?Boron Triethyl?

Triethylene glycol, clear, colorless, syrupy (viscous) liquid at room temperature.
Triethylene glycol belongs to the class of organic compounds known as polyethylene glycols.
Triethylene glycol is hygroscopic, meaning it readily absorbs moisture from the air.

CAS Number: 112-27-6
Molecular Formula: C6H14O4
Molecular Weight: 150.17
EINECS No.: 203-953-2

These are oligomers or polymers of Triethylene glycol, with the general formula C6H14O4.
Triethylene glycol, often colored fluorescent yellow-green when used in automotive antifreeze.
Triethylene glycol is a useful industrial compound found in many consumer products.

Triethylene glycol include antifreeze, hydraulic brake fluids, some stamp pad inks, ballpoint pens, solvents, paints, plastics, films, and cosmetics.
Triethylene glycol, TEG, or triglycol is a colorless odorless viscous liquid with molecular formula HOCH2CH2OCH2CH2OCH2CH2OH.
Triethylene glycol is clear, has a mild odor and is not extremely viscous.

Triethylene glycol has good solvency for a wide range of organic compounds, including hydrocarbons, oils, resins, and dyes.
Triethylene glycol is an additive for hydraulic fluids and brake fluids and is used as a base for "smoke machine" fluid in the entertainment industry.
Triethylene glycol are also used as liquid desiccants for natural gas and in air conditioning systems.

When aerosolized Triethylene glycol acts as a disinfectant.
Triethylene glycol can also be a pharmaceutical vehicle.
Ethylene glycol and its toxic byproducts first affect the central nervous system (CNS), then the heart, and finally the kidneys.

Ethylene glycol is odorless.
Triethylene glycol is a chemical compound with the chemical formula C6H14O4 that is categorized as an alcohol.
Ethylene glycol has a sweet taste and is often ingested by accident or on purpose.

Ethylene glycol breaks down into toxic compounds in the body.
This makes it useful in various processes such as oil and gas production, natural gas dehydration, and as a solvent in the production of pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and synthetic fibers.
One of the most notable applications of triethylene glycol is its use as a desiccant or a drying agent.

Triethylene glycol, at room temperature it is a liquid.
Triethylene glycol is soluble in water.
Triethylene glycol (TEG) is a colorless, odorless liquid with the chemical formula C6H14O4.

Triethylene glycol belongs to a group of chemicals known as glycols and is composed of three ethylene glycol units connected by oxygen atoms.
Triethylene glycol is primarily used as a solvent, particularly in industrial applications.
Due to its hygroscopic nature, it can effectively remove water from gas streams and maintain low levels of moisture.

Triethylene glycols are part of the glycol family, they have different chemical structures and properties.
Triethylene glycol can cause material corrosion because of its acidic nature.
Care should be taken to mitigate corrosion concerns when using triethylene glycol through appropriate material selection, use of coatings and use of corrosion inhibitors.

Triethylene glycol (also known as TEG, triglycol and trigen) is a colourless, viscous, non-volatile liquid with the formula C6H14O4.
Triethylene glycol is well known for its hygroscopic quality and its ability to dehumidify fluids.

Triethylene glycol is prepared commercially as a co-product of the oxidation of ethylene at high temperature, in the presence of a silver oxide catalyst.
The ethylene oxide is then hydrated to yield mono, di, tri, and tetra ethylene glycols.
Triethylene glycol also has mild disinfectant qualities and, when volatised, is used as an air disinfectant for virus and bacteria control.

Triethylene glycol is a clear, colorless, viscous, stable liquid with a slightly sweetish odor.
Soluble in water; immiscible with benzene, toluene, and gasoline.
Because Triethylene glycol has two ether and two hydroxyl groups its chemical properties are closety related to ethers and primary alcohols.

Triethylene glycol is a good solvent for gums, resins, nitrocellulose, steam-set printing inks and wood stains.
With a low vapor pressure and a high boiling point, its uses and properties are similar to those of ethylene glycol and diethylene glycol.
Because Triethylene glycol is an efficient hygroscopic agent it serves as a liquid desiccant for removing water from natural gas.

Triethylene glycol is also used in air conditioning systems designed to dehumidify air.
Triethylene glycol is a member of a homologous series of dihydroxy alcohols.

Triethylene glycol is a colorless, odorless and stable liquid with high viscosity and a high boiling point.
Apart from its use as a raw material in the manufacture and synthesis of other products, Triethylene glycol is known for its hygroscopic quality and its ability to dehumidify fluids.
This liquid is miscible with water, and at standard atmospheric pressure (101.325 kPa) has a boiling point of 286.5 °C and a freezing point of −7 °C.

Triethylene glycol is also soluble in ethanol, acetone, acetic acid, glycerine, pyridine, aldehydes; slightly soluble in diethyl ether; and insoluble in oil, fat and most hydrocarbons.
The oil and gas industries use Triethylene glycol to dehydrate natural gas as well as other gases including CO2, H2S, and other oxygenated gases.
Industrial uses include adsorbents and absorbents, functional fluids in both closed and open systems, Intermediates, petroleum production processing aids, and solvents.

Triethylene glycol is a polymer consisting of ethylene glycol monomers and two terminal hydroxyl groups.
The Triethylene glycol chain increases the water solubility of a compound in aqueous media.
Increasing the number of ethylene glycol units within the entire chain improves the solubility properties of the PEG linker.

Triethylene Glycol (TEG) is the third members of a homologous series of dihydroxyalcohols.
Triethylene glycol is produced in the Master Process by the direct hydration of ethylene oxide.
Triethylene glycol is co-produced with MEG and DEG.

Triethylene glycol is used in the manufacture of a host of consumer products that include anti-freeze, automotive care products, building and construction materials, cleaning and furnishing care products, fabric, textile, and leather products, fuels and related products, lubricants and greases, paints and coatings, personal care products, and plastic and rubber products.
Triethylene Glycol (TEG) is a liquid chemical compound with the molecular formula C6H14O4 or HOCH2CH2CH2O2CH2OH.

Triethylene glycol is recognized for its hygroscopic quality and ability to dehumidify fluids.
Triethylene glycol is miscible with water and soluble in ethanol, acetone, acetic acid, glycerine, pyridine, and aldehydes.
Triethylene glycol is slightly soluble in diethyl ether, and insoluble in oil, fat, and most hydrocarbons.

Triethylene glycol is commercially produced as a co-product of the oxidation of ethylene at a high temperature in the presence of silver oxide catalyst, followed by hydration of ethylene oxide to yield mono, di, tri, and tetraethylene glycols.
High temperature environments can see high rates of corrosion with triethylene glycol.

Triethylene glycol is most commonly used for natural gas dehydration to strip the water out of the gas.
Triethylene glycol is wildly used in applications which require higher boiling point, higher molecular weight with low volatility such as plasticizer, unsaturated polyester resin, emulsifiers, lubricants, heat transfer fluids and solvent for equipment cleaning, printing ink.

Triethylene glycol is particularly important in natural gas processing, where Triethylene glycol is commonly employed to remove water vapor and other impurities from natural gas.
Triethylene glycol finds use in the production of polyesters, plasticizers, and as a component in some antifreeze formulations.

Triethylene glycol can also be found in certain personal care products, such as deodorants and cosmetics, as a moisturizing agent.
The main uses for triethylene glycol are based upon its hygroscopic quality.
Triethylene glycol is used as a dehydrating agent for natural gas pipelines where it removes the water from the gas before being condensed and reused in the system.

Triethylene glycol is also a dehumidifying agent in air-conditioning units.
Triethylene glycol is also used to make chemical intermediates such as plasticisers and polyester resins.
Triethylene glycol is an additive in hydraulic fluids and brake fluids, and Triethylene glycol is also used as a solvent in many applications, including as a selective solvent for aromatics, and a solvent in textile dyeing.

It's worth noting that triethylene glycol should not be confused with ethylene glycol, a different compound that is toxic and primarily used as an automotive antifreeze.
Triethylene glycol is prepared commercially as a co-product of the oxidation of ethylene at high temperature in the presence of silver oxide catalyst, followed by hydration of ethylene oxide to yield mono(one)-, di(two)-, tri(three)- and tetraethylene glycols.

Melting point: −7 °C(lit.)
Boiling point: 125-127 °C0.1 mm Hg(lit.)
Density: 1.124 g/mL at 20 °C(lit.)
vapor density: 5.2 (vs air)
vapor pressure: refractive index: n20/D 1.455(lit.)
Flash point: 165 °C
storage temp.: Store below +30°C.
solubility H2O: 50 mg/mL at 20 °C, clear, colorless
form: Viscous Liquid
pka: 14.06±0.10(Predicted)
color: Clear very slightly yellow
PH: 5.5-7.0 (25℃, 50mg/mL in H2O)
Odor: Very mild, sweet.
explosive limit: 0.9-9.2%(V)
Water Solubility: SOLUBLE
Sensitive: Hygroscopic
λmax λ: 260 nm Amax: 0.06
λ: 280 nm Amax: 0.03
Merck: 14,9670
BRN: 969357
Stability: Stable. Combustible. Incompatible with strong oxidizing agents.
LogP: -1.75 at 25℃

Triethylene glycol can be stored and transported in stainless steel, aluminium or lined tank cars, tank trucks, or 225 kg drums.
Triethylene glycol serves as a precursor or intermediate in the production of other chemicals.

Triethylene glycol can be used to synthesize polyester resins, polyurethanes, plasticizers, and synthetic lubricants.
Triethylene glycol is utilized in the natural gas industry for gas conditioning processes.
Triethylene glycol helps remove contaminants such as sulfur compounds and other impurities, making the gas suitable for transportation and commercial use.

Due to its excellent solvent properties, Triethylene glycol is employed in the formulation of dyes, inks, and pigments.
Triethylene glycol helps dissolve and disperse colorants effectively, facilitating their application in various industries.
Triethylene glycol is used in some pharmaceutical formulations as a stabilizer, solvent, or excipient.

Triethylene glycols can be converted to aldehydes, alkyl halides, amines, azides, carboxylic acids, ethers, mercaptans, nitrate esters, nitriles, nitrite esters, organic esters, peroxides, phosphate esters and sulfate esters.
Triethylene glycolis a ether-alcohol derivative.

The ether being relatively unreactive.
Triethylene glycol, flammable and/or toxic gases are generated by the combination of alcohols with alkali metals, nitrides, and strong reducing agents.
Triethylene glycol react with oxoacids and carboxylic acids to form esters plus water.

Oxidizing agents convert alcohols to aldehydes or ketones.
Triethylene glycol, alcohols exhibit both weak acid and weak base behavior.
Triethylene glycol may initiate the polymerization of isocyanates and epoxides.

Eastman Triethylene glycol Plasticizer is compatible with PVC and with PVB resins.
Triethylene glycol offers low color, low viscosity and low volatility during processing.
The low viscosity makes Eastman TEG-EH particularly suitable for use in plastisols to improve the processing characteristics.
Triethylene glycol can improve the solubility and stability of certain drugs and aid in the delivery of active ingredients.

Triethylene glycol finds applications in laboratories as a solvent for chemical reactions, extraction processes, and chromatography.
Triethylene glycols ability to dissolve a wide range of substances makes it useful in various analytical and research procedures.

Triethylene glycol offers low viscosity for ease of compounding and low color for excellent clarity in automotive and residential and commercial window applications.
Triethylene glycol is commonly used in natural gas sweetening processes to remove acidic gases such as carbon dioxide (CO2) and hydrogen sulfide (H2S).
Triethylene glycol acts as a selective solvent, absorbing these impurities from the gas stream and allowing for the production of cleaner natural gas.

Triethylene glycol is used as a deicing agent for aircraft and runways.
Triethylene glycols low freezing point and ability to mix with water make it effective in preventing the formation of ice and snow on surfaces, ensuring safer conditions for aviation and transportation.
Triethylene glycol is used in the textile industry for processes like dyeing, printing, and finishing.

Triethylene glycol acts as a solvent for dyes and helps facilitate their penetration into fibers, resulting in vibrant and long-lasting colors.
Triethylene glycol is employed in the electronics industry to control moisture levels during the manufacturing and storage of sensitive electronic components.
Triethylene glycol helps prevent moisture-related damage, such as corrosion or malfunction, in electronic devices.

Triethylene glycol can act as a preservative due to its ability to inhibit the growth of microorganisms.
Triethylene glycol is used in some cosmetic and personal care products, such as creams and lotions, to extend their shelf life and prevent bacterial or fungal contamination.
Triethylene glycol is sometimes added to gasoline as an octane booster or fuel system cleaner.

Triethylene glycol can improve the combustion efficiency of gasoline, resulting in enhanced engine performance and reduced emissions.
Triethylene glycol is utilized as a heat transfer fluid in various industrial processes.

Triethylene glycols high boiling point, low volatility, and thermal stability make it suitable for applications where controlled and efficient heat transfer is required, such as in heating systems, solar thermal collectors, and chemical reactors.
The hydroxyl groups on triethylene glycol undergo the usual alcohol chemistry giving a wide variety of possible derivatives.
Triethylene glycol (TEG) is a colorless, viscous liquid with a slight odor.

Triethylene glycol is non-flammable, mildly toxic, and considered non-hazardous.
Triethylene glycol is a member of a homologous series of dihydroxy alcohols.
Triethylene glycol is used as a plasticizer for vinyl polymers as well as in the manufacture of air sanitizer and other consumer products.

Triethylene glycol is commonly used as an ingredient in antifreeze formulations.
Triethylene glycol helps lower the freezing point of water, preventing the coolant in automotive engines and HVAC systems from solidifying in cold temperatures.
Triethylene glycol is a humectant, which means it has the ability to attract and retain moisture.

Triethylene glycol is used in a variety of personal care products like moisturizers, lotions, and soaps to prevent them from drying out and to provide hydration to the skin.
Triethylene glycol is employed in air conditioning systems as a desiccant to remove moisture from the air.
By reducing the humidity, it helps enhance the efficiency and performance of the cooling process.

Triethylene glycol is well established as a relatively mild disinfectant toward a variety of bacteria, influenza A viruses and spores of Penicillium notatum fungi.
Triethylene glycols exceptionally low toxicity, broad materials compatibility, and low odor combined with its antimicrobial properties indicates that it approaches the ideal for air disinfection purposes in occupied spaces.[4] Much of the scientific work with triethylene glycol was done in the 1940s and 1950s, however that work has ably demonstrated the antimicrobial activity against airborne, solution suspension, and surface bound microbes.

Uses:
Triethylene glycol is widely used for the dehydration of natural gas.
This process is useful as Triethylene glycol prevents the gas from freezing making the gas easier to transport and manage for end consumers.
The manufacturing processes of certain types of polymers frequently use triethylene glycol as a plasticizer, which means it reduces brittleness and increases ductility when added to certain types of resins.

Triethylene glycolfinds use in laboratories for various purposes.
Triethylene glycol can be used as a solvent for chemical reactions, extractions, and chromatography.
Triethylene glycols properties make it suitable for sample preparation and analysis in research and analytical laboratories.

Triethylene glycol is employed in the formulation of adhesives and sealants.
Triethylene glycol can serve as a solvent or plasticizer, helping to improve the workability, flexibility, and durability of these products.
Triethylene glycol is used in the production of construction materials such as cement and grouts.

Triethylene glycol can help enhance the workability, flow, and setting properties of these materials.
Triethylene glycolis sometimes incorporated into metalworking fluids, which are used in machining and cutting operations.
Triethylene glycol helps cool and lubricate the metal surfaces, reducing friction and improving tool life.

Triethylene glycolmay be used in pharmaceutical formulations as a solvent or co-solvent.
It can aid in solubilizing certain drugs and assist in drug delivery systems.
Triethylene glycol has a high flash point, emits no toxic vapors, and is not absorbed through the skin.

Triethylene glycol is used in the following products: inks and toners, coating products, heat transfer fluids, lubricants and greases and hydraulic fluids.
Other release to the environment of Triethylene glycol is likely to occur from: indoor use (e.g. machine wash liquids/detergents, automotive care products, paints and coating or adhesives, fragrances and air fresheners), outdoor use, indoor use in close systems with minimal release (e.g. cooling liquids in refrigerators, oil-based electric heaters) and outdoor use in close systems with minimal release (e.g. hydraulic liquids in automotive suspension, lubricants in motor oil and break fluids).

Triethylene glycol can be found in products with material based on: paper (e.g. tissues, feminine hygiene products, nappies, books, magazines, wallpaper), plastic (e.g. food packaging and storage, toys, mobile phones), fabrics, textiles and apparel (e.g. clothing, mattress, curtains or carpets, textile toys), metal (e.g. cutlery, pots, toys, jewellery), stone, plaster, cement, glass or ceramic (e.g. dishes, pots/pans, food storage containers, construction and isolation material), leather (e.g. gloves, shoes, purses, furniture), rubber (e.g. tyres, shoes, toys) and wood (e.g. floors, furniture, toys).
Triethylene glycol monomethyl ether can be used as a reagent and solvent for applications such as: modification of anthraquinone material for redox flow batteriespreparation of polymeric electrolyte for electrochemical devices,formation of the binary system of polyethylene glycol for absorption of silica.

Triethylene glycol can be found in complex articles, with no release intended: vehicles, machinery, mechanical appliances and electrical/electronic products (e.g. computers, cameras, lamps, refrigerators, washing machines) and electrical batteries and accumulators.
One of the most popular materials triethylene glycol is used for as a plasticizer is vinyl polymers.

Materials such as polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and polyvinyl butyral are commonly made using triethylene glycol.
This makes triethylene glycol a key ingredient in items such as automotive parts and coatings.
Triethylene glycol is sometimes used as an additive in gasoline and diesel fuel formulations.

It can improve the combustion characteristics, enhance fuel stability, and reduce emissions.
Triethylene glycol is utilized in the electronics industry to control moisture levels during the manufacturing and storage of electronic components.
Triethylene glycol helps prevent moisture-related damage and ensures the integrity and reliability of electronic devices.

Triethylene glycolis used as an additive in the production of tobacco products such as cigarettes and cigars.
It helps maintain moisture levels and preserve the freshness of the tobacco.

Triethylene glycol, as a solvent to prepare superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles for in situ protein purification.
As an absorbent agent in the subsea natural gas dehydration process.
Triethylene glycol is used as a plasticizer, as an additive for hydraulic fluids and brake fluids, and as a disinfectant.

Triethylene glycol is an active component of certain pigments, printing dyes, inks and paste.
Triethylene glycol finds application as a liquid desiccant and used in the dehydration of natural gas, carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide and air conditioning systems.
Triethylene glycol plays as an important role in anti-freeze and de-icing products, cleaning and furnishing care products, lubricant and greases.

Triethylene glycol is widely used as an excellent dehydrating agent for natural gas, oilfield associated gas and carbon dioxide; Used as solvent for nitrocellulose, rubber, resin, grease, paint, pesticide, etc; Used as air bactericide; Used as triethylene glycol ester plasticizer for PVC, polyvinyl acetate resin, glass fiber and asbestos pressing board; Used as anti drying agent of tobacco, fiber lubricant and desiccant of natural gas; It is also used in organic synthesis, such as the production of brake oil with high boiling point and good low temperature performance.
Triethylene glycol can be used in gas chromatography as extractant.

Triethylene glycol is employed in the sweetening or purification of natural gas.
Triethylene glycol helps remove acidic gases, such as carbon dioxide (CO2) and hydrogen sulfide (H2S), which can be corrosive or undesirable in gas pipelines and end-use applications.
Triethylene glycol is utilized in cosmetics and personal care products such as moisturizers, lotions, and soaps.

Triethylene glycol helps retain moisture and keeps the skin hydrated.
Triethylene glycol acts as a desiccant in air conditioning systems, reducing the humidity in the air to enhance cooling efficiency and prevent condensation.
Triethylene glycol is used as a solvent for dyes, inks, and pigments in industries such as printing and textile manufacturing.

Triethylene glycol helps dissolve and disperse colorants effectively.
Triethylene glycol is employed in gas conditioning processes to remove impurities such as sulfur compounds from natural gas, making it suitable for transportation and commercial use.
Triethylene glycol serves as a precursor or intermediate in the production of various chemicals, including polyester resins, polyurethanes, plasticizers, and synthetic lubricants.

Triethylene glycol is used as a deicing agent for aircraft and runways.
Triethylene glycols low freezing point and ability to mix with water make it effective in preventing ice formation.
Triethylene glycol acts as a preservative in certain products, extending their shelf life and preventing microbial growth.

Triethylene glycol is used in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, and other formulations.
Triethylene glycol serves as a heat transfer fluid in industrial processes that require controlled and efficient heat transfer, such as in heating systems and chemical reactors.
Triethylene glycol helps remove water vapor from the gas stream, preventing the formation of hydrates that can cause blockages in pipelines and equipment.

Triethylene glycol is used as a plasticizer for vinyl polymers.
Triethylene glycol is used by the oil and gas industry to "dehydrate" natural gas.
It may also be used to dehydrate other gases, including CO2, H2S, and other oxygenated gases.

Triethylene glycol is necessary to dry natural gas to a certain point, as humidity in natural gas can cause pipelines to freeze, and create other problems for end users of the natural gas.
Triethylene glycol is placed into contact with natural gas, and strips the water out of the gas.
Triethylene glycol is heated to a high temperature and put through a condensing system, which removes the water as waste and reclaims the Triethylene glycol for continuous reuse within the system.

The waste Triethylene glycol produced by this process has been found to contain enough benzene to be classified as hazardous waste (benzene concentration greater than 0.5 mg/L).
Triethylene glycol is a solvent prepared from ethylene oxide and ethylene glycol.

Triethylene glycol can be used: To prepare fatty acid gelators, which are used to gelate various edible and vegetable oils.
The triethylene glycol can then be continually reused, although the by-product of benzene needs to be disposed of carefully.

Safety Profile:
Triethylene glycol can cause irritation to the skin and eyes upon direct contact.
Prolonged or repeated exposure to TEG may lead to redness, itching, and dermatitis.
Eye contact with TEG can result in irritation, redness, and potential damage to the eyes.

Under normal conditions of use, Triethylene Glycol (TEG) is not expected to cause irritation to the skin, eyes or respiratory tract.
However, in applications where vapours or mists are created, inhalation may cause irritation to the respiratory system.
Triethylene glycol is not flammable, unless preheated.

Ingestion hazards:
Swallowing Triethylene glycol can cause gastrointestinal irritation, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea.
Ingestion of large amounts or high concentrations of TEG may result in more severe health effects.
Triethylene glycol can be harmful if inhaled in high concentrations or for extended periods.

Inhalation of Triethylene glycol vapor or mist may cause respiratory irritation, coughing, difficulty breathing, and throat irritation.
Triethylene glycol is important to ensure adequate ventilation and use respiratory protection when working with Triethylene glycol in environments with high vapor concentrations.

Environmental Impact:
Triethylene glycol can be toxic to aquatic organisms.
Spills or releases of Triethylene glycol into waterways or the environment should be avoided, as it can have harmful effects on aquatic life.

Synonyms:
TRIETHYLENE GLYCOL
112-27-6
Triglycol
2,2'-(Ethane-1,2-diylbis(oxy))diethanol
Trigen
Triethylenglykol
2-[2-(2-Hydroxyethoxy)ethoxy]ethanol
Triethyleneglycol
2,2'-Ethylenedioxydiethanol
1,2-Bis(2-hydroxyethoxy)ethane
2,2'-(Ethylenedioxy)diethanol
2,2'-Ethylenedioxybis(ethanol)
3,6-Dioxaoctane-1,8-diol
2,2'-Ethylenedioxyethanol
Di-beta-hydroxyethoxyethane
Glycol bis(hydroxyethyl) ether
Trigol
Caswell No. 888
Ethanol, 2,2'-[1,2-ethanediylbis(oxy)]bis-
Triethylene glcol
Ethylene glycol dihydroxydiethyl ether
2,2'-[ethane-1,2-diylbis(oxy)]diethanol
Bis(2-hydroxyethoxyethane)
TEG
Ethanol, 2,2'-(ethylenedioxy)di-
2,2'-(1,2-Ethanediylbis(oxy))bisethanol
NSC 60758
HSDB 898
Triethylenglykol [Czech]
Ethylene glycol-bis-(2-hydroxyethyl ether)
EINECS 203-953-2
EPA Pesticide Chemical Code 083501
BRN 0969357
CCRIS 8926
2-[2-(2-HYDROXY-ETHOXY)-ETHOXY]-ETHANOL
119438-10-7
DTXSID4021393
UNII-3P5SU53360
CHEBI:44926
AI3-01453
NSC-60758
MACROGOL 150
3P5SU53360
PEG-3
3,6-Dioxa-1,8-octanediol
Di-.beta.-hydroxyethoxyethane
DTXCID601393
Ethanol, 2,2'-(1,2-ethanediylbis(oxy))bis-
EC 203-953-2
4-01-00-02400 (Beilstein Handbook Reference)
NCGC00163798-03
2-[2-(2-hydroxyethoxy)ethoxy]ethan-1-ol
103734-98-1
122784-99-0
137800-98-7
145112-98-7
2,2'-(ethane-1,2-diylbis(oxy))bis(ethan-1-ol)
TRIETHYLENE GLYCOL (USP-RS)
TRIETHYLENE GLYCOL [USP-RS]
MFCD00081839
2-(2-(2-hydroxyethoxy)ethoxy)ethanol
CAS-112-27-6
2-(2-(2-HYDROXY-ETHOXY)-ETHOXY)-ETHANOL
OH-PEG3-OH
Trigenos
triethylenglycol
Trithylne glycol
triethylene-glycol
Triethyleneglycol,
Tri-ethylene glycol
3,8-diol
TEG (CHRIS Code)
TEG (GLYCOL)
Triethylene glycol, puriss.
SCHEMBL14929
WLN: Q2O2O2Q
AMY375
di(2-ethylbutyrate), diacetate
Ethanol,2'-(ethylenedioxy)di-
TRIETHYLENE GLYCOL [MI]
CHEMBL1235259
Triethylene Glycol Reagent Grade
1,8-dihydroxy-3,6-dioxaoctane
TRIETHYLENE GLYCOL [HSDB]
TRIETHYLENE GLYCOL [INCI]
2, 2'- (ethylenedioxy)diethanol
2,2' - (ethylenedioxy)diethanol
TRIETHYLENE GLYCOL DIMALEATE
NSC60758
STR02345
TRIETHYLENE GLYCOL [WHO-DD]
Tox21_112073
Tox21_202440
Tox21_300306
LS-550
MFCD00002880
MFCD01779596
MFCD01779599
MFCD01779601
MFCD01779603
MFCD01779605
MFCD01779609
MFCD01779611
MFCD01779612
MFCD01779614
MFCD01779615
MFCD01779616
STL282716
AKOS000120013
Triethylene Glycol (Industrial Grade)
CS-W018156
DB02327
HY-W017440
USEPA/OPP Pesticide Code: 083501
NCGC00163798-01
NCGC00163798-02
NCGC00163798-04
NCGC00163798-05
NCGC00163798-06
NCGC00254097-01
NCGC00259989-01
1,2-DI(BETA-HYDROXYETHOXY)ETHANE
2-[2-(2-Hydroxyethoxy)ethoxy]ethanol #
BP-21036
OCTANE-1,8-DIOL, 3,6-DIOXA-
Triethylene glycol, ReagentPlus(R), 99%
Ethanol,2'-[1,2-ethanediylbis(oxy)]bis-
FT-0652416
FT-0659862
T0428
EN300-19916
2,2'-(1,2-Ethanediyl bis (oxy))-bisethanol
F71165
2,2'-(Ethylendioxy)diethanol (Triethylenglykol)
Etanol, 2,2'-[1,2-Etanodiilbis (oxi)] bis-
ETHYLENE GLYCOL-BIS(2-HYDROXYETHYL)ETHER
Triethylene glycol, SAJ first grade, >=96.0%
ETHYLENE GLYCOL-BIS-(2-HYDROXYETHYL)ETHER
Q420630
SR-01000944720
Triethylene glycol, Vetec(TM) reagent grade, 98%
J-506706
SR-01000944720-1
ETHANOL, 2,2'-(1,2-ETHANEDIYLBIS (OXY))BIS-

Triethylene Glycol Properties Chemical formula C6H14O4 Molar mass 150.174 g·mol−1 Appearance Colorless liquid Density 1.1255 g/mL Melting point −7 °C (19 °F; 266 K) Boiling point 285 °C (545 °F; 558 K) Properties Triethylene glycol is a member of a homologous series of dihydroxy alcohols. It is a colorless, odorless and stable liquid with high viscosity and a high boiling point. Apart from its use as a raw material in the manufacture and synthesis of other products, Triethylene glycol is known for its hygroscopic quality and its ability to dehumidify fluids. This liquid is miscible with water, and at a pressure of 101.325 kPa has a boiling point of 286.5 °C and a freezing point of -7 °C. It is also soluble in ethanol, acetone, acetic acid, glycerine, pyridine, aldehydes; slightly soluble in diethyl ether; and insoluble in oil, fat and most hydrocarbons. Preparation Triethylene glycol is prepared commercially as a co-product of the oxidation of ethylene at high temperature in the presence of silver oxide catalyst, followed by hydration of ethylene oxide to yield mono(one)-, di(two)-, tri(three)- and tetraethylene glycols. Applications Triethylene glycol is used by the oil and gas industry to "dehydrate" natural gas. It may also be used to dehydrate other gases, including CO2, H2S, and other oxygenated gases. It is necessary to dry natural gas to a certain point, as humidity in natural gas can cause pipelines to freeze, and create other problems for end users of the natural gas. Triethylene glycol is placed into contact with natural gas, and strips the water out of the gas. Triethylene glycol is heated to a high temperature and put through a condensing system, which removes the water as waste and reclaims the Triethylene glycol for continuous reuse within the system. The waste Triethylene glycol produced by this process has been found to contain enough benzene to be classified as hazardous waste (benzene concentration greater than 0.5 mg/L). Triethylene glycol is well established as a relatively mild disinfectant toward a variety of bacteria, influenza A viruses and spores of Penicillium notatum fungi. However, its exceptionally low toxicity, broad materials compatibility, and low odor combined with its antimicrobial properties indicates that it approaches the ideal for air disinfection purposes in occupied spaces. Much of the scientific work with triethylene glycol was done in the 1940s and 1950s, however that work has ably demonstrated the antimicrobial activity against airborne, solution suspension, and surface bound microbes. The ability of triethylene glycol to inactivate Streptococcus pneumoniae (original citation: pneumococcus Type I), Streptococcus pyogenes (original citation: Beta hemolytic streptococcus group A) and Influenza A virus in the air was first reported in 1943. Since the first report the following microorganisms have been reported in the literature to be inactivated in the air: Penicillium notatum spores, Chlamydophila psittaci (original citation: meningopneumonitis virus strain Cal 10 and psittacosis virus strain 6BC), Group C streptococcus, type 1 pneumococcus, Staphylococcus albus, Escherichia coli, and Serratia marcescens Bizio (ATCC 274). Solutions of triethylene glycol are known to be antimicrobial toward suspensions of Penicillium notatum spores, Streptococcus pyogenes (original citation: Beta hemolytic streptococcus Group A ), Streptococcus pneumoniae (original citation: pneumococcus Type I), Streptococcus viridans, and Mycobacterium bovis (original citation: tubercle bacilli Ravenel bovine-type). Further, the inactivation of H1N1 influenza A virus on surfaces has been demonstrated. The latter investigation suggests that triethylene glycol may prove to be a potent weapon against future influenza epidemics and pandemics. However, at least some viruses, including Pseudomonas phage phi6 become more infectious when treated with triethylene glycol. Molar Mass: 150.17 g/mol CAS #: 112-27-6 Hill Formula: C₆H₁₄O₄ Chemical Formula: HO(CH₂CH₂O)₃H EC Number: 203-953-2 Four male albino rats weighing 112 to 145 g were given a single oral dose of 22.5 mg randomly radiolabeled 14-C-triethylene glycol. The rats were then placed in a metabolic chamber in which urine, feces, and expired air were collected over a period of 5 days. The radioactivity recovered (in percent of the administered dose) amounted to 0.8 to 1.2% in expired air, 2.0 to 5.3% in feces, and 86.1 to 94.0% in urine. The total recovery of radioactivity was 90.6% to 98.3% of the administered dose. Following oral dosing, the rat and rabbit excreted most of the triethylene glycol in both unchanged and/or oxidized forms (mono- and dicarboxylic acid derivatives of triethylene glycol). In rabbits dosed with 200 or 2000 mg/kg triethylene glycol respectively excreted 34.3% or 28%, of the administered dose in the urine as unchanged triethylene glycol and 35.2% as a hydroxyacid form of this chemical. In the studies with rats, little if any 14-C-oxalate or 14-C-triethylene glycol in conjugated form was found in the urine. Trace amounts of orally administered 14-C triethylene glycol were excreted in expired air as carbon dioxide (<1%) and in detectable amounts in feces (2 to 5 %). The total elimination of radioactivity (urine, feces and CO2) during the five day period following an oral dose of labeled compound (22.5 mg) ranged from 91 to 98%. The majority of the radioactivity appeared in the urine. Uses: Antifreeze Coolants Chemical intermediates Gas dehydration and treating Heat transfer fluids Polyester resins Solvents Benefits: Versatile intermediates Low volatility Low boiling point TETRA EG is completely miscible with water and a wide range of organic solvents. No studies have been reported dealing with the skin absorption of triethylene glycol. Although it is possible that under conditions of very severe prolonged exposures to this chemical, absorption through the skin can occur, it is doubtful any appreciable systemic/dermal injury would occur because triethylene glycol has (1) a low order of dermal irritancy, (2) is not a dermal sensitizer, and (3) showed no evidence of dermal or systemic toxicity following repeated dermal applications of 2 mL (approximately 600 mg/kg) triethylene glycol applied to the skin of rabbits in a 21-day dermal toxicity study. Two female New Zealand white rabbits triethylene glycol by stomach tube. Urine from the dosed animals was subsequently collected for 24 hrs. Rabbits dosed with 200 or 2,000 mg/kg respectively excreted 34.3% or 28% of the dose amount as unchanged triethylene glycol. The urine of one rabbit contained 35.2% of the administered dose as a hydroxyacid form of triethylene glycol. Triethylene glycol is believed to be metabolized in mammals by alcohol dehydrogenase to acidic products causing metabolic acidosis. Triethylene glycol metabolism by alcohol dehydrogenase can be inhibited by 4-methyl pyrazole or ethanol. Triethylene glycol is approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as a preservative for food packaging adhesives ... . Currently, however, there are no EPA registered products for this use. Triethylene glycol /is also approved as/ an indirect food additive for its use as a plasticizer in cellophane. Used as a chemical intermediate for the synthesis of iodoxamic acid; rosin ester gum; triethylene glycol bis(3-(3-t-butyl-4-hydroxy-5-methylphenyl)-propionate); triethylene glycol diacetate; triethylene glycol dimethacrylate; triethylene glycol dinitrate; triethylene glycol dipelargonate. Commercial grade triethylene glycol has been found to contain <1 ppm dioxane. Twenty-six samples of 99.9% pure triethylene glycol were found to contain 0.02 to 0.13% diethylene glycol. After years of study, triethylene glycol was found to be the ideal chemical for aerial disinfection in sterile filling units because it had a high bactericidal potency at reasonable cost and was non-toxic. It was most effective at relative humidities of 30 to 55% and the rate of kill increased with temperature and degree of saturation of air with the vapor. Triethylene glycol is described as an oligomer of ethylene glycol. So-called polyglycols are higher molecular weight adducts of ethylene oxide and distinguised by intervening ether linkages in the hydrocarbon chain. Method: NIOSH 5523, Issue 1; Procedure: gas chromatography with a flame ionization detector; Analyte: triethylene glycol; Matrix: air; Detection Limit: 14 ug/sample. Triethylene glycol has been determined by gas chromatography-mass spectormetry and gas-liquid chromatography. Triethylene glycol has been measured in rat and rabbit urine using vapor phase chromatography and colorimetry. Residues of triethylene glycol are exempted from the requirement of a tolerance when used as a deactivator in accordance with good agricultural practice as inert (or occasionally active) ingredients in pesticide formulations applied to growing crops only. Residues of triethylene glycol are exempted from the requirement of a tolerance when used as a deactivator in accordance with good agricultural practice as inert (or occasionally active) ingredients in pesticide formulations applied to growing crops only. The Agency has determined triethylene glycol is eligible for reregistration. Based on the available data, the Agency has concluded that triethylene glycol exhibits low toxicity and exposures to triethylene glycol used as both an active or inert ingredient do not present risks of concern to the Agency. Therefore, no mitigation measures are necessary at this time. As the federal pesticide law FIFRA directs, EPA is conducting a comprehensive review of older pesticides to consider their health and environmental effects and make decisions about their future use. Under this pesticide reregistration program, EPA examines health and safety data for pesticide active ingredients initially registered before November 1, 1984, and determines whether they are eligible for reregistration. In addition, all pesticides must meet the new safety standard of the Food Quality Protection Act of 1996. Pesticides for which EPA had not issued Registration Standards prior to the effective date of FIFRA '88 were divided into three lists based upon their potential for human exposure and other factors, with List B containing pesticides of greater concern and List D pesticides of less concern. Triethylene glycol is found on List C. Case No: 3146; Pesticide type: insecticide, fungicide, antimicrobial; Case Status: OPP is reviewing data from the pesticide's producers regarding its human health and/or environmental effects, or OPP is determining the pesticide's eligibility for reregistration and developing the RED document.; Active ingredient (AI): triethylene glycol; Data Call-in (DCI) Date(s): 9/30/92; AI Status: The producers of the pesticide have made commitments to conduct the studies and pay the fees required for reregistration, and are meeting those commitments in a timely manner. Triethylene glycol is an indirect food additive for use only as a component of adhesives. Triethylene glycol (TEG) is a liquid higher glycol of very low vapor pressure with uses that are primarily industrial. It has a very low order of acute toxicity by iv, ip, peroral, percutaneous and inhalation (vapor and aerosol) routes of exposure. It does not produce primary skin iritation. Acute eye contact with the liquid causes mild local transient irritation (conjunctival hyperemia and slight chemosis) but does not induce corneal injury. Animal maximization and human volunteer repeated insult patch tests studies have shown that TEG does not cause skin sensitization. A study with Swiss-Webster mice demonstrated that TEG aerosol has properties of a peripheral chemosensory irritant material and caused a depression of breathing rate with an RD(50) of 5140 mg/ cu m. Continuous subchronic peroral dosing of TEG in the diet of rats did not produce any systemic cumulative or long-term toxicity. The effects seen were dose-related increased relative kidney weight, increased urine volume and decreased urine pH, probably a result of the renal excretion of TEG and metabolites following the absorption of large doses of TEG. There was also decreased hemoglobin concentration, decreased hematocrit and increased mean corpuscular volume, probably due to hemodilution following absorption of TEG. The NOAEL was 20,000 ppm TEG in diet. Short-term repeated aerosol exposure studies in the rat demonstrated that, by nose-only exposure, the threshold for effects by respiratory tract exposure was 1036 mg/cu m. Neither high dosage acute nor repeated exposures to TEG produce hepatorenal injury characteristic of that caused by the lower glycol homologues. Elimination studies with acute peroral doses of TEG given to rats and rabbits showed high recoveries (91-98% over 5 days), with the major fraction appearing in urine (84-94%) and only 1% as carbon dioxide. TEG in urine is present in unchanged and oxidized forms, but only negligible amounts as oxalic acid. Developmental toxicity studies with undiluted TEG given by gavage produced maternal toxicity in rats (body weight, food consumption, water consumption, and relative kidney weight) with a NOEL of 1126 mg/kg/day, and mice (relative kidney weight) with a NOEL of 5630 mg/kg/day. Developmental toxicity, expressed as fetotoxicity, had a NOEL of 5630 mg/kg/day with the rat and 563 mg/kg/day with mice. Neither species showed any evidence of embryotoxicity or teratogenicity. There was no evidence for reproductive toxicity with mice given up to 3% TEG in drinking water in a continuous breeding study. TEG did not produce mutagenic or clastogenic effects in the following in vitro genetic toxicology studies: Salmonella typhimurium reverse mutation test, SOS-chromotest in E. coli, CHO forward gene mutation test (HGPRT locus), CHO sister chromatid exchange test, and a chromosome aberration test with CHO cells. The use patterns suggest that exposure to TEG is mainly occupational, with limited exposures by consumers. Exposure is normally by skin and eye contact. Local and systemic adverse health effects by cutaneous exposure are likely not to occur, and eye contact will produce transient irritation without corneal injury. The very low vapor pressure of TEG makes it unlikely that significant vapor exposure will occur. Aerosol exposure is not a usual exposure mode, and acute aerosol exposures are unlikely to be harmful, although a peripheral sensory irritant effect may develop. However, repeated exposures to a TEG aerosol may result in respiratory tract irritation, with cough, shortness of breath and tightness of the chest. Recommended protective and precautionary measures include protective gloves, goggles or safety glasses and mechanical room ventilation. LC(50) data to various fish, aquatic invertebrates and algae, indicate that TEG is essentially nontoxic to aquatic organisms. Also, sustained exposure studies have demonstrated that TEG is of a low order of chronic aquatic toxicity. The bioconcentration potential, environmental hydrolysis, and photolysis rates are low, and soil mobility high. In the atmosphere TEG is degraded by reacting with photochemically produced hydroxyl radicals. These considerations indicate that the potential for ecotoxicological effects with TEG is low. A 23-yr-old woman was brought to an emergency room after intentionally ingesting one gulp (volume unspecified) of ... brake fluid. ...The patient was given milk to drink by her family and subsequently vomited. Upon arrival to the emergency room, she was unconscious and had metabolic acidoses (pH 7.03, PCO2 44 mmHg, bicarbonate 11 mmol/L, anion gap 30 mmol/L, serum creatinine 90 umol/L). She was intubated and given 100 mmol of iv sodium bicarbonate. Triethylene glycol is thought to be metabolized by alcohol dehydrogenase to acidic products resulting in metabolic acidosis. To act as a competitor of the alcohol dehydrogenase enzyme, ethanol was administered to maintain a serum ethanol level of 100 mg/dL. The blood pH returned to normal over the next 8 hrs, and ethanol infusion was continued for 22 hr. At 36 hr post ingestion, the patient was discharged to a psychiatric ward. Analysis of blood drawn upon admission did not detect the presence of ethanol, ethylene glycol, methanol... . The above case study described the... brake fluid as 99.9% triethylene glycol. The material safety data sheet for /this brand of/ brake fluid, however, lists its ingredients as 30-60% polyglycol ethers; 30-60% borate of triethylene glycol monomethyl ether; 30-60% polyglycol; 0-10% corrosion inhibitor; and 0-10% dye. The metabolism of triethylene glycol was evaluated in groups of rats (number and sex not reported) orally administered (gavage or diet not specified) 1.2 g/kg. The proportion of the dose that was excreted in the urine unchanged was 59% and 3.8% at days 1 and 2 post-dosing, respectively. The procedure for recovery of triethylene glycol from the urine was not reported. No metabolites of the test compound were identified. A perinatal/postnatal teratology study was conducted with 50 pregnant Specific Pathogen Free CD-1 albino mice administered triethylene glycol by oral gavage at a dose level of 11270 mg/kg/day (the maximum tolerated dose calculated from a previous study) on gestation days 7-14. Mortality was not observed and no pharmacotoxic signs were observed except for a roughened haircoat in 1 animal. Statistical analysis were determined by the Student's t-test (p<0.05). The mean maternal body weights and the mean weight change (Day 18-7) were significantly lower than control values. Mean pup counts and offspring viability were similiar to controls. Although mean pup weights were significantly lower than the control weights at birth, mean pup weights at day 3 were comparable to controls. No apparent adverse effects on reproductive or neonatal outcome were observed. Gross necropsy observations were not reported. Reproductive toxicity was evaluated in groups of 10 pregnant Charles River CD female mice receiving an oral gavage dose of triethylene glycol at 10 ml/kg body weight on gestation days 7 through 14. Maternal mortality was approximatedly 4% of the test group. Clinical observations and gross necropsy were not reported. There was a significant reduction (p<0.05) in the number of live pups per litter, reduced survival, and reduced birth weight among offspring of treated dams. Triethylene glycol's production and use a fragrance ingredient in cosmetics, as a solvent, plasticizer in vinyl, polyester and polyurethane resins, as a humectant in printing inks, and in the dehydration of natural gas may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams; it's use as a bacteriostat and as an inert ingredient to facilitate delivery of formulated pesticide products will result in its direct release to the environment. If released to air, a vapor pressure of 1.32X10-3 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates triethylene glycol will exist solely as a vapor in the atmosphere. Vapor-phase triethylene glycol will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 11 hours. Alcohols and ethers do not absorb light at wavelengths >290 nm and therefore triethylene glycol is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight. If released to soil, triethylene glycol is expected to have very high mobility based upon an estimated Koc of 10. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 3.2X10-11 atm-cu m/mole. River die-away test data demonstrate that biodegradation is likely to be the most important removal mechanism of triethylene glycol from aerobic soil and water; complete degradation in river die-away studies required 7-11 days. If released into water, triethylene glycol is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment based upon the estimated Koc. Volatilization from water surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process based upon this compound's estimated Henry's Law constant. An estimated BCF of 3 suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low. Hydrolysis is not expected to be an important environmental fate process since this compound lacks functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions. Occupational exposure to triethylene glycol may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where triethylene glycol is produced or used. Monitoring and use data indicate that the general population may be exposed to triethylene glycol via inhalation of ambient air, and dermal contact with products containing triethylene glycol. Triethylene glycol's production and use as a solvent, plasticizer in vinyl, polyester and polyurethane resins, as a humectant in printing inks, in the dehydration of natural gas(1) and as a fragrance ingredient in cosmetics(2) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams; it's use as a bacteriostat and as an inert ingredient to facilitate delivery of formulated pesticide products(3) will result in its direct release to the environment(SRC). Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 10(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that triethylene glycol is expected to have very high mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of triethylene glycol from moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given an estimated Henry's Law constant of 3.2X10-11 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), using a fragment constant estimation method(3). Triethylene glycol is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 1.32X10-3 mm Hg(4). A series of aerobic river die-away tests which utilized several different sources of freshwater, suggest that rapid biodegradation is likely to be the most important removal mechanism of triethylene glycol from aerobic soil(SRC); degradation was complete within 7-11 days(5). Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 10(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that triethylene glycol is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is not expected(3) based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 3.2X10-11 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), developed using a fragment constant estimation method(4). According to a classification scheme(5), an estimated BCF of 3(SRC), from an estimated log Kow of -1.75(6) and a regression-derived equation(7), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). A series of aerobic river die-away tests, which utilized several differing sources of freshwater, suggest that rapid aerobic biodegradation is likely to be the most important removal mechanism of triethylene glycol from aquatic systems(SRC); degradation was complete within 7-11 days(8). According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), triethylene glycol, which has a vapor pressure of 1.32X10-3 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), is expected to exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase triethylene glycol is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 11 hours(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 3.6X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) that was derived using a structure estimation method(3). Alcohols and ethers do not absorb light at wavelengths >290 nm and therefore triethylene glycol is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(4). Aerobic river die-away tests, utilizing several different sources of freshwater, have demonstrated that triethylene glycol should biodegrade rapidly in the environment(1). At 20 °C, the degradation of 10 mg/L triethylene glycol was complete within 7-11 days(1). 25 to 92% of the theoretical BOD was reached within 4 weeks incubation during the MITI test using a sludge inoculum; these results were on an upward trend by the end of the test(2) indicating that acclimation may be important for this compound(SRC). Triethylene glycol degraded 85% of theoretical BOD (1.6 gm/gm) after 20 days at 20 °C(3). The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of triethylene glycol with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been estimated as 3.6X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) using a structure estimation method(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 11 hours at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(1). Triethylene glycol is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to the lack of functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions(2,3). Alcohols and ethers do not absorb light at wavelengths >290 nm and therefore triethylene glycol is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(4). An estimated BCF of 3 was calculated in fish for triethylene glycol(SRC), using an estimated log Kow of -1.75(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this BCF suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). The Henry's Law constant for triethylene glycol is estimated as 3.2X10-11 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) using a fragment constant estimation method(1). This Henry's Law constant indicates that triethylene glycol is expected to be essentially nonvolatile from water surfaces(2). Triethylene glycol is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 1.32X10-3 mm Hg(3). Triethylene glycol was found in 5 of 25 aerosol samples taken from a light house site in northeastern Puerto Rico, and was identified in a sample taken 30 miles off the south coast(1). NIOSH (NOES Survey 1981-1983) has statistically estimated that 233,613 workers (53,367 of these are female) are potentially exposed to triethylene glycol in the US(1). Occupational exposure to triethylene glycol may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where triethylene glycol is produced or used(SRC). Monitoring and use data indicate that the general population may be exposed to triethylene glycol via inhalation of ambient air, and dermal contact with products containing triethylene glycol(SRC). Application Triethylene glycol can be used: • To prepare fatty acid gelators, which are used to gelate various edible and vegetable oils. • As a solvent to prepare superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles for in situ protein purification. • As an absorbent agent in the subsea natural gas dehydration process. Triethylene glycol (TEG) is a colorless, viscous liquid with a slight odor. It is non-flammable, mildly toxic, and considered non-hazardous. TEG is a member of a homologous series of dihydroxy alcohols. It is used as a plasticizer for vinyl polymers as well as in the manufacture of air sanitizer and other consumer products. Triethylene Glycol (TEG) is a liquid chemical compound with the molecular formula C6H14O4 or HOCH2CH2CH2O2CH2OH. Its CAS is 112-27-6. TEG is recognized for its hygroscopic quality and ability to dehumidify fluids. It is miscible with water and soluble in ethanol, acetone, acetic acid, glycerine, pyridine, and aldehydes. It is slightly soluble in diethyl ether, and insoluble in oil, fat, and most hydrocarbons. TEG is commercially produced as a co-product of the oxidation of ethylene at a high temperature in the presence of silver oxide catalyst, followed by hydration of ethylene oxide to yield mono, di, tri, and tetraethylene glycols. The oil and gas industries use TEG to dehydrate natural gas as well as other gases including CO2, H2S, and other oxygenated gases. Industrial uses include adsorbents and absorbents, functional fluids in both closed and open systems, Intermediates, petroleum production processing aids, and solvents. TEG is used in the manufacture of a host of consumer products that include anti-freeze, automotive care products, building and construction materials, cleaning and furnishing care products, fabric, textile, and leather products, fuels and related products, lubricants and greases, paints and coatings, personal care products, and plastic and rubber products. Triethylene Glycol is widely used as a solvent. It has a high flash point, emits no toxic vapors, and is not absorbed through the skin. Characteristics Triethylene glycol is viscous at room temperature. It is colorless, odorless, and sweet-tasting. It is miscible in water in all ratios. Triethylene Glycol (TEG) is a larger molecule than MEG, DEG and has two ether groups. It is less clear and less hygroscopic than DEG, but has a higher boiling point, density and viscosity. PROPERTIES Triethylene glycol is a member of a homologous series of dihydroxy alcohols. It is a colorless, odorless and stable liquid with high viscosity and a high boiling point. Apart from its use as a raw material in the manufacture and synthesis of other products, triethylene glycol is known for its hygroscopic quality and its ability to dehumidify fluids. This liquid is miscible with water, and at a pressure of 101.325 kPa has a boiling point of 286.5°C and a freezing point of -7°C. Triethylene glycol (TEG) is a liquid chemical compound with the molecular formula C6H14O4. Triethylene glycol is recognized for its hygroscopic quality and ability to dehumidify fluids. It is miscible with water and soluble in ethanol, acetone, acetic acid, glycerine, pyridine, and aldehydes. It is slightly soluble in diethyl ether, and insoluble in oil, fat, and most hydrocarbons. CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF TRIETHYLENE GLYCOL Triethylene glycol’s molecule formula: C6-H14-O4 Triethylene glycol’s molecular weight: 150.17 Triethylene glycol’s colour/form: colourless, liquid Triethylene glycol’s odor: practically odorless Triethylene glycol’s boiling point: 285°C; 165 °C at 14 mm Hg Triethylene glycol’s melting point: -7°C Triethylene glycol’s density: 1.1274 at 15°C/4 °C Triethylene glycol’s heat of vaporization: 61.04 kJ/mol at 101.3 kPa /=760 mm Hg/ Triethylene glycol’s octanol/water partition coefficient: log Kow = -1.98 Triethylene glycol’s solubility: Miscible with alcohol, benzene, toluene; sparingly sol in ether; practically insol in petroleum ether. Soluble in oxygenated solvents. Slightly soluble in ethyl ether, chloroform; insoluble in petroleum ether. In water, miscible. Triethylene glycol’s vapor pressure: 1.32X10-3 mm Hg at 25°C (est) Triethylene glycol’s viscosity: 47.8 cP at 20°C Triethylene glycol’s flash point: 350°F (177°C) (Open cup) Triethylene glycol’s flammable limits: Lower flammable limit: 0.9% by volume; Upper flammable limit: 9.2% by volume Triethylene glycol’s autoignition temperature: 700°F (371°C) PREPARATIONS OF TRIETHYLENE GLYCOL Triethylene glycol is prepared commercially as a co-product of the oxidation of ethylene at high temperature in the presence of silver oxide catalyst, followed by hydration of ethylene oxide to yield mono(one)-, di(two)-, tri(three)- and tetraethylene glycols. METHODS OF MANUFACTURING OF TRIETHYLENE GLYCOL Prepared from ethylene oxide and ethylene glycol in presence of sulfuric acid ... manufactured by forming ether-ester of hydroxyacetic acid with glycol and then hydrogenating. Produced commercially as by-product of ethylene glycol production. Triethylene glycol's formation is favored by a high ethylene oxide to water ratio. Diethylene glycol + ethylene oxide (epoxidation) Ethylene glycol monoethers are usually produced by reaction of ethylene oxide with the appropriate alcohol. A mixture of homologues is obtained. The glycol monoethers can be converted to diethers by alkylation with common alkylating agents, such as dimethyl sulfate or alkyl halides (Williamson synthesis). Glycol dimethyl ethers are formed by treatment of dimethyl ether with ethylene oxide.

Trigen; Triglycol; TEG; 2,2'-ethylenediqxybis(ethanol); 3,6-Dioxa-1,8-octanediol; Glycol Bis(Hydroxyethyl) Ether; Di-beta-Hydroxyethoxyethane; 1,2-bis(2-hydroxyethoxy)ethane; 3,6-dioxaoctane-1,8-diol; 2,2'-(1,2-ethanediylbis(oxy)) bisethanol; ethylene glycol dihydroxydiethyl ether; Trigol; Ethylene glycol-bis-(2-hydroxyethyl) ether; 1,2-Bis(2-hydroxy)ethane; Ethylene glycal-bis-(2-hydroxyethyl ether); cas no: 112-27-6

Triethylene glycol monoethyl ether is a chemical compound with the molecular formula C8H18O4.
Its systematic IUPAC name is "2-(2-(2-ethoxyethoxy)ethoxy)ethanol."
Triethylene glycol monoethyl ether is a member of the glycol ether family, which includes various organic compounds used in a wide range of industrial and commercial applications.
Triethylene glycol monoethyl ether is commonly used as a solvent, a coupling agent in paints and coatings, and in the production of cleaning and degreasing products.
Triethylene glycol monoethyl ether can be found under various trade names and is valued for its ability to dissolve a variety of substances and improve the performance of various formulations.

CAS Number: 112-50-5
EC Number: 203-953-2



APPLICATIONS


Triethylene glycol monoethyl ether is widely used as a solvent in the paint and coatings industry, helping to dissolve and disperse pigments and resins.
Triethylene glycol monoethyl ether enhances the flow and leveling properties of paints, contributing to a smoother and more even coating.
Triethylene glycol monoethyl ether is found in water-based paints and varnishes, where it serves as a coalescing agent to improve film formation.
In the ink industry, it is used as a solvent in ink formulations for inkjet printers and other applications.

Triethylene glycol monoethyl ether contributes to ink stability, color vibrancy, and print quality.
Triethylene glycol monoethyl ether is a key component in the formulation of adhesives, providing suitable viscosity and bonding properties.
Triethylene glycol monoethyl ether is used in cleaning and degreasing agents for removing oils, greases, and contaminants from various surfaces.
Triethylene glycol monoethyl ether serves as a degreasing solvent in industrial maintenance, automotive, and machinery cleaning applications.

Triethylene glycol monoethyl ether is employed in the formulation of wood finishes and wood coatings, enhancing the finish's appearance and durability.
Triethylene glycol monoethyl ether is utilized in the textile industry as a dye carrier, ensuring even and vibrant coloration during dyeing and printing.
In the construction sector, it can be used in cement admixtures and concrete additives for improved workability.
The slow evaporation rate of Triethylene glycol monoethyl ether is advantageous in coatings that require extended working times.
In the manufacturing of adhesives and sealants, it aids in maintaining the desired consistency and flow.

Triethylene glycol monoethyl ether can be found in the production of industrial and household cleaning products, improving their cleaning performance.
Triethylene glycol monoethyl ether is used as a coalescing agent in latex paint formulations, facilitating film formation and paint durability.
Triethylene glycol monoethyl ether is valued in the automotive industry for its contribution to the quality and adhesion of automotive coatings.
Triethylene glycol monoethyl ether serves as a solvent for the formulation of oil and gas drilling fluids, assisting in drilling operations.
In the cosmetic and personal care industry, it can be used in the production of various products such as lotions, creams, and hair care items.

Triethylene glycol monoethyl ether is employed as a coupling agent in pesticide formulations, enhancing the effectiveness of active ingredients.
Triethylene glycol monoethyl ether is used as a carrier solvent in the formulation of specialty chemicals and agrochemical products.
In the electronics industry, it can be used in the manufacturing of printed circuit boards and electronics cleaning solutions.

Triethylene glycol monoethyl ether is an ingredient in the production of specialty coatings for applications in aerospace and marine environments.
Triethylene glycol monoethyl ether can serve as a carrier solvent for the formulation of fragrance products, air fresheners, and deodorizers.
Triethylene glycol monoethyl ether's versatility and compatibility make it a valuable component in a wide range of industrial and commercial applications.
In the printing and packaging industry, it is used in the formulation of printing inks, ensuring high-quality prints on various substrates.

Triethylene glycol monoethyl ether is used in the production of household and industrial cleaners to enhance their cleaning and degreasing capabilities.
In the pharmaceutical industry, it can be used as a solvent for certain drug formulations.
Triethylene glycol monoethyl ether is employed as a coalescing agent in latex and water-based paints, improving film formation and durability.
Triethylene glycol monoethyl ether can be found in wood stains and sealers, where it enhances wood protection and appearance.

Triethylene glycol monoethyl ether is used in the formulation of automotive detailing products such as polishes and waxes.
Triethylene glycol monoethyl ether is a valuable ingredient in rust removers and rust preventatives, aiding in rust dissolution and prevention.
In the production of pet grooming products, Triethylene glycol monoethyl ether can be used in shampoos and conditioners for pets.
Triethylene glycol monoethyl ether serves as a cleaning agent in the electronics industry for the removal of flux residues and contaminants.

Triethylene glycol monoethyl ether is found in drilling muds and drilling fluids for its lubricating and cooling properties in the oil and gas sector.
Triethylene glycol monoethyl ether is used in metalworking fluids for machining and metal cutting applications, improving lubrication.
Triethylene glycol monoethyl ether can be employed in the formulation of hydraulic fluids, contributing to their viscosity and stability.
In the rubber and tire industry, it can be used in the manufacturing of tire dressing and rubber conditioners.

Triethylene glycol monoethyl ether serves as a wetting and leveling agent in the production of floor and concrete coatings.
Triethylene glycol monoethyl ether is used as a dispersant in pesticide and herbicide formulations, enhancing their effectiveness.

In the printing industry, it is used as a solvent for lithographic inks and screen printing inks.
Triethylene glycol monoethyl ether is an ingredient in corrosion inhibitors for protecting metal surfaces from rust and corrosion.

Triethylene glycol monoethyl ether can be used as a component in leather finishing products, improving texture and appearance.
Triethylene glycol monoethyl ether is employed in the production of adhesion promoters used in bonding applications.

In the automotive care industry, Triethylene glycol monoethyl ether can be found in products such as wheel cleaners and tire shines.
Triethylene glycol monoethyl ether is used in the formulation of specialty coatings for architectural and industrial applications.
Triethylene glycol monoethyl ether is an ingredient in air fresheners, room sprays, and odor control products.
In the pulp and paper industry, it is used as a defoamer to reduce foam during paper production.

Triethylene glycol monoethyl ether can be employed in the formulation of hydraulic brake fluids to enhance their performance and stability.
Triethylene glycol monoethyl ether is utilized in the creation of specialty inks for marking and coding applications.
Triethylene glycol monoethyl ether can serve as a leveling agent in the production of epoxy flooring and concrete sealers, ensuring even and smooth surfaces.

Triethylene glycol monoethyl ether is used in the formulation of water-based adhesive products, providing improved adhesive strength and tack.
In the printing industry, it is employed in the production of flexographic printing inks, enhancing print quality on various substrates.

Triethylene glycol monoethyl ether can be found in the production of resin-based floor coatings, offering durability and ease of maintenance.
Triethylene glycol monoethyl ether is used in the creation of wood preservatives to protect wooden structures and surfaces from decay and insects.

In the agriculture industry, Triethylene glycol monoethyl ether is utilized in crop protection formulations, helping to disperse and enhance the efficacy of active ingredients.
Triethylene glycol monoethyl ether serves as a coupling agent in herbicide and pesticide formulations, improving the uniform distribution of the active components.
Triethylene glycol monoethyl ether is used as a carrier solvent in the formulation of industrial and institutional cleaning products.

Triethylene glycol monoethyl ether can be found in glass and surface cleaners, improving their cleaning and streak-free properties.
In the manufacturing of automotive brake fluids, it enhances the fluid's boiling point and lubrication properties.

Triethylene glycol monoethyl ether is used in the production of specialty coatings for medical devices, providing biocompatibility and durability.
Triethylene glycol monoethyl ether is employed as a wetting and leveling agent in the formulation of architectural paints and interior wall coatings.

Triethylene glycol monoethyl ether can be found in electroplating solutions to aid in the deposition of metal coatings on various substrates.
Triethylene glycol monoethyl ether is used as a carrier solvent for rust converters, facilitating the transformation of rust into a stable compound.
In the agrochemical industry, it can be employed in the formulation of seed coatings and soil conditioners.
Triethylene glycol monoethyl ether is used as a component in rust penetrants and lubricants for easing the loosening of rusted or stuck parts.
Triethylene glycol monoethyl ether serves as a wetting agent in the production of inkjet printer inks for improved printing performance.

In the plastic and rubber manufacturing industry, Triethylene glycol monoethyl ether can be used as a processing aid to enhance plastic extrusion and molding processes.
Triethylene glycol monoethyl ether is utilized in industrial disinfectants and sanitizers, contributing to their cleaning and disinfecting properties.
Triethylene glycol monoethyl ether is an essential ingredient in mold release agents for various molding applications.
Triethylene glycol monoethyl ether can be found in fuel system cleaning products, improving fuel system maintenance and performance.

In the petrochemical sector, it is employed in drilling mud formulations for its lubricating and cooling properties during drilling operations.
Triethylene glycol monoethyl ether is used as a carrier solvent for fragrances and perfumes, enhancing their olfactory properties.

Triethylene glycol monoethyl ether is found in industrial paint removers, aiding in the removal of paint and coatings from surfaces.
In the construction industry, it is used in sealant formulations, enhancing adhesion and flexibility.
Triethylene glycol monoethyl ether is employed in the production of specialty detergents for industrial and institutional cleaning applications.

Triethylene glycol monoethyl ether is used in the formulation of screen printing inks, contributing to their adhesion and durability on various substrates.
In the construction industry, it can be added to concrete admixtures to improve workability and reduce water requirements.
Triethylene glycol monoethyl ether serves as a diluent in the production of epoxy resins and coatings for enhanced flow and self-leveling properties.

Triethylene glycol monoethyl ether is employed as a carrier solvent in the formulation of household and industrial air fresheners and deodorizers.
In the foundry industry, it can be used as a parting compound to facilitate the release of castings from molds.
Triethylene glycol monoethyl ether is found in oilfield chemicals used for drilling, hydraulic fracturing, and oil production operations.

Triethylene glycol monoethyl ether is used in the formulation of inkjet printer cleaning solutions for printhead maintenance and ink system cleaning.
Triethylene glycol monoethyl ether is employed in the cosmetics industry as a component in makeup removers and facial cleansers.
Triethylene glycol monoethyl ether can serve as a viscosity modifier in the production of gel-based personal care and cosmetic products.

In the agricultural sector, Triethylene glycol monoethyl ether is used in foliar sprays and crop protection products for adhesion and dispersion.
Triethylene glycol monoethyl ether is utilized in the formulation of agricultural adjuvants to improve the effectiveness of pesticides and herbicides.
Triethylene glycol monoethyl ether is found in the production of automotive appearance products such as tire shines and dashboard protectants.

In the plastics industry, Triethylene glycol monoethyl ether can be used as a plasticizer to improve flexibility and processability.
It is employed as a leveling agent in the formulation of high-gloss and low-VOC coatings.
Triethylene glycol monoethyl ether is found in heat transfer fluids, aiding in the efficient transfer of heat in various industrial processes.

In the printing and packaging industry, it is used in the production of flexographic inks and overprint varnishes.
Triethylene glycol monoethyl ether can be added to industrial cleaner formulations for the removal of heavy greases and oils.
Triethylene glycol monoethyl ether is utilized as a solvent in the production of decorative and industrial laminates.

Triethylene glycol monoethyl ether can serve as an anti-icing and de-icing agent for aircraft surfaces and runways.
In the wood industry, Triethylene glycol monoethyl ether is used in the formulation of wood preservatives for protection against fungi and insects.

Triethylene glycol monoethyl ether can be found in industrial lubricants and metalworking fluids to enhance cutting and grinding operations.
Triethylene glycol monoethyl ether is used in the formulation of corrosion inhibitors for protecting metal surfaces in various applications.
Triethylene glycol monoethyl ether is employed in heat-transfer fluids for solar thermal energy systems.

Triethylene glycol monoethyl ether can serve as a wetting agent in the production of inkjet printer inks to improve ink-paper interaction.
Triethylene glycol monoethyl ether is found in the formulation of optical lens cleaners, contributing to cleaning effectiveness and anti-fog properties.

Triethylene glycol monoethyl ether is used as a solvent in the formulation of lubricants and cutting oils for metalworking applications, improving machining processes.
Triethylene glycol monoethyl ether can be found in hydraulic fluids and brake fluids for its lubricating and viscosity-enhancing properties.

In the formulation of adhesion promoters, Triethylene glycol monoethyl ether aids in the bonding of various materials, including metals, plastics, and rubber.
Triethylene glycol monoethyl ether serves as a carrier solvent in the production of insect repellents and personal insect protection products.
Triethylene glycol monoethyl ether can be employed in mold release agents for the release of molded objects and components.

Triethylene glycol monoethyl ether is used in the formulation of electroplating solutions to enhance the deposition of metal coatings on various substrates.
In the textile industry, it is utilized as a wetting agent and dye carrier for uniform and efficient dyeing and printing processes.
Triethylene glycol monoethyl ether is found in anti-fogging agents for eyeglasses, goggles, and protective face shields.
Triethylene glycol monoethyl ether can serve as a leveling agent in the formulation of UV-curable coatings, ensuring a smooth and even finish.
In the semiconductor and electronics industry, Triethylene glycol monoethyl ether is used in the manufacturing of microelectronics and chip coatings.

Triethylene glycol monoethyl ether is an essential component in the formulation of paint strippers for the removal of old coatings and paints.
Triethylene glycol monoethyl ether can be added to rust converters to facilitate the transformation of rust into a stable and paintable surface.
Triethylene glycol monoethyl ether is employed in the formulation of specialty inks for marking and coding on packaging materials.
In the glass and ceramics industry, it is used as a diluent and dispersant for ceramic glazes and in the glass-making process.

Triethylene glycol monoethyl ether serves as a coalescing agent in latex caulks and sealants to improve adhesion and film formation.
Triethylene glycol monoethyl ether is used in the production of rust inhibitors and rust preventatives for long-term corrosion protection.
Triethylene glycol monoethyl ether can be found in sealant and adhesive removers to aid in the efficient removal of adhesives and sealants from various surfaces.
In the plastic molding industry, it is employed as a processing aid to improve the extrusion and molding of plastic products.
Triethylene glycol monoethyl ether serves as a coalescing agent in low-VOC (volatile organic compound) architectural coatings for reduced environmental impact.

Triethylene glycol monoethyl ether is used in inkjet printer inks for photo printing applications, enhancing image quality and color vibrancy.
Triethylene glycol monoethyl ether can be found in cleaning and maintenance products for the aviation and aerospace industries.
Triethylene glycol monoethyl ether is used in the production of corrosion-resistant coatings for marine and offshore applications.

In the food and beverage industry, Triethylene glycol monoethyl ether is employed as an ingredient in food-grade lubricants and release agents.
Triethylene glycol monoethyl ether can be used in heat transfer fluids for cooling systems in data centers and industrial facilities.
Triethylene glycol monoethyl ether is found in mold inhibitors for preventing mold and mildew growth on surfaces in humid environments.



DESCRIPTION


Triethylene glycol monoethyl ether is a chemical compound with the molecular formula C8H18O4.
Its systematic IUPAC name is "2-(2-(2-ethoxyethoxy)ethoxy)ethanol."
Triethylene glycol monoethyl ether is a member of the glycol ether family, which includes various organic compounds used in a wide range of industrial and commercial applications.
Triethylene glycol monoethyl ether is commonly used as a solvent, a coupling agent in paints and coatings, and in the production of cleaning and degreasing products.
Triethylene glycol monoethyl ether can be found under various trade names and is valued for its ability to dissolve a variety of substances and improve the performance of various formulations.

Triethylene glycol monoethyl ether is an organic compound with the molecular formula C8H18O4.
Triethylene glycol monoethyl ether is a member of the glycol ether family and is also known by the chemical abbreviation "Triethylene glycol monoethyl ether."
Triethylene glycol monoethyl ether is a clear, colorless liquid with a relatively low odor.

Triethylene glycol monoethyl ether is a versatile solvent with excellent solvency properties, making it useful in various industries.
Triethylene glycol monoethyl ether is characterized by its ability to dissolve a wide range of polar and nonpolar substances.
Triethylene glycol monoethyl ether is commonly used as a solvent in the formulation of paints, varnishes, and coatings.

Triethylene glycol monoethyl ether is valued for its role in improving the flow, dispersion, and stability of pigments and resins in paint formulations.
Triethylene glycol monoethyl ether is known for its slow evaporation rate, which allows for extended working times in coating applications.

Triethylene glycol monoethyl ether can be found in water-based paints and coatings as it enhances the spread and leveling properties of the formulations.
Triethylene glycol monoethyl ether is also used in the production of inks, where it contributes to ink stability and viscosity control.
In the cleaning and degreasing industry, Triethylene glycol monoethyl ether serves as an effective component in various cleaning agents.

Triethylene glycol monoethyl ether is utilized as a degreasing solvent for removing oils, greases, and contaminants from surfaces.
Triethylene glycol monoethyl ether is known for its ability to effectively disperse and solubilize various organic and inorganic materials.
Triethylene glycol monoethyl ether is widely used in the formulation of adhesives, providing adhesive products with suitable viscosity and bonding properties.
Triethylene glycol monoethyl ether is employed in the manufacturing of surface coatings, including wood finishes and industrial coatings.

Triethylene glycol monoethyl ether's low volatility and slow evaporation make it valuable in the creation of long-lasting coatings.
Triethylene glycol monoethyl ether is used in the formulation of inkjet printer inks, contributing to color vibrancy and print quality.



PROPERTIES


Physical Properties:

Chemical Formula: C8H18O4
Molecular Weight: Approximately 194.23 g/mol
Appearance: Clear, colorless liquid
Odor: Relatively low odor
Melting Point: Approximately -65°C (-85°F)
Boiling Point: Approximately 218°C (424°F)
Density: About 1.01 g/cm³ at 20°C
Solubility: Highly soluble in water and miscible with many organic solvents
Vapor Pressure: Low at room temperature
Flash Point: Approximately 100°C (212°F) (closed cup)


Chemical Properties:

Chemical Structure: Triethylene glycol monoethyl ether is a glycol ether, which contains ethylene oxide and ethyl groups.
Hygroscopicity: Triethylene glycol monoethyl ether is hygroscopic, meaning it can absorb moisture from the atmosphere.
Reactivity: Triethylene glycol monoethyl ether is generally stable and not highly reactive under normal conditions.
Flammability: Triethylene glycol monoethyl ether is not highly flammable but may pose a fire hazard when exposed to open flames or ignition sources.



FIRST AID


Inhalation (Breathing In):

If inhaled, move the affected person to an area with fresh air.
Allow the person to rest and breathe in a comfortable position.
If breathing difficulties persist or if the person becomes unconscious, seek medical attention immediately.
If the person is not breathing and you are trained to do so, perform artificial respiration.
Keep the person warm and comfortable while awaiting medical assistance.


Skin Contact:

In case of skin contact, immediately remove contaminated clothing and jewelry.
Rinse the affected skin area with plenty of running water for at least 15 minutes.
Use mild soap to cleanse the skin gently, if available.
If skin irritation or a rash develops, seek medical attention.
Cover the affected area with a clean, dry bandage or clothing to protect it.


Eye Contact:

If Triethylene glycol monoethyl ether comes into contact with the eyes, immediately rinse the affected eye(s) with gently flowing lukewarm water for at least 15 minutes.
Hold the eyelids open and ensure water flows over the eye and underneath the eyelids.
Do not use force to pry open the eyelids if they are stuck together.
Seek immediate medical attention, even if the affected person reports no discomfort.



HANDLING AND STORAGE


Handling:

Personal Protective Equipment (PPE):
Wear appropriate PPE, including chemical-resistant gloves, safety goggles, and a lab coat or protective clothing when handling Triethylene glycol monoethyl ether.
Ensure that the PPE is in good condition and provides adequate protection.

Ventilation:
Work in a well-ventilated area.
If working in an enclosed space, use local exhaust ventilation or wear a suitable respirator if necessary to control airborne exposure.

Avoiding Skin Contact:
Prevent skin contact by wearing appropriate gloves and ensuring that they are impermeable to the chemical.
Avoid touching your face, especially your eyes, while working with Triethylene glycol monoethyl ether.

Eye Protection:
Wear safety goggles or a full-face shield to protect your eyes from splashes, spills, or airborne droplets of the chemical.

Prevent Inhalation:
Avoid inhaling vapors or mists.
If the workplace lacks adequate ventilation, use a respirator that is approved for use with organic solvents.

No Smoking or Open Flames:
Triethylene glycol monoethyl ether is flammable.
Do not smoke or use open flames in areas where it is being handled.

Proper Labeling:
Ensure containers are properly labeled with the chemical name and hazard information.
Use clear and durable labels.

Handling Equipment:
Use equipment made of materials that are compatible with Triethylene glycol monoethyl ether.
Check for leaks or damage in equipment before use.

Spill Response:
Have appropriate spill response measures and materials readily available.
In case of a spill, follow established spill cleanup procedures and use suitable absorbents.

Wash Hands:
Wash hands and any exposed skin thoroughly after handling Triethylene glycol monoethyl ether, even if gloves have been worn.
Do not eat, drink, or smoke while working with the chemical.


Storage:

Container Selection:
Store Triethylene glycol monoethyl ether in containers made of materials that are chemically compatible with the substance.
Commonly used containers include glass, high-density polyethylene (HDPE), or stainless steel.

Sealed Containers:
Keep containers tightly sealed to prevent evaporation and minimize the risk of spills.

Ventilation:
Store Triethylene glycol monoethyl ether in a well-ventilated area or a chemical storage cabinet.
Ensure proper ventilation to disperse any vapors that may accumulate.

Temperature:
Store Triethylene glycol monoethyl ether in a cool, dry place at temperatures below its boiling point to prevent excessive pressure buildup in sealed containers.

Incompatible Substances:
Avoid storing Triethylene glycol monoethyl ether near strong oxidizers, strong acids, or materials that can react with glycol ethers, which may lead to hazardous reactions.

Fire Safety:
Keep Triethylene glycol monoethyl ether away from open flames, sparks, and heat sources to prevent ignition.

Separation from Food and Beverages:
Store Triethylene glycol monoethyl ether away from areas where food, beverages, or utensils are kept to prevent contamination.

Labeling:
Clearly label storage containers with the chemical name and appropriate hazard warnings.
Keep the storage area clearly marked as a chemical storage area.

Secondary Containment:
Use secondary containment measures to prevent spills from spreading and to protect against environmental contamination.

Emergency Response Equipment:
Ensure that spill response equipment, such as absorbents and spill kits, is readily available in the storage area.



SYNONYMS


Ethylene glycol ethyl ether
TEGEE
3,6,9-Trioxadecane-1-ol, 2-(2-(2-ethoxyethoxy)ethoxy)-
Ethoxytriethylene glycol
Ethylene glycol triethyl ether
2-(2-(2-Ethoxyethoxy)ethoxy)ethanol
Ethyl triethylene glycol
TEGME
Ethoxytriglycol
Triglycol ethyl ether
Ethylene glycol, monoethyl ether, tri-
2-(2-(2-Ethoxyethoxy)ethoxy)ethanol
TREGME
3,6,9-Trioxadecane-1-ol, 2-(2-(2-ethoxyethoxy)ethoxy)- (IUPAC)
Ethyl triethylene glycol
Ethylene glycol, monoethyl ether, tri-
Triethylene glycol ethyl ether
Ethyl triglycol
Ethoxytriglycol
TEGEE 360
TEGE
3,6,9-Trioxadecane-1-ol, 2-(2-(2-ethoxyethoxy)ethoxy)-
Ethoxytriethylene glycol
2-(2-(2-Ethoxyethoxy)ethoxy)ethanol
TEGEE 9
TEGEE 360
TEGE
3,6,9-Trioxadecane-1-ol, 2-(2-(2-ethoxyethoxy)ethoxy)-
Ethyl triethylene glycol
Ethylene glycol, monoethyl ether, tri-
Triethylene glycol ethyl ether
Ethyl triglycol
Ethoxytriglycol
TEGEE 9
3,6,9-Trioxadecane-1-ol, 2-(2-(2-ethoxyethoxy)ethoxy)- (IUPAC)
Ethylene glycol, monoethyl ether, tri-
Triethylene glycol ethyl ether
Triglycol ethyl ether
TEGME 360
TEGEE-9
2-(2-(2-Ethoxyethoxy)ethoxy)ethanol
2-(2-(2-Ethoxyethoxy)ethoxy)ethanol, triethylene glycol ethyl ether
3,6,9-Trioxadecane-1-ol, 2-(2-(2-ethoxyethoxy)ethoxy)-
Ethyl triethylene glycol
Ethylene glycol, monoethyl ether, tri-
2-(2-(2-Ethoxyethoxy)ethoxy)ethanol
TREGME 360
Triethylene glycol ethyl ether
Ethyl triglycol
3,6,9-Trioxadecane-1-ol, 2-(2-(2-ethoxyethoxy)ethoxy)-
TEGEE 300
2-Ethoxytriethylene glycol
Triglycol ethyl ether
Triethylene glycol ethyl ether acetate
Triethylene glycol monomethyl ether
Triethylene glycol ethyl ether acetate
TEGME
TEGEE 360 acetate
Ethoxytriglycol acetate
Triglycol ethyl ether acetate
Triethylene glycol ethyl ether acetate
Ethoxytriglycol acetate
2-(2-(2-Ethoxyethoxy)ethoxy)ethyl acetate
Ethyltriglycol acetate
2-(2-(2-Ethoxyethoxy)ethoxy)ethanol acetate
TEGEE 9 acetate
TEGEE 360 acetate
TEGME acetate
2-(2-(2-Ethoxyethoxy)ethoxy)ethanol acetate
Ethyltriglycol acetate
Ethoxytriglycol acetate
TEGEE 9 acetate
Ethylene glycol, monoethyl ether, tri- acetate
3,6,9-Trioxadecane-1-ol, 2-(2-(2-ethoxyethoxy)ethoxy)- acetate
Triethylene glycol ethyl ether acetate

Triethylenetetramine (TETA) Uses of Triethylenetetramine (TETA) The reactivity and uses of Triethylenetetramine (TETA) are similar to those for the related polyamines ethylenediamine and diethylenetriamine. Triethylenetetramine (TETA) is primarily used as a crosslinker ("hardener") in epoxy curing. Medical uses of Triethylenetetramine The hydrochloride salt of Triethylenetetramine (TETA), referred to as Triethylenetetramine (TETA) hydrochloride, is a chelating agent that is used to bind and remove copper in the body to treat Wilson's disease, particularly in those who are intolerant to penicillamine. Some recommend Triethylenetetramine (TETA) as first-line treatment, but experience with penicillamine is more extensive. Triethylenetetramine (TETA) hydrochloride (brand name Syprine) was approved for medical use in the United States in November 1985. Production of Triethylenetetramine Triethylenetetramine (TETA) is prepared by heating ethylenediamine or ethanolamine/ammonia mixtures over an oxide catalyst. This process gives a variety of amines, especially ethylene amines which are separated by distillation and sublimation. Coordination chemistry of Triethylenetetramine Triethylenetetramine (TETA) is a tetradentate ligand in coordination chemistry, where it is referred to as trien. Octahedral complexes of the type M(trien)L2 can adopt several diastereomeric structures. Triethylenetetramine tetrahydrochloride (brand name Cuprior) was approved for medical use in the European Union in September 2017. Triethylenetetramine (TETA) is indicated for the treatment of Wilson's disease in adults, adolescents and children five years of age or older who are intolerant to D-penicillamine therapy. Triethylenetetramine (TETA) dihydrochloride (brand name Cufence) was approved for medical use in the European Union in July 2019. It is indicated for the treatment of Wilson's disease in adults, adolescents and children five years of age or older who are intolerant to D-penicillamine therapy. The most common side effects include nausea, especially when starting treatment, skin rash, duodenitis (inflammation of the duodenum, the part of the gut leading out of the stomach), and severe colitis (inflammation in the large bowel causing pain and diarrhea). Properties of Triethylenetetramine Chemical formula C6H18N4 Molar mass 146.238 g·mol−1 Appearance Colorless liquid Odor Fishy, ammoniacal Density 982 mg mL−1 Melting point −34.6 °C; −30.4 °F; 238.5 K Boiling point 266.6 °C; 511.8 °F; 539.7 K Solubility in water Miscible log P 1.985 Vapor pressure <1 Pa (at 20 °C) Refractive index (nD) 1.496 Application of Triethylenetetramine Triethylenetetramine has been used as an additive to enhance the peak resolution ability of capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) running buffer system to separate and quantitate the monoclonal antibodies by the CZE method. Triethylenetetramine may be used for the amination of polyacrylonitrile fibers to form novel fiber catalysts for Knoevenagel condensation in aqueous media. TETA also acts as a copper (II)-selective chelator. Triethylenetetramine (TETA) may also be used as a growth-orientator in the formation of 1D zinc sulfide nanoarchitectures. Triethylenetetramine (TETA) is a highly selective divalent Cu(II) chelator and orphan drug that revereses copper overload in tissues. Its salt form, trientine (triethylenetetramine dihydrochloride or 2,2,2-tetramine) was introduced in 1969 as an alternative to D-penicillamine. It consists of a polyamine-like structure different from D-penicillamine, as it lack sulfhydryl groups. It was previously approved by FDA in 1985 as second-line pharmacotherapy for Wilson's disease. Although penicillamine treatment is believed to be more extensive, Triethylenetetramine (TETA) therapy has been shown to be an effective initial therapy, even with patients with decompensated liver disease at the outset, and prolonged Triethylenetetramine (TETA) treatment is not associated with adverse effects as expected in penicillamine treatment. Its clinical applications on cancer, diabetes mellitus, Alzheimer's disease and vascular demetia are being studied. Triethylenetetramine (TETA) is an oral copper chelating agent used to treat Wilson disease. Triethylenetetramine (TETA) has not been associated with worsening of serum enzyme elevations during therapy or with cases of clinically apparent liver injury with jaundice. Triethylenetetramine appears as a yellowish liquid. Less dense than water. Combustible, though may be difficult to ignite. Corrosive to metals and tissue. Vapors heavier than air. Toxic oxides of nitrogen produced during combustion. Used in detergents and in the synthesis of dyes, pharmaceuticals and other chemicals. Triethylenetetramine (TETA) is a copper chelator used in the treatment of Wilson's disease as an alternative to D-penicillamine. It tends to be used in patients who are experiencing serious adverse effects from penicillamine therapy or intolerance of penicillamine. Triethylenetetramine (TETA) is a selective copper (II) chelator. tightly binds and facilitates systemic elimination of Cu(II) into the urine whilst neutralizing its catalytic activity, but does not cause systemic copper deficiency even after prolonged use. It may also act as an antioxidant as it suppresses the copper-mediated oxidative stress. Triethylenetetramine (TETA) not only increases urinary Cu excretion, but also decreases intestinal copper absorption by 80%. The unchanged drug and two acetylated metabolites, N1-acetyltriethylenetetramine (MAT) and N1,N10-diacetyltriethylenetetramine (DAT), are mainly excreted in the urine. About 1% of the administered trientine and about 8% of the biotransformed trientine metabolite, acetyltrien, ultimately appear in the urine. The amounts of urinary copper, zinc and iron increase in parallel with the amount of trientine excreted in the urine. Unchanged drug is also excreted in feces after oral administration. Triethylenetetramine (TETA) is mainly metabolized via acetylation, and two major acetylated metabolites exist in human serum and urine. Triethylenetetramine is readily acetylated into N1-acetyltriethylenetetramine (MAT) and N1,N10-diacetyltriethylenetetramine (DAT). MAT is still capable of binding divalent Cu, Fe, and Zn but to a much lesser extent compared to the unchanged drug. To date no enzyme has been definitely identified as responsible for Triethylenetetramine acetylation but spermidine/spermine acetyltransferase-1 (SSAT-1) is a potential candidate responsible for acetylation of Triethylenetetramine because of the close chemical resemblance between its natural substrate spermidine and Triethylenetetramine. Triethylenetetramine (TETA) is also shown to be a substrate for human thialysine acetyltransferase (SSAT2) in vitro. The plasma elimination half life of Triethylenetetramine in healthy volunteers and Wilson's disease patients ranges from 1.3 to 4 hours. The metabolites are expected to be longer than the parent drug. Copper is chelated by forming a stable complex with the four constituent nitrogens in a planar ring as copper displays enhanced ligand binding properties for nitrogen compared to oxygen. It binds Cu(II) very tightly, having a dissociation constant from Cu(II) of 10^−15 mol/L at pH 7.0. Triethylenetetramine reacts in a stoichiometric ratio 1:1 with copper and is also able to complex with iron and zinc in vivo. Triethylenetetramine (TETA) is considered a potential chemotherapeutic agent as it could be a telomerase inhibitor because it is a ligand for G-quadruplex, and stabilizes both intra- and intermolecular G-quadruplexes. It may mediate a selective inhibitory effect or cytotoxicity on tumor growth. Chelating excess copper may affect copper-induced angiogenesis. Other mechanisms of action of Triethylenetetramine (TETA) for alternative therapeutic implications include improved antioxidant defense against oxidative stress, pro-apoptosis, and reduced inflammation. A mixture of four compounds with close boiling points including linear, branched and two cyclic molecules. Building block in the manufacture of imidazoline based corrosion inhibitors. Uses of Triethylenetetramine: Corrosion inhibitors; Wet-strength resins; Fabric softeners; Epoxy curing agents; Polyamide resins; Fuel additives; Lube oil additives; Asphalt additives; Ore flotation; Corrosion inhibitors; Asphalt; Additives; Epoxy curing agents; Hydrocarbon purification; Lube oil & fuel additives; Mineral processing aids; Polyamide resins; Surfactants; Textile additives-paper wet-strength resins; Fabric Softeners; Surfactants; Coatings; Urethanes; Fuel additives; Chemical intermediates; Epoxy curing agents; Lube oils; Wet strength resins. Benefits of Triethylenetetramine: Consistent and predictable reaction products; Easily derivatized; Low vapor pressure; High viscosity; Low environmental impact; Suitable for harsh conditions; Low sensitivity; Versatile. Triethylenetetramine (TETA)/Ethanol Solutions Zheng et al. have reported that triethylenetetramine (TETA) dissolved in ethanol can produce a solid precipitate after CO2 absorption, which can then be easily separated and regenerated.19 In comparison, a Triethylenetetramine/water solution does not form any precipitates after CO2 absorption. The Triethylenetetramine/ethanol solution offers several advantages for CO2 capture in regard to absorption rate, absorption capacity, and absorbent regenerability. Both the rate and capacity of CO2 absorption with the Triethylenetetramine/ethanol solution are significantly higher than those of a Triethylenetetramine/water solution. This is because ethanol cannot only promote the solubility of CO2 in the liquid phase but can also facilitate the chemical reaction between Triethylenetetramine and CO2. This approach is found able to capture 81.8% of the absorbed CO2 in the solid phase as Triethylenetetramine-carbamate. The absorption–desorption tests using a temperature-swing process reveals that the absorption performance of the Triethylenetetramine/ethanol solution is relatively stable. One limitation of using the Triethylenetetramine/ethanol solution for CO2 removal is that ethanol is a solvent with a high vapor pressure and measures must be taken to mitigate solvent evaporation. Small Organic Molecule Depressants Identified as a subgroup by Nagaraj and Ravishankar (2007), only the polyamines DETA (diethylenetriamine) and TETA (triethylenetetramine) introduced in processing Ni ores to depress pyrrhotite (Marticorena et al., 1994; Kelebek and Tukel, 1999) are considered. While the mechanism may not be fully understood, the amines’ N-C-C-N structure does chelate with metal ions such as Cu and Ni that may be accidentally activating the pyrrhotite. Depression of pyroxene (a silicate) by DETA and triethylenetetramine (TETA) in selective flotation of pentlandite was attributed to this deactivation mechanism. In combination with sulfite ions to reduce potential and thus reaction with xanthate (even decomposing it to carbon disulfide) increases the effectiveness of polyamine depressants. A condensate of a poly(amine), such as diethylene triamine, triethylenetetramine, or amino ethylethanolamine, with C21 or C22 carbon fatty acids or tall oil fatty acids can be used as corrosion inhibitor base. Propargyl alcohol has been found to enhance the anticorrosive effects of the composition. Diethylenetriamine and triethylenetetramine are highly reactive primary aliphatic amines with five and six active hydrogen atoms available for cross-linking respectively. Both materials will cure glycidyl ether at room temperature. In the case of diethylenetriamine, the exothermic temperature may reach as high as 250°C in 200 g batches. With this amine 9–10 pts phr, the stoichiometric quantity, is required and this will give a room temperature pot life of less than an hour. The actual time depends on the ambient temperature and the size of the batch. With triethylenetetramine 12–13 pts phr are required. Although both materials are widely used in small castings and in laminates because of their high reactivity, they have the disadvantage of high volatility, pungency and being skin sensitisers. Properties such as heat distortion temperature (HDT) and volume resistivity are critically dependent on the amount of hardener used. Triethylenetetramine (TETA), a CuII-selective chelator, is commonly used for the treatment of Wilson's disease. Recently, it has been shown that Triethylenetetramine can be used in the treatment of cancer because it possesses telomerase inhibiting and anti-angiogenesis properties. Although Triethylenetetramine has been used in the treatment of Wilson's disease for decades, a comprehensive review on Triethylenetetramine pharmacology does not exist. Triethylenetetramine is poorly absorbed with a bioavailability of 8 to 30%. It is widely distributed in tissues with relatively high concentrations measured in liver, heart, and kidney. It is mainly metabolized via acetylation, and two major acetylated metabolites exist in human serum and urine. It is mainly excreted in urine as the unchanged parent drug and two acetylated metabolites. It has a relatively short half-life (2 to 4 hours) in humans. The most recent discoveries in Triethylenetetramine (TETA) pharmacology show that the major pharmacokinetic parameters are not associated with the acetylation phenotype of N-acetyltransferase 2, the traditionally regarded drug acetylation enzyme, and the Triethylenetetramine-metabolizing enzyme is actually spermidine/spermine acetyltransferase. This review also covers the current preclinical and clinical application of Triethylenetetramine. A much needed overview and up-to-date information on Triethylenetetramine pharmacology is provided for clinicians or cancer researchers who intend to embark on cancer clinical trials using Triethylenetetramine or its close structural analogs. Triethylenetetramine (TETA), a CuII-selective chelator and an orphan drug, is commonly used for the treatment of Wilson's disease. Recently, its potential uses in cancer chemotherapy and other diseases are under investigation. Wilson's disease is an autosomal recessive genetic disorder, manifested by copper accumulation in the tissues of patients. Illness presents as neurologic or psychiatric symptoms and liver disease, resulting in the death of patients, and was considered an incurable disease until the 1950s. Treatments of this disease using orphan drugs were developed in the 1950s by John Walshe. Currently, common treatments for Wilson's disease either reduce copper absorption, by using zinc acetate, or remove the excess copper from the body using chelators such as penicillamine and Triethylenetetramine. Recently, it was shown that Triethylenetetramine could ameliorate left ventricular hypertrophy in humans and rats with diabetes. It has also been suggested that Triethylenetetramine can be used in the treatment of cancer because it is a telomerase inhibitor, and has anti-angiogenesis properties, on the basis of preclinical investigations. In addition, a recent report showed that Triethylenetetramine treatment could overcome cisplatin resistance in human ovarian cancer cell culture via inhibition of superoxide dismutase 1/Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase. Another recent report showed that Triethylenetetramine could induce apoptosis in murine fibrosarcoma cells by activation of the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway. However, no clinical trial or trial plan using Triethylenetetramine to treat cancer has been reported in the literature. Because Triethylenetetramine is an orphan drug and has been used in the clinic for decades, it can be tested readily in clinical cancer chemotherapy. However, in order to take advantage of the possible benefits of Triethylenetetramine in clinical cancer treatment, a thorough understanding of Triethylenetetramine pharmacology is crucial. Although Triethylenetetramine (TETA) has been used in the treatment of the Wilson's disease for decades, relatively few reports on Triethylenetetramine pharmacology in patients with Wilson's disease can be found in the literature, and no comprehensive review of Triethylenetetramine pharmacology exists to date. This overview examines pharmacologic aspects of Triethylenetetramine (TETA) and its current clinical applications, thus providing valuable information to research scientists or clinicians who are interested in using Triethylenetetramine as a treatment for cancer or other diseases. It also reveals the gaps in Triethylenetetramine pharmacology that need to be addressed, despite its decades of clinical use in patients with Wilson's disease. Chemistry and Detection Triethylenetetramine (TETA) is a structure analog of linear polyamine compounds spermidine and spermine. It was first made in Berlin, Germany in 1861 and was made as a dihydrochloride salt in 1896. Its chelation activity was studied at Cambridge University in 1925. CuII prefers nitrogen to oxygen as a ligand, and because Triethylenetetramine has four nitrogen groups, it fits the square-planar geometry in which CuII is most stable. Therefore, it binds CuII very tightly, having a dissociation constant from CuII of 10−15 mol/L at pH 7.0. Triethylenetetramine is mainly used in the clinic in the form of dihydrochloride salt (trientine; refs. 1, 16); although, a Triethylenetetramine disuccinate form has recently been developed as well. Trientine dissolves in aqueous solutions and presents as a free-based Triethylenetetramine. The detection of Triethylenetetramine in aqueous solutions has proven to be difficult because Triethylenetetramine has a very polar structure, does not elute efficiently from conventional high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) columns, and possesses little absorbance at accessible UV detection wavelengths. One solution, inspired by aqueous polyamine analytic methods, is to use fluorescence-labeling reagents to derivatize Triethylenetetramine and detect its derivatives by using a fluorimetric detector. A number of fluorescence-labeling reagents have been tried, including m-toluoyl chloride, fluorescamine, dansyl chloride, O-phthalaldhyde, 4-(1-pyrene)butyric acid N-hydroxysuccinimide ester, and 9-flouorenylmehylchlorofomat. However, fluorimetric methods are associated with challenges, such as whether the analyte is fully or partially labeled, and whether detected peaks are separated from other known or unknown metabolites, polyamines, and their metabolites. Only one of the above methods addressed those concerns. An HPLC-conductivity detection method has also been developed, but its detection limit is relatively high, rendering poor sensitivity to the method. Recently, a nonderivatized method using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) has been developed to detect Triethylenetetramine and its two major metabolites simultaneously in aqueous solutions, providing more sensitive detection and analytic power. With the availability of the LC-MS-MS technology, a method with higher sensitivity and accuracy could be developed to study Triethylenetetramine and its metabolites in human samples, which will certainly facilitate future pharmacologic studies of Triethylenetetramine. Absorption in animals Results obtained from rat and dog studies show that Triethylenetetramine has a relatively slow absorption and apparently incomplete intestinal absorption. The Tmax for rats, dogs, and rabbits after oral Triethylenetetramine administration is 0.5 to 2 hours, indicating an overall slow gut absorption. The intestinal absorption rate in normal male Wistar rats has been reported to be 42% in the jejunum and 22.5% in the ileum using an in situ loop method. In Long-Evans Cinnamon (LEC) rats, the model organism for Wilson's disease, the jejunum absorption rate has been reported to be approximately 46%, and without statistical significance when compared with data derived from Wistar rats. In Sprague Dawley rats, the extent of absorption after oral Triethylenetetramine administration has been reported to be 44.3%. In vitro studies have been carried out to determine the uptake characteristics of Triethylenetetramine by rat intestinal brush-border membrane vesicles. The mechanism of absorption is similar to those of physiologic polyamines, such as spermine and spermidine, with respect to excessive accumulation in vesicles, pH dependency, temperature dependency, and the ineffectiveness of K+ diffusion potential. The initial uptake of Triethylenetetramine has a Km value of 1.1 mmol/L, which is larger than that observed for spermine and spermidine. The uptake rate of Triethylenetetramine can be inhibited in a dose-dependent manner by spermine and spermidine. The bioavailability range of oral trientine in fasted rats was first reported at 6 to 18%. Later reports provided similar results. One study reported a bioavailability of 2.31% in nonfasted rats and 6.56% in fasted rats. A second report showed bioavailability in three fasted rats at 5.6%, 5.7%, and 16.4%, respectively. A third report provided a bioavailability of 14.0% in nonfasted rats and 25.5% in fasted rats. A fourth report determined that the bioavailability in fasted rats was 13.78%. Overall, the bioavailability of oral Triethylenetetramine (TETA) administration is relatively low in rats, and food intake seems to reduce it further. Distribution in animals Triethylenetetramine (TETA) is widely distributed into various tissues in rats, either in the form of unchanged parent compound or biotransformed metabolite(s). The earliest study done by Gibbs and Walshe using 14C radio-labeled Triethylenetetramine-4HCl showed that liver, kidney, and muscle had higher Triethylenetetramine concentrations than those quantified in plasma. A later study using 14C radio-labeled trientine showed that Triethylenetetramine could be found in most rat tissues, including cerebrum, cerebellum, hypophysis, eyeball, harderian gland, thyroid, submaxillary gland, lymphatic gland, thymus, heart, lung, liver, kidney, adrenal, spleen, pancreas, fat, brown fat, muscle, skin, bone marrow, testis, epididymis, prostate gland, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine. However, concentrations in liver and kidney seemed to be much higher than those in plasma, and plasma concentrations were higher than those observed for other tissues. Apart from liver and kidney, other tissues did not accumulate significant amounts of Triethylenetetramine after oral administration. In the analyses, it was observed that both the parent compound and metabolite(s) exist in all tissues. A later report confirmed such findings, showing that concentration ratios of liver/plasma and kidney/plasma were greater than 1, whereas brain, lung, spleen, and white fat have ratios lower than 1. It is proposed that Triethylenetetramine (TETA) shares a common transport mechanism with polyamines in intestinal uptake. It is likely that Triethylenetetramine is also transported across biological membrane into mammalian cells by the same transporter for polyamines. The transporter of polyamines has been identified as glypican-1. Inside cells, polyamines are further transported into mitochondria, where polyamine concentrations can reach millimolar level, electrophoretically by a specific polyamine uniporter. It is therefore not surprising that Triethylenetetramine is widely distributed in the body and can be accumulated in the tissues. Distribution in humans No data are available for tissue distribution in humans. Because the bioavailability has not been established in humans, the volume of distribution cannot be calculated from previously published studies. However, a recent study reported that the central and peripheral volumes of distribution were 393 L and 252 L, respectively. These values indicate that Triethylenetetramine (TETA) is widely distributed in the human body, where accumulation in certain tissues is likely to happen. Metabolism in animals Triethylenetetramine is extensively metabolized in rats. In vitro experiments have shown that about 50% of Triethylenetetramine was eliminated from the S9 liver fraction system after 2 hours of incubation. One in vivo study in rats showed that after oral administration of trientine, only 3.1% of the dose was found in the 24-hour urine collection as the unchanged parent compound, whereas metabolites accounted for 32.6% of the oral dose. Another in vivo study reported that 2.6% of the dose was recovered from 24-hour urine collection as the unchanged parent compound, and 11% metabolites. The existence of acetylated metabolites in rats was first proposed, then established by Gibbs and Walshe. To date, two acetylated metabolites, N1-acetyltriethylenetetramine and N1,N10-diacetyltriethylenetetramine, have been identified. Triethylenetetramine metabolite levels in rat tissues have been investigated in two studies. In one study, after oral administration of trientine, the plasma AUC0 to 6 h of the metabolite MAT has been reported to be higher than that of unchanged Triethylenetetramine in rats. Both the same report and another early report showed that MAT existed in rat tissues at similar levels observed for the unchanged parent compound. Metabolism in humans Triethylenetetramine is extensively metabolized in humans, as a number of metabolites have been found in urine other than the unchanged parent compound. Two major Triethylenetetramine metabolites have been identified from human urine, both of which are acetylation products of Triethylenetetramine. MAT was first identified in 1993, and further studied in 1997. DAT was first identified in 2007, and further studied together with MAT in both healthy volunteers and patients affected with diabetes. Most of the absorbed Triethylenetetramine (TETA) dose is excreted as either unchanged parent compound or metabolites in urine, as bile excretion seems to be minimal, shown in one study in which less than 0.8% of intravenous-administered Triethylenetetramine was excreted via bile excretion. The majority of the urinary excreted Triethylenetetramine is in the form of metabolites, MAT, and DAT. The recovery of unchanged parent compound in urine ranges from 0.71 to 4.10% of the administered dose in healthy volunteers, and from 0.64 to 2.40% in patients with Wilson's disease or diabetes. Metabolite(s) recovery ranges from 2.50 to 9.00% in healthy volunteers; and, from 8.56 to 27.1% in patients with diabetes or Wilson's disease. It is suggested that patients with diabetes have a higher rate of Triethylenetetramine metabolism than healthy volunteers. Whether other disease states, such as Wilson's disease or cancer, have the same effect on Triethylenetetramine metabolism as diabetes has not been established, but further investigation is warranted. It is worth noticing that cancer-derived cytokines may repress the activity of drug-metabolizing enzymes, especially cytochrome P450 enzymes. The enzyme responsible for Triethylenetetramine metabolism has yet to be formally identified. Because two major metabolites have been identified as acetylation products of Triethylenetetramine, it is natural to suggest that the major drug acetylation enzyme, N-acetyltransferase (NAT2), is responsible for Triethylenetetramine's acetylation. However, a recent study showed that there is no correlation between the NAT2 acetylation phenotype and metabolic rate of Triethylenetetramine. This lack of correlation suggests another enzyme may be responsible for Triethylenetetramine's metabolism. A current study conducted by our laboratory shows that spermidine/spermine acetyltransferase (SSAT) is the enzyme responsible for the formation of two of the Triethylenetetramine acetylation metabolites.3 Given the fact that Triethylenetetramine is a structural analog of spermidine and spermine, it is not surprising that SSAT is the enzyme that metabolizes Triethylenetetramine in humans. SSAT may also be responsible for the metabolism of many other polyamine analogs, such as diethylspermine and diethylnorspermine, which are currently in clinical trials for the treatment of cancer. Excretion and/or elimination in animals Most of the absorbed Triethylenetetramine that is excreted via urine as bile and lung excretions seems to be minimal in animal studies. One study found that after oral trientine administration to rats, 0.69% of the dose was found in expired air and 0.86% of the dose was excreted via bile. The urinary excreted Triethylenetetramine is mainly in the form of acetylated metabolites, whereas the unchanged parent compound represents a smaller percentage of the dose. The renal clearance of Triethylenetetramine in rat is about 30% higher than creatinine clearance, which indicates that Triethylenetetramine is actively excreted from the renal tubule into urine. It has been identified that the Na+/spermine antiporter in the rat renal tubular brush-border membrane is responsible for active excretion of spermine, Triethylenetetramine, and any other straight-chain polyamine compound with more than four amino groups. Triethylenetetramine metabolites MAT and DAT, are also straight-chain structures, and with four amino groups, they should be able to be actively excreted in kidney as well. Therefore, it is not surprising that a large number of metabolites are found in rat urine. Diseases that compromise kidney function in rats seem to affect urinary excretion of Triethylenetetramine. One early study reported that LEC rats, a rat model of Wilson's disease, had significantly lower urinary Triethylenetetramine excretion than that in normal Wistar rats. This lower rate was due to the impairment of kidney function in LEC rats. The plasma elimination half-lives (T1/2) of Triethylenetetramine in rat,dog, and rabbit are between 0.5 to 2 hours, which suggests that Triethylenetetramine is quickly removed from the blood. Excretion and/or elimination in humans Most of the urinary excreted Triethylenetetramine is in the form of the unchanged parent compound and two acetylated metabolites, MAT and DAT. Patients affected with diabetes excrete more metabolites in urine than healthy volunteers. It has been reported that urinary excretion of spermine is elevated in patients with certain types of cancer. The implication of these facts for Triethylenetetramine (TETA) excretion is unknown because the mechanism of Triethylenetetramine urinary excretion in humans has yet to be established. Urinary concentrations of Cu, Fe, and Zn all increased in parallel with Triethylenetetramine excretion. Trientine (TETA) administration has also been shown to increase the fecal excretion of Cu in Wilson's disease patients . Drug-drug interactions It has been shown in a rat study that diuretics, such as acetazolamide and furosemide, can increase the urinary Triethylenetetramine excretion. In contrast, drugs that are the substrate of the H+/organic cation antiporter or aminoglycoside antibiotics do not interact with Triethylenetetramine in terms of excretion. Diuretics are the drugs that change the concentration of sodium ions in renal proximal tubules. The increase in the luminal concentration of sodium ions accelerates the Na+/spermine antiporter, which is responsible for the active excretion of Triethylenetetramine into urine. No drug interaction information in humans is currently available. Only a few drugs are metabolized via the acetylation route, and even fewer drugs are possibly metabolized via the SSAT route. This observation implicates that there may be few drug-drug interactions, because metabolizing enzyme activation or competition is unlikely between Triethylenetetramine and most of other drugs. Mechanism of action in Wilson's disease Triethylenetetramine (TETA) is a CuII-selective chelator, which aids the systemic elimination of divalent Cu from the human body by forming a stable complex that is readily excreted from the kidney. Triethylenetetramine not only increases urinary Cu excretion, but also decreases intestinal copper absorption by 80%. Triethylenetetramine and its metabolite, MAT, are both capable of binding divalent Cu, Fe, and Zn. However, the chelating activity of MAT is significantly lower than that of Triethylenetetramine. The urinary levels of copper increase in parallel with the amount of Triethylenetetramine (TETA) excretion in healthy volunteers, but increase in parallel with the sum of Triethylenetetramine and MAT in diabetic patients. The removal of excessive Cu in Wilson's disease patients is regarded as its mechanism of action for treating

Triethylenetetramine (TETA ) is a polyazaalkane that is decane in which the carbon atoms at positions 1, 4, 7 and 10 are replaced by nitrogens.
Triethylenetetramine (TETA ) has a role as a copper chelator.
Triethylenetetramine (TETA ) is a tetramine and a polyazaalkane.

CAS: 112-24-3
MF: C6H18N4
MW: 146.23
EINECS: 203-950-6

Cross sensitivity is possible with diethylenetriamine and diethylenediamine.
Triethylenetetramine (TETA ) is a corrosive liquid.
A yellowish liquid.
Less dense than water.
Combustible, though may be difficult to ignite.
Corrosive to metals and tissue.
Vapors heavier than air.
Toxic oxides of nitrogen produced during combustion.

Used in detergents and in the synthesis of dyes, pharmaceuticals and other chemicals.
Triethylenetetramine (TETA ), also known as trientine (INN) when used medically, is an organic compound with the formula [CH2NHCH2CH2NH2]2.
The pure freebase is a colorless oily liquid, but, like many amines, older samples assume a yellowish color due to impurities resulting from air-oxidation.
Triethylenetetramine (TETA ) is soluble in polar solvents.
The branched isomer tris(2-aminoethyl)amine and piperazine derivatives may also be present in commercial samples of Triethylenetetramine (TETA ).

The hydrochloride salts are used medically as a treatment for copper toxicity.
Triethylenetetramine (TETA ) appears as a yellowish liquid.
Less dense than water.
Combustible, though may be difficult to ignite.
Corrosive to metals and tissue. Vapors heavier than air.
Toxic oxides of nitrogen produced during combustion.
Used in detergents and in the synthesis of dyes, pharmaceuticals and other chemicals.

Triethylenetetramine, also known as trien or TETA, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as dialkylamines.
These are organic compounds containing a dialkylamine group, characterized by two alkyl groups bonded to the amino nitrogen.
Based on a literature review a significant number of articles have been published on Triethylenetetramine.
Triethylenetetramine (TETA ) has been identified in human blood as reported by (PMID: 31557052 ).

Triethylenetetramine (TETA ) is not a naturally occurring metabolite and is only found in those individuals exposed to this compound or its derivatives.
Technically Triethylenetetramine (TETA ) is part of the human exposome.
The exposome can be defined as the collection of all the exposures of an individual in a lifetime and how those exposures relate to health.
An individual's exposure begins before birth and includes insults from environmental and occupational sources.

Triethylenetetramine (TETA ) is triethylenetetramine acts as a curing agent for epoxy resins.
Triethylenetetramine (TETA ) also functions as a corrosion inhibitor, surfactant and mineral processing aid.
Triethylenetetramine (TETA ) is compatible with polyamides.
Triethylenetetramine (TETA )) can be used in composites.
Triethylenetetramine (TETA ) is used as a polymer and resin modifier.

The shelf life of the product is 24 months.
Triethylenetetramine (TETA ) is an antimicrobial agent that has been shown to be effective against a wide variety of bacteria, including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Clostridium perfringens.
Triethylenetetramine (TETA ) is also used in the treatment of metabolic disorders, bowel disease, and primary sclerosing cholangitis.

The mechanism of action for Triethylenetetramine (TETA ) is not well understood and may involve either direct interaction with bacterial cell walls or interference with the activity of specific enzymes.
Triethylenetetramine (TETA ) has been shown to have long-term efficacy in chronic viral hepatitis infections and in chemical stability studies.
Triethylenetetramine (TETA ) has not been associated with any serious adverse effects in toxicity studies involving humans.

Triethylenetetramine (TETA ) Chemical Properties
Melting point: 12 °C(lit.)
Boiling point: 266-267 °C(lit.)
Density: 0.982 g/mL at 25 °C(lit.)
Vapor density: ~5 (vs air)
Vapor pressure: Refractive index: n20/D 1.496(lit.)
Fp: 290 °F
Storage temp.: Store below +30°C.
Solubility alcohol: soluble
pka: pK1:3.32(+4);pK2:6.67(+3);pK3:9.20(+2);pK4:9.92(+1) (20°C)
Form: Slightly viscous yellow liquid; commercially available form is 95–98% pure, and impurities include linear, branched, and cyclic isomers.
Color: Yellowish liquid or oil
PH: 10-11 (10g/l, H2O, 20℃)
Explosive limit: 0.7-7.2%(V)
Water Solubility: SOLUBLE
FreezingPoint: 12℃
Sensitive: Moisture Sensitive
Merck: 14,9663
BRN: 605448
Exposure limits ACGIH: TWA 1 ppm (Skin)
NIOSH: TWA 1 ppm(4 mg/m3)
Stability: Incompatible with strong oxidizing agents, strong acids.
LogP: -2.65 at 20℃
CAS DataBase Reference: 112-24-3(CAS DataBase Reference)
NIST Chemistry Reference: Triethylenetetramine (TETA ) (112-24-3)
EPA Substance Registry System: Triethylenetetramine (TETA ) (112-24-3)

Triethylenetetramine (TETA ) is a stable compound with a high boiling point of 290°C and a melting point of -11°C.
Triethylenetetramine (TETA ) is a basic compound, with a pKa of 10.9.
Triethylenetetramine (TETA ) is also a chelating agent and can complex with many metal ions.

Uses
Triethylenetetramine (TETA ) is used as an amine hardener in epoxy resin of the bisphenol A type.
Triethylenetetramine (TETA ) is used in synthesis of detergents, softeners, and dyestuffs; manufacture of pharmaceuticals; vulcanization accelerator of rubber; thermo setting resin; epoxy curing agent; lubricating-oil additive; analytical reagent for Cu, Ni; chelating agent; treatment of Wilson's disease.
Triethylenetetramine (TETA ) is a selective CuII-chelator; crosslinking agent.
Triethylenetetramine (TETA ) is undergoing trials for the treatment of heart failure in patients with diabetes.

Epoxy uses
The reactivity and uses of Triethylenetetramine (TETA ) are similar to those for the related polyamines ethylenediamine and diethylenetriamine.
Triethylenetetramine (TETA ) is primarily used as a crosslinker ("hardener") in epoxy curing.
Triethylenetetramine (TETA ), like other aliphatic amines, react quicker and at lower temperatures than aromatic amines due to less negative steric effects since the linear nature of the molecule provides it the ability to rotate and twist.

Health Hazard
Vapors from hot liquid can irritate eyes and upper respiratory system.
Liquid burns eyes and skin.
May cause sensitization of skin.
Combustible material: may burn but does not ignite readily.
When heated, vapors may form explosive mixtures with air: indoors, outdoors and sewers explosion hazards.

Contact with metals may evolve flammable hydrogen gas.
Containers may explode when heated.
Runoff may pollute waterways.
Substance may be transported in a molten form.
Triethylenetetramine (TETA ) is used as an amine hardener in epoxy resins of the bisphenol A type.
Cross-sensitivity is possible with diethylenetriamine and diethylenediamine.

Carcinogenicity
Triethylenetetramine (TETA ) was mutagenic in bacterial assays and was positive in sister chromatid exchanges and unscheduled DNA synthesis tests in vitro.
Triethylenetetramine (TETA ) was not clastogenic in the mouse micronucleus test in vivo after oral or intraperitoneal administration.

Synthesis and Characterization
Triethylenetetramine (TETA ) can be synthesized through a number of different reactions, including the reaction of ethylenediamine and formaldehyde, and the reaction of ethylenediamine and acetaldehyde.
The resulting product is purified using various techniques, including vacuum distillation and chromatography.
The characterization of Triethylenetetramine (TETA ) is usually done using techniques such as nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), infrared (IR) spectroscopy, and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS).

Synonyms
TRIETHYLENETETRAMINE
trientine
112-24-3
Trien
TETA
Triethylene tetramine
Tecza
1,2-Ethanediamine, N,N'-bis(2-aminoethyl)-
DEH 24
Araldite hardener HY 951
Araldite HY 951
1,4,7,10-Tetraazadecane
1,8-Diamino-3,6-diazaoctane
N,N'-Bis(2-aminoethyl)-1,2-ethanediamine
triethylene tetraamine
Trientinum
Trientina
3,6-Diazaoctane-1,8-diamine
N,N'-Bis(2-aminoethyl)ethylenediamine
Trientinum [INN-Latin]
NSC 443
Trientina [INN-Spanish]
N'-[2-(2-aminoethylamino)ethyl]ethane-1,2-diamine
Trethylenetetramine
HY 951
MFCD00008169
Trientine [INN]
triethylenetetraamine
2,2,2-tetramine
CCRIS 6279
Ethylenediamine, N,N'-bis(2-aminoethyl)-
HSDB 1002
EPH 925
NSC-443
N,N'-bis(2-aminoethyl)ethane-1,2-diamine
EINECS 203-950-6
UN2259
CHEMBL609
BRN 0605448
UNII-SJ76Y07H5F
(2-aminoethyl)({2-[(2-aminoethyl)amino]ethyl})amine
N,N-Bis(2-aminoethyl)-1,2-diaminoethane
AI3-24384
SJ76Y07H5F
DTXSID9023702
CHEBI:39501
Tomography, x-ray computed trientine
Trientine HCl
NCGC00091695-01
NCGC00091695-03
N1,N2-Bis(2-aminoethyl)-1,2-ethanediamine
1,2-Ethanediamine, N1,N2-bis(2-aminoethyl)-
N1,N1'-(Ethane-1,2-diyl)diethane-1,2-diamine
4-04-00-01242 (Beilstein Handbook Reference)
DTXCID503702
CAS-112-24-3
triene
Trientene
Ancamine TETA
Trithylne ttramine
1,6-diazaoctane
Triethytenetetramine
3,8-diamine
Epicure 925
Epicure 3234
Epikure 3234
Rutapox VE 2896
TET (CHRIS Code)
TRIENTINE [MI]
1,7,10-Tetraazadecane
TRIENTINE [VANDF]
bmse000773
D09VAZ
RT 1AX
TETA (crosslinking agent)
Texlin 300 (Salt/Mix)
TRIENTINE [WHO-DD]
Triethylenetetramine (8CI)
3,6-Diazaoctanethylenediamin
SCHEMBL15439
WLN: Z2M2M2Z
1 4 7 10-Tetraazadecane
1,4,7,10-Tetraazadecano
BIDD:ER0303
BIDD:GT0014
1 8-Diamino-3 6-diazaoctane
1,8-diamino-3,6-diazaoctano
3 6-Diazaoctane-1 8-diamine
3,6-Diazaoctano-1,8-diamina
NSC443
SCHEMBL6423840
1 2-Bis(2-aminoethylamino)ethane
TRIETHYLENETETRAMINE [HSDB]
STR03562
Tox21_111162
Tox21_201066
BDBM50323751
LS-549
NA2259
STL477736
N,N'-Di(2-aminoethyl)ethylenediamine
AKOS006223906
Tox21_111162_1
Triethylenetetramine, >=97.0% (T)
CS-T-45120
DB06824
Ethylenediamine,N'-bis(2-aminoethyl)-
N N'-Bis(2-aminoethyl)ethylenediamine
VE 2896
NCGC00091695-04
NCGC00258619-01
BP-30180
Ethanediamine, N,N'-bis(2-aminoethyl)-
SBI-0206814.P001
N N'-Bis(2-aminoethyl)-1 2-diaminoethane
N N'-Bis(2-aminoethyl)-1 2-ethanediamine
N,N'-Bis(2-aminoethyl)-1,2-diaminoethane
Triethylenetetramine [UN2259] [Corrosive]
Triethylenetetramine, technical grade, 60%
H 522
T0429
Triethylenetetramine [UN2259] [Corrosive]
1,2-etanodiamina, N, N'-bis (2-aminoetil)-
C07166
EN300-651158
1,2-Etanodiamina, N1, N2-bis (2-aminoetil)-
12-Ethanediamine NN'-bis(2-aminoethyl)-(9CI)
AB00573244_07
N,N''-Bis-(2-amino-ethyl)-ethane-1,2-diamine
Q418386
1,2-ETHANEDIAMINE, N,N'-BIS(2-AMINOETHYL)
J-018026
N,N''-BIS(2-AMINOETHYL)-1,2-ETHANEDIAMINE
W-109064
ETHANE-1,2-DIAMINE, N,N'-BIS(2-AMINOETHYL)-
trietilentetramina, 1,2-bis (2-aminoetilamino) etano
105821-86-1

Trigen, TEG, or triglycol is a colorless odorless viscous liquid with molecular formula HOCH2CH2OCH2CH2OCH2CH2OH.
Trigen is clear, has a mild odor and is not extremely viscous.
Trigen has good solvency for a wide range of organic compounds, including hydrocarbons, oils, resins, and dyes.

CAS Number: 112-27-6
EC Number: 203-953-2
Molecular Formula: C6H14O4
Molecular Weight: 150.17

Triethylene glycol, 112-27-6, Triglycol, 2,2'-(Ethane-1,2-diylbis(oxy))diethanol, Trigen, Triethylenglykol, 2-[2-(2-Hydroxyethoxy)ethoxy]ethanol, Triethyleneglycol, 2,2'-Ethylenedioxydiethanol, 1,2-Bis(2-hydroxyethoxy)ethane, 2,2'-(Ethylenedioxy)diethanol, 2,2'-Ethylenedioxybis(ethanol), 3,6-Dioxaoctane-1,8-diol, 2,2'-Ethylenedioxyethanol, Di-beta-hydroxyethoxyethane, Glycol bis(hydroxyethyl) ether, Trigol, Caswell No. 888, Ethanol, 2,2'-[1,2-ethanediylbis(oxy)]bis-, Triethylene glcol, Ethylene glycol dihydroxydiethyl ether, 2,2'-[ethane-1,2-diylbis(oxy)]diethanol, Bis(2-hydroxyethoxyethane), TEG, Ethanol, 2,2'-(ethylenedioxy)di-, 2,2'-(1,2-Ethanediylbis(oxy))bisethanol, NSC 60758, HSDB 898, Triethylenglykol [Czech], Ethylene glycol-bis-(2-hydroxyethyl ether), EINECS 203-953-2, EPA Pesticide Chemical Code 083501, BRN 0969357, CCRIS 8926, 2-[2-(2-HYDROXY-ETHOXY)-ETHOXY]-ETHANOL, 119438-10-7, DTXSID4021393, UNII-3P5SU53360, CHEBI:44926, AI3-01453, NSC-60758, MACROGOL 150, 3P5SU53360, PEG-3, 3,6-Dioxa-1,8-octanediol, Di-.beta.-hydroxyethoxyethane, DTXCID601393, Ethanol, 2,2'-(1,2-ethanediylbis(oxy))bis-, EC 203-953-2, 4-01-00-02400 (Beilstein Handbook Reference), NCGC00163798-03, 2-[2-(2-hydroxyethoxy)ethoxy]ethan-1-ol, 103734-98-1, 122784-99-0, 137800-98-7, 145112-98-7, 2,2'-(ethane-1,2-diylbis(oxy))bis(ethan-1-ol), Triethylene glycol (USP-RS), Triethylene glycol [USP-RS], MFCD00081839, 2-(2-(2-hydroxyethoxy)ethoxy)ethanol, CAS-112-27-6, 2-(2-(2-HYDROXY-ETHOXY)-ETHOXY)-ETHANOL, OH-PEG3-OH, Trigenos, triethylenglycol, Trithylne glycol, triethylene-glycol, Triethyleneglycol, Tri-ethylene glycol, 3,8-diol, TEG (CHRIS Code), TEG (GLYCOL), Triethylene glycol, puriss., SCHEMBL14929, WLN: Q2O2O2Q, AMY375, di(2-ethylbutyrate), diacetate, Ethanol,2'-(ethylenedioxy)di-, Triethylene glycol [MI], CHEMBL1235259, Triethylene glycol Reagent Grade, 1,8-dihydroxy-3,6-dioxaoctane, Triethylene glycol [HSDB], Triethylene glycol [INCI], 2, 2'- (ethylenedioxy)diethanol, 2,2' - (ethylenedioxy)diethanol, Triethylene glycol DIMALEATE, NSC60758, STR02345, Triethylene glycol [WHO-DD], Tox21_112073, Tox21_202440, Tox21_300306, LS-550, MFCD00002880, MFCD01779596, MFCD01779599, MFCD01779601, MFCD01779603, MFCD01779605, MFCD01779609, MFCD01779611, MFCD01779612, MFCD01779614, MFCD01779615, MFCD01779616, STL282716, AKOS000120013, Triethylene glycol (Industrial Grade), CS-W018156, DB02327, HY-W017440, USEPA/OPP Pesticide Code: 083501, NCGC00163798-01, NCGC00163798-02, NCGC00163798-04, NCGC00163798-05, NCGC00163798-06, NCGC00254097-01, NCGC00259989-01, 1,2-DI(BETA-HYDROXYETHOXY)ETHANE, 2-[2-(2-Hydroxyethoxy)ethoxy]ethanol #, BP-21036, OCTANE-1,8-DIOL, 3,6-DIOXA-, Triethylene glycol, ReagentPlus(R), 99%, Ethanol,2'-[1,2-ethanediylbis(oxy)]bis-, FT-0652416, FT-0659862, T0428, EN300-19916, 2,2'-(1,2-Ethanediyl bis (oxy))-bisethanol, F71165, 2,2'-(Ethylendioxy)diethanol (Triethylenglykol), Etanol, 2,2'-[1,2-Etanodiilbis (oxi)] bis-, ETHYLENE GLYCOL-BIS(2-HYDROXYETHYL)ETHER, Triethylene glycol, SAJ first grade, >=96.0%, ETHYLENE GLYCOL-BIS-(2-HYDROXYETHYL)ETHER, Q420630, SR-01000944720, Triethylene glycol, Vetec(TM) reagent grade, 98%, J-506706, SR-01000944720-1, ETHANOL, 2,2'-(1,2-ETHANEDIYLBIS (OXY))BIS-, F0001-0256, Triethylene glycol, BioUltra, anhydrous, >=99.0% (GC), Z104476078, Triethylene glycol, United States Pharmacopeia (USP) Reference Standard

Trigen is an additive for hydraulic fluids and brake fluids and is used as a base for "smoke machine" fluid in the entertainment industry.
Trigen are also used as liquid desiccants for natural gas and in air conditioning systems.
When aerosolized Trigen acts as a disinfectant.

Trigen belongs to the class of organic compounds known as polyethylene glycols.
These are oligomers or polymers of ethylene oxide, with the general formula (C2H4O)n (with n>=3).
Trigen, clear, colorless, syrupy (viscous) liquid at room temperature.

Trigen, often colored fluorescent yellow-green when used in automotive antifreeze.
Ethylene glycol is a useful industrial compound found in many consumer products.
Trigen include antifreeze, hydraulic brake fluids, some stamp pad inks, ballpoint pens, solvents, paints, plastics, films, and cosmetics.

Trigen can also be a pharmaceutical vehicle.
Ethylene glycol has a sweet taste and is often ingested by accident or on purpose.
Ethylene glycol breaks down into toxic compounds in the body.

Ethylene glycol and Trigen toxic byproducts first affect the central nervous system (CNS), then the heart, and finally the kidneys.
Ethylene glycol is odorless.
Trigen is a chemical compound with the chemical formula C6H14O4 that is categorized as an alcohol.

Trigen is registered under the REACH Regulation and is manufactured in and / or imported to the European Economic Area, at ≥ 10 000 to < 100 000 tonnes per annum.
Trigen is used by consumers, in articles, by professional workers (widespread uses), in formulation or re-packing, at industrial sites and in manufacturing.

Trigen, at room temperature Trigen is a liquid.
Trigen is soluble in water.
Trigen is a colorless, odorless liquid with the chemical formula C6H14O4.

Trigen belongs to a group of chemicals known as glycols and is composed of three ethylene glycol units connected by oxygen atoms.
Trigen is hygroscopic, meaning Trigen readily absorbs moisture from the air.
Trigen is primarily used as a solvent, particularly in industrial applications.

This makes Trigen useful in various processes such as oil and gas production, natural gas dehydration, and as a solvent in the production of pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and synthetic fibers.
One of the most notable applications of Trigen is its use as a desiccant or a drying agent.

Due to Trigen hygroscopic nature, Trigen can effectively remove water from gas streams and maintain low levels of moisture.
Trigen is particularly important in natural gas processing, where Trigen is commonly employed to remove water vapor and other impurities from natural gas.

Trigen finds use in the production of polyesters, plasticizers, and as a component in some antifreeze formulations.
Trigen can also be found in certain personal care products, such as deodorants and cosmetics, as a moisturizing agent.
It's worth noting that Trigen should not be confused with ethylene glycol, a different compound that is toxic and primarily used as an automotive antifreeze.

Trigens are part of the glycol family, they have different chemical structures and properties.
Trigen can cause material corrosion because of Trigen acidic nature.
Care should be taken to mitigate corrosion concerns when using Trigen through appropriate material selection, use of coatings and use of corrosion inhibitors.

High temperature environments can see high rates of corrosion with Trigen.
Trigen is most commonly used for natural gas dehydration to strip the water out of the gas.
Trigen is wildly used in applications which require higher boiling point, higher molecular weight with low volatility such as plasticizer, unsaturated polyester resin, emulsifiers, lubricants, heat transfer fluids and solvent for equipment cleaning, printing ink.

Trigen is a liquid chemical compound with the molecular formula C6H14O4 or HOCH2CH2CH2O2CH2OH.
Trigen is recognized for its hygroscopic quality and ability to dehumidify fluids.
Trigen is miscible with water and soluble in ethanol, acetone, acetic acid, glycerine, pyridine, and aldehydes.

Trigen is slightly soluble in diethyl ether, and insoluble in oil, fat, and most hydrocarbons.
Trigen is commercially produced as a co-product of the oxidation of ethylene at a high temperature in the presence of silver oxide catalyst, followed by hydration of ethylene oxide to yield mono, di, tri, and tetraethylene glycols.

The oil and gas industries use Trigen to dehydrate natural gas as well as other gases including CO2, H2S, and other oxygenated gases.
Industrial uses include adsorbents and absorbents, functional fluids in both closed and open systems, Intermediates, petroleum production processing aids, and solvents.

Trigen is used in the manufacture of a host of consumer products that include anti-freeze, automotive care products, building and construction materials, cleaning and furnishing care products, fabric, textile, and leather products, fuels and related products, lubricants and greases, paints and coatings, personal care products, and plastic and rubber products.

Trigen is a polymer consisting of ethylene glycol monomers and two terminal hydroxyl groups.
The Trigen chain increases the water solubility of a compound in aqueous media.
Increasing the number of ethylene glycol units within the entire chain improves the solubility properties of the PEG linker.

Trigen is the third members of a homologous series of dihydroxyalcohols.
Trigen is produced in the Master Process by the direct hydration of ethylene oxide.

Trigen is co-produced with MEG and DEG.
Trigen is a colourless liquid.

The main uses for Trigen are based upon Trigen hygroscopic quality.
Trigen is used as a dehydrating agent for natural gas pipelines where Trigen removes the water from the gas before being condensed and reused in the system.
Trigen is also a dehumidifying agent in air-conditioning units.

Trigen is also used to make chemical intermediates such as plasticisers and polyester resins.
Trigen is an additive in hydraulic fluids and brake fluids, and Trigen is also used as a solvent in many applications, including as a selective solvent for aromatics, and a solvent in textile dyeing.

Trigen (also known as TEG, triglycol and Triethylene glycol) is a colourless, viscous, non-volatile liquid with the formula C6H14O4.
Trigen is well known for its hygroscopic quality and Trigen ability to dehumidify fluids.
Trigen is prepared commercially as a co-product of the oxidation of ethylene at high temperature, in the presence of a silver oxide catalyst.

The ethylene oxide is then hydrated to yield mono, di, tri, and tetra ethylene glycols.
Trigen also has mild disinfectant qualities and, when volatised, is used as an air disinfectant for virus and bacteria control.
Trigen is a clear, colorless, viscous, stable liquid with a slightly sweetish odor.

Soluble in water; immiscible with benzene, toluene, and gasoline.
Because Trigen has two ether and two hydroxyl groups Trigen chemical properties are closety related to ethers and primary alcohols.
Trigen is a good solvent for gums, resins, nitrocellulose, steam-set printing inks and wood stains.

With a low vapor pressure and a high boiling point, Trigen uses and properties are similar to those of ethylene glycol and diethylene glycol.
Because Trigen is an efficient hygroscopic agent Trigen serves as a liquid desiccant for removing water from natural gas.
Trigen is also used in air conditioning systems designed to dehumidify air.

Trigen is a member of a homologous series of dihydroxy alcohols.
Trigen is a colorless, odorless and stable liquid with high viscosity and a high boiling point.

Apart from Trigen use as a raw material in the manufacture and synthesis of other products, Trigen is known for Trigen hygroscopic quality and Trigen ability to dehumidify fluids.
Trigen is miscible with water, and at standard atmospheric pressure (101.325 kPa) has a boiling point of 286.5 °C and a freezing point of −7 °C.
Trigen is also soluble in ethanol, acetone, acetic acid, glycerine, pyridine, aldehydes; slightly soluble in diethyl ether; and insoluble in oil, fat and most hydrocarbons.

Trigen is prepared commercially as a co-product of the oxidation of ethylene at high temperature in the presence of silver oxide catalyst, followed by hydration of ethylene oxide to yield mono(one)-, di(two)-, tri(three)- and tetraethylene glycols.
Trigen is well established as a relatively mild disinfectant toward a variety of bacteria, influenza A viruses and spores of Penicillium notatum fungi.

Trigens exceptionally low toxicity, broad materials compatibility, and low odor combined with Trigen antimicrobial properties indicates that Trigen approaches the ideal for air disinfection purposes in occupied spaces.[4] Much of the scientific work with Trigen was done in the 1940s and 1950s, however that work has ably demonstrated the antimicrobial activity against airborne, solution suspension, and surface bound microbes.

Trigen can be stored and transported in stainless steel, aluminium or lined tank cars, tank trucks, or 225 kg drums.
Trigen is a colorless, viscous liquid with a slight odor.
Trigen is non-flammable, mildly toxic, and considered non-hazardous.

Trigen is a member of a homologous series of dihydroxy alcohols.
Trigen is used as a plasticizer for vinyl polymers as well as in the manufacture of air sanitizer and other consumer products.

Trigen is commonly used as an ingredient in antifreeze formulations.
Trigen helps lower the freezing point of water, preventing the coolant in automotive engines and HVAC systems from solidifying in cold temperatures.
Trigen is a humectant, which means Trigen has the ability to attract and retain moisture.

Trigen is used in a variety of personal care products like moisturizers, lotions, and soaps to prevent them from drying out and to provide hydration to the skin.
Trigen is employed in air conditioning systems as a desiccant to remove moisture from the air.
By reducing the humidity, Trigen helps enhance the efficiency and performance of the cooling process.

Trigen serves as a precursor or intermediate in the production of other chemicals.
Trigen can be used to synthesize polyester resins, polyurethanes, plasticizers, and synthetic lubricants.

Trigen is utilized in the natural gas industry for gas conditioning processes.
Trigen helps remove contaminants such as sulfur compounds and other impurities, making the gas suitable for transportation and commercial use.
Due to Trigen excellent solvent properties, Trigen is employed in the formulation of dyes, inks, and pigments.

Trigen helps dissolve and disperse colorants effectively, facilitating their application in various industries.
Trigen is used in some pharmaceutical formulations as a stabilizer, solvent, or excipient.
Trigen can improve the solubility and stability of certain drugs and aid in the delivery of active ingredients.

Trigen finds applications in laboratories as a solvent for chemical reactions, extraction processes, and chromatography.
Trigens ability to dissolve a wide range of substances makes Trigen useful in various analytical and research procedures.
The hydroxyl groups on Trigen undergo the usual alcohol chemistry giving a wide variety of possible derivatives.

Trigens can be converted to aldehydes, alkyl halides, amines, azides, carboxylic acids, ethers, mercaptans, nitrate esters, nitriles, nitrite esters, organic esters, peroxides, phosphate esters and sulfate esters.
Trigenis a ether-alcohol derivative.
The ether being relatively unreactive.

Trigen, flammable and/or toxic gases are generated by the combination of alcohols with alkali metals, nitrides, and strong reducing agents.
Trigen react with oxoacids and carboxylic acids to form esters plus water.
Oxidizing agents convert alcohols to aldehydes or ketones.

Trigen, alcohols exhibit both weak acid and weak base behavior.
Trigen may initiate the polymerization of isocyanates and epoxides.

Eastman Trigen Plasticizer is compatible with PVC and with PVB resins.
Trigen offers low color, low viscosity and low volatility during processing.
The low viscosity makes Eastman Trigen-EH particularly suitable for use in plastisols to improve the processing characteristics.

In PVC, Trigen is generally blended with plasticizers such as DOP or DOTP for optimum performance.
Trigen offers low viscosity for ease of compounding and low color for excellent clarity in automotive and residential and commercial window applications.
Trigen is commonly used in natural gas sweetening processes to remove acidic gases such as carbon dioxide (CO2) and hydrogen sulfide (H2S).

Trigen acts as a selective solvent, absorbing these impurities from the gas stream and allowing for the production of cleaner natural gas.
Trigen is used as a deicing agent for aircraft and runways.
Trigens low freezing point and ability to mix with water make Trigen effective in preventing the formation of ice and snow on surfaces, ensuring safer conditions for aviation and transportation.

Trigen can act as a preservative due to Trigen ability to inhibit the growth of microorganisms.
Trigen is used in some cosmetic and personal care products, such as creams and lotions, to extend their shelf life and prevent bacterial or fungal contamination.
Trigen is sometimes added to gasoline as an octane booster or fuel system cleaner.

Trigen can improve the combustion efficiency of gasoline, resulting in enhanced engine performance and reduced emissions.
Trigen is utilized as a heat transfer fluid in various industrial processes.
Trigens high boiling point, low volatility, and thermal stability make Trigen suitable for applications where controlled and efficient heat transfer is required, such as in heating systems, solar thermal collectors, and chemical reactors.

Trigen is used in the textile industry for processes like dyeing, printing, and finishing.
Trigen acts as a solvent for dyes and helps facilitate their penetration into fibers, resulting in vibrant and long-lasting colors.

Trigen is employed in the electronics industry to control moisture levels during the manufacturing and storage of sensitive electronic components.
Trigen helps prevent moisture-related damage, such as corrosion or malfunction, in electronic devices.

Trigen is a liquid higher glycol of very low vapor pressure with uses that are primarily industrial.
Trigen has a very low order of acute toxicity by iv, ip, peroral, percutaneous and inhalation (vapor and aerosol) routes of exposure.

Trigen (also known as TEG, triglycol and Triethylene glycol) is a colourless, viscous, non-volatile liquid with the formula C6H14O4.
Trigen is well known for Trigen hygroscopic quality and Trigen ability to dehumidify fluids.

Trigen is prepared commercially as a co-product of the oxidation of ethylene at high temperature, in the presence of a silver oxide catalyst.
The ethylene oxide is then hydrated to yield mono, di, tri, and tetra ethylene glycols.

Trigen is estimated that the total world consumption of Trigen is in excess of 175 metric tonnes annually.

Trigen is a colorless, viscous liquid with a slight odor.
Trigen is non-flammable, mildly toxic, and considered non-hazardous.

Trigen is a member of a homologous series of dihydroxy alcohols.
Trigen is used as a plasticizer for vinyl polymers as well as in the manufacture of air sanitizer and other consumer products.

Trigen is a liquid chemical compound with the molecular formula C6H14O4 or HOCH2CH2CH2O2CH2OH.
Trigens CAS is 112-27-6.

Trigen is recognized for its hygroscopic quality and ability to dehumidify fluids.
Trigen is miscible with water and soluble in ethanol, acetone, acetic acid, glycerine, pyridine, and aldehydes.
Trigen is slightly soluble in diethyl ether, and insoluble in oil, fat, and most hydrocarbons.

Trigen is commercially produced as a co-product of the oxidation of ethylene at a high temperature in the presence of silver oxide catalyst, followed by hydration of ethylene oxide to yield mono, di, tri, and tetraethylene glycols.

The oil and gas industries use Trigen to dehydrate natural gas as well as other gases including CO2, H2S, and other oxygenated gases.
Industrial uses include adsorbents and absorbents, functional fluids in both closed and open systems, Intermediates, petroleum production processing aids, and solvents.
Trigen is used in the manufacture of a host of consumer products that include anti-freeze, automotive care products, building and construction materials, cleaning and furnishing care products, fabric, textile, and leather products, fuels and related products, lubricants and greases, paints and coatings, personal care products, and plastic and rubber products.

Applications of Trigen:
Trigen is used by the oil and gas industry to "dehydrate" natural gas.
Trigen may also be used to dehydrate other gases, including CO2, H2S, and other oxygenated gases.

Trigen is necessary to dry natural gas to a certain point, as humidity in natural gas can cause pipelines to freeze, and create other problems for end users of the natural gas.
Trigen is placed into contact with natural gas, and strips the water out of the gas.

Trigen is heated to a high temperature and put through a condensing system, which removes the water as waste and reclaims the Trigen for continuous reuse within the system.
The waste Trigen produced by this process has been found to contain enough benzene to be classified as hazardous waste (benzene concentration greater than 0.5 mg/L).

Trigen is well established as a relatively mild disinfectant toward a variety of bacteria, influenza A viruses and spores of Penicillium notatum fungi.

Trigen is a colorless liquid with a mild odor. Dense than water.
Trigen is a poly(ethylene glycol) that is octane-1,8-diol in which the carbon atoms at positions 3 and 6 have been replaced by oxygen atoms.

Trigen has a role as a plasticiser.
Trigen is a poly(ethylene glycol), a diol and a primary alcohol.

Oil & Gas Industry:
The main uses for tri ethylene glycol are based upon Trigen hygroscopic quality.
This means that Trigen can absorb moisture from the air through absorption or adsorption.

Trigen is used as a dehydrating agent for natural gas pipelines where Trigen removes the water from the gas before being condensed.
The Trigen can then be continually reused, although the by-product of benzene needs to be disposed of carefully.
Trigen is useful as it prevents the gas from freezing making the gas easier to transport and manage for end consumers.

Mild Disinfectant:
Trigen can also be used as a mild disinfectant.
Due to Trigen low toxicity, antimicrobial properties, and low odour, Trigen is commonly used for air disinfection in occupied areas where more aggressive disinfectants cannot be used.
Due to these disinfectant properties and the dehydrating properties, Trigen is an ideal dehumidifying agent in air-conditioning units.

Uses of Trigen:
Trigen is used by the oil and gas industry to "dehydrate" natural gas.
Trigen may also be used to dehydrate other gases, including CO2, H2S, and other oxygenated gases.
Trigen is necessary to dry natural gas to a certain point, as humidity in natural gas can cause pipelines to freeze, and create other problems for end users of the natural gas.

Trigen is placed into contact with natural gas, and strips the water out of the gas.
Trigen is heated to a high temperature and put through a condensing system, which removes the water as waste and reclaims the Trigen for continuous reuse within the system.
The waste Trigen produced by this process has been found to contain enough benzene to be classified as hazardous waste (benzene concentration greater than 0.5 mg/L).

Trigen is a solvent prepared from ethylene oxide and ethylene glycol.
Trigen can be used: To prepare fatty acid gelators, which are used to gelate various edible and vegetable oils.
The Trigen can then be continually reused, although the by-product of benzene needs to be disposed of carefully.

This process is useful as Trigen prevents the gas from freezing making the gas easier to transport and manage for end consumers.
The manufacturing processes of certain types of polymers frequently use Trigen as a plasticizer, which means Trigen reduces brittleness and increases ductility when added to certain types of resins.

One of the most popular materials Trigen is used for as a plasticizer is vinyl polymers.
Materials such as polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and polyvinyl butyral are commonly made using Trigen.
This makes Trigen a key ingredient in items such as automotive parts and coatings.

Trigen is widely used for the dehydration of natural gas.
Trigen helps remove water vapor from the gas stream, preventing the formation of hydrates that can cause blockages in pipelines and equipment.
Trigen is used as a plasticizer for vinyl polymers.

Trigen is also used in air sanitizer products, such as "Oust" or "Clean and Pure".
Trigen is an ingredient in antifreeze formulations.
Trigen lowers the freezing point of water, preventing the coolant in automotive engines and HVAC systems from freezing in cold temperatures.

Trigen is utilized in cosmetics and personal care products such as moisturizers, lotions, and soaps.
Trigen helps retain moisture and keeps the skin hydrated.
Trigen acts as a desiccant in air conditioning systems, reducing the humidity in the air to enhance cooling efficiency and prevent condensation.

Trigen is used as a solvent for dyes, inks, and pigments in industries such as printing and textile manufacturing.
Trigen helps dissolve and disperse colorants effectively.

Trigen is employed in gas conditioning processes to remove impurities such as sulfur compounds from natural gas, making Trigen suitable for transportation and commercial use.
Trigen serves as a precursor or intermediate in the production of various chemicals, including polyester resins, polyurethanes, plasticizers, and synthetic lubricants.

Trigen is used as a deicing agent for aircraft and runways.
Trigens low freezing point and ability to mix with water make Trigen effective in preventing ice formation.

Trigen acts as a preservative in certain products, extending their shelf life and preventing microbial growth.
Trigen is used in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, and other formulations.
Trigen serves as a heat transfer fluid in industrial processes that require controlled and efficient heat transfer, such as in heating systems and chemical reactors.

Trigen, as a solvent to prepare superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles for in situ protein purification.
As an absorbent agent in the subsea natural gas dehydration process.
Trigen is used as a plasticizer, as an additive for hydraulic fluids and brake fluids, and as a disinfectant.

Trigen is an active component of certain pigments, printing dyes, inks and paste.
Trigen finds application as a liquid desiccant and used in the dehydration of natural gas, carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide and air conditioning systems.
Trigen plays as an important role in anti-freeze and de-icing products, cleaning and furnishing care products, lubricant and greases.

Trigen is widely used as an excellent dehydrating agent for natural gas, oilfield associated gas and carbon dioxide; Used as solvent for nitrocellulose, rubber, resin, grease, paint, pesticide, etc; Used as air bactericide; Used as Trigen ester plasticizer for PVC, polyvinyl acetate resin, glass fiber and asbestos pressing board; Used as anti drying agent of tobacco, fiber lubricant and desiccant of natural gas.
Trigen is also used in organic synthesis, such as the production of brake oil with high boiling point and good low temperature performance.

Trigen can be used in gas chromatography as extractant.
Trigen is employed in the sweetening or purification of natural gas.
Trigen helps remove acidic gases, such as carbon dioxide (CO2) and hydrogen sulfide (H2S), which can be corrosive or undesirable in gas pipelines and end-use applications.

Trigen is sometimes used as an additive in gasoline and diesel fuel formulations.
Trigen can improve the combustion characteristics, enhance fuel stability, and reduce emissions.
Trigen is utilized in the electronics industry to control moisture levels during the manufacturing and storage of electronic components.

Trigen helps prevent moisture-related damage and ensures the integrity and reliability of electronic devices.
Trigenis used as an additive in the production of tobacco products such as cigarettes and cigars.
Trigen helps maintain moisture levels and preserve the freshness of the tobacco.

Trigen finds use in laboratories for various purposes.
Trigen can be used as a solvent for chemical reactions, extractions, and chromatography.
Trigens properties make it suitable for sample preparation and analysis in research and analytical laboratories.

Trigen is employed in the formulation of adhesives and sealants.
Trigen can serve as a solvent or plasticizer, helping to improve the workability, flexibility, and durability of these products.

Trigen is used in the production of construction materials such as cement and grouts.
Trigen can help enhance the workability, flow, and setting properties of these materials.
Trigenis sometimes incorporated into metalworking fluids, which are used in machining and cutting operations.

Trigen helps cool and lubricate the metal surfaces, reducing friction and improving tool life.
Trigenmay be used in pharmaceutical formulations as a solvent or co-solvent.
Trigen can aid in solubilizing certain drugs and assist in drug delivery systems.

Food and beverage industry: Trigen may find limited use in the food and beverage industry as a solvent or flavor carrier, although Trigen usage is less common compared to other glycols like propylene glycol.
Trigen is widely used as a solvent.

Trigen has a high flash point, emits no toxic vapors, and is not absorbed through the skin.
Trigen is used in the following products: inks and toners, coating products, heat transfer fluids, lubricants and greases and hydraulic fluids.

Other release to the environment of Trigen is likely to occur from: indoor use (e.g. machine wash liquids/detergents, automotive care products, paints and coating or adhesives, fragrances and air fresheners), outdoor use, indoor use in close systems with minimal release (e.g. cooling liquids in refrigerators, oil-based electric heaters) and outdoor use in close systems with minimal release (e.g. hydraulic liquids in automotive suspension, lubricants in motor oil and break fluids).

Trigen can be found in products with material based on: paper (e.g. tissues, feminine hygiene products, nappies, books, magazines, wallpaper), plastic (e.g. food packaging and storage, toys, mobile phones), fabrics, textiles and apparel (e.g. clothing, mattress, curtains or carpets, textile toys), metal (e.g. cutlery, pots, toys, jewellery), stone, plaster, cement, glass or ceramic (e.g. dishes, pots/pans, food storage containers, construction and isolation material), leather (e.g. gloves, shoes, purses, furniture), rubber (e.g. tyres, shoes, toys) and wood (e.g. floors, furniture, toys).

Trigen monomethyl ether can be used as a reagent and solvent for applications such as: modification of anthraquinone material for redox flow batteriespreparation of polymeric electrolyte for electrochemical devices,formation of the binary system of polyethylene glycol for absorption of silica.
Trigen can be found in complex articles, with no release intended: vehicles, machinery, mechanical appliances and electrical/electronic products (e.g. computers, cameras, lamps, refrigerators, washing machines) and electrical batteries and accumulators.

Widespread uses by professional workers:
Trigen is used in the following products: inks and toners, paper chemicals and dyes, hydraulic fluids, washing & cleaning products, coating products, non-metal-surface treatment products and polymers.
Trigen is used in the following areas: printing and recorded media reproduction.

Trigen is used for the manufacture of: plastic products, chemicals, machinery and vehicles, food products, textile, leather or fur, wood and wood products and rubber products.
Other release to the environment of Trigen is likely to occur from: indoor use (e.g. machine wash liquids/detergents, automotive care products, paints and coating or adhesives, fragrances and air fresheners), outdoor use, indoor use in close systems with minimal release (e.g. cooling liquids in refrigerators, oil-based electric heaters) and outdoor use in close systems with minimal release (e.g. hydraulic liquids in automotive suspension, lubricants in motor oil and break fluids).

Uses at industrial sites:
Trigen is used in the following products: inks and toners, coating products, polymers, washing & cleaning products, heat transfer fluids, fuels and extraction agents.
Trigen has an industrial use resulting in manufacture of another substance (use of intermediates).

Trigen is used in the following areas: mining, formulation of mixtures and/or re-packaging and printing and recorded media reproduction.
Trigen is used for the manufacture of: chemicals and plastic products.
Release to the environment of Trigen can occur from industrial use: in processing aids at industrial sites, as an intermediate step in further manufacturing of another substance (use of intermediates), of substances in closed systems with minimal release, for thermoplastic manufacture and in the production of articles.

Industry Uses:
Adhesives and sealant chemicals
Adsorbents and absorbents
Fuels and fuel additives
Functional fluids (closed systems)
Intermediates
Lubricants and lubricant additives
Plasticizers
Processing aids, not otherwise listed
Processing aids, specific to petroleum production
Solvents (for cleaning and degreasing)
Solvents (which become part of product formulation or mixture)
Wholesales

Consumer Uses:
Trigen is used in the following products: inks and toners, coating products, heat transfer fluids, lubricants and greases and hydraulic fluids.
Other release to the environment of Trigen is likely to occur from: indoor use (e.g. machine wash liquids/detergents, automotive care products, paints and coating or adhesives, fragrances and air fresheners), outdoor use, indoor use in close systems with minimal release (e.g. cooling liquids in refrigerators, oil-based electric heaters) and outdoor use in close systems with minimal release (e.g. hydraulic liquids in automotive suspension, lubricants in motor oil and break fluids).

Other Consumer Uses:
Adhesives and sealants
Anti-freeze and de-icing products
Automotive care products
Building/construction materials not covered elsewhere
Chemical intermediate
Cleaning and furnishing care products
Electrical and electronic products
Fabric, textile, and leather products not covered elsewhere
Floor coverings
Fuels and related products
Ink, toner, and colorant products
Laundry and dishwashing products
Lubricants and greases
Paints and coating
Plastic and rubber products not covered elsewhere

Industry Processing Sectors:
Adhesive manufacturing
All other basic inorganic chemical manufacturing
All other basic organic chemical manufacturing
All other chemical product and preparation manufacturing
All other petroleum and coal products manufacturing
Asphalt paving, roofing, and coating materials manufacturing
Construction
Industrial gas manufacturing
Miscellaneous manufacturing
Oil and gas drilling, extraction, and support activities
Paint and coating manufacturing
Petrochemical manufacturing
Petroleum lubricating oil and grease manufacturing
Petroleum refineries
Plastic material and resin manufacturing
Plastics product manufacturing
Printing ink manufacturing
Rubber product manufacturing
Soap, cleaning compound, and toilet preparation manufacturing
Synthetic rubber manufacturing
Utilities
Wholesale and retail trade

Benefits of Trigen:
Versatile intermediates
Low volatility
Low boiling point
TETRA EG is completely miscible with water and a wide range of organic solvents.

Preparation of Trigen:
Trigen is prepared commercially as a co-product of the oxidation of ethylene at high temperature in the presence of silver oxide catalyst, followed by hydration of ethylene oxide to yield mono(one)-, di(two)-, tri(three)- and tetraethylene glycols.

Production Methods of Trigen:
Trigen, like diethylene glycol, is produced commercially as a by-product of ethylene glycol production.
Trigens formation is favored by a high ethylene oxide to water ratio.

Chemical Properties of Trigen:
Trigen is a clear, colorless, viscous, stable liquid with a slightly sweetish odor.
Soluble in water; immiscible with benzene, toluene, and gasoline.

Because Trigen has two ether and two hydroxyl groups Trigen chemical properties are closety related to ethers and primary alcohols.
Trigen is a good solvent for gums, resins, nitrocellulose, steam-set printing inks and wood stains.

With a low vapor pressure and a high boiling point, Trigen uses and properties are similar to those of ethylene glycol and diethylene glycol.
Because Trigen is an efficient hygroscopic agent Trigen serves as a liquid desiccant for removing water from natural gas.
Trigen is also used in air conditioning systems designed to dehumidify air.

Reactivity Profile of Trigen:
Trigen is a ether-alcohol derivative.
The ether being relatively unreactive.
Trigen, flammable and/or toxic gases are generated by the combination of alcohols with alkali metals, nitrides, and strong reducing agents.

Trigen react with oxoacids and carboxylic acids to form esters plus water.
Oxidizing agents convert alcohols to aldehydes or ketones.
Alcohols exhibit both weak acid and weak base behavior.

Identifiers of Trigen:
Physical State: Liquid
Storage: Store at room temperature
Melting Point: -7° C (lit.)
Boiling Point: 125-127° C (lit.) at 0.1 mmHg
Density: 1.12 g/mL at 20° C

Properties of Trigen:
Chemical formula: C6H14O4
Molar mass: 150.174 g·mol−1
Appearance: Colorless liquid
Density: 1.1255 g/mL
Melting point: −7 °C (19 °F; 266 K)
Boiling point: 285 °C (545 °F; 558 K)

Melting point: −7 °C(lit.)
Boiling point: 125-127 °C0.1 mm Hg(lit.)
Density: 1.124 g/mL at 20 °C(lit.)
vapor density: 5.2 (vs air)
vapor pressure: refractive index: n20/D 1.455(lit.)
Flash point: 165 °C
storage temp.: Store below +30°C.
solubility H2O: 50 mg/mL at 20 °C, clear, colorless
form: Viscous Liquid
pka: 14.06±0.10(Predicted)
color: Clear very slightly yellow
PH: 5.5-7.0 (25℃, 50mg/mL in H2O)
Odor: Very mild, sweet.
explosive limit: 0.9-9.2%(V)
Water Solubility: SOLUBLE
Sensitive: Hygroscopic
λmax λ: 260 nm Amax: 0.06
λ: 280 nm Amax: 0.03
Merck: 14,9670
BRN: 969357
Stability: Stable. Combustible. Incompatible with strong oxidizing agents.
LogP: -1.75 at 25℃

Names of Trigen:

IUPAC names:
1,2-bis(2-hydroxyethoxy)ethane
2,2'-(ethylenedioxy) diethanol
2,2'-(Ethylenedioxy)diethanol
2,2'-(ethylenedioxy)diethanol
2,2'-(ethylenedioxy)diethanol
2,2'-(etilendioxi)dietanol
2,2'-[ethane-1,2-diylbis(oxy)]diethanol
2,2-(ethylenedioxy)diethanol
2,2’- {ethane-1,2-diylbis(oxy)}diethanol
2,2’-[1,2-Ethanediylbis(oxy)]bisethanol
2-[2-(2-hydroxyethoxy)ethoxy]ethan-1-ol
2-[2-(2-Hydroxyethoxy)ethoxy]ethanol
2-[2-(2-hydroxyethoxy)ethoxy]ethanol
Ethanol, 2,2'-(1,2-ethanediylbis(oxy))bis-
Ethanol, 2,2'-[1,2-ethanediylbis(oxy)]bis-
not applicable
TEG
Triethylene glycol
Triethylene glycol
Triethylene glycol
Triethylene glycol
Triethylene glycol
Triethylene glycol (TEG)
Triethylene glycol, also known as TEG.
TRIETHYLENEGLYCOL
triethyleneglycol
Triethyleneglycol
Triethylenglykol

DESCRIPTION:

Trigonox B-C30 is an initiator for (co)polymerization of ethylene.
Trigonox B-C30 is an efficient initiator (30% active ingredient in odorless mineral spirits) for the production of Low Density Polyethylene (LDPE).
Trigonox B-C30 is used for both tubular and autoclave processes.
In most cases a combination with other peroxides is used to ensure a broad reactivity range

CAS number
110-05-4

Trigonox B-C30 is used as an initiator for the (co)polymerization of ethylene, styrene, acrylates and methacrylates.
Being thermally unstable substance, Trigonox B-C30 may undergo self-accelerating decomposition.
Trigonox B-C30 is used for tubular and autoclave processes.


APPLICATIONS OF TRIGONOX B-C30:
Trigonox B-C30 is an efficient initiator for the production of Low Density Polyethylene (LDPE).
Trigonox B-C30 is used both for tubular and autoclave processes.
In most cases a combination with other peroxides is used to ensure a broad reactivity range.


HALF-LIFE DATA OF TRIGONOX B-C30:
The reactivity of an organic peroxide is usually given by its half-life (t1/2) at various temperatures.
For Trigonox B-C30 in chlorobenzene half-life at other temperatures can be calculated by using the equations and constants mentioned below:
0.1 hr at 164°C
1 hr at 141°C
10 hr at 121°C
Formula 1 kd = A•e-Ea/RT
Formula 2 t½ = (ln2)/kd
Ea 153.46 kJ/mole
A 4.20E+15 s-1
R 8.3142 J/mole•K
T (273.15+°C) K


Thermal stability:
Organic peroxides are thermally unstable substances which may undergo self-accelerating decomposition.
The lowest temperature at which self-accelerating decomposition may occur with a substance in the packaging as used for transport is the Self-Accelerating Decomposition
Temperature (SADT). The SADT is determined on the basis of the Heat Accumulation Storage Test.


CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF TRIGONOX B-C30:
Brand
Trigonox®
Chemical family
Organic peroxide
CAS number
110-05-4
Physical form
Liquid
Regional availability
Africa, Asia, Asia Pacific, China, Europe, Global, India, Latin America, Middle East, North America, Oceania
Molecular Weight
146.2
Concentration
3.17-3.39%
Chemical name
Di-tert-butyl peroxide, 30% solution in isododecane
Appearance Clear liquid
Assay 29.0-31.0 %
Color ≤ 30 Pt-Co
Hydroperoxides as TBHP ≤ 0.03 %
Characteristics Density, -10 °C 0.810 g/cm³



SAFETY INFORMATION ABOUT TRIGONOX B-C30:
First aid measures:
Description of first aid measures:
General advice:
Consult a physician.
Show this safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
Move out of dangerous area:

If inhaled:
If breathed in, move person into fresh air.
If not breathing, give artificial respiration.
Consult a physician.
In case of skin contact:
Take off contaminated clothing and shoes immediately.
Wash off with soap and plenty of water.
Consult a physician.

In case of eye contact:
Rinse thoroughly with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes and consult a physician.
Continue rinsing eyes during transport to hospital.

If swallowed:
Do NOT induce vomiting.
Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person.
Rinse mouth with water.
Consult a physician.

Firefighting measures:
Extinguishing media:
Suitable extinguishing media:
Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.
Special hazards arising from the substance or mixture
Carbon oxides, Nitrogen oxides (NOx), Hydrogen chloride gas

Advice for firefighters:
Wear self-contained breathing apparatus for firefighting if necessary.
Accidental release measures:
Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures
Use personal protective equipment.

Avoid breathing vapours, mist or gas.
Evacuate personnel to safe areas.

Environmental precautions:
Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so.
Do not let product enter drains.
Discharge into the environment must be avoided.

Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Soak up with inert absorbent material and dispose of as hazardous waste.
Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.

Handling and storage:
Precautions for safe handling:
Avoid inhalation of vapour or mist.

Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place.
Containers which are opened must be carefully resealed and kept upright to prevent leakage.
Storage class (TRGS 510): 8A: Combustible, corrosive hazardous materials

Exposure controls/personal protection:
Control parameters:
Components with workplace control parameters
Contains no substances with occupational exposure limit values.
Exposure controls:
Appropriate engineering controls:
Handle in accordance with good industrial hygiene and safety practice.
Wash hands before breaks and at the end of workday.

Personal protective equipment:
Eye/face protection:
Tightly fitting safety goggles.
Faceshield (8-inch minimum).
Use equipment for eye protection tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or EN 166(EU).

Skin protection:
Handle with gloves.
Gloves must be inspected prior to use.
Use proper glove
removal technique (without touching glove's outer surface) to avoid skin contact with this product.
Dispose of contaminated gloves after use in accordance with applicable laws and good laboratory practices.
Wash and dry hands.

Full contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0.11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Material tested:Dermatril (KCL 740 / Aldrich Z677272, Size M)
Splash contact
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0.11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Material tested:Dermatril (KCL 740 / Aldrich Z677272, Size M)
It should not be construed as offering an approval for any specific use scenario.

Body Protection:
Complete suit protecting against chemicals, The type of protective equipment must be selected according to the concentration and amount of the dangerous substance at the specific workplace.
Respiratory protection:
Where risk assessment shows air-purifying respirators are appropriate use a fullface respirator with multi-purpose combination (US) or type ABEK (EN 14387) respirator cartridges as a backup to engineering controls.

If the respirator is the sole means of protection, use a full-face supplied air respirator.
Use respirators and components tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or CEN (EU).
Control of environmental exposure
Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so.
Do not let product enter drains.
Discharge into the environment must be avoided.

Stability and reactivity:
Chemical stability:
Stable under recommended storage conditions.
Incompatible materials:
Strong oxidizing agents:
Hazardous decomposition products:
Hazardous decomposition products formed under fire conditions.
Carbon oxides, Nitrogen oxides (NOx), Hydrogen chloride gas.

Disposal considerations:
Waste treatment methods:
Product:
Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company.
Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material.
Contaminated packaging:
Dispose of as unused product.

Trigonox B-C30 is faintly yellow clear liquid.
Trigonox B-C30 is insoluble in water.
With the chemical formula C8H18O2, Trigonox B-C30 serves as an organic peroxide compound.


CAS Number: 110-05-4
EC Number: 203-733-6
MDL number: MFCD00008803
Linear Formula: (CH3)3COOC(CH3)3
Chemical formula: C8H18O2



SYNONYMS:
2-(tert-Butylperoxy)-2-methylpropane, tert-Butyl peroxide, Di-tert-butyl peroxide, 110-05-4, Di-t-butyl peroxide, t-Butyl peroxide, Cadox, Peroxide, bis(1,1-dimethylethyl), Trigonox B, Cadox TBP, Kayabutyl D, Perbutyl D, Interox DTB, Bis(tert-butyl) peroxide, Di-tert-butylperoxid, Peroxyde de butyle tertiaire, Di-tert-butyl peroxyde, Di-tert-Butyl hydroperoxide, di-tert-butylperoxide, Perossido di butile terziario, NSC 673, Bis(1,1-dimethylethyl) peroxide, Di-tertiary-butyl peroxide, M7ZJ88F4R1, DTXSID2024955, NSC-673, (Tributyl)peroxide, DTXCID704955, Bis(t-butyl)peroxide, 2,2'-dioxybis(2-methylpropane), CAS-110-05-4, UNII-M7ZJ88F4R1, t-butylperoxide, tBuOOtBu, Di-t-butylperoxide, di-tertbutylperoxide, ditert.butylperoxide, MFCD00008803, di-tertbutyl peroxide, ditert-butyl peroxide, di-tert.butyl peroxide, di-tertiarybutylperoxide, ditertiary butylperoxide, ditertiarybutyl peroxide, Peroxide, tert-butyl-, di(tert.-butyl)peroxide, di(tert.butyl) peroxide, di-tert.-butyl peroxide, di-tertiary butylperoxide, (tert-C4H9O)2, di-tertiary butyl peroxide, DTBP [MI], Peroxide, bis-tert-butyl-, EC 203-733-6, SCHEMBL14861, NSC673, CHEMBL1558599, (CH3)3CO-OC(CH3)3, 2-tert-butyldioxy-2-methylpropane, Tox21_201461, Tox21_300099, AKOS015902599, NCGC00091801-01, NCGC00091801-02, NCGC00091801-03, NCGC00254065-01, NCGC00259012-01, tert-Butyl peroxide (Luperox DI), 97%, Luperox(R) DI, tert-Butyl peroxide, 98%, D3411, NS00006093, BIS(1,1-DIMETHYLETHYL)PEROXIDE [HSDB], A802134, Q413043, t-butyl peroxide bis(1,1-di-methylethyl)peroxide, J-002365, J-520402, WLN: 1X1 & 1 & OOX1 & 1 & 1, F0001-0215, di-tert-butyl peroxide, tert-butyl peroxide, di-t-butyl peroxide, cadox, peroxide, bis 1,1-dimethylethyl, dtbp, trigonox b, t-butyl peroxide, cadox tbp, kayabutyl d, Peroxide, bis(1,1-dimethylethyl), tert-Butyl peroxide, Bis(tert-butyl) peroxide, Cadox TBP, DTBP, Trigonox B, (tert-C4H9O)2, Cadox, Di-tert-butyl peroxyde, Di-tert-butylperoxid, Perossido di butile terziario, Peroxyde de butyle tertiaire, t-Butyl peroxide, Bis(1,1-dimethylethyl) peroxide, Di-t-butyl peroxide, Di-tertiary-butyl peroxide, t-butyl peroxide bis(1,1-di-methylethyl)peroxide, Peroxide, tert-butyl-, Interox DTB, Kayabutyl D, NSC 673, Perbutyl D, Peroxide, bis-tert-butyl-, di-tert-butyl peroxide,tert-butyl peroxide,di-t-butyl peroxide,cadox,peroxide, bis 1,1-dimethylethyl,dtbp,trigonox b,t-butyl peroxide,cadox tbp,kayabutyl d, Bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)peroxide, Bis(t-butyl)peroxide, Bis(tert-butyl) peroxide, Cadox, Cadox TBP, DTBP, Di-t-butyl peroxide, Di-tert-Butyl hydroperoxide, Trigonox B, t-Butyl peroxide, tert-Butyl peroxide, UN3107, tert-Butyl peroxide , Luperox(R) DI, tert-Butyl peroxide, (tert-C4H9O)2, (tributyl)peroxide, 2-(tert-Butylperoxy)-2-methylpropane, Aztec di-t-butyl peroxoide, bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)-peroxid, bis(t-butyl)peroxide, Bis(tert-butyl) peroxide, bis(tert-butyl)peroxide, DTBP, 2-(tert-Butylperoxy)-2-methylpropane, TERT-BUTYL PEROXIDE, DI-T-BUTYL PEROXIDE, Trigonox b, (tributyl)peroxide, bis(tert-butyl)peroxide, DI-TERTIARY-BUTYL PEROXIDE, Cadox, cadoxtbp,



Trigonox B-C30 is a highly efficient initiator for the production of low density polyethylene (LDPE).
Trigonox B-C30 is an initiator for the (co-)polymerization of ethylene and (meth)acrylates.
Trigonox B-C30 is an organic compound used in polymer chemistry and organic synthesis as a radical initiator.


Trigonox B-C30 is a clear, water-white or yellow liquid.
Trigonox B-C30 is insoluble in water.
Trigonox B-C30 is faintly yellow clear liquid.


Trigonox B-C30 is insoluble in water.
Trigonox B-C30 is a reactive oxygen species that has been used as an oxidant in organic synthesis.
Trigonox B-C30 is typically produced by the oxidation of tert-butanol with hydrogen peroxide and sodium citrate.


Trigonox B-C30 has been shown to be highly resistant to degradation, even at high pH values.
Trigonox B-C30 is one of the most stable organic peroxides, due to the tert-butyl groups being bulky.
Trigonox B-C30 is a colorless liquid.


Trigonox B-C30 is a clear colorless liquid.
Trigonox B-C30 is a clear, water-white liquid.
Trigonox B-C30 has a specific gravity of 0.79, which is lighter than water, and it will float on the surface.


Trigonox B-C30 is nonpolar and insoluble in water.
Trigonox B-C30 is a strong oxidizer and may ignite organic materials or explode if shocked or in contact with reducing agents.
In addition to being an oxidizer, Trigonox B-C30 is highly flammable.


Trigonox B-C30 has a boiling point of 231°F (110°C) and a flash point of 65°F (18°C).
The NFPA 704 designation is health 3, flammability 2, and reactivity 4.
The prefix “oxy” for oxidizer is placed in the white section at the bottom of the 704 diamond.


Trigonox B-C30 is a clear colorless liquid.
Trigonox B-C30 is a colorless, volatile liquid characterized by its sweet odor.
With the chemical formula C8H18O2, Trigonox B-C30 serves as an organic peroxide compound.


Trigonox B-C30 finds extensive applications in both research and industry.
Trigonox B-C30 is an efficient initiator for the production of Low Density Polyethylene (LDPE).
Trigonox B-C30plays a crucial role as an initiator in polymerization reactions and acts as a catalyst for organic synthesis.


Furthermore, Trigonox B-C30 contributes to the production of polymers and various materials, acting as a cross-linker in the synthesis of polyolefins.
Trigonox B-C30 is used both for tubular and autoclave processes.
In most cases a combination of Trigonox B-C30 with other peroxides is used to ensure a broad reactivity range.


Trigonox B-C30 is also known as DTBP, peroxide bis(1,1-dimethylethyl) and tert-Butyl peroxide.
Trigonox B-C30 is a transparant liquid which has C8H18O2 as chemical formula.
Trigonox B-C30 has also been shown to induce neuronal death in vivo, which may be due to its ability to produce hydroxyl radicals and other reactive oxygen species.


The mechanisms of these reactions are still being studied.
Trigonox B-C30 is a transparant liquid which has C8H18O2 as chemical formula.
Trigonox B-C30 is a colorless, volatile liquid characterized by its sweet odor.


With the chemical formula C8H18O2, Trigonox B-C30 serves as an organic peroxide compound.
Trigonox B-C30 finds extensive applications in both research and industry.
Trigonox B-C30 plays a crucial role as an initiator in polymerization reactions and acts as a catalyst for organic synthesis.


Furthermore, Trigonox B-C30 contributes to the production of polymers and various materials, acting as a cross-linker in the synthesis of polyolefins.
Trigonox B-C30 is an organic compound consisting of a peroxide group bonded to two tert-butyl groups.
Trigonox B-C30 can be used for wastewater treatment because it reacts with organic matter and produces less sludge than chlorine.


Trigonox B-C30 also has the ability to react with chemicals in a variety of ways, including transfer reactions, such as the addition of alcohols or esters.
Trigonox B-C30 is an efficient initiator (30% active ingredient in odorless mineral spirits) to produce low-density polyethylene (LDPE) and (meth)acrylates.



USES and APPLICATIONS of TRIGONOX B-C30:
Trigonox B-C30 is used both for tubular and autoclave processes.
In most cases a combination of Trigonox B-C30 with other peroxides is used to ensure a broad reactivity range.
Trigonox B-C30 is used for both tubular and autoclave processes.


The shelf life of Trigonox B-C30 is 3 months.
Trigonox B-C30 is used as an initiator for the (co)polymerization of ethylene, styrene, acrylates and methacrylates.
Being thermally unstable substance, it may undergo self-accelerating decomposition.


Trigonox B-C30 is used for tubular and autoclave processes.
Further Trigonox B-C30 finds its application in the polymerization and copolymerization of styrene, olefins and acrylic resins and as modification agent of polypropylene degradation.


Trigonox B-C30 is used in formulation or re-packing, at industrial sites and in manufacturing.
Release to the environment of Trigonox B-C30 can occur from industrial use: formulation of mixtures and formulation in materials.
Trigonox B-C30 is used in the following products: polymers.


This substance is used for the manufacture of: plastic products and chemicals.
Release to the environment of Trigonox B-C30 can occur from industrial use: as processing aid and as processing aid.
Release to the environment of Trigonox B-C30 can occur from industrial use: manufacturing of the substance.


Trigonox B-C30 is used as initiator for the production of Low Density Polyethylene (LDPE).
Trigonox B-C30 can be used for the market segments: polymer production, polymer crosslinking and acrylics production with their different applications/functions.


Trigonox B-C30 is an efficient initiator for the production of Low Density Polyethylene (LDPE).
Further Trigonox B-C30 finds its application in the polymerization and copolymerization of styrene, olefins and acrylic resins and as modification agent of polypropylene degradation.


Trigonox B-C30 is used for synthesis.
Trigonox B-C30 can be used for the market segments: polymer production, polymer crosslinking and acrylics production with their different applications/functions.


The decomposition reaction proceeds via the generation of methyl radicals.
The peroxide bond undergoes homolysis at temperatures above 100°C.
Hence Trigonox B-C30 is commonly used as a radical initiator in organic synthesis and polymer chemistry.


Trigonox B-C30 can in principle be used in engines where oxygen is limited, since the molecule supplies both the oxidizer and the fuel.
Trigonox B-C30 is used both for tubular and autoclave processes.
In most cases a combination with other peroxides is used to ensure a broad reactivity range.


Trigonox B-C30 has been used as a radical initiator to induce free radical polymerization.
Trigonox B-C30 has also been used as a cetane enhancer in a study to determine the phase behavior of carboxylate-based extended surfactant reverse micellar microemulsions with ethanol and vegetable oil/diesel blends.


Trigonox B-C30 can be used for the market segments: polymer production, polymer crosslinking and acrylics production with their different applications/functions.
Trigonox B-C30 may also be used for the polymerization and copolymerization of styrene in the temperature range of 95-185°C.


In practice, combinations of two or more peroxides with diverging activities are used to reduce the residual monomer content in the final polymer and to increase reactor efficiency.
Trigonox B-C30 is used as an initiator for high-temperature, high-pressure polymerizations of ethylene and halogenated ethylene.


Trigonox B-C30 is used in the synthesis of polyketones.
Trigonox B-C30 is used as a finishing catalyst for polystyrene.
Trigonox B-C30 is used as a polymerization catalyst for acrylonitrile polymers and resins (including olefins, styrene, styrenated alkyds, and silicones).


Trigonox B-C30 is used as curing agent for styrenated alkyds and silicone rubbers.
Trigonox B-C30 is used as ignition accelerator for diesel fuels.
Trigonox B-C30 is used as a cross-linking agent (rubber and resins).


Trigonox B-C30 is used as initiator for the production of Low Density Polyethylene (LDPE).
Trigonox B-C30 is an efficient initiator (30% active ingredient in odorless mineral spirits) for the production of Low Density Polyethylene (LDPE).
Trigonox B-C30 is used for both tubular and autoclave processes.


In most cases a combination with other peroxides is used to ensure a broad reactivity range.
Trigonox B-C30 is used both for tubular and autoclave processes.
In most cases a combination with other peroxides is used to ensure a broad reactivity range.


Trigonox B-C30 is used in tube and autoclave processes.
In most cases, combinations with other peroxides are used to ensure a wide reaction range.



FUNCTION AND USE OF TRIGONOX B-C30:
Trigonox B-C30 is used as a modifier of drying oil, adding this product can significantly improve the drying properties of castor oil, whale oil, tung oil, soybean oil and linseed oil.

Adding to other plastics can improve Trigonox B-C30's gloss and chemical resistance.
As a crosslinking agent, Trigonox B-C30 can be used in silicone rubber, synthetic and natural rubber, polyethylene, EVA and EPT, etc.
As a polymerization initiator, Trigonox B-C30 can be used for polystyrene and polyethylene.



REACTIVITY PROFILE OF TRIGONOX B-C30:
The explosive instability of the lower dialkyl peroxides (e.g., dimethyl peroxide) and 1,1-bis-peroxides decreases rapidly with increasing chain length and degree of branching, the di-tert-alkyl derivatives being amongst the most stable class of peroxides.

Though many 1,1-bis-peroxides have been reported, few have been purified because of the higher explosion hazards compared with the monofunctional peroxides.
Trigonox B-C30 is unlikely that this derivative would be particularly unstable compared to other peroxides in it's class, Bretherick 1979v.



CHMEICAL PROPERTIES OF TRIGONOX B-C30:
Trigonox B-C30 consists of a peroxide group bonded to two tert-butyl groups.
Since the tert-butyl groups are bulky, Trigonox B-C30 is one of the most stable organic peroxides.



REACTIONS OF TRIGONOX B-C30:
The peroxide bond undergoes homolysis at temperatures above 100°C.
For this reason Trigonox B-C30 is commonly used as a radical initiator in organic synthesis and polymer chemistry.

The decomposition reaction proceeds via the generation of methyl radicals.
(CH3)3COOC(CH3)3 → 2 (CH3)3CO•(CH3)3CO• → (CH3)2CO + CH•3
2 CH•3 → C2H6
Trigonox B-C30 can in principle be used in engines where oxygen is limited, since the molecule supplies both the oxidizer and the fuel



PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of TRIGONOX B-C30:
Chemical formula: C8H18O2
Molar mass: 146.230 g•mol−1
Density: 0.796 g/cm3
Melting point: −40 °C (−40 °F; 233 K)
Boiling point: 109 to 111 °C (228 to 232 °F; 382 to 384 K)
CAS Number: 110-05-4
Molecular Weight: 146.23
Beilstein: 1735581
EC Number: 203-733-6
MDL number: MFCD00008803
Physical state: clear, liquid
Color: colorless
Odor: very faint

Melting point/freezing point:
Melting point/range: < -29 °C -
Initial boiling point and boiling range: 109 - 110 °C - lit.
Flammability (solid, gas): No data available
Upper/lower flammability or explosive limits:
Upper explosion limit: > 99 %(V)
Flash point: 6 °C at ca.1.013 hPa - closed cup
Autoignition temperature: No data available
Decomposition temperature: No data available
pH: No data available
Viscosity
Viscosity, kinematic: No data available
Viscosity, dynamic: 7,5 mPa.s at 20 °C
Water solubility: 0,171 g/l at 20 °C
Partition coefficient: n-octanol/water:

log Pow: 3,2 at 22 °C
Vapor pressure: 53 hPa at 20 °C
Density: 0,796 g/mL at 25 °C - lit.
Relative density: No data available
Relative vapor density: No data available
Particle characteristics: No data available
Explosive properties: No data available
Oxidizing properties: none
Other safety information: No data available
Molecular Weight: 146.23 g/mol
XLogP3-AA: 2.1
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 0
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 2
Rotatable Bond Count: 3
Exact Mass: 146.130679813 g/mol

Monoisotopic Mass: 146.130679813 g/mol
Topological Polar Surface Area: 18.5Ų
Heavy Atom Count: 10
Formal Charge: 0
Complexity: 80.8
Isotope Atom Count: 0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 1
Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes
CAS number: 110-05-4
EC index number: 617-001-00-2
EC number: 203-733-6
Hill Formula: C₈H₁₈O₂
Molar Mass: 146.23 g/mol
HS Code: 2909 60 90
Density: 0.80 g/cm3 (20 °C)

Flash point: 6 °C
Ignition temperature: 182 °C
Melting Point: -40 °C
Vapor pressure: 53 hPa (20 °C)
Solubility: 0.063 g/l
CBNumber:CB8852799
Molecular Formula:C8H18O2
Molecular Weight:146.23
MDL Number:MFCD00008803
MOL File:110-05-4.mol
Melting point: -30 °C
Boiling point: 109-110 °C(lit.)
Density: 0.796 g/mL at 25 °C(lit.)
vapor pressure: 40 mm Hg ( 20 °C)
refractive index: n20/D 1.3891(lit.)
Flash point: 34 °F
storage temp.: Store at +15°C to +25°C.
solubility: 0.063g/l
form: Liquid

color: Clear
Odor: distinctive odor
Water Solubility: immiscible
Merck: 14,3461
BRN: 1735581
Stability: May decompose explosively if heated,
subjected to shock, or treated with reducing agents.
InChIKey: LSXWFXONGKSEMY-UHFFFAOYSA-N
LogP: 3.2 at 22℃
CAS DataBase Reference: 110-05-4(CAS DataBase Reference)
Indirect Additives used in Food Contact Substances: TERT-BUTYL PEROXIDE
FDA 21 CFR: 176.170; 177.2600
EWG's Food Scores: 1
FDA UNII: M7ZJ88F4R1
NIST Chemistry Reference: Di-tert-butyl peroxide(110-05-4)
EPA Substance Registry System: Di-tert-butyl peroxide (110-05-4)
Molecular formula: C8H18O2
Molecular weight: 146.22 CAS number: 110-05-4
Density: 0.794(20℃)

Melting point: -40℃.
Molecular Formula / Molecular Weight: C8H18O2 = 146.23
Physical State (20 deg.C): Liquid
Storage Temperature: <0°C
Condition to Avoid: Heat Sensitive
CAS RN: 110-05-4
Reaxys Registry Number: 1735581
PubChem Substance ID: 87558545
Merck Index (14): 3461
Melting Point: -30°C
Density: 0.8000g/mL
Boiling Point: 109°C to 110°C
Flash Point: 6°C
Infrared Spectrum: Authentic
Assay Percent Range: 0.1% max. Tert-butyl hydroperoxide (GC)
Linear Formula: (CH3)3COOC(CH3)3
Refractive Index: 1.3880 to 1.39
Merck Index: 15, 3508
Specific Gravity: 0.8

Solubility Information: Solubility in water: immiscible.
Other solubilities: soluble in most organic solvents
IUPAC Name: 2-tert-butylperoxy-2-methylpropane
Viscosity: 0.9 mPa.s (20°C)
Formula Weight: 146.23
Percent Purity: 99%
Physical Form: Liquid
Color: Clear
Water Solubility: immiscible
Formula: C₈H₁₈O₂
MW: 146,23 g/mol
Boiling Pt: 109 °C (1013 hPa)
Melting Pt: < –25 °C
Density: 0,798 g/cm³ (20 °C)
Flash Pt: 12 °C
MDL Number: MFCD00008803
CAS Number: 110-05-4
EINECS: 203-733-6
Merck Index: 12,03515



FIRST AID MEASURES of TRIGONOX B-C30:
-Description of first-aid measures:
*General advice:
Show this material safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
*If inhaled:
After inhalation:
Fresh air.
Call in physician.
*In case of skin contact:
Take off immediately all contaminated clothing.
Rinse skin with water/ shower.
Consult a physician.
*In case of eye contact:
After eye contact:
Rinse out with plenty of water.
Call in ophthalmologist.
Remove contact lenses.
*If swallowed:
After swallowing:
Immediately make victim drink water (two glasses at most).
Consult a physician.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed:
No data available



ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of TRIGONOX B-C30:
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Cover drains.
Collect, bind, and pump off spills.
Observe possible material restrictions.
Take up carefully with liquid-absorbent material.
Dispose of properly.
Clean up affected area.



FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of TRIGONOX B-C30:
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Foam
Dry powder
*Unsuitable extinguishing media:
For this substance/mixture no limitations of extinguishing agents are given.
-Further information:
Remove container from danger zone and cool with water.
Prevent fire extinguishing water from contaminating surface water or the ground water system.



EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of TRIGONOX B-C30:
-Control parameters:
--Ingredients with workplace control parameters:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use equipment for eye protection.
Safety glasses
*Skin protection:
Full contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,4 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Splash contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,11 mm
Break through time: 30 min
*Body Protection:
Flame retardant antistatic protective clothing.
*Respiratory protection:
Recommended Filter type: Respirator.
-Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.



HANDLING and STORAGE of TRIGONOX B-C30:
-Precautions for safe handling:
*Advice on protection against fire and explosion:
Take precautionary measures against static discharge.
*Hygiene measures:
Change contaminated clothing.
Wash hands after working with substance.
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
*Storage conditions:
Tightly closed.
*Storage stability:
Recommended storage temperature:
2 - 8 °C



STABILITY and REACTIVITY of TRIGONOX B-C30:
-Chemical stability:
The product is chemically stable under standard ambient conditions (room temperature) .
-Incompatible materials:
No data available

Trigonox C a chemical compound from the group of peresters (compounds containing the general structure R1-C(O)OO-R2) which contains a phenyl group as R1 and a tert-butyl group as R2.
Trigonox C is a colorless to slightly yellow liquid with a mild aromatic odor.
Trigonox C is the most widely produced perester.


CAS Number: 614-45-9
EC Number: 210-382-2
MDL Number: MFCD00008802
Molecular Formula : C11H14O3
Linear Formula: C6H5COOOC(CH3)3
Chemical name: tert-Butyl peroxybenzoate
Product Type: Crosslinking Catalysts / Accelerators / Initiators > Organic Peroxides
Chemical Composition: Tert-butyl peroxybenzoate


Trigonox C is a monofunctional peroxide which is used for the crosslinking of natural and synthetic rubbers, as well as thermoplastic polyolefins.
Trigonox C is a monofunctional peroxide, the chemical name is tert-butyl peroxybenzoate, and it is an aromatic peroxide used for high temperature curing of Unsaturated Polyester resins.


Safe processing temperature: 100°C (rheometer ts2 > 20 min.). Typical crosslinking temperature: 140°C (rheometer t90 about 12 min.).
Trigonox C is clear, colorless to slightly yellow liquid with a mild, aromatic odor.
Trigonox C also is stored and transported as a mixture with inert solids and as a solvent slurry, to mitigate the explosion hazard.


Air & Water Reactions of Trigonox C: insoluble in water.
Trigonox C is soluble in ether, alcohol, ester, and ketones.
Trigonox C is insoluble in water.


Trigonox C is registered under the REACH Regulation and is manufactured in and / or imported to the European Economic Area, at ≥ 1 000 to < 10 000 tonnes per annum.
Trigonox C is colourless or slightly yellow liquid.
Trigonox C, [<= 50% with inert inorganic solid] is a clear, colorless to slightly yellow liquid with a mild, aromatic odor. Also stored and transported as a mixture with inert solids and as a solvent slurry, to mitigate the explosion hazard.


Trigonox C is a clear, colorless to slightly yellow liquid with a mild, aromatic odor.
Trigonox C also is stored and transported as a mixture with inert solids and as a solvent slurry, to mitigate the explosion hazard.
Trigonox C is an organic compound with the formula C6H5CO2CMe3 (Me = CH3).
Trigonox C is the most widely produced perester.



USES and APPLICATIONS of TRIGONOX C:
Trigonox C is often used for reduction of residual styrene content during the final polymerization stage.
Trigonox C is used as initiator in co-polymerization of Ethylene, Styrene, Acrylonitrile, Vinyl Acetate,Acrylate and Metacrylates.
Trigonox C is used during styrene co-polymerization at temperatures between 100-140°C.


Trigonox C is used as an initiator for high-pressure polyethylene, silicone rubber curing agent, unsaturated polyester curing agent.
Cosmetic Uses: uv absorbers
Trigonox C is used as a catalyst in the preparation of paper strengthening agents for papermaking.


Trigonox C is used as polymerization initiator (polyethylene, polystyrene, polyacrylates, and polyesters) and curing agent (unsaturated polyesters and silicon rubber).
Trigonox C is also used as a chemical intermediate; [HSDB]
Trigonox C, 98%+ Cas 614-45-9 - used preparation of conformal poly(cyclohexyl methacrylate) thin films via initiated chemical vapor deposition.


Application area can be: air drying lacquers, diplacquers, filament winding, etc.
Common Applications of Trigonox C: Trigonox C is used for the crosslinking of natural and synthetic rubbers, as well as thermoplastic polyolefins.
Trigonox C is used for the cross-linking of natural and synthetic rubbers, as well as thermoplastic polyolefins.
Being thermally unstable substances, Trigonox C may undergo self accelerating decomposition.


Trigonox C is used in wire and cable applications.
In the temperature range of 100-170°C, Trigonox C can be used as an initiator for the solution polymerization or copolymerization of acrylate and methacrylate, especially for the production of coatings.
Trigonox C can also be used as initiator for bulk and suspension polymerization or copolymerization of acrylate and methacrylate.


Trigonox C is preferentially used for thermocompression molding of unsaturated polyester resins (SMC, BMC, etc.) within the temperature range of 120-170°C.
Trigonox C can also be used in combination with highly active peroxides such as Perkadox 16 or Trigonox HM as co-accelerators for pultrusion processes in the range of 100-150 °C
Trigonox C is used as an initiator of radical polymerizatio in the production of polymeric materials.


Trigonox C is used as a hardener for polyester resins.
Trigonox C is used by professional workers (widespread uses), in formulation or re-packing, at industrial sites and in manufacturing.
Other release to the environment of Trigonox C is likely to occur from: indoor use.
Trigonox C is used in the following products: polymers.


Release to the environment of this substance can occur from industrial use: formulation of mixtures and formulation in materials.
Trigonox C is used for the manufacture of: plastic products and rubber products.
Release to the environment of Trigonox C can occur from industrial use: as processing aid and as processing aid.
Release to the environment of Trigonox C can occur from industrial use: manufacturing of the substance.


Trigonox C is used for elevatedtemperaturecuring of polyesters and to initiatepolymerization reactions.
Trigonox C was employed as polymerization and cross-linking catalyst.
Trigonox C was also was employed as initiator during ?grafting of 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-1-piperidinyloxy (TEMPO)-4-oxyacetamido-(3 propyltriethoxysilane) to poly(ethylene co-octene and in preparation of conformal poly(cyclohexyl methacrylate) thin films via initiated chemical vapor deposition.


Uses of Trigonox C: Polymerization initiator for polyethylene, polystyrene, polyacrylates, and polyesters; chem- ical intermediate.
Trigonox C is used as a polymerization initiator and as a chemical intermediate.
Trigonox C is often used as a radical initiator in polymerization reactions, such as the production of LDPE from ethylene, and for crosslinking, such as for unsaturated polyester resins.


-Applications of Trigonox C:
• Standard initiator in BMC, SMC and pultrusion
• High purity, stability, low volatility
• Can be accelerated with metal-based promoters


-Polymerization of styrene:
Trigonox C may be used for the (co)polymerization of styrene in the temperature range of 100-140°C.
In practice, combinations of two or more peroxides with diverging activities are used to reduce the residual monomer content in the final polymer and to increase reactor efficiency.


-Polymerization of styrene:
Trigonox C may be used for the (co)polymerization of styrene in the temperature range of 100- 140°C.
In practice, combinations of two or more peroxides with diverging activities are used to reduce the residual monomer content in the final polymer and to increase reactor efficiency.


-Polymerization of ethylene:
Trigonox C is an efficient initiator for the ethylene polymerization at high pressure in both autoclave and tubular processes.
To obtain a wide spectrum of polymerization temperatures, Trigonox C is often used in combination with other peroxides.
Depending on reaction conditions, Trigonox C is active in the temperature range of 220-270°C.


-In polymer chemistry:
Primarily, Trigonox C is used as a radical initiator, either in the polymerization of e.g. ethylene (to LDPE), vinyl chloride, styrene or acrylic esters or as so-called unsaturated polyester resins (UP resins).
The quantity used for the curing of UP resins is about 1-2%.
A disadvantage, particularly in the production of polymers for applications in the food or cosmetics sector, is the possible formation of benzene as a decomposition product which can diffuse out of the polymer (for example, an LDPE packaging film).


-In organic chemistry:
The protecting group 2-trimethylsilylethanesulfonyl chloride (SES-Cl) for primary and secondary amino groups is accessible by the reaction of vinyltrimethylsilane with sodium hydrogensulfite and Trigonox C to the sodium salt of trimethylsilylethanesulfonic acid and the subsequent reaction with thionyl chloride to the corresponding sulfonyl chloride.


-Polymerization of acrylates and methacrylates:
Trigonox C may be used as an initiator for the bulk, suspension and solution (co)polymerization of acrylates and methacrylates in the temperature range of 90-130°C.
-For Crosslinking:
Trigonox C is a monofunctional peroxide which is used for the crosslinking of natural rubber and synthetic rubbers, as well as polyolefins.


-For Thermoset:
Trigonox C, tert-butyl peroxybenzoate, is an aromatic perester, which is used for the curing of unsaturated polyester resins at elevated temperatures.
Trigonox C is preferred for the curing of UP resin based Hot Press Moulding formulations (SMC, BMC etc.) in the temperature range of 120-170°C.
Trigonox C can also be used in combination with high reactive peroxides like Perkadox 16 or Trigonox HMa as kicker in formulations for pultrusion in the temperature range of 100-150°C.
In combination with a cobalt accelerator (e.g. Accelerator NL-53N, 10% cobalt), Trigonox C is also applicable for the cure of UP resins in the temperature range of 70°C and higher.



RAW MATERIALS OF TRIGONOX C:
Raw Materials
*Benzoyl chloride
*Hydrogen peroxide
*tert-Butanol



DESCRIPTION AND FEATURES OF TRIGONOX C:
Trigonox C is yellowish liquid which has C11H14O3 as chemical formula.
Trigonox C is a low volatility, high purity, aromatic peroxyester. which is effective as medium temperature initiator for polymerization of a broad spectrum of monomers, per example acrylics, ethylene and styrene.
Trigonox C is also used to cure (copolymerization) unsaturated polyester resins at elevated temperatures.
Further Trigonox C is used as catalyst for crosslinking synthetic rubbers like EPR, EPDM and NBR.
Crosslinking catalyst for natural and synthetic rubber materials



PROPERTIES OF TRIGONOX C:
Trigonox C, which is pale yellow, is exclusively encountered as a solution in solvents such as ethanol or phthalate.
As peroxo compound, Trigonox C contains about 8.16 wt% of active oxygen and has a self accelerating decomposition temperature (SADT) of about 60 °C.
The SADT is the lowest temperature at which self-accelerating decomposition in the transport packaging can occur within a week, and which should not be exceeded while storage or transportation.
Trigonox Cshould therefore be stored between minimum 10 °C (below solidification) and maximum 50 °C.

Dilution with a high-boiling solvent increases the SADT.
The half-life of Trigonox C, in which 50% of the peroxy ester is decomposed, is 10 hours at 104 °C, one hour at 124 °C and one minute at 165 °C.
Amines, metal ions, strong acids and bases, as well as strong reducing and oxidizing agents accelerate the decomposition of Trigonox C even in low concentrations.
However, Trigonox C is one of the safest peresters or organic peroxides in handling.
The main decomposition products of Trigonox C are carbon dioxide, acetone, methane, tert-butanol, benzoic acid and benzene.



REACTIVITY PROFILE OF TRIGONOX C:
Trigonox C explodes with great violence when rapidly heated to a critical temperature; pure form is shock sensitive and detonable.
Upon contact with organic matter, t-butyl peroxybenzoate can ignite or give rise to an explosion.
Trigonox C was employed as polymerization and cross-linking catalyst.
Trigonox C was also was employed as initiator during grafting of 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-1-piperidinyloxy (TEMPO)-4-oxyacetamido-(3 propyltriethoxysilane) to poly(ethylene co-octene and in preparation of conformal poly(cyclohexyl methacrylate) thin films via initiated chemical vapor deposition.



PRODUCTION OF TRIGONOX C:
A standard procedure for the preparation of peresters is the acylation of Trigonox C with benzoyl chloride.
In the reaction a large excess of Trigonox C is used and the hydrogen chloride formed is removed in vacuo whereby a virtually quantitative yield is obtained.
Trigonox C can be used to introduce a benzoyloxy group in the allyl position of unsaturated hydrocarbons.
From cyclohexene, 3-benzoyloxycyclohexene is formed with Trigonox C in the presence of catalytic amounts of copper(I)bromide in 71 to 80% yield.

This allylic oxidation of alkenes, also known as Kharasch-Sosnovsky oxidation, generates racemic allylic benzoates in the presence of catalytic amounts of copper(I)bromide.
A modification of the reaction utilizes copper(II) trifluoromethanesulfonate as a catalyst and DBN or DBU as bases to achieve yields up to 80% in the reaction of acyclic olefins with Trigonox C to allylic benzoates.

Substituted oxazolines and thiazolines can be oxidized to the corresponding oxazoles and thiazoles in a modified Kharash-Sosnovsky oxidation with Trigonox C and a mixture of Cu(I) and Cu(II) salts in suitable yields.
The carboalkoxy group at the C-4 position is essential a successful reaction.
Benzene and furans can be alkenylated with olefins in an oxidative coupling under palladium salt catalysis, with Trigonox C as hydrogen acceptor.
In the absence of Pd2+ salts, the aromatics are benzoxylated.



PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of TRIGONOX C:
Physical state clear, liquid
Color: light yellow
Odor: weakly aromatic
Melting point/freezing point:
Melting point/range: 9 - 11 °C at 1.013
Initial boiling point and boiling range: 75 - 76 °C at 0,3 hPa - lit.
Flammability (solid, gas): No data available
Upper/lower flammability or explosive limits: No data available
Flash point 93,4 °C - closed cup - Decomposition
Autoignition temperature: No data available
Decomposition temperature: > 60 °C
pH: No data available
Viscosity
Viscosity, kinematic: No data available
Viscosity, dynamic: 7,5 mPa.s at 20 °C
Water solubility: 1,18 g/l - soluble
Partition coefficient: n-octanol/water:
log Pow: 3 at 25 °C - Bioaccumulation is not expected.
Vapor pressure: < 0,003 hPa at 20 °C
Density: 1,021 g/mL at 25 °C - lit.
Relative density: No data available
Relative vapor density: No data available
Particle characteristics: No data available
Explosive properties: No data available
Oxidizing properties: none
Other safety information:
Relative vapor density: 6,71 - (Air = 1.0)

Appearance: colorless to pale yellow clear liquid (est)
Assay: 95.00 to 100.00
Food Chemicals Codex Listed: No
Specific Gravity: 1.02100 @ 25.00 °C.
Melting Point: 8.00 °C. @ 760.00 mm Hg
Boiling Point: 282.40 °C. @ 760.00 mm Hg (est)
Vapor Pressure: 0.330000 mmHg @ 50.00 °C.
Flash Point: 200.00 °F. TCC ( 93.33 °C. )
logP (o/w): 3.330 (est)
Soluble in: water, 159.2 mg/L @ 25 °C (est)
Melting point: 8 °C
Boiling point: 75-76 °C/0.2 mmHg (lit.)
Density: 1.021 g/mL at 25 °C (lit.)
vapor density: 6.7 (vs air)
vapor pressure: 3.36 mm Hg ( 50 °C)
refractive index: n20/D 1.499(lit.)
Flash point: 200 °F
storage temp.: 2-8°C
solubility: water: soluble1.18g/L
form: Liquid
color: Clear yellow
Water Solubility: Immiscible
BRN: 1342734
Stability: Stable.

Incompatible with a wide range of organic materials - oxidizer.
May react violently with organic compounds.
InChIKey: GJBRNHKUVLOCEB-UHFFFAOYSA-N
LogP: 3 at 25℃
Appearance : clear liquid
Color : 100 Pt-Co/APHA max
Active oxygen : 8.07% min
TBHP as Hydroperoxides : 0.10% max
Density, 20 ℃ : 1.04g/cm3
Viscosity, 20 ℃ : 6.5 mPa.s
Purity : one hundred%
Appearance : clear liquid
Color : 100 Pt-Co/APHA max
Experiment : 98.0% min
Active oxygen : 8.07% min
TBHP as Hydroperoxides : 0.10% max
Density, 20 ℃ : 1.04g/cm3
Viscosity, 20 ℃ : 6.5 mPa.s

Refractive Index: n20/D 1.499(lit.)
Colorless: liquid.
Freezing point of 8.5 deg C,
boiling point of 112 deg C (decomposition),75-76 deg C (2.67kPa)
the relative density of 1.021(20/4 deg C)
the refractive index of 1.4490
Flash point 93 °c.
Soluble in alcohol, ether, Ester and ketone, insoluble in water.
Slightly aromatic odor, stable at room temperature.
Molecular Formula: C11H14O3
Molar Mass: 194.23
Density: 1.021 g/mL at 25 °C (lit.)
Melting Point: 8 °C
Boling Point: 75-76 °C/0.2 mmHg (lit.)
Flash Point: 200°F
Water Solubility: Immiscible
Solubility: DMSO: 22.5 mg/mL( < 1 mg/ml refers to the product slightly soluble or insoluble)
Vapor Presure: 3.36 mm Hg ( 50 °C)
Vapor Density: 6.7 (vs air)

Appearance: Liquid
Color: Clear yellow
BRN: 1342734
Storage Condition: 2-8°C
Stability: Stable.
Melting Point: 8.0°C
Color: Yellow
Density: 1.0400g/mL
Boiling Point: 75.0°C to 76.0°C (0.2mmHg)
Flash Point: 93°C
Infrared Spectrum: Authentic
Assay Percent Range: 98%
Molecular Formula: C11H14O3
Linear Formula: C6H5CO2OC(CH3)3
Refractive Index: 1.4980 to 1.5000
Quantity: 1 kg
Beilstein: 09, IV, 715
Fieser: 01,98; 02,54; 04,66; 07,49; 09,90; 13,58
Viscosity: 6 mPa.s (20°C)
Formula Weight: 194.23
Percent Purity: 98%
Physical Form: Liquid
Chemical Name or Material: tert-Butyl peroxybenzoate, 98%

Molecular Weight: 194.23
XLogP3-AA: 2.8
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 0
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 3
Rotatable Bond Count: 4
Exact Mass: 194.094294304
Monoisotopic Mass: 194.094294304
Topological Polar Surface Area: 35.5 Ų
Heavy Atom Count: 14
Formal Charge: 0
Complexity: 187
Isotope Atom Count: 0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 1
Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes
Physical State : Liquid
Solubility : Soluble in ether, alcohol, ester, and ketones. Insoluble in water.
Storage : Store at 4° C
Melting Point : 9-11° C
Boiling Point : 75-76° C (lit.) at 0.2 mmHg
Density : 1.021 g/mL at 25° C (lit.)
Refractive Index : n20D 1.50



FIRST AID MEASURES of TRIGONOX C:
-Description of first-aid measures:
*General advice:
Show this material safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
*If inhaled:
After inhalation:
Fresh air.
Immediately call in physician.
*In case of skin contact:
Take off immediately all contaminated clothing.
Rinse skin with water/ shower.
Consult a physician.
*In case of eye contact:
After eye contact:
Rinse out with plenty of water.
Remove contact lenses.
*If swallowed:
After swallowing:
Immediately make victim drink water (two glasses at most).
Consult a physician.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed:
No data available



ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of TRIGONOX C:
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Cover drains.
Collect, bind, and pump off spills.
Take up with liquid-absorbent material.
Dispose of properly.



FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of TRIGONOX C:
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Water
Foam
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Dry powder
*Unsuitable extinguishing media:
For this substance/mixture no limitations of extinguishing agents are given.
-Further information:
Prevent fire extinguishing water from contaminating surface water or the ground water system.



EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of TRIGONOX C:
-Control parameters:
--Ingredients with workplace control parameters:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use equipment for eye protection.
Safety glasses.
*Skin protection:
Full contact:
Material: butyl-rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,7 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Splash contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,4 mm
Break through time: 30 min
*Body Protection:
protective clothing
*Respiratory protection:
Recommended Filter type: Filter B-(P2)
-Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.



HANDLING and STORAGE of TRIGONOX C:
-Precautions for safe handling:
*Advice on safe handling:
Work under hood.
*Hygiene measures:
Immediately change contaminated clothing.
Apply preventive skin protection.
Wash hands and face after working with substance.
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
No data available



STABILITY and REACTIVITY of TRIGONOX C:
-Chemical stability
The product is chemically stable under standard ambient conditions (room temperature).



SYNONYMS:
Tretbutylperbenzoate
TBPB
TRIGONOX C
Trigonox C
Luperox P
tert-butyl peroxybenzoate
tert-butyl perbenzoate
t-butyl perbenzoate
chaloxyd tbpb
perbutyl z
esperox 10
novox
trigonox c
tert-butyl peroxy benzoate
terc.butylperbenzoan
tert-Butyl peroxybenzoate
614-45-9
tert-Butyl perbenzoate
tert-butyl benzenecarboperoxoate
t-Butyl perbenzoate
Chaloxyd tbpb
Perbutyl Z
Esperox 10
tert-Butyl peroxy benzoate
Terc.butylperbenzoan
Benzoyl tert-butyl peroxide
Peroxybenzoic acid, tert-butyl ester
Benzenecarboperoxoic acid, 1,1-dimethylethyl ester
t-Butyl peroxybenzoate
Perbenzoate de butyle tertiaire
tert-butyl benzoperoxoate
DTXSID9024699
NSC-674
54E39145KT
benzenecarboperoxoic acid tert-butyl ester
Trigonox C
DTXCID904699
tert-butylperoxybenzoate
t-Butyl peroxy benzoate
CAS-614-45-9
CCRIS 6217
HSDB 2891
NSC 674
Perbenzoic acid, tert-butyl ester
Tert butyl peroxybenzoate
EINECS 210-382-2
BRN 1342734
PEROXYBENZOIC ACID, T-BUTYL ESTER
AI3-06625
UNII-54E39145KT
t-butylperbenzoate
t-butyl per benzoate
t-butyl-peroxybenzoate
terc.Butylester kyseliny peroxybenzoove
tert-butyl-perbenzoate
tert.butyl perbenzoate
tert. butyl perbenzoate
t-butyl benzoyl peroxide
tertiary butyl perbenzoate
tert-butyl peroxy-benzoate
EC 210-382-2
SCHEMBL22820
WLN: 1X1&1&OOVR
NSC674
CHEMBL1328092
BUTYL PEROXYBENZOATE, TERT-
ZINC1596408
Tox21_202287
Tox21_300070
AKOS015890015
T-BUTYL BENZOYL PEROXIDE [INCI]
NCGC00091791-01
NCGC00091791-02
NCGC00091791-03
NCGC00091791-04
NCGC00254006-01
NCGC00259836-01
Benzenecarboperoxoic acid,1-dimethylethyl ester
EN300-129025
Luperox(R) P
tert-Butyl peroxybenzoate, 98%
PEROXYBENZOIC ACID, T-BUTYL ESTER [HSDB]
Q14469782
tert-Butyl peroxybenzoate, technical, >=95.0% (RT)
Benzoyl tert-butyl peroxide
CP 02
CP 02 (catalyst)
Chaloxyd TBPB
Chaloxyd
TBPB-HA-M 1
Esperox 10
Interox TBPB-HA-M 1
Kayabutyl B
LQ-TBPB
Link-Cup
TBPB
Luperox P
Luperox PXL
NSC 674
Norox TBPB
Perbutyl Z
TBPB
TBPB-HA-M 1
TBPB-HA-M 3
TC 5
TC 5 (vulcanizer)
Trigonox 93
Trigonox C
Trigonox C 50D
V 73
t-Butyl peroxybenzoate
tert-Butyl benzoyl peroxide
tert-Butyl peroxybenzoate
tert-Butyl peroxybenzoate
Benzenecarboperoxoic acid, 1,1-dimethylethyl ester
Benzoyl tert-butyl peroxide
Chaloxyd TBPB; Esperox 10
Novox; Perbenzoate de butyle tertiaire [French]
Perbenzoic acid, tert-butyl ester
Perbutyl Z
Peroxybenzoic acid, tert-butyl ester
Trigonox C
t-Butyl perbenzoate
t-Butyl peroxy benzoate
UN3103
Benzoyl tert-butyl peroxide
Peroxybenzoic acid, tert-butyl ester
tert-Butyl peroxybenzoate
Benzenecarboperoxoic acid, 1,1-dimethylethyl ester
tert-Butyl perbenzoate
Peroxybenzoic acid, t-butyl ester
TBPB
novox
esperox10
Trigonox?C
chaloxydtbpb
butylperoxybenzoate
Butylperoxybenzoate
tert-Butyl perbenzoate
Tert-Buty Peroxybenzoate
tert-Butyl peroxybenzoate
benzoyltert-butylperoxide
perbenzoatedebutyletertiaire
tert-butyl benzenecarboperoxoate
perbenzoatedebutyletertiaire(french)
Benzenecarboperoxoicacid,1,1-dimethylethylester

Advances in technological development over the last couple of centuries have led to the use of synthetic carbon-based polymers for everyday household and office items, where once wood or metal were desired.
The high fuel values for some of these materials could pose danger where risk of combustion is high; therefore, flame retardants have been introduced into and coating for electronic devices.
Triisobutyl phosphate have a broad application field and good fire safety performance.

CAS: 126-71-6
MF: C12H27O4P
MW: 266.31
EINECS: 204-798-3

Triisobutyl phosphate is a trialkyl phosphate.
Triisobutyl phosphate, sometimes known as Phosphoric acid triisobutyl ester, is a very strong polar solvent.
Triisobutyl phosphate is primarily used as an admixture for liquefying concrete, paper coating systems, and textile auxiliaries.
Triisobutyl phosphate is used in various applications, including the following:
Triisobutyl phosphate has the ability to inhibit the formation of foam as well as destroy it.

Thus, Triisobutyl phosphate can be used as an antifoam agent in a range of aqueous systems.
Triisobutyl phosphate is manufactured by a reaction between phosphoryl chloride with n-butanol.
Triisobutyl phosphate guarantees exceptional dispersing performance and provides excellent compatibility with various application systems.
Triisobutyl phosphate is used in cellulose-based plastics and synthetic resins.
Triisobutyl phosphate also plays an important role in the production of most synthetic resins and natural rubber.
Triisobutyl phosphate can also act as an agent for pigment pastes.

In the textile sector and adhesives industry, triisobutyl phosphate is used as a liquefying agent for concrete, for textile auxiliaries, plastic dispersion, paper coating, and glues.
Triisobutyl phosphate is considered a strong wetting agent, widely used in the textile industry.
Due to Triisobutyl phosphate's reduced surface tension that makes it almost impossible to dissolve in water, TiBP is used as a defoamer to prevent foams.
Triisobutyl phosphate also serves as an important anti-foaming agent for oil and gas cementing applications.

Triisobutyl phosphate possesses fire-retardant properties that can be utilised in plastics and synthetic resin applications as well as the synthesis of synthetic rubber.
As a neutral extractant, Triisobutyl phosphate can extract both metal and acid cations. Subsequently, Triisobutyl phosphate is one of the most effective water-insoluble agents used to control the amount of air in cement-based applications.
Triisobutyl phosphate acts as a defoaming agent for concrete admixtures to help stabilise microscopic air content in concrete.

This drastically improves the durability and texture of concrete mixtures exposed to constant thawing and freezing from temperature changes.
Furthermore, Triisobutyl phosphate helps increase the concrete’s endurance to surface scaling, reduce segregation and bleeding and improve the workability of fresh concrete.
Triisobutyl phosphate, known commonly as TBP, is an organophosphorus compound with the chemical formula (CH3CH2CH2CH2O)3PO.
Triisobutyl phosphatecolourless, odorless liquid finds some applications as an extractant and a plasticizer.
Triisobutyl phosphate is an ester of phosphoric acid with n-butanol.

Triisobutyl phosphate is a very strong, polar solvent.
Triisobutyl phosphate is mainly used as an antifoaming agent in various aqueous systems where it has the ability to both destroy foam and act as a foam inhibitor.
Triisobutyl phosphate is also used in the production of solutions of synthetic resins and natural rubber.
In both cellulose-based plastics and synthetic resins, Triisobutyl phosphate is used as a flame-retarding plasticizer.
Triisobutyl phosphate is employed as a pasting agent for pigment pastes.
Due to the limited influence of temperature on the viscosity of Triisobutyl phosphate, it also serves as an important component in the manufacture of hydraulic fluids for aircraft.
As a very strong wetting agent, Triisobutyl phosphate is used in the textile industry and in the field of adhesives.

Triisobutyl phosphate Chemical Properties
Boiling point: ~205 °C(lit.)
Density: 0.965 g/mL at 20 °C(lit.)
Vapor pressure: 0.002 hPa (20 °C)
Refractive index: n20/D 1.420
Fp: 150 °C
Storage temp.: Store below +30°C.
Solubility: 0.26g/l
Form: Oil
Color: Colourless
Water Solubility: 264mg/L at 25℃
InChIKey: HRKAMJBPFPHCSD-UHFFFAOYSA-N
LogP: 3.72 at 25℃
CAS DataBase Reference: 126-71-6(CAS DataBase Reference)
EPA Substance Registry System: Triisobutyl phosphate (126-71-6)

Uses
Triisobutyl phosphate are used as flame retardants, plasticizers, hydraulic fluids, solvents, extraction agents, antifoam agents.
Triisobutyl phosphate flame retardants enter the environment from industrial sources and disposal of consumer products containing flame retardants.
These anthropogenic compounds have been detected in water, soil, and air owing to widespread use following their fast emergence and popularization during 1970s.
Occurrence of these Triisobutyl phosphate flame retardants is widespread in surface water and groundwater because of the leaching of PVC plastics and polyurethane foams, effluent from industrial sources, and spills of hydraulic fluids.

This primary contaminated water is then transported to a secondary source, such as drinking water.
Hydrolysis, although slow because of poor solubility and pH dependence, is the most important abiotic elimination process.
In soil and sediment, Triisobutyl phosphate flame retardants are persistent because they have the tendency to adsorb strongly.
Volatilization and biodegradation are potential elimination processes for Triisobutyl phosphate adsorbed to soil.

Environmental persistency (degradation/speciation)
These retardants can change chemical composition in the environment.
Generally, most Triisobutyl phosphate are poorly soluble in water and adsorb strongly to soils.
Triisobutyl phosphate are considered emerging pollutants because of their prevalence and persistence in the environment.
Particulate-phase Triisobutyl phosphate are subject to wet and dry deposition, whereas semi-volatile phosphate esters have the potential to hydrolyze to diesters, monoesters, and phosphoric acid.
There is no information available that suggests that selected Triisobutyl phosphate flame retardants undergo transformation or degradation in the atmosphere.

Long-range Transport
Triisobutyl phosphate is highly dependent on the specific compound.
Triisobutyl phosphate are subject to biodegradation in aquatic and terrestrial environments.
Triisobutyl phosphate is found in the groundwater downgradient of a landfill.
Triisobutyl phosphate is also a flame retardant and plasticizer.

Triisobutyl phosphate is a solvent and plasticizer for cellulose esters such as nitrocellulose and cellulose acetate.
Triisobutyl phosphate is also used as a flame retardant for cellulose fabrics such as cotton.
Triisobutyl phosphate forms stable hydrophobic complexes with some metals; these complexes are soluble in organic solvents as well as supercritical CO2.
The major uses of Triisobutyl phosphate in industry are as a component of aircraft hydraulic fluid, brake fluid, and as a solvent for extraction and purification of rare-earth metals from their ores.
Triisobutyl phosphate finds its use as a solvent in inks, synthetic resins, gums, adhesives (namely for veneer plywood), and herbicide and fungicide concentrates.

As Triisobutyl phosphate has no odour, it is used as an anti-foaming agent in detergent solutions, and in various emulsions, paints, and adhesives.
Triisobutyl phosphate is also found as a de-foamer in ethylene glycol-borax antifreeze solutions.
In oil-based lubricants addition of Triisobutyl phosphate increases the oil film strength.
Triisobutyl phosphate is used also in mercerizing liquids, where it improves their wetting properties.
Triisobutyl phosphate can be used as a heat-exchange medium.
Triisobutyl phosphate is used in some consumer products such as herbicides and water-thinned paints and tinting bases.

Nuclear Chemistry
Triisobutyl phosphate is used in combination with di(2-ethylhexyl)phosphoric acid for the solvent extraction of uranium, as part of the purification of natural ores.
Triisobutyl phosphate is also used in nuclear reprocessing as part of the PUREX process.
A 15–40% (usually about 30%) solution of Triisobutyl phosphate in kerosene or dodecane is used in the liquid–liquid extraction (solvent extraction) of uranium, plutonium, and thorium from spent uranium nuclear fuel rods dissolved in nitric acid.

Environmental Fate
Routes and pathways relevant physicochemical properties (e.g., solubility, Pow, Henry constant.)consumer and industrial items and play an important role in safeguarding life and property.
A large and diverse group of anthropogenic compounds constitute flame retardants, which are added to combustible materials to render them more resistant to ignition.
They are designed to minimize the risk of a fire in the event of contact with a small heat source such as a cigarette.
A wide range of different flame retardants is produced, because many materials and products that are to be rendered fire safe are very different in nature and composition.
Therefore, having variety in flame retardant products is necessary so as to retain key material functionality.

For example, plastics have a wide range of mechanical and chemical properties and differ in combustion behavior.
These materials in particular are the main focus of phosphate ester flame retardants.
Phosphate esters are derivatives of tri protic acid, phosphoric acid, with a general formula of RxH3°xPO4.
Flame retardants are composed of a group of chemicals with similar properties but slightly different structures.
They are typically liquids and some are solids at room temperature.
Some examples of the phosphate ester flame retardants include: tris(2-chloroethyl)phosphate (TCEP), tributyl phosphate (TnBP), tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBEP), tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCP), triphenyl phosphate (TPP), tris(2-chloro-isopropyl) phosphate (TCPP), and triisobutyl phosphate (TiBP).
These compounds are trisubstituted and categorized as alkyl (TnBP, TiBP), alkyl ether (TBEP), chloroalkyl (TCEP, TCPP, TDCP), and aryl (TPP) phosphate esters.

Production
Triisobutyl phosphate is manufactured by reaction of phosphoryl chloride with n-butanol.

POCl3 + 3 C4H9OH → PO(OC4H9)3 + 3 HCl
Production is estimated at 3,000–5,000 tonnes worldwide.

Synonyms
TRIISOBUTYL PHOSPHATE
126-71-6
Tri-isobutylphosphate
tri-isobutyl phosphate
Isobutyl phosphate
tris(2-methylpropyl) phosphate
Phosphoric acid, tris(2-methylpropyl) ester
Phosphoric acid triisobutyl ester
Phosphoric acid, triisobutyl ester
6MKE1AR3GB
DTXSID8040698
NSC-62222
C12H27O4P
EINECS 204-798-3
UNII-6MKE1AR3GB
NSC 62222
BRN 1710574
tibp
AI3-07850
EC 204-798-3
NCIOpen2_002692
Phosphoricacidtriisobutylester
4-01-00-01598 (Beilstein Handbook Reference)
SCHEMBL133326
CHEMBL1887508
DTXCID6020698
CHEBI:189140
Isobutyl phosphate, (C4H9O)3PO
NSC62222
Tox21_301244
MFCD00039849
AKOS015841700
CS-W023038
NCGC00164020-01
NCGC00255412-01
AS-13612
CAS-126-71-6
Phosphoric acid tris(2-methylpropyl) ester
FT-0688145
D70387
J-005424
J-525095
Q15632813

Triisobutyl Phosphate About Triisobutyl phosphate Triisobutyl phosphate is registered under the REACH Regulation and is manufactured in and / or imported to the European Economic Area, at ≥ 1 000 to < 10 000 per annum. Triisobutyl phosphate is used by consumers, in articles, by professional workers (widespread uses), in formulation or re-packing, at industrial sites and in manufacturing. Consumer Uses of Triisobutyl phosphate (TIBP) Triisobutyl phosphate is used in the following products: coating products, fillers, putties, plasters, modelling clay, adhesives and sealants, washing & cleaning products, lubricants and greases, finger paints and leather treatment products. Other release to the environment of Triisobutyl phosphate is likely to occur from: indoor use (e.g. machine wash liquids/detergents, automotive care products, paints and coating or adhesives, fragrances and air fresheners) and outdoor use. Article service life of Triisobutyl phosphate (TIBP) Other release to the environment of Triisobutyl phosphate is likely to occur from: outdoor use in long-life materials with low release rate (e.g. metal, wooden and plastic construction and building materials) and indoor use in long-life materials with low release rate (e.g. flooring, furniture, toys, construction materials, curtains, foot-wear, leather products, paper and cardboard products, electronic equipment). Triisobutyl phosphate can be found in complex articles, with no release intended: vehicles. Triisobutyl phosphate can be found in products with material based on: stone, plaster, cement, glass or ceramic (e.g. dishes, pots/pans, food storage containers, construction and isolation material) and plastic (e.g. food packaging and storage, toys, mobile phones). Widespread uses by professional workers of Triisobutyl phosphate (TIBP) Triisobutyl phosphate is used in the following products: adhesives and sealants, coating products, metal surface treatment products, non-metal-surface treatment products, pH regulators and water treatment products, hydraulic fluids, laboratory chemicals, lubricants and greases and metal working fluids. Triisobutyl phosphate is used in the following areas: building & construction work and scientific research and development. Triisobutyl phosphate is used for the manufacture of: machinery and vehicles. Other release to the environment of Triisobutyl phosphate is likely to occur from: indoor use (e.g. machine wash liquids/detergents, automotive care products, paints and coating or adhesives, fragrances and air fresheners) and outdoor use. Formulation or re-packing of Triisobutyl phosphate (TIBP) Triisobutyl phosphate is used in the following products: metal working fluids, adhesives and sealants, anti-freeze products, coating products, hydraulic fluids, lubricants and greases, washing & cleaning products, extraction agents and oil and gas exploration or production products. Release to the environment of Triisobutyl phosphate can occur from industrial use: formulation of mixtures and formulation in materials. Uses at industrial sites of Triisobutyl phosphate (TIBP) Triisobutyl phosphate is used in the following products: lubricants and greases, hydraulic fluids, heat transfer fluids, metal working fluids, oil and gas exploration or production products and textile treatment products and dyes. Triisobutyl phosphate is used in the following areas: mining and building & construction work. Triisobutyl phosphate is used for the manufacture of: pulp, paper and paper products, textile, leather or fur, rubber products and plastic products. Release to the environment of Triisobutyl phosphate can occur from industrial use: in processing aids at industrial sites, in the production of articles, as an intermediate step in further manufacturing of another substance (use of intermediates), of substances in closed systems with minimal release and as processing aid. Manufacture of Triisobutyl phosphate (TIBP) Release to the environment of Triisobutyl phosphate can occur from industrial use: manufacturing of the substance. Analysis Note Assay (GC, area%): ≥ 99.0 % (a/a) Density (d 20 °C/ 4 °C): 0.963 - 0.967 Identity (IR): passes test Triisobutyl phosphate is a very strong solvent used for liquefying concrete, textile auxiliaries, paper coating compounds, etc. TiBT (Triisobutyl phosphate) is a very strong, polar solvent. Triisobutyl phosphate is mainly used as an antifoaming agent in various aqueous systems where it has the ability to both destroy foam and act as a foam inhibitor. Triisobutyl phosphate is also used in the roduction of solutions of synthetic resins and natural rubber. In both ellulose-based plastics and synthetic resins, it is used as a flame-retarding plasticizer. Triisobutyl phosphate is employed as a pasting agent for pigment pastes. Due to the limited influence of temperature on the viscosity of Triisobutyl phosphate, it also serves as an important component in the manufacture of hydraulic fluids for aircraft. As a very strong wetting agent, Triisobutyl phosphate is used in the textile industry and in the field of adhesives. Bussiness Unit of Triisobutyl phosphate (TIBP) : Rhein Chemie Additives Areas of Applications of Triisobutyl phosphate (TIBP) Antifoam tetile Building industry Concrete additives Construction material Glues and adhesives Catalysis and Chemicals Processing Chemical synthesis Textile Paper and board Manufacturing of glues and adhesives Textiles and fibres Properties & Benefits of Triisobutyl phosphate (TIBP) strong solvent strong antifoaming agent strong wetting agent Synonyms of Triisobutyl phosphate (TIBP) Phosphoric acid triisobutylester Triisobutyl phosphate Tri-iso-butylphosphate Triisobutylphosphate Triisobutyl phosphate, known commonly as TIBP, is an organophosphorus compound with the chemical formula (CH3CH2CH2CH2O)3PO. This colourless, odorless liquid finds some applications as an extractant and a plasticizer. It is an ester of phosphoric acid with n-butanol. Production of Triisobutyl phosphate (TIBP) Triisobutyl phosphate is manufactured by reaction of phosphoryl chloride with n-butanol. POCl3 + 3 C4H9OH → PO(OC4H9)3 + 3 HCl Production is estimated at 3,000–5,000 tonnes worldwide. Use of Triisobutyl phosphate (TIBP) Triisobutyl phosphate is a solvent and plasticizer for cellulose esters such as nitrocellulose and cellulose acetate. It forms stable hydrophobic complexes with some metals; these complexes are soluble in organic solvents as well as supercritical CO2. The major uses of Triisobutyl phosphate in industry are as a component of aircraft hydraulic fluid, brake fluid, and as a solvent for extraction and purification of rare-earth metals from their ores. Triisobutyl phosphate finds its use as a solvent in inks, synthetic resins, gums, adhesives (namely for veneer plywood), and herbicide and fungicide concentrates. As it has no odour, it is used as an anti-foaming agent in detergent solutions, and in various emulsions, paints, and adhesives. Triisobutyl phosphate is also found as a de-foamer in ethylene glycol-borax antifreeze solutions. In oil-based lubricants addition of Triisobutyl phosphate increases the oil film strength. Triisobutyl phosphate is used also in mercerizing liquids, where it improves their wetting properties. It can be used as a heat-exchange medium. Triisobutyl phosphate is used in some consumer products such as herbicides and water-thinned paints and tinting bases. Nuclear chemistry of Triisobutyl phosphate (TIBP) A 15–40% (usually about 30%) solution of Triisobutyl phosphate in kerosene or dodecane is used in the liquid–liquid extraction (solvent extraction) of uranium, plutonium, and thorium from spent uranium nuclear fuel rods dissolved in nitric acid, as part of a nuclear reprocessing process known as PUREX. The shipment of 20 tons of Triisobutyl phosphate to North Korea from China in 2002, coinciding with the resumption of activity at Yongbyon Nuclear Scientific Research Center, was seen by the United States and the International Atomic Energy Agency as cause for concern; that amount was considered sufficient to extract enough material for perhaps three to five potential nuclear weapons. Hazards of Triisobutyl phosphate (TIBP) In contact with concentrated nitric acid the Triisobutyl phosphate-kerosene solution forms hazardous and explosive red oil. Triisobutyl phosphate is a toxic organophosphorous compound widely used in many industrial applications, including significant usage in nuclear processing. The industrial application of this chemical is responsible for occupational exposure and environmental pollution. In this study, (1)H NMR-based metabonomics has been applied to investigate the metabolic response to Triisobutyl phosphate exposure. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were given a Triisobutyl phosphate-dose of 15 mg/kg body weight, followed by 24hr urine collection, as was previously demonstrated for finding most of the intermediates of Triisobutyl phosphate. High-resolution (1)H NMR spectroscopy of urine samples in conjunction with statistical pattern recognition and compound identification allowed for the metabolic changes associated with Triisobutyl phosphate treatment to be identified. Discerning NMR spectral regions corresponding to three Triisobutyl phosphate metabolites, dibutyl phosphate (DBP), N-acetyl-(S-3-hydroxybutyl)-L-cysteine and N-acetyl-(S-3-oxobutyl)-L-cysteine, were identified in Triisobutyl phosphate-treated rats. In addition, the (1)H NMR spectra revealed Triisobutyl phosphate-induced variations of endogenous urinary metabolites including benzoate, urea, and trigonelline along with metabolites involved in the Krebs cycle including citrate, cis-aconitate, trans-aconitate, 2-oxoglutarate, succinate, and fumarate. These findings indicate that Triisobutyl phosphate induces a disturbance to the Krebs cycle energy metabolism and provides a biomarker signature of Triisobutyl phosphate exposure. ... /The/ three metabolites of Triisobutyl phosphate, dibutylphosphate, N-acetyl-(S-3-hydroxybutyl)-L-cysteine and N-acetyl-(S-3-oxobutyl)-L-cysteine, which are not present in the control groups, are the most important factors in separating the Triisobutyl phosphate and control groups (p<0.0023), while the endogenous compounds 2-oxoglutarate, benzoate, fumarate, trigonelline, and cis-aconetate were also important (p<0.01). The rate of metabolism of Triisobutyl phosphate and the nature of the metabolites produced were determined in in vitro tests on rat liver homogenate. It was found that rat liver microsomal enzymes rapidly metabolized Triisobutyl phosphate in the presence of NADPH (within 30 min), but only slight metabolic breakdown (11%) occurred in the absence of added NADPH. Dibutyl(3-hydroxybutyl) phosphate was obtained as a metabolite in the first stage of the test. The extended incubation time in the second stage of the test yielded two further metabolites, butyl di(3-hydroxybutyl) phosphate and dibutyl hydrogen phosphate, which were produced from the primary metabolite dibutyl(3-hydroxybutyl) phosphate. IDENTIFICATION: Triisobutyl phosphate is a colorless to pale yellow, odorless liquid. It is moderately soluble in water. USE: Triisobutyl phosphate is mainly used as a flame-retardant component of aircraft hydraulic fluid. It is used as a solvent for extracting rare earth elements, such as uranium and plutonium. Triisobutyl phosphate is also used in the making of plastics and in cement casings for oil wells. EXPOSURE: Exposure to Triisobutyl phosphate can be from ingestion, inhalation, or skin or eye contact. This exposure will most often happen from occupational use of hydraulic fluid. If Triisobutyl phosphate is released to the environment, it will bind tightly to dust particles in the air. Unbound Triisobutyl phosphate will break down in air. It will move slowly through soil because it will bind with soil particles. It may volatilize slowly from moist soil and water surfaces. It may build up in aquatic organisms. It will be broken down in water by microbes. RISK: Studies of possible health effects in humans exposed to Triisobutyl phosphate are not available. Damage to the urinary bladder was observed in laboratory rats exposed to very high concentrations of Triisobutyl phosphate in their diet for up to 2 years. Some of the rats developed urinary bladder tumors. Triisobutyl phosphate was irritating when applied directly to the skin or eyes of laboratory animals. Other studies of laboratory animals given very high doses of Triisobutyl phosphate by mouth found no clear evidence for abortions, birth defects, impaired reproductive performance, or severe neurological effects. ACGIH (2013) determined that Triisobutyl phosphate is a Confirmed Animal Carcinogen with Unknown Relevance to Humans. The potential for Triisobutyl phosphate to cause cancer in humans has not been assessed by the EPA IRIS program, the International Agency for Research on Cancer, or the U.S. National Toxicology Program 13th Report on Carcinogens. Triisobutyl phosphate is an indirect food additive for use only as a component of adhesives. Two-cell mouse embryos were exposed in vitro to Triisobutyl phosphate, x rays, or a combination of both. In-vitro development of the embryos was followed microscopically (cleavage to four- and eight-cell embryos, formation of morulae and blastocysts, and hatching of blastocysts). Effects on proliferation were estimated by counting the number of cells per embryo early (48 h p.c. = 48 hours post conceptionem) and late (144 h p.c.) in the preimplantation period. Cytogenetic damage was studied using micronucleus formation as the end point. Triisobutyl phosphate did not reveal toxic effects up to a concentration of about 5 microM after an exposure time of 18 h. At a concentration of about 15 microM, 50% of late preimplantation embryos showed effects on morphological development and on cell proliferation, and at about 40 microM, 90% of the embryos were affected. Triisobutyl phosphate did not induce micronuclei. Small effects by x irradiation were observed between 0.25 Gy and 0.5 Gy, depending on the end point measured in the late preimplantation stage. Fifty percent of the embryos were affected by a dose slightly higher than 1 Gy, and 90% after about 4 Gy. No enhancement in risk was found after combined treatment of the embryos with Triisobutyl phosphate and x rays. IDENTIFICATION AND USE: Triisobutyl phosphate is a colorless to pale-yellow odorless liquid. It is used as a plasticizer for cellulose esters, lacquers, plastics, and vinyl resins. Used in fire-resistant aircraft hydraulic fluids. Other uses include heat-exchange medium, solvent extraction of metal ions from solution of reactor products, solvent for nitrocellulose, cellulose acetate, pigment grinding assistant, antifoaming agent, dielectric. HUMAN EXPOSURE AND TOXICITY: Breathing vapors of Triisobutyl phosphate causes irritation of mucous membranes and if inhalation is prolonged there can be general poisoning with paralysis. In contact with skin Triisobutyl phosphate can cause irritation. Triisobutyl phosphate may cause irritation of the eyes, nose, and throat. It may also cause nausea and headache. In a series of 42 patients with furniture related dermatitis, a positive patch test reaction was seen in 1 patient. In vitro it acts as androgen receptor, and glucocorticoid receptor antagonist. ANIMAL STUDIES: Triisobutyl phosphate was not acutely toxic by dermal exposure in the rabbit and in the guinea pig. Application to either intact or abraded skin of rabbits and guinea pigs produced irritation with edema and erythema. The instillation of Triisobutyl phosphate in the conjunctival sac of rabbits gave rise to mild irritation. Rats subjected to multiple intragastric administrations of Triisobutyl phosphate showed hyperemia of internal organs and brain. Triisobutyl phosphate was not neurotoxic to rats, but induced paralysis in mice. Triisobutyl phosphate did not cause organophosphorus compound-induced delayed neurotoxicity (OPIDN) in the adult hen. Triisobutyl phosphate produced tumors of the bladder urothelium in rats at high doses, with greater effects in males than in females. It does not produce tumors in mice. The chemical was not teratogenic in rats. In the rabbit, maternal and embryo toxicity were suggested at 400 mg/kg/day with no observations of fetotoxicity or teratogenicity in any dosage group. No mutagenic activity was identified after treatment with Triisobutyl phosphate: when tested in the hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase (HGPRT) mutation assay in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, both with and without metabolic activation and when testing in Salmonella typhimurium strains TA98, TA100, TA1535, or TA1537 with or without metabolic activations. Triisobutyl phosphate did not induce chromosomal damage in rat bone marrow cells. ECOTOXICITY STUDIES: Rainbow trout treated with Triisobutyl phosphate had severe balance disturbances, which included highly atypical movements like darting, coiling swimming, and backward somersaults. At higher concentrations the fish were immobilized, lying on their sides at the bottom of the water, and some of them died. Triisobutyl phosphate's production and use as an extraction agent for rare earths, uranium, plutonium, and metal ions; heat-exchange medium, solvent, plasticizer, pigment grinding assistant, antifoam agent and dielectric may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. If released to air, a vapor pressure of 1.13X10-3 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates Triisobutyl phosphate will exist solely as a vapor in the atmosphere. Vapor-phase Triisobutyl phosphate will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 4.4 hours. Triisobutyl phosphate does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm and, therefore, is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight. If released to soil, Triisobutyl phosphate is expected to have slight mobility based upon an estimated Koc of 2400. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 1.4X10-6 atm-cu m/mole. However, adsorption to soil is expected to attenuate volatilization. Triisobutyl phosphate is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces based upon its vapor pressure. Utilizing the Japanese MITI test, 3% of the theoretical BOD was reached in 2 weeks, while another test using activated sludge inoculum showed 56-96% biodegradation, indicating that biodegradation may be an important environmental fate process. If released into water, Triisobutyl phosphate is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment based upon the estimated Koc. Aqueous biodegradation test results for Triisobutyl phosphate varied from negligible biodegradation to 30-100% biodegradation. Volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon this compound's estimated Henry's Law constant. Estimated volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 40 and 300 days, respectively. BCFs of 5.5-20 in carp, 30-35 in killifish and 6-11 in goldfish suggest bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low to moderate. Hydrolysis is not expected to be an important environmental fate process based on estimated hydrolysis half-lives of 9.9 to 11.5 years(pH 5 to 9). Occupational exposure to Triisobutyl phosphate may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where Triisobutyl phosphate is produced or used. Monitoring data indicate that the general population may be exposed to Triisobutyl phosphate via inhalation of ambient air, ingestion of food and drinking water, and dermal contact with this compound and other products containing Triisobutyl phosphate. Triisobutyl phosphate was judged to biodegrade with acclimation in two aerobic screening tests using acclimated sludge and sewage as inoculum(1-2). In one of these tests, 30.4 and 90.8% of theoretical CO2 was evolved in 7 and 28 days, respectively, after 14 days acclimation. In a simulated semi-continuous activated sludge biological treatment test, 96% and 56% degradation occurred in 13 and 21 weeks at respective feed rates of 3 and 13 ppm. After a 2 day lag, 13% and 100% of Triisobutyl phosphate present degraded in a river die-away test (Mississippi River water) in 4 and 7 days, respectively. Triisobutyl phosphate, present at 100 mg/L, reached 3% of its theoretical BOD in 2 weeks using an activated sludge inoculum at 30 mg/L in the Japanese MITI test. While 0-13% of theoretical CO2 was evolved when trench leachate from Maxey Flats, KY containing Triisobutyl phosphate was incubated with sewage for 24 days, this percentage increased to 38% when a source of nitrogen was added to the test solution. Triisobutyl phosphate was judged to be difficult to biodegrade in seawater and river water based on the results of the 3-day cultivation method by four Japanese institutes(5-6). In a study of contamination of the lower Weser River, Germany, it was found that in the high water periods in the cold months (flow rate >400 cu m/s, avg temp 6.9 °C) biodegradation of Triisobutyl phosphate was negligible, while during low flow periods in warmer months (flow <300 cu m/s, avg temp 14.9 °C) biological degradation was 30-50% over a 4-7 day period. According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere, Triisobutyl phosphate, which has a vapor pressure of 1.13X10-3 mm Hg at 25 °C, is expected to exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase Triisobutyl phosphate is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 4.4 hours, calculated from its rate constant of 7.9X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C that was derived using a structure estimation method. Triisobutyl phosphate does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm and, therefore, is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight. The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of Triisobutyl phosphate with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been estimated as 7.9X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C using a structure estimation method. This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 4.4 hours at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm. Triisobutyl phosphate is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to estimated hydrolysis half-lives of 9.9 to 11.5 years at pH 9 to 5. Triisobutyl phosphate does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm and, therefore, is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight. The Henry's Law constant for Triisobutyl phosphate is estimated as 1.4X10-6 atm-cu m/mole derived from its vapor pressure, 1.13X10-3 mm Hg, and water solubility, 280 mg/L. This Henry's Law constant indicates that Triisobutyl phosphate is expected to volatilize from water surfaces. Based on this Henry's Law constant, the volatilization half-life from a model river (1 m deep, flowing 1 m/sec, wind velocity of 3 m/sec) is estimated as 40 days. The volatilization half-life from a model lake (1 m deep, flowing 0.05 m/sec, wind velocity of 0.5 m/sec) is estimated as 300 days. Triisobutyl phosphate's estimated Henry's Law constant indicates that volatilization from moist soil surfaces may occur. Triisobutyl phosphate is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces based upon its vapor pressure. NIOSH (NOES Survey 1981-1983) has statistically estimated that 109,402 workers (19,015 of these are female) were potentially exposed to Triisobutyl phosphate in the US. Occupational exposure to Triisobutyl phosphate may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where Triisobutyl phosphate is produced or used. Triisobutyl phosphate was detected in 12 indoor air samples collected from the dismantling hall of a electronic products recycling plant with a concentration of 9-18 ng/cu m. Potentially 43,000 aircraft mechanics and another 300 aircraft industry employees are exposed to aircraft hydraulic fluid containing Triisobutyl phosphate. In addition, 500 Triisobutyl phosphate manufacturing, processing, and distribution workers are potentially exposed to Triisobutyl phosphate during handling, transfer, and packaging of products, equipment cleaning and repair, and cleaning up spills. Triisobutyl phosphate was detected in 3 offices at 4.5-8.1 ng/cu m; in 2 furniture stores at 14-17 ng/cu m and in 3 electronic stores at 1.7-17 ng/cu m; all samples were collected in and around Zurich, Switzerland. Triisobutyl phosphate was detected in three offices, three health care rooms, three workshops and four stores at 3-7, 1-2, 1-24 and 5-172 ng/cu m, respectively. Monitoring data indicate that the general population may be exposed to Triisobutyl phosphate via inhalation of ambient air, ingestion of food and drinking water, and dermal contact with this compound and other products containing Triisobutyl phosphate. In EPA's National Human Monitoring Program's National Human Adipose Tissue Survey, broad scan survey for 1982, Triisobutyl phosphate was detected at 120 ng/g in 1 of 46 composite samples analyzed. The sample came from the 0-14 age group of the east north central census region. Triisobutyl phosphate was detected at 10 ppb in plaque from the aorta of one of two autopsied heart attack victims.

TIPA; TRIISOPROPANOLAMINE, N° CAS : 122-20-3, Nom INCI : TRIISOPROPANOLAMINE, Nom chimique : 1,1',1''-Nitrilotripropan-2-ol, N° EINECS/ELINCS : 204-528-4, Classification : Ses fonctions (INCI),Régulateur de pH : Stabilise le pH des cosmétiques; Noms français : 1,1',1''-NITRILOTRI(2-PROPANOL); 1,1',1''-NITRILOTRI-2-PROPANOL ; 1,1',1''-NITRILOTRIS-2-PROPANOL; TRI-2-PROPANOLAMINE; TRI-ISO-PROPANOLAMINE; Triisopropanolamine; TRIS(2-HYDROXY-1-PROPYL)AMINE; TRIS(2-HYDROXYPROPYL)AMINE; TRIS(2-PROPANOL)AMINE. Noms anglais : Triisopropanolamine; Utilisation et sources d'émission : Agent émulsifiant. 1,1',1''-Nitrilotri-2-propanol; 1,1',1''-Nitrilotris(2-propanol); 1,1',1'-nitrilotripropan-2-ol; 2-Propanol, 1,1',1''-nitrilotri-; 2-Propanol, 1,1',1''-nitrilotris-; 3,3',3''-Nitrilotri(2-propanol); TIPA; Tri-2-propanolamine; Triisopropanolamine; Tris(2-hydroxy-1-propyl)amine; Tris(2-hydroxypropyl)amine; Tris(2-propanol)amine. Translated names: 1,1',1"-nitrilotripropan-2-olis (lt); 1,1',1"-nitriltripropān-2-ols (lv); 1,1',1"-нитрилотрипропан-2-oл (bg); 1,1',1''-nitriilitripropan-2-oli (fi); 1,1',1''-nitrilotripropaan-2-ol (nl); 1,1',1''-nitrilotripropaan-2-ool (et); 1,1',1''-nitrilotripropan-2-ol (da); 1,1',1''-nitrilotripropan-2-olo (it); 1,1',1''-nitrilotripropane-2-ol (fr); 1,1',1''-nitrilotripropano-2-ol (pt); 1,1',1''-nitrilotripropán-2-ol (sk); 1,1',1''-νιτριλοτριπροπαν-2-όλ (el); 1,1`,1``-nitrylotripropan-2-ol (pl); 1,1´,1´´-nitrilotripropan-2-ol (cs); 1,1’,1”-nitrilotripropán-2-ol (hu); triisopropanolamin (cs); triisopropanolammina (it); triisopropanoolamiin (et); triizopropanolamin (hr); triizopropanolamina (ro); triizopropanolaminas (lt); triizopropanolamín (sk); triizopropanoloamina (pl); triizopropānolamīns (lv); триизопропаноламин (bg). IUPAC names: 1,1',1''-nitrilopropan-2-ol ; 1,1',1''-nitrilotripropan-2-ol / triisopropanolamine; 1-(bis(2-hydroxypropyl)amino)propan-2-ol; 1-[bis(2-hydroxypropyl)amino]propan-2-ol; 2-Propanol, 1,1,1-nitrilotris-; Triisopropanolamine (mixture of isomer). Trade names 2-Propanol, 1,1',1''-nitrilotri- (6CI, 8CI); 2-Propanol, 1,1',1''-nitrilotris- (9CI); NTP; Tri-iso-propanolamine; TRIISOPROPANOLAMINE 99; TRIISOPROPANOLAMINE LFG 85; TRIISOPROPANOLAMINE, LFG 85; 1,1',1''-Nitrilotri(2-propanol) [ACD/IUPAC Name] 1,1',1''-Nitrilotri(2-propanol) [German] 1,1',1''-Nitrilotri(2-propanol) [French] 1,1',1''-Nitrilotripropan-2-ol 1,1',1''-Nitrilotris-2-propanol 2-Propanol, 1,1',1''-nitrilotris- [ACD/Index Name] Triisopropanolamine UNII:W9EN9DLM98 [122-20-3] 1,1', 1''-Nitrilotri-2-propanol 1,1',1"-Nitrilotri-2-propanol 1,1',1''-Nitrilotri-2-propanol 1,1',1''-Nitrilotris (2-propanol) 1,1',1''-Nitrilotris(2-propanol) 1,1',1''-Nitrilotris(propan-2-ol) 1,1',1''-Nitrilotris[2-propanol] 1,1′,1′′-Nitrilotri(-2-propanol) 1-[bis(2-hydroxypropyl)amino]propan-2-ol 122-20-3 [RN] 204-528-4 [EINECS] 2-Propanol, 1,1', 1''-nitrilotris- 2-Propanol, 1,1',1''-nitrilotri- 3,3',3"-Nitrilotri (2-propanol) 3,3',3"-Nitrilotri(2-propanol) 3,3',3''-Nitrilotri(2-propanol) 4-04-00-01680 [Beilstein] 58901-12-5 [RN] 67952-34-5 [RN] propan-2-ol, 1,1',1''-nitrilotris- TIPA Tri-2-propanolamine Tri-iso-propanolamine TRIISOPROPANOLAMINE, 95% Tris(2-hydroxy-1-propyl)amine TRIS(2-HYDROXYPROPYL)AMINE Tris(2-propanol)amine Tris(isopropanol)amine Trisisopropanolamine

DESCRIPTION:
Triisopropanolamine is an amine used for a variety of industrial applications including as an emulsifier, stabilizer, and chemical intermediate.
Triisopropanolamine is also used to neutralize acidic components of some herbicides.

CAS Number: 122-20-3
European Community (EC) Number: 204-528-4
Molecular Formula: C9H21NO3
Preferred IUPAC name: 1,1′,1′′-Nitrilotri(propan-2-ol)

Triisopropanolamine (TIPOA) is an aminoalcohol and belongs to the group of alkanolamines.
Triisopropanolamine is a versatile chemical that is used in a variety of applications.

Triisopropanolamine (TIPA), a tertiary alkanolamine, is majorly used as a grinding chemical that reduces agglomeration in the ball milling process and changes the particle distribution of the finished cement.


Triisopropanolamine, a surfactant, possesses the remarkable capability to lower the surface tension of water, resulting in the formation of micelles.
These micelles, small spherical structures, consist of molecules exhibiting mutual attraction.

Through this formation, micelles readily engage with proteins and other molecules, enabling their dispersion within a solution.
Moreover, Triisopropanolamine can establish hydrogen bonds with proteins, influencing their structure and function in a significant manner.



APPLICATIONS OF TRIISOPROPANOLAMINE:
Triisopropanolamine can act as an interfacial transition zone (ITZ) to improve the mechanical properties of the mortar and the concrete.
Triisopropanolamine can also be used to increase the compressive strength of the cement-fly ash system by accelerating the hydration of both the compounds.


Coatings:
Triisopropanolamine (TIPOA) serves as a dispersing agent for paints and pigments such as titanium dioxide.
Additionally, Triisopropanolamine finds application as a neutralizing agent in water-borne coatings.
Triisopropanolamine also acts as a cross-linker in special niche water-based coatings.

Construction:
Triisopropanolamine is used as a grinding and dispersion aid in cement production, especially for high-quality types of cement.

Other:
Triisopropanolamine is used in the production of cutting oils and PU catalysts.


CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF TRIISOPROPANOLAMINE:
Chemical formula, C9H21NO3
Molar mass, 191.271 g•mol−1
Appearance, White to off-white solid
Melting point, 48–52 °C (118–126 °F; 321–325 K)
Boiling point, 305 °C (581 °F; 578 K)
Molecular Weight
191.27 g/mol
XLogP3-AA
-0.5
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count
3
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count
4
Rotatable Bond Count
6
Exact Mass
191.15214353 g/mol
Monoisotopic Mass
191.15214353 g/mol
Topological Polar Surface Area
63.9Ų
Heavy Atom Count
13
Formal Charge
0
Complexity
108
Isotope Atom Count
0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count
0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count
3
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count
0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count
0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count
1
Compound Is Canonicalized
Yes
Grade
Technical
Form
Liquid
Appearance
solid
Auto Ignition Temperature
285 °C (545 °F)
Boiling Point
301 °C (574 °F)
California Prop 65
This product does not contain any chemicals known to State of California to cause cancer, birth defects, or any other reproductive harm.
Color
white
Density
1 g/cm3 @ 20 °C (68 °F)
Dynamic Viscosity
100 mPa.s @ 60 °C (140 °F)
Flash Point
174 °C (345 °F)
Melting Point
45 °C (113 °F)
Odor
slight, ammoniacal
Partition Coefficient
Pow: -0.015
Relative Density
0.988 @ 70 °C (158 °F) Reference Material: (water = 1)
Relative Vapor Density
6.6
Vapor Pressure
0.0007 mmHg @ 20 °C (68 °F)
Physical State :
Solid
Solubility :
Soluble in water (>1000 mg/ml at 25° C), ethanol, diethyl ether, chloroform (slightly ), and methanol (>500 g/100g).
Storage :
Store at room temperature
Melting Point :
48-52° C (lit.)
Boiling Point :
190° C (lit.) at 23
Density :
1.0 g/cm3 at 20° C
Refractive Index :
n20D 1.50 (Predicted)
pK Values :
pKb: 8.51 (Predicted)



SAFETY INFORMATION ABOUT TRIISOPROPANOLAMINE:
First aid measures:
Description of first aid measures:
General advice:
Consult a physician.
Show this safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
Move out of dangerous area:

If inhaled:
If breathed in, move person into fresh air.
If not breathing, give artificial respiration.
Consult a physician.
In case of skin contact:
Take off contaminated clothing and shoes immediately.
Wash off with soap and plenty of water.
Consult a physician.

In case of eye contact:
Rinse thoroughly with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes and consult a physician.
Continue rinsing eyes during transport to hospital.

If swallowed:
Do NOT induce vomiting.
Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person.
Rinse mouth with water.
Consult a physician.

Firefighting measures:
Extinguishing media:
Suitable extinguishing media:
Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.
Special hazards arising from the substance or mixture
Carbon oxides, Nitrogen oxides (NOx), Hydrogen chloride gas

Advice for firefighters:
Wear self-contained breathing apparatus for firefighting if necessary.
Accidental release measures:
Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures
Use personal protective equipment.

Avoid breathing vapours, mist or gas.
Evacuate personnel to safe areas.

Environmental precautions:
Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so.
Do not let product enter drains.
Discharge into the environment must be avoided.

Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Soak up with inert absorbent material and dispose of as hazardous waste.
Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.

Handling and storage:
Precautions for safe handling:
Avoid inhalation of vapour or mist.

Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place.
Containers which are opened must be carefully resealed and kept upright to prevent leakage.
Storage class (TRGS 510): 8A: Combustible, corrosive hazardous materials

Exposure controls/personal protection:
Control parameters:
Components with workplace control parameters
Contains no substances with occupational exposure limit values.
Exposure controls:
Appropriate engineering controls:
Handle in accordance with good industrial hygiene and safety practice.
Wash hands before breaks and at the end of workday.

Personal protective equipment:
Eye/face protection:
Tightly fitting safety goggles.
Faceshield (8-inch minimum).
Use equipment for eye protection tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or EN 166(EU).

Skin protection:
Handle with gloves.
Gloves must be inspected prior to use.
Use proper glove
removal technique (without touching glove's outer surface) to avoid skin contact with this product.
Dispose of contaminated gloves after use in accordance with applicable laws and good laboratory practices.
Wash and dry hands.

Full contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0.11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Material tested:Dermatril (KCL 740 / Aldrich Z677272, Size M)
Splash contact
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0.11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Material tested:Dermatril (KCL 740 / Aldrich Z677272, Size M)
It should not be construed as offering an approval for any specific use scenario.

Body Protection:
Complete suit protecting against chemicals, The type of protective equipment must be selected according to the concentration and amount of the dangerous substance at the specific workplace.
Respiratory protection:
Where risk assessment shows air-purifying respirators are appropriate use a fullface respirator with multi-purpose combination (US) or type ABEK (EN 14387) respirator cartridges as a backup to engineering controls.

If the respirator is the sole means of protection, use a full-face supplied air respirator.
Use respirators and components tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or CEN (EU).
Control of environmental exposure
Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so.
Do not let product enter drains.
Discharge into the environment must be avoided.

Stability and reactivity:
Chemical stability:
Stable under recommended storage conditions.
Incompatible materials:
Strong oxidizing agents:
Hazardous decomposition products:
Hazardous decomposition products formed under fire conditions.
Carbon oxides, Nitrogen oxides (NOx), Hydrogen chloride gas.

Disposal considerations:
Waste treatment methods:
Product:
Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company.
Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material.
Contaminated packaging:
Dispose of as unused product






SYNONYMS OF TRIISOPROPANOLAMINE:
TiPlA
triisopropanolamine
triisopropanolamine citrate
triisopropanolamine hydrochloride
tris(2-hydroxypropyl)amine
Triisopropanolamine
122-20-3
1,1',1''-Nitrilotripropan-2-ol
Tri-2-propanolamine
TRIS(2-HYDROXYPROPYL)AMINE
Tri-iso-propanolamine
Tris(2-propanol)amine
1-[bis(2-hydroxypropyl)amino]propan-2-ol
Tris(2-hydroxy-1-propyl)amine
2-Propanol, 1,1',1''-nitrilotris-
2-Propanol, 1,1',1''-nitrilotri-
1,1',1''-Nitrilotris(propan-2-ol)
NSC 4010
1,1',1''-Nitrilotri-2-propanol
3,3',3''-Nitrilotri(2-propanol)
1,1',1''-Nitrilotris(2-propanol)
W9EN9DLM98
DTXSID5021415
NSC-4010
1,1',1''-nitrilotris-2-propanol
DTXCID201415
Caswell No. 891
1,1',1''-Nitrilotris[2-propanol]
CAS-122-20-3
CCRIS 4884
HSDB 5593
EINECS 204-528-4
UNII-W9EN9DLM98
EPA Pesticide Chemical Code 004209
BRN 1071570
AI3-01450
Triisopropanolamin
trisisopropanolamine
MFCD00004533
tris(isopropanol)amine
UNICHEM TIPA
Triisopropanolamine, 95%
EC 204-528-4
tris-(2-hydroxypropyl)amine
SCHEMBL28985
4-04-00-01680 (Beilstein Handbook Reference)
1,1''-Nitrilotri-2-propanol
CHEMBL1877948
3,3''-Nitrilotri(2-propanol)
NSC4010
TRIISOPROPANOLAMINE [INCI]
1,1''-Nitrilotris(2-propanol)
CHEBI:170017
2-Propanol,1',1''-nitrilotri-
2-Propanol,1',1''-nitrilotris-
Tox21_201952
Tox21_302748
AKOS015965047
1,1',1''-Nitrilotri(-2-propanol)
CS-W010723
NCGC00164112-01
NCGC00164112-02
NCGC00256448-01
NCGC00259501-01
LS-13727
TRIS(2-HYDROXYPROPYL)AMINE [HSDB]
WLN: QY1 & 1N1YQ1 & 1YQ1
FT-0695343
D70439
EN300-8108474
J-660022
Q1729503

Trimellitic Acid Cyclic 1,2-anhydride; Anhydro trimellitic acid; 1,2,4-benzenetricarboxylic acid cyclic 1,2-anhydride; 1,2,4-Benzenetricarboxylic anhydride; 4-carboxyphthalic anhydride; 1,3-dioxo-5-phthalancarboxylic acid; 5-phthalancarboxylic acid, 1,3-dioxo-TMAN; Trimellitic acid 1,2-anhydride; TMA; TMAN; Benzene-1,2,4-tricarboxylic-1,2-anhydride; Benzol-1,2,4-tricarbonsäure-1,2-anhydrid; 1,2-anhidrido del ácido benceno-1,2,4-tricarboxílico; 1,2-Anhydride de l'acide benzene-1,2,4-tricarboxylique CAS NO:552-30-7

Trilon AS Trilon AS (NTA) - chelating agents which basic purpose is water demineralizing and removal of the deposits containing Ca2 salts + and Mg2+. According to requirements of the standard tests OECD, Trilon AS possesses high ability to biodegradation. The BASF company is the world's largest producer of nitrilotriuksusny acid and its salts. Thanks to own production technology, the BASF company has opportunity to offer the customers product with the high content of active component, the low maintenance of by-products and almost free of chlorides and other undesirable ions. We not only offer customers product of high degree of purity, but also we guarantee reliability of its deliveries. NTA shows the best ratio price/quality among chelating agents on the basis of aminocarboxylats, as has caused its wide popularity in the market. Nitrilotriuksusny acid (NTA) is generally used in production of detergents - for water demineralizing and prevention of formation of deposits on different types of surfaces and on fabric. Products of the Trilon AS series, and especially easily loose powder Trilon AS 92 R, are ideal components of system of kompleksoobrazovatel in soap powders. Products of the Trilon AS series are good replacement of the phosphates which are part of means for washing. The demand of besfosfatny detergents and in North America constantly grows in Europe. Practice shows that such chelating aminocarboxyarmour as Trilon AS, are more effective, than citrates, in means for industrial dishwashers, thanks to their higher stability and ability very effectively to delete limy raid and strong pollution. Trilon AS T is an aqueous solution of the trisodium salt of methylglycinediacetic acid (Na3MGDA). It finds application in detergents, cleaning, textiles, soap, metal plating, oil and gas, and water-softening products. Trilon AS is readily biodegradable. Trilon AS, methylglycinediacetic acid trisodium salt (MGDA-Na3) or trisodium α-DL-alanine diacetate (α-ADA), is the trisodium anion of N-(1-carboxyethyl)iminodiacetic acid and a tetradentate complexing agent. It forms stable 1:1 chelate complexes with cations having a charge number of at least +2, e.g. the "hard water forming" cations Ca2+ or Mg2+. α-ADA is distinguished from the isomeric β-alaninediacetic acid by better biodegradability and therefore improved environmental compatibility. Production of Trilon AS The patent literature on the industrial synthesis of Trilon AS describes the approaches for solving the key requirements of a manufacturing process that can be implemented on an industrial scale, characterized by Achieving the highest possible space-time yields Simple reaction control at relatively low pressures and temperatures Realization of continuous process options Achieving the lowest possible levels of impurities, particularly nitrilotriacetic acid, which is suspected of being carcinogenic Use of inexpensive raw materials, e.g. instead of pure L-alanine the raw mixture of Strecker synthesis from methanal, hydrogen cyanide and ammonia Avoidance of complex and yield-reducing isolation steps; instead, direct further use of the crude reaction solutions or precipitates in the following process step. An obvious synthesis route to α-alaninediacetic acid is from racemic α-DL-alanine, which provides racemic α-ADA by double cyanomethylation with methanal and hydrogen cyanide, hydrolysis of the intermediately formed diacetonitrile to the trisodium salt and subsequent acidification with mineral acids in a 97.4% overall yield.[4] In a later patent specification, however, only an overall yield of 77% and an NTA content of 0.1% is achieved with practically the same quantities of substances and under practically identical reaction conditions. MGDA Alanin This later patent specification also indicates a process route via alaninonitrile, which is obtained by Strecker synthesis from hydrogen cyanide, ammonia and methanal and converted to methylglycinonitrile-N,N-diacetonitrile by double cyanomethylation (step 1). The three nitrile groups are then hydrolyzed with sodium hydroxide to α-ADA (step 2). The total yield is given as 72%, the NTA content as 0.07%. MGDA Alaninonitril One variant of the reaction involves iminodiacetonitrile or iminodiacetic acid (step 1'), which reacts in a weakly acidic medium (pH 6) with hydrogen cyanide and ethanal to form methylglycinonitrile-N,N-diacetic acid, the nitrile group of which is hydrolyzed with sodium hydroxide to Trilon AS (step 2'). The reactant iminodiacetic acid is accessible at low cost by dehydrogenation of diethanolamine. Again, the total yield is given as 72%, the NTA content as 0.07%. A further variant is suitable for continuous production, in which ammonia, methanal and hydrogen cyanide react at pH 6 to form iminodiacetonitrile, which in a strongly acidic medium (pH 1.5) reacts with ethanal to produce trinitrile methylglycinonitrile-N,N-diacetonitrile in a very good yield of 92%. (step 1). MGDA Iminodiacetonitril Alkaline hydrolysis (step 2) results in a total yield of 85% Trilon AS with an NTA content of 0.08%. This process variant seems to fulfil the above-mentioned criteria best. A low by-product synthesis route for Trilon AS has recently been described, in which alanine is ethoxylated with ethylene oxide in an autoclave to form bis-hydroxyethylaminoalanine and then oxidized to α-ADA at 190 °C with Raney copper under pressure.[6] MGDA Ethoxylierung The yields are over 90% d.Th., the NTA contents below 1%. The process conditions make this variant rather less attractive. Properties of Trilon AS The commercially available Trilon AS (84% by weight) is a colourless, water-soluble solid whose aqueous solutions are rapidly and completely degraded even by non-adapted bacteria. Aquatic toxicity to fish, daphnia and algae is low.[7] Trilon AS is described as readily biodegradable (OECD 301C) and is eliminated to >90 % in wastewater treatment plants.[8] Trilon AS has not yet been detected in the discharge of municipal and industrial sewage treatment plants. In addition to their very good biodegradability, Trilon AS solutions are characterized by high chemical stability even at temperatures above 200 °C (under pressure) in a wide pH range between 2 and 14 as well as high complex stability compared to other complexing agents of the aminopolycarboxylate type. The complex formation constants of the biodegradable chelators α-ADA and IDS are in a range suitable for industrial use, but clearly below those of the previous standard EDTA. In solid preparations, Trilon AS is stable against oxidizing agents such as perborates and percarbonates, but not against oxidizing acids or sodium hypochlorite. Use of Trilon AS Like other complexing agents in the aminopolycarboxylic acid class, Trilon AS (α-ADA) finds due to its ability to form stable chelate complexes with polyvalent ions (in particular the water hardening agents Ca2+ and Mg2+, as well as transition and heavy metal ions such as Fe3+, Mn2+, Cu2+, etc.) use in water softening, in detergents and cleaning agents, in electroplating, cosmetics, paper and textile production. Due to its stability at high temperatures and pH values, α-ADA should be particularly suitable as a substitute for the phosphates banned in the EU from 2017, such as sodium tripolyphosphate (STPP)[12] in tabs for dishwashers. BASF SE is the most important manufacturer of α-ADA under the brand name Trilon AS, has large-scale plants in Ludwigshafen and Lima, Ohio, and is currently expanding its existing capacities with another large-scale plant at Evonik's site in Theodore, Alabama. Description of Trilon AS Trilon AS is a chelating agent that delivers a non-toxic, environmentally friendly alternative to phosphates and other strong chelates. Methylglycinediacetic acid (MGDA) is the active ingredient and exceeds alternative products, like citrates, at removing lime scale and tough stains. Efficiently dissolve inorganic deposits and scales that produce undesirable effects like striking and spotting in dish wash and hard surface applications or limit the performance of surfactants and other additives in cleaners and detergents. Trilon AS chelating agent improves cleaning performance in hard surface, automatic dishwasher and laundry operations. I&l customers can use lower concentrations, due to its low molecular weight, of this strong complexing agent in their cleaning formulations, making it more cost effective. This product is effective in both alkaline and acidic cleaners, and also demonstrates effective cleaning ability in a variety of applications, including general purpose cleaners, floor care products, warewashing detergents, disinfectants and sanitizers, laundry detergents, automatic dishwashers, vehicle wash aids, and hand cleansers. Trilon AS is extremely efficient in combating hard water and allowing for the best cleaning performance to shine through. In formulas with anionic surfactants, it is especially important to have an effective chelating agent like Trilon AS, particularly in hard water conditions. Other chelating agents just don’t perform as well, and without the addition of one at all, there is hardly any cleaning shown. The Trilon AS are very effective complexing agents for calcium in the alkaline pH range. This is an advantage in many detergent and cleaner applications. ➔ The Trilon AS are less likely to crystallise in the acidic pH range than other aminocarboxylic acids, and they are still capable of complexing iron ions effectively in the pH 2 – 3 range. Comparison with weak complexing agents: Weak complexing agents are incapable of reducing the concentration of free metal ions in aqueous systems to the same extent as the Trilon AS, and the result is that they are unable to prevent metal ions from playing a disruptive role in chemical processes. The Trilon AS are chemically very stable. The Trilon AS have been shown to be very stable compared to other organic complexing agents such as citric acid, tartaric acid and gluconates, especially at high temperatures. Whereas inorganic sequestring agents (eg. phosphates) may hydrolyse at high temperatures, Trilon AS are stable – even when heated to 200 °C under pressure. Trilon M Powder and Trilon M Granules begin to decompose at approx. 300 °C. The Trilon AS are resistant to strong acids and strong bases. They are gradually broken down by chromic acid, potassium permanganate and other strong oxidizing agents. Stability in the presence of hydrogen peroxide, percarbonate and perborate is sufficient for joint application. Nevertheless, we do not recommend combining Trilon AS and peroxides in liquid formulations. Sodium hypochlorite and other substances that release chlorine cause the Trilon AS to decompose. Alkaline earth and heavy metal complexes are broken down. ➔ Formulations that contain complexing agents have to remain chemically unchanged in storage and during transport in order to be able to unfold their full action. Many readily biodegradable complexing agents such as iminodisuccinates (IDS) and citrates are not sufficiently stable. The Trilon AS have excellent chemical stability under a wide range of conditions, and this ensures that formulations that contain Trilon AS remain effective over long periods. pH stability The Trilon AS are resistant to being broken down across the whole pH 2 – 14 range, even at elevated temperatures. For instance, formulations that contain Trilon AS and high concentrations of sodium hydroxide remain stable and do not precipitate. Other readily biodegradable complexing agents such as iminodisuccinate precipitate in alkaline media, and these weak complexing agents are then no longer able to keep metal ions in solution. The miscibility and stability of the Trilon AS are excellent, even in highly acidic solutions. Many complexing agents cannot be employed in acidic formulations because they precipitate in the form of their sparingly soluble free acids. The Trilon AS have the advantage that they remain soluble and chemically stable, even in the acidic pH range. ➔ The Trilon AS boost the performance of highly alkaline formulations. ➔ The Trilon AS can also be employed in acidic formulations. ➔ The Trilon AS do not decompose even at an extreme pH. Corrosion The Trilon AS stabilize polyvalent metal ions, which means that they can increase the rate at which metals dissolve. Nevertheless, with the exception of aluminium, an oxidizing agent such as air always has to be present for corrosion to take place. Unalloyed steel is prone to corrosion in media that contain air, but corrosion can be reduced substantially if the pH is in the alkaline range and can be eliminated almost completely if oxygen and other oxidizing agents are excluded. Steel cleaned with the Trilon AS in the slightly alkaline range, which is the optimum pH range for the Trilon AS, is much less prone to corrosion than if it is cleaned with acids. The only type of corrosion that has been observed with the Trilon AS is uniform corrosion: pitting or stress cracking have not been observed in media with a low chloride content. One of the advantages of the Trilon AS is that they can be supplied with a very low chloride content (< 20 mg/kg). The following information on materials is of a very general nature, because corrosion depends on many different factors such as exposure to air, galvanic corrosion caused by the presence of different metals and by the flow patterns of liquids. The compatibility of Trilon AS with different materials needs to be tested in each individual case. Austenitic stainless steels such as AISI/SAE 304, 316 Ti and 321 are very effective for vessels used to store and transport Trilon AS. The corrosion resistance of ferritic carbon steel such as ASTM A201 Grade B (European Material No. P265GH) is limited. A rate of corrosion of 0.01 mm/a has been measured at 50 °C and air exclusion. Crevice corrosion has also occasionally been observed on welded joints, and so we would not recommend storing the Trilon AS in vessels made from unalloyed carbon steel for any prolonged length of time. The rate of corrosion can be reduced by removing the air from the system. Aluminium and aluminium alloys such as AL 7075 T6 (European Material No. 3.4365) are not resistant to Trilon AS, because Trilon AS is alkaline and aluminium is quickly corroded by strong bases. Solutions that contain Trilon AS are much less corrosive to aluminium if their pH is adjusted to 5 – 7. The following points need to be taken into account when comparing the performance of the Trilon AS with weaker complexing agents. ➔ The quantity of complexing agent that is required to sequester a given concentration of calcium ions depends on the strength of the complexing agent. The Trilon AS have a more effective complexing action, and much smaller quantities are required to obtain the same effect as with IDS. ➔ The quantities of complexing agents that need to be applied also depend on their active content. The Trilon AS have a higher active content than many competitors’ products because they contain fewer by-products. Inhibiting calcium carbonate Phosphonates and water-soluble polymers are often used to prevent scale calcium carbonate from precipitating and forming scale. These substances act by temporarily delaying the onset of crystallisation. Chelating agents such as the Trilon AS act differently, because they prevent salts from precipitating and forming scale by sequestering the calcium ions. Scale can form if phosphonates or water-soluble polymers are used, depending on the concentrations of calcium ions and polymer or phosphonates, because the calcium ions do not form permanent bonds. ➔ The Trilon AS can be used to boost the action of polyacrylates and phosphonates in inhibiting scale formation. They can enhance the overall performance of scale inhibitor formulations. There is a need for phosphonates to be replaced in many applications because of issues concerning the effects of phosphorus compounds on aquatic life and water quality. Aminocarboxylates often perform better at a high pH, but phosphonates perform better at a low pH because they are more soluble than many aminocarboxylates. The solubility of the Trilon AS at a low pH is very good and they are quite capable of competing with phosphonates. The Trilon AS are an effective alternative to EDTA for removing calcium phosphate scale. The high performance of EDTA remains unsurpassed, but the performance of the Trilon AS is by far the best of all of the readily biodegradable complexing agents. Weak complexing agents such as iminodisuccinate (IDS), ethylenediaminedisuccinate (EDDS), hydroxyethyliminodiacetate (HEIDA) and citrate are completely ineffective for dissolving stubborn calcium phosphate scale. ➔ The Trilon AS are the best choice when it comes to finding a readily biodegradable complexing agent for dissolving calcium phosphate scale. Organic scale Calcium stearate and calcium oleate (lime soaps) Fatty acids and soaps also react with calcium ions to form sparingly soluble deposits in the kitchen, in the bathroom and on textiles. Lime, magnesium and heavy metals can form soaps that precipitate and give rise to spots and stains, dull surfaces, a rancid odour and poor wettability. They can also cause uneven dyeing, turbidity and changes in colour and cause rubber to perish. The Trilon AS are very effective for dissolving the scale formed by lime soaps and preventing scale from building up, and they are much more effective than weak complexing agents such as IDS or HEIDA. The Trilon AS can be used to stabilise bleach. They prevent hydrogen peroxide decomposing too quickly by sequestering iron, manganese and copper ions. The Trilon AS are an effective alternative to established bleach stabilisers such as EDTA, but the performance of EDTA is still unsurpassed. If local restrictions prevent EDTA from being used, the Trilon AS and Trilon P Liquid supplied by BASF are effective alternatives for stabilising bleach. Trilon AS is an inherently bioeliminable complexing agent that can also be used in combination with the Trilon AS to sequester iron, manganese and copper ions. We know of no ill effects that could have resulted from using the Trilon AS for the purpose for which they are intended and from processing them in accordance with current practice. According to the experience we have gained over many years and other information at our disposal, the Trilon AS do not exert any harmful effects on health, provided that they are used properly, due attention is given to the precautions necessary for handling chemicals, and the information and advice given in our Safety Data Sheets are observed. Storage Trilon AS should not be stored at temperatures below 0 °C, because this can cause them to precipitate. It can be reconstituted by heating it briefly to 40 – 50 °C and stirring. Trilon M Powder is hygroscopic, and so it should be kept in tightly sealed containers. The Trilon AS have a shelf life of one year in their tightly sealed original packaging. We would recommend storing Trilon AS in tanks made from AISI 316 Ti or AISI 321 stainless steel. Ecology and toxicology The Trilon AS have an excellent ecological and toxicological profile and there are no restrictions on their use in many applications. The active ingredient contained in the Trilon AS, MGDA, is classified as being readily biodegradable according to the OECD criteria. In these tests, the test substance is broken down by bacteria under standardised conditions. ➔ The Trilon AS are classified as being readily biodegradable. The products supplied by BASF conform to ecological and toxicological stringent standards in order to protect the environment. BASF has submitted the Trilon AS to a thorough programme of tests and possesses a very extensive collection of data on the Trilon AS. Trilon AS T is an aqueous solution of the trisodium salt of methylglycinediacetic acid (Na3MGDA). It finds application in detergents, cleaning, textiles, soap, metal plating, oil and gas, and water-softening products. Trilon AS is readily biodegradable. Trilon AS, methylglycinediacetic acid trisodium salt (MGDA-Na3) or trisodium α-DL-alanine diacetate (α-ADA), is the trisodium anion of N-(1-carboxyethyl)iminodiacetic acid and a tetradentate complexing agent. It forms stable 1:1 chelate complexes with cations having a charge number of at least +2, e.g. the "hard water forming" cations Ca2+ or Mg2+. α-ADA is distinguished from the isomeric β-alaninediacetic acid by better biodegradability and therefore improved environmental compatibility. Production of Trilon AS The patent literature on the industrial synthesis of Trilon AS describes the approaches for solving the key requirements of a manufacturing process that can be implemented on an industrial scale, characterized by Achieving the highest possible space-time yields Simple reaction control at relatively low pressures and temperatures Realization of continuous process options Achieving the lowest possible levels of impurities, particularly nitrilotriacetic acid, which is suspected of being carcinogenic Use of inexpensive raw materials, e.g. instead of pure L-alanine the raw mixture of Strecker synthesis from methanal, hydrogen cyanide and ammonia Avoidance of complex and yield-reducing isolation steps; instead, direct further use of the crude reaction solutions or precipitates in the following process step. An obvious synthesis route to α-alaninediacetic acid is from racemic α-DL-alanine, which provides racemic α-ADA by double cyanomethylation with methanal and hydrogen cyanide, hydrolysis of the intermediately formed diacetonitrile to the trisodium salt and subsequent acidification with mineral acids in a 97.4% overall yield.[4] In a later patent specification, however, only an overall yield of 77% and an NTA content of 0.1% is achieved with practically the same quantities of substances and under practically identical reaction conditions. MGDA Alanin This later patent specification also indicates a process route via alaninonitrile, which is obtained by Strecker synthesis from hydrogen cyanide, ammonia and methanal and converted to methylglycinonitrile-N,N-diacetonitrile by double cyanomethylation (step 1). The three nitrile groups are then hydrolyzed with sodium hydroxide to α-ADA (step 2). The total yield is given as 72%, the NTA content as 0.07%. MGDA Alaninonitril One variant of the reaction involves iminodiacetonitrile or iminodiacetic acid (step 1'), which reacts in a weakly acidic medium (pH 6) with hydrogen cyanide and ethanal to form methylglycinonitrile-N,N-diacetic acid, the nitrile group of which is hydrolyzed with sodium hydroxide to Trilon AS (step 2'). The reactant iminodiacetic acid is accessible at low cost by dehydrogenation of diethanolamine. Again, the total yield is given as 72%, the NTA content as 0.07%. A further variant is suitable for continuous production, in which ammonia, methanal and hydrogen cyanide react at pH 6 to form iminodiacetonitrile, which in a strongly acidic medium (pH 1.5) reacts with ethanal to produce trinitrile methylglycinonitrile-N,N-diacetonitrile in a very good yield of 92%. (step 1). MGDA Iminodiacetonitril Alkaline hydrolysis (step 2) results in a total yield of 85% Trilon AS with an NTA content of 0.08%. This process variant seems to fulfil the above-mentioned criteria best. A low by-product synthesis route for Trilon AS has recently been described, in which alanine is ethoxylated with ethylene oxide in an autoclave to form bis-hydroxyethylaminoalanine and then oxidized to α-ADA at 190 °C with Raney copper under pressure. BTC offers under the brand name Trilon AS a broad product range of high performance and innovative complexing agents, also known as chelating agents. Chelating agents are able to prevent the deleterious impact of calcification in detergents and cleaning agents. The chelating agents of the Trilon AS product range are used, besides others, to avoid the formation of poorly soluble precipitations, to prevent the undesirable decomposition of constituents of formulations, to prevent discolouration or rancidity. They bind and mask reliably the metal ions and guarantee smooth processing and efficient employment of water. The production of detergents and cleaners triggers a huge demand complexing agents which can be fulfilled with BTCs Trilon AS grades. Brands Trilon AS Properties of Trilon AS grades for the prevention of calcification in detergents and cleaning agents BTC’s Trilon AS chelating agents belong mainly to the class of amino carboxylates which are organic complexing agents. They are available in powder or in liquid form, or as granules; as pure acid version or salt version; in very high purity as high-quality grades for special applications Household and industrial cleaning formulations include chelating additives to soften hard water. Thus, the formation of lime scale, inorganic scale formation is prevented. Trilon AS grades form typically 1:1 complexes. The high stability of these compounds makes them ideal for many industrial processes. They show a very good solubilisation property of the formed complexes. Based on the used amino carboxylic acid the following organic chelating additives are available: Trilon AS B grades; ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid, or Na-salt (EDTA) Trilon AS M grades; methylglycine diacetic acid (MGDA) Trilon AS Ultimate grades; modified MGDA Trilon AS P grade (modified anionic polyamine) The Trilon AS P grade is a non-amino polycarboxylate. It provides outstanding chelating properties especially for chelating iron molecules in alkaline areas. Trilon AS M grades represent the newest generation of complexing agents. Based on methylglycine diacetic acid the product provides a very good chelating performance in addition with a readily biodegradability property. The excellent ecological and toxicological profile of Trilon AS M has been verified in various repeated studies. The Trilon AS M grades offer versatile synergistic properties like enhanced stain removal property; substitute for sodium tripolyphosphate. The strongly limited use of phosphates as a builder in detergents, especially in home care automatic dish washing formulations, triggers the need of phosphate-free alternatives. Trilon AS M Max grades provide extra performance like colour stability. Trilon AS M Max based now on renewable resources. Trilon AS M Max BioBased and Trilon AS M Max EcoBalanced. Thus sustainability of chelating agents are taken to the next level. Trilon AS M Max BioBased is produced from sugar-based Alanin, thus the content of bio-based carbon is measurable. Trilon AS M Max BioBased guarantees a bio-based Carbon Content of 43% with a total bio-based content of 32% (also considering other elements such as oxygen, nitrogen and hydrogen). Trilon AS M Max EcoBalanced, the first renewables-based Trilon AS M grade produced according to the biomass balance approach. This approach replaces fossil feedstock with renewable feedstock such as bio-naphtha or biogas at the very beginning of production. The renewable feedstock is then allocated to Trilon AS M Max EcoBalanced, using a TÜV Nord-certified method. This allows BASF to fully replace fossil feedstock by renewables, not only saving scarce fossil resources, but also reducing damaging greenhouse gas emissions. The Trilon AS M Max EcoBalanced is 100 percent renewables-based, thus helping to protect the environment and the climate without compromising on the high quality BASF customers expect. Trilon AS M Max EcoBalanced has now been awarded certification based on the global REDcert2 scheme. In 2019, BASF transferred certification of biomass balanced products to the new global REDcert2 scheme for the chemical industry. BASF has established a closed chain of custody for the biomass balance approach that extends from the renewable feedstock right through to the final product. Independent certification by TÜV Nord in compliance with the global REDcert2 scheme confirms to the customer that BASF has fully replaced the entire quantity of fossil feedstock required to make Trilon AS M Max EcoBalanced with renewables right from the start of the production process. Trilon AS Ultimate grades are modified MGDA grades. They show besides others improved anti glass corrosiveness. Applications of Trilon AS grades for the prevention of calcification in detergents and cleaning agents BTC’s Trilon AS grades are used in applications like formulations for automatic dish washing, either liquid or solid; chelate based and phosphate-free builder systems; laundry formulations; formulations for floor and hard surface cleaners, toilet cleaners and car cleaners. Further applications for our Trilon AS grades include industrial and institutional cleaners for the food and beverage industry; cleaners for the dairy industry; ware washing and professional car, truck and bus cleaning formulations.

Trilon M Liquid Trilon M liquid (Trilon M sıvı, TRILON M LIQUID) T is an aqueous solution of the trisodium salt of methylglycinediacetic acid (Na3MGDA). It finds application in detergents, cleaning, textiles, soap, metal plating, oil and gas, and water-softening products. Trilon M liquid (Trilon M sıvı, TRILON M LIQUID) is readily biodegradable. Trilon M liquid (Trilon M sıvı, TRILON M LIQUID), methylglycinediacetic acid trisodium salt (MGDA-Na3) or trisodium α-DL-alanine diacetate (α-ADA), is the trisodium anion of N-(1-carboxyethyl)iminodiacetic acid and a tetradentate complexing agent. It forms stable 1:1 chelate complexes with cations having a charge number of at least +2, e.g. the "hard water forming" cations Ca2+ or Mg2+. α-ADA is distinguished from the isomeric β-alaninediacetic acid by better biodegradability and therefore improved environmental compatibility. Production of Trilon M liquid (Trilon M sıvı, TRILON M LIQUID) The patent literature on the industrial synthesis of Trilon M liquid (Trilon M sıvı, TRILON M LIQUID) describes the approaches for solving the key requirements of a manufacturing process that can be implemented on an industrial scale, characterized by Achieving the highest possible space-time yields Simple reaction control at relatively low pressures and temperatures Realization of continuous process options Achieving the lowest possible levels of impurities, particularly nitrilotriacetic acid, which is suspected of being carcinogenic Use of inexpensive raw materials, e.g. instead of pure L-alanine the raw mixture of Strecker synthesis from methanal, hydrogen cyanide and ammonia Avoidance of complex and yield-reducing isolation steps; instead, direct further use of the crude reaction solutions or precipitates in the following process step. An obvious synthesis route to α-alaninediacetic acid is from racemic α-DL-alanine, which provides racemic α-ADA by double cyanomethylation with methanal and hydrogen cyanide, hydrolysis of the intermediately formed diacetonitrile to the trisodium salt and subsequent acidification with mineral acids in a 97.4% overall yield.[4] In a later patent specification, however, only an overall yield of 77% and an NTA content of 0.1% is achieved with practically the same quantities of substances and under practically identical reaction conditions. MGDA Alanin This later patent specification also indicates a process route via alaninonitrile, which is obtained by Strecker synthesis from hydrogen cyanide, ammonia and methanal and converted to methylglycinonitrile-N,N-diacetonitrile by double cyanomethylation (step 1). The three nitrile groups are then hydrolyzed with sodium hydroxide to α-ADA (step 2). The total yield is given as 72%, the NTA content as 0.07%. MGDA Alaninonitril One variant of the reaction involves iminodiacetonitrile or iminodiacetic acid (step 1'), which reacts in a weakly acidic medium (pH 6) with hydrogen cyanide and ethanal to form methylglycinonitrile-N,N-diacetic acid, the nitrile group of which is hydrolyzed with sodium hydroxide to Trilon M liquid (Trilon M sıvı, TRILON M LIQUID) (step 2'). The reactant iminodiacetic acid is accessible at low cost by dehydrogenation of diethanolamine. Again, the total yield is given as 72%, the NTA content as 0.07%. A further variant is suitable for continuous production, in which ammonia, methanal and hydrogen cyanide react at pH 6 to form iminodiacetonitrile, which in a strongly acidic medium (pH 1.5) reacts with ethanal to produce trinitrile methylglycinonitrile-N,N-diacetonitrile in a very good yield of 92%. (step 1). MGDA Iminodiacetonitril Alkaline hydrolysis (step 2) results in a total yield of 85% Trilon M liquid (Trilon M sıvı, TRILON M LIQUID) with an NTA content of 0.08%. This process variant seems to fulfil the above-mentioned criteria best. A low by-product synthesis route for Trilon M liquid (Trilon M sıvı, TRILON M LIQUID) has recently been described, in which alanine is ethoxylated with ethylene oxide in an autoclave to form bis-hydroxyethylaminoalanine and then oxidized to α-ADA at 190 °C with Raney copper under pressure.[6] MGDA Ethoxylierung The yields are over 90% d.Th., the NTA contents below 1%. The process conditions make this variant rather less attractive. Properties of Trilon M liquid (Trilon M sıvı, TRILON M LIQUID) The commercially available Trilon M liquid (Trilon M sıvı, TRILON M LIQUID) (84% by weight) is a colourless, water-soluble solid whose aqueous solutions are rapidly and completely degraded even by non-adapted bacteria. Aquatic toxicity to fish, daphnia and algae is low.[7] Trilon M liquid (Trilon M sıvı, TRILON M LIQUID) is described as readily biodegradable (OECD 301C) and is eliminated to >90 % in wastewater treatment plants.[8] Trilon M liquid (Trilon M sıvı, TRILON M LIQUID) has not yet been detected in the discharge of municipal and industrial sewage treatment plants. In addition to their very good biodegradability, Trilon M liquid (Trilon M sıvı, TRILON M LIQUID) solutions are characterized by high chemical stability even at temperatures above 200 °C (under pressure) in a wide pH range between 2 and 14 as well as high complex stability compared to other complexing agents of the aminopolycarboxylate type. The complex formation constants of the biodegradable chelators α-ADA and IDS are in a range suitable for industrial use, but clearly below those of the previous standard EDTA. In solid preparations, Trilon M liquid (Trilon M sıvı, TRILON M LIQUID) is stable against oxidizing agents such as perborates and percarbonates, but not against oxidizing acids or sodium hypochlorite. Use of Trilon M liquid (Trilon M sıvı, TRILON M LIQUID) Like other complexing agents in the aminopolycarboxylic acid class, Trilon M liquid (Trilon M sıvı, TRILON M LIQUID) (α-ADA) finds due to its ability to form stable chelate complexes with polyvalent ions (in particular the water hardening agents Ca2+ and Mg2+, as well as transition and heavy metal ions such as Fe3+, Mn2+, Cu2+, etc.) use in water softening, in detergents and cleaning agents, in electroplating, cosmetics, paper and textile production. Due to its stability at high temperatures and pH values, α-ADA should be particularly suitable as a substitute for the phosphates banned in the EU from 2017, such as sodium tripolyphosphate (STPP)[12] in tabs for dishwashers. BASF SE is the most important manufacturer of α-ADA under the brand name Trilon M liquid (Trilon M sıvı, TRILON M LIQUID), has large-scale plants in Ludwigshafen and Lima, Ohio, and is currently expanding its existing capacities with another large-scale plant at Evonik's site in Theodore, Alabama. Description of Trilon M liquid (Trilon M sıvı, TRILON M LIQUID) Trilon M liquid (Trilon M sıvı, TRILON M LIQUID) is a chelating agent that delivers a non-toxic, environmentally friendly alternative to phosphates and other strong chelates. Methylglycinediacetic acid (MGDA) is the active ingredient and exceeds alternative products, like citrates, at removing lime scale and tough stains. Efficiently dissolve inorganic deposits and scales that produce undesirable effects like striking and spotting in dish wash and hard surface applications or limit the performance of surfactants and other additives in cleaners and detergents. Trilon M liquid (Trilon M sıvı, TRILON M LIQUID) chelating agent improves cleaning performance in hard surface, automatic dishwasher and laundry operations. I&l customers can use lower concentrations, due to its low molecular weight, of this strong complexing agent in their cleaning formulations, making it more cost effective. This product is effective in both alkaline and acidic cleaners, and also demonstrates effective cleaning ability in a variety of applications, including general purpose cleaners, floor care products, warewashing detergents, disinfectants and sanitizers, laundry detergents, automatic dishwashers, vehicle wash aids, and hand cleansers. Trilon M liquid (Trilon M sıvı, TRILON M LIQUID) is extremely efficient in combating hard water and allowing for the best cleaning performance to shine through. In formulas with anionic surfactants, it is especially important to have an effective chelating agent like Trilon M liquid (Trilon M sıvı, TRILON M LIQUID), particularly in hard water conditions. Other chelating agents just don’t perform as well, and without the addition of one at all, there is hardly any cleaning shown. The Trilon M liquid (Trilon M sıvı, TRILON M LIQUID) are very effective complexing agents for calcium in the alkaline pH range. This is an advantage in many detergent and cleaner applications. ➔ The Trilon M liquid (Trilon M sıvı, TRILON M LIQUID) are less likely to crystallise in the acidic pH range than other aminocarboxylic acids, and they are still capable of complexing iron ions effectively in the pH 2 – 3 range. Comparison with weak complexing agents: Weak complexing agents are incapable of reducing the concentration of free metal ions in aqueous systems to the same extent as the Trilon M liquid (Trilon M sıvı, TRILON M LIQUID), and the result is that they are unable to prevent metal ions from playing a disruptive role in chemical processes. The Trilon M liquid (Trilon M sıvı, TRILON M LIQUID) are chemically very stable. The Trilon M liquid (Trilon M sıvı, TRILON M LIQUID) have been shown to be very stable compared to other organic complexing agents such as citric acid, tartaric acid and gluconates, especially at high temperatures. Whereas inorganic sequestring agents (eg. phosphates) may hydrolyse at high temperatures, Trilon M liquid (Trilon M sıvı, TRILON M LIQUID) are stable – even when heated to 200 °C under pressure. Trilon M Powder and Trilon M Granules begin to decompose at approx. 300 °C. The Trilon M liquid (Trilon M sıvı, TRILON M LIQUID) are resistant to strong acids and strong bases. They are gradually broken down by chromic acid, potassium permanganate and other strong oxidizing agents. Stability in the presence of hydrogen peroxide, percarbonate and perborate is sufficient for joint application. Nevertheless, we do not recommend combining Trilon M liquid (Trilon M sıvı, TRILON M LIQUID) and peroxides in liquid formulations. Sodium hypochlorite and other substances that release chlorine cause the Trilon M liquid (Trilon M sıvı, TRILON M LIQUID) to decompose. Alkaline earth and heavy metal complexes are broken down. ➔ Formulations that contain complexing agents have to remain chemically unchanged in storage and during transport in order to be able to unfold their full action. Many readily biodegradable complexing agents such as iminodisuccinates (IDS) and citrates are not sufficiently stable. The Trilon M liquid (Trilon M sıvı, TRILON M LIQUID) have excellent chemical stability under a wide range of conditions, and this ensures that formulations that contain Trilon M liquid (Trilon M sıvı, TRILON M LIQUID) remain effective over long periods. pH stability The Trilon M liquid (Trilon M sıvı, TRILON M LIQUID) are resistant to being broken down across the whole pH 2 – 14 range, even at elevated temperatures. For instance, formulations that contain Trilon M liquid (Trilon M sıvı, TRILON M LIQUID) and high concentrations of sodium hydroxide remain stable and do not precipitate. Other readily biodegradable complexing agents such as iminodisuccinate precipitate in alkaline media, and these weak complexing agents are then no longer able to keep metal ions in solution. The miscibility and stability of the Trilon M liquid (Trilon M sıvı, TRILON M LIQUID) are excellent, even in highly acidic solutions. Many complexing agents cannot be employed in acidic formulations because they precipitate in the form of their sparingly soluble free acids. The Trilon M liquid (Trilon M sıvı, TRILON M LIQUID) have the advantage that they remain soluble and chemically stable, even in the acidic pH range. ➔ The Trilon M liquid (Trilon M sıvı, TRILON M LIQUID) boost the performance of highly alkaline formulations. ➔ The Trilon M liquid (Trilon M sıvı, TRILON M LIQUID) can also be employed in acidic formulations. ➔ The Trilon M liquid (Trilon M sıvı, TRILON M LIQUID) do not decompose even at an extreme pH. Corrosion The Trilon M liquid (Trilon M sıvı, TRILON M LIQUID) stabilize polyvalent metal ions, which means that they can increase the rate at which metals dissolve. Nevertheless, with the exception of aluminium, an oxidizing agent such as air always has to be present for corrosion to take place. Unalloyed steel is prone to corrosion in media that contain air, but corrosion can be reduced substantially if the pH is in the alkaline range and can be eliminated almost completely if oxygen and other oxidizing agents are excluded. Steel cleaned with the Trilon M liquid (Trilon M sıvı, TRILON M LIQUID) in the slightly alkaline range, which is the optimum pH range for the Trilon M liquid (Trilon M sıvı, TRILON M LIQUID), is much less prone to corrosion than if it is cleaned with acids. The only type of corrosion that has been observed with the Trilon M liquid (Trilon M sıvı, TRILON M LIQUID) is uniform corrosion: pitting or stress cracking have not been observed in media with a low chloride content. One of the advantages of the Trilon M liquid (Trilon M sıvı, TRILON M LIQUID) is that they can be supplied with a very low chloride content (< 20 mg/kg). The following information on materials is of a very general nature, because corrosion depends on many different factors such as exposure to air, galvanic corrosion caused by the presence of different metals and by the flow patterns of liquids. The compatibility of Trilon M liquid (Trilon M sıvı, TRILON M LIQUID) with different materials needs to be tested in each individual case. Austenitic stainless steels such as AISI/SAE 304, 316 Ti and 321 are very effective for vessels used to store and transport Trilon M liquid (Trilon M sıvı, TRILON M LIQUID). The corrosion resistance of ferritic carbon steel such as ASTM A201 Grade B (European Material No. P265GH) is limited. A rate of corrosion of 0.01 mm/a has been measured at 50 °C and air exclusion. Crevice corrosion has also occasionally been observed on welded joints, and so we would not recommend storing the Trilon M liquid (Trilon M sıvı, TRILON M LIQUID) in vessels made from unalloyed carbon steel for any prolonged length of time. The rate of corrosion can be reduced by removing the air from the system. Aluminium and aluminium alloys such as AL 7075 T6 (European Material No. 3.4365) are not resistant to Trilon M liquid (Trilon M sıvı, TRILON M LIQUID), because Trilon M liquid (Trilon M sıvı, TRILON M LIQUID) is alkaline and aluminium is quickly corroded by strong bases. Solutions that contain Trilon M liquid (Trilon M sıvı, TRILON M LIQUID) are much less corrosive to aluminium if their pH is adjusted to 5 – 7. The following points need to be taken into account when comparing the performance of the Trilon M liquid (Trilon M sıvı, TRILON M LIQUID) with weaker complexing agents. ➔ The quantity of complexing agent that is required to sequester a given concentration of calcium ions depends on the strength of the complexing agent. The Trilon M liquid (Trilon M sıvı, TRILON M LIQUID) have a more effective complexing action, and much smaller quantities are required to obtain the same effect as with IDS. ➔ The quantities of complexing agents that need to be applied also depend on their active content. The Trilon M liquid (Trilon M sıvı, TRILON M LIQUID) have a higher active content than many competitors’ products because they contain fewer by-products. Inhibiting calcium carbonate Phosphonates and water-soluble polymers are often used to prevent scale calcium carbonate from precipitating and forming scale. These substances act by temporarily delaying the onset of crystallisation. Chelating agents such as the Trilon M liquid (Trilon M sıvı, TRILON M LIQUID) act differently, because they prevent salts from precipitating and forming scale by sequestering the calcium ions. Scale can form if phosphonates or water-soluble polymers are used, depending on the concentrations of calcium ions and polymer or phosphonates, because the calcium ions do not form permanent bonds. ➔ The Trilon M liquid (Trilon M sıvı, TRILON M LIQUID) can be used to boost the action of polyacrylates and phosphonates in inhibiting scale formation. They can enhance the overall performance of scale inhibitor formulations. There is a need for phosphonates to be replaced in many applications because of issues concerning the effects of phosphorus compounds on aquatic life and water quality. Aminocarboxylates often perform better at a high pH, but phosphonates perform better at a low pH because they are more soluble than many aminocarboxylates. The solubility of the Trilon M liquid (Trilon M sıvı, TRILON M LIQUID) at a low pH is very good and they are quite capable of competing with phosphonates. The Trilon M liquid (Trilon M sıvı, TRILON M LIQUID) are an effective alternative to EDTA for removing calcium phosphate scale. The high performance of EDTA remains unsurpassed, but the performance of the Trilon M liquid (Trilon M sıvı, TRILON M LIQUID) is by far the best of all of the readily biodegradable complexing agents. Weak complexing agents such as iminodisuccinate (IDS), ethylenediaminedisuccinate (EDDS), hydroxyethyliminodiacetate (HEIDA) and citrate are completely ineffective for dissolving stubborn calcium phosphate scale. ➔ The Trilon M liquid (Trilon M sıvı, TRILON M LIQUID) are the best choice when it comes to finding a readily biodegradable complexing agent for dissolving calcium phosphate scale. Organic scale Calcium stearate and calcium oleate (lime soaps) Fatty acids and soaps also react with calcium ions to form sparingly soluble deposits in the kitchen, in the bathroom and on textiles. Lime, magnesium and heavy metals can form soaps that precipitate and give rise to spots and stains, dull surfaces, a rancid odour and poor wettability. They can also cause uneven dyeing, turbidity and changes in colour and cause rubber to perish. The Trilon M liquid (Trilon M sıvı, TRILON M LIQUID) are very effective for dissolving the scale formed by lime soaps and preventing scale from building up, and they are much more effective than weak complexing agents such as IDS or HEIDA. The Trilon M liquid (Trilon M sıvı, TRILON M LIQUID) can be used to stabilise bleach. They prevent hydrogen peroxide decomposing too quickly by sequestering iron, manganese and copper ions. The Trilon M liquid (Trilon M sıvı, TRILON M LIQUID) are an effective alternative to established bleach stabilisers such as EDTA, but the performance of EDTA is still unsurpassed. If local restrictions prevent EDTA from being used, the Trilon M liquid (Trilon M sıvı, TRILON M LIQUID) and Trilon P Liquid supplied by BASF are effective alternatives for stabilising bleach. Trilon M liquid (Trilon M sıvı, TRILON M LIQUID) is an inherently bioeliminable complexing agent that can also be used in combination with the Trilon M liquid (Trilon M sıvı, TRILON M LIQUID) to sequester iron, manganese and copper ions. We know of no ill effects that could have resulted from using the Trilon M liquid (Trilon M sıvı, TRILON M LIQUID) for the purpose for which they are intended and from processing them in accordance with current practice. According to the experience we have gained over many years and other information at our disposal, the Trilon M liquid (Trilon M sıvı, TRILON M LIQUID) do not exert any harmful effects on health, provided that they are used properly, due attention is given to the precautions necessary for handling chemicals, and the information and advice given in our Safety Data Sheets are observed. Storage Trilon M liquid (Trilon M sıvı, TRILON M LIQUID) should not be stored at temperatures below 0 °C, because this can cause them to precipitate. It can be reconstituted by heating it briefly to 40 – 50 °C and stirring. Trilon M Powder is hygroscopic, and so it should be kept in tightly sealed containers. The Trilon M liquid (Trilon M sıvı, TRILON M LIQUID) have a shelf life of one year in their tightly sealed original packaging. We would recommend storing Trilon M liquid (Trilon M sıvı, TRILON M LIQUID) in tanks made from AISI 316 Ti or AISI 321 stainless steel. Ecology and toxicology The Trilon M liquid (Trilon M sıvı, TRILON M LIQUID) have an excellent ecological and toxicological profile and there are no restrictions on their use in many applications. The active ingredient contained in the Trilon M liquid (Trilon M sıvı, TRILON M LIQUID), MGDA, is classified as being readily biodegradable according to the OECD criteria. In these tests, the test substance is broken down by bacteria under standardised conditions. ➔ The Trilon M liquid (Trilon M sıvı, TRILON M LIQUID) are classified as being readily biodegradable. The products supplied by BASF conform to ecological and toxicological stringent standards in order to protect the environment. BASF has submitted the Trilon M liquid (Trilon M sıvı, TRILON M LIQUID) to a thorough programme of tests and possesses a very extensive collection of data on the Trilon M liquid (Trilon M sıvı, TRILON M LIQUID). Trilon M liquid (Trilon M sıvı, TRILON M LIQUID) T is an aqueous solution of the trisodium salt of methylglycinediacetic acid (Na3MGDA). It finds application in detergents, cleaning, textiles, soap, metal plating, oil and gas, and water-softening products. Trilon M liquid (Trilon M sıvı, TRILON M LIQUID) is readily biodegradable. Trilon M liquid (Trilon M sıvı, TRILON M LIQUID), methylglycinediacetic acid trisodium salt (MGDA-Na3) or trisodium α-DL-alanine diacetate (α-ADA), is the trisodium anion of N-(1-carboxyethyl)iminodiacetic acid and a tetradentate complexing agent. It forms stable 1:1 chelate complexes with cations having a charge number of at least +2, e.g. the "hard water forming" cations Ca2+ or Mg2+. α-ADA is distinguished from the isomeric β-alaninediacetic acid by better biodegradability and therefore improved environmental compatibility. Production of Trilon M liquid (Trilon M sıvı, TRILON M LIQUID) The patent literature on the industrial synthesis of Trilon M liquid (Trilon M sıvı, TRILON M LIQUID) describes the approaches for solving the key requirements of a manufacturing process that can be implemented on an industrial scale, characterized by Achieving the highest possible space-time yields Simple reaction control at relatively low pressures and temperatures Realization of continuous process options Achieving the lowest possible levels of impurities, particularly nitrilotriacetic acid, which is suspected of being carcinogenic Use of inexpensive raw materials, e.g. instead of pure L-alanine the raw mixture of Strecker synthesis from methanal, hydrogen cyanide and ammonia Avoidance of complex and yield-reducing isolation steps; instead, direct further use of the crude reaction solutions or precipitates in the following process step. An obvious synthesis route to α-alaninediacetic acid is from racemic α-DL-alanine, which provides racemic α-ADA by double cyanomethylation with methanal and hydrogen cyanide, hydrolysis of the intermediately formed diacetonitrile to the trisodium salt and subsequent acidification with mineral acids in a 97.4% overall yield.[4] In a later patent specification, however, only an overall yield of 77% and an NTA content of 0.1% is achieved with practically the same quantities of substances and under practically identical reaction conditions. MGDA Alanin This later patent specification also indicates a process route via alaninonitrile, which is obtained by Strecker synthesis from hydrogen cyanide, ammonia and methanal and converted to methylglycinonitrile-N,N-diacetonitrile by double cyanomethylation (step 1). The three nitrile groups are then hydrolyzed with sodium hydroxide to α-ADA (step 2). The total yield is given as 72%, the NTA content as 0.07%. MGDA Alaninonitril One variant of the reaction involves iminodiacetonitrile or iminodiacetic acid (step 1'), which reacts in a weakly acidic medium (pH 6) with hydrogen cyanide and ethanal to form methylglycinonitrile-N,N-diacetic acid, the nitrile group of which is hydrolyzed with sodium hydroxide to Trilon M liquid (Trilon M sıvı, TRILON M LIQUID) (step 2'). The reactant iminodiacetic acid is accessible at low cost by dehydrogenation of diethanolamine. Again, the total yield is given as 72%, the NTA content as 0.07%. A further variant is suitable for continuous production, in which ammonia, methanal and hydrogen cyanide react at pH 6 to form iminodiacetonitrile, which in a strongly acidic medium (pH 1.5) reacts with ethanal to produce trinitrile methylglycinonitrile-N,N-diacetonitrile in a very good yield of 92%. (step 1). MGDA Iminodiacetonitril Alkaline hydrolysis (step 2) results in a total yield of 85% Trilon M liquid (Trilon M sıvı, TRILON M LIQUID) with an NTA content of 0.08%. This process variant seems to fulfil the above-mentioned criteria best. A low by-product synthesis route for Trilon M liquid (Trilon M sıvı, TRILON M LIQUID) has recently been described, in which alanine is ethoxylated with ethylene oxide in an autoclave to form bis-hydroxyethylaminoalanine and then oxidized to α-ADA at 190 °C with Raney copper under pressure. BTC offers under the brand name Trilon M liquid (Trilon M sıvı, TRILON M LIQUID) a broad product range of high performance and innovative complexing agents, also known as chelating agents. Chelating agents are able to prevent the deleterious impact of calcification in detergents and cleaning agents. The chelating agents of the Trilon M liquid (Trilon M sıvı, TRILON M LIQUID) product range are used, besides others, to avoid the formation of poorly soluble precipitations, to prevent the undesirable decomposition of constituents of formulations, to prevent discolouration or rancidity. They bind and mask reliably the metal ions and guarantee smooth processing and efficient employment of water. The production of detergents and cleaners triggers a huge demand complexing agents which can be fulfilled with BTCs Trilon M liquid (Trilon M sıvı, TRILON M LIQUID) grades. Brands Trilon M liquid (Trilon M sıvı, TRILON M LIQUID) Properties of Trilon M liquid (Trilon M sıvı, TRILON M LIQUID) grades for the prevention of calcification in detergents and cleaning agents BTC’s Trilon M liquid (Trilon M sıvı, TRILON M LIQUID) chelating agents belong mainly to the class of amino carboxylates which are organic complexing agents. They are available in powder or in liquid form, or as granules; as pure acid version or salt version; in very high purity as high-quality grades for special applications Household and industrial cleaning formulations include chelating additives to soften hard water. Thus, the formation of lime scale, inorganic scale formation is prevented. Trilon M liquid (Trilon M sıvı, TRILON M LIQUID) grades form typically 1:1 complexes. The high stability of these compounds makes them ideal for many industrial processes. They show a very good solubilisation property of the formed complexes. Based on the used amino carboxylic acid the following organic chelating additives are available: Trilon M liquid (Trilon M sıvı, TRILON M LIQUID) B grades; ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid, or Na-salt (EDTA) Trilon M liquid (Trilon M sıvı, TRILON M LIQUID) M grades; methylglycine diacetic acid (MGDA) Trilon M liquid (Trilon M sıvı, TRILON M LIQUID) Ultimate grades; modified MGDA Trilon M liquid (Trilon M sıvı, TRILON M LIQUID) P grade (modified anionic polyamine) The Trilon M liquid (Trilon M sıvı, TRILON M LIQUID) P grade is a non-amino polycarboxylate. It provides outstanding chelating properties especially for chelating iron molecules in alkaline areas. Trilon M liquid (Trilon M sıvı, TRILON M LIQUID) M grades represent the newest generation of complexing agents. Based on methylglycine diacetic acid the product provides a very good chelating performance in addition with a readily biodegradability property. The excellent ecological and toxicological profile of Trilon M liquid (Trilon M sıvı, TRILON M LIQUID) M has been verified in various repeated studies. The Trilon M liquid (Trilon M sıvı, TRILON M LIQUID) M grades offer versatile synergistic properties like enhanced stain removal property; substitute for sodium tripolyphosphate. The strongly limited use of phosphates as a builder in detergents, especially in home care automatic dish washing formulations, triggers the need of phosphate-free alternatives. Trilon M liquid (Trilon M sıvı, TRILON M LIQUID) M Max grades provide extra performance like colour stability. Trilon M liquid (Trilon M sıvı, TRILON M LIQUID) M Max based now on renewable resources. Trilon M liquid (Trilon M sıvı, TRILON M LIQUID) M Max BioBased and Trilon M liquid (Trilon M sıvı, TRILON M LIQUID) M Max EcoBalanced. Thus sustainability of chelating agents are taken to the next level. Trilon M liquid (Trilon M sıvı, TRILON M LIQUID) M Max BioBased is produced from sugar-based Alanin, thus the content of bio-based carbon is measurable. Trilon M liquid (Trilon M sıvı, TRILON M LIQUID) M Max BioBased guarantees a bio-based Carbon Content of 43% with a total bio-based content of 32% (also considering other elements such as oxygen, nitrogen and hydrogen). Trilon M liquid (Trilon M sıvı, TRILON M LIQUID) M Max EcoBalanced, the first renewables-based Trilon M liquid (Trilon M sıvı, TRILON M LIQUID) M grade produced according to the biomass balance approach. This approach replaces fossil feedstock with renewable feedstock such as bio-naphtha or biogas at the very beginning of production. The renewable feedstock is then allocated to Trilon M liquid (Trilon M sıvı, TRILON M LIQUID) M Max EcoBalanced, using a TÜV Nord-certified method. This allows BASF to fully replace fossil feedstock by renewables, not only saving scarce fossil resources, but also reducing damaging greenhouse gas emissions. The Trilon M liquid (Trilon M sıvı, TRILON M LIQUID) M Max EcoBalanced is 100 percent renewables-based, thus helping to protect the environment and the climate without compromising on the high quality BASF customers expect. Trilon M liquid (Trilon M sıvı, TRILON M LIQUID) M Max EcoBalanced has now been awarded certification based on the global REDcert2 scheme. In 2019, BASF transferred certification of biomass balanced products to the new global REDcert2 scheme for the chemical industry. BASF has established a closed chain of custody for the biomass balance approach that extends from the renewable feedstock right through to the final product. Independent certification by TÜV Nord in compliance with the global REDcert2 scheme confirms to the customer that BASF has fully replaced the entire quantity of fossil feedstock required to make Trilon M liquid (Trilon M sıvı, TRILON M LIQUID) M Max EcoBalanced with renewables right from the start of the production process. Trilon M liquid (Trilon M sıvı, TRILON M LIQUID) Ultimate grades are modified MGDA grades. They show besides others improved anti glass corrosiveness. Applications of Trilon M liquid (Trilon M sıvı, TRILON M LIQUID) grades for the prevention of calcification in detergents and cleaning agents BTC’s Trilon M liquid (Trilon M sıvı, TRILON M LIQUID) grades are used in applications like formulations for automatic dish washing, either liquid or solid; chelate based and phosphate-free builder systems; laundry formulations; formulations for floor and hard surface cleaners, toilet cleaners and car cleaners. Further applications for our Trilon M liquid (Trilon M sıvı, TRILON M LIQUID) grades include industrial and institutional cleaners for the food and beverage industry; cleaners for the dairy industry; ware washing and professional car, truck and bus cleaning formulations.

Trimethoxyvinylsilane is a chemical compound with the molecular formula C5H12O3Si.
Trimethoxyvinylsilane is an organosilicon compound that contains a vinyl functional group and three methoxy groups attached to a silicon atom.
Trimethoxyvinylsilane is also known by its systematic name, (Z)-1-trimethoxysilanyl-1-propene.
Trimethoxyvinylsilane is a clear, colorless liquid that is soluble in organic solvents and water


CAS Number: 2768-02-7



APPLICATIONS


Trimethoxyvinylsilane has a variety of applications in various industries.
Here are some of its applications:

Trimethoxyvinylsilane is used as a coupling agent in the production of fiberglass-reinforced plastics, adhesives, and sealants.
Trimethoxyvinylsilane is used as a reactive diluent in the formulation of high-performance coatings and resins.
Trimethoxyvinylsilane is used as a crosslinker in the production of thermoplastic elastomers, silicone rubbers, and polyurethanes.

Trimethoxyvinylsilane is used as a water scavenger in polyurethane foams.
Trimethoxyvinylsilane is used in the production of specialty silanes and siloxanes.

Trimethoxyvinylsilane is used as a surface treatment agent for inorganic materials such as glass and metal.
Trimethoxyvinylsilane is used as a modifier for polysiloxanes, polyethers, and polyesters to improve their adhesion properties.

Trimethoxyvinylsilane is used as a crosslinker in the production of thermosetting resins for electronic applications.
Trimethoxyvinylsilane is used as a monomer in the synthesis of vinylsilane polymers and copolymers.

Trimethoxyvinylsilane is used as an intermediate in the production of organosilicon compounds.
Trimethoxyvinylsilane is used as a monomer in the production of silicone sealants and adhesives.
Trimethoxyvinylsilane is used in the production of organofunctional silanes.

Trimethoxyvinylsilane is used as a crosslinker in the production of resins and coatings for marine applications.
Trimethoxyvinylsilane is used as a surface treatment agent for ceramic materials.

Trimethoxyvinylsilane is used as a water-repellent agent in building materials such as concrete and masonry.
Trimethoxyvinylsilane is used in the production of rubber articles with improved properties such as heat resistance, tensile strength, and abrasion resistance.

Trimethoxyvinylsilane is used as a modifier for epoxy resins to improve their adhesion to various substrates.
Trimethoxyvinylsilane is used as a monomer in the production of vinylsilane copolymers for use in electronic applications.

Trimethoxyvinylsilane is used as a crosslinker in the production of high-performance adhesives.
Trimethoxyvinylsilane is used as a surface treatment agent for glass fibers to improve their adhesion to resins.

Trimethoxyvinylsilane is commonly used in the manufacture of silicone polymers.
Trimethoxyvinylsilane can be used as a cross-linker in various adhesives and coatings.
Trimethoxyvinylsilane is used as a coupling agent in the production of fiber-reinforced composite materials.

Trimethoxyvinylsilane is often added to concrete to improve its adhesion and durability.
Trimethoxyvinylsilane can also be used as a modifier in the synthesis of mesoporous materials.

Trimethoxyvinylsilane is used as a precursor in the preparation of silica nanoparticles.
Trimethoxyvinylsilane is a common component in the production of hydrophobic surfaces.

Trimethoxyvinylsilane can be used to functionalize glass surfaces to improve adhesion to organic coatings.
Trimethoxyvinylsilane is often used in the synthesis of silicone elastomers.

Trimethoxyvinylsilane is a popular reagent in the modification of micro- and nanoparticles.
Trimethoxyvinylsilane can be used in the preparation of functionalized silica gels.
Trimethoxyvinylsilane is used in the synthesis of new biomaterials.

Trimethoxyvinylsilane is a key component in the production of sealants and caulks.
Trimethoxyvinylsilane can be used to improve the performance of rubber compounds.

Trimethoxyvinylsilane is used in the preparation of inorganic-organic hybrid materials.
Trimethoxyvinylsilane is often used in the production of optical fibers.

Trimethoxyvinylsilane can be used as a surface modifier in the preparation of polymeric nanocomposites.
Trimethoxyvinylsilane is used in the production of highly selective sorbents for gas chromatography.

Trimethoxyvinylsilane is a key component in the manufacture of anti-fouling coatings.
Trimethoxyvinylsilane can be used to modify the surface properties of polymeric membranes.
Trimethoxyvinylsilane is used as a cross-linking agent in the preparation of waterborne coatings.

Trimethoxyvinylsilane is often used in the preparation of hybrid organic-inorganic coatings.
Trimethoxyvinylsilane can be used in the production of ceramic fibers and composites.

Trimethoxyvinylsilane is used in the preparation of new ion exchange resins.
Trimethoxyvinylsilane is a common reagent in the preparation of functionalized nanoparticles.

Trimethoxyvinylsilane is commonly used as a coupling agent in the production of glass fiber reinforced plastics.
Trimethoxyvinylsilane is also used as an adhesion promoter in the manufacture of rubber products.
Trimethoxyvinylsilane is used as a surface modifier in the production of coatings and paints.

Trimethoxyvinylsilane can also be used as a crosslinking agent in polymer chemistry.
Trimethoxyvinylsilane is used in the production of silicon-based ceramics.

Trimethoxyvinylsilane is commonly used as a raw material in the synthesis of silane coupling agents.
Trimethoxyvinylsilane can be used as an additive in the production of adhesives and sealants.

Trimethoxyvinylsilane is used as a crosslinking agent in the production of thermosetting resins.
Trimethoxyvinylsilane can be used in the production of biocompatible materials.

Trimethoxyvinylsilane is used as an additive in the production of asphalt and bitumen.
Trimethoxyvinylsilane is used as a silane coupling agent in the production of fiber-reinforced composites.

Trimethoxyvinylsilane can be used as an adhesion promoter in the production of plastics.
Trimethoxyvinylsilane is used in the production of silicon-based coatings.
Trimethoxyvinylsilane can be used as a surface modifier in the production of glass.

Trimethoxyvinylsilane is used as a raw material in the production of organosilicon compounds.
Trimethoxyvinylsilane is used as a crosslinking agent in the production of silicone rubber.

Trimethoxyvinylsilane is used as an additive in the production of concrete and cement.
Trimethoxyvinylsilane is used as a coupling agent in the production of ceramic materials.

Trimethoxyvinylsilane is used as an adhesion promoter in the production of paints.
Trimethoxyvinylsilane can be used as a surface modifier in the production of metal surfaces.

Trimethoxyvinylsilane is used as a raw material in the production of specialty chemicals.
Trimethoxyvinylsilane is used as a crosslinking agent in the production of high-temperature resistant materials.
Trimethoxyvinylsilane is used as an adhesion promoter in the production of glass beads.

Trimethoxyvinylsilane can be used as a coupling agent in the production of nanocomposites.
Trimethoxyvinylsilane is used as a surface modifier in the production of ceramics for electronic applications.

Trimethoxyvinylsilane is used in the production of silicone rubber.
Trimethoxyvinylsilane can be used as a coupling agent in the formulation of adhesives and sealants.

Trimethoxyvinylsilane can be used in the production of water-repellent coatings for textiles.
Trimethoxyvinylsilane is used in the production of thermosetting plastics.

Trimethoxyvinylsilane can be used as a crosslinking agent in the formulation of coatings and paints.
Trimethoxyvinylsilane is used in the production of glass fiber-reinforced thermosetting resins.

Trimethoxyvinylsilane is used as a surface modifier for inorganic fillers in polymer composites.
Trimethoxyvinylsilane can be used in the production of electrical insulation materials.
Trimethoxyvinylsilane is used as a coupling agent in the production of inorganic fillers for rubber.

Trimethoxyvinylsilane is used as a crosslinking agent in the production of silicone resins.
Trimethoxyvinylsilane can be used as a raw material for the production of silane coupling agents.

Trimethoxyvinylsilane is used in the production of water-repellent coatings for automotive parts.
Trimethoxyvinylsilane is used in the formulation of mold release agents.

Trimethoxyvinylsilane can be used in the production of conductive coatings for electronic components.
Trimethoxyvinylsilane is used in the formulation of high-temperature adhesives.

Trimethoxyvinylsilane is used in the production of heat-resistant silicone rubber.
Trimethoxyvinylsilane can be used as a surface modifier for pigments in coatings and inks.
Trimethoxyvinylsilane is used in the production of water-repellent coatings for building materials.

Trimethoxyvinylsilane is used as a crosslinking agent in the production of epoxy resins.
Trimethoxyvinylsilane can be used in the production of thermoplastic elastomers.

Trimethoxyvinylsilane is used as a silane coupling agent for the production of vinyl resins.
Trimethoxyvinylsilane is used as a crosslinking agent for ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymers.

Trimethoxyvinylsilane can be used in the production of coatings for printed circuit boards.
Trimethoxyvinylsilane is used as a water-repellent agent for leather.
Trimethoxyvinylsilane is used in the formulation of fiber-reinforced composites for aircraft and aerospace applications.



DESCRIPTION


Trimethoxyvinylsilane is a chemical compound with the molecular formula C5H12O3Si.
Trimethoxyvinylsilane is an organosilicon compound that contains a vinyl functional group and three methoxy groups attached to a silicon atom.

Trimethoxyvinylsilane is also known by its systematic name, (Z)-1-trimethoxysilanyl-1-propene.
Trimethoxyvinylsilane is a clear, colorless liquid that is soluble in organic solvents and water.

Trimethoxyvinylsilane is a colorless liquid with a pungent odor.
Trimethoxyvinylsilane has the chemical formula C6H12O3Si and a molecular weight of 160.25 g/mol.
Trimethoxyvinylsilane is soluble in most organic solvents, including alcohols, ethers, and ketones.

Trimethoxyvinylsilane has a boiling point of 124-126°C and a flash point of 34°C.
Trimethoxyvinylsilane is a reactive chemical that is sensitive to moisture and should be handled with care.

Trimethoxyvinylsilane can be used as a monomer in the synthesis of silane-based polymers and copolymers.
Trimethoxyvinylsilane can also be used as a coupling agent to improve the adhesion between organic and inorganic materials.

Trimethoxyvinylsilane can be used to modify the surface properties of various materials, such as glass, ceramics, and metals.
Trimethoxyvinylsilane can be used as a cross-linking agent in the production of silicone elastomers.
Trimethoxyvinylsilane can also be used as a silane coupling agent in the manufacturing of fiber-reinforced composites.

Trimethoxyvinylsilane can be used as a surface modifier in the production of inorganic membranes for gas separation and ultrafiltration.
Trimethoxyvinylsilane can be used as a co-monomer in the synthesis of silicone-based surfactants and emulsifiers.

Trimethoxyvinylsilane can also be used as a modifier for polyesters, polyurethanes, and epoxies to improve their mechanical properties.
Trimethoxyvinylsilane can be used as a corrosion inhibitor for metal surfaces.

Trimethoxyvinylsilane can be used as a reagent in organic synthesis, such as in the preparation of vinylsilane derivatives.
Trimethoxyvinylsilane can also be used as a crosslinking agent in the production of high-performance thermosetting resins.

Trimethoxyvinylsilane can be used in the production of silicone gels and oils with high viscosity.
Trimethoxyvinylsilane can be used as a surface treatment for glass fibers to improve their compatibility with polymer matrices.

Trimethoxyvinylsilane can be used as a modifier for glass beads and other fillers in polymer composites.
Trimethoxyvinylsilane can be used as a water scavenger in sealant formulations to increase their shelf life.



PROPERTIES


Chemical formula: C6H12O3Si
Molecular weight: 160.25 g/mol
Appearance: colorless to pale yellow liquid
Odor: pungent, acrid
Boiling point: 155-157 °C (311-315 °F)
Melting point: -86 to -83 °C (-123 to -117 °F)
Density: 1.02 g/mL at 25 °C (77 °F)
Solubility: insoluble in water, soluble in many organic solvents
Flash point: 38 °C (100 °F) (closed cup)
Vapor pressure: 1.1 mmHg at 25 °C (77 °F)
Refractive index: 1.407 at 20 °C (68 °F)
Viscosity: 0.7 cP at 25 °C (77 °F)
pH: 6.5-7.5
Surface tension: 23.5 dyn/cm at 25 °C (77 °F)
Autoignition temperature: 410 °C (770 °F)
Heat of vaporization: 41.4 kJ/mol
Heat of combustion: -4,101.2 kJ/mol
Heat of formation: -470.9 kJ/mol
Dielectric constant: 3.0 at 20 °C (68 °F)
Chemical stability: stable under normal conditions
Reactivity: reacts with water to produce methanol and silanediol
Hazardous polymerization: will not occur
Toxicity: can cause irritation to skin and eyes, harmful if ingested or inhaled
Corrosivity: can corrode metals and alloys
Flammability: highly flammable
Storage conditions: store in a cool, dry, well-ventilated area away from heat and sources of ignition, keep container tightly closed



FIRST AID


In case of contact with Trimethoxyvinylsilane, the following first aid measures should be taken:

Skin contact:

Remove contaminated clothing and immediately wash affected skin with soap and water for at least 15 minutes.
Seek medical attention if irritation or redness develops.


Eye contact:

Immediately flush eyes with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes while holding the eyelids open.
Seek medical attention if irritation, pain, or redness persists.


Inhalation:

Move to fresh air immediately. If breathing is difficult, administer oxygen.
Seek medical attention if respiratory irritation or distress develops.


Ingestion:

Rinse mouth with water and drink plenty of water.
Do not induce vomiting.
Seek medical attention immediately.



HANDLING AND STORAGE


Handling:

Wear appropriate personal protective equipment, including gloves and safety glasses, when handling.
Avoid skin contact and inhalation of the substance.
Use in a well-ventilated area to prevent the build-up of vapor concentrations.


Storage:

Store in a cool, dry, and well-ventilated area away from sources of heat or ignition.
Keep container tightly closed when not in use to prevent moisture contamination and air oxidation.
Keep away from oxidizing agents and strong acids and bases.

Store away from food, drink, and animal feed.
It is important to note that the handling and storage conditions may vary depending on the specific manufacturer's recommendations and any regulations in your region.
Always refer to the product label and safety data sheet for complete information.



SYNONYMS


2-Propen-1-ol, 3-(trimethoxysilyl)-
3-(Trimethoxysilyl)prop-1-ene
3-(Trimethoxysilyl)propene
3-(Trimethoxysilyl)-1-propene
(Trimethoxysilyl)propene-3-ol
Silane, trimethoxyvinyl-
3-Trimethoxysilyl-1-propene
3-Trimethoxysilylpropene
TMVS
Vinyltrimethoxysilane
TriMethoxyvinylSilane
3-(Trimethoxysilyl)-1-propene-3-ol
(Trimethoxysilyl)propene-3-ol
UNII-8OJS7K5VV5
3-(Trimethoxysilyl)propene-3-ol
CHEMBL378325
3-(Trimethoxysilyl)prop-1-ene
AC1L5PQC
8OJS7K5VV5
MFCD00042597
NSC 76841
(E)-Trimethoxyvinylsilane
Z-TMVS
KS-00000TDR
3-(Trimethoxysilyl)propene-3-ol, solution.

Trimethyl borate is the organoboron compound with the formula B(OCH3)3.
Trimethyl borate is a colourless liquid that burns with a green flame.
Trimethyl borate power to aid the preparation of sodium borohydride and act as a weak Lewis acid (AN = 23) is well respected among chemists worldwide.

CAS Number: 121-43-7
EC Number: 204-468-9
Molecular Formula: C3H9BO3
Molecular Weight: 103.91

(MeO)3B, 121-43-7, 1212-43-7, 197926-EP2269975A2, 197926-EP2269997A2, 197926-EP2275415A2, 27060-EP2281822A1, 27060-EP2292589A1, 27060-EP2308866A1, 27060-EP2314583A1, 32599-EP2270006A1, 32599-EP2272817A1, 32599-EP2284148A1, 32599-EP2295421A1, 32599-EP2298770A1, 32599-EP2298774A1, 32599-EP2301926A1, 32599-EP2301933A1, 32599-EP2305627A1, 32599-EP2311826A2, 32599-EP2311827A1, 3349-42-6, 4-01-00-01269 (Beilstein Handbook Reference), 46674-EP2292604A2, 46674-EP2308873A1, 46674-EP2311826A2, 63156-11-6, 82U64J6F5N, 95696-EP2371831A1, A804732, AI3-60245, AKOS000121036, AMY11113, AT28213, B(OCH3)3, B(OMe)3, B0226, B0522, Borate de trimthyle, Borester O, boric acid (H_3_BO_3_), trimethyl ester, Boric acid (H3BO3), trimethyl ester, Boric acid trimethyl, Boric acid trimethyl ester, Boric acid, trimethyl ester, BORON METHOXIDE, Borsaeuretrimethylester, BRN 1697939, C3-H9-B-O3, C3H9BO3, CHEBI:38913, DTXSID0037738, EC 204-468-9, EINECS 204-468-9, F0001-0343, FT-0600432, HSDB 5589, J-004497, LS-45040, Methyl borate, Methyl borate, ((MeO)3B), Methyl borate, (MeO)3 B, MFCD00008346, NA2416, NSC 777, NSC-777, NSC777, Q423710, SCHEMBL15840, STL264209, trimethoxy borane, trimethoxy boron, trimethoxyboran, Trimethoxyborane, Trimethoxyborine, Trimethoxyboron, trimethy borate, trimethyborate, TRIMETHYL BORATE, TRIMETHYL BORATE [HSDB], TRIMETHYL BORATE [MI], Trimethyl borate [UN2416] [Flammable liquid], Trimethyl borate [UN2416] [Flammable liquid], Trimethyl borate, >=98%, Trimethyl borate, 99.999% (trace metal basis), Trimethyl borate, azeotrope, 70%, in methanol, Trimethyl borate, purified by redistillation, >=99.5%, Trimethyl borate, purum, >=99.0% (GC), Trimethyl borate-11B, Trimethyl borate-11B, 99 atom % 11B, 98% (CP), trimethyl boric acid, trimethyl orthoborate, trimethyl-borate, Trimethylborat, trimethylborate, trimethylboric acid, Trimethylester kyseliny borite, Trimethylester kyseliny borite [Czech], UN 2416, UN2416, UNII-82U64J6F5N, Urea,N-(cyclohexylmethyl)-N'-cyclopentyl-, WLN: 1OBO1 & O1, 1212-43-7 [RN], 121-43-7 [RN], 1697939 [Beilstein], 204-468-9 [EINECS], 3349-42-6 [RN], 82U64J6F5N, Borate de triméthyle [French] [ACD/IUPAC Name], Boric acid (H3BO3), trimethyl ester [ACD/Index Name], BORIC ACID TRIMETHYL ESTER, ED5600000, METHYL BORATE, MFCD00008346 [MDL number], Trimethyl borate [ACD/IUPAC Name] [Wiki], TRIMETHYL BORATE-11B, 97 ATOM, Trimethylborat [German] [ACD/IUPAC Name], (MeO)3B, 31649-91-9 [RN], 4-01-00-01269 [Beilstein], 4-01-00-01269 (Beilstein Handbook Reference) [Beilstein], 486-73-7 [RN], 63156-11-6 [RN], B(OCH3)3, B(OMe)3, borato de trimetila [Portuguese], Borester O, boric acid, trimethyl ester, BORON METHOXIDE, Borsaeuretrimethylester, CHEBI:38913, EINECS 204-468-9, ST5409749, TL8000570, trimethoxyboramethane, trimethoxyborane, TRIMETHOXYBORINE, TRIMETHOXYBORON, Trimethyl borate [UN2416] [Flammable liquid], Trimethylborate, Trimethylester kyseliny borite [Czech], Trimethylester kyseliny borite [Czech], UN 2416, UNII:82U64J6F5N, UNII-82U64J6F5N, Urea,N-(cyclohexylmethyl)-N'-cyclopentyl-, WLN: 1OBO1 & O1

Trimethyl borate is an intermediate in the preparation of sodium borohydride and is a popular reagent in organic chemistry.
Trimethyl borate is a weak Lewis acid (AN = 23, Gutmann-Beckett method).

Borate esters are prepared by heating boric acid or related boron oxides with alcohols under conditions where water is removed.

Trimethyl borate is the main precursor to sodium borohydride.
Trimethyl borate is often used as a reagent in organic synthesis reactions, such as Suzuki couplings and Grignard reactions.

Trimethyl borate is the organoboron compound with the formula B(OCH3)3.
Trimethyl borate is a colourless liquid that burns with a green flame.
Trimethyl borate power to aid the preparation of sodium borohydride and act as a weak Lewis acid (AN = 23) is well respected among chemists worldwide.

Trimethyl borate is registered under the REACH Regulation and is manufactured in and / or imported to the European Economic Area, at ≥ 100 to < 1 000 tonnes per annum.
Trimethyl borate is used by professional workers (widespread uses), in formulation or re-packing, at industrial sites and in manufacturing.

Trimethyl Borate is generally immediately available in most volumes.
Broad range of products for hydrogen storage research, advanced fuel cells and battery applications.

Hydrogen can easily be generated from renewable energy sources and is the most abundant element in the universe.
Hydrogen is produced from various sources such as fossil fuels, water and renewables.

Hydrogen is nonpolluting and forms water as a harmless byproduct during use.
The challenges associated with the use of hydrogen as a form of energy include developing safe, compact, reliable, and cost-effective hydrogen storage and delivery technologies.

Currently, hydrogen can be stored in these three forms: Compressed Hydrogen, Liquid Hydrogen and Chemical Storage.
High purity, submicron and nanopowder forms may be considered.

A member of the class of Borate Ester, Trimethyl borate is a colorless liquid that ignites with an impressive green flame.
Trimethyl borate power to aid the preparation of sodium borohydride and act as a weak Lewis acid (AN = 23) is well respected among chemists worldwide.
Borate ester, prepared by heating boron oxides and alcohols under dehydrating conditions, is a popular reagent in organic chemistry.

Trimethyl borate reacts with a Grignard reagent or organolithium compounds to yield dimethyl boronates, which upon subsequent aqueous acid treatment afford corresponding boronic acids.
The resultant boronic acids or esters are useful intermediates in various cross-coupling reactions such as Suzuki coupling and Chan-Lam coupling.
Trimethyl borate is also used in the preparation of sodium borohydride.

Trimethyl borate is a useful reagent in organic synthesis.
Trimethyl borate is involved in the production of resins, waxes and paints and acts as a methylation agent.

As a boron source, Trimethyl borate is used to prepare flame retardants, anti-oxidants and corrosion inhibitors.
Trimethyl borate reacts with Grignard reagents followed by hydrolysis to prepare boronic acid.

Trimethyl borate is also used as a precursor of borate esters, which finds application in the Suzuki coupling reaction.
Trimethyl borate is an intermediate in the preparation of sodium borohydride.

Applications of Trimethyl borate:
Trimethyl borate reacts with a Grignard reagent or organolithium compounds to yield dimethyl boronates, which upon subsequent aqueous acid treatment afford corresponding boronic acids.
The resultant boronic acids or esters are useful intermediates in various cross-coupling reactions such as Suzuki coupling and Chan-Lam coupling.
Trimethyl borate is also used in the preparation of sodium borohydride.

Trimethyl borate is the main precursor to sodium borohydride by Trimethyl borate reaction with sodium hydride:
4 NaH + B(OCH3)3 → NaBH4 + 3 NaOCH3

Trimethyl borate is a gaseous anti-oxidant in brazing and solder flux.
Otherwise, trimethyl borate has no announced commercial applications.
Trimethyl borate has been explored as a fire retardant, as well as being examined as an additive to some polymers.

Organic synthesis:
Trimethyl borate is a useful reagent in organic synthesis, as a precursor to boronic acids, which are used in Suzuki couplings.

These boronic acids are prepared via reaction of the trimethyl borate with Grignard reagents followed by hydrolysis:
ArMgBr + B(OCH3)3 → MgBrOCH3 + ArB(OCH3)2
ArB(OCH3)2 + 2 H2O → ArB(OH)2 + 2 HOCH3

Uses of Trimethyl borate:
Trimethyl borate is also an anti-oxidant in the brazing and solder flux and has been explored as a fire retardant.
Additionally, Trimethyl borate has been examined as an additive to some polymers.

Trimethyl borate is the main reactant in the Brown-Schlesinger method of producing sodium borohydride, and Trimethyl borate is successfully recreated from sodium metaborate (NaBO2) via a sequential process that includes reacting with sulfuric acid, cooling crystallization, and reactive esterification distillation.

The metaborate is first transformed to boric acid (H3BO3) by treating Trimethyl borate with sulfuric acid, obviating the need to synthesize borax (Na2B4O710H2O) in traditional techniques.
Boric acid is separated and purified from coexisting sodium sulphate by cooling crystallization (Na2SO4).

Following that, Trimethyl borate is made by esterifying boric acid with methanol, with reactive esterification distillation used to speed up the process and purify Trimethyl borate .
X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and gas chromatography are used to demonstrate the formation of boric acid and trimethyl borate (GC).
Sodium metaborate could be converted to boric acid at a rate of about 55%, with a manufacturing yield of 74.1 to 96.5% for trimethyl borate esterified from boric acid as-produced.

Trimethyl borateis potassium (sodium) boron hydrogen intermediate.
Vulcanizing agent, wood preservative, catalyst, gelling agent, heat stabilizer, hydrogen flame extinguishing agent, also used for flame retardant treatment of cotton and preparation of active silica, and as a gas chromatographic analysis reagent for carbohydrate derivatives.

Trimethyl borate is used as a flame retardant, welding and brazing flux, chemical intermediate, fungicide, and a solvent for waxes, resins, and oils.
Trimethyl borate is used as solvent for waxes, resins, oils; catalyst in manufacture of ketones; analysis of paint and varnish ingredients; as neutron detector gas in presence of a scintillation counter; as promoter of diborane reactions
Trimethyl borate is intermediate in preparation of metal borohydrides.

Protection of Wood-based Materials:
Trimethyl borate has a high vapour pressure injected into a container containing the wood beneath a vacuum during vapour phase treatments.
Trimethyl borate then volatilizes and diffuses into the wood by combining with any moisture to form methanol and boric acid.

The borate is released during the reaction and is deposited in the wood.
Some methanol and borate remain in the wood when the vacuum is released.
This method has been used to cure a variety of composites, but Trimethyl borate utility is limited because the wood being processed cannot be too wet (moisture content less than 6–8%).

Widespread uses by professional workers:
Trimethyl borate is used in the following products: welding & soldering products and laboratory chemicals.
Trimethyl borate is used in the following areas: building & construction work and scientific research and development.

Trimethyl borate is used for the manufacture of: fabricated metal products.
Other release to the environment of Trimethyl borate is likely to occur from: indoor use (e.g. machine wash liquids/detergents, automotive care products, paints and coating or adhesives, fragrances and air fresheners) and outdoor use as reactive substance.

Uses at industrial sites:
Trimethyl borate is used in the following products: welding & soldering products, biocides (e.g. disinfectants, pest control products) and plant protection products.
Trimethyl borate has an industrial use resulting in manufacture of another substance (use of intermediates).

Trimethyl borate is used for the manufacture of: chemicals.
Release to the environment of Trimethyl borate can occur from industrial use: as an intermediate step in further manufacturing of another substance (use of intermediates) and as processing aid.

Industry Uses:
Intermediates

Industrial Processes with risk of exposure:
Welding
Brazing
Farming (Pesticides)

Properties of Trimethyl borate:

Chemical Properties:
Dehydration produces trimethyl borate, which decomposes to methanol and boric acid when coming in contact with water.
In the presence of oxygen, Trimethyl borate burns to generate boron trioxide.
Trimethyl borate emits a vivid green hue in flames, which overpowers other flame colours.

Synthesis of Trimethyl borate:
Trimethyl borate is a boron triester with a single boron atom and three methoxide groups.
Trimethyl borate can be made by mixing a large amount of dry methanol with boric acid, boron oxide, and a tiny amount of sulfuric acid, and heating the mixture to dehydrate Trimethyl borate if necessary.

Due to the extra methanol used, the finished product would be an azeotropic mixture of methanol (25%) and trimethyl borate (75%).
Pure trimethyl borate can be obtained by converting methanol to trimethyl borate with a boron trihalide, such as boron tribromide.
However, the trihalide should be added gradually to avoid hydrolysis of the previously present boron tribromide.

Trimethyl borate is an essential reagent in organic synthesis because Trimethyl borate acts as a precursor to boronic acids.
These boronic acids, used in Suzuki couplings, are made by reacting trimethyl borate with Grignard reagents.

B(OCH3)3 + ArMgBr → MgBrOCH3 + ArB(OCH3)2

ArB(OCH3)2 + 2 H2O → ArB(OH)2 + 2 HOCH3

Methods of Manufacturing of Trimethyl borate:
Trimethyl borate is manufacture from pyridine-boron trichloride complex; from methanol and boric oxide, borax or boric acid; from methyl orthosilicates and boron halide; from boric acid and methanol.

Handling and Storage of Trimethyl borate:

Advice on safe handling:
Work under hood.
Do not inhale substance/mixture.
Avoid generation of vapours/aerosols.

Advice on protection against fire and explosion:
Keep away from open flames, hot surfaces and sources of ignition.
Take precautionary measures against static discharge.

Hygiene measures of Trimethyl borate:
Immediately change contaminated clothing.
Apply preventive skin protection.
Wash hands and face after working with substance.

Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:

Storage conditions:
Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place.
Keep away from heat and sources of ignition.
Keep locked up or in an area accessible only to qualified or authorized persons.

Storage class:
Storage class (TRGS 510): 3: Flammable liquids

Stability and Reactivity of Trimethyl borate:

Reactivity:
Vapors may form explosive mixture with air.

Chemical stability:
Trimethyl borate is chemically stable under standard ambient conditions (room temperature).

Possibility of hazardous reactions:

Exothermic reaction with:
Oxidizing agents
Acids
Fluorine
Water
Violent reactions possible with:
Alkali metals

Conditions to avoid:
Methanol is given off during processing and by reaction with water.
Avoid moisture.
Warming.

Incompatible materials:
Strong oxidizing agents

First Aid Measures of Trimethyl borate:
Call 911 or emergency medical service.
Ensure that medical personnel are aware of Trimethyl borate (s) involved and take precautions to protect themselves.

Move victim to fresh air if Trimethyl borate can be done safely.
Give artificial respiration if victim is not breathing.

Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.
Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.

In case of contact with substance, immediately flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.
Wash skin with soap and water.

In case of burns, immediately cool affected skin for as long as possible with cold water.
Do not remove clothing if adhering to skin.

Keep victim calm and warm.
Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion or skin contact) to substance may be delayed.

General advice:
First aiders need to protect themselves.
Show Trimethyl borate safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.

After inhalation:
Fresh air.
Immediately call in physician.

If breathing stops:
Immediately apply artificial respiration, if necessary also oxygen.

In case of skin contact:
Take off immediately all contaminated clothing.
Rinse skin with water/ shower.
Call a physician immediately.

After eye contact:
Rinse out with plenty of water.
Call in ophthalmologist.
Remove contact lenses.

If swallowed:
Give water to drink (two glasses at most).
Seek medical advice immediately.
In exceptional cases only, if medical care is not available within one hour, induce vomiting (only in persons who are wide awake and fully conscious), administer activated charcoal (20 - 40 g in a 10% slurry) and consult a doctor as quickly as possible.

Fire Fighting Measures:
The majority of these products have a very low flash point.
Use of water spray when fighting fire may be inefficient.

SMALL FIRE:
Dry chemical, CO2, water spray or alcohol-resistant foam.
Do not use dry chemical extinguishers to control fires involving nitromethane (UN1261) or nitroethane (UN2842).

LARGE FIRE:
Water spray, fog or alcohol-resistant foam.
Avoid aiming straight or solid streams directly onto Trimethyl borate .
If Trimethyl borate can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire.

FIRE INVOLVING TANKS OR CAR/TRAILER LOADS:
Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles.
Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.

Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.
ALWAYS stay away from tanks engulfed in fire.
For massive fire, use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn.

Suitable extinguishing media:
Carbon dioxide (CO2) Foam Dry powder

Unsuitable extinguishing media:
For Trimethyl borate no limitations of extinguishing agents are given.

Special hazards arising from Trimethyl borate or mixture:
Carbon oxides
Borane/boron oxides

Combustible.
Pay attention to flashback.
Vapors are heavier than air and may spread along floors.

Development of hazardous combustion gases or vapours possible in the event of fire.
Forms explosive mixtures with air at ambient temperatures.

Advice for firefighters:
Stay in danger area only with self-contained breathing apparatus.
Prevent skin contact by keeping a safe distance or by wearing suitable protective clothing.

Further information:
Remove container from danger zone and cool with water.
Prevent fire extinguishing water from contaminating surface water or the ground water system.

Fire Fighting Procedures:
To fight fire use dry chemical, CO2, spray, foam.

If material on fire or involved in fire:
Do not extinguish fire unless flow can be stopped.
Use water in flooding quantities as fog.

Solid stream of water may be ineffective.
Cool all affected containers with flooding quantities of water.

Use "alcohol" foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.
Keep run-off water out of sewers and water sources.

Accidental Release Measures of Trimethyl borate:

Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures:

Advice for non-emergency personnel:
Do not breathe vapors, aerosols.
Avoid substance contact.

Ensure adequate ventilation.
Keep away from heat and sources of ignition.
Evacuate the danger area, observe emergency procedures, consult an expert.

Environmental precautions of Trimethyl borate:
Do not let product enter drains.
Risk of explosion.

Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Cover drains.
Collect, bind, and pump off spills.

Observe possible material restrictions.
Take up carefully with liquid-absorbent material.

Dispose of properly.
Clean up affected area.

Identifiers of Trimethyl borate:
CAS Number: 121-43-7
ChEBI: CHEBI:38913
ChemSpider: 8157
ECHA InfoCard: 100.004.063
EC Number: 204-468-9
PubChem CID: 8470
UNII: 82U64J6F5N
CompTox Dashboard (EPA): DTXSID0037738
InChI: InChI=1S/C3H9BO3/c1-5-4(6-2)7-3/h1-3H3
Key: WRECIMRULFAWHA-UHFFFAOYSA-N
InChI=1/C3H9BO3/c1-5-4(6-2)7-3/h1-3H3
Key: WRECIMRULFAWHA-UHFFFAOYAY
SMILES: O(B(OC)OC)C

Synonym(s): Boric acid trimethyl ester, Methyl borate
Linear Formula: B(OCH3)3
CAS Number: 121-43-7
Molecular Weight: 103.91
Beilstein: 1697939
EC Number: 204-468-9
MDL number: MFCD00008346
PubChem Substance ID: 24868738

CAS number: 121-43-7
EC index number: 005-005-00-1
EC number: 204-468-9
Hill Formula: C₃H₉BO₃
Chemical formula: (CH₃O)₃B
Molar Mass: 103.91 g/mol
HS Code: 2920 90 70

Linear Formula: B(OCH3)3
MDL Number: MFCD00008346
EC No.: 204-468-9
Beilstein/Reaxys No.: 1697939
Pubchem CID: 8470
IUPAC Name: trimethyl borate
SMILES: O(B(OC)OC)C
InchI Identifier: InChI=1S/C3H9BO3/c1-5-4(6-2)7-3/h1-3H3
InchI Key: WRECIMRULFAWHA-UHFFFAOYSA-N

Typical Properties of Trimethyl borate:
Chemical formula: C3H9BO3
Molar mass: 103.91 g·mol−1
Appearance: colourless liquid
Density: 0.932 g/ml
Melting point: −34 °C (−29 °F; 239 K)
Boiling point: 68 to 69 °C (154 to 156 °F; 341 to 342 K)
Solubility in water: decomposition

Compound Formula: C3H9BO3
Molecular Weight: 103.91
Appearance: Colorless Liquid
Melting Point: −34 °C
Boiling Point: 68-69 °C
Density: 0.932 g/mL at 20 °C
Solubility in H2O: N/A
Exact Mass: 104.064475 g/mol
Monoisotopic Mass: 104.064475 g/mol

Vapor density: 3.59 (vs air)
Quality Level: 200
Assay: ≥98%
Refractive index: n20/D 1.346 (lit.)
bp: 68-69 °C (lit.)
mp: −34 °C (lit.)
Density: 0.932 g/mL at 20 °C (lit.)
SMILES string: COB(OC)OC
InChI: 1S/C3H9BO3/c1-5-4(6-2)7-3/h1-3H3
InChI key: WRECIMRULFAWHA-UHFFFAOYSA-N

Boiling point: 67 - 69 °C (1013 hPa)
Density: 0.915 g/cm3 (20 °C)
Flash point: -11 °C
Ignition temperature: 305 °C
Melting Point: -31 °C
Vapor pressure: 147.9 - 148 hPa (20 °C)
Refractive Index: 1.3568 (20 °C)

Molecular Weight: 103.92 g/mol
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 0
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 3
Rotatable Bond Count: 3
Exact Mass: 104.0644743 g/mol
Monoisotopic Mass: 104.0644743 g/mol
Topological Polar Surface Area: 27.7Ų
Heavy Atom Count: 7
Complexity: 31.7
Isotope Atom Count: 0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 1
Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes

Specifications of Trimethyl borate:
Assay (acidimetric): ≥ 99.0 %
Density (d 20 °C/ 4 °C): 0.931 - 0.933
Identity (IR): passes test

Density: 0.915g/mL
Assay Percent Range: >99.9995% (metals basis)
Linear Formula: (CH3O)3B
Quantity: 10 g
UN Number: UN2416
Beilstein: 1697939
Merck Index: 14,9712
Formula Weight: 103.92
Percent Purity: ≥99.9995%
Physical Form: Liquid
Assay: (metals basis)
Chemical Name or Material: Trimethyl borate

Related compounds of Trimethyl borate:

Other cations:
Trimethyl phosphite
Tetramethyl orthosilicate

Names of Trimethyl borate:

Regulatory process names:
Borester O
Boric acid (H3BO3), trimethyl ester
Boric acid, trimethyl ester
Ethene, 1,1,2-trifluoro-2-(trifluoromethoxy)-
Ethene, trifluoro(trifluoromethoxy)-
Ether, trifluoromethyl trifluorovinyl
Methyl borate
Perfluoro(methyl vinyl ether)
Trifluoro(trifluoromethoxy)ethylene
Trifluoromethyl trifluorovinyl ether
Trimethoxyborane
Trimethoxyborine
Trimethoxyboron
Trimethyl borate
TRIMETHYL BORATE
Trimethyl borate
trimethyl borate
Trimethylester kyseliny borite

Translated names:
borate de triméthyle (fr)
borato de trimetilo (es)
borato de trimetilo (pt)
ortoboran trimetylu (pl)
trimethyl-borát (cs)
trimethylboraat (nl)
trimethylborat (da)
Trimethylborat (de)
trimetil borat (ro)
trimetil borat (sl)
trimetil borato (it)
trimetil-borat (hr)
trimetil-borát (hu)
trimetilboratas (lt)
trimetilborāts (lv)
trimetoksyboran (pl)
trimetoksyboran ortoboran trimetylu (pl)
trimetyl-borát (sk)
trimetylborat (no)
trimetylborat (sv)
Trimetyyliboraatti (fi)
Trimetüülboraat (et)
βορικός τριμεθυλεστέρας (el)
триметил борат (bg)

IUPAC names:
1,1,2-trifluoro-2-(trifluoromethoxy)ethene
Boric acid (h3bo3), trimethyl ester
Methyl borate
trimethoxyborane
Trimethyl Borate
Trimethyl borate
trimethyl borate
trimethyl borate
Trimethylborate
Tromentyl borate

Preferred IUPAC name:
Trimethyl borate

Trade names:
Trimethyl borate Azeotrope
Trimethyl Borate Pure

Other names:
trimethoxyborane, boron trimethoxide

Other identifiers:
005-005-00-1
1187-93-5
121-43-7
31649-91-9
63156-11-6

Trimethylacetic acid chloride, also known as Pivaloyl chloride, is a colorless and volatile liquid with a strong odor.
Trimethylacetic acid chloride is a colorless to light yellow liquid with a pungent odor.
Trimethylacetic acid chloride is used in the production of pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals.

CAS Number: 3282-30-2
EC Number: 221-921-6
Chemical Formula: C5H9ClO
Molar Mass: 120.58 g·mol−1

Synonyms: Pivaloyl chloride, 3282-30-2, Trimethylacetyl chloride, 2,2-DIMETHYLPROPANOYL CHLORIDE, Propanoyl chloride, 2,2-dimethyl-, Pivalyl chloride, 2,2-Dimethylpropionyl chloride, Pivalic acid chloride, Pivalolyl chloride, pivalic chloride, Neopentanoyl chloride, 2,2-dimethyl-propionyl chloride, JQ82J0O21T, 2,2,2-trimethylacetyl chloride, DTXSID4027529, 2,2-dimethylpropionic acid chloride, pivaloylchloride, Pivaloyl chlorid, pivaloylchlorid, UNII-JQ82J0O21T, Pvaloyl chlorde, PivCl, pivaloyl-chloride, 2,2, Dimethyl-propanoyl chloride, tBuCOCl, Piv-Cl, t-BuCOCl, EINECS 221-921-6, UN2438, PVCL, trimethylacetylchloride, trimethylacetyl choride, trimehtylacetyl chloride, trimethyl acetylchloride, Trimethylacetyl-chloride, t-butylcarbonyl chloride, trimethylacetoyl chloride, Trimethyl acetyl chloride, (CH3)3CCOCl, tert-butylcarbonyl chloride, EC 221-921-6, Acetyl chloride, trimethyl-, SCHEMBL1404, trimethylacetic acid chloride, 2,2-dimethylpropanoylchloride, 2,2-dimethylpropionylchloride, 2,2,2-trimethylacetylchloride, 2,2-Dimethyl-propionylchloride, Trimethylacetyl chloride, 99%, DTXCID907529, TERT-BUTYL CHLORO KETONE, 2,2-dimethyl propanoyl chloride, CHEMBL3183814, 2,2-dimethylpropionicacid cloride, STR00119, ZINC1534960, Tox21_200646, BBL011382, MFCD00000709, STL146483, 2,2-Dimethyl-propionic acid chloride, AKOS000121190, UN 2438, NCGC00248779-01, NCGC00258200-01, 1,1-DIMETHYLETHANECARBONYL CHLORIDE, CAS-3282-30-2, FT-0652320, P0677, Pivaloyl chloride, purum, >=98.0% (GC), EN300-19178, Trimethylacetyl chloride [UN2438] [Poison], A821441, J-523982, Q2017164, F2190-0014, 2,2-Dimethylpropanoyl chloride [ACD/IUPAC Name], 2,2, Dimethylpropanoylchlorid [German] [ACD/IUPAC Name], 221-921-6 [EINECS], 3282-30-2 [RN], Chlorure de 2,2-diméthylpropanoyle [French] [ACD/IUPAC Name], Pivaloyl chloride, PIVALYL CHLORIDE, Propanoyl chloride, 2,2-dimethyl- [ACD/Index Name], Trimethylacetyl chloride, [503-30-0] [RN], 1,3-Propylene oxide, 102382 [Beilstein], 15722-48-2 [RN], 2,2,2-Trimethylacetyl chloride, 2,2-Dimethyl-propionyl chloride, 2,2-Dimethylpropionyl Chloride, 2,2-Dimethylpropionyl chloride, Trimethylacetyl chloride, Acetyl chloride, trimethyl-, Cyclooxabutane, MFCD00005167 [MDL number], Neopentanoyl chloride, Oxetane [ACD/Index Name] [ACD/IUPAC Name] [Wiki], PI-44939, Pivalic acid chloride, Pivalolyl chloride, PivaloylChloride, RQ6825000, STR00119, tert-Valeryl chloride, Trimethylacetyl chloride [UN2438] [Poison], Trimethylacetylchloride, Trimethylene Oxide, UN 2438

Trimethylacetic acid chloride is a branched-chain acyl chloride.
Trimethylacetic acid chloride was first made by Aleksandr Butlerov in 1874 by reacting pivalic acid with phosphorus pentachloride.

Trimethylacetic acid chloride is used as an input in the manufacture of some drugs, insecticides and herbicides.

Trimethylacetic acid chloride is a reactive compound that is used in the synthesis of pharmaceuticals, dyes, and other organic compounds.
Trimethylacetic acid chloride can be used as a precursor to amides, which are important pharmacological agents.

Trimethylacetic acid chloride undergoes chemiluminescence when reacted with hydrogen fluoride and potassium dichromate in the presence of an amide.
This reaction mechanism can be used to detect small amounts of Trimethylacetic acid chloride in solution.
Trimethylacetic acid chloride has been shown to have anti-inflammatory effects in autoimmune diseases and has been investigated for use as a cox-2 inhibitor.

Trimethylacetic acid chloride, also known as Pivaloyl chloride, is a colorless and volatile liquid with a strong odor.
Trimethylacetic acid chloride is an alkylating reagent and is widely used in organic synthesis for the synthesis of pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, and other organic compounds.
Trimethylacetic acid chloride is also used in the manufacture of drugs, pesticides, and other compounds.

Trimethylacetic acid chloride is a colorless to light yellow liquid with a pungent odor.
Trimethylacetic acid chloride hydrolyses in the presence of water.

Trimethylacetic acid chloride is used in the production of pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals.

Trimethylacetic acid chloride is registered under the REACH Regulation and is manufactured in and / or imported to the European Economic Area, at ≥ 1 to < 10 tonnes per annum.
Trimethylacetic acid chloride is used in formulation or re-packing, at industrial sites and in manufacturing.

Trimethylacetic acid chloride is a natural product found in Rhodiola rosea with data available.
Trimethylacetic acid chloride appears as colorless fuming liquid with a pungent odor.

Trimethylacetic acid chloride is very toxic by inhalation, ingestion or skin absorption.
Trimethylacetic acid chloride is fumes irritate the eyes and mucous membranes.
Trimethylacetic acid chloride is corrosive to most metals and tissue.

Trimethylacetic acid chloride is used as a precursor in the preparation of tert-butyl peroxypivalate, guttiferon A derivatives, which is potential for the treatment of malaria.
Trimethylacetic acid chloride is used as a raw material in the production of synthetic acidamide medicament and phenol ester medicament.
In addition to this, Trimethylacetic acid chloride is used for the synthesis of active pharmaceutical ingredients such as aminobenzylpenicilin, cephalexin, cefazolin, dipivefrin and dipivalyl epinephrine.

Trimethylacetic acid chloride is also used in heavy polymerization, N-acylating agent for amines, Schiff bases, pyrrolidinones as well as an O-acylating agent for alcohols, lactones and saccharides.

Trimethylacetic acid chloride market an overview:
Trimethylacetic acid chloride is classified as a harmful chemical with many restrictions on Trimethylacetic acid chloride handling and storage.
Trimethylacetic acid chloride is used as a building block in the pharmaceutical and agrochemical industry.

In pharmaceutical industries, Trimethylacetic acid chloride serves as an important acylating reagent.
Trimethylacetic acid chloride is a major raw material used in the synthesis of amides and lipids.

Different important drugs that are manufactured using Trimethylacetic acid chloride are Benzylpenicillin, adrenaline, cefazolin, and other drugs.
In agrochemical industries, Trimethylacetic acid chloride finds Trimethylacetic acid chloride application in pesticide intermediates production.
The major product agrochemical obtained from Trimethylacetic acid chloride is ChloroTrimethylacetic acid chloride.

In chemical industries, Trimethylacetic acid chlorides are used in the synthesis of ketones, amino groups, and anhydrides.

Trimethylacetic acid chloride market dynamics:
The global consumption of Trimethylacetic acid chlorides is mainly associated with the growth in pharmaceutical and agrochemical industries.
Which are the major drivers for the growth of the Trimethylacetic acid chlorides market around the world.

The global Trimethylacetic acid chloride market is consolidated to a few global and regional players only.
Major players in global Trimethylacetic acid chloride markets are mainly from China and India.

These countries are global leaders of agrochemical substances.
The demand for agrochemicals in these regions is mainly accelerated due to the government's positive attitude towards agriculture.

The government of India has launched initiatives like Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchai Yojana(PMKSY), which helps to support farmers in these regions.
With these schemes, the government is targeting an increase in the country's revenue from agriculture sectors.

This positive attitude in the development of the agriculture sector will boost the global Trimethylacetic acid chloride Market in these countries.
The same strategy is followed by various other developing countries of Asia and other parts of the world.

The fluctuating international currency has negative impacts on the Trimethylacetic acid chloride market.
Trimethylacetic acid chloride high flammability and corrosiveness have also raised the safety concerns for the manufacturer's Transportation of Trimethylacetic acid chloride to involve high risk.
These are some of the restraining factors for the growth of the Trimethylacetic acid chloride market.

Trimethylacetic acid chloride market analysis:
Agrochemical industries have grown significantly in the Asia Pacific region due to the rising demand for food crops in these regions.
China and India are leading producers of the agrochemical, which is utilized in regional development in the agriculture sector.
Thus overall consumption Trimethylacetic acid chlorides expected to witness significant growth in these regions.

The global Trimethylacetic acid chloride market in China and India is experiencing higher growth due to several government inanities, which are encouraging the growth of agriculture in these regions.
Besides agrochemical industries, pharmaceuticals and chemical industries have shown significant growth in Asia Pacific regions, which leverages the global Trimethylacetic acid chloride market.

The pharmaceutical industries have been growing at higher single digits CAGR in Europe and America.
Since the application of Trimethylacetic acid chlorides is associated with drug manufacturing, the global Trimethylacetic acid chlorides are expected to rise in these regions.
The agriculture sector being the least contributing sector to the country`s GDP of the United States, contributes a very less to global Trimethylacetic acid chlorides market.

The Latin American & Middle East & Africa markets for Trimethylacetic acid chloride will show stagnant growth in the forecast period due to limited growth in agrochemical and pharmaceutical industries in these regions.

Trimethylacetic acid chloride Market Snapshot (2022 to 2032):
The global Trimethylacetic acid chloride demand is anticipated to rise at a CAGR of 4.3% to 6% during the forecast period between 2022 and 2032.
Rising applications of Trimethylacetic acid chloride across pharmaceutical and agrochemical industries are driving growth in the global Trimethylacetic acid chloride market.

Trimethylacetic acid chloride, also called 2, 2- dimethyl propanol chloride, is a branded chain acyl chloride with a pungent odor.
Trimethylacetic acid chloride is being increasingly used as a building block in agrochemical, pharmaceutical, and refining chemicals industries.

Over the years, Trimethylacetic acid chloride has become a commonly used intermediate for the production of agricultural chemicals like insecticides, herbicides, pesticides, pharmaceutical compounds, and in peroxy esters manufacturing.
The rapid expansion of the pharmaceutical industry triggered by the increasing prevalence of various chronic and infectious diseases, growing health awareness, and increasing spending on medicines is expected to push the demand for Trimethylacetic acid chloride during the forecast period.
Trimethylacetic acid chloride is being extensively used to manufacture pharmaceutical products such as DPE, cefazolin, dipivefrin, aminobenzylpenicilin, cephalexin, and digitally epinephrine.

Driving Demand in Trimethylacetic acid chloride Market:
The rapid growth of end-use industries such as chemical, agrochemical, and pharmaceutical is a major factor driving the demand for Trimethylacetic acid chloride.

Trimethylacetic acid chloride has become an ideal intermediate candidate for manufacturing a wide range of pharmaceutical and agrochemical products.

Factors such as a surge in diseases worldwide and increasing healthcare spending have ignited the growth of the pharmaceutical industry worldwide.
People are spending large amounts on pharmaceutical drugs.
As many of these pharmaceuticals are manufactured by using Trimethylacetic acid chloride as an intermediate, the rising dale for these products will eventually push the demand for Trimethylacetic acid chloride during the forecast period.

Similarly, rising concerns about food insecurity are prompting farmers to use agrochemicals like herbicides, fertilizers, pesticides, etc.
According to the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations, globally, hunger levels remained alarmingly high during 2021 with around 193 million people facing acute food insecurity.
This is acting as a catalyst for the growth of the Trimethylacetic acid chloride market and the trend is likely to continue during the forecast period.

Challenges Faced by the Trimethylacetic acid chloride Industry:
Despite multiple applications of Trimethylacetic acid chloride, there are certain factors that are limiting the growth of the Trimethylacetic acid chloride industry.
Some of these factors include the presence of stringent regulations pertaining to the use of insecticides and pesticides, the hazardous nature of Trimethylacetic acid chloride, and the availability of various alternative pharmaceutical and pesticide intermediates.

Various countries are introducing regulations on the excessive use of insecticides and pesticides as they are harmful to humans, animals, and the environment.
This in turn is creating major challenges for manufacturers of Trimethylacetic acid chloride.

Scientific Research Applications of Trimethylacetic acid chloride:
Trimethylacetic acid chloride is used in a variety of scientific research applications, such as the synthesis of peptides, the synthesis of heterocyclic compounds, and the synthesis of amines.
Trimethylacetic acid chloride is also used in the synthesis of polymers, such as polystyrene and polyethylene.
In addition, Trimethylacetic acid chloride is used in the synthesis of pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, and other organic compounds.

Uses of Trimethylacetic acid chloride:
Trimethylacetic acid chloride is used as a precursor in the preparation of tert-butyl peroxypivalate, guttiferon A derivatives, which is potential for the treatment of malaria.
Trimethylacetic acid chloride is used as a raw material in the production of synthetic acidamide medicament and phenol ester medicament.

In addition to this, Trimethylacetic acid chloride is used for the synthesis of active pharmaceutical ingredients such as aminobenzylpenicilin, cephalexin, cefazolin, dipivefrin and dipivalyl epinephrine.
Trimethylacetic acid chloride is also used in heavy polymerization, N-acylating agent for amines, Schiff bases, pyrrolidinones as well as an O-acylating agent for alcohols, lactones and saccharides.

Trimethylacetic acid chloride is used as a chemical intermediate.
Trimethylacetic acid chloride is used as a precursor in the preparation of tert-butyl peroxypivalate, guttiferon A derivatives, which is potential for the treatment of malaria.

Trimethylacetic acid chloride is used as a raw material in the production of synthetic acidamide medicament and phenol ester medicament.
In addition to this, Trimethylacetic acid chloride is used for the synthesis of active pharmaceutical ingredients such as aminobenzylpenicilin, cephalexin, cefazolin, dipivefrin and dipivalyl epinephrine.

Trimethylacetic acid chloride is also used in heavy polymerization, N-acylating agent for amines, Schiff bases, pyrrolidinones as well as an O-acylating agent for alcohols, lactones and saccharides.

Uses at industrial sites:
Trimethylacetic acid chloride has an industrial use resulting in manufacture of another substance (use of intermediates).
Trimethylacetic acid chloride is used for the manufacture of: chemicals.
Release to the environment of Trimethylacetic acid chloride can occur from industrial use: as an intermediate step in further manufacturing of another substance (use of intermediates).

Industry Uses:
Intermediate
Intermediates

General Manufacturing Information of Trimethylacetic acid chloride:

Industry Processing Sectors:
All Other Basic Organic Chemical Manufacturing
Pesticide, Fertilizer, and Other Agricultural Chemical Manufacturing
Pharmaceutical and Medicine Manufacturing

Synthesis Method of Trimethylacetic acid chloride:
Trimethylacetic acid chloride is synthesized from trimethylacetic acid and thionyl chloride.
The reaction is carried out in a sealed tube or flask at a temperature of 40-60°C.

The reaction is exothermic and the reaction is complete in about 2 hours.
The yield of the reaction is usually in the range of 75-95%.

Chemical Structure of Trimethylacetic acid chloride:
A chemical structure of a molecule includes the arrangement of atoms and the chemical bonds that hold the atoms together.
The Trimethylacetic acid chloride molecule contains a total of 15 bond(s).
There are 6 non-H bond(s), 1 multiple bond(s), 1 rotatable bond(s), 1 double bond(s) and 1 acyl halogenide(s) (aliphatic).

The 2D chemical structure image of Trimethylacetic acid chloride is also called skeletal formula, which is the standard notation for organic molecules.
The carbon atoms in the chemical structure of Trimethylacetic acid chloride are implied to be located at the corner(s) and hydrogen atoms attached to carbon atoms are not indicated – each carbon atom is considered to be associated with enough hydrogen atoms to provide the carbon atom with four bonds.

The 3D chemical structure image of Trimethylacetic acid chloride is based on the ball-and-stick model which displays both the three-dimensional position of the atoms and the bonds between them.
The radius of the spheres is therefore smaller than the rod lengths in order to provide a clearer view of the atoms and bonds throughout the chemical structure model of Trimethylacetic acid chloride.

Reactivity Profile of Trimethylacetic acid chloride:
Trimethylacetic acid chloride is acidic.
Incompatible with bases (including amines), strong oxidizing agents, and alcohols.
May react vigorously or explosively if mixed with diisopropyl ether or other ethers in the presence of trace amounts of metal salts.

Handling and Storage of Trimethylacetic acid chloride:

Nonfire Spill Response:
ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area.
All equipment used when handling Trimethylacetic acid chloride must be grounded.

Do not touch or walk through spilled material.
Stop leak if you can do it without risk.

Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.
A vapor-suppressing foam may be used to reduce vapors.

SMALL SPILL:
Absorb with earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers for later disposal.
Use clean, non-sparking tools to collect absorbed material.

LARGE SPILL:
Dike far ahead of liquid spill for later disposal.
Water spray may reduce vapor, but may not prevent ignition in closed spaces.

First Aid Measures of Trimethylacetic acid chloride:
Call 911 or emergency medical service.
Ensure that medical personnel are aware of Trimethylacetic acid chloride(s) involved and take precautions to protect themselves.

Move victim to fresh air if it can be done safely.
Give artificial respiration if victim is not breathing.

Do not perform mouth-to-mouth resuscitation if victim ingested or inhaled Trimethylacetic acid chloride; wash face and mouth before giving artificial respiration.
Use a pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other proper respiratory medical device.

Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.
Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.

In case of contact with substance, immediately flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.
Wash skin with soap and water.

In case of burns, immediately cool affected skin for as long as possible with cold water.
Do not remove clothing if adhering to skin.

Keep victim calm and warm.
Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion or skin contact) to substance may be delayed.

Fire Fighting of Trimethylacetic acid chloride:
The majority of these products have a very low flash point.
Use of water spray when fighting fire may be inefficient.

Methanol (UN1230) will burn with an invisible flame.
Use an alternate method of detection (thermal camera, broom handle, etc.).

SMALL FIRE:
Dry chemical, CO2, water spray or alcohol-resistant foam.

LARGE FIRE:
Water spray, fog or alcohol-resistant foam.
If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire.

Dike runoff from fire control for later disposal.
Avoid aiming straight or solid streams directly onto the product.

FIRE INVOLVING TANKS OR CAR/TRAILER LOADS:
Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles.
Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.

Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.
ALWAYS stay away from tanks engulfed in fire.

For massive fire, use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles.
If this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn.

Accidental Release Measures of Trimethylacetic acid chloride:

Isolation and Evacuation:

IMMEDIATE PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE:
Isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions.

FIRE:
If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

Identifiers of Trimethylacetic acid chloride:
CAS Number: 3282-30-2
Beilstein Reference: 102382
ChEMBL: ChEMBL3183814
ChemSpider: 56272
ECHA InfoCard: 100.019.929
EC Number: 221-921-6
PubChem CID: 62493
UNII: JQ82J0O21T
UN number: 2438
CompTox Dashboard (EPA): DTXSID4027529
InChI: InChI=1S/C5H9ClO/c1-5(2,3)4(6)7/h1-3H3
Key: JVSFQJZRHXAUGT-UHFFFAOYSA-N
SMILES: CC(C)(C)C(=O)Cl

Synonym(s): Trimethylacetic acid chloride, Trimethylacetyl chloride
Linear Formula: (CH3)3CCOCl
CAS Number: 3282-30-2
Molecular Weight: 120.58
Beilstein: 385668
EC Number: 221-921-6
MDL number: MFCD00000709
PubChem Substance ID: 24900440
NACRES: NA.22

CAS number: 3282-30-2
EC number: 221-921-6
Hill Formula: C₅H₉ClO
Chemical formula: (CH₃)₃CCOCl
Molar Mass: 120.58 g/mol
HS Code: 2915 90 70

EC / List no.: 221-921-6
CAS no.: 3282-30-2
Mol. formula: C5H9ClO

Product Number: P0677
Purity / Analysis Method: >98.0%(T)
Molecular Formula / Molecular Weight: C5H9ClO = 120.58
Physical State (20 deg.C): Liquid
Storage Temperature: 0-10°C
Store Under Inert Gas: Store under inert gas
Condition to Avoid: Moisture Sensitive,Heat Sensitive
CAS RN: 3282-30-2
Reaxys Registry Number: 385668
PubChem Substance ID: 125310048
SDBS (AIST Spectral DB): 2154
MDL Number: MFCD00000709

Properties of Trimethylacetic acid chloride:
Chemical formula: C5H9ClO
Molar mass: 120.58 g·mol−1
Density: 0.985
Melting point: −57 °C (−71 °F; 216 K)
Boiling point: 105.5 °C (221.9 °F; 378.6 K)
Refractive index (nD): 1.412

Boiling point: 105 °C (1013 hPa)
Density: 0.98 g/cm3 (20 °C)
Explosion limit: 1.9 - 7.4 %(V)
Flash point: 13 °C
Ignition temperature: 455 °C
Melting Point: 87 - 88 °C
Vapor pressure: 38.59 hPa (20 °C)

Vapor density: >1 (vs air)
Quality Level: 200
Vapor pressure: 36 mmHg ( 20 °C)
Assay: 99%
Refractive index: n20/D 1.412 (lit.)
bp: 105-106 °C (lit.)
Density: 0.979 g/mL at 25 °C (lit.)
SMILES string: CC(C)(C)C(Cl)=O
InChI: 1S/C5H9ClO/c1-5(2,3)4(6)7/h1-3H3
InChI key: JVSFQJZRHXAUGT-UHFFFAOYSA-N

Molecular Weight: 120.58
XLogP3-AA: 2.2
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 0
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 1
Rotatable Bond Count: 1
Exact Mass: 120.0341926
Monoisotopic Mass: 120.0341926
Topological Polar Surface Area: 17.1 Ų
Heavy Atom Count: 7
Complexity: 80.6
Isotope Atom Count: 0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 1
Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes

Specifications of Trimethylacetic acid chloride:
Assay (morpholine method): ≥ 98.0 %
Density (d 20 °C/ 4 °C): 0.979 - 0.982
Identity (IR): passes test

Related Products of Trimethylacetic acid chloride:
1,1-Dimethoxybutane
(E)-6,6-Dimethyl-2-hept-1-en-4-yn-1-amine
2,2-dimethoxybutane
Dimethyl trans-3-Hexenedioate
Dimethyl Hydroxyaspartate, Mixture of Diastereomers

Names of Trimethylacetic acid chloride:

Regulatory process names:
Trimethylacetic acid chloride
Trimethylacetic acid chloride
Trimethylacetic acid chloride
TRIMETHYLACETYL CHLORIDE
Directive, Annex II - RID

CAS names:
Propanoyl chloride
2,2-dimethyl-

IUPAC names:
2,2-Dimethylpropanoyl chloride
2,2-dimethylpropanoyl chloride
2,2-dimethylpropanoylchloride
2,2-dimethylpropionic acid chloride
Trimethylacetic acid chloride

Preferred IUPAC name:
2,2-Dimethylpropanoyl chloride

Trade names:
1,1-Dimethylethanecarbonyl chloride
2,2-Dimethylpropanoyl chloride
2,2-Dimethylpropionic acid chloride
2,2-Dimethylpropionyl chloride
Neopentanoyl chloride
Pivalic acid chloride
Pivalolyl chloride
Trimethylacetic acid chloride
Trimethylacetic acid chloride (6CI, 7CI, 8CI)
Pivaloylchlorid
Pivalyl chloride
Propanoyl chloride, 2,2-dimethyl-
Propanoyl chloride, 2,2-dimethyl- (9CI)
tert-Butyl chloro ketone
tert-Butylcarbonyl chloride
Trimethylacetyl chloride

Other names:
Trimethylacetyl chloride
Trimethylacetic acid chloride
Pivalyl chloride
neopentanoylchloride

Other identifier:
3282-30-2

DESCRIPTION:
Trimethylamine, anhydrous appears as a colorless gas with a fishlike odor at low concentrations changing to ammonia-like odor at higher concentrations.
Trimethylamine Shipped as a liquid under its own vapor pressure.
Contact with the unconfined liquid can cause frostbite from evaporative cooling or chemical type burns.

CAS: 75-50-3
European Community (EC) Number: 200-875-0
Molecular Formula: C3H9N


Trimethylamine (TMA) is an organic compound with the formula N(CH3)3.
Trimethylamine is a trimethylated derivative of ammonia.
Trimethylamine is widely used in industry: it is used in the synthesis of choline, tetramethylammonium hydroxide, plant growth regulators or herbicides, strongly basic anion exchange resins, dye leveling agents, and a number of basic dyes.

At higher concentrations Trimethylamine has an ammonia-like odor, and can cause necrosis of mucous membranes on contact.
At lower concentrations, Trimethylamine has a "fishy" odor, the odor associated with rotting fish.

The gas is corrosive and dissolves in water to form flammable, corrosive solutions.
Gas is an asphyxiate by the displacement of air.
Trimethylamine Produces toxic oxides of nitrogen during combustion.
Prolonged exposure to heat can cause the containers to rupture violently and rocket.

Long-term inhalation of low concentrations or short -term inhalation of high concentrations has adverse health effects.
Trimethylamine, aqueous solution appears as a clear to yellow aqueous solution of a gas.
Odor of Trimethylamine varies from fishlike to ammonia-like depending on vapor concentration.
Flash point of Trimethylamine is (25% solution) 35 °F.

Trimethylamine is Corrosive to skin and eyes.
Trimethylamine is Less dense (at 7.4 lb / gal) than water.

Vapors of Trimethylamine is heavier than air.
Trimethylamine Produces toxic oxides of nitrogen when burned.
Trimethylamine is a tertiary amine that is ammonia in which each hydrogen atom is substituted by an methyl group.

Trimethylamine has a role as a human xenobiotic metabolite and an Escherichia coli metabolite.
Trimethylamine is a tertiary amine and a member of methylamines.
Trimethylamine is a conjugate base of a trimethylammonium.

Trimethylamine (TMA) is an organic compound with the formula N(CH3)3.
Trimethylamine is a trimethylated derivative of ammonia.
Trimethylamine is widely used in industry: it is used in the synthesis of choline, tetramethylammonium hydroxide, plant growth regulators or herbicides, strongly basic anion exchange resins, dye leveling agents, and a number of basic dyes.

At higher concentrations Trimethylamine has an ammonia-like odor, and can cause necrosis of mucous membranes on contact.
At lower concentrations, Trimethylamine has a "fishy" odor, the odor associated with rotting fish.


Trimethylamine is a colorless, hygroscopic and flammable tertiary amine having a fishlike odor at low concentrations changing to an ammonia-like odor at higher concentrations.
Trimethylamine is a gas at room temperature but is usually sold as a 30% solution in water.



Trimethylamine is tertiary alkylamine and co-produced with monomethylamine (MMA) and dimethylamine (DMA).
Trimethylamine is used as raw material for the production of choline based pharmaceuticals, surfactants, solvents, ion-exchange resins etc. E.g., Choline chloride, Chlormequat chloride, Trimethylamine Hydrochloride (TMAHCL) etc.



PROPERTIES OF TRIMETHYLAMINE:
Trimethylamine is a colorless, hygroscopic, and flammable tertiary amine.
Trimethylamine is a gas at room temperature but is usually sold as a 40% solution in water.
Trimethylamine is also sold in pressurized gas cylinders.

Trimethylamine is a nitrogenous base and can be readily protonated to give the trimethylammonium cation.
Trimethylammonium chloride is a hygroscopic colorless solid prepared from hydrochloric acid.

REACTIVITY OF TRIMETHYLAMINE:
Trimethylamine is a good nucleophile, and this reaction is the basis of most of its applications. Trimethylamine is a Lewis base that forms adducts with a variety of Lewis acids.

PRODUCTION OF TRIMETHYLAMINE:
Trimethylamine is prepared by the reaction of ammonia and methanol employing a catalyst:
3 CH3OH + NH3 → (CH3)3N + 3 H2O
This reaction coproduces the other methylamines, dimethylamine (CH3)2NH and methylamine CH3NH2.

Trimethylamine has also been prepared by a reaction of ammonium chloride and paraformaldehyde:
9 (CH2=O)n + 2n NH4Cl → 2n (CH3)3N•HCl + 3n H2O + 3n CO2↑




APPLICATIONS OF TRIMETHYLAMINE:
Animal Nutrient: Trimethylamine is used In manufacture of vitamin B supplement for animals
Catalyst: Trimethylamine is Used as catalyst or to produce catalyst
Electronics Industry: Trimethylamine is used As an accelerator for epoxy resins in manufacture of specialty chemicals for electronic Industry.

Explosives Industry: Trimethylamine is used In manufacture of water gel explosives
Fuel Additive: Trimethylamine is used As gasoline additive, in aviation fuel as antiknock compound
Paper Chemicals: Trimethylamine is Used as cationizing starch

Resin Industry: Trimethylamine is Used In manufacture of water treatment resins
Trimethylamine is Used In Pharmaceuticals

Trimethylamine is used in the synthesis of choline, tetramethylammonium hydroxide, plant growth regulators, herbicides, strongly basic anion exchange resins, dye leveling agents and a number of basic dyes.
Gas sensors to test for fish freshness detect trimethylamine.

SAFETY INFORMATION ABOUT TRIMETHYLAMINE:
First aid measures:
Description of first aid measures:
General advice:
Consult a physician.
Show this safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
Move out of dangerous area:

If inhaled:
If breathed in, move person into fresh air.
If not breathing, give artificial respiration.
Consult a physician.
In case of skin contact:
Take off contaminated clothing and shoes immediately.
Wash off with soap and plenty of water.
Consult a physician.

In case of eye contact:
Rinse thoroughly with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes and consult a physician.
Continue rinsing eyes during transport to hospital.

If swallowed:
Do NOT induce vomiting.
Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person.
Rinse mouth with water.
Consult a physician.

Firefighting measures:
Extinguishing media:
Suitable extinguishing media:
Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.
Special hazards arising from the substance or mixture
Carbon oxides, Nitrogen oxides (NOx), Hydrogen chloride gas

Advice for firefighters:
Wear self-contained breathing apparatus for firefighting if necessary.
Accidental release measures:
Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures
Use personal protective equipment.

Avoid breathing vapours, mist or gas.
Evacuate personnel to safe areas.

Environmental precautions:
Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so.
Do not let product enter drains.
Discharge into the environment must be avoided.

Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Soak up with inert absorbent material and dispose of as hazardous waste.
Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.

Handling and storage:
Precautions for safe handling:
Avoid inhalation of vapour or mist.

Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place.
Containers which are opened must be carefully resealed and kept upright to prevent leakage.
Storage class (TRGS 510): 8A: Combustible, corrosive hazardous materials

Exposure controls/personal protection:
Control parameters:
Components with workplace control parameters
Contains no substances with occupational exposure limit values.
Exposure controls:
Appropriate engineering controls:
Handle in accordance with good industrial hygiene and safety practice.
Wash hands before breaks and at the end of workday.

Personal protective equipment:
Eye/face protection:
Tightly fitting safety goggles.
Faceshield (8-inch minimum).
Use equipment for eye protection tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or EN 166(EU).

Skin protection:
Handle with gloves.
Gloves must be inspected prior to use.
Use proper glove
removal technique (without touching glove's outer surface) to avoid skin contact with this product.
Dispose of contaminated gloves after use in accordance with applicable laws and good laboratory practices.
Wash and dry hands.

Full contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0.11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Material tested:Dermatril (KCL 740 / Aldrich Z677272, Size M)
Splash contact
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0.11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Material tested:Dermatril (KCL 740 / Aldrich Z677272, Size M)
It should not be construed as offering an approval for any specific use scenario.

Body Protection:
Complete suit protecting against chemicals, The type of protective equipment must be selected according to the concentration and amount of the dangerous substance at the specific workplace.
Respiratory protection:
Where risk assessment shows air-purifying respirators are appropriate use a fullface respirator with multi-purpose combination (US) or type ABEK (EN 14387) respirator cartridges as a backup to engineering controls.

If the respirator is the sole means of protection, use a full-face supplied air respirator.
Use respirators and components tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or CEN (EU).
Control of environmental exposure
Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so.
Do not let product enter drains.
Discharge into the environment must be avoided.

Stability and reactivity:
Chemical stability:
Stable under recommended storage conditions.
Incompatible materials:
Strong oxidizing agents:
Hazardous decomposition products:
Hazardous decomposition products formed under fire conditions.
Carbon oxides, Nitrogen oxides (NOx), Hydrogen chloride gas.

Disposal considerations:
Waste treatment methods:
Product:
Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company.
Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material.
Contaminated packaging:
Dispose of as unused product








CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF TRIMETHYLAMINE:
Molecular Weight 59.11 g/mol
XLogP3-AA 0.3
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count 0
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count 1
Rotatable Bond Count 0
Exact Mass 59.073499291 g/mol
Monoisotopic Mass 59.073499291 g/mol
Topological Polar Surface Area 3.2Ų
Heavy Atom Count 4
Formal Charge 0
Complexity 8
Isotope Atom Count 0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count 0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count 0
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count 0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count 1
Compound Is Canonicalized Yes
Appearance: yellow clear liquid (est)
Assay: 98.00 to 100.00
Food Chemicals Codex Listed: No
Specific Gravity: 0.62800 to 0.64500 @ 25.00 °C.
Pounds per Gallon - (est).: 5.226 to 5.367
Refractive Index: 1.34800 to 1.36600 @ 20.00 °C.
Melting Point: -117.00 °C. @ 760.00 mm Hg
Boiling Point: 3.00 to 4.00 °C. @ 760.00 mm Hg
Vapor Pressure: 1716.529053 mmHg @ 25.00 °C. (est)
Vapor Density: 2.04 ( Air = 1 )
Flash Point: 36.00 °F. TCC ( 2.22 °C. )
logP (o/w): 0.160
Soluble in:
alcohol
benzene
chloroform
ether
water, 8.90E+05 mg/L @ 30 °C (exp)

Odour : Rotten egg
pH : 11.2 (40%)
Freezing point : -117 °C @ 101.325 kPa
Boiling point : 3.5 °C @ 101.325 kPa
Flash point : -6.6 °C @ 101.325 kPa
Auto-ignition temperature : 190 °C @ 101.325 kPa
Flammability (solid, gas) : Extremely flammable gas.
Vapour pressure : 91 - 227 kPa @ 0 - 25°C
Relative vapour density : 2.09 (Air:1)
Density : 0.627 g/cm³ @ 25°C
Solubility : Water: 410 - 890 g/l @ 19 - 30 °C
Log Pow : -3.5 / -1.89 n-oktanol/water (@ 25°C, pH=7.0 - 10.1)
Viscosity, kinematic : 0.823 mm²/s
Viscosity, dynamic : 0.516 mPa•s
Lower explosive limit (LEL) : 2 vol %
Upper explosive limit (UEL) : 11.6 vol %
Formula: C3H9N / (CH3)3N
Molecular mass: 59.1
Boiling point: 3°C
Melting point: -117°C
Relative density (water = 1): 0.6 (liquid)
Solubility in water: very good
Vapour pressure, kPa at 20°C: 187
Relative vapour density (air = 1): 2
Flash point: Flammable gas
Auto-ignition temperature: 190°C
Explosive limits, vol% in air: 2.0-11.6
Octanol/water partition coefficient as log Pow: 0.2
Chemical formula C3H9N
Molar mass 59.112 g•mol−1
Appearance Colorless gas
Odor Fishy, ammoniacal
Density 670 kg m−3 (at 0 °C)
627.0 kg m−3 (at 25 °C)
Melting point −117.20 °C; −178.96 °F; 155.95 K
Boiling point 3 to 7 °C; 37 to 44 °F; 276 to 280 K
Solubility in water Miscible
log P 0.119
Vapor pressure 188.7 kPa (at 20 °C)
Henry's law
constant (kH) 95 μmol Pa−1 kg−1
Basicity (pKb) 4.19
Dipole moment 0.612 D
Thermochemistry
Std enthalpy of
formation (ΔfH⦵298)






SYNONYMS OF TRIMETHYLAMINE:

HBr of trimethylamine
HCl of trimethylamine
HI of trimethylamine
Trimethylamine
trimethylamine
N,N-dimethylmethanamine
75-50-3
Methanamine, N,N-dimethyl-
N-Trimethylamine
Dimethylmethaneamine
Trimethylamin
(CH3)3N
FEMA No. 3241
FEMA Number 3241
N,N,N-trimethylamine
NMe3
Trimethylamine anhydrous
CCRIS 6283
HSDB 808
trimethyl-amine
AI3-15639
EINECS 200-875-0
UNII-LHH7G8O305
UN1083
UN1297
TRIMETHYLAMINUM
LHH7G8O305
tridimethylaminomethane
DTXSID2026238
Trimethyl-d9-amine
CHEBI:18139
Trimethylamine, anhydrous
Methylamine, N,N-dimethyl-
DTXCID106238
N(CH3)3
EC 200-875-0
MFCD00008327
Trimethylamine, anhydrous [UN1083] [Flammable gas]
TRIMETHYL AMINE
(CH3)3NH
(CH3)3NH+
MELDONIUM DIHYDRATE IMPURITY A (EP IMPURITY)
MELDONIUM DIHYDRATE IMPURITY A [EP IMPURITY]
ACETYLCHOLINE CHLORIDE IMPURITY C (EP IMPURITY)
ACETYLCHOLINE CHLORIDE IMPURITY C [EP IMPURITY]
tri-methylamine
KEN
dimethylamino methane
N,N-dimethyl-Methanamine
N,N-Dimethylmethanamine #
bmse000224
TRIMETHYLAMINE [MI]
NCIOpen2_007868
TRIMETHYLAMINE [FCC]
TRIMETHYLAMINE [FHFI]
TRIMETHYLAMINE [HSDB]
Trimethylamine, >=99.0%
Trimethylamine, >=99.5%
Trimethylamine 2.0M in THF
TRIMETHYLAMINUM [HPUS]
CHEMBL439723
GTPL5521
Trimethylamine 2M in Isopropanol
TRIMETHYLAMINE, (ANHYDROUS)
Trimethylamine, anhydrous, >=99%
Tox21_302355
BDBM50416499
NSC101179
STL264242
AKOS000119986
NSC-101179
UN 1083
UN 1297
CAS-75-50-3
NCGC00255170-01
FT-0660006
InChI=1/C3H9N/c1-4(2)3/h1-3H
T0464
T2268
T2704
T2892
T2893
T3567
T3614
T3847
C00565
Trimethylamine (ca.8% in N,N-Dimethylformamide)
Q423953
Trimethylamine (ca. 8% in Toluene, ca. 1mol/L)
F1908-0091
Trimethylamine (ca. 13% in Acetonitrile, ca. 2mol/L)
Trimethylamine (ca. 25% in Isopropyl Alcohol, ca. 3mol/L)
Trimethylamine solution (ca. 28% in Water, ca. 4.3mol/L)
Trimethylamine solution (ca. 25% in Isopropyl Alcohol, ca. 3mol/L)
Trimethylamine, anhydrous, cylinder, with 316SS needle valve, 99%

Trimethylammonium Chloride is an organic compound and a quaternary ammonium salt.
Trimethylammonium Chloride may also be used as a model system for studying reaction mechanisms, structural analysis, and calcium pantothenate metabolism.
Trimethylammonium Chloride is an essential nutrient that plays a role in energy metabolism and polyunsaturated fatty acid synthesis.

CAS Number: 67-48-1
EC number: 200-655-4
Chemical formula: [(CH3)3NCH2CH2OH]+Cl−
Molar mass: 139.62 g·mol−1

Synonyms: CHOLINE CHLORIDE, 67-48-1, Hepacholine, Lipotril, Paresan, 2-Hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethylethanaminium chloride, Biocolina, Biocoline, Hormocline, (2-Hydroxyethyl)trimethylammonium chloride, Luridin chloride, Choline hydrochloride, Neocolina, Bilineurin chloride, Cholinium chloride, Choline, chloride, Chloride de choline, Choline chlorhydrate, Cholini chloridum, Cholinechloride, CHOLINE (CL), Colina cloruro, 2-Hydroxyethyl(trimethyl)azanium;chloride, Choline chloride [INN], Cloruro de colina, Ethanaminium, 2-hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethyl-, chloride, Chlorure de choline, Choline (chloride), Trimethyl(2-hydroxyethyl)ammonium chloride, CCRIS 3716, HSDB 984, Colina cloruro [DCIT], (beta-Hydroxyethyl)trimethylammonium chloride, EINECS 200-655-4, Chloride de choline [French], NSC 402838, NSC-402838, 2-Hydroxy-N,N,N,-trimethylethanaminium chloride, Cholini chloridum [INN-Latin], (2-hydroxyethyl)trimethylazanium chloride, DTXSID4020325, FEMA NO. 4500, UNII-45I14D8O27, AI3-18302, Cloruro de colina [INN-Spanish], CHEBI:133341, Chlorure de choline [INN-French], Ammonium, (2-hydroxyethyl)trimethyl-, chloride, C5H14NO.Cl, 45I14D8O27, 2-hydroxyethyl(trimethyl)azanium chloride, DTXCID20325, CHEMBL282468, CHOLINE-D13 CHLORIDE, EC 200-655-4, 2-Hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethylethanaminium chloride (1:1), CHOLINE CHLORIDE (MART.), CHOLINE CHLORIDE [MART.], Cloruro de colina (INN-Spanish), CHOLINE CHLORIDE (USP-RS), CHOLINE CHLORIDE [USP-RS], Chlorure de choline (INN-French), 352438-97-2, NSC402838, SR-01000075745, MFCD00011721, cholinii chloridum, Chloride, Choline, cholinium chloratum, Choline Chloride,(S), 2-hydroxyethyl(trimethyl)ammonium chloride, SCHEMBL14957, C(CO)N(C)(C)C, CHOLINE CHLORIDE [MI], SPECTRUM1503428, CHOLINE CHLORIDE [FCC], CHOLINE CHLORIDE [HSDB], CHOLINE CHLORIDE [INCI], CHOLINE CHLORIDE [VANDF], HMS500F09, CHOLINE CHLORIDE [WHO-DD], HMS1922E20, HMS2093G05, HMS3652D05, HMS3885F09, Pharmakon1600-01503428, AMY13898, Choline chloride [HOEtN1,1,1]Cl, HY-B1337, hydroxyethyltrimethylammonium chloride, Tox21_200492, CCG-39465, NSC758473, s4171, AKOS015903458, CS-4855, FS-3795, LS-1563, NSC-758473, CAS-67-48-1, WLN: Q2K1&1&1 &Q &G, NCGC00095059-01, NCGC00095059-02, NCGC00258046-01, (2-hydroxyethyl)trimethyl ammonium chloride, FT-0612603, FT-0665025, SW219165-1, (.beta.-Hydroxyethyl)trimethylammonium chloride, A16451, D70213, EN300-102823, AB01568267_01, 2-Hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethylethan-1-aminium chloride, A835769, Q2964153, SR-01000075745-3, SR-01000075745-5, 1CDEFBD7-7905-4D2C-BEA8-44A54D9787D3, F8889-3032, Etanamino, 2-hidroxi-n, n, n-trimetil-, cloruro (1:1), Ethanaminium, 2-hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethyl-, chloride (1:1), (2-hydroxyethyl)trimethyl-Ammonium chloride, (2-Hydroxyethyl)trimethylammonium chloride, (β-Hydroxyethyl)trimethylammonium chloride, 200-655-4 [EINECS], 2-Hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethylethanaminium chloride [ACD/IUPAC Name], 2-Hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethylethanaminiumchlorid [German] [ACD/IUPAC Name], 67-48-1 [RN], Chlorure de 2-hydroxy-N,N,N-triméthyléthanaminium [French] [ACD/IUPAC Name], chlorure de choline [French] [INN], Choline (chloride), choline chloride [INN], CHOLINE, CHLORIDE, Cholini chloridum [Latin] [INN], cholinium chloride, cloruro de colina [Spanish] [INN], Colina cloruro [DCIT], Ethanaminium, 2-hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethyl-, chloride (1:1) [ACD/Index Name], KH2975000, холина хлорид [Russian] [INN], كلوريد كولين [Arabic] [INN], 氯化胆碱 [Chinese] [INN], (2-H2-Hydroxyethyl)trimethylammonium chloride, (2-Hydroxy-ethyl)-trimethyl-ammonium, (2-hydroxyethyl)trimethylazanium chloride, (β-Hydroxyethyl)trimethylammonium chloride, [67-48-1] [RN], 2-(trimethylamino)ethan-1-ol, chloride, 285979-70-6 [RN], 2-hydroxyethyl(trimethyl)ammonium chloride, 2-hydroxyethyltrimethylammonium chloride, 2-hydroxyethyl-trimethylammonium chloride, 2-hydroxyethyl-trimethyl-ammonium chloride, 2-hydroxyethyl-trimethylazanium chloride, 2-hydroxyethyl-trimethyl-azanium chloride, 2-hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethyl-ethanaminium, monochloride, 352438-97-2 [RN], 61037-86-3 [RN], Ammonium, (2-hydroxyethyl)trimethyl-, chloride, Bilineurin chloride, Biocolina, Biocoline, Cholinchloride, choline-chloride, Ethanaminium, 2-hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethyl-, chloride, FS-3795, Hepacholine, Hormocline, hydroxyethyltrimethylammonium chloride, Lipotril, Luridin chloride, NCGC00095059-01, NCGC00095059-02, Neocolina, Paresan, Pharmakon1600-01503428, SPECTRUM1503428, trimethyl-(2-hydroxyethyl)ammonium chloride, Trimethyl(2-hydroxyethyl)ammonium chloride, WLN: Q2K1&1&1 &Q &G, холина хлорид

Trimethylammonium Chloride is an organic compound with the formula [(CH3)3NCH2CH2OH]+Cl−.
Trimethylammonium Chloride is a quaternary ammonium salt, consisting of choline cations ([(CH3)3NCH2CH2OH]+) and chloride anions (Cl−).

Trimethylammonium Chloride is bifunctional compound, meaning, Trimethylammonium Chloride contains both quaternary ammonium functional group and a hydroxyl functional group.
The cation of this salt, Trimethylammonium Chloride, occurs in nature in living beings.
Trimethylammonium Chloride is a white, water-soluble salt used mainly in animal feed.

Trimethylammonium Chloride is a constituent of sphingomyelin and lecithin.
Trimethylammonium Chloride is a precursor of acetylcholine.

Trimethylammonium Chloride plays a vital role in methyl group metabolism, carcinogenesis and lipid transport.
Choline deficiency is associated with fatty liver.

Trimethylammonium Chloride maintains cell structural integrity and cell signalling.
Trimethylammonium Chloride is implicated in the synthesis of phospholipids.
Trimethylammonium Chloride acts as a potent biomarker for ischemic heart disease.

Trimethylammonium Chloride is an organic compound and a quaternary ammonium salt.
Trimethylammonium Chloride is a weak acid.

Trimethylammonium Chloride is the salt of the naturally occurring choline, the pre-stage of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, which is important for mnemonic and thought-processes.
Trimethylammonium Chloride occurs naturally in fungi, hop and kingcups and as integral part of lecithin.
Trimethylammonium Chloride is a common food additive in animal husbandry

Trimethylammonium Chloride is registered under the REACH Regulation and is manufactured in and / or imported to the European Economic Area, at ≥ 1 000 tonnes per annum.
Trimethylammonium Chloride is used by consumers, in articles, by professional workers (widespread uses), in formulation or re-packing, at industrial sites and in manufacturing.

Trimethylammonium Chloride is a water solution of Trimethylammonium Chloride that is 75% by weight.
Trimethylammonium Chloride has been shown to be effective in preventing atherosclerotic lesions and metabolic disorders.

Trimethylammonium Chloride also has thermal expansion properties, which can be used for the manufacture of plastic containers.
Trimethylammonium Chloride can inhibit complex enzyme activity by forming complexes with the enzyme, thus inhibiting Trimethylammonium Chloride activity.

Trimethylammonium Chloride may also be used as a model system for studying reaction mechanisms, structural analysis, and calcium pantothenate metabolism.
Trimethylammonium Chloride is an essential nutrient that plays a role in energy metabolism and polyunsaturated fatty acid synthesis.
Trimethylammonium Chloride is also important for electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) because Trimethylammonium Chloride enhances electrical conductivity across cell membranes.

Trimethylammonium Chloride appears as white crystals.
Trimethylammonium Chloride is practically neutral aqueous solution.

Trimethylammonium Chloride is a quaternary ammonium salt with choline cation and chloride anion.
Trimethylammonium Chloride has a role as an animal growth promotant.

Trimethylammonium Chloride is a chloride salt and a quaternary ammonium salt.
Trimethylammonium Chloride contains a choline.

Trimethylammonium Chloride is a basic constituent of lecithin that is found in many plants and animal organs.
Trimethylammonium Chloride is important as a precursor of acetylcholine, as a methyl donor in various metabolic processes, and in lipid metabolism.

Applications of Trimethylammonium Chloride:
Trimethylammonium Chloride is an important additive in feed especially for chickens where Trimethylammonium Chloride accelerates growth.
Trimethylammonium Chloride forms a deep eutectic solvent with urea, ethylene glycol, glycerol, and many other compounds.

Trimethylammonium Chloride is also used as a clay control additive in fluids used for hydraulic fracturing.

Trimethylammonium Chloride has been used:
Trimethylammonium Chloride is used in choline release assay
Trimethylammonium Chloride is used as an endogenous agonist of sigma-1 receptors (Sig-1Rs)
Trimethylammonium Chloride is used as a standard to analyse interrelationships between methionine and choline metabolism

Uses of Trimethylammonium Chloride:
Trimethylammonium Chloride is an animal feed additive, classified as a water-soluble B-vitamin that increases animal growth.
Trimethylammonium Chloride is added exogenously to feed stocks because Trimethylammonium Chloride plays an essential role in fat transport, metabolism, and protects cell membrane structure.

Trimethylammonium Chloride can be supplied to tissue culture media, animal feed additive and used in clinical anti-fatty liver agent.
Trimethylammonium Chloride can be used for treating fatty liver and cirrhosis.

Trimethylammonium Chloride can also be used as the feed additive which is capable of stimulating ovaries for giving birth to more eggs and farrowing.
Trimethylammonium Chloride can also facilitate the weight gaining process of livestock, fish, etc.

Trimethylammonium Chloride is effective in the prevention and treatment of the fat deposition and tissue degeneration in the organs of livestock and poultry.
Trimethylammonium Chloride can also promote the absorption and synthesis of amino acids.

Moreover, Trimethylammonium Chloride can enhance physical fitness and disease resistance of livestock, promote their growth and development, and improve poultry laying rate.
The usage amount is 1-2 g/kg.

As a kind of feed additive, Trimethylammonium Chloride has the following physiological effects: Trimethylammonium Chloride can prevent the accumulation of the fat in liver and the kidney and tissue degeneration; Trimethylammonium Chloride can promote recombination of amino acids; Trimethylammonium Chloride can improve the utilization efficiency of amino acids, especially the essential amino acid methionine in vivo.
In Japan, 98% of the applied Trimethylammonium Chloride is used as the feed additives of chickens, pigs, cattle and fish and other animal.

Most of them have been processed into powder; the preparation process of 50% powder is that: first add an appropriate excipient of certain particle size into the mixer is prepared by previously adding an appropriate particle size of the excipient, and then add drop wise of aqueous solution of Trimethylammonium Chloride, after mixing, drying to derive it.
Some powder products are also blended with vitamins, minerals, and drugs.
Trimethylammonium Chloride is the vitamin B-class drug which can be used for the treatment of hepatitis, liver function degradation, early cirrhosis, and pernicious anemia.

B vitamins:
Trimethylammonium Chloride is an indispensible fundamental component in humans and animal body, often referred to as B vitamins or vitamin B4, and is a necessary low-molecule organic compound for maintaining physiological function off animal body.
Trimethylammonium Chloride can be synthesized inside animal body but still often need to be supplied to dietary and is a kind of vitamin in maximal usage amount.
Inside animal cells, Trimethylammonium Chloride can be used to adjust the in vivo metabolism and conversion of fats, preventing the fat deposition and tissue degeneration of liver and kidney, and then promote the regeneration of amino acids, enhance utilization of amino acids as well as save some part of methionine.

Trimethylammonium Chloride is the most commonly used as well as most economical form of synthetic choline and is a water soluble vitamin, and is the component for constituting of acetylcholine, lecithin, and nerve phospholipids of biological tissue.
Moreover, Trimethylammonium Chloride can save methionine and is an important material required for livestock, poultry, and fish.

Inside animal body, Trimethylammonium Chloride can be used for adjusting in vivo metabolism and conversion of fats and can prevent the deposition in liver and related tissue degeneration.
As a methyl donor, Trimethylammonium Chloride can promote the re-formation of amino acids and improve the utilization of amino acids.

Trimethylammonium Chloride is mainly used as an additive for being mixing into the animal feed.
During the exact usage process, in addition to prevent moisture deliquescence, you should also note that all kind of feeds usually take the addition of Trimethylammonium Chloride as the last step.

Because of Trimethylammonium Chloride destruction effects on other vitamins, especially Trimethylammonium Chloride rapid destruction on vitamin A, D, K in the presence of metal elements, multi-dimensional formulation should not include choline.
Daily feed supplied with Trimethylammonium Chloride should be used as soon as possible after the addition.

Tests have showed that Trimethylammonium Chloride is especially important for chicken poultry.
Trimethylammonium Chloride synthetic amino acids and lecithin can be delivered to various locations inside chicken bodies, being able to prevent the fat deposition in the liver and kidney and accelerate the growth of chickens and increase egg production and hatchability.

Widespread uses by professional workers:
Trimethylammonium Chloride is used in the following products: plant protection products, laboratory chemicals, washing & cleaning products, pH regulators and water treatment products and fertilisers.
Trimethylammonium Chloride is used in the following areas: agriculture, forestry and fishing, health services, scientific research and development and mining.
Other release to the environment of Trimethylammonium Chloride is likely to occur from: indoor use (e.g. machine wash liquids/detergents, automotive care products, paints and coating or adhesives, fragrances and air fresheners) and outdoor use as processing aid.

Uses at industrial sites:
Trimethylammonium Chloride is used in the following products: pH regulators and water treatment products, laboratory chemicals, fertilisers, washing & cleaning products and plant protection products.
Trimethylammonium Chloride has an industrial use resulting in manufacture of another substance (use of intermediates).

Trimethylammonium Chloride is used in the following areas: mining, scientific research and development, health services and agriculture, forestry and fishing.
Trimethylammonium Chloride is used for the manufacture of: chemicals.
Release to the environment of Trimethylammonium Chloride can occur from industrial use: in processing aids at industrial sites, as an intermediate step in further manufacturing of another substance (use of intermediates) and as processing aid.

Industry Uses:
Agricultural chemicals (non-pesticidal)
Not Known or Reasonably Ascertainable
Other
Processing aids, specific to petroleum production
Soil amendments (fertilizers)
Stabilizing agent

Consumer Uses:
Trimethylammonium Chloride is used in the following products: laboratory chemicals and washing & cleaning products.
Other release to the environment of Trimethylammonium Chloride is likely to occur from: indoor use as reactive substance and indoor use in close systems with minimal release (e.g. cooling liquids in refrigerators, oil-based electric heaters).

Other Consumer Uses:
Agricultural chemicals (non-pesticidal)
Not Known or Reasonably Ascertainable
Processing aids, specific to petroleum production
Soil amendments (fertilizers)

Chemical Properties of Trimethylammonium Chloride:
Trimethylammonium Chloride is white hygroscopic crystal and is odorless with fish stench.
Trimethylammonium Chloride melting point of 240 ℃.

Trimethylammonium Chloride 10% aqueous solution has a pH 5-6.
However, Trimethylammonium Chloride is unstable in alkaline solution.

Trimethylammonium Chloride is easily soluble in water and ethanol but insoluble in ether, petroleum ether, benzene and carbon disulfide.
Trimethylammonium Chloride has a low toxicity with LD50 (rat, oral) being 3400 mg/kg.

General Manufacturing Information of Trimethylammonium Chloride:

Industry Processing Sectors:
Agriculture, Forestry, Fishing and Hunting
All Other Chemical Product and Preparation Manufacturing
Not Known or Reasonably Ascertainable
Oil and Gas Drilling, Extraction, and Support activities

Synthesis of Trimethylammonium Chloride:
In the laboratory, choline can be prepared by methylation of dimethylethanolamine with methyl chloride.

Trimethylammonium Chloride is mass-produced with world production estimated at 160 000 tons in 1999.
Industrially, Trimethylammonium Chloride is produced by the reaction of ethylene oxide, hydrogen chloride, and trimethylamine, or from the pre-formed salt.

Trimethylammonium Chloride can also be made by treating trimethylamine with 2-chloroethanol.

(CH3)3N + ClCH2CH2OH → [(CH3)3NCH2CH2OH]+Cl−

Production method of Trimethylammonium Chloride:
(1) Continuous method for preparation of Trimethylammonium Chloride solution:
Continuously send the trimethylamine hydrochloride and a certain amount of ethylene oxide separately through pump into the reactor; the reactants had a residence time at the reactor of 1-1.5h; the reaction was carried out under stirring and has Trimethylammonium Chloride resulting product being continuously withdrawn so that the liquid level within the reactor remained stable.
The withdrawn Trimethylammonium Chloride extraction crude product entered into the stripper to obtain 60-80% Trimethylammonium Chloride liquid product from the bottom.

(2) Trimethylamine hydrochloride was reacted with ethylene oxide, and then added with an organic acid for neutralization and further concentration to obtain the Trimethylammonium Chloride (3) Chloro-ethanol was reacted with trimethylamine to generate Trimethylammonium Chloride.

(3)Ethylene oxide method:
Trimethylammonium Chloride can be made from the reaction between ethylene oxide and trimethylamine.
Add the trimethylamine ethanol solution into the reactor, send through ethylene oxide at about 30 ℃ and stirring reaction of 4 hour and further obtain Trimethylammonium Chloride through neutralization with hydrochloric acid (control PH at 6.5-7.0).

The yield of the crude product can be as high as 98%. The crude product can further be subject to activated carbon decolorizing and vacuum concentration to obtain 70% aqueous solution.
The aqueous solution was added with ground corn cobs, rice hull flour, wheat bran or diatomaceous earth and some other kinds of excipients and can give 50% of the powder.

(4) Chlorohydrin method:
Use chlorohydrin to substitute ethylene oxide and hydrochloric acid; have Trimethylammonium Chloride reacted with trimethylamine in the presence of a small amount of ethylene oxide or alkaline substance;
First add 100 parts of chlorohydrin into the reaction vessel, further add 130 parts of trimethylamine from the liquid surface, while supplying of ethylene oxide to trigger the reaction.

After the addition, stir at 32-38 ℃ for 4h with the yield being 84% (calculated from chlorohydrin).
For example, if catalyzed with an alkaline substance (such as quaternary ammonium salts), the one-way conversion rate can reach over 97%.
Trimethylamine methanol solution and chlorohydrin is subject to heating reaction, concentration under reduced pressure, and re-crystallization to generate it.

Biochem/physiol Actions of Trimethylammonium Chloride:
Choline is an essential nutrient, commonly grouped with the B complex vitamins, that plays key roles in many biological processes.
The enzymatic activities of butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) and paraoxonase 1 (PON1), two serum enzymes synthesized by the liver and related with inflammation, were decreased in a sepsis animal model injected with LPS.
Trimethylammonium Chloride administered intravenously at 20 mg/kg body weight prevents the LPS-mediated decreases in the activities of these two enzymes.

Pharmacology and Biochemistry of Trimethylammonium Chloride:

MeSH Pharmacological Classification:

Lipotropic Agents:
Endogenous factors or drugs that increase the transport and metabolism of LIPIDS including the synthesis of LIPOPROTEINS by the LIVER and their uptake by extrahepatic tissues.

Nootropic Agents:
Drugs used to specifically facilitate learning or memory, particularly to prevent the cognitive deficits associated with dementias.
These drugs act by a variety of mechanisms.

Handling and Storage of Trimethylammonium Chloride:

Nonfire Spill Response:

SMALL SPILLS AND LEAKAGE:
If you spill this chemical, you should dampen the solid spill material with water, then transfer the dampened material to a suitable container.
Use absorbent paper dampened with water to pick up any remaining material.

Seal your contaminated clothing and the absorbent paper in a vapor-tight plastic bag for eventual disposal.
Wash all contaminated surfaces with a strong soap and water solution.
Do not reenter the contaminated area until the Safety Officer (or other responsible person) has verified that the area has been properly cleaned.

STORAGE PRECAUTIONS:
You should store this chemical under refrigerated temperatures, and protect Trimethylammonium Chloride from moisture.

Reactivity Profile of Trimethylammonium Chloride:
Trimethylammonium Chloride is a quaternary ammonium salt. Quaternary ammonium salts often serve as catalysts in reactions.
They are incompatible with many strong oxidizers and reducing agents, such as metal hydrides, alkali/active metals, and organometallics.

Quaternary ammonium salts often serve as catalysts in reactions.
They are incompatible with many strong oxidizers and reducing agents, such as metal hydrides, alkali/active metals, and organometallics.

Unlike the ammonium ion, [NH4]+, and the primary, secondary, or tertiary ammonium cations, the quaternary ammonium cations are permanently charged, independent of the pH of their solution.

First Aid Measures of Trimethylammonium Chloride:

EYES:
First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present.
Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center.

Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician.
IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop.

SKIN:
IMMEDIATELY flood affected skin with water while removing and isolating all contaminated clothing.
Gently wash all affected skin areas thoroughly with soap and water.
If symptoms such as redness or irritation develop, IMMEDIATELY call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital for treatment.

INHALATION:
IMMEDIATELY leave the contaminated area; take deep breaths of fresh air.
If symptoms (such as wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, or burning in the mouth, throat, or chest) develop, call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital.

Provide proper respiratory protection to rescuers entering an unknown atmosphere.
Whenever possible, Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) should be used; if not available, use a level of protection greater than or equal to that advised under Protective Clothing.

INGESTION:
DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING.
If the victim is conscious and not convulsing, give 1 or 2 glasses of water to dilute the chemical and IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center.

Be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital if advised by a physician.
If the victim is convulsing or unconscious, do not give anything by mouth, ensure that the victim's airway is open and lay the victim on his/her side with the head lower than the body.

DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING.
IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital.

Fire Fighting of Trimethylammonium Chloride:
To fight fires involving this chemical, you should be equipped with an air line or self-contained breathing apparatus.
Extinguish with a dry chemical, carbon dioxide, foam or halon extinguisher.

Accidental Release Measures of Trimethylammonium Chloride:

Spillage Disposal of Trimethylammonium Chloride:
Sweep spilled substance into covered containers.
If appropriate, moisten first to prevent dusting.

Disposal Methods of Trimethylammonium Chloride:
At the time of review, criteria for land treatment or burial (sanitary landfill) disposal practices are subject to significant revision.
Prior to implementing land disposal of waste residue (including waste sludge), consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices.

Identifiers of Trimethylammonium Chloride:
CAS Number: 67-48-1
ChEBI: CHEBI:133341
ChEMBL: ChEMBL282468
ChemSpider: 5974
ECHA InfoCard: 100.000.596
E number: E1001(iii) (additional chemicals)
PubChem CID: 522265
UNII: 45I14D8O27
CompTox Dashboard (EPA): DTXSID4020325
InChI: InChI=1S/C5H14NO.ClH/c1-6(2,3)4-5-7;/h7H,4-5H2,1-3H3;1H/q+1;/p-1
Key: SGMZJAMFUVOLNK-UHFFFAOYSA-M
InChI=1/C5H14NO.ClH/c1-6(2,3)4-5-7;/h7H,4-5H2,1-3H3;1H/q+1;/p-1
Key: SGMZJAMFUVOLNK-REWHXWOFAH
SMILES: [Cl-].OCC[N+](C)(C)C

CAS number: 67-48-1
EC number: 200-655-4
Grade: DAB 10
Hill Formula: C₅H₁₄ClNO
Molar Mass: 139.63 g/mol
HS Code: 2923 10 00

Synonym(s): (2-Hydroxyethyl)trimethylammonium chloride
Linear Formula: (CH3)3N(Cl)CH2CH2OH
CAS Number: 67-48-1
Molecular Weight: 139.62
Beilstein: 3563126
EC Number: 200-655-4
MDL number: MFCD00011721
PubChem Substance ID: 57654039
NACRES: NA.25

Properties of Trimethylammonium Chloride:
Chemical formula: [(CH3)3NCH2CH2OH]+Cl−
Molar mass: 139.62 g·mol−1
Appearance: White hygroscopic crystals
Melting point: 302 °C (576 °F; 575 K) (decomposes)
Solubility in water: very soluble (>650 g/L)

Ignition temperature: 355 °C
Melting Point: 200 °C
pH value: 5.0 - 6.5 (140 g/l, H₂O, 25 °C)
Bulk density: 430 kg/m3

biological source: synthetic
Quality Level: 200
Assay: ≥99%
form: powder
color: white
mp: 302-305 °C (dec.) (lit.)
SMILES string: [Cl-].C[N+](C)(C)CCO
InChI: 1S/C5H14NO.ClH/c1-6(2,3)4-5-7;/h7H,4-5H2,1-3H3;1H/q+1;/p-1
InChI key: SGMZJAMFUVOLNK-UHFFFAOYSA-M

Molecular Weight: 139.62 g/mol
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 1
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 2
Rotatable Bond Count: 2
Exact Mass: 139.0763918 g/mol
Monoisotopic Mass: 139.0763918 g/mol
Topological Polar Surface Area: 20.2Ų
Heavy Atom Count: 8
Complexity: 46.5
Isotope Atom Count: 0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 2
Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes

Specifications of Trimethylammonium Chloride:
Assay (argentometric; calculated on dried substance): 98.0 - 100.5 %
Identity (wet chemistry): passes test
Identity (IR): passes test
Appearance of solution (10 %; water): passes test
Acidity or alkalinity: passes test
Heavy metals (as Pb): ≤ 0.001 %
As (Arsenic): ≤ 0.0003 %
Pb (Lead): ≤ 0.5 ppm
Ammonium, volatile amines: passes test
Ammonium, primary amines: passes test
1,4 Dioxane: passes test
Residual solvents (ICH Q3C): excluded by the manufacturing process
Residue on ignition: ≤ 0.05 %
Loss on drying (120 °C): ≤ 1.5 %
Water: ≤ 0.5 %

Related salts of Trimethylammonium Chloride:
Other commercial choline salts are choline hydroxide and choline bitartrate.
In foodstuffs, Trimethylammonium Chloride is often present as phosphatidylcholine.

Names of Trimethylammonium Chloride:

Regulatory process names:
(2-Hydroxyethyl)trimethylammonium chloride
2-Hydroxyethyl-trimethylammoniumchlorid
Chlorure de choline
Cholinchlorid
cholinchlorid
Cholinchloride
Choline chloride
Choline Chloride
Choline chloride
choline chloride

IUPAC names:
(2 - Hydroxyethyl) trimethylammonium chloride
(2-hydroxy-ethyl)-trimethyl-ammonium chloride
(2-Hydroxyethyl)trimethylammonium chloride
(2-hydroxyethyl)trimethylazanium chloride
2-Hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethylethanaminium Chloride
2-hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethylethanaminium chloride
2-Hydroxyethyl trimethylammonium chloride
2-hydroxyethyl(trimethyl)azanium chloride
2-hydroxyethyl(trimethyl)azanium;chloride
Cholin Chlorid
Choline Chloride
Choline chloride
choline chloride
Choline Chloride
Choline chloride
choline chloride
Ethanaminium, 2-hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethyl-, chloride
Ethanaminium, 2-hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethyl-, chloride

Preferred IUPAC name:
2-Hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethylethan-1-aminium chloride

Trade names:
CC 75 - Choline chloride, aqueous solution

Other names:
(2-Hydroxyethyl)trimethylammonium chloride
Hepacholine
Biocolina
Lipotril

Other identifiers:
1643859-93-1
2028303-08-2
67-48-1

Trimethylolpropane trioleate; 2-ethyl-2-[[(1-oxooleyl)oxy]methyl]-1,3-propanediyl dioleate cas no: 57675-44-2

Trimethylol propane (TMP) is a primary alcohol.
Trimethylol propane (TMP) has three hydroxyl groups.
Trimethylol propane (TMP) is a white material in flakes.
Trimethylol propane (TMP) is a triol present as a colourless solid with the molecular formula C6H14O3.


CAS Number: 77-99-6
EC Number: 201-074-9
Chemical formula: C6H14O3


Trimethylol propane (TMP) is a trifunctional alcohol supplied in solid form.
Trimethylolpropane (TMP) is a colorless hygroscopic solid crystal that is soluble in water and alcohol.
Trimethylol propane (TMP) is a trifunctional alcohol supplied in solid form


Trimethylol propane (TMP) is registered under the REACH Regulation and is manufactured in and / or imported to the European Economic Area, at ≥ 10 000 to < 100 000 tonnes per annum.
Trimethylol propane (TMP) is the organic compound with the formula CH3CH2C(CH2OH)3.


This colourless to white solid with a faint odor, Trimethylol propane (TMP), is a triol.
Trimethylol propane (TMP) is a synthetic organic compound that belongs to the family of triols, which are compounds with three hydroxyl (-OH) groups.
Trimethylol propane (TMP) is a clear, colorless liquid with a low viscosity and a faint, sweet, alcoholic odor.


Trimethylol propane (TMP) is a versatile intermediate that is used in a variety of chemical reactions and processes, including the production of resins, polymers, and surfactants.
Trimethylol propane (TMP) has a number of useful properties that make it attractive for a variety of applications.


Trimethylol propane (TMP) is a good solvent for a wide range of organic compounds, and it is also a good plasticizer, which means that it can be used to make polymers more flexible and easier to process.
In addition, Trimethylol propane (TMP) is a good surfactant, which means that it can reduce the surface tension of liquids and improve their wetting and spreading properties.


Trimethylol propane (TMP), in the form of a clear crystalline flake, is an alcohol produced by the reaction of formaldehyde with n-butyraldehyde.
Trimethylol propane (TMP) is an intermediate and a triol that can be used in glues and polyurethane coatings.
Trimethylol propane (TMP) is also known as hexaglycerol.


Trimethylol propane (TMP), white flake crystal.
Trimethylol propane (TMP) is easily soluble in water, lower alcohol, glycerin, N, N-dimethylformamide, partially soluble in acetone and ethyl acetate, slightly soluble in carbon tetrachloride, ether and chloroform.


Trimethylol propane (TMP) is easily soluble in water, lower alcohol, glycerin, N, N-dimethylformamide, partially soluble in acetone and ethyl acetate, slightly soluble in carbon tetrachloride, ether and chloroform, insoluble in aliphatic hydrocarbons, aromatic hydrocarbons and chlorinated hydrocarbons.


Trimethylol propane (TMP)'s hygroscopicity is about 50% of glycerol.
Trimethylol propane (TMP) is an organic compound and belongs to the group of polyhydric alcohols.
Trimethylol propane (TMP) is biodegradable, non-toxic, and has been approved for use in various food contact applications.


Trimethylol propane (TMP) is an important starting material for synthesis processes in the chemical industry. Trimethylol propane (TMP) is obtained in a two-stage process from butanal, which is first expanded to 2,2-bis-hydroxymethylbutanal by condensation with formaldehyde and then reduced to a trihydric alcohol in a Cannizzaro reaction.


Trimethylol propane (TMP) is a trifunctional polyol supplied in solid form.
Trimethylol propane (TMP) is soluble in water, low carbon alcohol, glycerol, N,N-dimethylformamide, partially soluble in acetone and ethyl acetate, slightly soluble in carbon tetrachloride, ether and chloroform, and insoluble in aliphatic hydrocarbons, aromatic hydrocarbons and chlorinated hydrocarbons.


Trimethylol propane (TMP) has strong hygroscopicity.
Trimethylol propane (TMP) is soluble in water and acetone, and also soluble in carbon tetrachloride, chloroform and ether, but insoluble in aliphatic hydrocarbon and aromatic hydrocarbon.


Trimethylol propane (TMP) has the advantages of improving the firmness, corrosion resistance and sealing performance of resin, and have good stability to hydrolysis, pyrolysis and oxidation.
Trimethylol propane (TMP) is hygroscopic and should keep dry at low temperature preferably below 30℃to avoid caking.



USES and APPLICATIONS of TRIMETHYLOL PROPANE (TMP):
Trimethylol propane (TMP) is used by consumers, in articles, by professional workers (widespread uses), in formulation or re-packing, at industrial sites and in manufacturing.
Trimethylol propane (TMP) is used in the following products: coating products, polymers, adhesives and sealants, polishes and waxes, fillers, putties, plasters, modelling clay and inks and toners.


Other release to the environment of Trimethylol propane (TMP) is likely to occur from: indoor use (e.g. machine wash liquids/detergents, automotive care products, paints and coating or adhesives, fragrances and air fresheners), outdoor use, outdoor use in long-life materials with low release rate (e.g. metal, wooden and plastic construction and building materials) and indoor use in long-life materials with low release rate (e.g. flooring, furniture, toys, construction materials, curtains, foot-wear, leather products, paper and cardboard products, electronic equipment).


Other release to the environment of Trimethylol propane (TMP) is likely to occur from: indoor use in long-life materials with low release rate (e.g. flooring, furniture, toys, construction materials, curtains, foot-wear, leather products, paper and cardboard products, electronic equipment) and outdoor use in long-life materials with low release rate (e.g. metal, wooden and plastic construction and building materials).


Trimethylol propane (TMP) can be found in complex articles, with no release intended: vehicles, machinery, mechanical appliances and electrical/electronic products (e.g. computers, cameras, lamps, refrigerators, washing machines) and electrical batteries and accumulators.
Trimethylol propane (TMP) is used for the manufacture of: chemicals and plastic products.


Trimethylol propane (TMP) can be found in products with material based on: wood (e.g. floors, furniture, toys), plastic (e.g. food packaging and storage, toys, mobile phones), metal (e.g. cutlery, pots, toys, jewellery), fabrics, textiles and apparel (e.g. clothing, mattress, curtains or carpets, textile toys) and rubber (e.g. tyres, shoes, toys).


Trimethylol propane (TMP) is used in the following products: laboratory chemicals, inks and toners, coating products, adhesives and sealants, non-metal-surface treatment products, polymers, paper chemicals and dyes and washing & cleaning products.
Trimethylol propane (TMP) is used in the following areas: health services and printing and recorded media reproduction.


Other release to the environment of Trimethylol propane (TMP) is likely to occur from: indoor use (e.g. machine wash liquids/detergents, automotive care products, paints and coating or adhesives, fragrances and air fresheners) and outdoor use.
Trimethylol propane (TMP) is used in the following products: polymers, coating products, adhesives and sealants, inks and toners, non-metal-surface treatment products, paper chemicals and dyes and washing & cleaning products.


Release to the environment of Trimethylol propane (TMP) can occur from industrial use: formulation of mixtures and formulation in materials.
Trimethylol propane (TMP) is used in the following products: polymers, adhesives and sealants, coating products and pH regulators and water treatment products.


Trimethylol propane (TMP) has an industrial use resulting in manufacture of another substance (use of intermediates).
Trimethylol propane (TMP) is used for the manufacture of: chemicals, plastic products, rubber products and mineral products (e.g. plasters, cement).


Release to the environment of Trimethylol propane (TMP) can occur from industrial use: in the production of articles, for thermoplastic manufacture, in processing aids at industrial sites, as processing aid, as an intermediate step in further manufacturing of another substance (use of intermediates), formulation of mixtures and formulation in materials.


Release to the environment of Trimethylol propane (TMP) can occur from industrial use: manufacturing of the substance, in the production of articles, as an intermediate step in further manufacturing of another substance (use of intermediates), for thermoplastic manufacture and as processing aid.
Trimethylol propane (TMP) is mainly used as the solvent and extractant of medicine and pesticide


Trimethylol propane (TMP) is used in saturated polyesters for coil coatings, alkyds for paints, polyurethanes for coatings and elastomers, acrylic acid esters for radiation curing, esters for synthetic lubricants, rosin esters and for surface treatment of pigments.
Containing three hydroxy functional groups, Trimethylol propane (TMP) is a widely used building block in the polymer industry.


Trimethylol propane (TMP) is mainly consumed as a precursor to alkyd resins.
Otherwise, acrylated and alkoxylated Trimethylol propane (TMP)'s are used as multifunctional monomers to produce various coatings, Ethoxylated and propoxylated TMP, derived condensation of from Trimethylol propane (TMP) and the epoxides, are used for production of flexible polyurethanes.


Allyl ether derivatives of Trimethylol propane (TMP), with the formula CH3CH2C(CH2OCH2CH=CH2)3-x(CH2OH)x are precursors to high-gloss coatings and ion exchange resins.
The oxetane "TMPO" is a photoinduceable polymerisation initiator.


Trimethylol propane (TMP) is may also be reacted with epichlorohydrin to produce the triglycidyl ether.
Trimethylol propane (TMP) is used Alkyd resins for coatings, polyesters resins , Silicone, Acrylates, Adhesives and sealants, Electric insulation coatings, Pigments, Ink, Toner, and Colorant Products, Fabric, Textile, and Leather Products, Food Packaging, production of flexible polyurethanes, PU resin.


Trimethylolpropane (TMP) is used in the production of adhesive resins such as (polyurethanes polyester polyol and polycarbonate diol).
Coatings: Trimethylol propane (TMP) is used as a precursor for the manufacture of resins including alkyds, saturated polyesters and polyurethanes (polyester polyol and polycarbonate diol).


Due to its structure, Trimethylol propane (TMP) imparts high UV and chemical resistance
Trimethylol propane (TMP) is widely used as a building block in the polymer industry.
Trimethylol propane (TMP) is also used as a conditioning agent, manufacture of varnishes, alkyd resins, synthetic drying oils, urethane foams and coatings, silicone lubricant oils, lactone plasticizers, textile finishes, surfactants, and epoxy products.


Overall, Trimethylol propane (TMP) is a valuable chemical intermediate that is used in a variety of industries, including the paint and coatings industry, the plastics industry, and the cosmetics and personal care industry.
Trimethylol propane (TMP) is a versatile chemical intermediate that is used in a variety of applications, including the production of resins, polymers, and surfactants.


Trimethylol propane (TMP) is mainly used in the production of alkyd resin, polyurethane, unsaturated resin, polyester resin, coatings, and the synthesis of aviation lubricant, printing ink, etc.
Trimethylol propane (TMP) can also be used as a heat stabilizer for textile additives and polyvinyl chloride resin.


Trimethylol propane (TMP) can improve the film’s hardness, gloss, and durability when used to manufacture polyurethane and alkyd coatings.
Trimethylol propane (TMP) is used as the curing agent for polyurethane coatings/adhesives.
Trimethylol propane (TMP) is used Synthesis of branched polyester polyol for polyurethane coatings/synthetic leather/elastomer.


Trimethylol propane (TMP) is used Synthesis of polyether polyol as the initiator.
Trimethylol propane (TMP) is used Production of polyurethane plastics.
Trimethylol propane (TMP) is used as the crosslinking agent of polyurethane elastomer, microcellular polyurethane plastics.


Trimethylol propane (TMP) is used as a raw material for the synthesis of organic compounds such as trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate, which are used to produce polyurethanes, polyesters, polyethers and alkyd resins and are required for the production of surfactants, adhesives, binders, lubricants, varnishes, paints and coatings.


Due to these applications, Trimethylol propane (TMP) is of great importance for furniture production, construction and the automotive industry.
Areas of application of Trimethylol propane (TMP): Base material for the production of polyethers, polyesters, polyurethanes, alkyd resins, surfactants, binders, adhesives, lacquers, paints, lubricants and coatings.


Trimethylol propane (TMP) is a trifunctional alcohol with a wide spectrum of applications in the chemical industry, e.g. for the synthesis of alkyd and polyester resins, synthetic lubricants, PU-foams and lacquers or glues and adhesives.
Furthermore, Trimethylol propane (TMP) is used for the production of dyestuffs, pigments, paints and silicone products.


Important applications areas of Trimethylol propane (TMP): Alkyd resins, Polyurethanes, Radiation curing monomers, Synthesize lubricant, Plasticizer, Printing ink, Pigment treatment, Textile auxiliary, PVC stabilizers etc.
Trimethylol propane (TMP) is mainly used in alkyd resin, polyurethane, unsaturated resin, polyester resin, coating and other fields.


Trimethylol propane (TMP) can also be used to synthesize aviation lubricating oil, printing ink, etc.,
Trimethylol propane (TMP) can also be used as textile auxiliaries and heat stabilizer of PVC resin.
Trimethylol propane (TMP) is used as the raw material of synthetic resin, also used in the synthesis of aviation lubricating oil, plasticizer, etc


Trimethylol propane (TMP) is used for Alkyd resins, Polyurethanes, Radiation curing monomers, Synthesize lubricant, Plasticizer, Printing ink, Pigment treatment, Textile auxiliary, PVC stabilizers etc.
Trimethylol propane (TMP) is used as the raw material of synthetic resin, and also used for synthetic aviation lubricating oil, plasticizer, etc.


Trimethylol propane (TMP) is used as the glycerine substitute, and also used for the synthesis of drying oil.
Trimethylol propane (TMP) is widely used in the production of polyester and polyurethane foam, also used in the manufacture of alkyd coatings, synthetic lubricants, plasticizer, surfactant, rosin ester and explosives.


Trimethylol propane (TMP) is also used directly as textile auxiliary agent and PVC resin thermal stabilizer.
Trimethylol propane (TMP) is used in alkyd resin application, it can improve the resin's firmness, color, weather resistance, chemical resistance, and sealing properties.


Trimethylol propane (TMP) is used as the raw material of synthetic resin, and also used for synthetic aviation lubricating oil, plasticizer, etc.
Trimethylol propane (TMP) is used as the glycerine substitute, and also used for the synthesis of drying oil.
Trimethylol propane (TMP) is widely used in the production of polyester and polyurethane foam, also used in the manufacture of alkyd coatings, synthetic lubricants, plasticizer, surfactant, rosin ester and explosives.


Trimethylol propane (TMP) is also used directly as textile auxiliary agent and PVC resin thermal stabilizer.
And used in alkyd resin application, Trimethylol propane (TMP) can improve the resin's firmness, color, weather resistance, chemical resistance, and sealing properties.


Trimethylol propane (TMP) is used as the raw material of synthetic resin, and also used for synthetic aviation lubricating oil, plasticizer, etc.
Trimethylol propane (TMP) is used as the glycerine substitute, and also used for the synthesis of drying oil.
Trimethylol propane (TMP) is widely used in the production of polyester and polyurethane foam, also used in the manufacture of alkyd coatings, synthetic lubricants, plasticizer, surfactant, rosin ester and explosives.


Trimethylol propane (TMP) is also used directly as textile auxiliary agent and PVC resin thermal stabilizer.
Trimethylol propane (TMP) is used in alkyd resin application, it can improve the resin's firmness, color, weather resistance, chemical resistance, and sealing properties.


-Resins:
Trimethylol propane (TMP) can be used to synthesize alkyd resins, which are used in the paint and coatings industry as binders for coatings and films.
Trimethylol propane (TMP)-based alkyd resins are known for their good drying properties, good adhesion to a variety of substrates, and good chemical resistance.


-Polymers:
Trimethylol propane (TMP) can be used as a monomer to synthesize a variety of polymers, including polyurethanes, polyesters, and polycarbonates.
These polymers have a wide range of properties and applications, including use as adhesives, sealants, foams, and films.


-Surfactants:
TMP can be used as a surfactant to reduce the surface tension of liquids and improve their wetting and spreading properties. This makes it useful in a variety of applications, including detergents, cleaners, and personal care products.


-Plasticizers:
Trimethylol propane (TMP) can be used as a plasticizer to make polymers more flexible and easier to process.
Trimethylol propane (TMP) is commonly used in the production of PVC (polyvinyl chloride) and other polymers to improve their processing and performance properties.


-Other applications:
Trimethylol propane (TMP) is also used in the production of flavors and fragrances, as a solvent for resins and other organic compounds, and as a reagent in chemical synthesis.


-Adhesives and Sealants:
Trimethylol propane (TMP) is used in the production of adhesive resins such as (polyurethanes polyester polyol and polycarbonate diol).


-Coatings:
Trimethylol propane (TMP) is used as a precursor for the manufacture of resins including alkyds, saturated polyesters and polyurethanes (polyester polyol and polycarbonate diol).
Due to its structure, Trimethylol propane (TMP) imparts high UV and chemical resistance


-Industrial Applications:
Trimethylol propane (TMP) is a widely used organic chemical intermediate.
Trimethylol propane (TMP) is mainly used as a raw material for polyurethane resin, alkyd resin, and high-grade coatings.
Trimethylol propane (TMP) is also an essential intermediate for other resins and organics.
Its strong chemical structure enables Trimethylol propane (TMP) to help end products withstand extreme temperature changes and high mechanical stress, and has excellent UV and chemical resistance.



HOW IS of TRIMETHYLOL PROPANE (TMP)PRODUCED?
Trimethylol propane (TMP) is typically produced by the condensation of formaldehyde and an alcohol, such as methanol or ethanol, in the presence of an acid catalyst.
Trimethylol propane (TMP) can also be synthesized from other starting materials, such as pentaerythritol or glycerol.



PRODUCTION of TRIMETHYLOL PROPANE (TMP):
Trimethylol propane (TMP) is produced via a two step process, starting with the condensation of butanal with formaldehyde:
CH3CH2CH2CHO + 2 CH2O → CH3CH2C(CH2OH)2CHO
The second step entails a Cannizaro reaction:

CH3CH2C(CH2OH)2CHO + CH2O + NaOH → CH3CH2C(CH2OH)3 + NaO2CH
Approximately 200,000,000 kg are produced annually in this way.



TRIMETHYLOL PROPANE (TMP) MARKET SIZE:
It is difficult to estimate the size of the global Trimethylol propane (TMP) market as it is a widely used intermediate chemical that is used in a variety of applications and industries.
Trimethylol propane (TMP) is used in the production of resins, polymers, surfactants, flavors and fragrances, and other chemicals, and it is likely that the market for TMP is influenced by the demand for these products.

The global market for resins, which includes alkyd resins made from Trimethylol propane (TMP), was valued at about $40 billion in 2020 and is expected to grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of about 4% from 2021 to 2026.
The global market for polyurethanes, which can be made from Trimethylol propane (TMP), was valued at about $53 billion in 2020 and is expected to grow at a CAGR of about 6% from 2021 to 2026.

The global market for surfactants, which includes Trimethylol propane (TMP)-based surfactants, was valued at about $45 billion in 2020 and is expected to grow at a CAGR of about 3% from 2021 to 2026.
It is important to note that these figures represent the size of the markets for the end products made from Trimethylol propane (TMP), and do not directly reflect the size of the TMP market itself.
In addition, these figures are estimates and may vary depending on the source and the method of calculation.



PRODUCTION of TRIMETHYLOL PROPANE (TMP):
Trimethylol propane (TMP) is produced via a 2 step reaction.
The first step is the condensation of Butanal and formaldehyde.
The second step is a reaction with formaldehyde at high pH.
When used for alkyds it gives more resistance to water and chemicals compared to glycerol.



PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of TRIMETHYLOL PROPANE (TMP):
Chemical formula: C6H14O3
Molar mass: 134.17 g/mol
Appearance: White solid
Odor: Faint odor
Density: 1.084 g/mL
Melting point: 58 °C (136 °F; 331 K)
Boiling point: 289 °C (552 °F; 562 K)
Molecular Weight: 134.17 g/mol
XLogP3-AA: -0.8
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 3
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 3
Rotatable Bond Count: 4
Exact Mass: 134.094294304 g/mol
Monoisotopic Mass: 134.094294304 g/mol
Topological Polar Surface Area: 60.7Ų
Heavy Atom Count: 9
Formal Charge: 0
Complexity: 60.4
Isotope Atom Count: 0

Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 1
Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes
Appearance: Colorless transparent liquid
Assay: ≥99%
Chroma : ≤20
Acid value (mgKOH/g): ≤0.2
Moisture: ≤0.2%
Molecular Formula: C6H14O3
CAS: 77-99-6
Appearance: White waxy flakes
Density (g/cm3): 1.176
Melting Point (℃): 59-61
Boiling Point (℃): 289-295
Flash Point (℃): 172
Viscosity (75℃)/mPa·s: 157
Refractive Index (70℃): 1.4716



FIRST AID MEASURES of TRIMETHYLOL PROPANE (TMP):
-Description of first-aid measures:
*General advice:
Show this material safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
*If inhaled:
After inhalation:
Fresh air.
*In case of skin contact:
Take off immediately all contaminated clothing.
Rinse skin with
water/ shower.
*In case of eye contact:
After eye contact:
Rinse out with plenty of water.
Call in ophthalmologist.
Remove contact lenses.
*If swallowed:
After swallowing:
Immediately make victim drink water (two glasses at most).
Consult a physician.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed:
No data available



ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of TRIMETHYLOL PROPANE (TMP):
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Cover drains.
Collect, bind, and pump off spills.
Observe possible material restrictions.
Take up with liquid-absorbent material.
Dispose of properly.
Clean up affected area.



FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of TRIMETHYLOL PROPANE (TMP):
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Water
Foam
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Dry powder
*Unsuitable extinguishing media:
For this substance/mixture no limitations of extinguishing agents are given.
-Further information:
Prevent fire extinguishing water from contaminating surface water or the ground water system.



EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of TRIMETHYLOL PROPANE (TMP):
-Control parameters:
--Ingredients with workplace control parameters:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use equipment for eye protection.
Safety glasses
*Skin protection:
Handle with gloves.
Wash and dry hands.
Full contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Splash contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
*Body Protection:
protective clothing
-Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.



HANDLING and STORAGE of TRIMETHYLOL PROPANE (TMP):
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
*Storage conditions:
Tightly closed.
hygroscopic



STABILITY and REACTIVITY of TRIMETHYLOL PROPANE (TMP):
-Chemical stability:
The product is chemically stable under standard ambient conditions (room temperature) .
-Incompatible materials:
No data available



SYNONYMS:
2-Ethyl-2-(hydroxymethyl)propane-1,3-diol
TMP, 2-ethyl-2-hydroxymethyl-1,3-propanediol
Trimethylolpropane
77-99-6
2-ethyl-2-(hydroxymethyl)propane-1,3-diol
2-Ethyl-2-(hydroxymethyl)-1,3-propanediol
Ethriol
Trimethylol propane
1,1,1-TRIS(HYDROXYMETHYL)PROPANE
Hexaglycerine
Etriol
Ettriol
TMP (alcohol)
1,3-Propanediol, 2-ethyl-2-(hydroxymethyl)-
Ethyltrimethylolmethane
1,1,1-Trimethylolpropane
Tri(hydroxymethyl)propane
Propylidynetrimethanol
2,2-Bis(hydroxymethyl)-1-butanol
1,1,1-Tri(hydroxymethyl)propane
Methanol, (propanetriyl)tris-
Tris(hydroxymethyl)propane
2-Ethyl-2-(hydroxymethyl)propanediol
NSC 3576
Propane, 1,1,1-tris(hydroxymethyl)-
HSDB 5218
2-Ethyl-2-hydroxymethyl-1,3-propanediol
UNII-090GDF4HBD
EINECS 201-074-9
090GDF4HBD
BRN 1698309
DTXSID2026448
AI3-24124
NSC-3576
Propanediol, 2-ethyl-2-(hydroxymethyl)-, 1,3-
DTXCID806448
101377-62-2
EC 201-074-9
4-01-00-02786 (Beilstein Handbook Reference)
Addolink TR
trimethylol-propane
9D2
RC Crosslinker TR
?Trimethylol propane
1,1-Trimethylolpropane
111-Trimethylolpropane
1,1,1-trimetilolpropano
Oprea1_508416
SCHEMBL15026
111-Tri(hydroxymethyl)propane
1,1-Tris(hydroxymethyl)propane
CHEMBL3185136
TRIMETHYLOLPROPANE [INCI]
NSC3576
CHEBI:183310
1 1 1-Tris(hydroxymethyl)propane
1, 2-ethyl-2-(hydroxymethyl)-
Propane,1,1-tris(hydroxymethyl)-
2 2-Bis(hydroxymethyl)-1-butanol
Butanol, 2,2-bis(hydroxymethyl)-
2,2-bis (hidroximetil)-1-butanol
AMY25779
1,1,1-Tri (hidroximetil) propano
Tox21_200028
1,1,1-Tris (hidroximetil) propano
BBL012231
MFCD00004694
STL163569
Propane 1 1 1-tris(hydroxymethyl)-
AKOS005715709
CAS-77-99-6
NCGC00248497-01
NCGC00257582-01
1,1,1-Tris(hydroxymethyl)propane, 97%
Ethyl-2-(hydroxymethyl)-1,3-propanediol
VS-03244
2-Ethyl-2-hydroxymethyl-propan-1,3-diol
2-ethyl-2-hydroxymethyl-propane-1,3-diol
LS-120405
1,3-propanodiol, 2-etil-2-(hidroximetil)-
2-Ethyl-2-(hydroxymethyl)-1 3-propanediol
FT-0605956
T0480
2-ethyl-2-hydroxymethyl-1,3-dihydroxypropane
EN300-19329
1,1,1-TRIS(HYDROXYMETHYL)PROPANE [HSDB]
Q161270
1,3-PROPANEDIOL, 2-ETHYL-2-HYDROXYMETHYL-
F0001-1980
Z104473550
1,1,1-Tris(hydroxymethyl)propane, dist., >=98.0% (GC)
InChI=1/C6H14O3/c1-2-6(3-7,4-8)5-9/h7-9H,2-5H2,1H
1,1,1-trimethylolpropane
1,1,1-tris(hydroxymethyl)propane
propylidynetrimethanol
2,2-bis(hydroxymethyl)butan-1-ol
2-ethyl-2-(hydroxymethyl)propan-1
3-diol
2-ethyl-2-(hydroxymethyl)-1,3-propanediol
trimethylolpropane
TMP
1,1,1-Tri(hydroxymethyl)propane
1,1,1-TRIMETHYLOLPROPAN
1,1,1-Trimethylolpropane
1,1,1-TRIS(HYDROXYMETHYL)PROPAN
1,1,1-Tris(hydroxymethyl)propane
1,3-PROPANEDIOL
2-ETHYL-2-(HYDROXYMETHYL)-
1,3-Propanediol
2-ethyl-2-(hydroxymethyl)- (8CI, 9CI)
2,2-Bis(hydroxymethyl)-1-butanol
2,2-DIHYDROXYMETHYLBUTANOL-1
2-Ethyl-2-(hydroxymethyl)-1,3-propanediol
2-ETHYL-2-(HYDROXYMETHYL)PROPAN-1.3-DIOL
2-Ethyl-2-(hydroxymethyl)propanediol
Ethriol
ETHYLTRIMETHYLOLMETHAN
Ethyltrimethylolmethane
Ettriol
HEXAGLYCERIN
Propane, 1,1,1-tris(hydroxymethyl)-
PROPYL-1,1,1-TRIS(METHANOL)
RC Crosslinker TR
TMP
TMP (alcohol)
TRIMETHYLOLPROPAN
TRIMETHYLOLPROPANE
TRIS(HYDROXYMETHYL)PROPAN
Tris(hydroxymethyl)propane
2-(hydroxymethyl)-2-ethylpropane-1,3-diol
2-ethyl-2-(hydroxymethyl)propane-1,3-diol
propylidynetrimethanol
TMP
TRIMETHYLOLPROPAN
Trimethylolpropane

TMPTA; Trimethylolpropane triacrylate;1,1,1-Trimethylolpropane triacrylate; 2-Ethyl-2-(((1-oxoallyl)oxy)methyl)-1,3-propanediyl diacrylate; 2-Propenoic acid 2-ethyl-2-(((1-oxo-2-propenyl)oxy)methyl)-1,3-propanediyl ester; Other RN: 100465-65-4, 116335-81-0, 117079-82-0, 159251-16-8, 162193-38-6, 199685-35-3, 255831-11-9, 352031-28-8, 58998-51-9, 72269-91-1 cas no: 15625-89-5

Hexaglycerine; Hexaglycerol; TRIMETHYLOLPROPANE, N° CAS : 77-99-6, Nom INCI : TRIMETHYLOLPROPANE, Nom chimique : 2-Ethyl-2-Hydroxymethyl-1,3-Propanediol; 1,1,1-Tris(hydroxymethyl)propane; propylidynetrimethanol; TMP, N° EINECS/ELINCS : 201-074-9, Ses fonctions (INCI) : Humectant : Maintient la teneur en eau d'un cosmétique dans son emballage et sur la peau, Solvant : Dissout d'autres substances. 1,1,1-TRIMETHYLOLPROPANE; 1,3-PROPANEDIOL, 2-ETHYL-2-(HYDROXYMETHYL)-; ,2-BIS (HYDROXYMETHYL)-1-BUTANOL; 2-ETHYL-2-(HYDROXYMETHYL) ; PROPANEDIOL; ETTRIOL; HEXAGLYCERINE; PROPANE, 1,1,1-TRIS(HYDROXYMETHYL)-; TRI(HYDROXYMETHYL)-1,1,1 PROPANE; TRIMETHYLOLPROPANE; Noms anglais :ETHRIOL; Utilisation et sources d'émission: Fabrication de résines, fabrication de vernis; 1,1,1-trimethylolpropane; 1,1,1-Tris(hydroxymethyl)propane; Propylidynetrimethanol; CAS names: 1,3-Propanediol, 2-ethyl-2-(hydroxymethyl)-. IUPAC names: 1,1,1-Trimethylolpropane (TMP); 2-(hydroxymethyl)-2-ethylpropane-1,3-diol; 2-ethyl-2-(hydroxymethyl)propane-1,3-diol; TMP; Trimethylol propane; TRIMETHYLOLPROPAN; TRIMETHYLOLPROPANE; Trimethylpropane; Trimethylpropane (CAS 77-99-6). Trade names: 1,1,1-Tri(hydroxymethyl)propane; 1,1,1-TRIMETHYLOLPROPAN; 1,1,1-TRIS(HYDROXYMETHYL)PROPAN; 1,3-Propanediol, 2-ethyl-2-(hydroxymethyl)- (8CI, 9CI); 2,2-Bis(hydroxymethyl)-1-butanol; 2,2-DIHYDROXYMETHYLBUTANOL-1; 2-Ethyl-2-(hydroxymethyl)-1,3-propanediol; 2-ETHYL-2-(HYDROXYMETHYL)PROPAN-1.3-DIOL; 2-Ethyl-2-(hydroxymethyl)propanediol; Ethriol; ETHYLTRIMETHYLOLMETHAN; Ethyltrimethylolmethane; Ettriol; HEXAGLYCERIN; Propane, 1,1,1-tris(hydroxymethyl)-; PROPYL-1,1,1-TRIS(METHANOL); RC Crosslinker TR; TMP (alcohol);Trimethylolpropane (TMP); TRIS(HYDROXYMETHYL)PROPAN; Tris(hydroxymethyl)propane; 1,1,1-Trimethylolpropane 1,3-Propanediol, 2-ethyl-2-(hydroxymethyl)- [ACD/Index Name] 1698309 [Beilstein] 201-074-9 [EINECS] 2-Ethyl-2-(hydroxymethyl)-1,3-propandiol [German] 2-Ethyl-2-(hydroxymethyl)-1,3-propanediol 2-Éthyl-2-(hydroxyméthyl)-1,3-propanediol [French] 2-Ethyl-2-hydroxymethyl-1,3-propanediol 77-99-6 [RN] MFCD00004694 [MDL number] Q1X2&1Q1Q [WLN] Trimethylolpropane TY6470000 1,1,1-Tri(hydroxymethyl)propane 1,1,1-Tri(hydroxymethyl)propane; 1,1,1-Trimethylolpropane; 1,1,1-Tris(hydroxymethyl)propane; 2,2-Bis(hydroxymethyl)-1-butanol; 2-(Hydroxymethyl)-2-ethyl-1,3-propanediol 1,1,1-trimethylolpropane 97% 1,1,1-Trimethylolpropane, propoxylated 1,1,1-tris(hydroxymethyl)propane (tmp) 1,1,1-tris(hydroxymethyl)propane 98% 101377-62-2 [RN] 2-(hydroxymethyl)-2-ethylpropane-1,3-diol 2,2-Bis(hydroxymethyl)-1-butanol 2-ethyl-2-(hydroxymethyl) 1,3-propanediol 2-ethyl-2-(hydroxymethyl)-1,3-propanediol, 98% 2-Ethyl-2-(hydroxymethyl)propanediol 2-Ethyl-2-hydroxymethyl-propane-1,3-diol 2-ethyl-2-methylol-propane-1,3-diol 4-01-00-02786 (Beilstein Handbook Reference) [Beilstein] 824-11-3 [RN] 9D2 Butan-1-ol, 2,2-bis(hydroxymethyl)- butane-1,1,1-triol Butanol, 2,2-bis(hydroxymethyl)- c6h14o3 EINECS 201-074-9 Ethriol ethyl-2-(hydroxymethyl)-1,3-propanediol Ethyltrimethylolmethane Etriol Ettriol Hexaglycerine Hexaglycerol Methanol, (propanetriyl)tris- METHANOL, [(1,1-DIMETHYLPROPYL)DIOXY]- MFCD00152500 Oprea1_508416 Propane, 1,1,1-tris(hydroxymethyl)- Propylidynetrimethanol TMP Tri(hydroxymethyl)propane Trimethylol propane trimethylolpropane, ??? Tris(hydroxymethyl)propane

DESCRIPTION:
Trimethylolpropane (TMP ) is a chemical compound with the formula CH 3 CH 2 C(CH 2 OH) 3.
Trimethylolpropane (TMP) is a triol in the form of a white solid with a weak odor.
Trimethylolpropane (TMP) is a widely used precursor in polymer chemistry .



CAS No 77-99-6
EC No. 201-074-9
IUPAC Name 2-ethyl-2-(hydroxymethyl)propane-1,3-diol


SYNONYMS OF TRIMETHYLOLPROPANE (TMP):
1,1,1-trimethylolpropane, 1,1,1-tris(hydroxymethyl)propane, propylidynetrimethanol, 2,2-bis(hydroxymethyl)butan-1-ol, 2-ethyl-2-(hydroxymethyl)propan-1, 3-diol, 2-ethyl-2-(hydroxymethyl)-1,3-propanediol, trimethylolpropane, TMP ,1,1,1-tri(hydroxymethyl)propane,,hexaglycerol,,etriol,,Propylidynetrimethanol,Trimethylolpropane,77-99-6,2-ethyl-2-(hydroxymethyl)propane-1,3-diol,Trimethylol propane,2-Ethyl-2-(hydroxymethyl)-1,3-propanediol,Ethriol,1,1,1-TRIS(HYDROXYMETHYL)PROPANE,Hexaglycerine,Etriol,Ettriol,TMP (alcohol),1,3-Propanediol, 2-ethyl-2-(hydroxymethyl)-,Ethyltrimethylolmethane,1,1,1-Trimethylolpropane,Tri(hydroxymethyl)propane,Propylidynetrimethanol,2,2-Bis(hydroxymethyl)-1-butanol,1,1,1-Tri(hydroxymethyl)propane,Methanol, (propanetriyl)tris-,Tris(hydroxymethyl)propane,2-Ethyl-2-(hydroxymethyl)propanediol,NSC 3576,Propane, 1,1,1-tris(hydroxymethyl)-,HSDB 5218,2-Ethyl-2-hydroxymethyl-1,3-propanediol,UNII-090GDF4HBD,EINECS 201-074-9,090GDF4HBD,BRN 1698309,101377-62-2,DTXSID2026448,AI3-24124,NSC-3576,Propanediol, 2-ethyl-2-(hydroxymethyl)-, 1,3-,DTXCID806448,EC 201-074-9,4-01-00-02786 (Beilstein Handbook Reference),trimethylol-propane,9D2,?Trimethylol propane,1,1-Trimethylolpropane,Oprea1_508416,SCHEMBL15026,1,1-Tris(hydroxymethyl)propane,CHEMBL3185136,NSC3576,CHEBI:183310,1, 2-ethyl-2-(hydroxymethyl)-,Propane,1,1-tris(hydroxymethyl)-,Butanol, 2,2-bis(hydroxymethyl)-,AMY25779,Tox21_200028,BBL012231,MFCD00004694,STL163569,AKOS005715709,CAS-77-99-6,NCGC00248497-01,NCGC00257582-01,1,1,1-Tris(hydroxymethyl)propane, 97%,Ethyl-2-(hydroxymethyl)-1,3-propanediol,VS-03244,2-Ethyl-2-hydroxymethyl-propan-1,3-diol,2-ethyl-2-hydroxymethyl-propane-1,3-diol,NS00005050,T0480,2-ethyl-2-hydroxymethyl-1,3-dihydroxypropane,EN300-19329,1,1,1-TRIS(HYDROXYMETHYL)PROPANE [HSDB],Q161270,1,3-PROPANEDIOL, 2-ETHYL-2-HYDROXYMETHYL-,F0001-1980,Z104473550,1,1,1-Tris(hydroxymethyl)propane, dist., >=98.0% (GC),InChI=1/C6H14O3/c1-2-6(3-7,4-8)5-9/h7-9H,2-5H2,1H
Trimethylolpropane (TMP) is made through a two-step process beginning with the condensation of butanal CH 3 (CH 2 ) 2 CHOwith formaldehyde HCHO:
CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 CH+ 2 HCHO → CH 3 CH 2 C(CH 2 OH) 2 CHO.

The second step involves a Cannizzaro reaction :
CH 3 CH 2 C(CH 2 OH) 2 CHO+ HCHO + NaOH → CH 3 CH 2 C(CH 2 OH) 3+ NaO 2 CH.
Around 200,000 tonnes of this compound are produced this way each year.
Trimethylolpropane is used primarily as a precursor to alkyd resins .

Acrylated esters –OCOCH =CH 2 and alkoxylated –OR trimethylolpropane are used as multifunctional monomers to produce various coatings and paints.


Trimethylolpropane (TMP), in the form of a clear crystalline flake, is an alcohol produced by the reaction of formaldehyde with n-butyraldehyde.
Trimethylolpropane (TMP) is an intermediate and a triol that can be used in glues and polyurethane coatings.
Trimethylolpropane (TMP) is also known as hexaglycerol.


Trimethylolpropane (TMP) is the organic compound with the formula CH3CH2C(CH2OH)3.
This colourless to white solid with a faint odor is a triol.
Containing three hydroxy functional groups, TMP is a widely used building block in the polymer industry.

PRODUCTION OF TRIMETHYLOLPROPANE (TMP)
TMP is produced via a two step process, starting with the condensation of butanal with formaldehyde:
CH3CH2CH2CHO + 2 CH2O → CH3CH2C(CH2OH)2CHO
The second step entails a Cannizaro reaction:
CH3CH2C(CH2OH)2CHO + CH2O + NaOH → CH3CH2C(CH2OH)3 + NaO2CH
Approximately 200,000,000 kg are produced annually in this way.[1]



Trimethylolpropane (TMP) is a colorless hygroscopic solid crystal that is soluble in water and alcohol.
Trimethylolpropane (TMP) is widely used as a building block in the polymer industry.
Trimethylolpropane (TMP) is also used as a conditioning agent, manufacture of varnishes, alkyd resins, synthetic drying oils, urethane foams and coatings, silicone lubricant oils, lactone plasticizers, textile finishes, surfactants, and epoxy products.


Trimethylolpropane (TMP) is a trifunctional polyol supplied in solid form.
Trimethylolpropane (TMP) is soluble in water, low carbon alcohol, glycerol, N,N-dimethylformamide, partially soluble in acetone and ethyl acetate, slightly soluble in carbon tetrachloride, ether and chloroform, and insoluble in aliphatic hydrocarbons, aromatic hydrocarbons and chlorinated hydrocarbons.
Trimethylolpropane (TMP) has strong hygroscopicity.


Trimethylolpropane (TMP) is mainly used in the production of alkyd resin, polyurethane, unsaturated resin, polyester resin, coatings, and the synthesis of aviation lubricant, printing ink, etc.
Trimethylolpropane (TMP) can also be used as a heat stabilizer for textile additives and polyvinyl chloride resin.

APPLICATIONS OF TRIMETHYLOLPROPANE (TMP):
TMP is mainly consumed as a precursor to alkyd resins.
Otherwise, acrylated and alkoxylated TMP's are used as multifunctional monomers to produce various coatings, Ethoxylated and propoxylated TMP, derived condensation of from TMP and the epoxides, are used for production of flexible polyurethanes.

Allyl ether derivatives of TMP, with the formula CH3CH2C(CH2OCH2CH=CH2)3-x(CH2OH)x are precursors to high-gloss coatings and ion exchange resins.
The oxetane "TMPO" is a photoinduceable polymerisation initiator.[1]
Trimethylolpropane (TMP) is may also be reacted with epichlorohydrin to produce the triglycidyl ether.[2]




Trimethylolpropane (TMP) has three hydroxyl groups.
Trimethylolpropane (TMP) is a white material in flakes.
Trimethylolpropane (TMP) is used in saturated polyesters for coil coatings, alkyds for paints, polyurethanes for coatings and elastomers, acrylic acid esters for radiation curing, esters for synthetic lubricants, rosin esters and for surface treatment of pigments.



Trimethylolpropane (TMP) is a trifunctional alcohol supplied in solid form

Adhesives and Sealants:
Trimethylolpropane (TMP) is used in the production of adhesive resins such as (polyurethanes polyester polyol and polycarbonate diol).
Coatings:
Trimethylolpropane (TMP) is used as a precursor for the manufacture of resins including alkyds, saturated polyesters and polyurethanes (polyester polyol and polycarbonate diol).
Due to its structure, it TMP imparts high UV and chemical resistance



Industrial Applications:
Trimethylolpropane (TMP) is a widely used organic chemical intermediate.
Trimethylolpropane (TMP) is mainly used as a raw material for polyurethane resin, alkyd resin, and high-grade coatings.
Trimethylolpropane (TMP) is also an essential intermediate for other resins and organics.

Its strong chemical structure enables it to help end products withstand extreme temperature changes and high mechanical stress, and has excellent UV and chemical resistance.
TMP can improve the film’s hardness, gloss, and durability when used to manufacture polyurethane and alkyd coatings.

TMP is biodegradable, non-toxic, and has been approved for use in various food contact applications.
Trimethylolpropane (TMP) is Used as the curing agent for polyurethane coatings/adhesives.
Synthesis of branched polyester polyol for polyurethane coatings/synthetic leather/elastomer.

Synthesis of polyether polyol as the initiator.
Production of polyurethane plastics.
Trimethylolpropane (TMP) is Used as the crosslinking agent of polyurethane elastomer, microcellular polyurethane plastics


Trimethylol propane (TMP) is used as raw material of synthetic resin, and also used for synthetic aviation lubricating oil, plasticizer, etc.
Trimethylolpropane (TMP) is Used as a substitute for glycerin, and also used for drying oil synthesis.

Trimethylolpropane (TMP) is Widely used in the production of polyester and polyurethane foam, also used in the manufacture of alkyd coatings, synthetic lubricants, plasticizer, surfactant, rosin ester and explosives. Also used directly as a textile auxiliary agent and PVC resin heat stabilizer.

Trimethylolpropane (TMP) is used in alkyd resin application, TMP can improve resin firmness, color, weather resistance, chemical resistance and sealing properties.
Have the advantages of improving the firmness, corrosion resistance and sealing performance of the resin, and have good stability to hydrolysis, pyrolysis and oxidation.



CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF TRIMETHYLOLPROPANE (TMP):
Formula C 6 H 14 O 3 [Isomers]
Molar mass 1 134.173 6 ± 0.006 7 g / mol
C 53.71%, H 10.52%, O 35.77%,
Physical properties
Melting temperature 60 °C 2
Boiling temperature 295 °C 2
Volumic mass 1.084 g cm -3 2 at 20 ° C
Autoignition temperature 375 °C 2
Flash point 179 °C 2
CAS Number
77-99-6 check
3D model (JSmol)
Interactive image
ChemSpider
6264 check
ECHA InfoCard 100.000.978 Edit this at Wikidata
EC Number
201-074-9
MeSH C018163
PubChem CID
6510
UNII
090GDF4HBD check
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
DTXSID2026448 Edit this at Wikidata
InChI
SMILES
Properties
Chemical formula C6H14O3
Molar mass 134.17 g/mol
Appearance White solid
Odor Faint odor
Density 1.084 g/mL
Melting point 58 °C (136 °F; 331 K)
Boiling point 289 °C (552 °F; 562 K)
Molecular Weight
134.17 g/mol
Computed by PubChem 2.2 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
XLogP3-AA
-0.8
Computed by XLogP3 3.0 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count
3
Computed by Cactvs 3.4.8.18 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count
3
Computed by Cactvs 3.4.8.18 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Rotatable Bond Count
4
Computed by Cactvs 3.4.8.18 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Exact Mass
134.094294304 g/mol
Computed by PubChem 2.2 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Monoisotopic Mass
134.094294304 g/mol
Computed by PubChem 2.2 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Topological Polar Surface Area
60.7Ų
Computed by Cactvs 3.4.8.18 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Heavy Atom Count
9
Computed by PubChem
Formal Charge
0
Computed by PubChem
Complexity
60.4
Computed by Cactvs 3.4.8.18 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Isotope Atom Count
0
Computed by PubChem
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count
0
Computed by PubChem
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count
0
Computed by PubChem
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count
0
Computed by PubChem
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count
0
Computed by PubChem
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count
1
Computed by PubChem
Compound Is Canonicalized
Yes
Molecular Formula
C6H14O3
CAS
77-99-6
Appearance
White waxy flakes
Density (g/cm3)
1.176
Melting Point (℃)
59-61
Boiling Point (℃)
289-295
Flash Point (℃)
172
Viscosity (75℃)/mPa•s
157
Refractive Index (70℃)
1.4716
Appearance
Solid white flakes
Trimethylolpropane, w/% ≥
99.0
Hydroxyl, w/% ≥
37.5
Humidity, w/% ≤
0.05
Acid value (to be calculated in HCOOH), w/% ≤
0.002
Chrominance Unit / Hazen (Pt-Co color number) ≤
20
Crystallization point, / ℃ ≥
59.0


SAFETY INFORMATION ABOUT TRIMETHYLOLPROPANE (TMP)
First aid measures:
Description of first aid measures:
General advice:
Consult a physician.
Show this safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
Move out of dangerous area:

If inhaled:
If breathed in, move person into fresh air.
If not breathing, give artificial respiration.
Consult a physician.
In case of skin contact:
Take off contaminated clothing and shoes immediately.
Wash off with soap and plenty of water.
Consult a physician.

In case of eye contact:
Rinse thoroughly with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes and consult a physician.
Continue rinsing eyes during transport to hospital.

If swallowed:
Do NOT induce vomiting.
Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person.
Rinse mouth with water.
Consult a physician.

Firefighting measures:
Extinguishing media:
Suitable extinguishing media:
Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.
Special hazards arising from the substance or mixture
Carbon oxides, Nitrogen oxides (NOx), Hydrogen chloride gas

Advice for firefighters:
Wear self-contained breathing apparatus for firefighting if necessary.
Accidental release measures:
Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures
Use personal protective equipment.

Avoid breathing vapours, mist or gas.
Evacuate personnel to safe areas.

Environmental precautions:
Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so.
Do not let product enter drains.
Discharge into the environment must be avoided.

Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Soak up with inert absorbent material and dispose of as hazardous waste.
Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.

Handling and storage:
Precautions for safe handling:
Avoid inhalation of vapour or mist.

Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place.
Containers which are opened must be carefully resealed and kept upright to prevent leakage.
Storage class (TRGS 510): 8A: Combustible, corrosive hazardous materials

Exposure controls/personal protection:
Control parameters:
Components with workplace control parameters
Contains no substances with occupational exposure limit values.
Exposure controls:
Appropriate engineering controls:
Handle in accordance with good industrial hygiene and safety practice.
Wash hands before breaks and at the end of workday.

Personal protective equipment:
Eye/face protection:
Tightly fitting safety goggles.
Faceshield (8-inch minimum).
Use equipment for eye protection tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or EN 166(EU).

Skin protection:
Handle with gloves.
Gloves must be inspected prior to use.
Use proper glove
removal technique (without touching glove's outer surface) to avoid skin contact with this product.
Dispose of contaminated gloves after use in accordance with applicable laws and good laboratory practices.
Wash and dry hands.

Full contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0.11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Material tested:Dermatril (KCL 740 / Aldrich Z677272, Size M)
Splash contact
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0.11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Material tested:Dermatril (KCL 740 / Aldrich Z677272, Size M)
It should not be construed as offering an approval for any specific use scenario.

Body Protection:
Complete suit protecting against chemicals, The type of protective equipment must be selected according to the concentration and amount of the dangerous substance at the specific workplace.
Respiratory protection:
Where risk assessment shows air-purifying respirators are appropriate use a fullface respirator with multi-purpose combination (US) or type ABEK (EN 14387) respirator cartridges as a backup to engineering controls.

If the respirator is the sole means of protection, use a full-face supplied air respirator.
Use respirators and components tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or CEN (EU).
Control of environmental exposure
Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so.
Do not let product enter drains.
Discharge into the environment must be avoided.

Stability and reactivity:
Chemical stability:
Stable under recommended storage conditions.
Incompatible materials:
Strong oxidizing agents:
Hazardous decomposition products:
Hazardous decomposition products formed under fire conditions.
Carbon oxides, Nitrogen oxides (NOx), Hydrogen chloride gas.

Disposal considerations:
Waste treatment methods:
Product:
Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company.
Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material.
Contaminated packaging:
Dispose of as unused product.